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/wiki/Wilhelm_Kroll#P108#2
|
What was the name of the employer Wilhelm Kroll work for after Jul 1915?
|
Wilhelm Kroll Wilhelm Kroll ( October 7 , 1869 – April 21 , 1939 ) was a German classicist who was full professor at the universities of Greifswald ( 1899–1906 ) , Münster ( 1906–1913 ) and Breslau ( 1913–1935 ) . Education and Career . Kroll was born in the town of Frankenstein in the Prussian Province of Silesia and brought up in Breslau , the capital city . From 1887 to 1891 he studied Classics , Archeology , History and Sanskrit at the universities of Breslau and Berlin . After obtaining his Ph . D . in 1891 , Kroll went to Italy for the first of many times to study Greek manuscripts in Florence and Venice and continued his studies at the University of Bonn in the summer term of 1892 . Before the end of the term he was awarded a four-year scholarship by the Prussian Academy of Sciences that gave him the means to further his academic career . Kroll returned to Italy where he continued and expanded his research from September 1893 until April 1894 . Having obtained his habilitation at Breslau university in 1894 , he continued to teach and publish as Privatdozent . After five years he was appointed full professor of Classics at the University of Greifswald where he started teaching in April 1899 . A year later he married Katharina Wegener , the daughter of a schoolmaster . In March 1906 , Kroll moved to the University of Münster , a newly adorned university with a significant number of students . In Münster , Kroll strove to enhance the quality of studying for his students . His efforts to cooperate with his colleagues led to the foundation of the Institut für Altertumskunde ( institute for antiquity studies ) which included the departments of classics , ancient history and linguistics ( archaeology followed in 1914 ) . Nevertheless , Kroll persistently tried to secure a better position for himself and in 1913 succeeded to obtain a full professorship at his alma mater in Breslau . Apart from his teaching and publications , Kroll was an important agent for international collaboration in the classics . As an editor of important journals ( Bursian’s Jahresbericht über die Fortschritte der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft , 1898–1912 ; Glotta , 1913–1936 ) and the Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft ( 1906–1939 , as successor to Georg Wissowa ) he collaborated with hundreds of scholars from all over Europe and the United States . He was one of the first German scholars to be invited to lecture in the United Kingdom after World War I , and was awarded a visiting professorship at the Princeton University in 1930/31 . His last years were overcast by the rise of Nazism in Germany . In 1934 he resigned as president of the Silesian Society for Patriotic Culture , a learned association that he had headed since 1927 . In 1935 , under new legislation , Kroll was retired earlier than usual . As his successor he opted for his long-time colleague Hans Drexler who had been an active supporter of the Nazi party . Drexler would later write Krolls obituary in the Gnomon , apologising for his predecessors alleged ″lack of a positive world view″ . While not being a victim of the Nuremberg Laws himself , Kroll witnessed the removal of his colleagues from office and the persecution of his former pupils , some of whom he aided in finding work abroad . He also continued to collaborate with Jewish scholars in editing the Realencyclopädie . For this Kroll was assaulted in the Nazi newspaper Der Stürmer , after he had already relocated to Berlin with his wife early in 1937 . Meanwhile , academic institutions continued to appreciate and honor Krolls achievement . He was elected ordinary member of the German Archeological Institute in 1934 , corresponding member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in 1935 and fellow of the British Academy in 1937 . He was also awarded honorary degrees by the universities of Oxford ( 1935 ) and Cambridge ( 1938 ) . After an operation , Kroll died to an embolism on April 21 , 1939 . He was survived by his wife , a daughter and three sons , one of whom had emigrated to Japan in 1936 and later became a renowned physicist at the University of Taipei . Literary works . - An editor of the Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft ( since 1906 ; after August Pauly , Georg Wissowa ) - Geschichte der klassischen Philologie . 1908; 2 . verb . Aufl . Vereining . wissenschaftl . Verl. , Berlin und Leipzig 1919 ( Sammlung Göschen , 367 ) - C . Valerius Catullus . 1922; 7 . Aufl . Teubner , Stuttgart 1989 , - Die wissenschaftliche Syntax im lateinischen Unterricht . Weidmann , 1925 - Studien zum Verständnis der römischen Literatur . Metzler , Stuttgart 1924 Nachdruck Garland , New York und London 1978 , - Die Kultur der ciceronischen Zeit . 2 Teile . Dieterich , Leipzig 1933 Nachdruck Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft , Darmstadt 1975 , - Rhetorik , 1937 Critical editions . - Vettii Valentis Anthologiarum Libri , Guilelmus Kroll , Weidman , Berlin , 1908 . - Matheseos Libri VIII , 2 vols. , ed . W . Kroll , F . Skutsch and K . Ziegler , Teubner , Stuttgart , 1897–1913 . - Historia Alexandri Magni , ed . W . Kroll , vol . 1 . Weidmann , Berlin , 1926 .
|
[
"Breslau"
] |
[
{
"text": " Wilhelm Kroll ( October 7 , 1869 – April 21 , 1939 ) was a German classicist who was full professor at the universities of Greifswald ( 1899–1906 ) , Münster ( 1906–1913 ) and Breslau ( 1913–1935 ) .",
"title": "Wilhelm Kroll"
},
{
"text": " Kroll was born in the town of Frankenstein in the Prussian Province of Silesia and brought up in Breslau , the capital city . From 1887 to 1891 he studied Classics , Archeology , History and Sanskrit at the universities of Breslau and Berlin . After obtaining his Ph . D . in 1891 , Kroll went to Italy for the first of many times to study Greek manuscripts in Florence and Venice and continued his studies at the University of Bonn in the summer term of 1892 .",
"title": "Education and Career"
},
{
"text": "Before the end of the term he was awarded a four-year scholarship by the Prussian Academy of Sciences that gave him the means to further his academic career . Kroll returned to Italy where he continued and expanded his research from September 1893 until April 1894 . Having obtained his habilitation at Breslau university in 1894 , he continued to teach and publish as Privatdozent . After five years he was appointed full professor of Classics at the University of Greifswald where he started teaching in April 1899 . A year later he married Katharina Wegener , the daughter of",
"title": "Education and Career"
},
{
"text": "a schoolmaster .",
"title": "Education and Career"
},
{
"text": "In March 1906 , Kroll moved to the University of Münster , a newly adorned university with a significant number of students . In Münster , Kroll strove to enhance the quality of studying for his students . His efforts to cooperate with his colleagues led to the foundation of the Institut für Altertumskunde ( institute for antiquity studies ) which included the departments of classics , ancient history and linguistics ( archaeology followed in 1914 ) . Nevertheless , Kroll persistently tried to secure a better position for himself and in 1913 succeeded to obtain a full professorship at",
"title": "Education and Career"
},
{
"text": "his alma mater in Breslau .",
"title": "Education and Career"
},
{
"text": "Apart from his teaching and publications , Kroll was an important agent for international collaboration in the classics . As an editor of important journals ( Bursian’s Jahresbericht über die Fortschritte der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft , 1898–1912 ; Glotta , 1913–1936 ) and the Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft ( 1906–1939 , as successor to Georg Wissowa ) he collaborated with hundreds of scholars from all over Europe and the United States . He was one of the first German scholars to be invited to lecture in the United Kingdom after World War I , and was awarded a visiting professorship at",
"title": "Education and Career"
},
{
"text": "the Princeton University in 1930/31 .",
"title": "Education and Career"
},
{
"text": " His last years were overcast by the rise of Nazism in Germany . In 1934 he resigned as president of the Silesian Society for Patriotic Culture , a learned association that he had headed since 1927 . In 1935 , under new legislation , Kroll was retired earlier than usual . As his successor he opted for his long-time colleague Hans Drexler who had been an active supporter of the Nazi party . Drexler would later write Krolls obituary in the Gnomon , apologising for his predecessors alleged ″lack of a positive world view″ .",
"title": "Education and Career"
},
{
"text": "While not being a victim of the Nuremberg Laws himself , Kroll witnessed the removal of his colleagues from office and the persecution of his former pupils , some of whom he aided in finding work abroad . He also continued to collaborate with Jewish scholars in editing the Realencyclopädie . For this Kroll was assaulted in the Nazi newspaper Der Stürmer , after he had already relocated to Berlin with his wife early in 1937 .",
"title": "Education and Career"
},
{
"text": " Meanwhile , academic institutions continued to appreciate and honor Krolls achievement . He was elected ordinary member of the German Archeological Institute in 1934 , corresponding member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in 1935 and fellow of the British Academy in 1937 . He was also awarded honorary degrees by the universities of Oxford ( 1935 ) and Cambridge ( 1938 ) .",
"title": "Education and Career"
},
{
"text": "After an operation , Kroll died to an embolism on April 21 , 1939 . He was survived by his wife , a daughter and three sons , one of whom had emigrated to Japan in 1936 and later became a renowned physicist at the University of Taipei .",
"title": "Education and Career"
},
{
"text": " - An editor of the Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft ( since 1906 ; after August Pauly , Georg Wissowa ) - Geschichte der klassischen Philologie . 1908; 2 . verb . Aufl . Vereining . wissenschaftl . Verl. , Berlin und Leipzig 1919 ( Sammlung Göschen , 367 ) - C . Valerius Catullus . 1922; 7 . Aufl . Teubner , Stuttgart 1989 , - Die wissenschaftliche Syntax im lateinischen Unterricht . Weidmann , 1925 - Studien zum Verständnis der römischen Literatur . Metzler , Stuttgart 1924 Nachdruck Garland , New York und London 1978 ,",
"title": "Literary works"
},
{
"text": "- Die Kultur der ciceronischen Zeit . 2 Teile . Dieterich , Leipzig 1933",
"title": "Literary works"
},
{
"text": " - Vettii Valentis Anthologiarum Libri , Guilelmus Kroll , Weidman , Berlin , 1908 . - Matheseos Libri VIII , 2 vols. , ed . W . Kroll , F . Skutsch and K . Ziegler , Teubner , Stuttgart , 1897–1913 . - Historia Alexandri Magni , ed . W . Kroll , vol . 1 . Weidmann , Berlin , 1926 .",
"title": "Critical editions"
}
] |
/wiki/International_Federation_of_Trade_Unions#P159#0
|
The headquarter of International Federation of Trade Unions was located in where in Jan 1921?
|
International Federation of Trade Unions The International Federation of Trade Unions ( also known as the Amsterdam International ) was an international organization of trade unions , existing between 1919 and 1945 . IFTU had its roots in the pre-war IFTU . IFTU had close links to the Labour and Socialist International . The IFTU was opposed by the Communist-controlled trade unions . After the American AFL dropped out in 1925 the IFTU became a mainly European body with social democratic orientation . Its primary activity was to lobby the League of Nations and national governments on behalf of the International Labour Organization ( ILO ) . There were various International Trade Secretariats . The major ITS was the International Transportworkers Federation . As of 1930 it had affiliates in 29 countries and a combined membership of 13.5 million . Its headquarters was in Amsterdam 1919–1930 , in Berlin 1931–1933 , in Paris 1933–1940 and in London 1940–1945 . Walter Schevenels was the secretary-general of the IFTU 1930–1945 . The IFTU dissolved in 1945 to be replaced by the World Federation of Trade Unions ( WFTU ) . Founding . The European trade union movement had been divided by the First World War . An international meeting of trade unions was held in Bern , Switzerland , February 5-February 9 , 1919 , after the First World War . The constituent congress of IFTU was held in the Amsterdam Concertgebouw in July 1919 . Union representatives from 14 countries took part ( United States , Belgium , Denmark , Germany , France , Great Britain , Holland , Luxemburg , Norway , Austria , Sweden , Switzerland , Spain , Czechoslovakia ) , representing a combined membership of 17.7 million . All delegations at the 1919 congress were Europeans , except the American Federation of Labor . However , the AFL delegate Samuel Gompers participated with a mandate from the Pan-American Federation of Labor . The only major industrial country absent was Italy , whose delegates encountered passport problems . In the refounded IFTU the general principle was that only one national centre per country would be admitted . However , at the founding congress there were exceptions . The British delegation consisted of both TUC and GFTU representatives . From Germany and the Netherlands both Social Democratic ( GGWD and NVV ) and Syndicalist ( VDGW and NAS ) trade unions participated . At the congress there were two candidates for the presidency of IFTU . The Briton W . A . Appleton was elected with 31 votes against 18 for the Dutchman Jan Oudegeest . Appleton had been nominated by Samuel Gompers whilst Oudegeest had been nominated by Arvid Thorberg . Two vice-presidents were also elected . In the election for the first vice-president the German Carl Legien was defeated by the Frenchman Léon Jouhaux . The defeat of the German candidate could be seen as an indication that many trade unionists in the former Allied countries were suspicious of the Germans , who had dominated the international labour movement before the war . Following Legiens defeat , the German and Austrian delegations abstained from nominating candidates for the second vice-president . The Belgian Cornel Mertens was elected to the position . Jan Oudegeest and fellow Dutchman Edo Fimmen were elected general secretaries . Political contradictions . The new international was politically Social Democratic . In the pre-war IFTU there had been both socialist and non-political union centres , but at the Amsterdam congress Oudegeest pronounced that the refounded IFTU would have a socialist orientation . The socialist profile was important , as in most countries in Europe the IFTU faced communist opposition at the time . The Amsterdam congress adopted a resolution advocating the socialization of the means of production , a resolution opposed by the Gompers . In the end , the Gompers decided that the AFL would not affiliate itself with the IFTU . IFTU was an almost exclusively European organization . Four non-European countries were had IFTU affiliates ; Canada , Argentina , Peru and Palestine ( Histadrut ) . Histadrut joined IFTU in 1923 . But these affiliations were largely dormant . Prior to 1937 the American affiliates played no role in the organization , and had no representation in the IFTU membership . Notably , the British TUC was reluctant to expanding the IFTU activities to India and other British colonies . The socialist orientation of IFTU was complicated by the fact that the president , Appleton , came from the non-political camp and had been an ally of Gompers . Moreover , IFTU demanded that the British TUC and GFTU had to merge into a single organization . The result was that TUC decided that it would be the sole British representative in the IFTU . Thus the GFTU leader Appleton resigned as IFTU president . He was replaced by J . H . Thomas . London and Rome congresses . In 1920 an extraordinary IFTU congress was held in London . In 1922 the second IFTU conference was held in Rome . At the Rome conference several new members were affiliated to the IFTU , from Greece , Bulgaria , Czechoslovakia , Yugoslavia , Hungary and Latvia . Through this expansion , the IFTU membership reached its peak of 24 million . However , the Norwegian LO withdrew from IFTU in protest to the policy of IFTU towards the Soviet Union . Soon after the Rome conference , the fascist regime in Italy would repress the Italian unions . The Rome congress elected Theodor Leipart as vice-president . It also chose Vienna as the site of the next IFTU congress . Both of these decisions were seen by contemporary analysts as a partial rehabilitation of the Germans inside the IFTU . Hague Peace Conference . December 10-December 15 , 1922 the IFTU organized an internal Peace Conference in The Hague . The conference took place in the backdrop of mounting military tension over the Ruhr . The Peace Conference marked the height of influence of IFTU . The initiative to hold the conference had come from Edo Fimmen , who represented a radical and anti-militarist position . 700 delegates assisted the conference . Unlike other IFTU events , delegates from the Soviet Union were invited . In his inaugural speech , Fimmen , stated that any new world war would be confronted by a global general strike . However , when French troops occupied the Ruhr a month later , the promised general strike did not occur . The German ADGB opposed initiating a general strike . The IFTU did not go beyond a general call for peace and arbitration through the League of Nations . Fimmen became increasingly disillusioned over these developments . In November 1923 he resigned as ITUF general secretary . At the Hague Peace Conference Johannes Sassenbach was appointed as the third general secretary of IFTU and John W . Brown as assistant secretary . After a protest from the TUC , Brown was elevated general secretary in August 1923 bringing the number of IFTU general secretaries to four . Impact of crisis in Germany . By 1923 , the influence of IFTU had already passed its peak . As hyperinflation surged in Germany , the economy of IFTU suffered . Moreover , the ADGB lost 1.5 million members , whilst the British TUC 2.3 million . The French CGT lost 750 000 members as the communists split and formed a parallel Confédération générale du travail unitaire ( CGTU ) . The Greek , Peruvian and Argentine union centres had pulled out of IFTU . The economic situation in IFTU was grave , and the secretariat had to downsize . The federation survived due to the financial contributions of the TUC . The congress of IFTU was held in Vienna from 2 to 6 June 1924 . By the time of the congress , the situation in Europe had stabilized somewhat . The Vienna congress elected A . A . Purcell of the TUC as the new IFTU president . In 1926 IFTU went into financial crisis . Nine of the national affiliates had not followed through with their financial commitments to IFTU . The offices in Amsterdam were mortgaged . The IFTU printing office in Germany had to be sold . The TUC decided to freeze their contributions to IFTU , demanding an audit of the IFTU expenses . Paris congress . In 1927 the IFTU congress was held in Paris . At the congress , TUC confronted the continental unions . TUC demanded that the headquarters be shifted away from Amsterdam , that Purcells mandate be renewed , and that fellow Briton Brown should be elected as the sole general secretary . In his speech to the congress , Purcell called for the inclusion of the Soviet union movement into the IFTU . The proposal was rejected by the leaders of continental unions . The congress continued with mutual accusations of intriguing between the TUC and the continental Europeans . Brown and Oudegeest decided to resign from their positions . Purcell was re-elected as president , but by only one vote . Johannes Sassenbach was re-elected general secretary . Two vice-presidents was elected , Carl Madsen from Denmark and Rudolf Tayerlé from Czechoslovakia . The TUC and IFTU reconciled later in 1927 , as the TUC broke its links to the Soviet trade unions . However , the continental unions had zero confidence in Purcell . In the end , Purcell resigned on his own . He was replaced by the TUC general secretary Walter Citrine in 1928 . By 1927 IFTU had around 13.5 million members . The decline in membership was mainly due to membership losses in the German union movement . However , the IFTU had attracted some new affiliates ; in Lithuania , Memel Territory , Argentina ( CORA ) and South Africa ( Industrial and Commercial Workers Union ) . In 1928 the Danish vice-president Madsen resigned , and was replaced by fellow Dane Hans Jacobsen . Expansion outside Europe . During 1928-1929 , the IFTU broadened its contacts to the Middle East , Asia and Australia . Citrine , like his predecessor Purcell , had seen the geographic limitations of IFTU as a major weakness of the organization . In 1928 , IFTU organized a meeting in Buenos Aires , which formed the short-lived Confederación Obrera Ibero Americana . Participants at the conference were the Confederación Obrera Argentina and pro-government trade unionists from Venezuela , Uruguay , Cuba and Spain . In 1928 the Arbeiterverband für Südwestafrika was affiliated to IFTU ( initially IFTU had demanded that the Arbeiterverband would scrap its ban on African membership , but later retracted the demand ) . Confederación Obrera de Argentina rejoined the IFTU , but the contacts were lost again soon afterwards . Persatoean Vabonden Pegawai Negeri from the Dutch East Indies joined IFTU . In 1934 the Argentine CGT and the National Trades Union Federation from India became a member of IFTU . International financial crisis and the rise of fascism . As of 1930 , the Executive Board of IFTU consisted of Léon Jouhaux ( France ) , Johannes Sassenbach ( Germany ) general secretary , Walter Citrine ( Britain ) president , Walter Schevenels ( Belgium ) , Theodor Leipart ( Germany ) , Rudolf Tayerlé ( Czechoslovakia ) , Corneel Mertens ( Belgium ) and Hans Jacobsen ( Denmark ) . Ahead of the 1930 Stockholm congress of IFTU the TUC and ADGB agreed to share the two main positions ( presidency and secretariat ) between themselves . The secretariat headquarters would , according to the deal , be shifted to Germany . At the congress several delegations from European countries opposed moving the headquarters out of Amsterdam . Fear of the consequences of the rise of National Socialism in Germany was one of the reasons cited in their argumentation against the move . However , in July 1931 , the headquarters of IFTU were shifted to Hansahaus , Köpernickestrasse , Berlin . On February 1 , 1931 Sassenbach resigned due to old age . He was replaced by his assistant , the Belgian Walter Schevenels . Georg Stoltz from Czechoslovakia was appointed as Schevenels assistant . As a result of the financial crisis and rise of fascism , the bonds between IFTU and the Labour and Socialist International were strengthened . Effectively the political situation radicalized the IFTU . In April 1931 , an IFTU General Council meeting held in Madrid decided to shift the IFTU demand for 44-hour working-week to demanding 40-hour working week . Ahead of the 1932 disarmament conference of the League of Nations , the IFTU president Citrine and the LSI president Emile Vandervelde drafted an appeal against war and fascism . The appeal was signed by 14 million people . The IFTU headquarters had to shift away from Berlin as the NSDAP took power in Germany . Paris was selected as the new venue of the IFTU secretariat , which was set up in the CGT office at Avenue dOrsay . Soon after this shift , the German trade unions were banned . The disappearance of ADGB created a great void in IFTU . The financial situation of IFTU deteriorated as contributions from the German and Austrian unions ceased . The 1933 IFTU congress in Brussels discussed how to confront the advances of Nazism . The congress resolved to turn the existing initiatives of boycotts of German goods into a general blockade . That decision was however never implemented . On the whole the IFTU was divided on how to confront Nazism , much to the dismay of the exiled German union leaders . In 1936 IFTU held a congress in London . International Trade Secretariats . As of 1932 , the following trade secretariats were affiliated to the IFTU : - International Bookbinders Union - International Federation of Boot and Shoe Operatives and Leather Workers - International Federation of Building Workers - International Clothing Workers Federation - International Federation of Commercial , Clerical and Technical Employees - Universal Alliance of Diamond Workers - International Federation of Enginemen and Firemen - International Union of Food and Drink Workers - International Federation of General Factory Workers - International Federation of Glassworkers - International Union of Hairdressers - International Union of Hatters - International Union of Hotel , Restaurant and Bar Workers - International Landworkers Federation - International Federation of Lithographers , Lithographic Printers and Kindred Trades - International Metalworkers Federation - International Federation of Miners - International Secretariat of Painters and Allied Trades - Postal , Telegraph and Telephone International - International Federation of Pottery Workers - International Printers Secretariat - International Federation of Employees in Public Services - International Secretariat of Stone Workers - Teachers International Trade Secretariat - International Federation of Textile Workers Associations - International Federation of Tobacco Workers - International Transport Workers Federation - International Federation of Woodworkers Publication . IFTU published the periodical The International Trade Union Movement . Bibliography . - Notes - References Further reading . - Linden , Marcel van der , ed . The International Confederation of Free Trade Unions ( Bern : Lang , 2000 ) . 624 pp . - Reiner Tosstorff , The International Trade-Union Movement and the Founding of the International Labour Organization , International Review of Social History 2005 50 ( 3 ) : 399-433 - Fabio Bertini , Gilliatt e la piovra . Il sindacalismo internazionale dalle origini ad oggi ( 1776-2006 , Roma , Aracne , 2011 , 616 pp . External links . - The International Federation of Trade Unions , 1936-1939 : Its history and organisation , Modern Records Centre , University of Warwick , with links to digitised documents of the period
|
[
"Amsterdam"
] |
[
{
"text": " The International Federation of Trade Unions ( also known as the Amsterdam International ) was an international organization of trade unions , existing between 1919 and 1945 . IFTU had its roots in the pre-war IFTU .",
"title": "International Federation of Trade Unions"
},
{
"text": "IFTU had close links to the Labour and Socialist International . The IFTU was opposed by the Communist-controlled trade unions . After the American AFL dropped out in 1925 the IFTU became a mainly European body with social democratic orientation . Its primary activity was to lobby the League of Nations and national governments on behalf of the International Labour Organization ( ILO ) .",
"title": "International Federation of Trade Unions"
},
{
"text": " There were various International Trade Secretariats . The major ITS was the International Transportworkers Federation . As of 1930 it had affiliates in 29 countries and a combined membership of 13.5 million . Its headquarters was in Amsterdam 1919–1930 , in Berlin 1931–1933 , in Paris 1933–1940 and in London 1940–1945 . Walter Schevenels was the secretary-general of the IFTU 1930–1945 . The IFTU dissolved in 1945 to be replaced by the World Federation of Trade Unions ( WFTU ) .",
"title": "International Federation of Trade Unions"
},
{
"text": " The European trade union movement had been divided by the First World War . An international meeting of trade unions was held in Bern , Switzerland , February 5-February 9 , 1919 , after the First World War .",
"title": "Founding"
},
{
"text": "The constituent congress of IFTU was held in the Amsterdam Concertgebouw in July 1919 . Union representatives from 14 countries took part ( United States , Belgium , Denmark , Germany , France , Great Britain , Holland , Luxemburg , Norway , Austria , Sweden , Switzerland , Spain , Czechoslovakia ) , representing a combined membership of 17.7 million .",
"title": "Founding"
},
{
"text": " All delegations at the 1919 congress were Europeans , except the American Federation of Labor . However , the AFL delegate Samuel Gompers participated with a mandate from the Pan-American Federation of Labor . The only major industrial country absent was Italy , whose delegates encountered passport problems .",
"title": "Founding"
},
{
"text": "In the refounded IFTU the general principle was that only one national centre per country would be admitted . However , at the founding congress there were exceptions . The British delegation consisted of both TUC and GFTU representatives . From Germany and the Netherlands both Social Democratic ( GGWD and NVV ) and Syndicalist ( VDGW and NAS ) trade unions participated .",
"title": "Founding"
},
{
"text": "At the congress there were two candidates for the presidency of IFTU . The Briton W . A . Appleton was elected with 31 votes against 18 for the Dutchman Jan Oudegeest . Appleton had been nominated by Samuel Gompers whilst Oudegeest had been nominated by Arvid Thorberg . Two vice-presidents were also elected . In the election for the first vice-president the German Carl Legien was defeated by the Frenchman Léon Jouhaux . The defeat of the German candidate could be seen as an indication that many trade unionists in the former Allied countries were suspicious of the Germans",
"title": "Founding"
},
{
"text": ", who had dominated the international labour movement before the war . Following Legiens defeat , the German and Austrian delegations abstained from nominating candidates for the second vice-president . The Belgian Cornel Mertens was elected to the position . Jan Oudegeest and fellow Dutchman Edo Fimmen were elected general secretaries .",
"title": "Founding"
},
{
"text": "The new international was politically Social Democratic . In the pre-war IFTU there had been both socialist and non-political union centres , but at the Amsterdam congress Oudegeest pronounced that the refounded IFTU would have a socialist orientation . The socialist profile was important , as in most countries in Europe the IFTU faced communist opposition at the time . The Amsterdam congress adopted a resolution advocating the socialization of the means of production , a resolution opposed by the Gompers . In the end , the Gompers decided that the AFL would not affiliate itself with the IFTU .",
"title": "Political contradictions"
},
{
"text": " IFTU was an almost exclusively European organization . Four non-European countries were had IFTU affiliates ; Canada , Argentina , Peru and Palestine ( Histadrut ) . Histadrut joined IFTU in 1923 . But these affiliations were largely dormant . Prior to 1937 the American affiliates played no role in the organization , and had no representation in the IFTU membership . Notably , the British TUC was reluctant to expanding the IFTU activities to India and other British colonies .",
"title": "Political contradictions"
},
{
"text": "The socialist orientation of IFTU was complicated by the fact that the president , Appleton , came from the non-political camp and had been an ally of Gompers . Moreover , IFTU demanded that the British TUC and GFTU had to merge into a single organization . The result was that TUC decided that it would be the sole British representative in the IFTU . Thus the GFTU leader Appleton resigned as IFTU president . He was replaced by J . H . Thomas .",
"title": "Political contradictions"
},
{
"text": " London and Rome congresses . In 1920 an extraordinary IFTU congress was held in London .",
"title": "Political contradictions"
},
{
"text": "In 1922 the second IFTU conference was held in Rome . At the Rome conference several new members were affiliated to the IFTU , from Greece , Bulgaria , Czechoslovakia , Yugoslavia , Hungary and Latvia . Through this expansion , the IFTU membership reached its peak of 24 million . However , the Norwegian LO withdrew from IFTU in protest to the policy of IFTU towards the Soviet Union . Soon after the Rome conference , the fascist regime in Italy would repress the Italian unions .",
"title": "Political contradictions"
},
{
"text": " The Rome congress elected Theodor Leipart as vice-president . It also chose Vienna as the site of the next IFTU congress . Both of these decisions were seen by contemporary analysts as a partial rehabilitation of the Germans inside the IFTU .",
"title": "Political contradictions"
},
{
"text": "December 10-December 15 , 1922 the IFTU organized an internal Peace Conference in The Hague . The conference took place in the backdrop of mounting military tension over the Ruhr . The Peace Conference marked the height of influence of IFTU . The initiative to hold the conference had come from Edo Fimmen , who represented a radical and anti-militarist position . 700 delegates assisted the conference . Unlike other IFTU events , delegates from the Soviet Union were invited . In his inaugural speech , Fimmen , stated that any new world war would be confronted by a global",
"title": "Hague Peace Conference"
},
{
"text": "general strike .",
"title": "Hague Peace Conference"
},
{
"text": " However , when French troops occupied the Ruhr a month later , the promised general strike did not occur . The German ADGB opposed initiating a general strike . The IFTU did not go beyond a general call for peace and arbitration through the League of Nations . Fimmen became increasingly disillusioned over these developments . In November 1923 he resigned as ITUF general secretary .",
"title": "Hague Peace Conference"
},
{
"text": "At the Hague Peace Conference Johannes Sassenbach was appointed as the third general secretary of IFTU and John W . Brown as assistant secretary . After a protest from the TUC , Brown was elevated general secretary in August 1923 bringing the number of IFTU general secretaries to four .",
"title": "Hague Peace Conference"
},
{
"text": "By 1923 , the influence of IFTU had already passed its peak . As hyperinflation surged in Germany , the economy of IFTU suffered . Moreover , the ADGB lost 1.5 million members , whilst the British TUC 2.3 million . The French CGT lost 750 000 members as the communists split and formed a parallel Confédération générale du travail unitaire ( CGTU ) . The Greek , Peruvian and Argentine union centres had pulled out of IFTU . The economic situation in IFTU was grave , and the secretariat had to downsize . The federation survived due to the",
"title": "Hague Peace Conference"
},
{
"text": "financial contributions of the TUC .",
"title": "Hague Peace Conference"
},
{
"text": " The congress of IFTU was held in Vienna from 2 to 6 June 1924 . By the time of the congress , the situation in Europe had stabilized somewhat . The Vienna congress elected A . A . Purcell of the TUC as the new IFTU president .",
"title": "Hague Peace Conference"
},
{
"text": "In 1926 IFTU went into financial crisis . Nine of the national affiliates had not followed through with their financial commitments to IFTU . The offices in Amsterdam were mortgaged . The IFTU printing office in Germany had to be sold . The TUC decided to freeze their contributions to IFTU , demanding an audit of the IFTU expenses .",
"title": "Hague Peace Conference"
},
{
"text": " In 1927 the IFTU congress was held in Paris . At the congress , TUC confronted the continental unions . TUC demanded that the headquarters be shifted away from Amsterdam , that Purcells mandate be renewed , and that fellow Briton Brown should be elected as the sole general secretary . In his speech to the congress , Purcell called for the inclusion of the Soviet union movement into the IFTU . The proposal was rejected by the leaders of continental unions .",
"title": "Paris congress"
},
{
"text": "The congress continued with mutual accusations of intriguing between the TUC and the continental Europeans . Brown and Oudegeest decided to resign from their positions . Purcell was re-elected as president , but by only one vote . Johannes Sassenbach was re-elected general secretary . Two vice-presidents was elected , Carl Madsen from Denmark and Rudolf Tayerlé from Czechoslovakia .",
"title": "Paris congress"
},
{
"text": " The TUC and IFTU reconciled later in 1927 , as the TUC broke its links to the Soviet trade unions . However , the continental unions had zero confidence in Purcell . In the end , Purcell resigned on his own . He was replaced by the TUC general secretary Walter Citrine in 1928 .",
"title": "Paris congress"
},
{
"text": "By 1927 IFTU had around 13.5 million members . The decline in membership was mainly due to membership losses in the German union movement . However , the IFTU had attracted some new affiliates ; in Lithuania , Memel Territory , Argentina ( CORA ) and South Africa ( Industrial and Commercial Workers Union ) .",
"title": "Paris congress"
},
{
"text": " In 1928 the Danish vice-president Madsen resigned , and was replaced by fellow Dane Hans Jacobsen .",
"title": "Paris congress"
},
{
"text": " During 1928-1929 , the IFTU broadened its contacts to the Middle East , Asia and Australia . Citrine , like his predecessor Purcell , had seen the geographic limitations of IFTU as a major weakness of the organization . In 1928 , IFTU organized a meeting in Buenos Aires , which formed the short-lived Confederación Obrera Ibero Americana . Participants at the conference were the Confederación Obrera Argentina and pro-government trade unionists from Venezuela , Uruguay , Cuba and Spain .",
"title": "Expansion outside Europe"
},
{
"text": "In 1928 the Arbeiterverband für Südwestafrika was affiliated to IFTU ( initially IFTU had demanded that the Arbeiterverband would scrap its ban on African membership , but later retracted the demand ) . Confederación Obrera de Argentina rejoined the IFTU , but the contacts were lost again soon afterwards . Persatoean Vabonden Pegawai Negeri from the Dutch East Indies joined IFTU .",
"title": "Expansion outside Europe"
},
{
"text": " In 1934 the Argentine CGT and the National Trades Union Federation from India became a member of IFTU . International financial crisis and the rise of fascism . As of 1930 , the Executive Board of IFTU consisted of Léon Jouhaux ( France ) , Johannes Sassenbach ( Germany ) general secretary , Walter Citrine ( Britain ) president , Walter Schevenels ( Belgium ) , Theodor Leipart ( Germany ) , Rudolf Tayerlé ( Czechoslovakia ) , Corneel Mertens ( Belgium ) and Hans Jacobsen ( Denmark ) .",
"title": "Expansion outside Europe"
},
{
"text": "Ahead of the 1930 Stockholm congress of IFTU the TUC and ADGB agreed to share the two main positions ( presidency and secretariat ) between themselves . The secretariat headquarters would , according to the deal , be shifted to Germany . At the congress several delegations from European countries opposed moving the headquarters out of Amsterdam . Fear of the consequences of the rise of National Socialism in Germany was one of the reasons cited in their argumentation against the move . However , in July 1931 , the headquarters of IFTU were shifted to Hansahaus , Köpernickestrasse ,",
"title": "Expansion outside Europe"
},
{
"text": "Berlin .",
"title": "Expansion outside Europe"
},
{
"text": " On February 1 , 1931 Sassenbach resigned due to old age . He was replaced by his assistant , the Belgian Walter Schevenels . Georg Stoltz from Czechoslovakia was appointed as Schevenels assistant .",
"title": "Expansion outside Europe"
},
{
"text": "As a result of the financial crisis and rise of fascism , the bonds between IFTU and the Labour and Socialist International were strengthened . Effectively the political situation radicalized the IFTU . In April 1931 , an IFTU General Council meeting held in Madrid decided to shift the IFTU demand for 44-hour working-week to demanding 40-hour working week . Ahead of the 1932 disarmament conference of the League of Nations , the IFTU president Citrine and the LSI president Emile Vandervelde drafted an appeal against war and fascism . The appeal was signed by 14 million people .",
"title": "Expansion outside Europe"
},
{
"text": " The IFTU headquarters had to shift away from Berlin as the NSDAP took power in Germany . Paris was selected as the new venue of the IFTU secretariat , which was set up in the CGT office at Avenue dOrsay . Soon after this shift , the German trade unions were banned . The disappearance of ADGB created a great void in IFTU . The financial situation of IFTU deteriorated as contributions from the German and Austrian unions ceased .",
"title": "Expansion outside Europe"
},
{
"text": "The 1933 IFTU congress in Brussels discussed how to confront the advances of Nazism . The congress resolved to turn the existing initiatives of boycotts of German goods into a general blockade . That decision was however never implemented . On the whole the IFTU was divided on how to confront Nazism , much to the dismay of the exiled German union leaders .",
"title": "Expansion outside Europe"
},
{
"text": " As of 1932 , the following trade secretariats were affiliated to the IFTU : - International Bookbinders Union - International Federation of Boot and Shoe Operatives and Leather Workers - International Federation of Building Workers - International Clothing Workers Federation - International Federation of Commercial , Clerical and Technical Employees - Universal Alliance of Diamond Workers - International Federation of Enginemen and Firemen - International Union of Food and Drink Workers - International Federation of General Factory Workers - International Federation of Glassworkers - International Union of Hairdressers - International Union of Hatters",
"title": "International Trade Secretariats"
},
{
"text": "- International Union of Hotel , Restaurant and Bar Workers",
"title": "International Trade Secretariats"
},
{
"text": " - International Landworkers Federation - International Federation of Lithographers , Lithographic Printers and Kindred Trades - International Metalworkers Federation - International Federation of Miners - International Secretariat of Painters and Allied Trades - Postal , Telegraph and Telephone International - International Federation of Pottery Workers - International Printers Secretariat - International Federation of Employees in Public Services - International Secretariat of Stone Workers - Teachers International Trade Secretariat - International Federation of Textile Workers Associations - International Federation of Tobacco Workers - International Transport Workers Federation - International Federation of Woodworkers",
"title": "International Trade Secretariats"
},
{
"text": " - Linden , Marcel van der , ed . The International Confederation of Free Trade Unions ( Bern : Lang , 2000 ) . 624 pp . - Reiner Tosstorff , The International Trade-Union Movement and the Founding of the International Labour Organization , International Review of Social History 2005 50 ( 3 ) : 399-433 - Fabio Bertini , Gilliatt e la piovra . Il sindacalismo internazionale dalle origini ad oggi ( 1776-2006 , Roma , Aracne , 2011 , 616 pp .",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - The International Federation of Trade Unions , 1936-1939 : Its history and organisation , Modern Records Centre , University of Warwick , with links to digitised documents of the period",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/International_Federation_of_Trade_Unions#P159#1
|
The headquarter of International Federation of Trade Unions was located in where between Oct 1931 and Jul 1932?
|
International Federation of Trade Unions The International Federation of Trade Unions ( also known as the Amsterdam International ) was an international organization of trade unions , existing between 1919 and 1945 . IFTU had its roots in the pre-war IFTU . IFTU had close links to the Labour and Socialist International . The IFTU was opposed by the Communist-controlled trade unions . After the American AFL dropped out in 1925 the IFTU became a mainly European body with social democratic orientation . Its primary activity was to lobby the League of Nations and national governments on behalf of the International Labour Organization ( ILO ) . There were various International Trade Secretariats . The major ITS was the International Transportworkers Federation . As of 1930 it had affiliates in 29 countries and a combined membership of 13.5 million . Its headquarters was in Amsterdam 1919–1930 , in Berlin 1931–1933 , in Paris 1933–1940 and in London 1940–1945 . Walter Schevenels was the secretary-general of the IFTU 1930–1945 . The IFTU dissolved in 1945 to be replaced by the World Federation of Trade Unions ( WFTU ) . Founding . The European trade union movement had been divided by the First World War . An international meeting of trade unions was held in Bern , Switzerland , February 5-February 9 , 1919 , after the First World War . The constituent congress of IFTU was held in the Amsterdam Concertgebouw in July 1919 . Union representatives from 14 countries took part ( United States , Belgium , Denmark , Germany , France , Great Britain , Holland , Luxemburg , Norway , Austria , Sweden , Switzerland , Spain , Czechoslovakia ) , representing a combined membership of 17.7 million . All delegations at the 1919 congress were Europeans , except the American Federation of Labor . However , the AFL delegate Samuel Gompers participated with a mandate from the Pan-American Federation of Labor . The only major industrial country absent was Italy , whose delegates encountered passport problems . In the refounded IFTU the general principle was that only one national centre per country would be admitted . However , at the founding congress there were exceptions . The British delegation consisted of both TUC and GFTU representatives . From Germany and the Netherlands both Social Democratic ( GGWD and NVV ) and Syndicalist ( VDGW and NAS ) trade unions participated . At the congress there were two candidates for the presidency of IFTU . The Briton W . A . Appleton was elected with 31 votes against 18 for the Dutchman Jan Oudegeest . Appleton had been nominated by Samuel Gompers whilst Oudegeest had been nominated by Arvid Thorberg . Two vice-presidents were also elected . In the election for the first vice-president the German Carl Legien was defeated by the Frenchman Léon Jouhaux . The defeat of the German candidate could be seen as an indication that many trade unionists in the former Allied countries were suspicious of the Germans , who had dominated the international labour movement before the war . Following Legiens defeat , the German and Austrian delegations abstained from nominating candidates for the second vice-president . The Belgian Cornel Mertens was elected to the position . Jan Oudegeest and fellow Dutchman Edo Fimmen were elected general secretaries . Political contradictions . The new international was politically Social Democratic . In the pre-war IFTU there had been both socialist and non-political union centres , but at the Amsterdam congress Oudegeest pronounced that the refounded IFTU would have a socialist orientation . The socialist profile was important , as in most countries in Europe the IFTU faced communist opposition at the time . The Amsterdam congress adopted a resolution advocating the socialization of the means of production , a resolution opposed by the Gompers . In the end , the Gompers decided that the AFL would not affiliate itself with the IFTU . IFTU was an almost exclusively European organization . Four non-European countries were had IFTU affiliates ; Canada , Argentina , Peru and Palestine ( Histadrut ) . Histadrut joined IFTU in 1923 . But these affiliations were largely dormant . Prior to 1937 the American affiliates played no role in the organization , and had no representation in the IFTU membership . Notably , the British TUC was reluctant to expanding the IFTU activities to India and other British colonies . The socialist orientation of IFTU was complicated by the fact that the president , Appleton , came from the non-political camp and had been an ally of Gompers . Moreover , IFTU demanded that the British TUC and GFTU had to merge into a single organization . The result was that TUC decided that it would be the sole British representative in the IFTU . Thus the GFTU leader Appleton resigned as IFTU president . He was replaced by J . H . Thomas . London and Rome congresses . In 1920 an extraordinary IFTU congress was held in London . In 1922 the second IFTU conference was held in Rome . At the Rome conference several new members were affiliated to the IFTU , from Greece , Bulgaria , Czechoslovakia , Yugoslavia , Hungary and Latvia . Through this expansion , the IFTU membership reached its peak of 24 million . However , the Norwegian LO withdrew from IFTU in protest to the policy of IFTU towards the Soviet Union . Soon after the Rome conference , the fascist regime in Italy would repress the Italian unions . The Rome congress elected Theodor Leipart as vice-president . It also chose Vienna as the site of the next IFTU congress . Both of these decisions were seen by contemporary analysts as a partial rehabilitation of the Germans inside the IFTU . Hague Peace Conference . December 10-December 15 , 1922 the IFTU organized an internal Peace Conference in The Hague . The conference took place in the backdrop of mounting military tension over the Ruhr . The Peace Conference marked the height of influence of IFTU . The initiative to hold the conference had come from Edo Fimmen , who represented a radical and anti-militarist position . 700 delegates assisted the conference . Unlike other IFTU events , delegates from the Soviet Union were invited . In his inaugural speech , Fimmen , stated that any new world war would be confronted by a global general strike . However , when French troops occupied the Ruhr a month later , the promised general strike did not occur . The German ADGB opposed initiating a general strike . The IFTU did not go beyond a general call for peace and arbitration through the League of Nations . Fimmen became increasingly disillusioned over these developments . In November 1923 he resigned as ITUF general secretary . At the Hague Peace Conference Johannes Sassenbach was appointed as the third general secretary of IFTU and John W . Brown as assistant secretary . After a protest from the TUC , Brown was elevated general secretary in August 1923 bringing the number of IFTU general secretaries to four . Impact of crisis in Germany . By 1923 , the influence of IFTU had already passed its peak . As hyperinflation surged in Germany , the economy of IFTU suffered . Moreover , the ADGB lost 1.5 million members , whilst the British TUC 2.3 million . The French CGT lost 750 000 members as the communists split and formed a parallel Confédération générale du travail unitaire ( CGTU ) . The Greek , Peruvian and Argentine union centres had pulled out of IFTU . The economic situation in IFTU was grave , and the secretariat had to downsize . The federation survived due to the financial contributions of the TUC . The congress of IFTU was held in Vienna from 2 to 6 June 1924 . By the time of the congress , the situation in Europe had stabilized somewhat . The Vienna congress elected A . A . Purcell of the TUC as the new IFTU president . In 1926 IFTU went into financial crisis . Nine of the national affiliates had not followed through with their financial commitments to IFTU . The offices in Amsterdam were mortgaged . The IFTU printing office in Germany had to be sold . The TUC decided to freeze their contributions to IFTU , demanding an audit of the IFTU expenses . Paris congress . In 1927 the IFTU congress was held in Paris . At the congress , TUC confronted the continental unions . TUC demanded that the headquarters be shifted away from Amsterdam , that Purcells mandate be renewed , and that fellow Briton Brown should be elected as the sole general secretary . In his speech to the congress , Purcell called for the inclusion of the Soviet union movement into the IFTU . The proposal was rejected by the leaders of continental unions . The congress continued with mutual accusations of intriguing between the TUC and the continental Europeans . Brown and Oudegeest decided to resign from their positions . Purcell was re-elected as president , but by only one vote . Johannes Sassenbach was re-elected general secretary . Two vice-presidents was elected , Carl Madsen from Denmark and Rudolf Tayerlé from Czechoslovakia . The TUC and IFTU reconciled later in 1927 , as the TUC broke its links to the Soviet trade unions . However , the continental unions had zero confidence in Purcell . In the end , Purcell resigned on his own . He was replaced by the TUC general secretary Walter Citrine in 1928 . By 1927 IFTU had around 13.5 million members . The decline in membership was mainly due to membership losses in the German union movement . However , the IFTU had attracted some new affiliates ; in Lithuania , Memel Territory , Argentina ( CORA ) and South Africa ( Industrial and Commercial Workers Union ) . In 1928 the Danish vice-president Madsen resigned , and was replaced by fellow Dane Hans Jacobsen . Expansion outside Europe . During 1928-1929 , the IFTU broadened its contacts to the Middle East , Asia and Australia . Citrine , like his predecessor Purcell , had seen the geographic limitations of IFTU as a major weakness of the organization . In 1928 , IFTU organized a meeting in Buenos Aires , which formed the short-lived Confederación Obrera Ibero Americana . Participants at the conference were the Confederación Obrera Argentina and pro-government trade unionists from Venezuela , Uruguay , Cuba and Spain . In 1928 the Arbeiterverband für Südwestafrika was affiliated to IFTU ( initially IFTU had demanded that the Arbeiterverband would scrap its ban on African membership , but later retracted the demand ) . Confederación Obrera de Argentina rejoined the IFTU , but the contacts were lost again soon afterwards . Persatoean Vabonden Pegawai Negeri from the Dutch East Indies joined IFTU . In 1934 the Argentine CGT and the National Trades Union Federation from India became a member of IFTU . International financial crisis and the rise of fascism . As of 1930 , the Executive Board of IFTU consisted of Léon Jouhaux ( France ) , Johannes Sassenbach ( Germany ) general secretary , Walter Citrine ( Britain ) president , Walter Schevenels ( Belgium ) , Theodor Leipart ( Germany ) , Rudolf Tayerlé ( Czechoslovakia ) , Corneel Mertens ( Belgium ) and Hans Jacobsen ( Denmark ) . Ahead of the 1930 Stockholm congress of IFTU the TUC and ADGB agreed to share the two main positions ( presidency and secretariat ) between themselves . The secretariat headquarters would , according to the deal , be shifted to Germany . At the congress several delegations from European countries opposed moving the headquarters out of Amsterdam . Fear of the consequences of the rise of National Socialism in Germany was one of the reasons cited in their argumentation against the move . However , in July 1931 , the headquarters of IFTU were shifted to Hansahaus , Köpernickestrasse , Berlin . On February 1 , 1931 Sassenbach resigned due to old age . He was replaced by his assistant , the Belgian Walter Schevenels . Georg Stoltz from Czechoslovakia was appointed as Schevenels assistant . As a result of the financial crisis and rise of fascism , the bonds between IFTU and the Labour and Socialist International were strengthened . Effectively the political situation radicalized the IFTU . In April 1931 , an IFTU General Council meeting held in Madrid decided to shift the IFTU demand for 44-hour working-week to demanding 40-hour working week . Ahead of the 1932 disarmament conference of the League of Nations , the IFTU president Citrine and the LSI president Emile Vandervelde drafted an appeal against war and fascism . The appeal was signed by 14 million people . The IFTU headquarters had to shift away from Berlin as the NSDAP took power in Germany . Paris was selected as the new venue of the IFTU secretariat , which was set up in the CGT office at Avenue dOrsay . Soon after this shift , the German trade unions were banned . The disappearance of ADGB created a great void in IFTU . The financial situation of IFTU deteriorated as contributions from the German and Austrian unions ceased . The 1933 IFTU congress in Brussels discussed how to confront the advances of Nazism . The congress resolved to turn the existing initiatives of boycotts of German goods into a general blockade . That decision was however never implemented . On the whole the IFTU was divided on how to confront Nazism , much to the dismay of the exiled German union leaders . In 1936 IFTU held a congress in London . International Trade Secretariats . As of 1932 , the following trade secretariats were affiliated to the IFTU : - International Bookbinders Union - International Federation of Boot and Shoe Operatives and Leather Workers - International Federation of Building Workers - International Clothing Workers Federation - International Federation of Commercial , Clerical and Technical Employees - Universal Alliance of Diamond Workers - International Federation of Enginemen and Firemen - International Union of Food and Drink Workers - International Federation of General Factory Workers - International Federation of Glassworkers - International Union of Hairdressers - International Union of Hatters - International Union of Hotel , Restaurant and Bar Workers - International Landworkers Federation - International Federation of Lithographers , Lithographic Printers and Kindred Trades - International Metalworkers Federation - International Federation of Miners - International Secretariat of Painters and Allied Trades - Postal , Telegraph and Telephone International - International Federation of Pottery Workers - International Printers Secretariat - International Federation of Employees in Public Services - International Secretariat of Stone Workers - Teachers International Trade Secretariat - International Federation of Textile Workers Associations - International Federation of Tobacco Workers - International Transport Workers Federation - International Federation of Woodworkers Publication . IFTU published the periodical The International Trade Union Movement . Bibliography . - Notes - References Further reading . - Linden , Marcel van der , ed . The International Confederation of Free Trade Unions ( Bern : Lang , 2000 ) . 624 pp . - Reiner Tosstorff , The International Trade-Union Movement and the Founding of the International Labour Organization , International Review of Social History 2005 50 ( 3 ) : 399-433 - Fabio Bertini , Gilliatt e la piovra . Il sindacalismo internazionale dalle origini ad oggi ( 1776-2006 , Roma , Aracne , 2011 , 616 pp . External links . - The International Federation of Trade Unions , 1936-1939 : Its history and organisation , Modern Records Centre , University of Warwick , with links to digitised documents of the period
|
[
"Berlin"
] |
[
{
"text": " The International Federation of Trade Unions ( also known as the Amsterdam International ) was an international organization of trade unions , existing between 1919 and 1945 . IFTU had its roots in the pre-war IFTU .",
"title": "International Federation of Trade Unions"
},
{
"text": "IFTU had close links to the Labour and Socialist International . The IFTU was opposed by the Communist-controlled trade unions . After the American AFL dropped out in 1925 the IFTU became a mainly European body with social democratic orientation . Its primary activity was to lobby the League of Nations and national governments on behalf of the International Labour Organization ( ILO ) .",
"title": "International Federation of Trade Unions"
},
{
"text": " There were various International Trade Secretariats . The major ITS was the International Transportworkers Federation . As of 1930 it had affiliates in 29 countries and a combined membership of 13.5 million . Its headquarters was in Amsterdam 1919–1930 , in Berlin 1931–1933 , in Paris 1933–1940 and in London 1940–1945 . Walter Schevenels was the secretary-general of the IFTU 1930–1945 . The IFTU dissolved in 1945 to be replaced by the World Federation of Trade Unions ( WFTU ) .",
"title": "International Federation of Trade Unions"
},
{
"text": " The European trade union movement had been divided by the First World War . An international meeting of trade unions was held in Bern , Switzerland , February 5-February 9 , 1919 , after the First World War .",
"title": "Founding"
},
{
"text": "The constituent congress of IFTU was held in the Amsterdam Concertgebouw in July 1919 . Union representatives from 14 countries took part ( United States , Belgium , Denmark , Germany , France , Great Britain , Holland , Luxemburg , Norway , Austria , Sweden , Switzerland , Spain , Czechoslovakia ) , representing a combined membership of 17.7 million .",
"title": "Founding"
},
{
"text": " All delegations at the 1919 congress were Europeans , except the American Federation of Labor . However , the AFL delegate Samuel Gompers participated with a mandate from the Pan-American Federation of Labor . The only major industrial country absent was Italy , whose delegates encountered passport problems .",
"title": "Founding"
},
{
"text": "In the refounded IFTU the general principle was that only one national centre per country would be admitted . However , at the founding congress there were exceptions . The British delegation consisted of both TUC and GFTU representatives . From Germany and the Netherlands both Social Democratic ( GGWD and NVV ) and Syndicalist ( VDGW and NAS ) trade unions participated .",
"title": "Founding"
},
{
"text": "At the congress there were two candidates for the presidency of IFTU . The Briton W . A . Appleton was elected with 31 votes against 18 for the Dutchman Jan Oudegeest . Appleton had been nominated by Samuel Gompers whilst Oudegeest had been nominated by Arvid Thorberg . Two vice-presidents were also elected . In the election for the first vice-president the German Carl Legien was defeated by the Frenchman Léon Jouhaux . The defeat of the German candidate could be seen as an indication that many trade unionists in the former Allied countries were suspicious of the Germans",
"title": "Founding"
},
{
"text": ", who had dominated the international labour movement before the war . Following Legiens defeat , the German and Austrian delegations abstained from nominating candidates for the second vice-president . The Belgian Cornel Mertens was elected to the position . Jan Oudegeest and fellow Dutchman Edo Fimmen were elected general secretaries .",
"title": "Founding"
},
{
"text": "The new international was politically Social Democratic . In the pre-war IFTU there had been both socialist and non-political union centres , but at the Amsterdam congress Oudegeest pronounced that the refounded IFTU would have a socialist orientation . The socialist profile was important , as in most countries in Europe the IFTU faced communist opposition at the time . The Amsterdam congress adopted a resolution advocating the socialization of the means of production , a resolution opposed by the Gompers . In the end , the Gompers decided that the AFL would not affiliate itself with the IFTU .",
"title": "Political contradictions"
},
{
"text": " IFTU was an almost exclusively European organization . Four non-European countries were had IFTU affiliates ; Canada , Argentina , Peru and Palestine ( Histadrut ) . Histadrut joined IFTU in 1923 . But these affiliations were largely dormant . Prior to 1937 the American affiliates played no role in the organization , and had no representation in the IFTU membership . Notably , the British TUC was reluctant to expanding the IFTU activities to India and other British colonies .",
"title": "Political contradictions"
},
{
"text": "The socialist orientation of IFTU was complicated by the fact that the president , Appleton , came from the non-political camp and had been an ally of Gompers . Moreover , IFTU demanded that the British TUC and GFTU had to merge into a single organization . The result was that TUC decided that it would be the sole British representative in the IFTU . Thus the GFTU leader Appleton resigned as IFTU president . He was replaced by J . H . Thomas .",
"title": "Political contradictions"
},
{
"text": " London and Rome congresses . In 1920 an extraordinary IFTU congress was held in London .",
"title": "Political contradictions"
},
{
"text": "In 1922 the second IFTU conference was held in Rome . At the Rome conference several new members were affiliated to the IFTU , from Greece , Bulgaria , Czechoslovakia , Yugoslavia , Hungary and Latvia . Through this expansion , the IFTU membership reached its peak of 24 million . However , the Norwegian LO withdrew from IFTU in protest to the policy of IFTU towards the Soviet Union . Soon after the Rome conference , the fascist regime in Italy would repress the Italian unions .",
"title": "Political contradictions"
},
{
"text": " The Rome congress elected Theodor Leipart as vice-president . It also chose Vienna as the site of the next IFTU congress . Both of these decisions were seen by contemporary analysts as a partial rehabilitation of the Germans inside the IFTU .",
"title": "Political contradictions"
},
{
"text": "December 10-December 15 , 1922 the IFTU organized an internal Peace Conference in The Hague . The conference took place in the backdrop of mounting military tension over the Ruhr . The Peace Conference marked the height of influence of IFTU . The initiative to hold the conference had come from Edo Fimmen , who represented a radical and anti-militarist position . 700 delegates assisted the conference . Unlike other IFTU events , delegates from the Soviet Union were invited . In his inaugural speech , Fimmen , stated that any new world war would be confronted by a global",
"title": "Hague Peace Conference"
},
{
"text": "general strike .",
"title": "Hague Peace Conference"
},
{
"text": " However , when French troops occupied the Ruhr a month later , the promised general strike did not occur . The German ADGB opposed initiating a general strike . The IFTU did not go beyond a general call for peace and arbitration through the League of Nations . Fimmen became increasingly disillusioned over these developments . In November 1923 he resigned as ITUF general secretary .",
"title": "Hague Peace Conference"
},
{
"text": "At the Hague Peace Conference Johannes Sassenbach was appointed as the third general secretary of IFTU and John W . Brown as assistant secretary . After a protest from the TUC , Brown was elevated general secretary in August 1923 bringing the number of IFTU general secretaries to four .",
"title": "Hague Peace Conference"
},
{
"text": "By 1923 , the influence of IFTU had already passed its peak . As hyperinflation surged in Germany , the economy of IFTU suffered . Moreover , the ADGB lost 1.5 million members , whilst the British TUC 2.3 million . The French CGT lost 750 000 members as the communists split and formed a parallel Confédération générale du travail unitaire ( CGTU ) . The Greek , Peruvian and Argentine union centres had pulled out of IFTU . The economic situation in IFTU was grave , and the secretariat had to downsize . The federation survived due to the",
"title": "Hague Peace Conference"
},
{
"text": "financial contributions of the TUC .",
"title": "Hague Peace Conference"
},
{
"text": " The congress of IFTU was held in Vienna from 2 to 6 June 1924 . By the time of the congress , the situation in Europe had stabilized somewhat . The Vienna congress elected A . A . Purcell of the TUC as the new IFTU president .",
"title": "Hague Peace Conference"
},
{
"text": "In 1926 IFTU went into financial crisis . Nine of the national affiliates had not followed through with their financial commitments to IFTU . The offices in Amsterdam were mortgaged . The IFTU printing office in Germany had to be sold . The TUC decided to freeze their contributions to IFTU , demanding an audit of the IFTU expenses .",
"title": "Hague Peace Conference"
},
{
"text": " In 1927 the IFTU congress was held in Paris . At the congress , TUC confronted the continental unions . TUC demanded that the headquarters be shifted away from Amsterdam , that Purcells mandate be renewed , and that fellow Briton Brown should be elected as the sole general secretary . In his speech to the congress , Purcell called for the inclusion of the Soviet union movement into the IFTU . The proposal was rejected by the leaders of continental unions .",
"title": "Paris congress"
},
{
"text": "The congress continued with mutual accusations of intriguing between the TUC and the continental Europeans . Brown and Oudegeest decided to resign from their positions . Purcell was re-elected as president , but by only one vote . Johannes Sassenbach was re-elected general secretary . Two vice-presidents was elected , Carl Madsen from Denmark and Rudolf Tayerlé from Czechoslovakia .",
"title": "Paris congress"
},
{
"text": " The TUC and IFTU reconciled later in 1927 , as the TUC broke its links to the Soviet trade unions . However , the continental unions had zero confidence in Purcell . In the end , Purcell resigned on his own . He was replaced by the TUC general secretary Walter Citrine in 1928 .",
"title": "Paris congress"
},
{
"text": "By 1927 IFTU had around 13.5 million members . The decline in membership was mainly due to membership losses in the German union movement . However , the IFTU had attracted some new affiliates ; in Lithuania , Memel Territory , Argentina ( CORA ) and South Africa ( Industrial and Commercial Workers Union ) .",
"title": "Paris congress"
},
{
"text": " In 1928 the Danish vice-president Madsen resigned , and was replaced by fellow Dane Hans Jacobsen .",
"title": "Paris congress"
},
{
"text": " During 1928-1929 , the IFTU broadened its contacts to the Middle East , Asia and Australia . Citrine , like his predecessor Purcell , had seen the geographic limitations of IFTU as a major weakness of the organization . In 1928 , IFTU organized a meeting in Buenos Aires , which formed the short-lived Confederación Obrera Ibero Americana . Participants at the conference were the Confederación Obrera Argentina and pro-government trade unionists from Venezuela , Uruguay , Cuba and Spain .",
"title": "Expansion outside Europe"
},
{
"text": "In 1928 the Arbeiterverband für Südwestafrika was affiliated to IFTU ( initially IFTU had demanded that the Arbeiterverband would scrap its ban on African membership , but later retracted the demand ) . Confederación Obrera de Argentina rejoined the IFTU , but the contacts were lost again soon afterwards . Persatoean Vabonden Pegawai Negeri from the Dutch East Indies joined IFTU .",
"title": "Expansion outside Europe"
},
{
"text": " In 1934 the Argentine CGT and the National Trades Union Federation from India became a member of IFTU . International financial crisis and the rise of fascism . As of 1930 , the Executive Board of IFTU consisted of Léon Jouhaux ( France ) , Johannes Sassenbach ( Germany ) general secretary , Walter Citrine ( Britain ) president , Walter Schevenels ( Belgium ) , Theodor Leipart ( Germany ) , Rudolf Tayerlé ( Czechoslovakia ) , Corneel Mertens ( Belgium ) and Hans Jacobsen ( Denmark ) .",
"title": "Expansion outside Europe"
},
{
"text": "Ahead of the 1930 Stockholm congress of IFTU the TUC and ADGB agreed to share the two main positions ( presidency and secretariat ) between themselves . The secretariat headquarters would , according to the deal , be shifted to Germany . At the congress several delegations from European countries opposed moving the headquarters out of Amsterdam . Fear of the consequences of the rise of National Socialism in Germany was one of the reasons cited in their argumentation against the move . However , in July 1931 , the headquarters of IFTU were shifted to Hansahaus , Köpernickestrasse ,",
"title": "Expansion outside Europe"
},
{
"text": "Berlin .",
"title": "Expansion outside Europe"
},
{
"text": " On February 1 , 1931 Sassenbach resigned due to old age . He was replaced by his assistant , the Belgian Walter Schevenels . Georg Stoltz from Czechoslovakia was appointed as Schevenels assistant .",
"title": "Expansion outside Europe"
},
{
"text": "As a result of the financial crisis and rise of fascism , the bonds between IFTU and the Labour and Socialist International were strengthened . Effectively the political situation radicalized the IFTU . In April 1931 , an IFTU General Council meeting held in Madrid decided to shift the IFTU demand for 44-hour working-week to demanding 40-hour working week . Ahead of the 1932 disarmament conference of the League of Nations , the IFTU president Citrine and the LSI president Emile Vandervelde drafted an appeal against war and fascism . The appeal was signed by 14 million people .",
"title": "Expansion outside Europe"
},
{
"text": " The IFTU headquarters had to shift away from Berlin as the NSDAP took power in Germany . Paris was selected as the new venue of the IFTU secretariat , which was set up in the CGT office at Avenue dOrsay . Soon after this shift , the German trade unions were banned . The disappearance of ADGB created a great void in IFTU . The financial situation of IFTU deteriorated as contributions from the German and Austrian unions ceased .",
"title": "Expansion outside Europe"
},
{
"text": "The 1933 IFTU congress in Brussels discussed how to confront the advances of Nazism . The congress resolved to turn the existing initiatives of boycotts of German goods into a general blockade . That decision was however never implemented . On the whole the IFTU was divided on how to confront Nazism , much to the dismay of the exiled German union leaders .",
"title": "Expansion outside Europe"
},
{
"text": " As of 1932 , the following trade secretariats were affiliated to the IFTU : - International Bookbinders Union - International Federation of Boot and Shoe Operatives and Leather Workers - International Federation of Building Workers - International Clothing Workers Federation - International Federation of Commercial , Clerical and Technical Employees - Universal Alliance of Diamond Workers - International Federation of Enginemen and Firemen - International Union of Food and Drink Workers - International Federation of General Factory Workers - International Federation of Glassworkers - International Union of Hairdressers - International Union of Hatters",
"title": "International Trade Secretariats"
},
{
"text": "- International Union of Hotel , Restaurant and Bar Workers",
"title": "International Trade Secretariats"
},
{
"text": " - International Landworkers Federation - International Federation of Lithographers , Lithographic Printers and Kindred Trades - International Metalworkers Federation - International Federation of Miners - International Secretariat of Painters and Allied Trades - Postal , Telegraph and Telephone International - International Federation of Pottery Workers - International Printers Secretariat - International Federation of Employees in Public Services - International Secretariat of Stone Workers - Teachers International Trade Secretariat - International Federation of Textile Workers Associations - International Federation of Tobacco Workers - International Transport Workers Federation - International Federation of Woodworkers",
"title": "International Trade Secretariats"
},
{
"text": " - Linden , Marcel van der , ed . The International Confederation of Free Trade Unions ( Bern : Lang , 2000 ) . 624 pp . - Reiner Tosstorff , The International Trade-Union Movement and the Founding of the International Labour Organization , International Review of Social History 2005 50 ( 3 ) : 399-433 - Fabio Bertini , Gilliatt e la piovra . Il sindacalismo internazionale dalle origini ad oggi ( 1776-2006 , Roma , Aracne , 2011 , 616 pp .",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - The International Federation of Trade Unions , 1936-1939 : Its history and organisation , Modern Records Centre , University of Warwick , with links to digitised documents of the period",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/International_Federation_of_Trade_Unions#P159#2
|
The headquarter of International Federation of Trade Unions was located in where in late 1930s?
|
International Federation of Trade Unions The International Federation of Trade Unions ( also known as the Amsterdam International ) was an international organization of trade unions , existing between 1919 and 1945 . IFTU had its roots in the pre-war IFTU . IFTU had close links to the Labour and Socialist International . The IFTU was opposed by the Communist-controlled trade unions . After the American AFL dropped out in 1925 the IFTU became a mainly European body with social democratic orientation . Its primary activity was to lobby the League of Nations and national governments on behalf of the International Labour Organization ( ILO ) . There were various International Trade Secretariats . The major ITS was the International Transportworkers Federation . As of 1930 it had affiliates in 29 countries and a combined membership of 13.5 million . Its headquarters was in Amsterdam 1919–1930 , in Berlin 1931–1933 , in Paris 1933–1940 and in London 1940–1945 . Walter Schevenels was the secretary-general of the IFTU 1930–1945 . The IFTU dissolved in 1945 to be replaced by the World Federation of Trade Unions ( WFTU ) . Founding . The European trade union movement had been divided by the First World War . An international meeting of trade unions was held in Bern , Switzerland , February 5-February 9 , 1919 , after the First World War . The constituent congress of IFTU was held in the Amsterdam Concertgebouw in July 1919 . Union representatives from 14 countries took part ( United States , Belgium , Denmark , Germany , France , Great Britain , Holland , Luxemburg , Norway , Austria , Sweden , Switzerland , Spain , Czechoslovakia ) , representing a combined membership of 17.7 million . All delegations at the 1919 congress were Europeans , except the American Federation of Labor . However , the AFL delegate Samuel Gompers participated with a mandate from the Pan-American Federation of Labor . The only major industrial country absent was Italy , whose delegates encountered passport problems . In the refounded IFTU the general principle was that only one national centre per country would be admitted . However , at the founding congress there were exceptions . The British delegation consisted of both TUC and GFTU representatives . From Germany and the Netherlands both Social Democratic ( GGWD and NVV ) and Syndicalist ( VDGW and NAS ) trade unions participated . At the congress there were two candidates for the presidency of IFTU . The Briton W . A . Appleton was elected with 31 votes against 18 for the Dutchman Jan Oudegeest . Appleton had been nominated by Samuel Gompers whilst Oudegeest had been nominated by Arvid Thorberg . Two vice-presidents were also elected . In the election for the first vice-president the German Carl Legien was defeated by the Frenchman Léon Jouhaux . The defeat of the German candidate could be seen as an indication that many trade unionists in the former Allied countries were suspicious of the Germans , who had dominated the international labour movement before the war . Following Legiens defeat , the German and Austrian delegations abstained from nominating candidates for the second vice-president . The Belgian Cornel Mertens was elected to the position . Jan Oudegeest and fellow Dutchman Edo Fimmen were elected general secretaries . Political contradictions . The new international was politically Social Democratic . In the pre-war IFTU there had been both socialist and non-political union centres , but at the Amsterdam congress Oudegeest pronounced that the refounded IFTU would have a socialist orientation . The socialist profile was important , as in most countries in Europe the IFTU faced communist opposition at the time . The Amsterdam congress adopted a resolution advocating the socialization of the means of production , a resolution opposed by the Gompers . In the end , the Gompers decided that the AFL would not affiliate itself with the IFTU . IFTU was an almost exclusively European organization . Four non-European countries were had IFTU affiliates ; Canada , Argentina , Peru and Palestine ( Histadrut ) . Histadrut joined IFTU in 1923 . But these affiliations were largely dormant . Prior to 1937 the American affiliates played no role in the organization , and had no representation in the IFTU membership . Notably , the British TUC was reluctant to expanding the IFTU activities to India and other British colonies . The socialist orientation of IFTU was complicated by the fact that the president , Appleton , came from the non-political camp and had been an ally of Gompers . Moreover , IFTU demanded that the British TUC and GFTU had to merge into a single organization . The result was that TUC decided that it would be the sole British representative in the IFTU . Thus the GFTU leader Appleton resigned as IFTU president . He was replaced by J . H . Thomas . London and Rome congresses . In 1920 an extraordinary IFTU congress was held in London . In 1922 the second IFTU conference was held in Rome . At the Rome conference several new members were affiliated to the IFTU , from Greece , Bulgaria , Czechoslovakia , Yugoslavia , Hungary and Latvia . Through this expansion , the IFTU membership reached its peak of 24 million . However , the Norwegian LO withdrew from IFTU in protest to the policy of IFTU towards the Soviet Union . Soon after the Rome conference , the fascist regime in Italy would repress the Italian unions . The Rome congress elected Theodor Leipart as vice-president . It also chose Vienna as the site of the next IFTU congress . Both of these decisions were seen by contemporary analysts as a partial rehabilitation of the Germans inside the IFTU . Hague Peace Conference . December 10-December 15 , 1922 the IFTU organized an internal Peace Conference in The Hague . The conference took place in the backdrop of mounting military tension over the Ruhr . The Peace Conference marked the height of influence of IFTU . The initiative to hold the conference had come from Edo Fimmen , who represented a radical and anti-militarist position . 700 delegates assisted the conference . Unlike other IFTU events , delegates from the Soviet Union were invited . In his inaugural speech , Fimmen , stated that any new world war would be confronted by a global general strike . However , when French troops occupied the Ruhr a month later , the promised general strike did not occur . The German ADGB opposed initiating a general strike . The IFTU did not go beyond a general call for peace and arbitration through the League of Nations . Fimmen became increasingly disillusioned over these developments . In November 1923 he resigned as ITUF general secretary . At the Hague Peace Conference Johannes Sassenbach was appointed as the third general secretary of IFTU and John W . Brown as assistant secretary . After a protest from the TUC , Brown was elevated general secretary in August 1923 bringing the number of IFTU general secretaries to four . Impact of crisis in Germany . By 1923 , the influence of IFTU had already passed its peak . As hyperinflation surged in Germany , the economy of IFTU suffered . Moreover , the ADGB lost 1.5 million members , whilst the British TUC 2.3 million . The French CGT lost 750 000 members as the communists split and formed a parallel Confédération générale du travail unitaire ( CGTU ) . The Greek , Peruvian and Argentine union centres had pulled out of IFTU . The economic situation in IFTU was grave , and the secretariat had to downsize . The federation survived due to the financial contributions of the TUC . The congress of IFTU was held in Vienna from 2 to 6 June 1924 . By the time of the congress , the situation in Europe had stabilized somewhat . The Vienna congress elected A . A . Purcell of the TUC as the new IFTU president . In 1926 IFTU went into financial crisis . Nine of the national affiliates had not followed through with their financial commitments to IFTU . The offices in Amsterdam were mortgaged . The IFTU printing office in Germany had to be sold . The TUC decided to freeze their contributions to IFTU , demanding an audit of the IFTU expenses . Paris congress . In 1927 the IFTU congress was held in Paris . At the congress , TUC confronted the continental unions . TUC demanded that the headquarters be shifted away from Amsterdam , that Purcells mandate be renewed , and that fellow Briton Brown should be elected as the sole general secretary . In his speech to the congress , Purcell called for the inclusion of the Soviet union movement into the IFTU . The proposal was rejected by the leaders of continental unions . The congress continued with mutual accusations of intriguing between the TUC and the continental Europeans . Brown and Oudegeest decided to resign from their positions . Purcell was re-elected as president , but by only one vote . Johannes Sassenbach was re-elected general secretary . Two vice-presidents was elected , Carl Madsen from Denmark and Rudolf Tayerlé from Czechoslovakia . The TUC and IFTU reconciled later in 1927 , as the TUC broke its links to the Soviet trade unions . However , the continental unions had zero confidence in Purcell . In the end , Purcell resigned on his own . He was replaced by the TUC general secretary Walter Citrine in 1928 . By 1927 IFTU had around 13.5 million members . The decline in membership was mainly due to membership losses in the German union movement . However , the IFTU had attracted some new affiliates ; in Lithuania , Memel Territory , Argentina ( CORA ) and South Africa ( Industrial and Commercial Workers Union ) . In 1928 the Danish vice-president Madsen resigned , and was replaced by fellow Dane Hans Jacobsen . Expansion outside Europe . During 1928-1929 , the IFTU broadened its contacts to the Middle East , Asia and Australia . Citrine , like his predecessor Purcell , had seen the geographic limitations of IFTU as a major weakness of the organization . In 1928 , IFTU organized a meeting in Buenos Aires , which formed the short-lived Confederación Obrera Ibero Americana . Participants at the conference were the Confederación Obrera Argentina and pro-government trade unionists from Venezuela , Uruguay , Cuba and Spain . In 1928 the Arbeiterverband für Südwestafrika was affiliated to IFTU ( initially IFTU had demanded that the Arbeiterverband would scrap its ban on African membership , but later retracted the demand ) . Confederación Obrera de Argentina rejoined the IFTU , but the contacts were lost again soon afterwards . Persatoean Vabonden Pegawai Negeri from the Dutch East Indies joined IFTU . In 1934 the Argentine CGT and the National Trades Union Federation from India became a member of IFTU . International financial crisis and the rise of fascism . As of 1930 , the Executive Board of IFTU consisted of Léon Jouhaux ( France ) , Johannes Sassenbach ( Germany ) general secretary , Walter Citrine ( Britain ) president , Walter Schevenels ( Belgium ) , Theodor Leipart ( Germany ) , Rudolf Tayerlé ( Czechoslovakia ) , Corneel Mertens ( Belgium ) and Hans Jacobsen ( Denmark ) . Ahead of the 1930 Stockholm congress of IFTU the TUC and ADGB agreed to share the two main positions ( presidency and secretariat ) between themselves . The secretariat headquarters would , according to the deal , be shifted to Germany . At the congress several delegations from European countries opposed moving the headquarters out of Amsterdam . Fear of the consequences of the rise of National Socialism in Germany was one of the reasons cited in their argumentation against the move . However , in July 1931 , the headquarters of IFTU were shifted to Hansahaus , Köpernickestrasse , Berlin . On February 1 , 1931 Sassenbach resigned due to old age . He was replaced by his assistant , the Belgian Walter Schevenels . Georg Stoltz from Czechoslovakia was appointed as Schevenels assistant . As a result of the financial crisis and rise of fascism , the bonds between IFTU and the Labour and Socialist International were strengthened . Effectively the political situation radicalized the IFTU . In April 1931 , an IFTU General Council meeting held in Madrid decided to shift the IFTU demand for 44-hour working-week to demanding 40-hour working week . Ahead of the 1932 disarmament conference of the League of Nations , the IFTU president Citrine and the LSI president Emile Vandervelde drafted an appeal against war and fascism . The appeal was signed by 14 million people . The IFTU headquarters had to shift away from Berlin as the NSDAP took power in Germany . Paris was selected as the new venue of the IFTU secretariat , which was set up in the CGT office at Avenue dOrsay . Soon after this shift , the German trade unions were banned . The disappearance of ADGB created a great void in IFTU . The financial situation of IFTU deteriorated as contributions from the German and Austrian unions ceased . The 1933 IFTU congress in Brussels discussed how to confront the advances of Nazism . The congress resolved to turn the existing initiatives of boycotts of German goods into a general blockade . That decision was however never implemented . On the whole the IFTU was divided on how to confront Nazism , much to the dismay of the exiled German union leaders . In 1936 IFTU held a congress in London . International Trade Secretariats . As of 1932 , the following trade secretariats were affiliated to the IFTU : - International Bookbinders Union - International Federation of Boot and Shoe Operatives and Leather Workers - International Federation of Building Workers - International Clothing Workers Federation - International Federation of Commercial , Clerical and Technical Employees - Universal Alliance of Diamond Workers - International Federation of Enginemen and Firemen - International Union of Food and Drink Workers - International Federation of General Factory Workers - International Federation of Glassworkers - International Union of Hairdressers - International Union of Hatters - International Union of Hotel , Restaurant and Bar Workers - International Landworkers Federation - International Federation of Lithographers , Lithographic Printers and Kindred Trades - International Metalworkers Federation - International Federation of Miners - International Secretariat of Painters and Allied Trades - Postal , Telegraph and Telephone International - International Federation of Pottery Workers - International Printers Secretariat - International Federation of Employees in Public Services - International Secretariat of Stone Workers - Teachers International Trade Secretariat - International Federation of Textile Workers Associations - International Federation of Tobacco Workers - International Transport Workers Federation - International Federation of Woodworkers Publication . IFTU published the periodical The International Trade Union Movement . Bibliography . - Notes - References Further reading . - Linden , Marcel van der , ed . The International Confederation of Free Trade Unions ( Bern : Lang , 2000 ) . 624 pp . - Reiner Tosstorff , The International Trade-Union Movement and the Founding of the International Labour Organization , International Review of Social History 2005 50 ( 3 ) : 399-433 - Fabio Bertini , Gilliatt e la piovra . Il sindacalismo internazionale dalle origini ad oggi ( 1776-2006 , Roma , Aracne , 2011 , 616 pp . External links . - The International Federation of Trade Unions , 1936-1939 : Its history and organisation , Modern Records Centre , University of Warwick , with links to digitised documents of the period
|
[
"Paris"
] |
[
{
"text": " The International Federation of Trade Unions ( also known as the Amsterdam International ) was an international organization of trade unions , existing between 1919 and 1945 . IFTU had its roots in the pre-war IFTU .",
"title": "International Federation of Trade Unions"
},
{
"text": "IFTU had close links to the Labour and Socialist International . The IFTU was opposed by the Communist-controlled trade unions . After the American AFL dropped out in 1925 the IFTU became a mainly European body with social democratic orientation . Its primary activity was to lobby the League of Nations and national governments on behalf of the International Labour Organization ( ILO ) .",
"title": "International Federation of Trade Unions"
},
{
"text": " There were various International Trade Secretariats . The major ITS was the International Transportworkers Federation . As of 1930 it had affiliates in 29 countries and a combined membership of 13.5 million . Its headquarters was in Amsterdam 1919–1930 , in Berlin 1931–1933 , in Paris 1933–1940 and in London 1940–1945 . Walter Schevenels was the secretary-general of the IFTU 1930–1945 . The IFTU dissolved in 1945 to be replaced by the World Federation of Trade Unions ( WFTU ) .",
"title": "International Federation of Trade Unions"
},
{
"text": " The European trade union movement had been divided by the First World War . An international meeting of trade unions was held in Bern , Switzerland , February 5-February 9 , 1919 , after the First World War .",
"title": "Founding"
},
{
"text": "The constituent congress of IFTU was held in the Amsterdam Concertgebouw in July 1919 . Union representatives from 14 countries took part ( United States , Belgium , Denmark , Germany , France , Great Britain , Holland , Luxemburg , Norway , Austria , Sweden , Switzerland , Spain , Czechoslovakia ) , representing a combined membership of 17.7 million .",
"title": "Founding"
},
{
"text": " All delegations at the 1919 congress were Europeans , except the American Federation of Labor . However , the AFL delegate Samuel Gompers participated with a mandate from the Pan-American Federation of Labor . The only major industrial country absent was Italy , whose delegates encountered passport problems .",
"title": "Founding"
},
{
"text": "In the refounded IFTU the general principle was that only one national centre per country would be admitted . However , at the founding congress there were exceptions . The British delegation consisted of both TUC and GFTU representatives . From Germany and the Netherlands both Social Democratic ( GGWD and NVV ) and Syndicalist ( VDGW and NAS ) trade unions participated .",
"title": "Founding"
},
{
"text": "At the congress there were two candidates for the presidency of IFTU . The Briton W . A . Appleton was elected with 31 votes against 18 for the Dutchman Jan Oudegeest . Appleton had been nominated by Samuel Gompers whilst Oudegeest had been nominated by Arvid Thorberg . Two vice-presidents were also elected . In the election for the first vice-president the German Carl Legien was defeated by the Frenchman Léon Jouhaux . The defeat of the German candidate could be seen as an indication that many trade unionists in the former Allied countries were suspicious of the Germans",
"title": "Founding"
},
{
"text": ", who had dominated the international labour movement before the war . Following Legiens defeat , the German and Austrian delegations abstained from nominating candidates for the second vice-president . The Belgian Cornel Mertens was elected to the position . Jan Oudegeest and fellow Dutchman Edo Fimmen were elected general secretaries .",
"title": "Founding"
},
{
"text": "The new international was politically Social Democratic . In the pre-war IFTU there had been both socialist and non-political union centres , but at the Amsterdam congress Oudegeest pronounced that the refounded IFTU would have a socialist orientation . The socialist profile was important , as in most countries in Europe the IFTU faced communist opposition at the time . The Amsterdam congress adopted a resolution advocating the socialization of the means of production , a resolution opposed by the Gompers . In the end , the Gompers decided that the AFL would not affiliate itself with the IFTU .",
"title": "Political contradictions"
},
{
"text": " IFTU was an almost exclusively European organization . Four non-European countries were had IFTU affiliates ; Canada , Argentina , Peru and Palestine ( Histadrut ) . Histadrut joined IFTU in 1923 . But these affiliations were largely dormant . Prior to 1937 the American affiliates played no role in the organization , and had no representation in the IFTU membership . Notably , the British TUC was reluctant to expanding the IFTU activities to India and other British colonies .",
"title": "Political contradictions"
},
{
"text": "The socialist orientation of IFTU was complicated by the fact that the president , Appleton , came from the non-political camp and had been an ally of Gompers . Moreover , IFTU demanded that the British TUC and GFTU had to merge into a single organization . The result was that TUC decided that it would be the sole British representative in the IFTU . Thus the GFTU leader Appleton resigned as IFTU president . He was replaced by J . H . Thomas .",
"title": "Political contradictions"
},
{
"text": " London and Rome congresses . In 1920 an extraordinary IFTU congress was held in London .",
"title": "Political contradictions"
},
{
"text": "In 1922 the second IFTU conference was held in Rome . At the Rome conference several new members were affiliated to the IFTU , from Greece , Bulgaria , Czechoslovakia , Yugoslavia , Hungary and Latvia . Through this expansion , the IFTU membership reached its peak of 24 million . However , the Norwegian LO withdrew from IFTU in protest to the policy of IFTU towards the Soviet Union . Soon after the Rome conference , the fascist regime in Italy would repress the Italian unions .",
"title": "Political contradictions"
},
{
"text": " The Rome congress elected Theodor Leipart as vice-president . It also chose Vienna as the site of the next IFTU congress . Both of these decisions were seen by contemporary analysts as a partial rehabilitation of the Germans inside the IFTU .",
"title": "Political contradictions"
},
{
"text": "December 10-December 15 , 1922 the IFTU organized an internal Peace Conference in The Hague . The conference took place in the backdrop of mounting military tension over the Ruhr . The Peace Conference marked the height of influence of IFTU . The initiative to hold the conference had come from Edo Fimmen , who represented a radical and anti-militarist position . 700 delegates assisted the conference . Unlike other IFTU events , delegates from the Soviet Union were invited . In his inaugural speech , Fimmen , stated that any new world war would be confronted by a global",
"title": "Hague Peace Conference"
},
{
"text": "general strike .",
"title": "Hague Peace Conference"
},
{
"text": " However , when French troops occupied the Ruhr a month later , the promised general strike did not occur . The German ADGB opposed initiating a general strike . The IFTU did not go beyond a general call for peace and arbitration through the League of Nations . Fimmen became increasingly disillusioned over these developments . In November 1923 he resigned as ITUF general secretary .",
"title": "Hague Peace Conference"
},
{
"text": "At the Hague Peace Conference Johannes Sassenbach was appointed as the third general secretary of IFTU and John W . Brown as assistant secretary . After a protest from the TUC , Brown was elevated general secretary in August 1923 bringing the number of IFTU general secretaries to four .",
"title": "Hague Peace Conference"
},
{
"text": "By 1923 , the influence of IFTU had already passed its peak . As hyperinflation surged in Germany , the economy of IFTU suffered . Moreover , the ADGB lost 1.5 million members , whilst the British TUC 2.3 million . The French CGT lost 750 000 members as the communists split and formed a parallel Confédération générale du travail unitaire ( CGTU ) . The Greek , Peruvian and Argentine union centres had pulled out of IFTU . The economic situation in IFTU was grave , and the secretariat had to downsize . The federation survived due to the",
"title": "Hague Peace Conference"
},
{
"text": "financial contributions of the TUC .",
"title": "Hague Peace Conference"
},
{
"text": " The congress of IFTU was held in Vienna from 2 to 6 June 1924 . By the time of the congress , the situation in Europe had stabilized somewhat . The Vienna congress elected A . A . Purcell of the TUC as the new IFTU president .",
"title": "Hague Peace Conference"
},
{
"text": "In 1926 IFTU went into financial crisis . Nine of the national affiliates had not followed through with their financial commitments to IFTU . The offices in Amsterdam were mortgaged . The IFTU printing office in Germany had to be sold . The TUC decided to freeze their contributions to IFTU , demanding an audit of the IFTU expenses .",
"title": "Hague Peace Conference"
},
{
"text": " In 1927 the IFTU congress was held in Paris . At the congress , TUC confronted the continental unions . TUC demanded that the headquarters be shifted away from Amsterdam , that Purcells mandate be renewed , and that fellow Briton Brown should be elected as the sole general secretary . In his speech to the congress , Purcell called for the inclusion of the Soviet union movement into the IFTU . The proposal was rejected by the leaders of continental unions .",
"title": "Paris congress"
},
{
"text": "The congress continued with mutual accusations of intriguing between the TUC and the continental Europeans . Brown and Oudegeest decided to resign from their positions . Purcell was re-elected as president , but by only one vote . Johannes Sassenbach was re-elected general secretary . Two vice-presidents was elected , Carl Madsen from Denmark and Rudolf Tayerlé from Czechoslovakia .",
"title": "Paris congress"
},
{
"text": " The TUC and IFTU reconciled later in 1927 , as the TUC broke its links to the Soviet trade unions . However , the continental unions had zero confidence in Purcell . In the end , Purcell resigned on his own . He was replaced by the TUC general secretary Walter Citrine in 1928 .",
"title": "Paris congress"
},
{
"text": "By 1927 IFTU had around 13.5 million members . The decline in membership was mainly due to membership losses in the German union movement . However , the IFTU had attracted some new affiliates ; in Lithuania , Memel Territory , Argentina ( CORA ) and South Africa ( Industrial and Commercial Workers Union ) .",
"title": "Paris congress"
},
{
"text": " In 1928 the Danish vice-president Madsen resigned , and was replaced by fellow Dane Hans Jacobsen .",
"title": "Paris congress"
},
{
"text": " During 1928-1929 , the IFTU broadened its contacts to the Middle East , Asia and Australia . Citrine , like his predecessor Purcell , had seen the geographic limitations of IFTU as a major weakness of the organization . In 1928 , IFTU organized a meeting in Buenos Aires , which formed the short-lived Confederación Obrera Ibero Americana . Participants at the conference were the Confederación Obrera Argentina and pro-government trade unionists from Venezuela , Uruguay , Cuba and Spain .",
"title": "Expansion outside Europe"
},
{
"text": "In 1928 the Arbeiterverband für Südwestafrika was affiliated to IFTU ( initially IFTU had demanded that the Arbeiterverband would scrap its ban on African membership , but later retracted the demand ) . Confederación Obrera de Argentina rejoined the IFTU , but the contacts were lost again soon afterwards . Persatoean Vabonden Pegawai Negeri from the Dutch East Indies joined IFTU .",
"title": "Expansion outside Europe"
},
{
"text": " In 1934 the Argentine CGT and the National Trades Union Federation from India became a member of IFTU . International financial crisis and the rise of fascism . As of 1930 , the Executive Board of IFTU consisted of Léon Jouhaux ( France ) , Johannes Sassenbach ( Germany ) general secretary , Walter Citrine ( Britain ) president , Walter Schevenels ( Belgium ) , Theodor Leipart ( Germany ) , Rudolf Tayerlé ( Czechoslovakia ) , Corneel Mertens ( Belgium ) and Hans Jacobsen ( Denmark ) .",
"title": "Expansion outside Europe"
},
{
"text": "Ahead of the 1930 Stockholm congress of IFTU the TUC and ADGB agreed to share the two main positions ( presidency and secretariat ) between themselves . The secretariat headquarters would , according to the deal , be shifted to Germany . At the congress several delegations from European countries opposed moving the headquarters out of Amsterdam . Fear of the consequences of the rise of National Socialism in Germany was one of the reasons cited in their argumentation against the move . However , in July 1931 , the headquarters of IFTU were shifted to Hansahaus , Köpernickestrasse ,",
"title": "Expansion outside Europe"
},
{
"text": "Berlin .",
"title": "Expansion outside Europe"
},
{
"text": " On February 1 , 1931 Sassenbach resigned due to old age . He was replaced by his assistant , the Belgian Walter Schevenels . Georg Stoltz from Czechoslovakia was appointed as Schevenels assistant .",
"title": "Expansion outside Europe"
},
{
"text": "As a result of the financial crisis and rise of fascism , the bonds between IFTU and the Labour and Socialist International were strengthened . Effectively the political situation radicalized the IFTU . In April 1931 , an IFTU General Council meeting held in Madrid decided to shift the IFTU demand for 44-hour working-week to demanding 40-hour working week . Ahead of the 1932 disarmament conference of the League of Nations , the IFTU president Citrine and the LSI president Emile Vandervelde drafted an appeal against war and fascism . The appeal was signed by 14 million people .",
"title": "Expansion outside Europe"
},
{
"text": " The IFTU headquarters had to shift away from Berlin as the NSDAP took power in Germany . Paris was selected as the new venue of the IFTU secretariat , which was set up in the CGT office at Avenue dOrsay . Soon after this shift , the German trade unions were banned . The disappearance of ADGB created a great void in IFTU . The financial situation of IFTU deteriorated as contributions from the German and Austrian unions ceased .",
"title": "Expansion outside Europe"
},
{
"text": "The 1933 IFTU congress in Brussels discussed how to confront the advances of Nazism . The congress resolved to turn the existing initiatives of boycotts of German goods into a general blockade . That decision was however never implemented . On the whole the IFTU was divided on how to confront Nazism , much to the dismay of the exiled German union leaders .",
"title": "Expansion outside Europe"
},
{
"text": " As of 1932 , the following trade secretariats were affiliated to the IFTU : - International Bookbinders Union - International Federation of Boot and Shoe Operatives and Leather Workers - International Federation of Building Workers - International Clothing Workers Federation - International Federation of Commercial , Clerical and Technical Employees - Universal Alliance of Diamond Workers - International Federation of Enginemen and Firemen - International Union of Food and Drink Workers - International Federation of General Factory Workers - International Federation of Glassworkers - International Union of Hairdressers - International Union of Hatters",
"title": "International Trade Secretariats"
},
{
"text": "- International Union of Hotel , Restaurant and Bar Workers",
"title": "International Trade Secretariats"
},
{
"text": " - International Landworkers Federation - International Federation of Lithographers , Lithographic Printers and Kindred Trades - International Metalworkers Federation - International Federation of Miners - International Secretariat of Painters and Allied Trades - Postal , Telegraph and Telephone International - International Federation of Pottery Workers - International Printers Secretariat - International Federation of Employees in Public Services - International Secretariat of Stone Workers - Teachers International Trade Secretariat - International Federation of Textile Workers Associations - International Federation of Tobacco Workers - International Transport Workers Federation - International Federation of Woodworkers",
"title": "International Trade Secretariats"
},
{
"text": " - Linden , Marcel van der , ed . The International Confederation of Free Trade Unions ( Bern : Lang , 2000 ) . 624 pp . - Reiner Tosstorff , The International Trade-Union Movement and the Founding of the International Labour Organization , International Review of Social History 2005 50 ( 3 ) : 399-433 - Fabio Bertini , Gilliatt e la piovra . Il sindacalismo internazionale dalle origini ad oggi ( 1776-2006 , Roma , Aracne , 2011 , 616 pp .",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - The International Federation of Trade Unions , 1936-1939 : Its history and organisation , Modern Records Centre , University of Warwick , with links to digitised documents of the period",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/International_Federation_of_Trade_Unions#P159#3
|
The headquarter of International Federation of Trade Unions was located in where between Mar 1944 and May 1944?
|
International Federation of Trade Unions The International Federation of Trade Unions ( also known as the Amsterdam International ) was an international organization of trade unions , existing between 1919 and 1945 . IFTU had its roots in the pre-war IFTU . IFTU had close links to the Labour and Socialist International . The IFTU was opposed by the Communist-controlled trade unions . After the American AFL dropped out in 1925 the IFTU became a mainly European body with social democratic orientation . Its primary activity was to lobby the League of Nations and national governments on behalf of the International Labour Organization ( ILO ) . There were various International Trade Secretariats . The major ITS was the International Transportworkers Federation . As of 1930 it had affiliates in 29 countries and a combined membership of 13.5 million . Its headquarters was in Amsterdam 1919–1930 , in Berlin 1931–1933 , in Paris 1933–1940 and in London 1940–1945 . Walter Schevenels was the secretary-general of the IFTU 1930–1945 . The IFTU dissolved in 1945 to be replaced by the World Federation of Trade Unions ( WFTU ) . Founding . The European trade union movement had been divided by the First World War . An international meeting of trade unions was held in Bern , Switzerland , February 5-February 9 , 1919 , after the First World War . The constituent congress of IFTU was held in the Amsterdam Concertgebouw in July 1919 . Union representatives from 14 countries took part ( United States , Belgium , Denmark , Germany , France , Great Britain , Holland , Luxemburg , Norway , Austria , Sweden , Switzerland , Spain , Czechoslovakia ) , representing a combined membership of 17.7 million . All delegations at the 1919 congress were Europeans , except the American Federation of Labor . However , the AFL delegate Samuel Gompers participated with a mandate from the Pan-American Federation of Labor . The only major industrial country absent was Italy , whose delegates encountered passport problems . In the refounded IFTU the general principle was that only one national centre per country would be admitted . However , at the founding congress there were exceptions . The British delegation consisted of both TUC and GFTU representatives . From Germany and the Netherlands both Social Democratic ( GGWD and NVV ) and Syndicalist ( VDGW and NAS ) trade unions participated . At the congress there were two candidates for the presidency of IFTU . The Briton W . A . Appleton was elected with 31 votes against 18 for the Dutchman Jan Oudegeest . Appleton had been nominated by Samuel Gompers whilst Oudegeest had been nominated by Arvid Thorberg . Two vice-presidents were also elected . In the election for the first vice-president the German Carl Legien was defeated by the Frenchman Léon Jouhaux . The defeat of the German candidate could be seen as an indication that many trade unionists in the former Allied countries were suspicious of the Germans , who had dominated the international labour movement before the war . Following Legiens defeat , the German and Austrian delegations abstained from nominating candidates for the second vice-president . The Belgian Cornel Mertens was elected to the position . Jan Oudegeest and fellow Dutchman Edo Fimmen were elected general secretaries . Political contradictions . The new international was politically Social Democratic . In the pre-war IFTU there had been both socialist and non-political union centres , but at the Amsterdam congress Oudegeest pronounced that the refounded IFTU would have a socialist orientation . The socialist profile was important , as in most countries in Europe the IFTU faced communist opposition at the time . The Amsterdam congress adopted a resolution advocating the socialization of the means of production , a resolution opposed by the Gompers . In the end , the Gompers decided that the AFL would not affiliate itself with the IFTU . IFTU was an almost exclusively European organization . Four non-European countries were had IFTU affiliates ; Canada , Argentina , Peru and Palestine ( Histadrut ) . Histadrut joined IFTU in 1923 . But these affiliations were largely dormant . Prior to 1937 the American affiliates played no role in the organization , and had no representation in the IFTU membership . Notably , the British TUC was reluctant to expanding the IFTU activities to India and other British colonies . The socialist orientation of IFTU was complicated by the fact that the president , Appleton , came from the non-political camp and had been an ally of Gompers . Moreover , IFTU demanded that the British TUC and GFTU had to merge into a single organization . The result was that TUC decided that it would be the sole British representative in the IFTU . Thus the GFTU leader Appleton resigned as IFTU president . He was replaced by J . H . Thomas . London and Rome congresses . In 1920 an extraordinary IFTU congress was held in London . In 1922 the second IFTU conference was held in Rome . At the Rome conference several new members were affiliated to the IFTU , from Greece , Bulgaria , Czechoslovakia , Yugoslavia , Hungary and Latvia . Through this expansion , the IFTU membership reached its peak of 24 million . However , the Norwegian LO withdrew from IFTU in protest to the policy of IFTU towards the Soviet Union . Soon after the Rome conference , the fascist regime in Italy would repress the Italian unions . The Rome congress elected Theodor Leipart as vice-president . It also chose Vienna as the site of the next IFTU congress . Both of these decisions were seen by contemporary analysts as a partial rehabilitation of the Germans inside the IFTU . Hague Peace Conference . December 10-December 15 , 1922 the IFTU organized an internal Peace Conference in The Hague . The conference took place in the backdrop of mounting military tension over the Ruhr . The Peace Conference marked the height of influence of IFTU . The initiative to hold the conference had come from Edo Fimmen , who represented a radical and anti-militarist position . 700 delegates assisted the conference . Unlike other IFTU events , delegates from the Soviet Union were invited . In his inaugural speech , Fimmen , stated that any new world war would be confronted by a global general strike . However , when French troops occupied the Ruhr a month later , the promised general strike did not occur . The German ADGB opposed initiating a general strike . The IFTU did not go beyond a general call for peace and arbitration through the League of Nations . Fimmen became increasingly disillusioned over these developments . In November 1923 he resigned as ITUF general secretary . At the Hague Peace Conference Johannes Sassenbach was appointed as the third general secretary of IFTU and John W . Brown as assistant secretary . After a protest from the TUC , Brown was elevated general secretary in August 1923 bringing the number of IFTU general secretaries to four . Impact of crisis in Germany . By 1923 , the influence of IFTU had already passed its peak . As hyperinflation surged in Germany , the economy of IFTU suffered . Moreover , the ADGB lost 1.5 million members , whilst the British TUC 2.3 million . The French CGT lost 750 000 members as the communists split and formed a parallel Confédération générale du travail unitaire ( CGTU ) . The Greek , Peruvian and Argentine union centres had pulled out of IFTU . The economic situation in IFTU was grave , and the secretariat had to downsize . The federation survived due to the financial contributions of the TUC . The congress of IFTU was held in Vienna from 2 to 6 June 1924 . By the time of the congress , the situation in Europe had stabilized somewhat . The Vienna congress elected A . A . Purcell of the TUC as the new IFTU president . In 1926 IFTU went into financial crisis . Nine of the national affiliates had not followed through with their financial commitments to IFTU . The offices in Amsterdam were mortgaged . The IFTU printing office in Germany had to be sold . The TUC decided to freeze their contributions to IFTU , demanding an audit of the IFTU expenses . Paris congress . In 1927 the IFTU congress was held in Paris . At the congress , TUC confronted the continental unions . TUC demanded that the headquarters be shifted away from Amsterdam , that Purcells mandate be renewed , and that fellow Briton Brown should be elected as the sole general secretary . In his speech to the congress , Purcell called for the inclusion of the Soviet union movement into the IFTU . The proposal was rejected by the leaders of continental unions . The congress continued with mutual accusations of intriguing between the TUC and the continental Europeans . Brown and Oudegeest decided to resign from their positions . Purcell was re-elected as president , but by only one vote . Johannes Sassenbach was re-elected general secretary . Two vice-presidents was elected , Carl Madsen from Denmark and Rudolf Tayerlé from Czechoslovakia . The TUC and IFTU reconciled later in 1927 , as the TUC broke its links to the Soviet trade unions . However , the continental unions had zero confidence in Purcell . In the end , Purcell resigned on his own . He was replaced by the TUC general secretary Walter Citrine in 1928 . By 1927 IFTU had around 13.5 million members . The decline in membership was mainly due to membership losses in the German union movement . However , the IFTU had attracted some new affiliates ; in Lithuania , Memel Territory , Argentina ( CORA ) and South Africa ( Industrial and Commercial Workers Union ) . In 1928 the Danish vice-president Madsen resigned , and was replaced by fellow Dane Hans Jacobsen . Expansion outside Europe . During 1928-1929 , the IFTU broadened its contacts to the Middle East , Asia and Australia . Citrine , like his predecessor Purcell , had seen the geographic limitations of IFTU as a major weakness of the organization . In 1928 , IFTU organized a meeting in Buenos Aires , which formed the short-lived Confederación Obrera Ibero Americana . Participants at the conference were the Confederación Obrera Argentina and pro-government trade unionists from Venezuela , Uruguay , Cuba and Spain . In 1928 the Arbeiterverband für Südwestafrika was affiliated to IFTU ( initially IFTU had demanded that the Arbeiterverband would scrap its ban on African membership , but later retracted the demand ) . Confederación Obrera de Argentina rejoined the IFTU , but the contacts were lost again soon afterwards . Persatoean Vabonden Pegawai Negeri from the Dutch East Indies joined IFTU . In 1934 the Argentine CGT and the National Trades Union Federation from India became a member of IFTU . International financial crisis and the rise of fascism . As of 1930 , the Executive Board of IFTU consisted of Léon Jouhaux ( France ) , Johannes Sassenbach ( Germany ) general secretary , Walter Citrine ( Britain ) president , Walter Schevenels ( Belgium ) , Theodor Leipart ( Germany ) , Rudolf Tayerlé ( Czechoslovakia ) , Corneel Mertens ( Belgium ) and Hans Jacobsen ( Denmark ) . Ahead of the 1930 Stockholm congress of IFTU the TUC and ADGB agreed to share the two main positions ( presidency and secretariat ) between themselves . The secretariat headquarters would , according to the deal , be shifted to Germany . At the congress several delegations from European countries opposed moving the headquarters out of Amsterdam . Fear of the consequences of the rise of National Socialism in Germany was one of the reasons cited in their argumentation against the move . However , in July 1931 , the headquarters of IFTU were shifted to Hansahaus , Köpernickestrasse , Berlin . On February 1 , 1931 Sassenbach resigned due to old age . He was replaced by his assistant , the Belgian Walter Schevenels . Georg Stoltz from Czechoslovakia was appointed as Schevenels assistant . As a result of the financial crisis and rise of fascism , the bonds between IFTU and the Labour and Socialist International were strengthened . Effectively the political situation radicalized the IFTU . In April 1931 , an IFTU General Council meeting held in Madrid decided to shift the IFTU demand for 44-hour working-week to demanding 40-hour working week . Ahead of the 1932 disarmament conference of the League of Nations , the IFTU president Citrine and the LSI president Emile Vandervelde drafted an appeal against war and fascism . The appeal was signed by 14 million people . The IFTU headquarters had to shift away from Berlin as the NSDAP took power in Germany . Paris was selected as the new venue of the IFTU secretariat , which was set up in the CGT office at Avenue dOrsay . Soon after this shift , the German trade unions were banned . The disappearance of ADGB created a great void in IFTU . The financial situation of IFTU deteriorated as contributions from the German and Austrian unions ceased . The 1933 IFTU congress in Brussels discussed how to confront the advances of Nazism . The congress resolved to turn the existing initiatives of boycotts of German goods into a general blockade . That decision was however never implemented . On the whole the IFTU was divided on how to confront Nazism , much to the dismay of the exiled German union leaders . In 1936 IFTU held a congress in London . International Trade Secretariats . As of 1932 , the following trade secretariats were affiliated to the IFTU : - International Bookbinders Union - International Federation of Boot and Shoe Operatives and Leather Workers - International Federation of Building Workers - International Clothing Workers Federation - International Federation of Commercial , Clerical and Technical Employees - Universal Alliance of Diamond Workers - International Federation of Enginemen and Firemen - International Union of Food and Drink Workers - International Federation of General Factory Workers - International Federation of Glassworkers - International Union of Hairdressers - International Union of Hatters - International Union of Hotel , Restaurant and Bar Workers - International Landworkers Federation - International Federation of Lithographers , Lithographic Printers and Kindred Trades - International Metalworkers Federation - International Federation of Miners - International Secretariat of Painters and Allied Trades - Postal , Telegraph and Telephone International - International Federation of Pottery Workers - International Printers Secretariat - International Federation of Employees in Public Services - International Secretariat of Stone Workers - Teachers International Trade Secretariat - International Federation of Textile Workers Associations - International Federation of Tobacco Workers - International Transport Workers Federation - International Federation of Woodworkers Publication . IFTU published the periodical The International Trade Union Movement . Bibliography . - Notes - References Further reading . - Linden , Marcel van der , ed . The International Confederation of Free Trade Unions ( Bern : Lang , 2000 ) . 624 pp . - Reiner Tosstorff , The International Trade-Union Movement and the Founding of the International Labour Organization , International Review of Social History 2005 50 ( 3 ) : 399-433 - Fabio Bertini , Gilliatt e la piovra . Il sindacalismo internazionale dalle origini ad oggi ( 1776-2006 , Roma , Aracne , 2011 , 616 pp . External links . - The International Federation of Trade Unions , 1936-1939 : Its history and organisation , Modern Records Centre , University of Warwick , with links to digitised documents of the period
|
[
"London"
] |
[
{
"text": " The International Federation of Trade Unions ( also known as the Amsterdam International ) was an international organization of trade unions , existing between 1919 and 1945 . IFTU had its roots in the pre-war IFTU .",
"title": "International Federation of Trade Unions"
},
{
"text": "IFTU had close links to the Labour and Socialist International . The IFTU was opposed by the Communist-controlled trade unions . After the American AFL dropped out in 1925 the IFTU became a mainly European body with social democratic orientation . Its primary activity was to lobby the League of Nations and national governments on behalf of the International Labour Organization ( ILO ) .",
"title": "International Federation of Trade Unions"
},
{
"text": " There were various International Trade Secretariats . The major ITS was the International Transportworkers Federation . As of 1930 it had affiliates in 29 countries and a combined membership of 13.5 million . Its headquarters was in Amsterdam 1919–1930 , in Berlin 1931–1933 , in Paris 1933–1940 and in London 1940–1945 . Walter Schevenels was the secretary-general of the IFTU 1930–1945 . The IFTU dissolved in 1945 to be replaced by the World Federation of Trade Unions ( WFTU ) .",
"title": "International Federation of Trade Unions"
},
{
"text": " The European trade union movement had been divided by the First World War . An international meeting of trade unions was held in Bern , Switzerland , February 5-February 9 , 1919 , after the First World War .",
"title": "Founding"
},
{
"text": "The constituent congress of IFTU was held in the Amsterdam Concertgebouw in July 1919 . Union representatives from 14 countries took part ( United States , Belgium , Denmark , Germany , France , Great Britain , Holland , Luxemburg , Norway , Austria , Sweden , Switzerland , Spain , Czechoslovakia ) , representing a combined membership of 17.7 million .",
"title": "Founding"
},
{
"text": " All delegations at the 1919 congress were Europeans , except the American Federation of Labor . However , the AFL delegate Samuel Gompers participated with a mandate from the Pan-American Federation of Labor . The only major industrial country absent was Italy , whose delegates encountered passport problems .",
"title": "Founding"
},
{
"text": "In the refounded IFTU the general principle was that only one national centre per country would be admitted . However , at the founding congress there were exceptions . The British delegation consisted of both TUC and GFTU representatives . From Germany and the Netherlands both Social Democratic ( GGWD and NVV ) and Syndicalist ( VDGW and NAS ) trade unions participated .",
"title": "Founding"
},
{
"text": "At the congress there were two candidates for the presidency of IFTU . The Briton W . A . Appleton was elected with 31 votes against 18 for the Dutchman Jan Oudegeest . Appleton had been nominated by Samuel Gompers whilst Oudegeest had been nominated by Arvid Thorberg . Two vice-presidents were also elected . In the election for the first vice-president the German Carl Legien was defeated by the Frenchman Léon Jouhaux . The defeat of the German candidate could be seen as an indication that many trade unionists in the former Allied countries were suspicious of the Germans",
"title": "Founding"
},
{
"text": ", who had dominated the international labour movement before the war . Following Legiens defeat , the German and Austrian delegations abstained from nominating candidates for the second vice-president . The Belgian Cornel Mertens was elected to the position . Jan Oudegeest and fellow Dutchman Edo Fimmen were elected general secretaries .",
"title": "Founding"
},
{
"text": "The new international was politically Social Democratic . In the pre-war IFTU there had been both socialist and non-political union centres , but at the Amsterdam congress Oudegeest pronounced that the refounded IFTU would have a socialist orientation . The socialist profile was important , as in most countries in Europe the IFTU faced communist opposition at the time . The Amsterdam congress adopted a resolution advocating the socialization of the means of production , a resolution opposed by the Gompers . In the end , the Gompers decided that the AFL would not affiliate itself with the IFTU .",
"title": "Political contradictions"
},
{
"text": " IFTU was an almost exclusively European organization . Four non-European countries were had IFTU affiliates ; Canada , Argentina , Peru and Palestine ( Histadrut ) . Histadrut joined IFTU in 1923 . But these affiliations were largely dormant . Prior to 1937 the American affiliates played no role in the organization , and had no representation in the IFTU membership . Notably , the British TUC was reluctant to expanding the IFTU activities to India and other British colonies .",
"title": "Political contradictions"
},
{
"text": "The socialist orientation of IFTU was complicated by the fact that the president , Appleton , came from the non-political camp and had been an ally of Gompers . Moreover , IFTU demanded that the British TUC and GFTU had to merge into a single organization . The result was that TUC decided that it would be the sole British representative in the IFTU . Thus the GFTU leader Appleton resigned as IFTU president . He was replaced by J . H . Thomas .",
"title": "Political contradictions"
},
{
"text": " London and Rome congresses . In 1920 an extraordinary IFTU congress was held in London .",
"title": "Political contradictions"
},
{
"text": "In 1922 the second IFTU conference was held in Rome . At the Rome conference several new members were affiliated to the IFTU , from Greece , Bulgaria , Czechoslovakia , Yugoslavia , Hungary and Latvia . Through this expansion , the IFTU membership reached its peak of 24 million . However , the Norwegian LO withdrew from IFTU in protest to the policy of IFTU towards the Soviet Union . Soon after the Rome conference , the fascist regime in Italy would repress the Italian unions .",
"title": "Political contradictions"
},
{
"text": " The Rome congress elected Theodor Leipart as vice-president . It also chose Vienna as the site of the next IFTU congress . Both of these decisions were seen by contemporary analysts as a partial rehabilitation of the Germans inside the IFTU .",
"title": "Political contradictions"
},
{
"text": "December 10-December 15 , 1922 the IFTU organized an internal Peace Conference in The Hague . The conference took place in the backdrop of mounting military tension over the Ruhr . The Peace Conference marked the height of influence of IFTU . The initiative to hold the conference had come from Edo Fimmen , who represented a radical and anti-militarist position . 700 delegates assisted the conference . Unlike other IFTU events , delegates from the Soviet Union were invited . In his inaugural speech , Fimmen , stated that any new world war would be confronted by a global",
"title": "Hague Peace Conference"
},
{
"text": "general strike .",
"title": "Hague Peace Conference"
},
{
"text": " However , when French troops occupied the Ruhr a month later , the promised general strike did not occur . The German ADGB opposed initiating a general strike . The IFTU did not go beyond a general call for peace and arbitration through the League of Nations . Fimmen became increasingly disillusioned over these developments . In November 1923 he resigned as ITUF general secretary .",
"title": "Hague Peace Conference"
},
{
"text": "At the Hague Peace Conference Johannes Sassenbach was appointed as the third general secretary of IFTU and John W . Brown as assistant secretary . After a protest from the TUC , Brown was elevated general secretary in August 1923 bringing the number of IFTU general secretaries to four .",
"title": "Hague Peace Conference"
},
{
"text": "By 1923 , the influence of IFTU had already passed its peak . As hyperinflation surged in Germany , the economy of IFTU suffered . Moreover , the ADGB lost 1.5 million members , whilst the British TUC 2.3 million . The French CGT lost 750 000 members as the communists split and formed a parallel Confédération générale du travail unitaire ( CGTU ) . The Greek , Peruvian and Argentine union centres had pulled out of IFTU . The economic situation in IFTU was grave , and the secretariat had to downsize . The federation survived due to the",
"title": "Hague Peace Conference"
},
{
"text": "financial contributions of the TUC .",
"title": "Hague Peace Conference"
},
{
"text": " The congress of IFTU was held in Vienna from 2 to 6 June 1924 . By the time of the congress , the situation in Europe had stabilized somewhat . The Vienna congress elected A . A . Purcell of the TUC as the new IFTU president .",
"title": "Hague Peace Conference"
},
{
"text": "In 1926 IFTU went into financial crisis . Nine of the national affiliates had not followed through with their financial commitments to IFTU . The offices in Amsterdam were mortgaged . The IFTU printing office in Germany had to be sold . The TUC decided to freeze their contributions to IFTU , demanding an audit of the IFTU expenses .",
"title": "Hague Peace Conference"
},
{
"text": " In 1927 the IFTU congress was held in Paris . At the congress , TUC confronted the continental unions . TUC demanded that the headquarters be shifted away from Amsterdam , that Purcells mandate be renewed , and that fellow Briton Brown should be elected as the sole general secretary . In his speech to the congress , Purcell called for the inclusion of the Soviet union movement into the IFTU . The proposal was rejected by the leaders of continental unions .",
"title": "Paris congress"
},
{
"text": "The congress continued with mutual accusations of intriguing between the TUC and the continental Europeans . Brown and Oudegeest decided to resign from their positions . Purcell was re-elected as president , but by only one vote . Johannes Sassenbach was re-elected general secretary . Two vice-presidents was elected , Carl Madsen from Denmark and Rudolf Tayerlé from Czechoslovakia .",
"title": "Paris congress"
},
{
"text": " The TUC and IFTU reconciled later in 1927 , as the TUC broke its links to the Soviet trade unions . However , the continental unions had zero confidence in Purcell . In the end , Purcell resigned on his own . He was replaced by the TUC general secretary Walter Citrine in 1928 .",
"title": "Paris congress"
},
{
"text": "By 1927 IFTU had around 13.5 million members . The decline in membership was mainly due to membership losses in the German union movement . However , the IFTU had attracted some new affiliates ; in Lithuania , Memel Territory , Argentina ( CORA ) and South Africa ( Industrial and Commercial Workers Union ) .",
"title": "Paris congress"
},
{
"text": " In 1928 the Danish vice-president Madsen resigned , and was replaced by fellow Dane Hans Jacobsen .",
"title": "Paris congress"
},
{
"text": " During 1928-1929 , the IFTU broadened its contacts to the Middle East , Asia and Australia . Citrine , like his predecessor Purcell , had seen the geographic limitations of IFTU as a major weakness of the organization . In 1928 , IFTU organized a meeting in Buenos Aires , which formed the short-lived Confederación Obrera Ibero Americana . Participants at the conference were the Confederación Obrera Argentina and pro-government trade unionists from Venezuela , Uruguay , Cuba and Spain .",
"title": "Expansion outside Europe"
},
{
"text": "In 1928 the Arbeiterverband für Südwestafrika was affiliated to IFTU ( initially IFTU had demanded that the Arbeiterverband would scrap its ban on African membership , but later retracted the demand ) . Confederación Obrera de Argentina rejoined the IFTU , but the contacts were lost again soon afterwards . Persatoean Vabonden Pegawai Negeri from the Dutch East Indies joined IFTU .",
"title": "Expansion outside Europe"
},
{
"text": " In 1934 the Argentine CGT and the National Trades Union Federation from India became a member of IFTU . International financial crisis and the rise of fascism . As of 1930 , the Executive Board of IFTU consisted of Léon Jouhaux ( France ) , Johannes Sassenbach ( Germany ) general secretary , Walter Citrine ( Britain ) president , Walter Schevenels ( Belgium ) , Theodor Leipart ( Germany ) , Rudolf Tayerlé ( Czechoslovakia ) , Corneel Mertens ( Belgium ) and Hans Jacobsen ( Denmark ) .",
"title": "Expansion outside Europe"
},
{
"text": "Ahead of the 1930 Stockholm congress of IFTU the TUC and ADGB agreed to share the two main positions ( presidency and secretariat ) between themselves . The secretariat headquarters would , according to the deal , be shifted to Germany . At the congress several delegations from European countries opposed moving the headquarters out of Amsterdam . Fear of the consequences of the rise of National Socialism in Germany was one of the reasons cited in their argumentation against the move . However , in July 1931 , the headquarters of IFTU were shifted to Hansahaus , Köpernickestrasse ,",
"title": "Expansion outside Europe"
},
{
"text": "Berlin .",
"title": "Expansion outside Europe"
},
{
"text": " On February 1 , 1931 Sassenbach resigned due to old age . He was replaced by his assistant , the Belgian Walter Schevenels . Georg Stoltz from Czechoslovakia was appointed as Schevenels assistant .",
"title": "Expansion outside Europe"
},
{
"text": "As a result of the financial crisis and rise of fascism , the bonds between IFTU and the Labour and Socialist International were strengthened . Effectively the political situation radicalized the IFTU . In April 1931 , an IFTU General Council meeting held in Madrid decided to shift the IFTU demand for 44-hour working-week to demanding 40-hour working week . Ahead of the 1932 disarmament conference of the League of Nations , the IFTU president Citrine and the LSI president Emile Vandervelde drafted an appeal against war and fascism . The appeal was signed by 14 million people .",
"title": "Expansion outside Europe"
},
{
"text": " The IFTU headquarters had to shift away from Berlin as the NSDAP took power in Germany . Paris was selected as the new venue of the IFTU secretariat , which was set up in the CGT office at Avenue dOrsay . Soon after this shift , the German trade unions were banned . The disappearance of ADGB created a great void in IFTU . The financial situation of IFTU deteriorated as contributions from the German and Austrian unions ceased .",
"title": "Expansion outside Europe"
},
{
"text": "The 1933 IFTU congress in Brussels discussed how to confront the advances of Nazism . The congress resolved to turn the existing initiatives of boycotts of German goods into a general blockade . That decision was however never implemented . On the whole the IFTU was divided on how to confront Nazism , much to the dismay of the exiled German union leaders .",
"title": "Expansion outside Europe"
},
{
"text": " As of 1932 , the following trade secretariats were affiliated to the IFTU : - International Bookbinders Union - International Federation of Boot and Shoe Operatives and Leather Workers - International Federation of Building Workers - International Clothing Workers Federation - International Federation of Commercial , Clerical and Technical Employees - Universal Alliance of Diamond Workers - International Federation of Enginemen and Firemen - International Union of Food and Drink Workers - International Federation of General Factory Workers - International Federation of Glassworkers - International Union of Hairdressers - International Union of Hatters",
"title": "International Trade Secretariats"
},
{
"text": "- International Union of Hotel , Restaurant and Bar Workers",
"title": "International Trade Secretariats"
},
{
"text": " - International Landworkers Federation - International Federation of Lithographers , Lithographic Printers and Kindred Trades - International Metalworkers Federation - International Federation of Miners - International Secretariat of Painters and Allied Trades - Postal , Telegraph and Telephone International - International Federation of Pottery Workers - International Printers Secretariat - International Federation of Employees in Public Services - International Secretariat of Stone Workers - Teachers International Trade Secretariat - International Federation of Textile Workers Associations - International Federation of Tobacco Workers - International Transport Workers Federation - International Federation of Woodworkers",
"title": "International Trade Secretariats"
},
{
"text": " - Linden , Marcel van der , ed . The International Confederation of Free Trade Unions ( Bern : Lang , 2000 ) . 624 pp . - Reiner Tosstorff , The International Trade-Union Movement and the Founding of the International Labour Organization , International Review of Social History 2005 50 ( 3 ) : 399-433 - Fabio Bertini , Gilliatt e la piovra . Il sindacalismo internazionale dalle origini ad oggi ( 1776-2006 , Roma , Aracne , 2011 , 616 pp .",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - The International Federation of Trade Unions , 1936-1939 : Its history and organisation , Modern Records Centre , University of Warwick , with links to digitised documents of the period",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Mark_Ellis_(footballer,_born_1988)#P54#0
|
Mark Ellis (footballer, born 1988) played for which team before Mar 2007?
|
Mark Ellis ( footballer , born 1988 ) Mark Ian Ellis ( born 30 September 1988 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for Notts County , on loan from club Tranmere Rovers . He began his career at Bolton Wanderers , without making a senior appearance , and has previously played in the Football League for Torquay United , Crewe Alexandra , Shrewsbury Town and Carlisle United as well as a loan spell in the Football Conference for Forest Green Rovers . Career . Torquay United . Ellis was born in Kingsbridge , Devon . He made his debut for Torquay on 22 September 2007 , in the Football Conference clash with Kidderminster Harriers , at Aggborough , which ended in a 5–2 win to Torquay . Following the Gulls promotion to the Football League , Ellis began the 2009–10 season on loan at Conference Premier club Forest Green Rovers . Crewe Alexandra . Ellis turned down a new contract at Torquay United to join newly promoted Crewe Alexandra in League One on 27 June 2012 . During his time at the club , he was part of the squad that won the 2012–13 Football League Trophy , also notably playing the full match as they beat Southend United 2–0 in the final at Wembley Stadium . Shrewsbury Town . Following his release from Crewe Alexandra , Ellis joined up with Shrewsbury Town on 30 May 2014 on a two-year contract with an option for a further year . He made his debut on the opening day of the season against A.F.C . Wimbledon , but found himself in and out of the starting eleven in the first few months of the season . Due to the suspension of fellow defender Jermaine Grandison , he was recalled to the starting line-up and scored his first goal for the club in a 2–2 draw with local rivals Walsall in a first round FA Cup tie in November 2014 . Although Grandison was reinstated for the following match , Ellis was recalled again after his teammate withdrew from the squad with illness against Cambridge United on 13 December . This time he kept his place in the team , helping Shrewsbury keep clean sheets against promotion rivals Wycombe Wanderers and Luton Town , and also scoring away at Oxford United in a 2–0 Boxing Day win . Ellis became a first-team regular in the second half of the season as Shrewsbury were promoted back to League One at the first attempt , finishing as runners-up to Burton Albion . However , in October 2015 , he returned to League Two , signing a one-month loan deal with Carlisle United after losing his place to emerging youngster Dominic Smith . Having been ever-present for Carlisle during his initial loan spell , the temporary deal was later extended to 2 January 2016 . Carlisle United . At the conclusion of his loan , Ellis signed permanently for Carlisle until summer 2018 . Forest Green Rovers . In January 2017 , Ellis re-joined Forest Green Rovers on loan until the end of the season . He made his second debut for Forest Green on 28 January 2017 in a 3–2 away win at Barrow . Ellis returned to Carlisle at the end of his loan spell with Rovers . Leyton Orient . On 28 September 2017 , Ellis signed on a two-month loan with National League club Leyton Orient . He made his debut two days later in the 2–1 defeat at home to AFC Fylde . Tranmere Rovers . On 21 May 2018 Ellis signed a two-year deal for newly promoted Tranmere after electing not to resign with Carlisle . Ellis ruptured his ACL in April 2019 , making his return ten months later in a Cheshire Cup fixture against Crewe Alexandra . He signed a further one-year deal ahead of the 2020-21 season . On 8 March 2021 , Ellis joined National League side Notts County on loan for the remainder of the 2020-21 season . Honours . Crewe Alexandra - Football League Trophy : 2012–13 Shrewsbury Town - Football League Two runner-up : 2014–15
|
[
"Torquay"
] |
[
{
"text": " Mark Ian Ellis ( born 30 September 1988 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for Notts County , on loan from club Tranmere Rovers . He began his career at Bolton Wanderers , without making a senior appearance , and has previously played in the Football League for Torquay United , Crewe Alexandra , Shrewsbury Town and Carlisle United as well as a loan spell in the Football Conference for Forest Green Rovers .",
"title": "Mark Ellis ( footballer , born 1988 )"
},
{
"text": " Ellis was born in Kingsbridge , Devon . He made his debut for Torquay on 22 September 2007 , in the Football Conference clash with Kidderminster Harriers , at Aggborough , which ended in a 5–2 win to Torquay . Following the Gulls promotion to the Football League , Ellis began the 2009–10 season on loan at Conference Premier club Forest Green Rovers .",
"title": "Torquay United"
},
{
"text": " Ellis turned down a new contract at Torquay United to join newly promoted Crewe Alexandra in League One on 27 June 2012 . During his time at the club , he was part of the squad that won the 2012–13 Football League Trophy , also notably playing the full match as they beat Southend United 2–0 in the final at Wembley Stadium .",
"title": "Crewe Alexandra"
},
{
"text": " Following his release from Crewe Alexandra , Ellis joined up with Shrewsbury Town on 30 May 2014 on a two-year contract with an option for a further year . He made his debut on the opening day of the season against A.F.C . Wimbledon , but found himself in and out of the starting eleven in the first few months of the season .",
"title": "Shrewsbury Town"
},
{
"text": "Due to the suspension of fellow defender Jermaine Grandison , he was recalled to the starting line-up and scored his first goal for the club in a 2–2 draw with local rivals Walsall in a first round FA Cup tie in November 2014 . Although Grandison was reinstated for the following match , Ellis was recalled again after his teammate withdrew from the squad with illness against Cambridge United on 13 December . This time he kept his place in the team , helping Shrewsbury keep clean sheets against promotion rivals Wycombe Wanderers and Luton Town , and also scoring",
"title": "Shrewsbury Town"
},
{
"text": "away at Oxford United in a 2–0 Boxing Day win .",
"title": "Shrewsbury Town"
},
{
"text": " Ellis became a first-team regular in the second half of the season as Shrewsbury were promoted back to League One at the first attempt , finishing as runners-up to Burton Albion . However , in October 2015 , he returned to League Two , signing a one-month loan deal with Carlisle United after losing his place to emerging youngster Dominic Smith . Having been ever-present for Carlisle during his initial loan spell , the temporary deal was later extended to 2 January 2016 .",
"title": "Shrewsbury Town"
},
{
"text": " At the conclusion of his loan , Ellis signed permanently for Carlisle until summer 2018 .",
"title": "Carlisle United"
},
{
"text": " In January 2017 , Ellis re-joined Forest Green Rovers on loan until the end of the season . He made his second debut for Forest Green on 28 January 2017 in a 3–2 away win at Barrow . Ellis returned to Carlisle at the end of his loan spell with Rovers .",
"title": "Forest Green Rovers"
},
{
"text": " On 28 September 2017 , Ellis signed on a two-month loan with National League club Leyton Orient . He made his debut two days later in the 2–1 defeat at home to AFC Fylde .",
"title": "Leyton Orient"
},
{
"text": " On 21 May 2018 Ellis signed a two-year deal for newly promoted Tranmere after electing not to resign with Carlisle . Ellis ruptured his ACL in April 2019 , making his return ten months later in a Cheshire Cup fixture against Crewe Alexandra . He signed a further one-year deal ahead of the 2020-21 season . On 8 March 2021 , Ellis joined National League side Notts County on loan for the remainder of the 2020-21 season .",
"title": "Tranmere Rovers"
},
{
"text": " - Football League Two runner-up : 2014–15",
"title": "Shrewsbury Town"
}
] |
/wiki/Mark_Ellis_(footballer,_born_1988)#P54#1
|
Mark Ellis (footballer, born 1988) played for which team between Jun 2008 and Sep 2010?
|
Mark Ellis ( footballer , born 1988 ) Mark Ian Ellis ( born 30 September 1988 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for Notts County , on loan from club Tranmere Rovers . He began his career at Bolton Wanderers , without making a senior appearance , and has previously played in the Football League for Torquay United , Crewe Alexandra , Shrewsbury Town and Carlisle United as well as a loan spell in the Football Conference for Forest Green Rovers . Career . Torquay United . Ellis was born in Kingsbridge , Devon . He made his debut for Torquay on 22 September 2007 , in the Football Conference clash with Kidderminster Harriers , at Aggborough , which ended in a 5–2 win to Torquay . Following the Gulls promotion to the Football League , Ellis began the 2009–10 season on loan at Conference Premier club Forest Green Rovers . Crewe Alexandra . Ellis turned down a new contract at Torquay United to join newly promoted Crewe Alexandra in League One on 27 June 2012 . During his time at the club , he was part of the squad that won the 2012–13 Football League Trophy , also notably playing the full match as they beat Southend United 2–0 in the final at Wembley Stadium . Shrewsbury Town . Following his release from Crewe Alexandra , Ellis joined up with Shrewsbury Town on 30 May 2014 on a two-year contract with an option for a further year . He made his debut on the opening day of the season against A.F.C . Wimbledon , but found himself in and out of the starting eleven in the first few months of the season . Due to the suspension of fellow defender Jermaine Grandison , he was recalled to the starting line-up and scored his first goal for the club in a 2–2 draw with local rivals Walsall in a first round FA Cup tie in November 2014 . Although Grandison was reinstated for the following match , Ellis was recalled again after his teammate withdrew from the squad with illness against Cambridge United on 13 December . This time he kept his place in the team , helping Shrewsbury keep clean sheets against promotion rivals Wycombe Wanderers and Luton Town , and also scoring away at Oxford United in a 2–0 Boxing Day win . Ellis became a first-team regular in the second half of the season as Shrewsbury were promoted back to League One at the first attempt , finishing as runners-up to Burton Albion . However , in October 2015 , he returned to League Two , signing a one-month loan deal with Carlisle United after losing his place to emerging youngster Dominic Smith . Having been ever-present for Carlisle during his initial loan spell , the temporary deal was later extended to 2 January 2016 . Carlisle United . At the conclusion of his loan , Ellis signed permanently for Carlisle until summer 2018 . Forest Green Rovers . In January 2017 , Ellis re-joined Forest Green Rovers on loan until the end of the season . He made his second debut for Forest Green on 28 January 2017 in a 3–2 away win at Barrow . Ellis returned to Carlisle at the end of his loan spell with Rovers . Leyton Orient . On 28 September 2017 , Ellis signed on a two-month loan with National League club Leyton Orient . He made his debut two days later in the 2–1 defeat at home to AFC Fylde . Tranmere Rovers . On 21 May 2018 Ellis signed a two-year deal for newly promoted Tranmere after electing not to resign with Carlisle . Ellis ruptured his ACL in April 2019 , making his return ten months later in a Cheshire Cup fixture against Crewe Alexandra . He signed a further one-year deal ahead of the 2020-21 season . On 8 March 2021 , Ellis joined National League side Notts County on loan for the remainder of the 2020-21 season . Honours . Crewe Alexandra - Football League Trophy : 2012–13 Shrewsbury Town - Football League Two runner-up : 2014–15
|
[
"Torquay United"
] |
[
{
"text": " Mark Ian Ellis ( born 30 September 1988 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for Notts County , on loan from club Tranmere Rovers . He began his career at Bolton Wanderers , without making a senior appearance , and has previously played in the Football League for Torquay United , Crewe Alexandra , Shrewsbury Town and Carlisle United as well as a loan spell in the Football Conference for Forest Green Rovers .",
"title": "Mark Ellis ( footballer , born 1988 )"
},
{
"text": " Ellis was born in Kingsbridge , Devon . He made his debut for Torquay on 22 September 2007 , in the Football Conference clash with Kidderminster Harriers , at Aggborough , which ended in a 5–2 win to Torquay . Following the Gulls promotion to the Football League , Ellis began the 2009–10 season on loan at Conference Premier club Forest Green Rovers .",
"title": "Torquay United"
},
{
"text": " Ellis turned down a new contract at Torquay United to join newly promoted Crewe Alexandra in League One on 27 June 2012 . During his time at the club , he was part of the squad that won the 2012–13 Football League Trophy , also notably playing the full match as they beat Southend United 2–0 in the final at Wembley Stadium .",
"title": "Crewe Alexandra"
},
{
"text": " Following his release from Crewe Alexandra , Ellis joined up with Shrewsbury Town on 30 May 2014 on a two-year contract with an option for a further year . He made his debut on the opening day of the season against A.F.C . Wimbledon , but found himself in and out of the starting eleven in the first few months of the season .",
"title": "Shrewsbury Town"
},
{
"text": "Due to the suspension of fellow defender Jermaine Grandison , he was recalled to the starting line-up and scored his first goal for the club in a 2–2 draw with local rivals Walsall in a first round FA Cup tie in November 2014 . Although Grandison was reinstated for the following match , Ellis was recalled again after his teammate withdrew from the squad with illness against Cambridge United on 13 December . This time he kept his place in the team , helping Shrewsbury keep clean sheets against promotion rivals Wycombe Wanderers and Luton Town , and also scoring",
"title": "Shrewsbury Town"
},
{
"text": "away at Oxford United in a 2–0 Boxing Day win .",
"title": "Shrewsbury Town"
},
{
"text": " Ellis became a first-team regular in the second half of the season as Shrewsbury were promoted back to League One at the first attempt , finishing as runners-up to Burton Albion . However , in October 2015 , he returned to League Two , signing a one-month loan deal with Carlisle United after losing his place to emerging youngster Dominic Smith . Having been ever-present for Carlisle during his initial loan spell , the temporary deal was later extended to 2 January 2016 .",
"title": "Shrewsbury Town"
},
{
"text": " At the conclusion of his loan , Ellis signed permanently for Carlisle until summer 2018 .",
"title": "Carlisle United"
},
{
"text": " In January 2017 , Ellis re-joined Forest Green Rovers on loan until the end of the season . He made his second debut for Forest Green on 28 January 2017 in a 3–2 away win at Barrow . Ellis returned to Carlisle at the end of his loan spell with Rovers .",
"title": "Forest Green Rovers"
},
{
"text": " On 28 September 2017 , Ellis signed on a two-month loan with National League club Leyton Orient . He made his debut two days later in the 2–1 defeat at home to AFC Fylde .",
"title": "Leyton Orient"
},
{
"text": " On 21 May 2018 Ellis signed a two-year deal for newly promoted Tranmere after electing not to resign with Carlisle . Ellis ruptured his ACL in April 2019 , making his return ten months later in a Cheshire Cup fixture against Crewe Alexandra . He signed a further one-year deal ahead of the 2020-21 season . On 8 March 2021 , Ellis joined National League side Notts County on loan for the remainder of the 2020-21 season .",
"title": "Tranmere Rovers"
},
{
"text": " - Football League Two runner-up : 2014–15",
"title": "Shrewsbury Town"
}
] |
/wiki/Mark_Ellis_(footballer,_born_1988)#P54#2
|
Mark Ellis (footballer, born 1988) played for which team between Aug 2013 and Oct 2013?
|
Mark Ellis ( footballer , born 1988 ) Mark Ian Ellis ( born 30 September 1988 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for Notts County , on loan from club Tranmere Rovers . He began his career at Bolton Wanderers , without making a senior appearance , and has previously played in the Football League for Torquay United , Crewe Alexandra , Shrewsbury Town and Carlisle United as well as a loan spell in the Football Conference for Forest Green Rovers . Career . Torquay United . Ellis was born in Kingsbridge , Devon . He made his debut for Torquay on 22 September 2007 , in the Football Conference clash with Kidderminster Harriers , at Aggborough , which ended in a 5–2 win to Torquay . Following the Gulls promotion to the Football League , Ellis began the 2009–10 season on loan at Conference Premier club Forest Green Rovers . Crewe Alexandra . Ellis turned down a new contract at Torquay United to join newly promoted Crewe Alexandra in League One on 27 June 2012 . During his time at the club , he was part of the squad that won the 2012–13 Football League Trophy , also notably playing the full match as they beat Southend United 2–0 in the final at Wembley Stadium . Shrewsbury Town . Following his release from Crewe Alexandra , Ellis joined up with Shrewsbury Town on 30 May 2014 on a two-year contract with an option for a further year . He made his debut on the opening day of the season against A.F.C . Wimbledon , but found himself in and out of the starting eleven in the first few months of the season . Due to the suspension of fellow defender Jermaine Grandison , he was recalled to the starting line-up and scored his first goal for the club in a 2–2 draw with local rivals Walsall in a first round FA Cup tie in November 2014 . Although Grandison was reinstated for the following match , Ellis was recalled again after his teammate withdrew from the squad with illness against Cambridge United on 13 December . This time he kept his place in the team , helping Shrewsbury keep clean sheets against promotion rivals Wycombe Wanderers and Luton Town , and also scoring away at Oxford United in a 2–0 Boxing Day win . Ellis became a first-team regular in the second half of the season as Shrewsbury were promoted back to League One at the first attempt , finishing as runners-up to Burton Albion . However , in October 2015 , he returned to League Two , signing a one-month loan deal with Carlisle United after losing his place to emerging youngster Dominic Smith . Having been ever-present for Carlisle during his initial loan spell , the temporary deal was later extended to 2 January 2016 . Carlisle United . At the conclusion of his loan , Ellis signed permanently for Carlisle until summer 2018 . Forest Green Rovers . In January 2017 , Ellis re-joined Forest Green Rovers on loan until the end of the season . He made his second debut for Forest Green on 28 January 2017 in a 3–2 away win at Barrow . Ellis returned to Carlisle at the end of his loan spell with Rovers . Leyton Orient . On 28 September 2017 , Ellis signed on a two-month loan with National League club Leyton Orient . He made his debut two days later in the 2–1 defeat at home to AFC Fylde . Tranmere Rovers . On 21 May 2018 Ellis signed a two-year deal for newly promoted Tranmere after electing not to resign with Carlisle . Ellis ruptured his ACL in April 2019 , making his return ten months later in a Cheshire Cup fixture against Crewe Alexandra . He signed a further one-year deal ahead of the 2020-21 season . On 8 March 2021 , Ellis joined National League side Notts County on loan for the remainder of the 2020-21 season . Honours . Crewe Alexandra - Football League Trophy : 2012–13 Shrewsbury Town - Football League Two runner-up : 2014–15
|
[
"Crewe Alexandra"
] |
[
{
"text": " Mark Ian Ellis ( born 30 September 1988 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for Notts County , on loan from club Tranmere Rovers . He began his career at Bolton Wanderers , without making a senior appearance , and has previously played in the Football League for Torquay United , Crewe Alexandra , Shrewsbury Town and Carlisle United as well as a loan spell in the Football Conference for Forest Green Rovers .",
"title": "Mark Ellis ( footballer , born 1988 )"
},
{
"text": " Ellis was born in Kingsbridge , Devon . He made his debut for Torquay on 22 September 2007 , in the Football Conference clash with Kidderminster Harriers , at Aggborough , which ended in a 5–2 win to Torquay . Following the Gulls promotion to the Football League , Ellis began the 2009–10 season on loan at Conference Premier club Forest Green Rovers .",
"title": "Torquay United"
},
{
"text": " Ellis turned down a new contract at Torquay United to join newly promoted Crewe Alexandra in League One on 27 June 2012 . During his time at the club , he was part of the squad that won the 2012–13 Football League Trophy , also notably playing the full match as they beat Southend United 2–0 in the final at Wembley Stadium .",
"title": "Crewe Alexandra"
},
{
"text": " Following his release from Crewe Alexandra , Ellis joined up with Shrewsbury Town on 30 May 2014 on a two-year contract with an option for a further year . He made his debut on the opening day of the season against A.F.C . Wimbledon , but found himself in and out of the starting eleven in the first few months of the season .",
"title": "Shrewsbury Town"
},
{
"text": "Due to the suspension of fellow defender Jermaine Grandison , he was recalled to the starting line-up and scored his first goal for the club in a 2–2 draw with local rivals Walsall in a first round FA Cup tie in November 2014 . Although Grandison was reinstated for the following match , Ellis was recalled again after his teammate withdrew from the squad with illness against Cambridge United on 13 December . This time he kept his place in the team , helping Shrewsbury keep clean sheets against promotion rivals Wycombe Wanderers and Luton Town , and also scoring",
"title": "Shrewsbury Town"
},
{
"text": "away at Oxford United in a 2–0 Boxing Day win .",
"title": "Shrewsbury Town"
},
{
"text": " Ellis became a first-team regular in the second half of the season as Shrewsbury were promoted back to League One at the first attempt , finishing as runners-up to Burton Albion . However , in October 2015 , he returned to League Two , signing a one-month loan deal with Carlisle United after losing his place to emerging youngster Dominic Smith . Having been ever-present for Carlisle during his initial loan spell , the temporary deal was later extended to 2 January 2016 .",
"title": "Shrewsbury Town"
},
{
"text": " At the conclusion of his loan , Ellis signed permanently for Carlisle until summer 2018 .",
"title": "Carlisle United"
},
{
"text": " In January 2017 , Ellis re-joined Forest Green Rovers on loan until the end of the season . He made his second debut for Forest Green on 28 January 2017 in a 3–2 away win at Barrow . Ellis returned to Carlisle at the end of his loan spell with Rovers .",
"title": "Forest Green Rovers"
},
{
"text": " On 28 September 2017 , Ellis signed on a two-month loan with National League club Leyton Orient . He made his debut two days later in the 2–1 defeat at home to AFC Fylde .",
"title": "Leyton Orient"
},
{
"text": " On 21 May 2018 Ellis signed a two-year deal for newly promoted Tranmere after electing not to resign with Carlisle . Ellis ruptured his ACL in April 2019 , making his return ten months later in a Cheshire Cup fixture against Crewe Alexandra . He signed a further one-year deal ahead of the 2020-21 season . On 8 March 2021 , Ellis joined National League side Notts County on loan for the remainder of the 2020-21 season .",
"title": "Tranmere Rovers"
},
{
"text": " - Football League Two runner-up : 2014–15",
"title": "Shrewsbury Town"
}
] |
/wiki/Mark_Ellis_(footballer,_born_1988)#P54#3
|
Mark Ellis (footballer, born 1988) played for which team between Sep 2015 and Dec 2015?
|
Mark Ellis ( footballer , born 1988 ) Mark Ian Ellis ( born 30 September 1988 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for Notts County , on loan from club Tranmere Rovers . He began his career at Bolton Wanderers , without making a senior appearance , and has previously played in the Football League for Torquay United , Crewe Alexandra , Shrewsbury Town and Carlisle United as well as a loan spell in the Football Conference for Forest Green Rovers . Career . Torquay United . Ellis was born in Kingsbridge , Devon . He made his debut for Torquay on 22 September 2007 , in the Football Conference clash with Kidderminster Harriers , at Aggborough , which ended in a 5–2 win to Torquay . Following the Gulls promotion to the Football League , Ellis began the 2009–10 season on loan at Conference Premier club Forest Green Rovers . Crewe Alexandra . Ellis turned down a new contract at Torquay United to join newly promoted Crewe Alexandra in League One on 27 June 2012 . During his time at the club , he was part of the squad that won the 2012–13 Football League Trophy , also notably playing the full match as they beat Southend United 2–0 in the final at Wembley Stadium . Shrewsbury Town . Following his release from Crewe Alexandra , Ellis joined up with Shrewsbury Town on 30 May 2014 on a two-year contract with an option for a further year . He made his debut on the opening day of the season against A.F.C . Wimbledon , but found himself in and out of the starting eleven in the first few months of the season . Due to the suspension of fellow defender Jermaine Grandison , he was recalled to the starting line-up and scored his first goal for the club in a 2–2 draw with local rivals Walsall in a first round FA Cup tie in November 2014 . Although Grandison was reinstated for the following match , Ellis was recalled again after his teammate withdrew from the squad with illness against Cambridge United on 13 December . This time he kept his place in the team , helping Shrewsbury keep clean sheets against promotion rivals Wycombe Wanderers and Luton Town , and also scoring away at Oxford United in a 2–0 Boxing Day win . Ellis became a first-team regular in the second half of the season as Shrewsbury were promoted back to League One at the first attempt , finishing as runners-up to Burton Albion . However , in October 2015 , he returned to League Two , signing a one-month loan deal with Carlisle United after losing his place to emerging youngster Dominic Smith . Having been ever-present for Carlisle during his initial loan spell , the temporary deal was later extended to 2 January 2016 . Carlisle United . At the conclusion of his loan , Ellis signed permanently for Carlisle until summer 2018 . Forest Green Rovers . In January 2017 , Ellis re-joined Forest Green Rovers on loan until the end of the season . He made his second debut for Forest Green on 28 January 2017 in a 3–2 away win at Barrow . Ellis returned to Carlisle at the end of his loan spell with Rovers . Leyton Orient . On 28 September 2017 , Ellis signed on a two-month loan with National League club Leyton Orient . He made his debut two days later in the 2–1 defeat at home to AFC Fylde . Tranmere Rovers . On 21 May 2018 Ellis signed a two-year deal for newly promoted Tranmere after electing not to resign with Carlisle . Ellis ruptured his ACL in April 2019 , making his return ten months later in a Cheshire Cup fixture against Crewe Alexandra . He signed a further one-year deal ahead of the 2020-21 season . On 8 March 2021 , Ellis joined National League side Notts County on loan for the remainder of the 2020-21 season . Honours . Crewe Alexandra - Football League Trophy : 2012–13 Shrewsbury Town - Football League Two runner-up : 2014–15
|
[
"Shrewsbury Town"
] |
[
{
"text": " Mark Ian Ellis ( born 30 September 1988 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for Notts County , on loan from club Tranmere Rovers . He began his career at Bolton Wanderers , without making a senior appearance , and has previously played in the Football League for Torquay United , Crewe Alexandra , Shrewsbury Town and Carlisle United as well as a loan spell in the Football Conference for Forest Green Rovers .",
"title": "Mark Ellis ( footballer , born 1988 )"
},
{
"text": " Ellis was born in Kingsbridge , Devon . He made his debut for Torquay on 22 September 2007 , in the Football Conference clash with Kidderminster Harriers , at Aggborough , which ended in a 5–2 win to Torquay . Following the Gulls promotion to the Football League , Ellis began the 2009–10 season on loan at Conference Premier club Forest Green Rovers .",
"title": "Torquay United"
},
{
"text": " Ellis turned down a new contract at Torquay United to join newly promoted Crewe Alexandra in League One on 27 June 2012 . During his time at the club , he was part of the squad that won the 2012–13 Football League Trophy , also notably playing the full match as they beat Southend United 2–0 in the final at Wembley Stadium .",
"title": "Crewe Alexandra"
},
{
"text": " Following his release from Crewe Alexandra , Ellis joined up with Shrewsbury Town on 30 May 2014 on a two-year contract with an option for a further year . He made his debut on the opening day of the season against A.F.C . Wimbledon , but found himself in and out of the starting eleven in the first few months of the season .",
"title": "Shrewsbury Town"
},
{
"text": "Due to the suspension of fellow defender Jermaine Grandison , he was recalled to the starting line-up and scored his first goal for the club in a 2–2 draw with local rivals Walsall in a first round FA Cup tie in November 2014 . Although Grandison was reinstated for the following match , Ellis was recalled again after his teammate withdrew from the squad with illness against Cambridge United on 13 December . This time he kept his place in the team , helping Shrewsbury keep clean sheets against promotion rivals Wycombe Wanderers and Luton Town , and also scoring",
"title": "Shrewsbury Town"
},
{
"text": "away at Oxford United in a 2–0 Boxing Day win .",
"title": "Shrewsbury Town"
},
{
"text": " Ellis became a first-team regular in the second half of the season as Shrewsbury were promoted back to League One at the first attempt , finishing as runners-up to Burton Albion . However , in October 2015 , he returned to League Two , signing a one-month loan deal with Carlisle United after losing his place to emerging youngster Dominic Smith . Having been ever-present for Carlisle during his initial loan spell , the temporary deal was later extended to 2 January 2016 .",
"title": "Shrewsbury Town"
},
{
"text": " At the conclusion of his loan , Ellis signed permanently for Carlisle until summer 2018 .",
"title": "Carlisle United"
},
{
"text": " In January 2017 , Ellis re-joined Forest Green Rovers on loan until the end of the season . He made his second debut for Forest Green on 28 January 2017 in a 3–2 away win at Barrow . Ellis returned to Carlisle at the end of his loan spell with Rovers .",
"title": "Forest Green Rovers"
},
{
"text": " On 28 September 2017 , Ellis signed on a two-month loan with National League club Leyton Orient . He made his debut two days later in the 2–1 defeat at home to AFC Fylde .",
"title": "Leyton Orient"
},
{
"text": " On 21 May 2018 Ellis signed a two-year deal for newly promoted Tranmere after electing not to resign with Carlisle . Ellis ruptured his ACL in April 2019 , making his return ten months later in a Cheshire Cup fixture against Crewe Alexandra . He signed a further one-year deal ahead of the 2020-21 season . On 8 March 2021 , Ellis joined National League side Notts County on loan for the remainder of the 2020-21 season .",
"title": "Tranmere Rovers"
},
{
"text": " - Football League Two runner-up : 2014–15",
"title": "Shrewsbury Town"
}
] |
/wiki/Mark_Ellis_(footballer,_born_1988)#P54#4
|
Mark Ellis (footballer, born 1988) played for which team after Apr 2016?
|
Mark Ellis ( footballer , born 1988 ) Mark Ian Ellis ( born 30 September 1988 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for Notts County , on loan from club Tranmere Rovers . He began his career at Bolton Wanderers , without making a senior appearance , and has previously played in the Football League for Torquay United , Crewe Alexandra , Shrewsbury Town and Carlisle United as well as a loan spell in the Football Conference for Forest Green Rovers . Career . Torquay United . Ellis was born in Kingsbridge , Devon . He made his debut for Torquay on 22 September 2007 , in the Football Conference clash with Kidderminster Harriers , at Aggborough , which ended in a 5–2 win to Torquay . Following the Gulls promotion to the Football League , Ellis began the 2009–10 season on loan at Conference Premier club Forest Green Rovers . Crewe Alexandra . Ellis turned down a new contract at Torquay United to join newly promoted Crewe Alexandra in League One on 27 June 2012 . During his time at the club , he was part of the squad that won the 2012–13 Football League Trophy , also notably playing the full match as they beat Southend United 2–0 in the final at Wembley Stadium . Shrewsbury Town . Following his release from Crewe Alexandra , Ellis joined up with Shrewsbury Town on 30 May 2014 on a two-year contract with an option for a further year . He made his debut on the opening day of the season against A.F.C . Wimbledon , but found himself in and out of the starting eleven in the first few months of the season . Due to the suspension of fellow defender Jermaine Grandison , he was recalled to the starting line-up and scored his first goal for the club in a 2–2 draw with local rivals Walsall in a first round FA Cup tie in November 2014 . Although Grandison was reinstated for the following match , Ellis was recalled again after his teammate withdrew from the squad with illness against Cambridge United on 13 December . This time he kept his place in the team , helping Shrewsbury keep clean sheets against promotion rivals Wycombe Wanderers and Luton Town , and also scoring away at Oxford United in a 2–0 Boxing Day win . Ellis became a first-team regular in the second half of the season as Shrewsbury were promoted back to League One at the first attempt , finishing as runners-up to Burton Albion . However , in October 2015 , he returned to League Two , signing a one-month loan deal with Carlisle United after losing his place to emerging youngster Dominic Smith . Having been ever-present for Carlisle during his initial loan spell , the temporary deal was later extended to 2 January 2016 . Carlisle United . At the conclusion of his loan , Ellis signed permanently for Carlisle until summer 2018 . Forest Green Rovers . In January 2017 , Ellis re-joined Forest Green Rovers on loan until the end of the season . He made his second debut for Forest Green on 28 January 2017 in a 3–2 away win at Barrow . Ellis returned to Carlisle at the end of his loan spell with Rovers . Leyton Orient . On 28 September 2017 , Ellis signed on a two-month loan with National League club Leyton Orient . He made his debut two days later in the 2–1 defeat at home to AFC Fylde . Tranmere Rovers . On 21 May 2018 Ellis signed a two-year deal for newly promoted Tranmere after electing not to resign with Carlisle . Ellis ruptured his ACL in April 2019 , making his return ten months later in a Cheshire Cup fixture against Crewe Alexandra . He signed a further one-year deal ahead of the 2020-21 season . On 8 March 2021 , Ellis joined National League side Notts County on loan for the remainder of the 2020-21 season . Honours . Crewe Alexandra - Football League Trophy : 2012–13 Shrewsbury Town - Football League Two runner-up : 2014–15
|
[
"Carlisle United"
] |
[
{
"text": " Mark Ian Ellis ( born 30 September 1988 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for Notts County , on loan from club Tranmere Rovers . He began his career at Bolton Wanderers , without making a senior appearance , and has previously played in the Football League for Torquay United , Crewe Alexandra , Shrewsbury Town and Carlisle United as well as a loan spell in the Football Conference for Forest Green Rovers .",
"title": "Mark Ellis ( footballer , born 1988 )"
},
{
"text": " Ellis was born in Kingsbridge , Devon . He made his debut for Torquay on 22 September 2007 , in the Football Conference clash with Kidderminster Harriers , at Aggborough , which ended in a 5–2 win to Torquay . Following the Gulls promotion to the Football League , Ellis began the 2009–10 season on loan at Conference Premier club Forest Green Rovers .",
"title": "Torquay United"
},
{
"text": " Ellis turned down a new contract at Torquay United to join newly promoted Crewe Alexandra in League One on 27 June 2012 . During his time at the club , he was part of the squad that won the 2012–13 Football League Trophy , also notably playing the full match as they beat Southend United 2–0 in the final at Wembley Stadium .",
"title": "Crewe Alexandra"
},
{
"text": " Following his release from Crewe Alexandra , Ellis joined up with Shrewsbury Town on 30 May 2014 on a two-year contract with an option for a further year . He made his debut on the opening day of the season against A.F.C . Wimbledon , but found himself in and out of the starting eleven in the first few months of the season .",
"title": "Shrewsbury Town"
},
{
"text": "Due to the suspension of fellow defender Jermaine Grandison , he was recalled to the starting line-up and scored his first goal for the club in a 2–2 draw with local rivals Walsall in a first round FA Cup tie in November 2014 . Although Grandison was reinstated for the following match , Ellis was recalled again after his teammate withdrew from the squad with illness against Cambridge United on 13 December . This time he kept his place in the team , helping Shrewsbury keep clean sheets against promotion rivals Wycombe Wanderers and Luton Town , and also scoring",
"title": "Shrewsbury Town"
},
{
"text": "away at Oxford United in a 2–0 Boxing Day win .",
"title": "Shrewsbury Town"
},
{
"text": " Ellis became a first-team regular in the second half of the season as Shrewsbury were promoted back to League One at the first attempt , finishing as runners-up to Burton Albion . However , in October 2015 , he returned to League Two , signing a one-month loan deal with Carlisle United after losing his place to emerging youngster Dominic Smith . Having been ever-present for Carlisle during his initial loan spell , the temporary deal was later extended to 2 January 2016 .",
"title": "Shrewsbury Town"
},
{
"text": " At the conclusion of his loan , Ellis signed permanently for Carlisle until summer 2018 .",
"title": "Carlisle United"
},
{
"text": " In January 2017 , Ellis re-joined Forest Green Rovers on loan until the end of the season . He made his second debut for Forest Green on 28 January 2017 in a 3–2 away win at Barrow . Ellis returned to Carlisle at the end of his loan spell with Rovers .",
"title": "Forest Green Rovers"
},
{
"text": " On 28 September 2017 , Ellis signed on a two-month loan with National League club Leyton Orient . He made his debut two days later in the 2–1 defeat at home to AFC Fylde .",
"title": "Leyton Orient"
},
{
"text": " On 21 May 2018 Ellis signed a two-year deal for newly promoted Tranmere after electing not to resign with Carlisle . Ellis ruptured his ACL in April 2019 , making his return ten months later in a Cheshire Cup fixture against Crewe Alexandra . He signed a further one-year deal ahead of the 2020-21 season . On 8 March 2021 , Ellis joined National League side Notts County on loan for the remainder of the 2020-21 season .",
"title": "Tranmere Rovers"
},
{
"text": " - Football League Two runner-up : 2014–15",
"title": "Shrewsbury Town"
}
] |
/wiki/Arthur_Richards,_1st_Baron_Milverton#P39#0
|
What position did Arthur Richards, 1st Baron Milverton take between Jul 1932 and Oct 1932?
|
Arthur Richards , 1st Baron Milverton Arthur Frederick Richards , 1st Baron Milverton ( 21 February 1885 – 27 October 1978 ) , was a British colonial administrator who over his career served as Governor of North Borneo , Gambia , Fiji , Jamaica , and Nigeria . Early life and education . Richards was born in Bristol in 1885 , the son of William Richards . He was educated at Clifton College in Bristol , and graduated from Christ Church , Oxford , in 1907 with a BA . Colonial service . Richards entered the Malayan Civil Service in 1908 . By 1921 , he had become the Acting 1st Assistant Colonial Secretary for the Straits Settlements . He served as Acting Under-Secretary of the Federated Malay States in 1926 , and became full Under-Secretary from 1927 to 1929 . He was the Acting General Advisor in Johore between 1929 and 1920 , and from 1930 to 1933 he served as the Governor of Northern Borneo . Following this , he served as Governor of the Gambia from 1933 to 1936 . He served as Governor of Fiji from 1936 to 1938 concurrently with High Commissioner of the Western Pacific . From 1938 to 1943 , he served as Governor of Jamaica . From 1943 to 1948 , he served as Governor of Nigeria . He was known in the Colonial Service as Old Sinister . He became the first Colonial Office official to be raised to the peerage while still in office . In 1986 , his former private secretary in Nigeria , Richard Peel , published a memoir of Richards , titled Old Sinister : A Memoir of Sir Arthur Richards . Honours . He was made a CMG in 1933 , elevated to KCMG in 1935 , and again to GCMG in 1942 . In 1947 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Milverton , of Lagos and of Clifton in the City of Bristol . He was also appointed as K.St.J. , and was awarded the US Medal of Freedom with Silver Palm . Family . In 1927 , Richards married Noelle Bënda Whitehead ( 18 December 1904 – 11 September 2010 ) , daughter of Charles Basil Whitehead . He died in October 1978 , aged 93 , and was succeeded in the Barony by his eldest son Fraser Arthur Richard Richards .
|
[
"Governor of North Borneo"
] |
[
{
"text": " Arthur Frederick Richards , 1st Baron Milverton ( 21 February 1885 – 27 October 1978 ) , was a British colonial administrator who over his career served as Governor of North Borneo , Gambia , Fiji , Jamaica , and Nigeria . Early life and education . Richards was born in Bristol in 1885 , the son of William Richards . He was educated at Clifton College in Bristol , and graduated from Christ Church , Oxford , in 1907 with a BA .",
"title": "Arthur Richards , 1st Baron Milverton"
},
{
"text": " Richards entered the Malayan Civil Service in 1908 . By 1921 , he had become the Acting 1st Assistant Colonial Secretary for the Straits Settlements . He served as Acting Under-Secretary of the Federated Malay States in 1926 , and became full Under-Secretary from 1927 to 1929 . He was the Acting General Advisor in Johore between 1929 and 1920 , and from 1930 to 1933 he served as the Governor of Northern Borneo . Following this , he served as Governor of the Gambia from 1933 to 1936 .",
"title": "Colonial service"
},
{
"text": "He served as Governor of Fiji from 1936 to 1938 concurrently with High Commissioner of the Western Pacific . From 1938 to 1943 , he served as Governor of Jamaica . From 1943 to 1948 , he served as Governor of Nigeria . He was known in the Colonial Service as Old Sinister . He became the first Colonial Office official to be raised to the peerage while still in office . In 1986 , his former private secretary in Nigeria , Richard Peel , published a memoir of Richards , titled Old Sinister : A Memoir of Sir Arthur",
"title": "Colonial service"
},
{
"text": "Richards .",
"title": "Colonial service"
},
{
"text": " He was made a CMG in 1933 , elevated to KCMG in 1935 , and again to GCMG in 1942 . In 1947 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Milverton , of Lagos and of Clifton in the City of Bristol . He was also appointed as K.St.J. , and was awarded the US Medal of Freedom with Silver Palm .",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " In 1927 , Richards married Noelle Bënda Whitehead ( 18 December 1904 – 11 September 2010 ) , daughter of Charles Basil Whitehead . He died in October 1978 , aged 93 , and was succeeded in the Barony by his eldest son Fraser Arthur Richard Richards .",
"title": "Family"
}
] |
/wiki/Arthur_Richards,_1st_Baron_Milverton#P39#1
|
What position did Arthur Richards, 1st Baron Milverton take between Nov 1935 and Feb 1936?
|
Arthur Richards , 1st Baron Milverton Arthur Frederick Richards , 1st Baron Milverton ( 21 February 1885 – 27 October 1978 ) , was a British colonial administrator who over his career served as Governor of North Borneo , Gambia , Fiji , Jamaica , and Nigeria . Early life and education . Richards was born in Bristol in 1885 , the son of William Richards . He was educated at Clifton College in Bristol , and graduated from Christ Church , Oxford , in 1907 with a BA . Colonial service . Richards entered the Malayan Civil Service in 1908 . By 1921 , he had become the Acting 1st Assistant Colonial Secretary for the Straits Settlements . He served as Acting Under-Secretary of the Federated Malay States in 1926 , and became full Under-Secretary from 1927 to 1929 . He was the Acting General Advisor in Johore between 1929 and 1920 , and from 1930 to 1933 he served as the Governor of Northern Borneo . Following this , he served as Governor of the Gambia from 1933 to 1936 . He served as Governor of Fiji from 1936 to 1938 concurrently with High Commissioner of the Western Pacific . From 1938 to 1943 , he served as Governor of Jamaica . From 1943 to 1948 , he served as Governor of Nigeria . He was known in the Colonial Service as Old Sinister . He became the first Colonial Office official to be raised to the peerage while still in office . In 1986 , his former private secretary in Nigeria , Richard Peel , published a memoir of Richards , titled Old Sinister : A Memoir of Sir Arthur Richards . Honours . He was made a CMG in 1933 , elevated to KCMG in 1935 , and again to GCMG in 1942 . In 1947 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Milverton , of Lagos and of Clifton in the City of Bristol . He was also appointed as K.St.J. , and was awarded the US Medal of Freedom with Silver Palm . Family . In 1927 , Richards married Noelle Bënda Whitehead ( 18 December 1904 – 11 September 2010 ) , daughter of Charles Basil Whitehead . He died in October 1978 , aged 93 , and was succeeded in the Barony by his eldest son Fraser Arthur Richard Richards .
|
[
"Governor of the Gambia"
] |
[
{
"text": " Arthur Frederick Richards , 1st Baron Milverton ( 21 February 1885 – 27 October 1978 ) , was a British colonial administrator who over his career served as Governor of North Borneo , Gambia , Fiji , Jamaica , and Nigeria . Early life and education . Richards was born in Bristol in 1885 , the son of William Richards . He was educated at Clifton College in Bristol , and graduated from Christ Church , Oxford , in 1907 with a BA .",
"title": "Arthur Richards , 1st Baron Milverton"
},
{
"text": " Richards entered the Malayan Civil Service in 1908 . By 1921 , he had become the Acting 1st Assistant Colonial Secretary for the Straits Settlements . He served as Acting Under-Secretary of the Federated Malay States in 1926 , and became full Under-Secretary from 1927 to 1929 . He was the Acting General Advisor in Johore between 1929 and 1920 , and from 1930 to 1933 he served as the Governor of Northern Borneo . Following this , he served as Governor of the Gambia from 1933 to 1936 .",
"title": "Colonial service"
},
{
"text": "He served as Governor of Fiji from 1936 to 1938 concurrently with High Commissioner of the Western Pacific . From 1938 to 1943 , he served as Governor of Jamaica . From 1943 to 1948 , he served as Governor of Nigeria . He was known in the Colonial Service as Old Sinister . He became the first Colonial Office official to be raised to the peerage while still in office . In 1986 , his former private secretary in Nigeria , Richard Peel , published a memoir of Richards , titled Old Sinister : A Memoir of Sir Arthur",
"title": "Colonial service"
},
{
"text": "Richards .",
"title": "Colonial service"
},
{
"text": " He was made a CMG in 1933 , elevated to KCMG in 1935 , and again to GCMG in 1942 . In 1947 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Milverton , of Lagos and of Clifton in the City of Bristol . He was also appointed as K.St.J. , and was awarded the US Medal of Freedom with Silver Palm .",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " In 1927 , Richards married Noelle Bënda Whitehead ( 18 December 1904 – 11 September 2010 ) , daughter of Charles Basil Whitehead . He died in October 1978 , aged 93 , and was succeeded in the Barony by his eldest son Fraser Arthur Richard Richards .",
"title": "Family"
}
] |
/wiki/Arthur_Richards,_1st_Baron_Milverton#P39#2
|
What position did Arthur Richards, 1st Baron Milverton take in Feb 1940?
|
Arthur Richards , 1st Baron Milverton Arthur Frederick Richards , 1st Baron Milverton ( 21 February 1885 – 27 October 1978 ) , was a British colonial administrator who over his career served as Governor of North Borneo , Gambia , Fiji , Jamaica , and Nigeria . Early life and education . Richards was born in Bristol in 1885 , the son of William Richards . He was educated at Clifton College in Bristol , and graduated from Christ Church , Oxford , in 1907 with a BA . Colonial service . Richards entered the Malayan Civil Service in 1908 . By 1921 , he had become the Acting 1st Assistant Colonial Secretary for the Straits Settlements . He served as Acting Under-Secretary of the Federated Malay States in 1926 , and became full Under-Secretary from 1927 to 1929 . He was the Acting General Advisor in Johore between 1929 and 1920 , and from 1930 to 1933 he served as the Governor of Northern Borneo . Following this , he served as Governor of the Gambia from 1933 to 1936 . He served as Governor of Fiji from 1936 to 1938 concurrently with High Commissioner of the Western Pacific . From 1938 to 1943 , he served as Governor of Jamaica . From 1943 to 1948 , he served as Governor of Nigeria . He was known in the Colonial Service as Old Sinister . He became the first Colonial Office official to be raised to the peerage while still in office . In 1986 , his former private secretary in Nigeria , Richard Peel , published a memoir of Richards , titled Old Sinister : A Memoir of Sir Arthur Richards . Honours . He was made a CMG in 1933 , elevated to KCMG in 1935 , and again to GCMG in 1942 . In 1947 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Milverton , of Lagos and of Clifton in the City of Bristol . He was also appointed as K.St.J. , and was awarded the US Medal of Freedom with Silver Palm . Family . In 1927 , Richards married Noelle Bënda Whitehead ( 18 December 1904 – 11 September 2010 ) , daughter of Charles Basil Whitehead . He died in October 1978 , aged 93 , and was succeeded in the Barony by his eldest son Fraser Arthur Richard Richards .
|
[
"Governor of Jamaica"
] |
[
{
"text": " Arthur Frederick Richards , 1st Baron Milverton ( 21 February 1885 – 27 October 1978 ) , was a British colonial administrator who over his career served as Governor of North Borneo , Gambia , Fiji , Jamaica , and Nigeria . Early life and education . Richards was born in Bristol in 1885 , the son of William Richards . He was educated at Clifton College in Bristol , and graduated from Christ Church , Oxford , in 1907 with a BA .",
"title": "Arthur Richards , 1st Baron Milverton"
},
{
"text": " Richards entered the Malayan Civil Service in 1908 . By 1921 , he had become the Acting 1st Assistant Colonial Secretary for the Straits Settlements . He served as Acting Under-Secretary of the Federated Malay States in 1926 , and became full Under-Secretary from 1927 to 1929 . He was the Acting General Advisor in Johore between 1929 and 1920 , and from 1930 to 1933 he served as the Governor of Northern Borneo . Following this , he served as Governor of the Gambia from 1933 to 1936 .",
"title": "Colonial service"
},
{
"text": "He served as Governor of Fiji from 1936 to 1938 concurrently with High Commissioner of the Western Pacific . From 1938 to 1943 , he served as Governor of Jamaica . From 1943 to 1948 , he served as Governor of Nigeria . He was known in the Colonial Service as Old Sinister . He became the first Colonial Office official to be raised to the peerage while still in office . In 1986 , his former private secretary in Nigeria , Richard Peel , published a memoir of Richards , titled Old Sinister : A Memoir of Sir Arthur",
"title": "Colonial service"
},
{
"text": "Richards .",
"title": "Colonial service"
},
{
"text": " He was made a CMG in 1933 , elevated to KCMG in 1935 , and again to GCMG in 1942 . In 1947 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Milverton , of Lagos and of Clifton in the City of Bristol . He was also appointed as K.St.J. , and was awarded the US Medal of Freedom with Silver Palm .",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " In 1927 , Richards married Noelle Bënda Whitehead ( 18 December 1904 – 11 September 2010 ) , daughter of Charles Basil Whitehead . He died in October 1978 , aged 93 , and was succeeded in the Barony by his eldest son Fraser Arthur Richard Richards .",
"title": "Family"
}
] |
/wiki/Arthur_Richards,_1st_Baron_Milverton#P39#3
|
What position did Arthur Richards, 1st Baron Milverton take after Nov 1945?
|
Arthur Richards , 1st Baron Milverton Arthur Frederick Richards , 1st Baron Milverton ( 21 February 1885 – 27 October 1978 ) , was a British colonial administrator who over his career served as Governor of North Borneo , Gambia , Fiji , Jamaica , and Nigeria . Early life and education . Richards was born in Bristol in 1885 , the son of William Richards . He was educated at Clifton College in Bristol , and graduated from Christ Church , Oxford , in 1907 with a BA . Colonial service . Richards entered the Malayan Civil Service in 1908 . By 1921 , he had become the Acting 1st Assistant Colonial Secretary for the Straits Settlements . He served as Acting Under-Secretary of the Federated Malay States in 1926 , and became full Under-Secretary from 1927 to 1929 . He was the Acting General Advisor in Johore between 1929 and 1920 , and from 1930 to 1933 he served as the Governor of Northern Borneo . Following this , he served as Governor of the Gambia from 1933 to 1936 . He served as Governor of Fiji from 1936 to 1938 concurrently with High Commissioner of the Western Pacific . From 1938 to 1943 , he served as Governor of Jamaica . From 1943 to 1948 , he served as Governor of Nigeria . He was known in the Colonial Service as Old Sinister . He became the first Colonial Office official to be raised to the peerage while still in office . In 1986 , his former private secretary in Nigeria , Richard Peel , published a memoir of Richards , titled Old Sinister : A Memoir of Sir Arthur Richards . Honours . He was made a CMG in 1933 , elevated to KCMG in 1935 , and again to GCMG in 1942 . In 1947 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Milverton , of Lagos and of Clifton in the City of Bristol . He was also appointed as K.St.J. , and was awarded the US Medal of Freedom with Silver Palm . Family . In 1927 , Richards married Noelle Bënda Whitehead ( 18 December 1904 – 11 September 2010 ) , daughter of Charles Basil Whitehead . He died in October 1978 , aged 93 , and was succeeded in the Barony by his eldest son Fraser Arthur Richard Richards .
|
[
"Governor of Nigeria"
] |
[
{
"text": " Arthur Frederick Richards , 1st Baron Milverton ( 21 February 1885 – 27 October 1978 ) , was a British colonial administrator who over his career served as Governor of North Borneo , Gambia , Fiji , Jamaica , and Nigeria . Early life and education . Richards was born in Bristol in 1885 , the son of William Richards . He was educated at Clifton College in Bristol , and graduated from Christ Church , Oxford , in 1907 with a BA .",
"title": "Arthur Richards , 1st Baron Milverton"
},
{
"text": " Richards entered the Malayan Civil Service in 1908 . By 1921 , he had become the Acting 1st Assistant Colonial Secretary for the Straits Settlements . He served as Acting Under-Secretary of the Federated Malay States in 1926 , and became full Under-Secretary from 1927 to 1929 . He was the Acting General Advisor in Johore between 1929 and 1920 , and from 1930 to 1933 he served as the Governor of Northern Borneo . Following this , he served as Governor of the Gambia from 1933 to 1936 .",
"title": "Colonial service"
},
{
"text": "He served as Governor of Fiji from 1936 to 1938 concurrently with High Commissioner of the Western Pacific . From 1938 to 1943 , he served as Governor of Jamaica . From 1943 to 1948 , he served as Governor of Nigeria . He was known in the Colonial Service as Old Sinister . He became the first Colonial Office official to be raised to the peerage while still in office . In 1986 , his former private secretary in Nigeria , Richard Peel , published a memoir of Richards , titled Old Sinister : A Memoir of Sir Arthur",
"title": "Colonial service"
},
{
"text": "Richards .",
"title": "Colonial service"
},
{
"text": " He was made a CMG in 1933 , elevated to KCMG in 1935 , and again to GCMG in 1942 . In 1947 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Milverton , of Lagos and of Clifton in the City of Bristol . He was also appointed as K.St.J. , and was awarded the US Medal of Freedom with Silver Palm .",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " In 1927 , Richards married Noelle Bënda Whitehead ( 18 December 1904 – 11 September 2010 ) , daughter of Charles Basil Whitehead . He died in October 1978 , aged 93 , and was succeeded in the Barony by his eldest son Fraser Arthur Richard Richards .",
"title": "Family"
}
] |
/wiki/Nina_S._Gore#P26#0
|
Who was Nina S. Gore 's spouse in early 1930s?
|
Nina S . Gore Nina S . Olds ( née Gore ) ( July 25 , 1903 – April 3 , 1978 ) was an American actress and socialite known for her three marriages , to Eugene Vidal , Hugh D . Auchincloss , and Robert Olds , as well as her children , authors Gore Vidal and Nina Auchincloss . Early life . Nina S . Gore was born on July 25 , 1903 to U.S . Senator Thomas Gore and his wife Nina Belle Kay ( 1877–1963 ) , a Texas plantation owners daughter . She had a younger brother , Thomas Notley Gore ( 1910–1964 ) . Her father , who lost his eyesight during his youth , was said to have been an atheist and had a strong misanthropic streak . Ninas son would later write that he was a genuine populist ; but he did not like people very much . He always said no to anyone who wanted government aid . He was claimed to have said that If there was any race other than the human race , Id go join it . Thomas Gore died in 1949 . Life and personality . In 1928 , Gore made her Broadway debut in Sign of the Leopard , which opened at the National Theatre . In 1940 , Nina , an alternate delegate from Virginia to the Democratic convention announced her support of Wendell Willkie over Roosevelt . From 1925 until 1950 , she lived in Washington , D.C. . She later split her time between Cuernavaca , Mexico , and Southampton , New York . In the seven years preceding her death , she lived in San Antonio , Texas . Nina was known as a vivacious , quixotic , and unpredictable person . Her son Gore referred to her as an alcoholic and certifiably insane , as she likely suffered from bipolar disorder . She was candid about her sexual exploits and was said to have had an affair with John Hay Whitney in the early 1930s while he was married to Liz Whitney Tippett , at the same time Liz had an affair with Nina Vidals husband , Eugene Vidal.Nina also had a long off-and-on affair with the actor Clark Gable . She was also described thus : When she enters a room you feel here comes everything that is fresh , healthy and beautiful . Her skin glows warmly and her huge brown eyes are bright . An outdoor woman , she is full of indoor charm . Rides every day of her life . Gore was glamorous and has been described as a flighty mother with an apparent lack of maternal interest in her children . Her son , Gore Vidal , would later say about his mother , we rarely got into a conversation . It was pointless . She didn’t see me . I wished I didn’t see her . In 1949 , she loaned Gore $3,000 toward the purchase of Edgewater , his estate on the Hudson River . Personal life . In 1922 , Gore married Eugene Luther Vidal , an American commercial aviation pioneer . Because her father was ill and couldnt attend , U.S . Representative William A . Rodenberg walked her down the aisle . They divorced in 1935 . Together , they had one child : - Gore Vidal ( 1925-2012 ) , the writer . In 1935 , Nina married Hugh Dudley Auchincloss , Jr . ( 1897-1976 ) , the son of Hugh Dudley Auchincloss , Sr . ( 1858–1913 ) , a merchant and financier , and Emma Brewster Jennings . Hugh had previously been married to Maya Auchincloss ( 1899-1990 ) , a Russian noblewoman , from 1925 to 1932 . Hugh and Maya had one child , Hugh Dudley Auchincloss III ( 1927–2015 ) . Together , Nina and Hugh had two children : - Nina Auchincloss ( born 1937 ) , who married Newton Steers ( 1917–1993 ) in 1957 , after having briefly dated Ted Kennedy . They divorced in 1974 when she married Michael Whitney Straight ( 1916–2004 ) , a member of the Whitney family who was a publisher and novelist . Straight was the son of Willard Dickerman Straight ( 1880–1918 ) , an investment banker who died in Michaels infancy , and Dorothy Payne Whitney ( 1887–1968 ) , a philanthropist . They divorced in 1998 . - Thomas Gore Auchincloss ( born 1939 ) , who married Diana Lippert ( b . 1940 ) in 1960 . She was the daughter of Bernhard G . Lippert ( 1904–1947 ) , the former German Vice Consul in the U.S . They later divorced and Diana married Francis Shields , father of Brooke Shields and son of Francis Shields Sr . and Italian Princess Donna Marina Torlonia di Civitella-Cesi . Hugh and Nina S . Auchincloss divorced in 1941 . Hugh remarried to Janet Lee Bouvier ( 1907-1989 ) , the mother of future First Lady Jacqueline Lee Jackie Bouvier ( 1929–1994 ) and Caroline Lee Bouvier ( 1933–2019 ) . Hugh and Janet had two children together , Janet Jennings Auchincloss ( 1945–1985 ) and James Lee Auchincloss ( born 1947 ) . In June 1942 , Nina remarried for the third and final time to Robert Olds ( 1896-1943 ) . Robert died of pneumonia on April 28 , 1943 , after hospitalization for constrictive pericarditis and Libman-Sacks endocarditis , at the age of 46 , just prior to his son Robin Olds graduation from West Point . Nina died on April 3 , 1978 in New York City at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Hospital after a long illness . Descendants . Olds was the grandmother of Hugh Auchincloss Steers ( 1963–1995 ) , an artist and Burr Gore Steers ( born 1965 ) , a filmmaker .
|
[
"Eugene Vidal"
] |
[
{
"text": " Nina S . Olds ( née Gore ) ( July 25 , 1903 – April 3 , 1978 ) was an American actress and socialite known for her three marriages , to Eugene Vidal , Hugh D . Auchincloss , and Robert Olds , as well as her children , authors Gore Vidal and Nina Auchincloss .",
"title": "Nina S . Gore"
},
{
"text": "Nina S . Gore was born on July 25 , 1903 to U.S . Senator Thomas Gore and his wife Nina Belle Kay ( 1877–1963 ) , a Texas plantation owners daughter . She had a younger brother , Thomas Notley Gore ( 1910–1964 ) . Her father , who lost his eyesight during his youth , was said to have been an atheist and had a strong misanthropic streak . Ninas son would later write that he was a genuine populist ; but he did not like people very much . He always said no to anyone who wanted",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "government aid . He was claimed to have said that If there was any race other than the human race , Id go join it . Thomas Gore died in 1949 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " In 1928 , Gore made her Broadway debut in Sign of the Leopard , which opened at the National Theatre . In 1940 , Nina , an alternate delegate from Virginia to the Democratic convention announced her support of Wendell Willkie over Roosevelt . From 1925 until 1950 , she lived in Washington , D.C. . She later split her time between Cuernavaca , Mexico , and Southampton , New York . In the seven years preceding her death , she lived in San Antonio , Texas .",
"title": "Life and personality"
},
{
"text": "Nina was known as a vivacious , quixotic , and unpredictable person . Her son Gore referred to her as an alcoholic and certifiably insane , as she likely suffered from bipolar disorder . She was candid about her sexual exploits and was said to have had an affair with John Hay Whitney in the early 1930s while he was married to Liz Whitney Tippett , at the same time Liz had an affair with Nina Vidals husband , Eugene Vidal.Nina also had a long off-and-on affair with the actor Clark Gable . She was also described thus :",
"title": "Life and personality"
},
{
"text": " When she enters a room you feel here comes everything that is fresh , healthy and beautiful . Her skin glows warmly and her huge brown eyes are bright . An outdoor woman , she is full of indoor charm . Rides every day of her life .",
"title": "Life and personality"
},
{
"text": "Gore was glamorous and has been described as a flighty mother with an apparent lack of maternal interest in her children . Her son , Gore Vidal , would later say about his mother , we rarely got into a conversation . It was pointless . She didn’t see me . I wished I didn’t see her .",
"title": "Life and personality"
},
{
"text": " In 1949 , she loaned Gore $3,000 toward the purchase of Edgewater , his estate on the Hudson River .",
"title": "Life and personality"
},
{
"text": " In 1922 , Gore married Eugene Luther Vidal , an American commercial aviation pioneer . Because her father was ill and couldnt attend , U.S . Representative William A . Rodenberg walked her down the aisle . They divorced in 1935 . Together , they had one child : - Gore Vidal ( 1925-2012 ) , the writer .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "In 1935 , Nina married Hugh Dudley Auchincloss , Jr . ( 1897-1976 ) , the son of Hugh Dudley Auchincloss , Sr . ( 1858–1913 ) , a merchant and financier , and Emma Brewster Jennings . Hugh had previously been married to Maya Auchincloss ( 1899-1990 ) , a Russian noblewoman , from 1925 to 1932 . Hugh and Maya had one child , Hugh Dudley Auchincloss III ( 1927–2015 ) . Together , Nina and Hugh had two children :",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Nina Auchincloss ( born 1937 ) , who married Newton Steers ( 1917–1993 ) in 1957 , after having briefly dated Ted Kennedy . They divorced in 1974 when she married Michael Whitney Straight ( 1916–2004 ) , a member of the Whitney family who was a publisher and novelist . Straight was the son of Willard Dickerman Straight ( 1880–1918 ) , an investment banker who died in Michaels infancy , and Dorothy Payne Whitney ( 1887–1968 ) , a philanthropist . They divorced in 1998 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "- Thomas Gore Auchincloss ( born 1939 ) , who married Diana Lippert ( b . 1940 ) in 1960 . She was the daughter of Bernhard G . Lippert ( 1904–1947 ) , the former German Vice Consul in the U.S . They later divorced and Diana married Francis Shields , father of Brooke Shields and son of Francis Shields Sr . and Italian Princess Donna Marina Torlonia di Civitella-Cesi .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Hugh and Nina S . Auchincloss divorced in 1941 . Hugh remarried to Janet Lee Bouvier ( 1907-1989 ) , the mother of future First Lady Jacqueline Lee Jackie Bouvier ( 1929–1994 ) and Caroline Lee Bouvier ( 1933–2019 ) . Hugh and Janet had two children together , Janet Jennings Auchincloss ( 1945–1985 ) and James Lee Auchincloss ( born 1947 ) .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "In June 1942 , Nina remarried for the third and final time to Robert Olds ( 1896-1943 ) . Robert died of pneumonia on April 28 , 1943 , after hospitalization for constrictive pericarditis and Libman-Sacks endocarditis , at the age of 46 , just prior to his son Robin Olds graduation from West Point .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Nina died on April 3 , 1978 in New York City at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Hospital after a long illness .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Olds was the grandmother of Hugh Auchincloss Steers ( 1963–1995 ) , an artist and Burr Gore Steers ( born 1965 ) , a filmmaker .",
"title": "Descendants"
}
] |
/wiki/Nina_S._Gore#P26#1
|
Who was Nina S. Gore 's spouse in late 1930s?
|
Nina S . Gore Nina S . Olds ( née Gore ) ( July 25 , 1903 – April 3 , 1978 ) was an American actress and socialite known for her three marriages , to Eugene Vidal , Hugh D . Auchincloss , and Robert Olds , as well as her children , authors Gore Vidal and Nina Auchincloss . Early life . Nina S . Gore was born on July 25 , 1903 to U.S . Senator Thomas Gore and his wife Nina Belle Kay ( 1877–1963 ) , a Texas plantation owners daughter . She had a younger brother , Thomas Notley Gore ( 1910–1964 ) . Her father , who lost his eyesight during his youth , was said to have been an atheist and had a strong misanthropic streak . Ninas son would later write that he was a genuine populist ; but he did not like people very much . He always said no to anyone who wanted government aid . He was claimed to have said that If there was any race other than the human race , Id go join it . Thomas Gore died in 1949 . Life and personality . In 1928 , Gore made her Broadway debut in Sign of the Leopard , which opened at the National Theatre . In 1940 , Nina , an alternate delegate from Virginia to the Democratic convention announced her support of Wendell Willkie over Roosevelt . From 1925 until 1950 , she lived in Washington , D.C. . She later split her time between Cuernavaca , Mexico , and Southampton , New York . In the seven years preceding her death , she lived in San Antonio , Texas . Nina was known as a vivacious , quixotic , and unpredictable person . Her son Gore referred to her as an alcoholic and certifiably insane , as she likely suffered from bipolar disorder . She was candid about her sexual exploits and was said to have had an affair with John Hay Whitney in the early 1930s while he was married to Liz Whitney Tippett , at the same time Liz had an affair with Nina Vidals husband , Eugene Vidal.Nina also had a long off-and-on affair with the actor Clark Gable . She was also described thus : When she enters a room you feel here comes everything that is fresh , healthy and beautiful . Her skin glows warmly and her huge brown eyes are bright . An outdoor woman , she is full of indoor charm . Rides every day of her life . Gore was glamorous and has been described as a flighty mother with an apparent lack of maternal interest in her children . Her son , Gore Vidal , would later say about his mother , we rarely got into a conversation . It was pointless . She didn’t see me . I wished I didn’t see her . In 1949 , she loaned Gore $3,000 toward the purchase of Edgewater , his estate on the Hudson River . Personal life . In 1922 , Gore married Eugene Luther Vidal , an American commercial aviation pioneer . Because her father was ill and couldnt attend , U.S . Representative William A . Rodenberg walked her down the aisle . They divorced in 1935 . Together , they had one child : - Gore Vidal ( 1925-2012 ) , the writer . In 1935 , Nina married Hugh Dudley Auchincloss , Jr . ( 1897-1976 ) , the son of Hugh Dudley Auchincloss , Sr . ( 1858–1913 ) , a merchant and financier , and Emma Brewster Jennings . Hugh had previously been married to Maya Auchincloss ( 1899-1990 ) , a Russian noblewoman , from 1925 to 1932 . Hugh and Maya had one child , Hugh Dudley Auchincloss III ( 1927–2015 ) . Together , Nina and Hugh had two children : - Nina Auchincloss ( born 1937 ) , who married Newton Steers ( 1917–1993 ) in 1957 , after having briefly dated Ted Kennedy . They divorced in 1974 when she married Michael Whitney Straight ( 1916–2004 ) , a member of the Whitney family who was a publisher and novelist . Straight was the son of Willard Dickerman Straight ( 1880–1918 ) , an investment banker who died in Michaels infancy , and Dorothy Payne Whitney ( 1887–1968 ) , a philanthropist . They divorced in 1998 . - Thomas Gore Auchincloss ( born 1939 ) , who married Diana Lippert ( b . 1940 ) in 1960 . She was the daughter of Bernhard G . Lippert ( 1904–1947 ) , the former German Vice Consul in the U.S . They later divorced and Diana married Francis Shields , father of Brooke Shields and son of Francis Shields Sr . and Italian Princess Donna Marina Torlonia di Civitella-Cesi . Hugh and Nina S . Auchincloss divorced in 1941 . Hugh remarried to Janet Lee Bouvier ( 1907-1989 ) , the mother of future First Lady Jacqueline Lee Jackie Bouvier ( 1929–1994 ) and Caroline Lee Bouvier ( 1933–2019 ) . Hugh and Janet had two children together , Janet Jennings Auchincloss ( 1945–1985 ) and James Lee Auchincloss ( born 1947 ) . In June 1942 , Nina remarried for the third and final time to Robert Olds ( 1896-1943 ) . Robert died of pneumonia on April 28 , 1943 , after hospitalization for constrictive pericarditis and Libman-Sacks endocarditis , at the age of 46 , just prior to his son Robin Olds graduation from West Point . Nina died on April 3 , 1978 in New York City at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Hospital after a long illness . Descendants . Olds was the grandmother of Hugh Auchincloss Steers ( 1963–1995 ) , an artist and Burr Gore Steers ( born 1965 ) , a filmmaker .
|
[
"Hugh Dudley Auchincloss"
] |
[
{
"text": " Nina S . Olds ( née Gore ) ( July 25 , 1903 – April 3 , 1978 ) was an American actress and socialite known for her three marriages , to Eugene Vidal , Hugh D . Auchincloss , and Robert Olds , as well as her children , authors Gore Vidal and Nina Auchincloss .",
"title": "Nina S . Gore"
},
{
"text": "Nina S . Gore was born on July 25 , 1903 to U.S . Senator Thomas Gore and his wife Nina Belle Kay ( 1877–1963 ) , a Texas plantation owners daughter . She had a younger brother , Thomas Notley Gore ( 1910–1964 ) . Her father , who lost his eyesight during his youth , was said to have been an atheist and had a strong misanthropic streak . Ninas son would later write that he was a genuine populist ; but he did not like people very much . He always said no to anyone who wanted",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "government aid . He was claimed to have said that If there was any race other than the human race , Id go join it . Thomas Gore died in 1949 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " In 1928 , Gore made her Broadway debut in Sign of the Leopard , which opened at the National Theatre . In 1940 , Nina , an alternate delegate from Virginia to the Democratic convention announced her support of Wendell Willkie over Roosevelt . From 1925 until 1950 , she lived in Washington , D.C. . She later split her time between Cuernavaca , Mexico , and Southampton , New York . In the seven years preceding her death , she lived in San Antonio , Texas .",
"title": "Life and personality"
},
{
"text": "Nina was known as a vivacious , quixotic , and unpredictable person . Her son Gore referred to her as an alcoholic and certifiably insane , as she likely suffered from bipolar disorder . She was candid about her sexual exploits and was said to have had an affair with John Hay Whitney in the early 1930s while he was married to Liz Whitney Tippett , at the same time Liz had an affair with Nina Vidals husband , Eugene Vidal.Nina also had a long off-and-on affair with the actor Clark Gable . She was also described thus :",
"title": "Life and personality"
},
{
"text": " When she enters a room you feel here comes everything that is fresh , healthy and beautiful . Her skin glows warmly and her huge brown eyes are bright . An outdoor woman , she is full of indoor charm . Rides every day of her life .",
"title": "Life and personality"
},
{
"text": "Gore was glamorous and has been described as a flighty mother with an apparent lack of maternal interest in her children . Her son , Gore Vidal , would later say about his mother , we rarely got into a conversation . It was pointless . She didn’t see me . I wished I didn’t see her .",
"title": "Life and personality"
},
{
"text": " In 1949 , she loaned Gore $3,000 toward the purchase of Edgewater , his estate on the Hudson River .",
"title": "Life and personality"
},
{
"text": " In 1922 , Gore married Eugene Luther Vidal , an American commercial aviation pioneer . Because her father was ill and couldnt attend , U.S . Representative William A . Rodenberg walked her down the aisle . They divorced in 1935 . Together , they had one child : - Gore Vidal ( 1925-2012 ) , the writer .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "In 1935 , Nina married Hugh Dudley Auchincloss , Jr . ( 1897-1976 ) , the son of Hugh Dudley Auchincloss , Sr . ( 1858–1913 ) , a merchant and financier , and Emma Brewster Jennings . Hugh had previously been married to Maya Auchincloss ( 1899-1990 ) , a Russian noblewoman , from 1925 to 1932 . Hugh and Maya had one child , Hugh Dudley Auchincloss III ( 1927–2015 ) . Together , Nina and Hugh had two children :",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Nina Auchincloss ( born 1937 ) , who married Newton Steers ( 1917–1993 ) in 1957 , after having briefly dated Ted Kennedy . They divorced in 1974 when she married Michael Whitney Straight ( 1916–2004 ) , a member of the Whitney family who was a publisher and novelist . Straight was the son of Willard Dickerman Straight ( 1880–1918 ) , an investment banker who died in Michaels infancy , and Dorothy Payne Whitney ( 1887–1968 ) , a philanthropist . They divorced in 1998 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "- Thomas Gore Auchincloss ( born 1939 ) , who married Diana Lippert ( b . 1940 ) in 1960 . She was the daughter of Bernhard G . Lippert ( 1904–1947 ) , the former German Vice Consul in the U.S . They later divorced and Diana married Francis Shields , father of Brooke Shields and son of Francis Shields Sr . and Italian Princess Donna Marina Torlonia di Civitella-Cesi .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Hugh and Nina S . Auchincloss divorced in 1941 . Hugh remarried to Janet Lee Bouvier ( 1907-1989 ) , the mother of future First Lady Jacqueline Lee Jackie Bouvier ( 1929–1994 ) and Caroline Lee Bouvier ( 1933–2019 ) . Hugh and Janet had two children together , Janet Jennings Auchincloss ( 1945–1985 ) and James Lee Auchincloss ( born 1947 ) .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "In June 1942 , Nina remarried for the third and final time to Robert Olds ( 1896-1943 ) . Robert died of pneumonia on April 28 , 1943 , after hospitalization for constrictive pericarditis and Libman-Sacks endocarditis , at the age of 46 , just prior to his son Robin Olds graduation from West Point .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Nina died on April 3 , 1978 in New York City at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Hospital after a long illness .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Olds was the grandmother of Hugh Auchincloss Steers ( 1963–1995 ) , an artist and Burr Gore Steers ( born 1965 ) , a filmmaker .",
"title": "Descendants"
}
] |
/wiki/Nina_S._Gore#P26#2
|
Who was Nina S. Gore 's spouse between Aug 1942 and Oct 1942?
|
Nina S . Gore Nina S . Olds ( née Gore ) ( July 25 , 1903 – April 3 , 1978 ) was an American actress and socialite known for her three marriages , to Eugene Vidal , Hugh D . Auchincloss , and Robert Olds , as well as her children , authors Gore Vidal and Nina Auchincloss . Early life . Nina S . Gore was born on July 25 , 1903 to U.S . Senator Thomas Gore and his wife Nina Belle Kay ( 1877–1963 ) , a Texas plantation owners daughter . She had a younger brother , Thomas Notley Gore ( 1910–1964 ) . Her father , who lost his eyesight during his youth , was said to have been an atheist and had a strong misanthropic streak . Ninas son would later write that he was a genuine populist ; but he did not like people very much . He always said no to anyone who wanted government aid . He was claimed to have said that If there was any race other than the human race , Id go join it . Thomas Gore died in 1949 . Life and personality . In 1928 , Gore made her Broadway debut in Sign of the Leopard , which opened at the National Theatre . In 1940 , Nina , an alternate delegate from Virginia to the Democratic convention announced her support of Wendell Willkie over Roosevelt . From 1925 until 1950 , she lived in Washington , D.C. . She later split her time between Cuernavaca , Mexico , and Southampton , New York . In the seven years preceding her death , she lived in San Antonio , Texas . Nina was known as a vivacious , quixotic , and unpredictable person . Her son Gore referred to her as an alcoholic and certifiably insane , as she likely suffered from bipolar disorder . She was candid about her sexual exploits and was said to have had an affair with John Hay Whitney in the early 1930s while he was married to Liz Whitney Tippett , at the same time Liz had an affair with Nina Vidals husband , Eugene Vidal.Nina also had a long off-and-on affair with the actor Clark Gable . She was also described thus : When she enters a room you feel here comes everything that is fresh , healthy and beautiful . Her skin glows warmly and her huge brown eyes are bright . An outdoor woman , she is full of indoor charm . Rides every day of her life . Gore was glamorous and has been described as a flighty mother with an apparent lack of maternal interest in her children . Her son , Gore Vidal , would later say about his mother , we rarely got into a conversation . It was pointless . She didn’t see me . I wished I didn’t see her . In 1949 , she loaned Gore $3,000 toward the purchase of Edgewater , his estate on the Hudson River . Personal life . In 1922 , Gore married Eugene Luther Vidal , an American commercial aviation pioneer . Because her father was ill and couldnt attend , U.S . Representative William A . Rodenberg walked her down the aisle . They divorced in 1935 . Together , they had one child : - Gore Vidal ( 1925-2012 ) , the writer . In 1935 , Nina married Hugh Dudley Auchincloss , Jr . ( 1897-1976 ) , the son of Hugh Dudley Auchincloss , Sr . ( 1858–1913 ) , a merchant and financier , and Emma Brewster Jennings . Hugh had previously been married to Maya Auchincloss ( 1899-1990 ) , a Russian noblewoman , from 1925 to 1932 . Hugh and Maya had one child , Hugh Dudley Auchincloss III ( 1927–2015 ) . Together , Nina and Hugh had two children : - Nina Auchincloss ( born 1937 ) , who married Newton Steers ( 1917–1993 ) in 1957 , after having briefly dated Ted Kennedy . They divorced in 1974 when she married Michael Whitney Straight ( 1916–2004 ) , a member of the Whitney family who was a publisher and novelist . Straight was the son of Willard Dickerman Straight ( 1880–1918 ) , an investment banker who died in Michaels infancy , and Dorothy Payne Whitney ( 1887–1968 ) , a philanthropist . They divorced in 1998 . - Thomas Gore Auchincloss ( born 1939 ) , who married Diana Lippert ( b . 1940 ) in 1960 . She was the daughter of Bernhard G . Lippert ( 1904–1947 ) , the former German Vice Consul in the U.S . They later divorced and Diana married Francis Shields , father of Brooke Shields and son of Francis Shields Sr . and Italian Princess Donna Marina Torlonia di Civitella-Cesi . Hugh and Nina S . Auchincloss divorced in 1941 . Hugh remarried to Janet Lee Bouvier ( 1907-1989 ) , the mother of future First Lady Jacqueline Lee Jackie Bouvier ( 1929–1994 ) and Caroline Lee Bouvier ( 1933–2019 ) . Hugh and Janet had two children together , Janet Jennings Auchincloss ( 1945–1985 ) and James Lee Auchincloss ( born 1947 ) . In June 1942 , Nina remarried for the third and final time to Robert Olds ( 1896-1943 ) . Robert died of pneumonia on April 28 , 1943 , after hospitalization for constrictive pericarditis and Libman-Sacks endocarditis , at the age of 46 , just prior to his son Robin Olds graduation from West Point . Nina died on April 3 , 1978 in New York City at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Hospital after a long illness . Descendants . Olds was the grandmother of Hugh Auchincloss Steers ( 1963–1995 ) , an artist and Burr Gore Steers ( born 1965 ) , a filmmaker .
|
[
"Robert Olds"
] |
[
{
"text": " Nina S . Olds ( née Gore ) ( July 25 , 1903 – April 3 , 1978 ) was an American actress and socialite known for her three marriages , to Eugene Vidal , Hugh D . Auchincloss , and Robert Olds , as well as her children , authors Gore Vidal and Nina Auchincloss .",
"title": "Nina S . Gore"
},
{
"text": "Nina S . Gore was born on July 25 , 1903 to U.S . Senator Thomas Gore and his wife Nina Belle Kay ( 1877–1963 ) , a Texas plantation owners daughter . She had a younger brother , Thomas Notley Gore ( 1910–1964 ) . Her father , who lost his eyesight during his youth , was said to have been an atheist and had a strong misanthropic streak . Ninas son would later write that he was a genuine populist ; but he did not like people very much . He always said no to anyone who wanted",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "government aid . He was claimed to have said that If there was any race other than the human race , Id go join it . Thomas Gore died in 1949 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " In 1928 , Gore made her Broadway debut in Sign of the Leopard , which opened at the National Theatre . In 1940 , Nina , an alternate delegate from Virginia to the Democratic convention announced her support of Wendell Willkie over Roosevelt . From 1925 until 1950 , she lived in Washington , D.C. . She later split her time between Cuernavaca , Mexico , and Southampton , New York . In the seven years preceding her death , she lived in San Antonio , Texas .",
"title": "Life and personality"
},
{
"text": "Nina was known as a vivacious , quixotic , and unpredictable person . Her son Gore referred to her as an alcoholic and certifiably insane , as she likely suffered from bipolar disorder . She was candid about her sexual exploits and was said to have had an affair with John Hay Whitney in the early 1930s while he was married to Liz Whitney Tippett , at the same time Liz had an affair with Nina Vidals husband , Eugene Vidal.Nina also had a long off-and-on affair with the actor Clark Gable . She was also described thus :",
"title": "Life and personality"
},
{
"text": " When she enters a room you feel here comes everything that is fresh , healthy and beautiful . Her skin glows warmly and her huge brown eyes are bright . An outdoor woman , she is full of indoor charm . Rides every day of her life .",
"title": "Life and personality"
},
{
"text": "Gore was glamorous and has been described as a flighty mother with an apparent lack of maternal interest in her children . Her son , Gore Vidal , would later say about his mother , we rarely got into a conversation . It was pointless . She didn’t see me . I wished I didn’t see her .",
"title": "Life and personality"
},
{
"text": " In 1949 , she loaned Gore $3,000 toward the purchase of Edgewater , his estate on the Hudson River .",
"title": "Life and personality"
},
{
"text": " In 1922 , Gore married Eugene Luther Vidal , an American commercial aviation pioneer . Because her father was ill and couldnt attend , U.S . Representative William A . Rodenberg walked her down the aisle . They divorced in 1935 . Together , they had one child : - Gore Vidal ( 1925-2012 ) , the writer .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "In 1935 , Nina married Hugh Dudley Auchincloss , Jr . ( 1897-1976 ) , the son of Hugh Dudley Auchincloss , Sr . ( 1858–1913 ) , a merchant and financier , and Emma Brewster Jennings . Hugh had previously been married to Maya Auchincloss ( 1899-1990 ) , a Russian noblewoman , from 1925 to 1932 . Hugh and Maya had one child , Hugh Dudley Auchincloss III ( 1927–2015 ) . Together , Nina and Hugh had two children :",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Nina Auchincloss ( born 1937 ) , who married Newton Steers ( 1917–1993 ) in 1957 , after having briefly dated Ted Kennedy . They divorced in 1974 when she married Michael Whitney Straight ( 1916–2004 ) , a member of the Whitney family who was a publisher and novelist . Straight was the son of Willard Dickerman Straight ( 1880–1918 ) , an investment banker who died in Michaels infancy , and Dorothy Payne Whitney ( 1887–1968 ) , a philanthropist . They divorced in 1998 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "- Thomas Gore Auchincloss ( born 1939 ) , who married Diana Lippert ( b . 1940 ) in 1960 . She was the daughter of Bernhard G . Lippert ( 1904–1947 ) , the former German Vice Consul in the U.S . They later divorced and Diana married Francis Shields , father of Brooke Shields and son of Francis Shields Sr . and Italian Princess Donna Marina Torlonia di Civitella-Cesi .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Hugh and Nina S . Auchincloss divorced in 1941 . Hugh remarried to Janet Lee Bouvier ( 1907-1989 ) , the mother of future First Lady Jacqueline Lee Jackie Bouvier ( 1929–1994 ) and Caroline Lee Bouvier ( 1933–2019 ) . Hugh and Janet had two children together , Janet Jennings Auchincloss ( 1945–1985 ) and James Lee Auchincloss ( born 1947 ) .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "In June 1942 , Nina remarried for the third and final time to Robert Olds ( 1896-1943 ) . Robert died of pneumonia on April 28 , 1943 , after hospitalization for constrictive pericarditis and Libman-Sacks endocarditis , at the age of 46 , just prior to his son Robin Olds graduation from West Point .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Nina died on April 3 , 1978 in New York City at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Hospital after a long illness .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Olds was the grandmother of Hugh Auchincloss Steers ( 1963–1995 ) , an artist and Burr Gore Steers ( born 1965 ) , a filmmaker .",
"title": "Descendants"
}
] |
/wiki/U.S._Salernitana_1919#P286#0
|
Who coached the team U.S. Salernitana 1919 between Jan 2001 and Mar 2001?
|
U.S . Salernitana 1919 Unione Sportiva Salernitana 1919 , commonly referred to as Salernitana , is an Italian football club based in Salerno , Campania . Salernitana returned to Serie A in 2021 , after a break of 23 seasons , having finished second in Serie B . Previously in 2015 I Granata were promoted to Serie B , having finished first in Lega Pro Prima Divisione - Girone C . The club is the legitimate heir of the former Salernitana Calcio 1919 and there is a sports continuity also with the former Salerno Calcio in the 2011–12 season which restarted from Serie D rather than from Terza Categoria due to Article 52 NOIF of FIGC . The club – named Salerno Calcio – was promoted to Lega Pro Seconda Divisione as it re-obtained the original name of U.S . Salernitana 1919 . It was promoted to Lega Pro Prima Divisione the following season . History . From Unione Sportiva Salernitana to Salernitana Calcio 1919 . The Salerno-based club was originally founded in 1919 as the Unione Sportiva Salernitana . The club was known as Società Sportiva Salernitanaudax for a time during the 1920s following a merger with Audax Salerno . In 1978 , the club was renamed Salernitana Sport . The club has spent the majority of their history at the Serie B and Serie C levels of Italian football . Salernitana play their home matches at Stadio Arechi . In their early years , Salernitana competed in the regional Italian Football Championship . They played at this level for four seasons during the 1920s . Since that time the club returned to the top level of Italian football twice ; they played in Serie A during 1947–48 and 1998–99 . In 2005 the club went bankrupt but were refounded by Antonio Lombardi , changing the name from Salernitana Sport to Salernitana Calcio 1919 . In summer 2011 , it did not appeal against the exclusion by Commissione di Vigilanza sulle Società di Calcio Professionistiche ( Co.Vi.So.C ) and it is excluded by the Italian football . Club refoundation : from Serie D to the top flight . On 21 July 2011 , following the exclusion of the original Salernitana club , Salerno mayor Vincenzo De Luca , in compliance with Article 52 of N.O.I.F. , assigned the new title to Marco Mezzaroma , brother-in-law of Lazio owner and chairman Claudio Lotito . The new club was admitted to Serie D under the denomination of Salerno Calcio . In the 2011–12 season , Salernitana was immediately promoted to Lega Pro Seconda Divisione after winning Group G of Serie D . On 12 July 2012 the club was renamed US Salernitana 1919 . In the 2012–13 Lega Pro Seconda Divisione season , Salernitana finished first in Girone B , and was promoted to Lega Pro Prima Divisione . This was the second consecutive promotion for the team . Finally Salernitana won Group C of Lega Pro and returned Serie B in 2014–15 season . After several seasons at Serie B level , Salernitana won promotion to Serie A at the end of the 2020–21 Serie B season under the tenure of head coach Fabrizio Castori . Salernitanas promotion in Serie A will however require Lotito and Mezzaroma to sell the club , due to Italian football laws not allowing two clubs from the same owner to play in the same league . Colours , badge and nicknames . Salernitana originally wore light blue and white striped shirts , known in Italy as biancocelesti . The blue on the shirt was chosen to represent the sea , Salerno the city lies right next to the Gulf of Salerno and has a long tradition as a port city . In the 1940s , the club changed to garnet coloured shirts , which has gained them the nickname granata in their homeland . During the 2011–12 season their kit colours were striped blue and deep red , resembling F.C . Barcelona . The symbol of St . Matthew , patron saint of Salerno , was also a part of the redesigned kit . Since renaming the club US Salernitana 1919 , however , their home colours have again been the traditional garnet . The 100th anniversary logo was announced on June 24 , 2019 and appeared on their 2019–20 season kits . Honours . - Serie B : - Serie C / Serie C1 : - Coppa Italia Serie C : - Lega Pro Seconda Divisione : - Supercoppa di Lega di Seconda Divisione - Serie D : Former players . These former players have recorded starts for their respective national teams . For Italian national football team : - Roberto Breda - David Di Michele - Marco Di Vaio - Salvatore Fresi - Gennaro Gattuso - Walter Zenga From other national football team : - Erjon Bogdani - Andrei Cristea - Francesco Di Jorio - Bülent Eken - Norbert Gyömbér - Phil Masinga - Roberto Merino - Ruslan Nigmatullin - Siyabonga Nomvethe - Rigobert Song - Danny Tiatto - Marco Zoro Managers . - Géza Kertész ( 1929–31 ) - Pietro Leone ( 1931–32 ) - Ferenc Hirzer ( 1936–38 ) - Attila Sallustro ( 1939 ) - Ferenc Hirzer ( 1940–41 ) - Géza Kertész ( 1943–44 ) - Giuseppe Viani ( 1946–48 ) - Arnaldo Sentimenti ( 1950 ) - Rodolphe Hiden ( 1951–52 ) - Paolo Todeschini ( 1956–57 ) - Nicolò Nicolosi ( 1958–59 ) - Ettore Puricelli ( 1960–61 ) - Gyula Zsengellér ( 1961–62 ) - Rodolphe Hiden ( 1963–64 ) - Pietro Magni ( 1969 ) - Lucio Mujesan ( 1977 ) - Enea Masiero ( 1977–78 ) - Lucio Mujesan ( 1978 ) - Lamberto Leonardi ( 1980–81 ) - Romano Mattè ( 1981–82 ) - Francisco Lojacono ( 1982–83 ) - Mario Facco ( 1983–84 ) - Gian Piero Ghio ( 1984–86 ) - Lamberto Leonardi ( 1989 ) - Giovanni Simonelli ( 1991–92 ) - Tarcisio Burgnich ( 1991–92 ) - Giuliano Sonzogni ( 1992–93 ) - Delio Rossi ( 1993–95 ) - Franco Colomba ( 1995–97 ) - Delio Rossi ( 1997–99 ) - Luigi Cagni ( 1999–2000 ) - Nedo Sonetti ( 2000–01 ) - Zdeněk Zeman ( 2001–02 ) - Stefano Pioli ( 2003–04 ) - Angelo Gregucci ( 2004–05 ) - Stefano Cuoghi ( 2005–06 ) - Gianfranco Bellotto ( 2006–07 ) - Andrea Agostinelli ( 2007 ) - Fabio Brini ( 2008 ) - Fabrizio Castori ( 2008 ) - Bortolo Mutti ( 2008–09 ) - Fabrizio Castori ( 2009 ) - Fabio Brini ( 2009 ) - Marco Cari ( 2009 ) - Gianluca Grassadonia ( 2010 ) - Roberto Breda ( 2010–11 ) - Carlo Perrone ( 2011–12 ) - Giuseppe Galderisi ( 2012 ) - Carlo Perrone ( 2012–13 ) - Stefano Sanderra ( 2013 ) - Carlo Perrone ( 2013 ) - Angelo Gregucci ( 2014 ) - Mario Somma ( 2014 ) - Leonardo Menichini ( 2014–15 ) - Vincenzo Torrente ( 2015–16 ) - Leonardo Menichini ( 2016 ) - Giuseppe Sannino ( 2016 ) - Alberto Bollini ( 2016–17 ) - Stefano Colantuono ( 2017–18 ) - Angelo Gregucci ( 2018–19 ) - Leonardo Menichini ( 2019 ) - Gian Piero Ventura ( 2019–2020 ) - Fabrizio Castori ( 2020– )
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Unione Sportiva Salernitana 1919 , commonly referred to as Salernitana , is an Italian football club based in Salerno , Campania . Salernitana returned to Serie A in 2021 , after a break of 23 seasons , having finished second in Serie B . Previously in 2015 I Granata were promoted to Serie B , having finished first in Lega Pro Prima Divisione - Girone C .",
"title": "U.S . Salernitana 1919"
},
{
"text": "The club is the legitimate heir of the former Salernitana Calcio 1919 and there is a sports continuity also with the former Salerno Calcio in the 2011–12 season which restarted from Serie D rather than from Terza Categoria due to Article 52 NOIF of FIGC .",
"title": "U.S . Salernitana 1919"
},
{
"text": " The club – named Salerno Calcio – was promoted to Lega Pro Seconda Divisione as it re-obtained the original name of U.S . Salernitana 1919 . It was promoted to Lega Pro Prima Divisione the following season .",
"title": "U.S . Salernitana 1919"
},
{
"text": " From Unione Sportiva Salernitana to Salernitana Calcio 1919 . The Salerno-based club was originally founded in 1919 as the Unione Sportiva Salernitana . The club was known as Società Sportiva Salernitanaudax for a time during the 1920s following a merger with Audax Salerno . In 1978 , the club was renamed Salernitana Sport . The club has spent the majority of their history at the Serie B and Serie C levels of Italian football . Salernitana play their home matches at Stadio Arechi .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In their early years , Salernitana competed in the regional Italian Football Championship . They played at this level for four seasons during the 1920s . Since that time the club returned to the top level of Italian football twice ; they played in Serie A during 1947–48 and 1998–99 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 2005 the club went bankrupt but were refounded by Antonio Lombardi , changing the name from Salernitana Sport to Salernitana Calcio 1919 . In summer 2011 , it did not appeal against the exclusion by Commissione di Vigilanza sulle Società di Calcio Professionistiche ( Co.Vi.So.C ) and it is excluded by the Italian football . Club refoundation : from Serie D to the top flight .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On 21 July 2011 , following the exclusion of the original Salernitana club , Salerno mayor Vincenzo De Luca , in compliance with Article 52 of N.O.I.F. , assigned the new title to Marco Mezzaroma , brother-in-law of Lazio owner and chairman Claudio Lotito . The new club was admitted to Serie D under the denomination of Salerno Calcio .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In the 2011–12 season , Salernitana was immediately promoted to Lega Pro Seconda Divisione after winning Group G of Serie D . On 12 July 2012 the club was renamed US Salernitana 1919 . In the 2012–13 Lega Pro Seconda Divisione season , Salernitana finished first in Girone B , and was promoted to Lega Pro Prima Divisione . This was the second consecutive promotion for the team . Finally Salernitana won Group C of Lega Pro and returned Serie B in 2014–15 season .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "After several seasons at Serie B level , Salernitana won promotion to Serie A at the end of the 2020–21 Serie B season under the tenure of head coach Fabrizio Castori . Salernitanas promotion in Serie A will however require Lotito and Mezzaroma to sell the club , due to Italian football laws not allowing two clubs from the same owner to play in the same league .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Colours , badge and nicknames . Salernitana originally wore light blue and white striped shirts , known in Italy as biancocelesti . The blue on the shirt was chosen to represent the sea , Salerno the city lies right next to the Gulf of Salerno and has a long tradition as a port city . In the 1940s , the club changed to garnet coloured shirts , which has gained them the nickname granata in their homeland .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "During the 2011–12 season their kit colours were striped blue and deep red , resembling F.C . Barcelona . The symbol of St . Matthew , patron saint of Salerno , was also a part of the redesigned kit .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Since renaming the club US Salernitana 1919 , however , their home colours have again been the traditional garnet . The 100th anniversary logo was announced on June 24 , 2019 and appeared on their 2019–20 season kits .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - Serie B : - Serie C / Serie C1 : - Coppa Italia Serie C : - Lega Pro Seconda Divisione : - Supercoppa di Lega di Seconda Divisione - Serie D :",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " These former players have recorded starts for their respective national teams . For Italian national football team : - Roberto Breda - David Di Michele - Marco Di Vaio - Salvatore Fresi - Gennaro Gattuso - Walter Zenga From other national football team : - Erjon Bogdani - Andrei Cristea - Francesco Di Jorio - Bülent Eken - Norbert Gyömbér - Phil Masinga - Roberto Merino - Ruslan Nigmatullin - Siyabonga Nomvethe - Rigobert Song - Danny Tiatto - Marco Zoro",
"title": "Former players"
},
{
"text": " - Géza Kertész ( 1929–31 ) - Pietro Leone ( 1931–32 ) - Ferenc Hirzer ( 1936–38 ) - Attila Sallustro ( 1939 ) - Ferenc Hirzer ( 1940–41 ) - Géza Kertész ( 1943–44 ) - Giuseppe Viani ( 1946–48 ) - Arnaldo Sentimenti ( 1950 ) - Rodolphe Hiden ( 1951–52 ) - Paolo Todeschini ( 1956–57 ) - Nicolò Nicolosi ( 1958–59 ) - Ettore Puricelli ( 1960–61 ) - Gyula Zsengellér ( 1961–62 ) - Rodolphe Hiden ( 1963–64 ) - Pietro Magni ( 1969 ) - Lucio Mujesan ( 1977 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": "- Enea Masiero ( 1977–78 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": " - Lucio Mujesan ( 1978 ) - Lamberto Leonardi ( 1980–81 ) - Romano Mattè ( 1981–82 ) - Francisco Lojacono ( 1982–83 ) - Mario Facco ( 1983–84 ) - Gian Piero Ghio ( 1984–86 ) - Lamberto Leonardi ( 1989 ) - Giovanni Simonelli ( 1991–92 ) - Tarcisio Burgnich ( 1991–92 ) - Giuliano Sonzogni ( 1992–93 ) - Delio Rossi ( 1993–95 ) - Franco Colomba ( 1995–97 ) - Delio Rossi ( 1997–99 ) - Luigi Cagni ( 1999–2000 ) - Nedo Sonetti ( 2000–01 ) - Zdeněk Zeman ( 2001–02 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": "- Stefano Pioli ( 2003–04 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": " - Angelo Gregucci ( 2004–05 ) - Stefano Cuoghi ( 2005–06 ) - Gianfranco Bellotto ( 2006–07 ) - Andrea Agostinelli ( 2007 ) - Fabio Brini ( 2008 ) - Fabrizio Castori ( 2008 ) - Bortolo Mutti ( 2008–09 ) - Fabrizio Castori ( 2009 ) - Fabio Brini ( 2009 ) - Marco Cari ( 2009 ) - Gianluca Grassadonia ( 2010 ) - Roberto Breda ( 2010–11 ) - Carlo Perrone ( 2011–12 ) - Giuseppe Galderisi ( 2012 ) - Carlo Perrone ( 2012–13 ) - Stefano Sanderra ( 2013 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": "- Carlo Perrone ( 2013 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": " - Angelo Gregucci ( 2014 ) - Mario Somma ( 2014 ) - Leonardo Menichini ( 2014–15 ) - Vincenzo Torrente ( 2015–16 ) - Leonardo Menichini ( 2016 ) - Giuseppe Sannino ( 2016 ) - Alberto Bollini ( 2016–17 ) - Stefano Colantuono ( 2017–18 ) - Angelo Gregucci ( 2018–19 ) - Leonardo Menichini ( 2019 ) - Gian Piero Ventura ( 2019–2020 ) - Fabrizio Castori ( 2020– )",
"title": "Managers"
}
] |
/wiki/U.S._Salernitana_1919#P286#1
|
Who coached the team U.S. Salernitana 1919 in Nov 2001?
|
U.S . Salernitana 1919 Unione Sportiva Salernitana 1919 , commonly referred to as Salernitana , is an Italian football club based in Salerno , Campania . Salernitana returned to Serie A in 2021 , after a break of 23 seasons , having finished second in Serie B . Previously in 2015 I Granata were promoted to Serie B , having finished first in Lega Pro Prima Divisione - Girone C . The club is the legitimate heir of the former Salernitana Calcio 1919 and there is a sports continuity also with the former Salerno Calcio in the 2011–12 season which restarted from Serie D rather than from Terza Categoria due to Article 52 NOIF of FIGC . The club – named Salerno Calcio – was promoted to Lega Pro Seconda Divisione as it re-obtained the original name of U.S . Salernitana 1919 . It was promoted to Lega Pro Prima Divisione the following season . History . From Unione Sportiva Salernitana to Salernitana Calcio 1919 . The Salerno-based club was originally founded in 1919 as the Unione Sportiva Salernitana . The club was known as Società Sportiva Salernitanaudax for a time during the 1920s following a merger with Audax Salerno . In 1978 , the club was renamed Salernitana Sport . The club has spent the majority of their history at the Serie B and Serie C levels of Italian football . Salernitana play their home matches at Stadio Arechi . In their early years , Salernitana competed in the regional Italian Football Championship . They played at this level for four seasons during the 1920s . Since that time the club returned to the top level of Italian football twice ; they played in Serie A during 1947–48 and 1998–99 . In 2005 the club went bankrupt but were refounded by Antonio Lombardi , changing the name from Salernitana Sport to Salernitana Calcio 1919 . In summer 2011 , it did not appeal against the exclusion by Commissione di Vigilanza sulle Società di Calcio Professionistiche ( Co.Vi.So.C ) and it is excluded by the Italian football . Club refoundation : from Serie D to the top flight . On 21 July 2011 , following the exclusion of the original Salernitana club , Salerno mayor Vincenzo De Luca , in compliance with Article 52 of N.O.I.F. , assigned the new title to Marco Mezzaroma , brother-in-law of Lazio owner and chairman Claudio Lotito . The new club was admitted to Serie D under the denomination of Salerno Calcio . In the 2011–12 season , Salernitana was immediately promoted to Lega Pro Seconda Divisione after winning Group G of Serie D . On 12 July 2012 the club was renamed US Salernitana 1919 . In the 2012–13 Lega Pro Seconda Divisione season , Salernitana finished first in Girone B , and was promoted to Lega Pro Prima Divisione . This was the second consecutive promotion for the team . Finally Salernitana won Group C of Lega Pro and returned Serie B in 2014–15 season . After several seasons at Serie B level , Salernitana won promotion to Serie A at the end of the 2020–21 Serie B season under the tenure of head coach Fabrizio Castori . Salernitanas promotion in Serie A will however require Lotito and Mezzaroma to sell the club , due to Italian football laws not allowing two clubs from the same owner to play in the same league . Colours , badge and nicknames . Salernitana originally wore light blue and white striped shirts , known in Italy as biancocelesti . The blue on the shirt was chosen to represent the sea , Salerno the city lies right next to the Gulf of Salerno and has a long tradition as a port city . In the 1940s , the club changed to garnet coloured shirts , which has gained them the nickname granata in their homeland . During the 2011–12 season their kit colours were striped blue and deep red , resembling F.C . Barcelona . The symbol of St . Matthew , patron saint of Salerno , was also a part of the redesigned kit . Since renaming the club US Salernitana 1919 , however , their home colours have again been the traditional garnet . The 100th anniversary logo was announced on June 24 , 2019 and appeared on their 2019–20 season kits . Honours . - Serie B : - Serie C / Serie C1 : - Coppa Italia Serie C : - Lega Pro Seconda Divisione : - Supercoppa di Lega di Seconda Divisione - Serie D : Former players . These former players have recorded starts for their respective national teams . For Italian national football team : - Roberto Breda - David Di Michele - Marco Di Vaio - Salvatore Fresi - Gennaro Gattuso - Walter Zenga From other national football team : - Erjon Bogdani - Andrei Cristea - Francesco Di Jorio - Bülent Eken - Norbert Gyömbér - Phil Masinga - Roberto Merino - Ruslan Nigmatullin - Siyabonga Nomvethe - Rigobert Song - Danny Tiatto - Marco Zoro Managers . - Géza Kertész ( 1929–31 ) - Pietro Leone ( 1931–32 ) - Ferenc Hirzer ( 1936–38 ) - Attila Sallustro ( 1939 ) - Ferenc Hirzer ( 1940–41 ) - Géza Kertész ( 1943–44 ) - Giuseppe Viani ( 1946–48 ) - Arnaldo Sentimenti ( 1950 ) - Rodolphe Hiden ( 1951–52 ) - Paolo Todeschini ( 1956–57 ) - Nicolò Nicolosi ( 1958–59 ) - Ettore Puricelli ( 1960–61 ) - Gyula Zsengellér ( 1961–62 ) - Rodolphe Hiden ( 1963–64 ) - Pietro Magni ( 1969 ) - Lucio Mujesan ( 1977 ) - Enea Masiero ( 1977–78 ) - Lucio Mujesan ( 1978 ) - Lamberto Leonardi ( 1980–81 ) - Romano Mattè ( 1981–82 ) - Francisco Lojacono ( 1982–83 ) - Mario Facco ( 1983–84 ) - Gian Piero Ghio ( 1984–86 ) - Lamberto Leonardi ( 1989 ) - Giovanni Simonelli ( 1991–92 ) - Tarcisio Burgnich ( 1991–92 ) - Giuliano Sonzogni ( 1992–93 ) - Delio Rossi ( 1993–95 ) - Franco Colomba ( 1995–97 ) - Delio Rossi ( 1997–99 ) - Luigi Cagni ( 1999–2000 ) - Nedo Sonetti ( 2000–01 ) - Zdeněk Zeman ( 2001–02 ) - Stefano Pioli ( 2003–04 ) - Angelo Gregucci ( 2004–05 ) - Stefano Cuoghi ( 2005–06 ) - Gianfranco Bellotto ( 2006–07 ) - Andrea Agostinelli ( 2007 ) - Fabio Brini ( 2008 ) - Fabrizio Castori ( 2008 ) - Bortolo Mutti ( 2008–09 ) - Fabrizio Castori ( 2009 ) - Fabio Brini ( 2009 ) - Marco Cari ( 2009 ) - Gianluca Grassadonia ( 2010 ) - Roberto Breda ( 2010–11 ) - Carlo Perrone ( 2011–12 ) - Giuseppe Galderisi ( 2012 ) - Carlo Perrone ( 2012–13 ) - Stefano Sanderra ( 2013 ) - Carlo Perrone ( 2013 ) - Angelo Gregucci ( 2014 ) - Mario Somma ( 2014 ) - Leonardo Menichini ( 2014–15 ) - Vincenzo Torrente ( 2015–16 ) - Leonardo Menichini ( 2016 ) - Giuseppe Sannino ( 2016 ) - Alberto Bollini ( 2016–17 ) - Stefano Colantuono ( 2017–18 ) - Angelo Gregucci ( 2018–19 ) - Leonardo Menichini ( 2019 ) - Gian Piero Ventura ( 2019–2020 ) - Fabrizio Castori ( 2020– )
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Unione Sportiva Salernitana 1919 , commonly referred to as Salernitana , is an Italian football club based in Salerno , Campania . Salernitana returned to Serie A in 2021 , after a break of 23 seasons , having finished second in Serie B . Previously in 2015 I Granata were promoted to Serie B , having finished first in Lega Pro Prima Divisione - Girone C .",
"title": "U.S . Salernitana 1919"
},
{
"text": "The club is the legitimate heir of the former Salernitana Calcio 1919 and there is a sports continuity also with the former Salerno Calcio in the 2011–12 season which restarted from Serie D rather than from Terza Categoria due to Article 52 NOIF of FIGC .",
"title": "U.S . Salernitana 1919"
},
{
"text": " The club – named Salerno Calcio – was promoted to Lega Pro Seconda Divisione as it re-obtained the original name of U.S . Salernitana 1919 . It was promoted to Lega Pro Prima Divisione the following season .",
"title": "U.S . Salernitana 1919"
},
{
"text": " From Unione Sportiva Salernitana to Salernitana Calcio 1919 . The Salerno-based club was originally founded in 1919 as the Unione Sportiva Salernitana . The club was known as Società Sportiva Salernitanaudax for a time during the 1920s following a merger with Audax Salerno . In 1978 , the club was renamed Salernitana Sport . The club has spent the majority of their history at the Serie B and Serie C levels of Italian football . Salernitana play their home matches at Stadio Arechi .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In their early years , Salernitana competed in the regional Italian Football Championship . They played at this level for four seasons during the 1920s . Since that time the club returned to the top level of Italian football twice ; they played in Serie A during 1947–48 and 1998–99 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 2005 the club went bankrupt but were refounded by Antonio Lombardi , changing the name from Salernitana Sport to Salernitana Calcio 1919 . In summer 2011 , it did not appeal against the exclusion by Commissione di Vigilanza sulle Società di Calcio Professionistiche ( Co.Vi.So.C ) and it is excluded by the Italian football . Club refoundation : from Serie D to the top flight .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On 21 July 2011 , following the exclusion of the original Salernitana club , Salerno mayor Vincenzo De Luca , in compliance with Article 52 of N.O.I.F. , assigned the new title to Marco Mezzaroma , brother-in-law of Lazio owner and chairman Claudio Lotito . The new club was admitted to Serie D under the denomination of Salerno Calcio .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In the 2011–12 season , Salernitana was immediately promoted to Lega Pro Seconda Divisione after winning Group G of Serie D . On 12 July 2012 the club was renamed US Salernitana 1919 . In the 2012–13 Lega Pro Seconda Divisione season , Salernitana finished first in Girone B , and was promoted to Lega Pro Prima Divisione . This was the second consecutive promotion for the team . Finally Salernitana won Group C of Lega Pro and returned Serie B in 2014–15 season .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "After several seasons at Serie B level , Salernitana won promotion to Serie A at the end of the 2020–21 Serie B season under the tenure of head coach Fabrizio Castori . Salernitanas promotion in Serie A will however require Lotito and Mezzaroma to sell the club , due to Italian football laws not allowing two clubs from the same owner to play in the same league .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Colours , badge and nicknames . Salernitana originally wore light blue and white striped shirts , known in Italy as biancocelesti . The blue on the shirt was chosen to represent the sea , Salerno the city lies right next to the Gulf of Salerno and has a long tradition as a port city . In the 1940s , the club changed to garnet coloured shirts , which has gained them the nickname granata in their homeland .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "During the 2011–12 season their kit colours were striped blue and deep red , resembling F.C . Barcelona . The symbol of St . Matthew , patron saint of Salerno , was also a part of the redesigned kit .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Since renaming the club US Salernitana 1919 , however , their home colours have again been the traditional garnet . The 100th anniversary logo was announced on June 24 , 2019 and appeared on their 2019–20 season kits .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - Serie B : - Serie C / Serie C1 : - Coppa Italia Serie C : - Lega Pro Seconda Divisione : - Supercoppa di Lega di Seconda Divisione - Serie D :",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " These former players have recorded starts for their respective national teams . For Italian national football team : - Roberto Breda - David Di Michele - Marco Di Vaio - Salvatore Fresi - Gennaro Gattuso - Walter Zenga From other national football team : - Erjon Bogdani - Andrei Cristea - Francesco Di Jorio - Bülent Eken - Norbert Gyömbér - Phil Masinga - Roberto Merino - Ruslan Nigmatullin - Siyabonga Nomvethe - Rigobert Song - Danny Tiatto - Marco Zoro",
"title": "Former players"
},
{
"text": " - Géza Kertész ( 1929–31 ) - Pietro Leone ( 1931–32 ) - Ferenc Hirzer ( 1936–38 ) - Attila Sallustro ( 1939 ) - Ferenc Hirzer ( 1940–41 ) - Géza Kertész ( 1943–44 ) - Giuseppe Viani ( 1946–48 ) - Arnaldo Sentimenti ( 1950 ) - Rodolphe Hiden ( 1951–52 ) - Paolo Todeschini ( 1956–57 ) - Nicolò Nicolosi ( 1958–59 ) - Ettore Puricelli ( 1960–61 ) - Gyula Zsengellér ( 1961–62 ) - Rodolphe Hiden ( 1963–64 ) - Pietro Magni ( 1969 ) - Lucio Mujesan ( 1977 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": "- Enea Masiero ( 1977–78 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": " - Lucio Mujesan ( 1978 ) - Lamberto Leonardi ( 1980–81 ) - Romano Mattè ( 1981–82 ) - Francisco Lojacono ( 1982–83 ) - Mario Facco ( 1983–84 ) - Gian Piero Ghio ( 1984–86 ) - Lamberto Leonardi ( 1989 ) - Giovanni Simonelli ( 1991–92 ) - Tarcisio Burgnich ( 1991–92 ) - Giuliano Sonzogni ( 1992–93 ) - Delio Rossi ( 1993–95 ) - Franco Colomba ( 1995–97 ) - Delio Rossi ( 1997–99 ) - Luigi Cagni ( 1999–2000 ) - Nedo Sonetti ( 2000–01 ) - Zdeněk Zeman ( 2001–02 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": "- Stefano Pioli ( 2003–04 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": " - Angelo Gregucci ( 2004–05 ) - Stefano Cuoghi ( 2005–06 ) - Gianfranco Bellotto ( 2006–07 ) - Andrea Agostinelli ( 2007 ) - Fabio Brini ( 2008 ) - Fabrizio Castori ( 2008 ) - Bortolo Mutti ( 2008–09 ) - Fabrizio Castori ( 2009 ) - Fabio Brini ( 2009 ) - Marco Cari ( 2009 ) - Gianluca Grassadonia ( 2010 ) - Roberto Breda ( 2010–11 ) - Carlo Perrone ( 2011–12 ) - Giuseppe Galderisi ( 2012 ) - Carlo Perrone ( 2012–13 ) - Stefano Sanderra ( 2013 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": "- Carlo Perrone ( 2013 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": " - Angelo Gregucci ( 2014 ) - Mario Somma ( 2014 ) - Leonardo Menichini ( 2014–15 ) - Vincenzo Torrente ( 2015–16 ) - Leonardo Menichini ( 2016 ) - Giuseppe Sannino ( 2016 ) - Alberto Bollini ( 2016–17 ) - Stefano Colantuono ( 2017–18 ) - Angelo Gregucci ( 2018–19 ) - Leonardo Menichini ( 2019 ) - Gian Piero Ventura ( 2019–2020 ) - Fabrizio Castori ( 2020– )",
"title": "Managers"
}
] |
/wiki/U.S._Salernitana_1919#P286#2
|
Who coached the team U.S. Salernitana 1919 after Mar 2004?
|
U.S . Salernitana 1919 Unione Sportiva Salernitana 1919 , commonly referred to as Salernitana , is an Italian football club based in Salerno , Campania . Salernitana returned to Serie A in 2021 , after a break of 23 seasons , having finished second in Serie B . Previously in 2015 I Granata were promoted to Serie B , having finished first in Lega Pro Prima Divisione - Girone C . The club is the legitimate heir of the former Salernitana Calcio 1919 and there is a sports continuity also with the former Salerno Calcio in the 2011–12 season which restarted from Serie D rather than from Terza Categoria due to Article 52 NOIF of FIGC . The club – named Salerno Calcio – was promoted to Lega Pro Seconda Divisione as it re-obtained the original name of U.S . Salernitana 1919 . It was promoted to Lega Pro Prima Divisione the following season . History . From Unione Sportiva Salernitana to Salernitana Calcio 1919 . The Salerno-based club was originally founded in 1919 as the Unione Sportiva Salernitana . The club was known as Società Sportiva Salernitanaudax for a time during the 1920s following a merger with Audax Salerno . In 1978 , the club was renamed Salernitana Sport . The club has spent the majority of their history at the Serie B and Serie C levels of Italian football . Salernitana play their home matches at Stadio Arechi . In their early years , Salernitana competed in the regional Italian Football Championship . They played at this level for four seasons during the 1920s . Since that time the club returned to the top level of Italian football twice ; they played in Serie A during 1947–48 and 1998–99 . In 2005 the club went bankrupt but were refounded by Antonio Lombardi , changing the name from Salernitana Sport to Salernitana Calcio 1919 . In summer 2011 , it did not appeal against the exclusion by Commissione di Vigilanza sulle Società di Calcio Professionistiche ( Co.Vi.So.C ) and it is excluded by the Italian football . Club refoundation : from Serie D to the top flight . On 21 July 2011 , following the exclusion of the original Salernitana club , Salerno mayor Vincenzo De Luca , in compliance with Article 52 of N.O.I.F. , assigned the new title to Marco Mezzaroma , brother-in-law of Lazio owner and chairman Claudio Lotito . The new club was admitted to Serie D under the denomination of Salerno Calcio . In the 2011–12 season , Salernitana was immediately promoted to Lega Pro Seconda Divisione after winning Group G of Serie D . On 12 July 2012 the club was renamed US Salernitana 1919 . In the 2012–13 Lega Pro Seconda Divisione season , Salernitana finished first in Girone B , and was promoted to Lega Pro Prima Divisione . This was the second consecutive promotion for the team . Finally Salernitana won Group C of Lega Pro and returned Serie B in 2014–15 season . After several seasons at Serie B level , Salernitana won promotion to Serie A at the end of the 2020–21 Serie B season under the tenure of head coach Fabrizio Castori . Salernitanas promotion in Serie A will however require Lotito and Mezzaroma to sell the club , due to Italian football laws not allowing two clubs from the same owner to play in the same league . Colours , badge and nicknames . Salernitana originally wore light blue and white striped shirts , known in Italy as biancocelesti . The blue on the shirt was chosen to represent the sea , Salerno the city lies right next to the Gulf of Salerno and has a long tradition as a port city . In the 1940s , the club changed to garnet coloured shirts , which has gained them the nickname granata in their homeland . During the 2011–12 season their kit colours were striped blue and deep red , resembling F.C . Barcelona . The symbol of St . Matthew , patron saint of Salerno , was also a part of the redesigned kit . Since renaming the club US Salernitana 1919 , however , their home colours have again been the traditional garnet . The 100th anniversary logo was announced on June 24 , 2019 and appeared on their 2019–20 season kits . Honours . - Serie B : - Serie C / Serie C1 : - Coppa Italia Serie C : - Lega Pro Seconda Divisione : - Supercoppa di Lega di Seconda Divisione - Serie D : Former players . These former players have recorded starts for their respective national teams . For Italian national football team : - Roberto Breda - David Di Michele - Marco Di Vaio - Salvatore Fresi - Gennaro Gattuso - Walter Zenga From other national football team : - Erjon Bogdani - Andrei Cristea - Francesco Di Jorio - Bülent Eken - Norbert Gyömbér - Phil Masinga - Roberto Merino - Ruslan Nigmatullin - Siyabonga Nomvethe - Rigobert Song - Danny Tiatto - Marco Zoro Managers . - Géza Kertész ( 1929–31 ) - Pietro Leone ( 1931–32 ) - Ferenc Hirzer ( 1936–38 ) - Attila Sallustro ( 1939 ) - Ferenc Hirzer ( 1940–41 ) - Géza Kertész ( 1943–44 ) - Giuseppe Viani ( 1946–48 ) - Arnaldo Sentimenti ( 1950 ) - Rodolphe Hiden ( 1951–52 ) - Paolo Todeschini ( 1956–57 ) - Nicolò Nicolosi ( 1958–59 ) - Ettore Puricelli ( 1960–61 ) - Gyula Zsengellér ( 1961–62 ) - Rodolphe Hiden ( 1963–64 ) - Pietro Magni ( 1969 ) - Lucio Mujesan ( 1977 ) - Enea Masiero ( 1977–78 ) - Lucio Mujesan ( 1978 ) - Lamberto Leonardi ( 1980–81 ) - Romano Mattè ( 1981–82 ) - Francisco Lojacono ( 1982–83 ) - Mario Facco ( 1983–84 ) - Gian Piero Ghio ( 1984–86 ) - Lamberto Leonardi ( 1989 ) - Giovanni Simonelli ( 1991–92 ) - Tarcisio Burgnich ( 1991–92 ) - Giuliano Sonzogni ( 1992–93 ) - Delio Rossi ( 1993–95 ) - Franco Colomba ( 1995–97 ) - Delio Rossi ( 1997–99 ) - Luigi Cagni ( 1999–2000 ) - Nedo Sonetti ( 2000–01 ) - Zdeněk Zeman ( 2001–02 ) - Stefano Pioli ( 2003–04 ) - Angelo Gregucci ( 2004–05 ) - Stefano Cuoghi ( 2005–06 ) - Gianfranco Bellotto ( 2006–07 ) - Andrea Agostinelli ( 2007 ) - Fabio Brini ( 2008 ) - Fabrizio Castori ( 2008 ) - Bortolo Mutti ( 2008–09 ) - Fabrizio Castori ( 2009 ) - Fabio Brini ( 2009 ) - Marco Cari ( 2009 ) - Gianluca Grassadonia ( 2010 ) - Roberto Breda ( 2010–11 ) - Carlo Perrone ( 2011–12 ) - Giuseppe Galderisi ( 2012 ) - Carlo Perrone ( 2012–13 ) - Stefano Sanderra ( 2013 ) - Carlo Perrone ( 2013 ) - Angelo Gregucci ( 2014 ) - Mario Somma ( 2014 ) - Leonardo Menichini ( 2014–15 ) - Vincenzo Torrente ( 2015–16 ) - Leonardo Menichini ( 2016 ) - Giuseppe Sannino ( 2016 ) - Alberto Bollini ( 2016–17 ) - Stefano Colantuono ( 2017–18 ) - Angelo Gregucci ( 2018–19 ) - Leonardo Menichini ( 2019 ) - Gian Piero Ventura ( 2019–2020 ) - Fabrizio Castori ( 2020– )
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Unione Sportiva Salernitana 1919 , commonly referred to as Salernitana , is an Italian football club based in Salerno , Campania . Salernitana returned to Serie A in 2021 , after a break of 23 seasons , having finished second in Serie B . Previously in 2015 I Granata were promoted to Serie B , having finished first in Lega Pro Prima Divisione - Girone C .",
"title": "U.S . Salernitana 1919"
},
{
"text": "The club is the legitimate heir of the former Salernitana Calcio 1919 and there is a sports continuity also with the former Salerno Calcio in the 2011–12 season which restarted from Serie D rather than from Terza Categoria due to Article 52 NOIF of FIGC .",
"title": "U.S . Salernitana 1919"
},
{
"text": " The club – named Salerno Calcio – was promoted to Lega Pro Seconda Divisione as it re-obtained the original name of U.S . Salernitana 1919 . It was promoted to Lega Pro Prima Divisione the following season .",
"title": "U.S . Salernitana 1919"
},
{
"text": " From Unione Sportiva Salernitana to Salernitana Calcio 1919 . The Salerno-based club was originally founded in 1919 as the Unione Sportiva Salernitana . The club was known as Società Sportiva Salernitanaudax for a time during the 1920s following a merger with Audax Salerno . In 1978 , the club was renamed Salernitana Sport . The club has spent the majority of their history at the Serie B and Serie C levels of Italian football . Salernitana play their home matches at Stadio Arechi .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In their early years , Salernitana competed in the regional Italian Football Championship . They played at this level for four seasons during the 1920s . Since that time the club returned to the top level of Italian football twice ; they played in Serie A during 1947–48 and 1998–99 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 2005 the club went bankrupt but were refounded by Antonio Lombardi , changing the name from Salernitana Sport to Salernitana Calcio 1919 . In summer 2011 , it did not appeal against the exclusion by Commissione di Vigilanza sulle Società di Calcio Professionistiche ( Co.Vi.So.C ) and it is excluded by the Italian football . Club refoundation : from Serie D to the top flight .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On 21 July 2011 , following the exclusion of the original Salernitana club , Salerno mayor Vincenzo De Luca , in compliance with Article 52 of N.O.I.F. , assigned the new title to Marco Mezzaroma , brother-in-law of Lazio owner and chairman Claudio Lotito . The new club was admitted to Serie D under the denomination of Salerno Calcio .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In the 2011–12 season , Salernitana was immediately promoted to Lega Pro Seconda Divisione after winning Group G of Serie D . On 12 July 2012 the club was renamed US Salernitana 1919 . In the 2012–13 Lega Pro Seconda Divisione season , Salernitana finished first in Girone B , and was promoted to Lega Pro Prima Divisione . This was the second consecutive promotion for the team . Finally Salernitana won Group C of Lega Pro and returned Serie B in 2014–15 season .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "After several seasons at Serie B level , Salernitana won promotion to Serie A at the end of the 2020–21 Serie B season under the tenure of head coach Fabrizio Castori . Salernitanas promotion in Serie A will however require Lotito and Mezzaroma to sell the club , due to Italian football laws not allowing two clubs from the same owner to play in the same league .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Colours , badge and nicknames . Salernitana originally wore light blue and white striped shirts , known in Italy as biancocelesti . The blue on the shirt was chosen to represent the sea , Salerno the city lies right next to the Gulf of Salerno and has a long tradition as a port city . In the 1940s , the club changed to garnet coloured shirts , which has gained them the nickname granata in their homeland .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "During the 2011–12 season their kit colours were striped blue and deep red , resembling F.C . Barcelona . The symbol of St . Matthew , patron saint of Salerno , was also a part of the redesigned kit .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Since renaming the club US Salernitana 1919 , however , their home colours have again been the traditional garnet . The 100th anniversary logo was announced on June 24 , 2019 and appeared on their 2019–20 season kits .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - Serie B : - Serie C / Serie C1 : - Coppa Italia Serie C : - Lega Pro Seconda Divisione : - Supercoppa di Lega di Seconda Divisione - Serie D :",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " These former players have recorded starts for their respective national teams . For Italian national football team : - Roberto Breda - David Di Michele - Marco Di Vaio - Salvatore Fresi - Gennaro Gattuso - Walter Zenga From other national football team : - Erjon Bogdani - Andrei Cristea - Francesco Di Jorio - Bülent Eken - Norbert Gyömbér - Phil Masinga - Roberto Merino - Ruslan Nigmatullin - Siyabonga Nomvethe - Rigobert Song - Danny Tiatto - Marco Zoro",
"title": "Former players"
},
{
"text": " - Géza Kertész ( 1929–31 ) - Pietro Leone ( 1931–32 ) - Ferenc Hirzer ( 1936–38 ) - Attila Sallustro ( 1939 ) - Ferenc Hirzer ( 1940–41 ) - Géza Kertész ( 1943–44 ) - Giuseppe Viani ( 1946–48 ) - Arnaldo Sentimenti ( 1950 ) - Rodolphe Hiden ( 1951–52 ) - Paolo Todeschini ( 1956–57 ) - Nicolò Nicolosi ( 1958–59 ) - Ettore Puricelli ( 1960–61 ) - Gyula Zsengellér ( 1961–62 ) - Rodolphe Hiden ( 1963–64 ) - Pietro Magni ( 1969 ) - Lucio Mujesan ( 1977 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": "- Enea Masiero ( 1977–78 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": " - Lucio Mujesan ( 1978 ) - Lamberto Leonardi ( 1980–81 ) - Romano Mattè ( 1981–82 ) - Francisco Lojacono ( 1982–83 ) - Mario Facco ( 1983–84 ) - Gian Piero Ghio ( 1984–86 ) - Lamberto Leonardi ( 1989 ) - Giovanni Simonelli ( 1991–92 ) - Tarcisio Burgnich ( 1991–92 ) - Giuliano Sonzogni ( 1992–93 ) - Delio Rossi ( 1993–95 ) - Franco Colomba ( 1995–97 ) - Delio Rossi ( 1997–99 ) - Luigi Cagni ( 1999–2000 ) - Nedo Sonetti ( 2000–01 ) - Zdeněk Zeman ( 2001–02 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": "- Stefano Pioli ( 2003–04 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": " - Angelo Gregucci ( 2004–05 ) - Stefano Cuoghi ( 2005–06 ) - Gianfranco Bellotto ( 2006–07 ) - Andrea Agostinelli ( 2007 ) - Fabio Brini ( 2008 ) - Fabrizio Castori ( 2008 ) - Bortolo Mutti ( 2008–09 ) - Fabrizio Castori ( 2009 ) - Fabio Brini ( 2009 ) - Marco Cari ( 2009 ) - Gianluca Grassadonia ( 2010 ) - Roberto Breda ( 2010–11 ) - Carlo Perrone ( 2011–12 ) - Giuseppe Galderisi ( 2012 ) - Carlo Perrone ( 2012–13 ) - Stefano Sanderra ( 2013 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": "- Carlo Perrone ( 2013 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": " - Angelo Gregucci ( 2014 ) - Mario Somma ( 2014 ) - Leonardo Menichini ( 2014–15 ) - Vincenzo Torrente ( 2015–16 ) - Leonardo Menichini ( 2016 ) - Giuseppe Sannino ( 2016 ) - Alberto Bollini ( 2016–17 ) - Stefano Colantuono ( 2017–18 ) - Angelo Gregucci ( 2018–19 ) - Leonardo Menichini ( 2019 ) - Gian Piero Ventura ( 2019–2020 ) - Fabrizio Castori ( 2020– )",
"title": "Managers"
}
] |
/wiki/Joan_Crawford#P26#0
|
Who was the spouse of Joan Crawford between Dec 1931 and Nov 1932?
|
Joan Crawford Joan Crawford ( born Lucille Fay LeSueur ; March 23 , 190 ? – May 10 , 1977 ) was an American film and television actress who began her career as a dancer in traveling theatrical companies before debuting as a chorus girl on Broadway . Crawford then signed a motion picture contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1925 ; her career spanned six decades , multiple studios , and controversies . At different stages of her career , she was noted for her diverse roles playing sympathetic and unsympathetic characters , and for realistic yet multi-layered performances . Her greatest success and most popular performances came from melodramas and romantic comedies , but her filmography ranges in genres from film noir and historical costume dramas to musicals and horror films . In 1999 , the American Film Institute ranked Crawford tenth on its list of the greatest female stars of Classic Hollywood Cinema . In the 1930s , Crawfords fame rivaled and later surpassed that of MGM colleagues Norma Shearer and Greta Garbo . Though she started by portraying flappers , Crawford often played wealthy women in distress ( Dance , Fools , Dance ; This Modern Age ; Letty Lynton ; No More Ladies ; I Live My Life ; Susan and God ) or hard-working young women who found romance and success ( Our Dancing Daughters ; Paid ; Laughing Sinners ; Grand Hotel ; Dancing Lady ; Sadie McKee ; The Last of Mrs . Cheyney ; The Shining Hour ; The Bride Wore Red ; Mannequin ) . These characters and stories were well received by Depression-era audiences , and were popular with women . Crawford became one of Hollywoods more prominent movie stars , and one of the higher-paid women in the United States . In 1938 , she was among a group of actresses deemed box office poison by theater owners , until her pivotal role in the all-female cast of 1939s The Women gained her praise from critics and audiences alike . Her success continued with a performance as a facially disfigured criminal in the melodrama A Womans Face , which garnered her critical acclaim . In 1945 , she won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her portrayal of the hard-working , divorced , protective mother in the title role of Mildred Pierce . Crawford also received two Best Actress Award nominations as recognition for her work in Possessed ( 1947 ) and Sudden Fear ( 1952 ) . In 1954 , she starred in the Western Johnny Guitar , although unsuccessful during its original release , the cult film has since been lauded . In 1955 , Crawford became involved with the Pepsi-Cola Company through her marriage to company Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Alfred Steele , although she continued to act in film and television throughout the 1950s and 1960s . In 1962 , she starred alongside long-time rival Bette Davis in the horror film Whatever Happened to Baby Jane? , which once again returned her to critical acclaim and box office success , with many believing she would receive another Oscar nomination , however she did not . In 1970 Crawford made her last theatrical film , and until a few weeks before her death , she continued to tape numerous regular radio spots and announcements for a variety of not-for-profit causes . Following a public appearance in 1974 , she withdrew from events that required her to be photographed , becoming increasingly reclusive until her death in 1977 . Crawford married four times . Her first three marriages ended in divorce ; the last ended with the death of husband Alfred Steele . She adopted five children , one of whom was reclaimed . Crawfords relationships with her two eldest children , Christina and Christopher , were acrimonious . After Crawfords death , Christina released a well-known but controversial tell-all memoir , Mommie Dearest ( 1978 ) . Early life . Born Lucille Fay LeSueur , of French-Huguenot , English , Dutch , and Irish ancestry in San Antonio , Texas , she was the third and youngest child of Tennessee-born Thomas E . LeSueur ( January 2 , 1867– January 1 , 1938 ) , a construction laborer , and Texas-born Anna Bell Johnson ( November 29 , 1884 – August 15 , 1958 ) , and later Mrs . Anna Cassin . According to census records she may have been older . She apparently was still under 20 when her first two children were born . Crawfords elder siblings were sister Daisy LeSueur , who died before Lucilles birth , and brother Hal LeSueur . Thomas LeSueur abandoned the family when Lucille was ten months old , eventually resettling in Abilene , Texas , reportedly working as a construction laborer . Crawfords mother married Henry J . Cassin , however , the marriage is listed in the census as her first . They lived in Lawton , Oklahoma where Cassin ran the Ramsey Opera House ; he managed to book diverse and noted performers such as Anna Pavlova and Eva Tanguay . As a child , Crawford preferred the nickname Billie and enjoyed watching vaudeville acts perform on the stage of her stepfathers theatre . At that time , Crawford was reportedly unaware that Cassin , whom she referred to as daddy , was not her biological father until her brother Hal told her the truth . Cassin allegedly began sexually abusing her when she was eleven years old , and continued until she was sent to St . Agnes Academy , a Catholic girls school . Beginning in childhood , Crawfords ambition was to be a dancer . One day in an attempt to escape piano lessons , she leapt from the front porch of her home and cut her foot severely on a broken milk bottle . As a result , she underwent three surgeries to repair the damage . She was unable to attend elementary school or continue with dancing lessons for 18 months . In June 1917 , the family moved to Kansas City , Missouri , after Cassin was accused of embezzlement ; although acquitted , he was blacklisted in Lawton . Following their relocation , Cassin , a Catholic , placed Crawford at St . Agnes Academy in Kansas City . When her mother and stepfather separated , she remained at school as a work student , where she spent far more time working , primarily cooking and cleaning , than studying . She later attended Rockingham Academy , also as a working student . While there , she began dating , and had her first serious relationship with a trumpet player named Ray Sterling , who reportedly inspired her to begin challenging herself academically . In 1922 , she registered at Stephens College in Columbia , Missouri , giving her year of birth as 1906 . She attended Stephens for only a few months before withdrawing after she realized she was not prepared for college . Her familys instability negatively affected Crawford and her schooling never formally progressed beyond primary education . Career . Early career . Under the name Lucille LeSueur , Crawford began dancing in the choruses of traveling revues , and was spotted dancing in Detroit by producer Jacob J . Shubert . Shubert put her in the chorus line for his 1924 show , Innocent Eyes , at the Winter Garden Theatre on Broadway in New York City . While appearing in Innocent Eyes , Crawford met a saxophone player named James Welton . The two were allegedly married in 1924 , and lived together for several months , although this supposed marriage was never mentioned in later life by Crawford . Crawford wanted additional work , and approached Loews Theaters publicist Nils Granlund . Granlund secured a position for her with singer Harry Richmans act and arranged for her to do a screen test which he sent to producer Harry Rapf in Hollywood . Rapf notified Granlund on December 24 , 1924 , that Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer ( MGM ) had offered Crawford a contract at $75 a week . Granlund immediately wired LeSueur , who had returned to her mothers home in Kansas City , with the news ; she borrowed $400 for travel expenses . Credited as Lucille LeSueur , her first film was Lady of the Night in 1925 , as the body double for Norma Shearer , MGMs most popular female star . She also appeared in The Circle and Pretty Ladies ( both 1925 ) , starring comedian ZaSu Pitts . This was soon followed by equally small and unbilled roles in two other 1925 silent films : The Only Thing , and The Merry Widow . MGM publicity head Pete Smith recognized her ability to become a major star , but felt her name sounded fake ; he told studio head Louis B . Mayer that her last name , LeSueur , reminded him of a sewer . Smith organized a contest called Name the Star in Movie Weekly to allow readers to select her new stage name . The initial choice was Joan Arden , but after another actress was found to have prior claim to that name , the alternate surname Crawford became the choice . She later said that she wanted her first name to be pronounced Jo-Anne , and that she hated the name Crawford because it sounded like crawfish , but also admitted she liked the security that went with the name . Self-promotion , and early successes . Growing increasingly frustrated over the size and quality of the parts she was given , Crawford embarked on a campaign of self-promotion . As MGM screenwriter Frederica Sagor Maas recalled , No one decided to make Joan Crawford a star . Joan Crawford became a star because Joan Crawford decided to become a star . She began attending dances in the afternoons and evenings at hotels around Hollywood and at dance venues on the beach piers , where she often won dance competitions with her performances of the Charleston and the Black Bottom . Her strategy worked and MGM cast her in the film where she first made an impression on audiences , Edmund Gouldings Sally , Irene and Mary ( 1925 ) . From the beginning of her career , Crawford considered Norma Shearer – the studios most-popular actress – her professional nemesis . Shearer was married to MGM Head of Production Irving Thalberg ; hence , she had the first choice of scripts , and had more control than other stars in what films she would and would not make . Crawford was quoted to have said : How can I compete with Norma ? She sleeps with the boss ! Crawford was named one of 1926s WAMPAS Baby Stars , along with Mary Astor , Dolores del Río , Janet Gaynor , and Fay Wray , among others . That same year , she co-starred in Paris with Charles Ray . Within a few years , she became the romantic lead to many of MGMs top male stars , including Ramón Novarro , John Gilbert , William Haines , and Tim McCoy . Crawford appeared as a skimpily-clad young carnival assistant in The Unknown ( 1927 ) , starring Lon Chaney , Sr . as a carnival knife thrower with no arms who hopes to marry her . She stated that she learned more about acting from watching Chaney work than from anyone else in her career . It was then , she said , I became aware for the first time of the difference between standing in front of a camera , and acting . Also in 1927 , she appeared alongside her close friend , William Haines , in Spring Fever , which was the first of three movies the duo made together . In 1928 , Crawford starred opposite Ramón Novarro in Across to Singapore , but it was her role as Diana Medford in Our Dancing Daughters ( 1928 ) that catapulted her to stardom . The role established her as a symbol of modern 1920s-style femininity which rivaled Clara Bow , the original It girl , and Hollywoods foremost flapper . A stream of hits followed Our Dancing Daughters , including two more flapper-themed movies , in which Crawford embodied for her legion of fans ( many of whom were women ) an idealized vision of the free-spirited , all-American girl . F . Scott Fitzgerald wrote of Crawford : Crawford described her glamorous onscreen persona more succinctly , saying , If you want to see the girl next door , go next door . On June 3 , 1929 , Crawford married Douglas Fairbanks , Jr . at Saint Malachys Roman Catholic Church ( known as The Actors Chapel , owing to its proximity to Broadway theatres ) in Manhattan , although neither was Catholic . Fairbanks was the son of Douglas Fairbanks and the stepson of Mary Pickford , who were considered Hollywood royalty . Fairbanks , Sr. , and Pickford were opposed to the marriage , and did not invite the couple to their home at Pickfair for eight months after the marriage . The relationship between Crawford and Fairbanks , Sr. , eventually warmed ; she called him Uncle Doug , and he called her Billie , her childhood nickname , but one that close friends used throughout her life . She and Pickford , however , continued to despise each other . Following that first invitation , Crawford and Fairbanks , Jr. , became more frequent guests . While the Fairbanks men played golf together , Crawford was either left with Pickford , who would retire to her quarters , or simply left alone . To rid herself of her Southwestern accent , Crawford tirelessly practiced diction and elocution . She said : Transition to sound , and continued success . After the release of The Jazz Singer in 1927—the first feature-length film with some audible dialogue—sound films became all the rage . The transition from silent to sound caused panic for many , if not all , involved with the film industry ; many silent film stars found themselves unemployable because of their undesirable voices and hard-to-understand accents , or simply because of their refusal to make the transition to talkies . Many studios and stars avoided making the transition as long as possible , especially MGM , which was the last of the major studios to switch over to sound . The Hollywood Revue of 1929 was one of the studios first all-talking films , and their first attempt to showcase their stars ability to make the transition from silent to sound . Crawford was among the dozen or more MGM stars included in the movie ; she sang the song Got a Feeling for You during the films first act . She studied singing with Estelle Liebling , the voice teacher of Beverly Sills , in the 1920s and 1930s . Crawford made a successful transition to talkies with her first starring role in the all-talking feature-length film in Untamed ( 1929 ) , co-starring Robert Montgomery . Despite the success of the film at the box office , it received mixed reviews from critics , who noted that while Crawford seemed nervous at making the transition to sound , she had become one of the most popular actresses in the world . Montana Moon ( 1930 ) , an uneasy mix of Western clichés and music , teamed her with John Mack Brown and Ricardo Cortez . Although the film had problems with censors , it was a major success at the time of its release . Our Blushing Brides ( 1930 ) the final installment in the Our Dancing Daughters franchise co-starring Robert Montgomery and Anita Page , where Crawford carries the burden of dramatics in this photoplay and comes off splendidly and intelligently . Her next movie , Paid ( 1930 ) , paired her with Robert Armstrong , and was another success . During the early sound era , MGM began to place Crawford in more sophisticated roles , rather than continuing to promote her flapper-inspired persona of the silent era . In 1931 , MGM cast Crawford in five films . Three of them teamed her opposite Clark Gable , the studios soon to be biggest male star and King of Hollywood . Dance , Fools , Dance , released in February 1931 , was the first pairing of Crawford and Gable . Their second movie together , Laughing Sinners , released in May 1931 , was directed by Harry Beaumont , and also co-starred Neil Hamilton . Possessed , their third film together , released in October , was directed by Clarence Brown . These films were immensely popular with audiences and were generally well received by critics , stapling Crawfords position as one of MGMs top female stars of the decade along with Norma Shearer , Greta Garbo and Jean Harlow . Her only other notable film of 1931 , This Modern Age , was released in August and despite unfavorable reviews was a moderate success . MGM next cast her in the film Grand Hotel , directed by Edmund Goulding . As the studios first all-star production , Crawford co-starred opposite Greta Garbo , John and Lionel Barrymore , and Wallace Beery , among others . Receiving third billing , she played the middle-class stenographer to Beerys controlling general director . Crawford later admitted to being nervous during the filming of the movie because she was working with accomplished actors , and that she was disappointed that she had no scenes with one she had admired , the divine Garbo . Grand Hotel was released in April 1932 to critical and commercial success . It was one of the highest-grossing movies of the year , and won the Academy Award for Best Picture . Crawford achieved continued success in Letty Lynton ( 1932 ) . Soon after this movies release , a plagiarism suit forced MGM to withdraw it ; it is therefore considered the lost Crawford film . Designed by Adrian , the gown with large ruffled sleeves which Crawford wore in the movie became a popular style that same year , and was even copied by Macys.On loan to United Artists , she played prostitute Sadie Thompson in Rain ( 1932 ) , a film version of John Coltons 1923 play . Actress Jeanne Eagels played the role on stage , and Gloria Swanson had originated the part on screen in the 1928 film version . Crawfords performance was panned , and the film was not a success . Despite the failure of Rain , in 1932 , the publishing of the first Top Ten Money-Making Stars Poll placed Crawford third in popularity at the box office , behind only Marie Dressler and Janet Gaynor . She remained on the list for the next several years , last appearing on it in 1936 . In May 1933 , Crawford divorced Fairbanks citing grievous mental cruelty . Crawford claimed Fairbanks had a jealous and suspicious attitude toward her friends , and that they had loud arguments about the most trivial subjects lasting far into the night . Following her divorce , she was again teamed with Clark Gable , along with Franchot Tone and Fred Astaire , in the hit Dancing Lady ( 1933 ) , in which she received top billing . She next played the title role in Sadie McKee ( 1934 ) , opposite Tone and Gene Raymond . She was paired with Gable for the fifth time in Chained ( 1934 ) , and for the sixth time in Forsaking All Others ( 1934 ) . Crawfords films of this era were some of the most-popular and highest-grossing films of the mid-1930s . In 1935 , Crawford married Franchot Tone , a stage actor from New York who planned to use his film earnings to finance his theatre group . The couple built a small theatre at Crawfords Brentwood home , and put on productions of classic plays for select groups of friends that lived in the popular Brentwood area like Clark Gable and Charley Chase . Tone and Crawford had first appeared together in Today We Live ( 1933 ) , but Crawford was hesitant about entering into another romance so soon after her split from Fairbanks . Before and during their marriage , Crawford worked to promote Tones Hollywood career , but he was not interested in being a star , ultimately wanting to just be an actor , and Crawford wearied of the effort . During their marriage they tried on two separate occasions for children , both ending in miscarriage . Tone allegedly began drinking and became physically abusive . She filed for divorce , which was granted in 1939 . Crawford and Tone later rekindled their friendship , and Tone even proposed in 1964 that they remarry . When he died in 1968 , Crawford arranged for him to be cremated and his ashes scattered at Muskoka Lakes , Canada . Crawford continued her reign as a popular movie actress well into the mid-1930s . No More Ladies ( 1935 ) co-starred Robert Montgomery and then-husband Franchot Tone , and was a success . Crawford had long pleaded with MGMs head Louis B . Mayer to cast her in more dramatic roles , and although he was reluctant , he cast her in the sophisticated comedy-drama I Live My Life ( 1935 ) , directed by W . S . Van Dyke , and it was well received by critics . She next starred in The Gorgeous Hussy ( 1936 ) , opposite Robert Taylor and Lionel Barrymore , as well as Tone . It was a critical and box-office success , and became one of Crawfords biggest hits of the decade . Love on the Run ( 1936 ) , a romantic comedy directed by W . S . Van Dyke , was her seventh film co-starring Clark Gable . Box office poison . Even though Crawford remained a respected MGM actress , and her films still earned profits , her popularity declined in the late 1930s . In 1937 , Crawford was proclaimed the first Queen of the Movies by Life magazine . She unexpectedly slipped from seventh to sixteenth place at the box office that year , and her public popularity also began to wane . Richard Boleslawskis comedy-drama The Last of Mrs . Cheyney ( 1937 ) teamed her opposite William Powell in their sole screen pairing . The film was also Crawfords last box-office success before the onset of her box office poison period . She co-starred opposite Franchot Tone for the seventh—and final—time in The Bride Wore Red ( 1937 ) . The film was generally unfavorably reviewed by the majority of critics . It also ran a financial loss , becoming one of MGMs biggest failures of the year . Mannequin , co-starring Spencer Tracy , also released in 1937 did , as the New York Times stated , restore Crawford to her throne as queen of the working girls . On May 3 , 1938 , Crawford—along with Greta Garbo , Norma Shearer , Luise Rainer , John Barrymore , Katharine Hepburn , Fred Astaire , Dolores del Río , and others—was dubbed Box Office Poison in an open letter in the Independent Film Journal . The list was submitted by Harry Brandt , president of the Independent Theatre Owners Association of America . Brandt stated that while these stars had unquestioned dramatic abilities , their high salaries did not reflect in their ticket sales , thus hurting the movie exhibitors involved . Crawfords follow-up movie , The Shining Hour ( 1938 ) , co-starring Margaret Sullavan and Melvyn Douglas , was well received by critics , but it was a box-office flop . She made a comeback in 1939 with her role as home-wrecker Crystal Allen in The Women , opposite her professional nemesis , Norma Shearer . A year later , she played against type in the unglamorous role of Julie in Strange Cargo ( 1940 ) , her eighth—and final—film with Clark Gable . She later starred as a facially disfigured blackmailer in A Womans Face ( 1941 ) , a remake of the Swedish film En kvinnas ansikte which had starred Ingrid Bergman in the lead role three years earlier . While the film was only a moderate box office success , Crawfords performance was hailed by many critics . Crawford adopted her first child , a daughter , in 1940 . Because she was single , California law prevented her from adopting within the state ; so , she arranged the adoption through an agency in Las Vegas . The child was temporarily called Joan , until Crawford changed her name to Christina . Crawford married actor Phillip Terry on July 21 , 1942 , after a six-month courtship . Together , the couple adopted a son whom they named Christopher , but his birth mother reclaimed the child . The couple adopted another boy , whom they named Phillip Terry , Jr . After the marriage ended in 1946 , Crawford changed that childs name to Christopher Crawford . After 18 years , Crawfords contract with MGM was terminated by mutual consent on June 29 , 1943 . In lieu of the last film remaining under her contract , MGM bought her out for $100,000 . Move to Warner Bros. . For $500,000 , Crawford signed with Warner Bros . for a three-movie deal , and was placed on the payroll on July 1 , 1943 . Her first film for the studio was Hollywood Canteen ( 1944 ) , an all-star morale-booster film that teamed her with several other top movie stars at the time . Crawford said one of the main reasons she signed with Warner Bros . was because she wanted to play the character Mattie in a proposed 1944 film version of Edith Whartons novel Ethan Frome ( 1911 ) . She wanted to play the title role in Mildred Pierce ( 1945 ) , but Bette Davis was the studios first choice . However , Davis turned the role down . Director Michael Curtiz did not want Crawford to play the part , and he instead lobbied for the casting of Barbara Stanwyck . Warner Bros . defied Curtiz and cast Crawford in the film . Throughout the entire production of the movie , Curtiz criticized Crawford . She comes over here with her high-hat airs and her goddamn shoulder pads.. . Why should I waste my time directing a has-been ? Curtiz demanded Crawford prove her suitability by taking a screen test ; she agreed . After the test , Curtiz agreed to Crawfords casting . Costume fittings started filming off roughly when Curtiz suspected Crawford of wearing shoulder pads and he proceeded to tear the top of her dress . She said Thankfully I was wearing a bra . Mildred Pierce was a resounding critical and commercial success . It epitomized the lush visual style and the hard-boiled film noir sensibility that defined Warner Bros . movies of the late forties . Crawford earned the Academy Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role . The success of Mildred Pierce revived Crawfords movie career . For several years , she starred in what were called a series of first-rate melodramas . Her next film was Humoresque ( 1946 ) , co-starring John Garfield , a romantic drama about a love affair between an older woman and a younger man . She starred alongside Van Heflin in Possessed ( 1947 ) , for which she received a second Academy Award nomination . In Daisy Kenyon ( 1947 ) , she appeared opposite Dana Andrews and Henry Fonda , and in Flamingo Road ( 1949 ) , her character has an ultimately deadly feud with a corrupt southern sheriff played by Sydney Greenstreet . She made a cameo in Its a Great Feeling ( 1949 ) , poking fun at her own screen image . In 1950 , she starred in the film noir The Damned Dont Cry and in the melodrama Harriet Craig . In 1947 , Crawford adopted two more children , whom she named Cindy and Cathy . The children were adopted from Tennessee Childrens Home Society , an orphanage/child-trafficking unit operated by Georgia Tann , a source used by many childless Hollywood stars to adopt until Tanns discovery and death erupted in infamy in 1952 . After the completion of This Woman Is Dangerous ( 1952 ) , a film Crawford called her worst , she asked to be released from her Warner Bros . contract . By this time , she felt Warners was losing interest in her due to feeble scripts , poor leading men and inept cameramen , so she decided it was time to move on . Later the same year , she received her third—and final—Academy Award nomination for Sudden Fear for RKO Radio Pictures . Radio and television . Crawford worked in the radio series The Screen Guild Theater on January 8 , 1939 ; Good News ; Baby , broadcast on March 2 , 1940 , on Arch Obolers Lights Out ; The Word on Everymans Theater ( 1941 ) ; Chained on the Lux Radio Theater , and Norman Corwins Document A/777 ( 1948 ) . She appeared in episodes of anthology television series in the 1950s , and , in 1959 , made a pilot for The Joan Crawford Show . Al Steele and Pepsi-Cola Company . Crawford married her fourth—and final—husband , Alfred Steele , at the Flamingo Hotel in Las Vegas on May 10 , 1955 . Crawford and Steele met at a party in 1950 , when Steele was an executive at PepsiCo . They renewed their acquaintance at a New Years Eve party in 1954 . By that time , Steele had become president of Pepsi-Cola . He later was named chairman of the board and CEO of Pepsi-Cola . Crawford traveled extensively on behalf of Pepsi following the marriage . She estimated that she traveled over 100,000 miles for the company . Steele died of a heart attack in April 1959 . Crawford initially was advised that her services were no longer required . After she told the story to Louella Parsons , Pepsi reversed its position , and Crawford was elected to fill the vacant seat on the board of directors . Crawford received the sixth annual Pally Award , which was in the shape of a bronze Pepsi bottle . It was awarded to the employee making the most significant contribution to company sales . In 1973 , Crawford was forced to retire from the company at the behest of company executive Don Kendall , whom Crawford had referred to for years as Fang . Later career . After her Academy Award-nominated performance in 1952s Sudden Fear , Crawford continued to work steadily throughout the rest of the decade . After a 10-year absence from MGM , she returned to that studio to star in Torch Song ( 1953 ) , a musical drama centering on the life of a demanding stage star who falls in love with a blind pianist , played by Michael Wilding . Although the film was highly publicized as Crawfords major comeback , it was a critical and financial failure , known today for its camp appeal . In 1954 , she starred in Johnny Guitar , a cult classic directed by Nicholas Ray , co-starring Sterling Hayden and Mercedes McCambridge . She also starred in Female on the Beach ( 1955 ) with Jeff Chandler , and in Queen Bee ( 1955 ) , alongside John Ireland . The following year , she starred opposite a young Cliff Robertson in Autumn Leaves ( 1956 ) , and filmed a leading role in The Story of Esther Costello ( 1957 ) , co-starring Rossano Brazzi . Crawford , who had been left near-penniless following Alfred Steeles death , accepted a small role in The Best of Everything ( 1959 ) . Although she was not the star of the film , she received positive reviews . Crawford later named the role as being one of her personal favorites . By 1961 , Joan Crawford was once again her own publicity machine , with a new script , Whatever Happened to Baby Jane? , sent by Robert Aldrich . Crawford starred as Blanche Hudson , an elderly , disabled former A-list movie star who lives in fear of her psychotic sister Jane , in the highly successful psychological thriller What Ever Happened to Baby Jane ? ( 1962 ) . Despite the actresses earlier tensions , Crawford reportedly suggested Bette Davis for the role of Jane . The two stars maintained publicly that there was no feud between them . The director , Robert Aldrich , fueling publicity rumors , explained that Davis and Crawford were each aware of how important the film was to their respective careers , and commented , Its proper to say that they really detested each other , but they behaved absolutely perfectly . After filming was completed , their public comments against each other propelled their animosity into a life-long feud . The film was a huge success , recouping its costs within eleven days of its nationwide release reviving Davis and Crawfords careers . Davis was nominated for an Academy Award for her performance as Jane Hudson . Crawford contacted each of the other Oscar nominees in the category ( Katharine Hepburn , Lee Remick , Geraldine Page , and Anne Bancroft , all East Coast-based actresses ) , to let them know that if they could not attend the ceremony , she would be happy to accept the Oscar on their behalf ; all agreed . Both Davis and Crawford were backstage – Crawford having presented best director – when the absent Anne Bancroft was announced as the winner and Crawford accepted the award on her behalf . Davis claimed for the rest of her life that Crawford had campaigned against her , a charge Crawford denied . That same year , Crawford starred as Lucy Harbin in William Castles horror mystery Strait-Jacket ( 1964 ) . Robert Aldrich cast Crawford and Davis in Hush...Hush , Sweet Charlotte ( 1964 ) . After a purported campaign of harassment by Davis on location in Louisiana , Crawford returned to Hollywood entering a hospital . After a prolonged absence , during which Crawford was accused of feigning illness , Aldrich was forced to replace her with Olivia de Havilland . Crawford , who was devastated , said I heard the news of my replacement over the radio , lying in my hospital bed .. . I cried for nine hours . Crawford nursed grudges against Davis and Aldrich for the rest of her life , saying of Aldrich , He is a man who loves evil , horrendous , vile things , to which Aldrich replied If the shoe fits , wear it , and I am very fond of Miss Crawford . Despite being replaced , brief footage of Crawford made it into the film when she is seen sitting in a taxi in a wide shot . In 1965 , she played Amy Nelson in I Saw What You Did , another William Castle vehicle . She starred as Monica Rivers in Herman Cohens horror thriller film Berserk ! ( 1967 ) . After the films release , Crawford guest-starred as herself on The Lucy Show . The episode , Lucy and the Lost Star , first aired on February 26 , 1968 . Crawford struggled during rehearsals , and drank heavily on-set , leading series star Lucille Ball to suggest replacing her with Gloria Swanson . However , Crawford was letter-perfect the day of the show , which included dancing the Charleston , and received two standing ovations from the studio audience . In October 1968 , Crawfords 29-year-old daughter , Christina ( who was then acting in New York on the soap opera The Secret Storm ) , needed immediate medical attention for a ruptured ovarian tumor . Despite the fact that Christinas character was a 28-year-old , and Crawford was in her sixties , Crawford offered to play her role until Christina was well enough to return , to which producer Gloria Monty readily agreed . Crawfords appearance in the 1969 television film Night Gallery ( which served as pilot to the series that followed ) marked one of Steven Spielbergs earliest directing jobs . Crawford made a cameo appearance as herself in the first episode of The Tim Conway Show , which aired on January 30 , 1970 . She starred on the big screen one final time , playing Dr . Brockton in Herman Cohens science fiction horror film Trog ( 1970 ) , rounding out a career spanning 45 years and more than 80 motion pictures . Crawford made three more television appearances , including one as Stephanie White in a 1970 episode ( The Nightmare ) of The Virginian and as Joan Fairchild ( her final dramatic performance ) in a 1972 episode ( Dear Joan : Were Going to Scare You to Death ) of The Sixth Sense . Final years . In 1970 , Crawford was presented with the Cecil B . DeMille Award by John Wayne at the Golden Globes , which was telecast from the Coconut Grove at The Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles . She also spoke at Stephens College , where she had been a student for two months in 1922 . Crawford published her autobiography , A Portrait of Joan , co-written with Jane Kesner Ardmore , in 1962 through Doubleday . Crawfords next book , My Way of Life , was published in 1971 by Simon & Schuster . Those expecting a racy tell-all were disappointed , although Crawfords meticulous ways were revealed in her advice on grooming , wardrobe , exercise , and even food storage . After her death , photographs of John F . Kennedy ( for whom she had voted in the 1960 presidential election ) were found in her apartment . In September 1973 , Crawford moved from apartment 22-G to a smaller apartment next door , 22-H , at the Imperial House , 150 East 69th Street . Her last public appearance was made on September 23 , 1974 , at a book party cohosted with her old friend Rosalind Russell at New Yorks Rainbow Room . Russell was suffering from breast cancer and arthritis at the time . When Crawford saw the unflattering photos that appeared in the papers the next day , she said If thats how I look , then they wont see me anymore . Crawford cancelled all public appearances , began declining interviews , and left her apartment less and less . Dental problems , including surgery which left her needing round-the-clock nursing care , plagued her from 1972 until mid-1975 . While on antibiotics for this problem in October 1974 , her drinking caused her to pass out , slip , and strike her face . Whether it was this incident or her return to religion , Christian Science , she quit drinking in 1974 . Death and legacy . On May 6 , 1977 , Crawford gave away her Shih Tzu , Princess Lotus Blossom , because she was too weak to continue to care for her . Crawford died on May 10 , 1977 , at her apartment in Lenox Hill , New York City , of a myocardial infarction ( heart attack ) . A funeral was held at Campbell Funeral Home , New York , on May 13 , 1977 . In her will , which was signed on October 28 , 1976 , Crawford bequeathed to her two youngest children , Cindy and Cathy , $77,500 each from her $2 million estate . She explicitly disinherited the two eldest , Christina and Christopher : It is my intention to make no provision herein for my son , Christopher , or my daughter , Christina , for reasons which are well known to them . Both of them challenged the will and received a $55,000 settlement . She also bequeathed nothing to her niece , Joan Lowe ( 1933–1999 ; born Joan Crawford LeSueur , the only child of her estranged brother , Hal ) . Crawford left money to her favorite charities : the USO of New York , the Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital , the American Cancer Society , the Muscular Dystrophy Association , the American Heart Association , and the Wiltwyck School for Boys . During World War II , she was a member of American Womens Voluntary Services . A memorial service was held for Crawford at All Souls Unitarian Church on Lexington Avenue in New York on May 16 , 1977 . In attendance were long-time friend Myrna Loy and co-stars Geraldine Brooks and Cliff Robertson , who gave eulogies ; Pearl Bailey sang Hell Understand . Another memorial service , organized by George Cukor , was held on June 24 in the Samuel Goldwyn Theater at the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in Beverly Hills , California . Crawford was cremated , and her ashes placed in a crypt with her fourth and final husband , Alfred Steele , in Ferncliff Cemetery , Hartsdale , New York . Joan Crawfords handprints and footprints are immortalized in the forecourt of Graumans Chinese Theatre in Hollywood . She has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , at 1752 Vine Street , for her contributions to the motion picture industry . Playboy listed Crawford as #84 of the 100 Sexiest Women of the 20th century . In 1999 , Crawford was also voted the tenth greatest female star of the classic American cinema by the American Film Institute . Crawford has also attracted a following in the gay community . In Joan Crawford : The Essential Biography , the author explains that Crawford appeals to many gay men because they sympathize with her struggle for success in both the entertainment industry and her personal life . Mommie Dearest . In November 1978 , Christina Crawford published Mommie Dearest , which contained allegations that her late adoptive mother was emotionally and physically abusive to Christina and her brother Christopher because she chose fame and her career over parenthood . Many of Crawfords friends and co-workers , including Van Johnson , Ann Blyth , Myrna Loy , Katharine Hepburn , Cesar Romero , Gary Gray , Douglas Fairbanks Jr . ( Crawfords first husband ) , and Crawfords two other younger daughters , Cathy and Cindy , denounced the book , categorically denying any abuse . Others including Helen Hayes , James MacArthur ( Hayes son ) , June Allyson , and Vincent Sherman stated they had witnessed some form of abusive behavior . Mommie Dearest became a best-seller , and was made into the 1981 film Mommie Dearest , starring Faye Dunaway as Crawford . In popular culture . Pictures of Crawford were used in the album artwork of The Rolling Stones album Exile on Main St . ( 1972 ) . Four years after her death , Blue Öyster Cult released the song Joan Crawford as part of their album Fire of Unknown Origin ( 1981 ) . The alleged feud between Crawford and Bette Davis is depicted in the 1989 book . It was fueled by competition over film roles , Academy Awards , and Franchot Tone ( Joan Crawfords second husband ) , who was Daviss co-star in 1935s Dangerous . The Crawford-Davis rivalry is the subject of the 2017 first season of the television series Feud , inspired by the book and subtitled Bette and Joan . Crawford is played by Jessica Lange , and Davis is played by Susan Sarandon . In 2018 , streaming/airing of the series was stopped by restraint order from lower California courts until Olivia de Havilland could be heard by the United States Supreme Court on whether producers had the right to use her likeness ( played by Catherine Zeta-Jones ) without permission despite her being a public figure . In January 2019 , the Supreme Court refused to hear the case . The series streams on Amazon . Bibliography . Sources . - Considine , Shaun ( 1989 ) . Bette and Joan : The Divine Feud . New York , E . P . Dutton , a division of Penguin Books . . - Bret , David ( 2006 ) . Joan Crawford : Hollywood Martyr . Robson . . - Granlund , Nils T . ( 1957 ) . Blondes , Brunettes , and Bullets . New York , David McKay Company . - Hoefling , Larry J . ( 2008 ) . Nils Thor Granlund : The Swedish Showman Who Invented American Entertainment . Inlandia Press . . - LaSalle , Mick ( 2000 ) . Complicated Women : Sex and Power in Pre-Code Hollywood . New York , Thomas Dunne Books , an imprint of St . Martins Press . . - Dunaway , Faye ( 1998 ) . Looking For Gatsby . Pocket . . - Leese , Elizabeth ( 1991 ) . Costume Design in the Movies . Dover Books . . - Newquist , Roy , with introduction by John Springer ( 1980 ) . Conversations with Joan Crawford . New Jersey , Citadel Press , a division of Lyle Stuart , Inc . . - Quirk , Lawrence J . and William Schoell . ( 2002 ) . Joan Crawford : the essential biography . University Press of Kentucky . . - Skal , David J . ( 1993 ) . The Monster Show : A Cultural History of Horror . Penguin Books . . - Thomas , Bob ( 1978 ) . Joan Crawford : A Biography . New York , Bantam Books . . External links . - Excerpt of March 2008 biography , VanityFair.com - Joan Crawford profile , Virtual-History.com - Joan Crawford awards at Brandeis University
|
[
"Douglas Fairbanks , Jr"
] |
[
{
"text": " Joan Crawford ( born Lucille Fay LeSueur ; March 23 , 190 ? – May 10 , 1977 ) was an American film and television actress who began her career as a dancer in traveling theatrical companies before debuting as a chorus girl on Broadway . Crawford then signed a motion picture contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1925 ; her career spanned six decades , multiple studios , and controversies .",
"title": "Joan Crawford"
},
{
"text": "At different stages of her career , she was noted for her diverse roles playing sympathetic and unsympathetic characters , and for realistic yet multi-layered performances . Her greatest success and most popular performances came from melodramas and romantic comedies , but her filmography ranges in genres from film noir and historical costume dramas to musicals and horror films . In 1999 , the American Film Institute ranked Crawford tenth on its list of the greatest female stars of Classic Hollywood Cinema .",
"title": "Joan Crawford"
},
{
"text": "In the 1930s , Crawfords fame rivaled and later surpassed that of MGM colleagues Norma Shearer and Greta Garbo . Though she started by portraying flappers , Crawford often played wealthy women in distress ( Dance , Fools , Dance ; This Modern Age ; Letty Lynton ; No More Ladies ; I Live My Life ; Susan and God ) or hard-working young women who found romance and success ( Our Dancing Daughters ; Paid ; Laughing Sinners ; Grand Hotel ; Dancing Lady ; Sadie McKee ; The Last of Mrs . Cheyney ; The Shining Hour ;",
"title": "Joan Crawford"
},
{
"text": "The Bride Wore Red ; Mannequin ) . These characters and stories were well received by Depression-era audiences , and were popular with women . Crawford became one of Hollywoods more prominent movie stars , and one of the higher-paid women in the United States .",
"title": "Joan Crawford"
},
{
"text": "In 1938 , she was among a group of actresses deemed box office poison by theater owners , until her pivotal role in the all-female cast of 1939s The Women gained her praise from critics and audiences alike . Her success continued with a performance as a facially disfigured criminal in the melodrama A Womans Face , which garnered her critical acclaim . In 1945 , she won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her portrayal of the hard-working , divorced , protective mother in the title role of Mildred Pierce . Crawford also received two Best Actress Award",
"title": "Joan Crawford"
},
{
"text": "nominations as recognition for her work in Possessed ( 1947 ) and Sudden Fear ( 1952 ) .",
"title": "Joan Crawford"
},
{
"text": "In 1954 , she starred in the Western Johnny Guitar , although unsuccessful during its original release , the cult film has since been lauded . In 1955 , Crawford became involved with the Pepsi-Cola Company through her marriage to company Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Alfred Steele , although she continued to act in film and television throughout the 1950s and 1960s . In 1962 , she starred alongside long-time rival Bette Davis in the horror film Whatever Happened to Baby Jane? , which once again returned her to critical acclaim and box office success , with many believing",
"title": "Joan Crawford"
},
{
"text": "she would receive another Oscar nomination , however she did not .",
"title": "Joan Crawford"
},
{
"text": " In 1970 Crawford made her last theatrical film , and until a few weeks before her death , she continued to tape numerous regular radio spots and announcements for a variety of not-for-profit causes . Following a public appearance in 1974 , she withdrew from events that required her to be photographed , becoming increasingly reclusive until her death in 1977 .",
"title": "Joan Crawford"
},
{
"text": "Crawford married four times . Her first three marriages ended in divorce ; the last ended with the death of husband Alfred Steele . She adopted five children , one of whom was reclaimed . Crawfords relationships with her two eldest children , Christina and Christopher , were acrimonious . After Crawfords death , Christina released a well-known but controversial tell-all memoir , Mommie Dearest ( 1978 ) .",
"title": "Joan Crawford"
},
{
"text": "Born Lucille Fay LeSueur , of French-Huguenot , English , Dutch , and Irish ancestry in San Antonio , Texas , she was the third and youngest child of Tennessee-born Thomas E . LeSueur ( January 2 , 1867– January 1 , 1938 ) , a construction laborer , and Texas-born Anna Bell Johnson ( November 29 , 1884 – August 15 , 1958 ) , and later Mrs . Anna Cassin . According to census records she may have been older . She apparently was still under 20 when her first two children were born . Crawfords elder siblings",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "were sister Daisy LeSueur , who died before Lucilles birth , and brother Hal LeSueur .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Thomas LeSueur abandoned the family when Lucille was ten months old , eventually resettling in Abilene , Texas , reportedly working as a construction laborer . Crawfords mother married Henry J . Cassin , however , the marriage is listed in the census as her first . They lived in Lawton , Oklahoma where Cassin ran the Ramsey Opera House ; he managed to book diverse and noted performers such as Anna Pavlova and Eva Tanguay . As a child , Crawford preferred the nickname Billie and enjoyed watching vaudeville acts perform on the stage of her stepfathers theatre .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "At that time , Crawford was reportedly unaware that Cassin , whom she referred to as daddy , was not her biological father until her brother Hal told her the truth . Cassin allegedly began sexually abusing her when she was eleven years old , and continued until she was sent to St . Agnes Academy , a Catholic girls school .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Beginning in childhood , Crawfords ambition was to be a dancer . One day in an attempt to escape piano lessons , she leapt from the front porch of her home and cut her foot severely on a broken milk bottle . As a result , she underwent three surgeries to repair the damage . She was unable to attend elementary school or continue with dancing lessons for 18 months .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In June 1917 , the family moved to Kansas City , Missouri , after Cassin was accused of embezzlement ; although acquitted , he was blacklisted in Lawton . Following their relocation , Cassin , a Catholic , placed Crawford at St . Agnes Academy in Kansas City . When her mother and stepfather separated , she remained at school as a work student , where she spent far more time working , primarily cooking and cleaning , than studying . She later attended Rockingham Academy , also as a working student . While there , she began dating ,",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "and had her first serious relationship with a trumpet player named Ray Sterling , who reportedly inspired her to begin challenging herself academically .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " In 1922 , she registered at Stephens College in Columbia , Missouri , giving her year of birth as 1906 . She attended Stephens for only a few months before withdrawing after she realized she was not prepared for college . Her familys instability negatively affected Crawford and her schooling never formally progressed beyond primary education .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Under the name Lucille LeSueur , Crawford began dancing in the choruses of traveling revues , and was spotted dancing in Detroit by producer Jacob J . Shubert . Shubert put her in the chorus line for his 1924 show , Innocent Eyes , at the Winter Garden Theatre on Broadway in New York City . While appearing in Innocent Eyes , Crawford met a saxophone player named James Welton . The two were allegedly married in 1924 , and lived together for several months , although this supposed marriage was never mentioned in later life by Crawford .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Crawford wanted additional work , and approached Loews Theaters publicist Nils Granlund . Granlund secured a position for her with singer Harry Richmans act and arranged for her to do a screen test which he sent to producer Harry Rapf in Hollywood . Rapf notified Granlund on December 24 , 1924 , that Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer ( MGM ) had offered Crawford a contract at $75 a week . Granlund immediately wired LeSueur , who had returned to her mothers home in Kansas City , with the news ; she borrowed $400 for travel expenses .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Credited as Lucille LeSueur , her first film was Lady of the Night in 1925 , as the body double for Norma Shearer , MGMs most popular female star . She also appeared in The Circle and Pretty Ladies ( both 1925 ) , starring comedian ZaSu Pitts . This was soon followed by equally small and unbilled roles in two other 1925 silent films : The Only Thing , and The Merry Widow .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "MGM publicity head Pete Smith recognized her ability to become a major star , but felt her name sounded fake ; he told studio head Louis B . Mayer that her last name , LeSueur , reminded him of a sewer . Smith organized a contest called Name the Star in Movie Weekly to allow readers to select her new stage name . The initial choice was Joan Arden , but after another actress was found to have prior claim to that name , the alternate surname Crawford became the choice . She later said that she wanted her first",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "name to be pronounced Jo-Anne , and that she hated the name Crawford because it sounded like crawfish , but also admitted she liked the security that went with the name .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Growing increasingly frustrated over the size and quality of the parts she was given , Crawford embarked on a campaign of self-promotion . As MGM screenwriter Frederica Sagor Maas recalled , No one decided to make Joan Crawford a star . Joan Crawford became a star because Joan Crawford decided to become a star . She began attending dances in the afternoons and evenings at hotels around Hollywood and at dance venues on the beach piers , where she often won dance competitions with her performances of the Charleston and the Black Bottom .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Her strategy worked and MGM cast her in the film where she first made an impression on audiences , Edmund Gouldings Sally , Irene and Mary ( 1925 ) . From the beginning of her career , Crawford considered Norma Shearer – the studios most-popular actress – her professional nemesis . Shearer was married to MGM Head of Production Irving Thalberg ; hence , she had the first choice of scripts , and had more control than other stars in what films she would and would not make . Crawford was quoted to have said : How can I compete",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "with Norma ? She sleeps with the boss !",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Crawford was named one of 1926s WAMPAS Baby Stars , along with Mary Astor , Dolores del Río , Janet Gaynor , and Fay Wray , among others . That same year , she co-starred in Paris with Charles Ray . Within a few years , she became the romantic lead to many of MGMs top male stars , including Ramón Novarro , John Gilbert , William Haines , and Tim McCoy .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Crawford appeared as a skimpily-clad young carnival assistant in The Unknown ( 1927 ) , starring Lon Chaney , Sr . as a carnival knife thrower with no arms who hopes to marry her . She stated that she learned more about acting from watching Chaney work than from anyone else in her career . It was then , she said , I became aware for the first time of the difference between standing in front of a camera , and acting . Also in 1927 , she appeared alongside her close friend , William Haines , in Spring Fever",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": ", which was the first of three movies the duo made together .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "In 1928 , Crawford starred opposite Ramón Novarro in Across to Singapore , but it was her role as Diana Medford in Our Dancing Daughters ( 1928 ) that catapulted her to stardom . The role established her as a symbol of modern 1920s-style femininity which rivaled Clara Bow , the original It girl , and Hollywoods foremost flapper . A stream of hits followed Our Dancing Daughters , including two more flapper-themed movies , in which Crawford embodied for her legion of fans ( many of whom were women ) an idealized vision of the free-spirited , all-American girl",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " F . Scott Fitzgerald wrote of Crawford : Crawford described her glamorous onscreen persona more succinctly , saying , If you want to see the girl next door , go next door .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "On June 3 , 1929 , Crawford married Douglas Fairbanks , Jr . at Saint Malachys Roman Catholic Church ( known as The Actors Chapel , owing to its proximity to Broadway theatres ) in Manhattan , although neither was Catholic . Fairbanks was the son of Douglas Fairbanks and the stepson of Mary Pickford , who were considered Hollywood royalty . Fairbanks , Sr. , and Pickford were opposed to the marriage , and did not invite the couple to their home at Pickfair for eight months after the marriage .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " The relationship between Crawford and Fairbanks , Sr. , eventually warmed ; she called him Uncle Doug , and he called her Billie , her childhood nickname , but one that close friends used throughout her life . She and Pickford , however , continued to despise each other . Following that first invitation , Crawford and Fairbanks , Jr. , became more frequent guests . While the Fairbanks men played golf together , Crawford was either left with Pickford , who would retire to her quarters , or simply left alone .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "To rid herself of her Southwestern accent , Crawford tirelessly practiced diction and elocution . She said :",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Transition to sound , and continued success . After the release of The Jazz Singer in 1927—the first feature-length film with some audible dialogue—sound films became all the rage . The transition from silent to sound caused panic for many , if not all , involved with the film industry ; many silent film stars found themselves unemployable because of their undesirable voices and hard-to-understand accents , or simply because of their refusal to make the transition to talkies .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Many studios and stars avoided making the transition as long as possible , especially MGM , which was the last of the major studios to switch over to sound . The Hollywood Revue of 1929 was one of the studios first all-talking films , and their first attempt to showcase their stars ability to make the transition from silent to sound . Crawford was among the dozen or more MGM stars included in the movie ; she sang the song Got a Feeling for You during the films first act . She studied singing with Estelle Liebling , the voice",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "teacher of Beverly Sills , in the 1920s and 1930s .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Crawford made a successful transition to talkies with her first starring role in the all-talking feature-length film in Untamed ( 1929 ) , co-starring Robert Montgomery . Despite the success of the film at the box office , it received mixed reviews from critics , who noted that while Crawford seemed nervous at making the transition to sound , she had become one of the most popular actresses in the world . Montana Moon ( 1930 ) , an uneasy mix of Western clichés and music , teamed her with John Mack Brown and Ricardo Cortez . Although the film",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "had problems with censors , it was a major success at the time of its release . Our Blushing Brides ( 1930 ) the final installment in the Our Dancing Daughters franchise co-starring Robert Montgomery and Anita Page , where Crawford carries the burden of dramatics in this photoplay and comes off splendidly and intelligently . Her next movie , Paid ( 1930 ) , paired her with Robert Armstrong , and was another success . During the early sound era , MGM began to place Crawford in more sophisticated roles , rather than continuing to promote her flapper-inspired persona",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "of the silent era .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "In 1931 , MGM cast Crawford in five films . Three of them teamed her opposite Clark Gable , the studios soon to be biggest male star and King of Hollywood . Dance , Fools , Dance , released in February 1931 , was the first pairing of Crawford and Gable . Their second movie together , Laughing Sinners , released in May 1931 , was directed by Harry Beaumont , and also co-starred Neil Hamilton . Possessed , their third film together , released in October , was directed by Clarence Brown . These films were immensely popular with",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "audiences and were generally well received by critics , stapling Crawfords position as one of MGMs top female stars of the decade along with Norma Shearer , Greta Garbo and Jean Harlow . Her only other notable film of 1931 , This Modern Age , was released in August and despite unfavorable reviews was a moderate success .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "MGM next cast her in the film Grand Hotel , directed by Edmund Goulding . As the studios first all-star production , Crawford co-starred opposite Greta Garbo , John and Lionel Barrymore , and Wallace Beery , among others . Receiving third billing , she played the middle-class stenographer to Beerys controlling general director . Crawford later admitted to being nervous during the filming of the movie because she was working with accomplished actors , and that she was disappointed that she had no scenes with one she had admired , the divine Garbo . Grand Hotel was released in",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "April 1932 to critical and commercial success . It was one of the highest-grossing movies of the year , and won the Academy Award for Best Picture .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Crawford achieved continued success in Letty Lynton ( 1932 ) . Soon after this movies release , a plagiarism suit forced MGM to withdraw it ; it is therefore considered the lost Crawford film . Designed by Adrian , the gown with large ruffled sleeves which Crawford wore in the movie became a popular style that same year , and was even copied by Macys.On loan to United Artists , she played prostitute Sadie Thompson in Rain ( 1932 ) , a film version of John Coltons 1923 play . Actress Jeanne Eagels played the role on stage , and",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Gloria Swanson had originated the part on screen in the 1928 film version . Crawfords performance was panned , and the film was not a success . Despite the failure of Rain , in 1932 , the publishing of the first Top Ten Money-Making Stars Poll placed Crawford third in popularity at the box office , behind only Marie Dressler and Janet Gaynor . She remained on the list for the next several years , last appearing on it in 1936 . In May 1933 , Crawford divorced Fairbanks citing grievous mental cruelty . Crawford claimed Fairbanks had a jealous",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "and suspicious attitude toward her friends , and that they had loud arguments about the most trivial subjects lasting far into the night .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Following her divorce , she was again teamed with Clark Gable , along with Franchot Tone and Fred Astaire , in the hit Dancing Lady ( 1933 ) , in which she received top billing . She next played the title role in Sadie McKee ( 1934 ) , opposite Tone and Gene Raymond . She was paired with Gable for the fifth time in Chained ( 1934 ) , and for the sixth time in Forsaking All Others ( 1934 ) . Crawfords films of this era were some of the most-popular and highest-grossing films of the mid-1930s .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " In 1935 , Crawford married Franchot Tone , a stage actor from New York who planned to use his film earnings to finance his theatre group . The couple built a small theatre at Crawfords Brentwood home , and put on productions of classic plays for select groups of friends that lived in the popular Brentwood area like Clark Gable and Charley Chase . Tone and Crawford had first appeared together in Today We Live ( 1933 ) , but Crawford was hesitant about entering into another romance so soon after her split from Fairbanks .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Before and during their marriage , Crawford worked to promote Tones Hollywood career , but he was not interested in being a star , ultimately wanting to just be an actor , and Crawford wearied of the effort . During their marriage they tried on two separate occasions for children , both ending in miscarriage . Tone allegedly began drinking and became physically abusive . She filed for divorce , which was granted in 1939 . Crawford and Tone later rekindled their friendship , and Tone even proposed in 1964 that they remarry . When he died in 1968 ,",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Crawford arranged for him to be cremated and his ashes scattered at Muskoka Lakes , Canada .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Crawford continued her reign as a popular movie actress well into the mid-1930s . No More Ladies ( 1935 ) co-starred Robert Montgomery and then-husband Franchot Tone , and was a success . Crawford had long pleaded with MGMs head Louis B . Mayer to cast her in more dramatic roles , and although he was reluctant , he cast her in the sophisticated comedy-drama I Live My Life ( 1935 ) , directed by W . S . Van Dyke , and it was well received by critics .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "She next starred in The Gorgeous Hussy ( 1936 ) , opposite Robert Taylor and Lionel Barrymore , as well as Tone . It was a critical and box-office success , and became one of Crawfords biggest hits of the decade . Love on the Run ( 1936 ) , a romantic comedy directed by W . S . Van Dyke , was her seventh film co-starring Clark Gable .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Even though Crawford remained a respected MGM actress , and her films still earned profits , her popularity declined in the late 1930s . In 1937 , Crawford was proclaimed the first Queen of the Movies by Life magazine . She unexpectedly slipped from seventh to sixteenth place at the box office that year , and her public popularity also began to wane . Richard Boleslawskis comedy-drama The Last of Mrs . Cheyney ( 1937 ) teamed her opposite William Powell in their sole screen pairing . The film was also Crawfords last box-office success before the onset of her",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "box office poison period .",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": " She co-starred opposite Franchot Tone for the seventh—and final—time in The Bride Wore Red ( 1937 ) . The film was generally unfavorably reviewed by the majority of critics . It also ran a financial loss , becoming one of MGMs biggest failures of the year . Mannequin , co-starring Spencer Tracy , also released in 1937 did , as the New York Times stated , restore Crawford to her throne as queen of the working girls .",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "On May 3 , 1938 , Crawford—along with Greta Garbo , Norma Shearer , Luise Rainer , John Barrymore , Katharine Hepburn , Fred Astaire , Dolores del Río , and others—was dubbed Box Office Poison in an open letter in the Independent Film Journal . The list was submitted by Harry Brandt , president of the Independent Theatre Owners Association of America . Brandt stated that while these stars had unquestioned dramatic abilities , their high salaries did not reflect in their ticket sales , thus hurting the movie exhibitors involved . Crawfords follow-up movie , The Shining Hour",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "( 1938 ) , co-starring Margaret Sullavan and Melvyn Douglas , was well received by critics , but it was a box-office flop .",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "She made a comeback in 1939 with her role as home-wrecker Crystal Allen in The Women , opposite her professional nemesis , Norma Shearer . A year later , she played against type in the unglamorous role of Julie in Strange Cargo ( 1940 ) , her eighth—and final—film with Clark Gable . She later starred as a facially disfigured blackmailer in A Womans Face ( 1941 ) , a remake of the Swedish film En kvinnas ansikte which had starred Ingrid Bergman in the lead role three years earlier . While the film was only a moderate box office",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "success , Crawfords performance was hailed by many critics .",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "Crawford adopted her first child , a daughter , in 1940 . Because she was single , California law prevented her from adopting within the state ; so , she arranged the adoption through an agency in Las Vegas . The child was temporarily called Joan , until Crawford changed her name to Christina . Crawford married actor Phillip Terry on July 21 , 1942 , after a six-month courtship . Together , the couple adopted a son whom they named Christopher , but his birth mother reclaimed the child . The couple adopted another boy , whom they named",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "Phillip Terry , Jr . After the marriage ended in 1946 , Crawford changed that childs name to Christopher Crawford .",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": " After 18 years , Crawfords contract with MGM was terminated by mutual consent on June 29 , 1943 . In lieu of the last film remaining under her contract , MGM bought her out for $100,000 . Move to Warner Bros. .",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "For $500,000 , Crawford signed with Warner Bros . for a three-movie deal , and was placed on the payroll on July 1 , 1943 . Her first film for the studio was Hollywood Canteen ( 1944 ) , an all-star morale-booster film that teamed her with several other top movie stars at the time . Crawford said one of the main reasons she signed with Warner Bros . was because she wanted to play the character Mattie in a proposed 1944 film version of Edith Whartons novel Ethan Frome ( 1911 ) .",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "She wanted to play the title role in Mildred Pierce ( 1945 ) , but Bette Davis was the studios first choice . However , Davis turned the role down . Director Michael Curtiz did not want Crawford to play the part , and he instead lobbied for the casting of Barbara Stanwyck . Warner Bros . defied Curtiz and cast Crawford in the film . Throughout the entire production of the movie , Curtiz criticized Crawford . She comes over here with her high-hat airs and her goddamn shoulder pads.. . Why should I waste my time directing a",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "has-been ? Curtiz demanded Crawford prove her suitability by taking a screen test ; she agreed . After the test , Curtiz agreed to Crawfords casting . Costume fittings started filming off roughly when Curtiz suspected Crawford of wearing shoulder pads and he proceeded to tear the top of her dress . She said Thankfully I was wearing a bra . Mildred Pierce was a resounding critical and commercial success . It epitomized the lush visual style and the hard-boiled film noir sensibility that defined Warner Bros . movies of the late forties . Crawford earned the Academy Award for",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "Best Actress in a Leading Role .",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "The success of Mildred Pierce revived Crawfords movie career . For several years , she starred in what were called a series of first-rate melodramas . Her next film was Humoresque ( 1946 ) , co-starring John Garfield , a romantic drama about a love affair between an older woman and a younger man . She starred alongside Van Heflin in Possessed ( 1947 ) , for which she received a second Academy Award nomination . In Daisy Kenyon ( 1947 ) , she appeared opposite Dana Andrews and Henry Fonda , and in Flamingo Road ( 1949 ) ,",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "her character has an ultimately deadly feud with a corrupt southern sheriff played by Sydney Greenstreet . She made a cameo in Its a Great Feeling ( 1949 ) , poking fun at her own screen image . In 1950 , she starred in the film noir The Damned Dont Cry and in the melodrama Harriet Craig .",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": " In 1947 , Crawford adopted two more children , whom she named Cindy and Cathy . The children were adopted from Tennessee Childrens Home Society , an orphanage/child-trafficking unit operated by Georgia Tann , a source used by many childless Hollywood stars to adopt until Tanns discovery and death erupted in infamy in 1952 .",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "After the completion of This Woman Is Dangerous ( 1952 ) , a film Crawford called her worst , she asked to be released from her Warner Bros . contract . By this time , she felt Warners was losing interest in her due to feeble scripts , poor leading men and inept cameramen , so she decided it was time to move on . Later the same year , she received her third—and final—Academy Award nomination for Sudden Fear for RKO Radio Pictures .",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": " Crawford worked in the radio series The Screen Guild Theater on January 8 , 1939 ; Good News ; Baby , broadcast on March 2 , 1940 , on Arch Obolers Lights Out ; The Word on Everymans Theater ( 1941 ) ; Chained on the Lux Radio Theater , and Norman Corwins Document A/777 ( 1948 ) . She appeared in episodes of anthology television series in the 1950s , and , in 1959 , made a pilot for The Joan Crawford Show . Al Steele and Pepsi-Cola Company .",
"title": "Radio and television"
},
{
"text": "Crawford married her fourth—and final—husband , Alfred Steele , at the Flamingo Hotel in Las Vegas on May 10 , 1955 . Crawford and Steele met at a party in 1950 , when Steele was an executive at PepsiCo . They renewed their acquaintance at a New Years Eve party in 1954 . By that time , Steele had become president of Pepsi-Cola . He later was named chairman of the board and CEO of Pepsi-Cola . Crawford traveled extensively on behalf of Pepsi following the marriage . She estimated that she traveled over 100,000 miles for the company .",
"title": "Radio and television"
},
{
"text": " Steele died of a heart attack in April 1959 . Crawford initially was advised that her services were no longer required . After she told the story to Louella Parsons , Pepsi reversed its position , and Crawford was elected to fill the vacant seat on the board of directors .",
"title": "Radio and television"
},
{
"text": "Crawford received the sixth annual Pally Award , which was in the shape of a bronze Pepsi bottle . It was awarded to the employee making the most significant contribution to company sales . In 1973 , Crawford was forced to retire from the company at the behest of company executive Don Kendall , whom Crawford had referred to for years as Fang .",
"title": "Radio and television"
},
{
"text": "After her Academy Award-nominated performance in 1952s Sudden Fear , Crawford continued to work steadily throughout the rest of the decade . After a 10-year absence from MGM , she returned to that studio to star in Torch Song ( 1953 ) , a musical drama centering on the life of a demanding stage star who falls in love with a blind pianist , played by Michael Wilding . Although the film was highly publicized as Crawfords major comeback , it was a critical and financial failure , known today for its camp appeal . In 1954 , she starred",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "in Johnny Guitar , a cult classic directed by Nicholas Ray , co-starring Sterling Hayden and Mercedes McCambridge . She also starred in Female on the Beach ( 1955 ) with Jeff Chandler , and in Queen Bee ( 1955 ) , alongside John Ireland . The following year , she starred opposite a young Cliff Robertson in Autumn Leaves ( 1956 ) , and filmed a leading role in The Story of Esther Costello ( 1957 ) , co-starring Rossano Brazzi . Crawford , who had been left near-penniless following Alfred Steeles death , accepted a small role in",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "The Best of Everything ( 1959 ) . Although she was not the star of the film , she received positive reviews . Crawford later named the role as being one of her personal favorites . By 1961 , Joan Crawford was once again her own publicity machine , with a new script , Whatever Happened to Baby Jane? , sent by Robert Aldrich .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "Crawford starred as Blanche Hudson , an elderly , disabled former A-list movie star who lives in fear of her psychotic sister Jane , in the highly successful psychological thriller What Ever Happened to Baby Jane ? ( 1962 ) . Despite the actresses earlier tensions , Crawford reportedly suggested Bette Davis for the role of Jane . The two stars maintained publicly that there was no feud between them . The director , Robert Aldrich , fueling publicity rumors , explained that Davis and Crawford were each aware of how important the film was to their respective careers ,",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "and commented , Its proper to say that they really detested each other , but they behaved absolutely perfectly .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "After filming was completed , their public comments against each other propelled their animosity into a life-long feud . The film was a huge success , recouping its costs within eleven days of its nationwide release reviving Davis and Crawfords careers . Davis was nominated for an Academy Award for her performance as Jane Hudson . Crawford contacted each of the other Oscar nominees in the category ( Katharine Hepburn , Lee Remick , Geraldine Page , and Anne Bancroft , all East Coast-based actresses ) , to let them know that if they could not attend the ceremony ,",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "she would be happy to accept the Oscar on their behalf ; all agreed . Both Davis and Crawford were backstage – Crawford having presented best director – when the absent Anne Bancroft was announced as the winner and Crawford accepted the award on her behalf . Davis claimed for the rest of her life that Crawford had campaigned against her , a charge Crawford denied .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "That same year , Crawford starred as Lucy Harbin in William Castles horror mystery Strait-Jacket ( 1964 ) . Robert Aldrich cast Crawford and Davis in Hush...Hush , Sweet Charlotte ( 1964 ) . After a purported campaign of harassment by Davis on location in Louisiana , Crawford returned to Hollywood entering a hospital . After a prolonged absence , during which Crawford was accused of feigning illness , Aldrich was forced to replace her with Olivia de Havilland . Crawford , who was devastated , said I heard the news of my replacement over the radio , lying in",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "my hospital bed .. . I cried for nine hours . Crawford nursed grudges against Davis and Aldrich for the rest of her life , saying of Aldrich , He is a man who loves evil , horrendous , vile things , to which Aldrich replied If the shoe fits , wear it , and I am very fond of Miss Crawford . Despite being replaced , brief footage of Crawford made it into the film when she is seen sitting in a taxi in a wide shot .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "In 1965 , she played Amy Nelson in I Saw What You Did , another William Castle vehicle . She starred as Monica Rivers in Herman Cohens horror thriller film Berserk ! ( 1967 ) . After the films release , Crawford guest-starred as herself on The Lucy Show . The episode , Lucy and the Lost Star , first aired on February 26 , 1968 . Crawford struggled during rehearsals , and drank heavily on-set , leading series star Lucille Ball to suggest replacing her with Gloria Swanson . However , Crawford was letter-perfect the day of the show",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": ", which included dancing the Charleston , and received two standing ovations from the studio audience .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " In October 1968 , Crawfords 29-year-old daughter , Christina ( who was then acting in New York on the soap opera The Secret Storm ) , needed immediate medical attention for a ruptured ovarian tumor . Despite the fact that Christinas character was a 28-year-old , and Crawford was in her sixties , Crawford offered to play her role until Christina was well enough to return , to which producer Gloria Monty readily agreed .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "Crawfords appearance in the 1969 television film Night Gallery ( which served as pilot to the series that followed ) marked one of Steven Spielbergs earliest directing jobs . Crawford made a cameo appearance as herself in the first episode of The Tim Conway Show , which aired on January 30 , 1970 . She starred on the big screen one final time , playing Dr . Brockton in Herman Cohens science fiction horror film Trog ( 1970 ) , rounding out a career spanning 45 years and more than 80 motion pictures . Crawford made three more television appearances",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": ", including one as Stephanie White in a 1970 episode ( The Nightmare ) of The Virginian and as Joan Fairchild ( her final dramatic performance ) in a 1972 episode ( Dear Joan : Were Going to Scare You to Death ) of The Sixth Sense .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " In 1970 , Crawford was presented with the Cecil B . DeMille Award by John Wayne at the Golden Globes , which was telecast from the Coconut Grove at The Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles . She also spoke at Stephens College , where she had been a student for two months in 1922 .",
"title": "Final years"
},
{
"text": "Crawford published her autobiography , A Portrait of Joan , co-written with Jane Kesner Ardmore , in 1962 through Doubleday . Crawfords next book , My Way of Life , was published in 1971 by Simon & Schuster . Those expecting a racy tell-all were disappointed , although Crawfords meticulous ways were revealed in her advice on grooming , wardrobe , exercise , and even food storage . After her death , photographs of John F . Kennedy ( for whom she had voted in the 1960 presidential election ) were found in her apartment .",
"title": "Final years"
},
{
"text": "In September 1973 , Crawford moved from apartment 22-G to a smaller apartment next door , 22-H , at the Imperial House , 150 East 69th Street . Her last public appearance was made on September 23 , 1974 , at a book party cohosted with her old friend Rosalind Russell at New Yorks Rainbow Room . Russell was suffering from breast cancer and arthritis at the time . When Crawford saw the unflattering photos that appeared in the papers the next day , she said If thats how I look , then they wont see me anymore . Crawford",
"title": "Final years"
},
{
"text": "cancelled all public appearances , began declining interviews , and left her apartment less and less . Dental problems , including surgery which left her needing round-the-clock nursing care , plagued her from 1972 until mid-1975 . While on antibiotics for this problem in October 1974 , her drinking caused her to pass out , slip , and strike her face . Whether it was this incident or her return to religion , Christian Science , she quit drinking in 1974 .",
"title": "Final years"
},
{
"text": "On May 6 , 1977 , Crawford gave away her Shih Tzu , Princess Lotus Blossom , because she was too weak to continue to care for her . Crawford died on May 10 , 1977 , at her apartment in Lenox Hill , New York City , of a myocardial infarction ( heart attack ) . A funeral was held at Campbell Funeral Home , New York , on May 13 , 1977 . In her will , which was signed on October 28 , 1976 , Crawford bequeathed to her two youngest children , Cindy and Cathy ,",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": "$77,500 each from her $2 million estate .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": "She explicitly disinherited the two eldest , Christina and Christopher : It is my intention to make no provision herein for my son , Christopher , or my daughter , Christina , for reasons which are well known to them . Both of them challenged the will and received a $55,000 settlement . She also bequeathed nothing to her niece , Joan Lowe ( 1933–1999 ; born Joan Crawford LeSueur , the only child of her estranged brother , Hal ) . Crawford left money to her favorite charities : the USO of New York , the Motion Picture &",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": "Television Country House and Hospital , the American Cancer Society , the Muscular Dystrophy Association , the American Heart Association , and the Wiltwyck School for Boys . During World War II , she was a member of American Womens Voluntary Services .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": "A memorial service was held for Crawford at All Souls Unitarian Church on Lexington Avenue in New York on May 16 , 1977 . In attendance were long-time friend Myrna Loy and co-stars Geraldine Brooks and Cliff Robertson , who gave eulogies ; Pearl Bailey sang Hell Understand . Another memorial service , organized by George Cukor , was held on June 24 in the Samuel Goldwyn Theater at the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in Beverly Hills , California . Crawford was cremated , and her ashes placed in a crypt with her fourth and final husband",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": ", Alfred Steele , in Ferncliff Cemetery , Hartsdale , New York .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
}
] |
/wiki/Joan_Crawford#P26#1
|
Who was the spouse of Joan Crawford between Jan 1938 and Mar 1938?
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Joan Crawford Joan Crawford ( born Lucille Fay LeSueur ; March 23 , 190 ? – May 10 , 1977 ) was an American film and television actress who began her career as a dancer in traveling theatrical companies before debuting as a chorus girl on Broadway . Crawford then signed a motion picture contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1925 ; her career spanned six decades , multiple studios , and controversies . At different stages of her career , she was noted for her diverse roles playing sympathetic and unsympathetic characters , and for realistic yet multi-layered performances . Her greatest success and most popular performances came from melodramas and romantic comedies , but her filmography ranges in genres from film noir and historical costume dramas to musicals and horror films . In 1999 , the American Film Institute ranked Crawford tenth on its list of the greatest female stars of Classic Hollywood Cinema . In the 1930s , Crawfords fame rivaled and later surpassed that of MGM colleagues Norma Shearer and Greta Garbo . Though she started by portraying flappers , Crawford often played wealthy women in distress ( Dance , Fools , Dance ; This Modern Age ; Letty Lynton ; No More Ladies ; I Live My Life ; Susan and God ) or hard-working young women who found romance and success ( Our Dancing Daughters ; Paid ; Laughing Sinners ; Grand Hotel ; Dancing Lady ; Sadie McKee ; The Last of Mrs . Cheyney ; The Shining Hour ; The Bride Wore Red ; Mannequin ) . These characters and stories were well received by Depression-era audiences , and were popular with women . Crawford became one of Hollywoods more prominent movie stars , and one of the higher-paid women in the United States . In 1938 , she was among a group of actresses deemed box office poison by theater owners , until her pivotal role in the all-female cast of 1939s The Women gained her praise from critics and audiences alike . Her success continued with a performance as a facially disfigured criminal in the melodrama A Womans Face , which garnered her critical acclaim . In 1945 , she won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her portrayal of the hard-working , divorced , protective mother in the title role of Mildred Pierce . Crawford also received two Best Actress Award nominations as recognition for her work in Possessed ( 1947 ) and Sudden Fear ( 1952 ) . In 1954 , she starred in the Western Johnny Guitar , although unsuccessful during its original release , the cult film has since been lauded . In 1955 , Crawford became involved with the Pepsi-Cola Company through her marriage to company Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Alfred Steele , although she continued to act in film and television throughout the 1950s and 1960s . In 1962 , she starred alongside long-time rival Bette Davis in the horror film Whatever Happened to Baby Jane? , which once again returned her to critical acclaim and box office success , with many believing she would receive another Oscar nomination , however she did not . In 1970 Crawford made her last theatrical film , and until a few weeks before her death , she continued to tape numerous regular radio spots and announcements for a variety of not-for-profit causes . Following a public appearance in 1974 , she withdrew from events that required her to be photographed , becoming increasingly reclusive until her death in 1977 . Crawford married four times . Her first three marriages ended in divorce ; the last ended with the death of husband Alfred Steele . She adopted five children , one of whom was reclaimed . Crawfords relationships with her two eldest children , Christina and Christopher , were acrimonious . After Crawfords death , Christina released a well-known but controversial tell-all memoir , Mommie Dearest ( 1978 ) . Early life . Born Lucille Fay LeSueur , of French-Huguenot , English , Dutch , and Irish ancestry in San Antonio , Texas , she was the third and youngest child of Tennessee-born Thomas E . LeSueur ( January 2 , 1867– January 1 , 1938 ) , a construction laborer , and Texas-born Anna Bell Johnson ( November 29 , 1884 – August 15 , 1958 ) , and later Mrs . Anna Cassin . According to census records she may have been older . She apparently was still under 20 when her first two children were born . Crawfords elder siblings were sister Daisy LeSueur , who died before Lucilles birth , and brother Hal LeSueur . Thomas LeSueur abandoned the family when Lucille was ten months old , eventually resettling in Abilene , Texas , reportedly working as a construction laborer . Crawfords mother married Henry J . Cassin , however , the marriage is listed in the census as her first . They lived in Lawton , Oklahoma where Cassin ran the Ramsey Opera House ; he managed to book diverse and noted performers such as Anna Pavlova and Eva Tanguay . As a child , Crawford preferred the nickname Billie and enjoyed watching vaudeville acts perform on the stage of her stepfathers theatre . At that time , Crawford was reportedly unaware that Cassin , whom she referred to as daddy , was not her biological father until her brother Hal told her the truth . Cassin allegedly began sexually abusing her when she was eleven years old , and continued until she was sent to St . Agnes Academy , a Catholic girls school . Beginning in childhood , Crawfords ambition was to be a dancer . One day in an attempt to escape piano lessons , she leapt from the front porch of her home and cut her foot severely on a broken milk bottle . As a result , she underwent three surgeries to repair the damage . She was unable to attend elementary school or continue with dancing lessons for 18 months . In June 1917 , the family moved to Kansas City , Missouri , after Cassin was accused of embezzlement ; although acquitted , he was blacklisted in Lawton . Following their relocation , Cassin , a Catholic , placed Crawford at St . Agnes Academy in Kansas City . When her mother and stepfather separated , she remained at school as a work student , where she spent far more time working , primarily cooking and cleaning , than studying . She later attended Rockingham Academy , also as a working student . While there , she began dating , and had her first serious relationship with a trumpet player named Ray Sterling , who reportedly inspired her to begin challenging herself academically . In 1922 , she registered at Stephens College in Columbia , Missouri , giving her year of birth as 1906 . She attended Stephens for only a few months before withdrawing after she realized she was not prepared for college . Her familys instability negatively affected Crawford and her schooling never formally progressed beyond primary education . Career . Early career . Under the name Lucille LeSueur , Crawford began dancing in the choruses of traveling revues , and was spotted dancing in Detroit by producer Jacob J . Shubert . Shubert put her in the chorus line for his 1924 show , Innocent Eyes , at the Winter Garden Theatre on Broadway in New York City . While appearing in Innocent Eyes , Crawford met a saxophone player named James Welton . The two were allegedly married in 1924 , and lived together for several months , although this supposed marriage was never mentioned in later life by Crawford . Crawford wanted additional work , and approached Loews Theaters publicist Nils Granlund . Granlund secured a position for her with singer Harry Richmans act and arranged for her to do a screen test which he sent to producer Harry Rapf in Hollywood . Rapf notified Granlund on December 24 , 1924 , that Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer ( MGM ) had offered Crawford a contract at $75 a week . Granlund immediately wired LeSueur , who had returned to her mothers home in Kansas City , with the news ; she borrowed $400 for travel expenses . Credited as Lucille LeSueur , her first film was Lady of the Night in 1925 , as the body double for Norma Shearer , MGMs most popular female star . She also appeared in The Circle and Pretty Ladies ( both 1925 ) , starring comedian ZaSu Pitts . This was soon followed by equally small and unbilled roles in two other 1925 silent films : The Only Thing , and The Merry Widow . MGM publicity head Pete Smith recognized her ability to become a major star , but felt her name sounded fake ; he told studio head Louis B . Mayer that her last name , LeSueur , reminded him of a sewer . Smith organized a contest called Name the Star in Movie Weekly to allow readers to select her new stage name . The initial choice was Joan Arden , but after another actress was found to have prior claim to that name , the alternate surname Crawford became the choice . She later said that she wanted her first name to be pronounced Jo-Anne , and that she hated the name Crawford because it sounded like crawfish , but also admitted she liked the security that went with the name . Self-promotion , and early successes . Growing increasingly frustrated over the size and quality of the parts she was given , Crawford embarked on a campaign of self-promotion . As MGM screenwriter Frederica Sagor Maas recalled , No one decided to make Joan Crawford a star . Joan Crawford became a star because Joan Crawford decided to become a star . She began attending dances in the afternoons and evenings at hotels around Hollywood and at dance venues on the beach piers , where she often won dance competitions with her performances of the Charleston and the Black Bottom . Her strategy worked and MGM cast her in the film where she first made an impression on audiences , Edmund Gouldings Sally , Irene and Mary ( 1925 ) . From the beginning of her career , Crawford considered Norma Shearer – the studios most-popular actress – her professional nemesis . Shearer was married to MGM Head of Production Irving Thalberg ; hence , she had the first choice of scripts , and had more control than other stars in what films she would and would not make . Crawford was quoted to have said : How can I compete with Norma ? She sleeps with the boss ! Crawford was named one of 1926s WAMPAS Baby Stars , along with Mary Astor , Dolores del Río , Janet Gaynor , and Fay Wray , among others . That same year , she co-starred in Paris with Charles Ray . Within a few years , she became the romantic lead to many of MGMs top male stars , including Ramón Novarro , John Gilbert , William Haines , and Tim McCoy . Crawford appeared as a skimpily-clad young carnival assistant in The Unknown ( 1927 ) , starring Lon Chaney , Sr . as a carnival knife thrower with no arms who hopes to marry her . She stated that she learned more about acting from watching Chaney work than from anyone else in her career . It was then , she said , I became aware for the first time of the difference between standing in front of a camera , and acting . Also in 1927 , she appeared alongside her close friend , William Haines , in Spring Fever , which was the first of three movies the duo made together . In 1928 , Crawford starred opposite Ramón Novarro in Across to Singapore , but it was her role as Diana Medford in Our Dancing Daughters ( 1928 ) that catapulted her to stardom . The role established her as a symbol of modern 1920s-style femininity which rivaled Clara Bow , the original It girl , and Hollywoods foremost flapper . A stream of hits followed Our Dancing Daughters , including two more flapper-themed movies , in which Crawford embodied for her legion of fans ( many of whom were women ) an idealized vision of the free-spirited , all-American girl . F . Scott Fitzgerald wrote of Crawford : Crawford described her glamorous onscreen persona more succinctly , saying , If you want to see the girl next door , go next door . On June 3 , 1929 , Crawford married Douglas Fairbanks , Jr . at Saint Malachys Roman Catholic Church ( known as The Actors Chapel , owing to its proximity to Broadway theatres ) in Manhattan , although neither was Catholic . Fairbanks was the son of Douglas Fairbanks and the stepson of Mary Pickford , who were considered Hollywood royalty . Fairbanks , Sr. , and Pickford were opposed to the marriage , and did not invite the couple to their home at Pickfair for eight months after the marriage . The relationship between Crawford and Fairbanks , Sr. , eventually warmed ; she called him Uncle Doug , and he called her Billie , her childhood nickname , but one that close friends used throughout her life . She and Pickford , however , continued to despise each other . Following that first invitation , Crawford and Fairbanks , Jr. , became more frequent guests . While the Fairbanks men played golf together , Crawford was either left with Pickford , who would retire to her quarters , or simply left alone . To rid herself of her Southwestern accent , Crawford tirelessly practiced diction and elocution . She said : Transition to sound , and continued success . After the release of The Jazz Singer in 1927—the first feature-length film with some audible dialogue—sound films became all the rage . The transition from silent to sound caused panic for many , if not all , involved with the film industry ; many silent film stars found themselves unemployable because of their undesirable voices and hard-to-understand accents , or simply because of their refusal to make the transition to talkies . Many studios and stars avoided making the transition as long as possible , especially MGM , which was the last of the major studios to switch over to sound . The Hollywood Revue of 1929 was one of the studios first all-talking films , and their first attempt to showcase their stars ability to make the transition from silent to sound . Crawford was among the dozen or more MGM stars included in the movie ; she sang the song Got a Feeling for You during the films first act . She studied singing with Estelle Liebling , the voice teacher of Beverly Sills , in the 1920s and 1930s . Crawford made a successful transition to talkies with her first starring role in the all-talking feature-length film in Untamed ( 1929 ) , co-starring Robert Montgomery . Despite the success of the film at the box office , it received mixed reviews from critics , who noted that while Crawford seemed nervous at making the transition to sound , she had become one of the most popular actresses in the world . Montana Moon ( 1930 ) , an uneasy mix of Western clichés and music , teamed her with John Mack Brown and Ricardo Cortez . Although the film had problems with censors , it was a major success at the time of its release . Our Blushing Brides ( 1930 ) the final installment in the Our Dancing Daughters franchise co-starring Robert Montgomery and Anita Page , where Crawford carries the burden of dramatics in this photoplay and comes off splendidly and intelligently . Her next movie , Paid ( 1930 ) , paired her with Robert Armstrong , and was another success . During the early sound era , MGM began to place Crawford in more sophisticated roles , rather than continuing to promote her flapper-inspired persona of the silent era . In 1931 , MGM cast Crawford in five films . Three of them teamed her opposite Clark Gable , the studios soon to be biggest male star and King of Hollywood . Dance , Fools , Dance , released in February 1931 , was the first pairing of Crawford and Gable . Their second movie together , Laughing Sinners , released in May 1931 , was directed by Harry Beaumont , and also co-starred Neil Hamilton . Possessed , their third film together , released in October , was directed by Clarence Brown . These films were immensely popular with audiences and were generally well received by critics , stapling Crawfords position as one of MGMs top female stars of the decade along with Norma Shearer , Greta Garbo and Jean Harlow . Her only other notable film of 1931 , This Modern Age , was released in August and despite unfavorable reviews was a moderate success . MGM next cast her in the film Grand Hotel , directed by Edmund Goulding . As the studios first all-star production , Crawford co-starred opposite Greta Garbo , John and Lionel Barrymore , and Wallace Beery , among others . Receiving third billing , she played the middle-class stenographer to Beerys controlling general director . Crawford later admitted to being nervous during the filming of the movie because she was working with accomplished actors , and that she was disappointed that she had no scenes with one she had admired , the divine Garbo . Grand Hotel was released in April 1932 to critical and commercial success . It was one of the highest-grossing movies of the year , and won the Academy Award for Best Picture . Crawford achieved continued success in Letty Lynton ( 1932 ) . Soon after this movies release , a plagiarism suit forced MGM to withdraw it ; it is therefore considered the lost Crawford film . Designed by Adrian , the gown with large ruffled sleeves which Crawford wore in the movie became a popular style that same year , and was even copied by Macys.On loan to United Artists , she played prostitute Sadie Thompson in Rain ( 1932 ) , a film version of John Coltons 1923 play . Actress Jeanne Eagels played the role on stage , and Gloria Swanson had originated the part on screen in the 1928 film version . Crawfords performance was panned , and the film was not a success . Despite the failure of Rain , in 1932 , the publishing of the first Top Ten Money-Making Stars Poll placed Crawford third in popularity at the box office , behind only Marie Dressler and Janet Gaynor . She remained on the list for the next several years , last appearing on it in 1936 . In May 1933 , Crawford divorced Fairbanks citing grievous mental cruelty . Crawford claimed Fairbanks had a jealous and suspicious attitude toward her friends , and that they had loud arguments about the most trivial subjects lasting far into the night . Following her divorce , she was again teamed with Clark Gable , along with Franchot Tone and Fred Astaire , in the hit Dancing Lady ( 1933 ) , in which she received top billing . She next played the title role in Sadie McKee ( 1934 ) , opposite Tone and Gene Raymond . She was paired with Gable for the fifth time in Chained ( 1934 ) , and for the sixth time in Forsaking All Others ( 1934 ) . Crawfords films of this era were some of the most-popular and highest-grossing films of the mid-1930s . In 1935 , Crawford married Franchot Tone , a stage actor from New York who planned to use his film earnings to finance his theatre group . The couple built a small theatre at Crawfords Brentwood home , and put on productions of classic plays for select groups of friends that lived in the popular Brentwood area like Clark Gable and Charley Chase . Tone and Crawford had first appeared together in Today We Live ( 1933 ) , but Crawford was hesitant about entering into another romance so soon after her split from Fairbanks . Before and during their marriage , Crawford worked to promote Tones Hollywood career , but he was not interested in being a star , ultimately wanting to just be an actor , and Crawford wearied of the effort . During their marriage they tried on two separate occasions for children , both ending in miscarriage . Tone allegedly began drinking and became physically abusive . She filed for divorce , which was granted in 1939 . Crawford and Tone later rekindled their friendship , and Tone even proposed in 1964 that they remarry . When he died in 1968 , Crawford arranged for him to be cremated and his ashes scattered at Muskoka Lakes , Canada . Crawford continued her reign as a popular movie actress well into the mid-1930s . No More Ladies ( 1935 ) co-starred Robert Montgomery and then-husband Franchot Tone , and was a success . Crawford had long pleaded with MGMs head Louis B . Mayer to cast her in more dramatic roles , and although he was reluctant , he cast her in the sophisticated comedy-drama I Live My Life ( 1935 ) , directed by W . S . Van Dyke , and it was well received by critics . She next starred in The Gorgeous Hussy ( 1936 ) , opposite Robert Taylor and Lionel Barrymore , as well as Tone . It was a critical and box-office success , and became one of Crawfords biggest hits of the decade . Love on the Run ( 1936 ) , a romantic comedy directed by W . S . Van Dyke , was her seventh film co-starring Clark Gable . Box office poison . Even though Crawford remained a respected MGM actress , and her films still earned profits , her popularity declined in the late 1930s . In 1937 , Crawford was proclaimed the first Queen of the Movies by Life magazine . She unexpectedly slipped from seventh to sixteenth place at the box office that year , and her public popularity also began to wane . Richard Boleslawskis comedy-drama The Last of Mrs . Cheyney ( 1937 ) teamed her opposite William Powell in their sole screen pairing . The film was also Crawfords last box-office success before the onset of her box office poison period . She co-starred opposite Franchot Tone for the seventh—and final—time in The Bride Wore Red ( 1937 ) . The film was generally unfavorably reviewed by the majority of critics . It also ran a financial loss , becoming one of MGMs biggest failures of the year . Mannequin , co-starring Spencer Tracy , also released in 1937 did , as the New York Times stated , restore Crawford to her throne as queen of the working girls . On May 3 , 1938 , Crawford—along with Greta Garbo , Norma Shearer , Luise Rainer , John Barrymore , Katharine Hepburn , Fred Astaire , Dolores del Río , and others—was dubbed Box Office Poison in an open letter in the Independent Film Journal . The list was submitted by Harry Brandt , president of the Independent Theatre Owners Association of America . Brandt stated that while these stars had unquestioned dramatic abilities , their high salaries did not reflect in their ticket sales , thus hurting the movie exhibitors involved . Crawfords follow-up movie , The Shining Hour ( 1938 ) , co-starring Margaret Sullavan and Melvyn Douglas , was well received by critics , but it was a box-office flop . She made a comeback in 1939 with her role as home-wrecker Crystal Allen in The Women , opposite her professional nemesis , Norma Shearer . A year later , she played against type in the unglamorous role of Julie in Strange Cargo ( 1940 ) , her eighth—and final—film with Clark Gable . She later starred as a facially disfigured blackmailer in A Womans Face ( 1941 ) , a remake of the Swedish film En kvinnas ansikte which had starred Ingrid Bergman in the lead role three years earlier . While the film was only a moderate box office success , Crawfords performance was hailed by many critics . Crawford adopted her first child , a daughter , in 1940 . Because she was single , California law prevented her from adopting within the state ; so , she arranged the adoption through an agency in Las Vegas . The child was temporarily called Joan , until Crawford changed her name to Christina . Crawford married actor Phillip Terry on July 21 , 1942 , after a six-month courtship . Together , the couple adopted a son whom they named Christopher , but his birth mother reclaimed the child . The couple adopted another boy , whom they named Phillip Terry , Jr . After the marriage ended in 1946 , Crawford changed that childs name to Christopher Crawford . After 18 years , Crawfords contract with MGM was terminated by mutual consent on June 29 , 1943 . In lieu of the last film remaining under her contract , MGM bought her out for $100,000 . Move to Warner Bros. . For $500,000 , Crawford signed with Warner Bros . for a three-movie deal , and was placed on the payroll on July 1 , 1943 . Her first film for the studio was Hollywood Canteen ( 1944 ) , an all-star morale-booster film that teamed her with several other top movie stars at the time . Crawford said one of the main reasons she signed with Warner Bros . was because she wanted to play the character Mattie in a proposed 1944 film version of Edith Whartons novel Ethan Frome ( 1911 ) . She wanted to play the title role in Mildred Pierce ( 1945 ) , but Bette Davis was the studios first choice . However , Davis turned the role down . Director Michael Curtiz did not want Crawford to play the part , and he instead lobbied for the casting of Barbara Stanwyck . Warner Bros . defied Curtiz and cast Crawford in the film . Throughout the entire production of the movie , Curtiz criticized Crawford . She comes over here with her high-hat airs and her goddamn shoulder pads.. . Why should I waste my time directing a has-been ? Curtiz demanded Crawford prove her suitability by taking a screen test ; she agreed . After the test , Curtiz agreed to Crawfords casting . Costume fittings started filming off roughly when Curtiz suspected Crawford of wearing shoulder pads and he proceeded to tear the top of her dress . She said Thankfully I was wearing a bra . Mildred Pierce was a resounding critical and commercial success . It epitomized the lush visual style and the hard-boiled film noir sensibility that defined Warner Bros . movies of the late forties . Crawford earned the Academy Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role . The success of Mildred Pierce revived Crawfords movie career . For several years , she starred in what were called a series of first-rate melodramas . Her next film was Humoresque ( 1946 ) , co-starring John Garfield , a romantic drama about a love affair between an older woman and a younger man . She starred alongside Van Heflin in Possessed ( 1947 ) , for which she received a second Academy Award nomination . In Daisy Kenyon ( 1947 ) , she appeared opposite Dana Andrews and Henry Fonda , and in Flamingo Road ( 1949 ) , her character has an ultimately deadly feud with a corrupt southern sheriff played by Sydney Greenstreet . She made a cameo in Its a Great Feeling ( 1949 ) , poking fun at her own screen image . In 1950 , she starred in the film noir The Damned Dont Cry and in the melodrama Harriet Craig . In 1947 , Crawford adopted two more children , whom she named Cindy and Cathy . The children were adopted from Tennessee Childrens Home Society , an orphanage/child-trafficking unit operated by Georgia Tann , a source used by many childless Hollywood stars to adopt until Tanns discovery and death erupted in infamy in 1952 . After the completion of This Woman Is Dangerous ( 1952 ) , a film Crawford called her worst , she asked to be released from her Warner Bros . contract . By this time , she felt Warners was losing interest in her due to feeble scripts , poor leading men and inept cameramen , so she decided it was time to move on . Later the same year , she received her third—and final—Academy Award nomination for Sudden Fear for RKO Radio Pictures . Radio and television . Crawford worked in the radio series The Screen Guild Theater on January 8 , 1939 ; Good News ; Baby , broadcast on March 2 , 1940 , on Arch Obolers Lights Out ; The Word on Everymans Theater ( 1941 ) ; Chained on the Lux Radio Theater , and Norman Corwins Document A/777 ( 1948 ) . She appeared in episodes of anthology television series in the 1950s , and , in 1959 , made a pilot for The Joan Crawford Show . Al Steele and Pepsi-Cola Company . Crawford married her fourth—and final—husband , Alfred Steele , at the Flamingo Hotel in Las Vegas on May 10 , 1955 . Crawford and Steele met at a party in 1950 , when Steele was an executive at PepsiCo . They renewed their acquaintance at a New Years Eve party in 1954 . By that time , Steele had become president of Pepsi-Cola . He later was named chairman of the board and CEO of Pepsi-Cola . Crawford traveled extensively on behalf of Pepsi following the marriage . She estimated that she traveled over 100,000 miles for the company . Steele died of a heart attack in April 1959 . Crawford initially was advised that her services were no longer required . After she told the story to Louella Parsons , Pepsi reversed its position , and Crawford was elected to fill the vacant seat on the board of directors . Crawford received the sixth annual Pally Award , which was in the shape of a bronze Pepsi bottle . It was awarded to the employee making the most significant contribution to company sales . In 1973 , Crawford was forced to retire from the company at the behest of company executive Don Kendall , whom Crawford had referred to for years as Fang . Later career . After her Academy Award-nominated performance in 1952s Sudden Fear , Crawford continued to work steadily throughout the rest of the decade . After a 10-year absence from MGM , she returned to that studio to star in Torch Song ( 1953 ) , a musical drama centering on the life of a demanding stage star who falls in love with a blind pianist , played by Michael Wilding . Although the film was highly publicized as Crawfords major comeback , it was a critical and financial failure , known today for its camp appeal . In 1954 , she starred in Johnny Guitar , a cult classic directed by Nicholas Ray , co-starring Sterling Hayden and Mercedes McCambridge . She also starred in Female on the Beach ( 1955 ) with Jeff Chandler , and in Queen Bee ( 1955 ) , alongside John Ireland . The following year , she starred opposite a young Cliff Robertson in Autumn Leaves ( 1956 ) , and filmed a leading role in The Story of Esther Costello ( 1957 ) , co-starring Rossano Brazzi . Crawford , who had been left near-penniless following Alfred Steeles death , accepted a small role in The Best of Everything ( 1959 ) . Although she was not the star of the film , she received positive reviews . Crawford later named the role as being one of her personal favorites . By 1961 , Joan Crawford was once again her own publicity machine , with a new script , Whatever Happened to Baby Jane? , sent by Robert Aldrich . Crawford starred as Blanche Hudson , an elderly , disabled former A-list movie star who lives in fear of her psychotic sister Jane , in the highly successful psychological thriller What Ever Happened to Baby Jane ? ( 1962 ) . Despite the actresses earlier tensions , Crawford reportedly suggested Bette Davis for the role of Jane . The two stars maintained publicly that there was no feud between them . The director , Robert Aldrich , fueling publicity rumors , explained that Davis and Crawford were each aware of how important the film was to their respective careers , and commented , Its proper to say that they really detested each other , but they behaved absolutely perfectly . After filming was completed , their public comments against each other propelled their animosity into a life-long feud . The film was a huge success , recouping its costs within eleven days of its nationwide release reviving Davis and Crawfords careers . Davis was nominated for an Academy Award for her performance as Jane Hudson . Crawford contacted each of the other Oscar nominees in the category ( Katharine Hepburn , Lee Remick , Geraldine Page , and Anne Bancroft , all East Coast-based actresses ) , to let them know that if they could not attend the ceremony , she would be happy to accept the Oscar on their behalf ; all agreed . Both Davis and Crawford were backstage – Crawford having presented best director – when the absent Anne Bancroft was announced as the winner and Crawford accepted the award on her behalf . Davis claimed for the rest of her life that Crawford had campaigned against her , a charge Crawford denied . That same year , Crawford starred as Lucy Harbin in William Castles horror mystery Strait-Jacket ( 1964 ) . Robert Aldrich cast Crawford and Davis in Hush...Hush , Sweet Charlotte ( 1964 ) . After a purported campaign of harassment by Davis on location in Louisiana , Crawford returned to Hollywood entering a hospital . After a prolonged absence , during which Crawford was accused of feigning illness , Aldrich was forced to replace her with Olivia de Havilland . Crawford , who was devastated , said I heard the news of my replacement over the radio , lying in my hospital bed .. . I cried for nine hours . Crawford nursed grudges against Davis and Aldrich for the rest of her life , saying of Aldrich , He is a man who loves evil , horrendous , vile things , to which Aldrich replied If the shoe fits , wear it , and I am very fond of Miss Crawford . Despite being replaced , brief footage of Crawford made it into the film when she is seen sitting in a taxi in a wide shot . In 1965 , she played Amy Nelson in I Saw What You Did , another William Castle vehicle . She starred as Monica Rivers in Herman Cohens horror thriller film Berserk ! ( 1967 ) . After the films release , Crawford guest-starred as herself on The Lucy Show . The episode , Lucy and the Lost Star , first aired on February 26 , 1968 . Crawford struggled during rehearsals , and drank heavily on-set , leading series star Lucille Ball to suggest replacing her with Gloria Swanson . However , Crawford was letter-perfect the day of the show , which included dancing the Charleston , and received two standing ovations from the studio audience . In October 1968 , Crawfords 29-year-old daughter , Christina ( who was then acting in New York on the soap opera The Secret Storm ) , needed immediate medical attention for a ruptured ovarian tumor . Despite the fact that Christinas character was a 28-year-old , and Crawford was in her sixties , Crawford offered to play her role until Christina was well enough to return , to which producer Gloria Monty readily agreed . Crawfords appearance in the 1969 television film Night Gallery ( which served as pilot to the series that followed ) marked one of Steven Spielbergs earliest directing jobs . Crawford made a cameo appearance as herself in the first episode of The Tim Conway Show , which aired on January 30 , 1970 . She starred on the big screen one final time , playing Dr . Brockton in Herman Cohens science fiction horror film Trog ( 1970 ) , rounding out a career spanning 45 years and more than 80 motion pictures . Crawford made three more television appearances , including one as Stephanie White in a 1970 episode ( The Nightmare ) of The Virginian and as Joan Fairchild ( her final dramatic performance ) in a 1972 episode ( Dear Joan : Were Going to Scare You to Death ) of The Sixth Sense . Final years . In 1970 , Crawford was presented with the Cecil B . DeMille Award by John Wayne at the Golden Globes , which was telecast from the Coconut Grove at The Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles . She also spoke at Stephens College , where she had been a student for two months in 1922 . Crawford published her autobiography , A Portrait of Joan , co-written with Jane Kesner Ardmore , in 1962 through Doubleday . Crawfords next book , My Way of Life , was published in 1971 by Simon & Schuster . Those expecting a racy tell-all were disappointed , although Crawfords meticulous ways were revealed in her advice on grooming , wardrobe , exercise , and even food storage . After her death , photographs of John F . Kennedy ( for whom she had voted in the 1960 presidential election ) were found in her apartment . In September 1973 , Crawford moved from apartment 22-G to a smaller apartment next door , 22-H , at the Imperial House , 150 East 69th Street . Her last public appearance was made on September 23 , 1974 , at a book party cohosted with her old friend Rosalind Russell at New Yorks Rainbow Room . Russell was suffering from breast cancer and arthritis at the time . When Crawford saw the unflattering photos that appeared in the papers the next day , she said If thats how I look , then they wont see me anymore . Crawford cancelled all public appearances , began declining interviews , and left her apartment less and less . Dental problems , including surgery which left her needing round-the-clock nursing care , plagued her from 1972 until mid-1975 . While on antibiotics for this problem in October 1974 , her drinking caused her to pass out , slip , and strike her face . Whether it was this incident or her return to religion , Christian Science , she quit drinking in 1974 . Death and legacy . On May 6 , 1977 , Crawford gave away her Shih Tzu , Princess Lotus Blossom , because she was too weak to continue to care for her . Crawford died on May 10 , 1977 , at her apartment in Lenox Hill , New York City , of a myocardial infarction ( heart attack ) . A funeral was held at Campbell Funeral Home , New York , on May 13 , 1977 . In her will , which was signed on October 28 , 1976 , Crawford bequeathed to her two youngest children , Cindy and Cathy , $77,500 each from her $2 million estate . She explicitly disinherited the two eldest , Christina and Christopher : It is my intention to make no provision herein for my son , Christopher , or my daughter , Christina , for reasons which are well known to them . Both of them challenged the will and received a $55,000 settlement . She also bequeathed nothing to her niece , Joan Lowe ( 1933–1999 ; born Joan Crawford LeSueur , the only child of her estranged brother , Hal ) . Crawford left money to her favorite charities : the USO of New York , the Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital , the American Cancer Society , the Muscular Dystrophy Association , the American Heart Association , and the Wiltwyck School for Boys . During World War II , she was a member of American Womens Voluntary Services . A memorial service was held for Crawford at All Souls Unitarian Church on Lexington Avenue in New York on May 16 , 1977 . In attendance were long-time friend Myrna Loy and co-stars Geraldine Brooks and Cliff Robertson , who gave eulogies ; Pearl Bailey sang Hell Understand . Another memorial service , organized by George Cukor , was held on June 24 in the Samuel Goldwyn Theater at the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in Beverly Hills , California . Crawford was cremated , and her ashes placed in a crypt with her fourth and final husband , Alfred Steele , in Ferncliff Cemetery , Hartsdale , New York . Joan Crawfords handprints and footprints are immortalized in the forecourt of Graumans Chinese Theatre in Hollywood . She has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , at 1752 Vine Street , for her contributions to the motion picture industry . Playboy listed Crawford as #84 of the 100 Sexiest Women of the 20th century . In 1999 , Crawford was also voted the tenth greatest female star of the classic American cinema by the American Film Institute . Crawford has also attracted a following in the gay community . In Joan Crawford : The Essential Biography , the author explains that Crawford appeals to many gay men because they sympathize with her struggle for success in both the entertainment industry and her personal life . Mommie Dearest . In November 1978 , Christina Crawford published Mommie Dearest , which contained allegations that her late adoptive mother was emotionally and physically abusive to Christina and her brother Christopher because she chose fame and her career over parenthood . Many of Crawfords friends and co-workers , including Van Johnson , Ann Blyth , Myrna Loy , Katharine Hepburn , Cesar Romero , Gary Gray , Douglas Fairbanks Jr . ( Crawfords first husband ) , and Crawfords two other younger daughters , Cathy and Cindy , denounced the book , categorically denying any abuse . Others including Helen Hayes , James MacArthur ( Hayes son ) , June Allyson , and Vincent Sherman stated they had witnessed some form of abusive behavior . Mommie Dearest became a best-seller , and was made into the 1981 film Mommie Dearest , starring Faye Dunaway as Crawford . In popular culture . Pictures of Crawford were used in the album artwork of The Rolling Stones album Exile on Main St . ( 1972 ) . Four years after her death , Blue Öyster Cult released the song Joan Crawford as part of their album Fire of Unknown Origin ( 1981 ) . The alleged feud between Crawford and Bette Davis is depicted in the 1989 book . It was fueled by competition over film roles , Academy Awards , and Franchot Tone ( Joan Crawfords second husband ) , who was Daviss co-star in 1935s Dangerous . The Crawford-Davis rivalry is the subject of the 2017 first season of the television series Feud , inspired by the book and subtitled Bette and Joan . Crawford is played by Jessica Lange , and Davis is played by Susan Sarandon . In 2018 , streaming/airing of the series was stopped by restraint order from lower California courts until Olivia de Havilland could be heard by the United States Supreme Court on whether producers had the right to use her likeness ( played by Catherine Zeta-Jones ) without permission despite her being a public figure . In January 2019 , the Supreme Court refused to hear the case . The series streams on Amazon . Bibliography . Sources . - Considine , Shaun ( 1989 ) . Bette and Joan : The Divine Feud . New York , E . P . Dutton , a division of Penguin Books . . - Bret , David ( 2006 ) . Joan Crawford : Hollywood Martyr . Robson . . - Granlund , Nils T . ( 1957 ) . Blondes , Brunettes , and Bullets . New York , David McKay Company . - Hoefling , Larry J . ( 2008 ) . Nils Thor Granlund : The Swedish Showman Who Invented American Entertainment . Inlandia Press . . - LaSalle , Mick ( 2000 ) . Complicated Women : Sex and Power in Pre-Code Hollywood . New York , Thomas Dunne Books , an imprint of St . Martins Press . . - Dunaway , Faye ( 1998 ) . Looking For Gatsby . Pocket . . - Leese , Elizabeth ( 1991 ) . Costume Design in the Movies . Dover Books . . - Newquist , Roy , with introduction by John Springer ( 1980 ) . Conversations with Joan Crawford . New Jersey , Citadel Press , a division of Lyle Stuart , Inc . . - Quirk , Lawrence J . and William Schoell . ( 2002 ) . Joan Crawford : the essential biography . University Press of Kentucky . . - Skal , David J . ( 1993 ) . The Monster Show : A Cultural History of Horror . Penguin Books . . - Thomas , Bob ( 1978 ) . Joan Crawford : A Biography . New York , Bantam Books . . External links . - Excerpt of March 2008 biography , VanityFair.com - Joan Crawford profile , Virtual-History.com - Joan Crawford awards at Brandeis University
|
[
"Franchot Tone"
] |
[
{
"text": " Joan Crawford ( born Lucille Fay LeSueur ; March 23 , 190 ? – May 10 , 1977 ) was an American film and television actress who began her career as a dancer in traveling theatrical companies before debuting as a chorus girl on Broadway . Crawford then signed a motion picture contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1925 ; her career spanned six decades , multiple studios , and controversies .",
"title": "Joan Crawford"
},
{
"text": "At different stages of her career , she was noted for her diverse roles playing sympathetic and unsympathetic characters , and for realistic yet multi-layered performances . Her greatest success and most popular performances came from melodramas and romantic comedies , but her filmography ranges in genres from film noir and historical costume dramas to musicals and horror films . In 1999 , the American Film Institute ranked Crawford tenth on its list of the greatest female stars of Classic Hollywood Cinema .",
"title": "Joan Crawford"
},
{
"text": "In the 1930s , Crawfords fame rivaled and later surpassed that of MGM colleagues Norma Shearer and Greta Garbo . Though she started by portraying flappers , Crawford often played wealthy women in distress ( Dance , Fools , Dance ; This Modern Age ; Letty Lynton ; No More Ladies ; I Live My Life ; Susan and God ) or hard-working young women who found romance and success ( Our Dancing Daughters ; Paid ; Laughing Sinners ; Grand Hotel ; Dancing Lady ; Sadie McKee ; The Last of Mrs . Cheyney ; The Shining Hour ;",
"title": "Joan Crawford"
},
{
"text": "The Bride Wore Red ; Mannequin ) . These characters and stories were well received by Depression-era audiences , and were popular with women . Crawford became one of Hollywoods more prominent movie stars , and one of the higher-paid women in the United States .",
"title": "Joan Crawford"
},
{
"text": "In 1938 , she was among a group of actresses deemed box office poison by theater owners , until her pivotal role in the all-female cast of 1939s The Women gained her praise from critics and audiences alike . Her success continued with a performance as a facially disfigured criminal in the melodrama A Womans Face , which garnered her critical acclaim . In 1945 , she won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her portrayal of the hard-working , divorced , protective mother in the title role of Mildred Pierce . Crawford also received two Best Actress Award",
"title": "Joan Crawford"
},
{
"text": "nominations as recognition for her work in Possessed ( 1947 ) and Sudden Fear ( 1952 ) .",
"title": "Joan Crawford"
},
{
"text": "In 1954 , she starred in the Western Johnny Guitar , although unsuccessful during its original release , the cult film has since been lauded . In 1955 , Crawford became involved with the Pepsi-Cola Company through her marriage to company Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Alfred Steele , although she continued to act in film and television throughout the 1950s and 1960s . In 1962 , she starred alongside long-time rival Bette Davis in the horror film Whatever Happened to Baby Jane? , which once again returned her to critical acclaim and box office success , with many believing",
"title": "Joan Crawford"
},
{
"text": "she would receive another Oscar nomination , however she did not .",
"title": "Joan Crawford"
},
{
"text": " In 1970 Crawford made her last theatrical film , and until a few weeks before her death , she continued to tape numerous regular radio spots and announcements for a variety of not-for-profit causes . Following a public appearance in 1974 , she withdrew from events that required her to be photographed , becoming increasingly reclusive until her death in 1977 .",
"title": "Joan Crawford"
},
{
"text": "Crawford married four times . Her first three marriages ended in divorce ; the last ended with the death of husband Alfred Steele . She adopted five children , one of whom was reclaimed . Crawfords relationships with her two eldest children , Christina and Christopher , were acrimonious . After Crawfords death , Christina released a well-known but controversial tell-all memoir , Mommie Dearest ( 1978 ) .",
"title": "Joan Crawford"
},
{
"text": "Born Lucille Fay LeSueur , of French-Huguenot , English , Dutch , and Irish ancestry in San Antonio , Texas , she was the third and youngest child of Tennessee-born Thomas E . LeSueur ( January 2 , 1867– January 1 , 1938 ) , a construction laborer , and Texas-born Anna Bell Johnson ( November 29 , 1884 – August 15 , 1958 ) , and later Mrs . Anna Cassin . According to census records she may have been older . She apparently was still under 20 when her first two children were born . Crawfords elder siblings",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "were sister Daisy LeSueur , who died before Lucilles birth , and brother Hal LeSueur .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Thomas LeSueur abandoned the family when Lucille was ten months old , eventually resettling in Abilene , Texas , reportedly working as a construction laborer . Crawfords mother married Henry J . Cassin , however , the marriage is listed in the census as her first . They lived in Lawton , Oklahoma where Cassin ran the Ramsey Opera House ; he managed to book diverse and noted performers such as Anna Pavlova and Eva Tanguay . As a child , Crawford preferred the nickname Billie and enjoyed watching vaudeville acts perform on the stage of her stepfathers theatre .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "At that time , Crawford was reportedly unaware that Cassin , whom she referred to as daddy , was not her biological father until her brother Hal told her the truth . Cassin allegedly began sexually abusing her when she was eleven years old , and continued until she was sent to St . Agnes Academy , a Catholic girls school .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Beginning in childhood , Crawfords ambition was to be a dancer . One day in an attempt to escape piano lessons , she leapt from the front porch of her home and cut her foot severely on a broken milk bottle . As a result , she underwent three surgeries to repair the damage . She was unable to attend elementary school or continue with dancing lessons for 18 months .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In June 1917 , the family moved to Kansas City , Missouri , after Cassin was accused of embezzlement ; although acquitted , he was blacklisted in Lawton . Following their relocation , Cassin , a Catholic , placed Crawford at St . Agnes Academy in Kansas City . When her mother and stepfather separated , she remained at school as a work student , where she spent far more time working , primarily cooking and cleaning , than studying . She later attended Rockingham Academy , also as a working student . While there , she began dating ,",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "and had her first serious relationship with a trumpet player named Ray Sterling , who reportedly inspired her to begin challenging herself academically .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " In 1922 , she registered at Stephens College in Columbia , Missouri , giving her year of birth as 1906 . She attended Stephens for only a few months before withdrawing after she realized she was not prepared for college . Her familys instability negatively affected Crawford and her schooling never formally progressed beyond primary education .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Under the name Lucille LeSueur , Crawford began dancing in the choruses of traveling revues , and was spotted dancing in Detroit by producer Jacob J . Shubert . Shubert put her in the chorus line for his 1924 show , Innocent Eyes , at the Winter Garden Theatre on Broadway in New York City . While appearing in Innocent Eyes , Crawford met a saxophone player named James Welton . The two were allegedly married in 1924 , and lived together for several months , although this supposed marriage was never mentioned in later life by Crawford .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Crawford wanted additional work , and approached Loews Theaters publicist Nils Granlund . Granlund secured a position for her with singer Harry Richmans act and arranged for her to do a screen test which he sent to producer Harry Rapf in Hollywood . Rapf notified Granlund on December 24 , 1924 , that Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer ( MGM ) had offered Crawford a contract at $75 a week . Granlund immediately wired LeSueur , who had returned to her mothers home in Kansas City , with the news ; she borrowed $400 for travel expenses .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Credited as Lucille LeSueur , her first film was Lady of the Night in 1925 , as the body double for Norma Shearer , MGMs most popular female star . She also appeared in The Circle and Pretty Ladies ( both 1925 ) , starring comedian ZaSu Pitts . This was soon followed by equally small and unbilled roles in two other 1925 silent films : The Only Thing , and The Merry Widow .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "MGM publicity head Pete Smith recognized her ability to become a major star , but felt her name sounded fake ; he told studio head Louis B . Mayer that her last name , LeSueur , reminded him of a sewer . Smith organized a contest called Name the Star in Movie Weekly to allow readers to select her new stage name . The initial choice was Joan Arden , but after another actress was found to have prior claim to that name , the alternate surname Crawford became the choice . She later said that she wanted her first",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "name to be pronounced Jo-Anne , and that she hated the name Crawford because it sounded like crawfish , but also admitted she liked the security that went with the name .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Growing increasingly frustrated over the size and quality of the parts she was given , Crawford embarked on a campaign of self-promotion . As MGM screenwriter Frederica Sagor Maas recalled , No one decided to make Joan Crawford a star . Joan Crawford became a star because Joan Crawford decided to become a star . She began attending dances in the afternoons and evenings at hotels around Hollywood and at dance venues on the beach piers , where she often won dance competitions with her performances of the Charleston and the Black Bottom .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Her strategy worked and MGM cast her in the film where she first made an impression on audiences , Edmund Gouldings Sally , Irene and Mary ( 1925 ) . From the beginning of her career , Crawford considered Norma Shearer – the studios most-popular actress – her professional nemesis . Shearer was married to MGM Head of Production Irving Thalberg ; hence , she had the first choice of scripts , and had more control than other stars in what films she would and would not make . Crawford was quoted to have said : How can I compete",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "with Norma ? She sleeps with the boss !",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Crawford was named one of 1926s WAMPAS Baby Stars , along with Mary Astor , Dolores del Río , Janet Gaynor , and Fay Wray , among others . That same year , she co-starred in Paris with Charles Ray . Within a few years , she became the romantic lead to many of MGMs top male stars , including Ramón Novarro , John Gilbert , William Haines , and Tim McCoy .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Crawford appeared as a skimpily-clad young carnival assistant in The Unknown ( 1927 ) , starring Lon Chaney , Sr . as a carnival knife thrower with no arms who hopes to marry her . She stated that she learned more about acting from watching Chaney work than from anyone else in her career . It was then , she said , I became aware for the first time of the difference between standing in front of a camera , and acting . Also in 1927 , she appeared alongside her close friend , William Haines , in Spring Fever",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": ", which was the first of three movies the duo made together .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "In 1928 , Crawford starred opposite Ramón Novarro in Across to Singapore , but it was her role as Diana Medford in Our Dancing Daughters ( 1928 ) that catapulted her to stardom . The role established her as a symbol of modern 1920s-style femininity which rivaled Clara Bow , the original It girl , and Hollywoods foremost flapper . A stream of hits followed Our Dancing Daughters , including two more flapper-themed movies , in which Crawford embodied for her legion of fans ( many of whom were women ) an idealized vision of the free-spirited , all-American girl",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " F . Scott Fitzgerald wrote of Crawford : Crawford described her glamorous onscreen persona more succinctly , saying , If you want to see the girl next door , go next door .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "On June 3 , 1929 , Crawford married Douglas Fairbanks , Jr . at Saint Malachys Roman Catholic Church ( known as The Actors Chapel , owing to its proximity to Broadway theatres ) in Manhattan , although neither was Catholic . Fairbanks was the son of Douglas Fairbanks and the stepson of Mary Pickford , who were considered Hollywood royalty . Fairbanks , Sr. , and Pickford were opposed to the marriage , and did not invite the couple to their home at Pickfair for eight months after the marriage .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " The relationship between Crawford and Fairbanks , Sr. , eventually warmed ; she called him Uncle Doug , and he called her Billie , her childhood nickname , but one that close friends used throughout her life . She and Pickford , however , continued to despise each other . Following that first invitation , Crawford and Fairbanks , Jr. , became more frequent guests . While the Fairbanks men played golf together , Crawford was either left with Pickford , who would retire to her quarters , or simply left alone .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "To rid herself of her Southwestern accent , Crawford tirelessly practiced diction and elocution . She said :",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Transition to sound , and continued success . After the release of The Jazz Singer in 1927—the first feature-length film with some audible dialogue—sound films became all the rage . The transition from silent to sound caused panic for many , if not all , involved with the film industry ; many silent film stars found themselves unemployable because of their undesirable voices and hard-to-understand accents , or simply because of their refusal to make the transition to talkies .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Many studios and stars avoided making the transition as long as possible , especially MGM , which was the last of the major studios to switch over to sound . The Hollywood Revue of 1929 was one of the studios first all-talking films , and their first attempt to showcase their stars ability to make the transition from silent to sound . Crawford was among the dozen or more MGM stars included in the movie ; she sang the song Got a Feeling for You during the films first act . She studied singing with Estelle Liebling , the voice",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "teacher of Beverly Sills , in the 1920s and 1930s .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Crawford made a successful transition to talkies with her first starring role in the all-talking feature-length film in Untamed ( 1929 ) , co-starring Robert Montgomery . Despite the success of the film at the box office , it received mixed reviews from critics , who noted that while Crawford seemed nervous at making the transition to sound , she had become one of the most popular actresses in the world . Montana Moon ( 1930 ) , an uneasy mix of Western clichés and music , teamed her with John Mack Brown and Ricardo Cortez . Although the film",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "had problems with censors , it was a major success at the time of its release . Our Blushing Brides ( 1930 ) the final installment in the Our Dancing Daughters franchise co-starring Robert Montgomery and Anita Page , where Crawford carries the burden of dramatics in this photoplay and comes off splendidly and intelligently . Her next movie , Paid ( 1930 ) , paired her with Robert Armstrong , and was another success . During the early sound era , MGM began to place Crawford in more sophisticated roles , rather than continuing to promote her flapper-inspired persona",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "of the silent era .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "In 1931 , MGM cast Crawford in five films . Three of them teamed her opposite Clark Gable , the studios soon to be biggest male star and King of Hollywood . Dance , Fools , Dance , released in February 1931 , was the first pairing of Crawford and Gable . Their second movie together , Laughing Sinners , released in May 1931 , was directed by Harry Beaumont , and also co-starred Neil Hamilton . Possessed , their third film together , released in October , was directed by Clarence Brown . These films were immensely popular with",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "audiences and were generally well received by critics , stapling Crawfords position as one of MGMs top female stars of the decade along with Norma Shearer , Greta Garbo and Jean Harlow . Her only other notable film of 1931 , This Modern Age , was released in August and despite unfavorable reviews was a moderate success .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "MGM next cast her in the film Grand Hotel , directed by Edmund Goulding . As the studios first all-star production , Crawford co-starred opposite Greta Garbo , John and Lionel Barrymore , and Wallace Beery , among others . Receiving third billing , she played the middle-class stenographer to Beerys controlling general director . Crawford later admitted to being nervous during the filming of the movie because she was working with accomplished actors , and that she was disappointed that she had no scenes with one she had admired , the divine Garbo . Grand Hotel was released in",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "April 1932 to critical and commercial success . It was one of the highest-grossing movies of the year , and won the Academy Award for Best Picture .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Crawford achieved continued success in Letty Lynton ( 1932 ) . Soon after this movies release , a plagiarism suit forced MGM to withdraw it ; it is therefore considered the lost Crawford film . Designed by Adrian , the gown with large ruffled sleeves which Crawford wore in the movie became a popular style that same year , and was even copied by Macys.On loan to United Artists , she played prostitute Sadie Thompson in Rain ( 1932 ) , a film version of John Coltons 1923 play . Actress Jeanne Eagels played the role on stage , and",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Gloria Swanson had originated the part on screen in the 1928 film version . Crawfords performance was panned , and the film was not a success . Despite the failure of Rain , in 1932 , the publishing of the first Top Ten Money-Making Stars Poll placed Crawford third in popularity at the box office , behind only Marie Dressler and Janet Gaynor . She remained on the list for the next several years , last appearing on it in 1936 . In May 1933 , Crawford divorced Fairbanks citing grievous mental cruelty . Crawford claimed Fairbanks had a jealous",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "and suspicious attitude toward her friends , and that they had loud arguments about the most trivial subjects lasting far into the night .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Following her divorce , she was again teamed with Clark Gable , along with Franchot Tone and Fred Astaire , in the hit Dancing Lady ( 1933 ) , in which she received top billing . She next played the title role in Sadie McKee ( 1934 ) , opposite Tone and Gene Raymond . She was paired with Gable for the fifth time in Chained ( 1934 ) , and for the sixth time in Forsaking All Others ( 1934 ) . Crawfords films of this era were some of the most-popular and highest-grossing films of the mid-1930s .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " In 1935 , Crawford married Franchot Tone , a stage actor from New York who planned to use his film earnings to finance his theatre group . The couple built a small theatre at Crawfords Brentwood home , and put on productions of classic plays for select groups of friends that lived in the popular Brentwood area like Clark Gable and Charley Chase . Tone and Crawford had first appeared together in Today We Live ( 1933 ) , but Crawford was hesitant about entering into another romance so soon after her split from Fairbanks .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Before and during their marriage , Crawford worked to promote Tones Hollywood career , but he was not interested in being a star , ultimately wanting to just be an actor , and Crawford wearied of the effort . During their marriage they tried on two separate occasions for children , both ending in miscarriage . Tone allegedly began drinking and became physically abusive . She filed for divorce , which was granted in 1939 . Crawford and Tone later rekindled their friendship , and Tone even proposed in 1964 that they remarry . When he died in 1968 ,",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Crawford arranged for him to be cremated and his ashes scattered at Muskoka Lakes , Canada .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Crawford continued her reign as a popular movie actress well into the mid-1930s . No More Ladies ( 1935 ) co-starred Robert Montgomery and then-husband Franchot Tone , and was a success . Crawford had long pleaded with MGMs head Louis B . Mayer to cast her in more dramatic roles , and although he was reluctant , he cast her in the sophisticated comedy-drama I Live My Life ( 1935 ) , directed by W . S . Van Dyke , and it was well received by critics .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "She next starred in The Gorgeous Hussy ( 1936 ) , opposite Robert Taylor and Lionel Barrymore , as well as Tone . It was a critical and box-office success , and became one of Crawfords biggest hits of the decade . Love on the Run ( 1936 ) , a romantic comedy directed by W . S . Van Dyke , was her seventh film co-starring Clark Gable .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Even though Crawford remained a respected MGM actress , and her films still earned profits , her popularity declined in the late 1930s . In 1937 , Crawford was proclaimed the first Queen of the Movies by Life magazine . She unexpectedly slipped from seventh to sixteenth place at the box office that year , and her public popularity also began to wane . Richard Boleslawskis comedy-drama The Last of Mrs . Cheyney ( 1937 ) teamed her opposite William Powell in their sole screen pairing . The film was also Crawfords last box-office success before the onset of her",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "box office poison period .",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": " She co-starred opposite Franchot Tone for the seventh—and final—time in The Bride Wore Red ( 1937 ) . The film was generally unfavorably reviewed by the majority of critics . It also ran a financial loss , becoming one of MGMs biggest failures of the year . Mannequin , co-starring Spencer Tracy , also released in 1937 did , as the New York Times stated , restore Crawford to her throne as queen of the working girls .",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "On May 3 , 1938 , Crawford—along with Greta Garbo , Norma Shearer , Luise Rainer , John Barrymore , Katharine Hepburn , Fred Astaire , Dolores del Río , and others—was dubbed Box Office Poison in an open letter in the Independent Film Journal . The list was submitted by Harry Brandt , president of the Independent Theatre Owners Association of America . Brandt stated that while these stars had unquestioned dramatic abilities , their high salaries did not reflect in their ticket sales , thus hurting the movie exhibitors involved . Crawfords follow-up movie , The Shining Hour",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "( 1938 ) , co-starring Margaret Sullavan and Melvyn Douglas , was well received by critics , but it was a box-office flop .",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "She made a comeback in 1939 with her role as home-wrecker Crystal Allen in The Women , opposite her professional nemesis , Norma Shearer . A year later , she played against type in the unglamorous role of Julie in Strange Cargo ( 1940 ) , her eighth—and final—film with Clark Gable . She later starred as a facially disfigured blackmailer in A Womans Face ( 1941 ) , a remake of the Swedish film En kvinnas ansikte which had starred Ingrid Bergman in the lead role three years earlier . While the film was only a moderate box office",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "success , Crawfords performance was hailed by many critics .",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "Crawford adopted her first child , a daughter , in 1940 . Because she was single , California law prevented her from adopting within the state ; so , she arranged the adoption through an agency in Las Vegas . The child was temporarily called Joan , until Crawford changed her name to Christina . Crawford married actor Phillip Terry on July 21 , 1942 , after a six-month courtship . Together , the couple adopted a son whom they named Christopher , but his birth mother reclaimed the child . The couple adopted another boy , whom they named",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "Phillip Terry , Jr . After the marriage ended in 1946 , Crawford changed that childs name to Christopher Crawford .",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": " After 18 years , Crawfords contract with MGM was terminated by mutual consent on June 29 , 1943 . In lieu of the last film remaining under her contract , MGM bought her out for $100,000 . Move to Warner Bros. .",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "For $500,000 , Crawford signed with Warner Bros . for a three-movie deal , and was placed on the payroll on July 1 , 1943 . Her first film for the studio was Hollywood Canteen ( 1944 ) , an all-star morale-booster film that teamed her with several other top movie stars at the time . Crawford said one of the main reasons she signed with Warner Bros . was because she wanted to play the character Mattie in a proposed 1944 film version of Edith Whartons novel Ethan Frome ( 1911 ) .",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "She wanted to play the title role in Mildred Pierce ( 1945 ) , but Bette Davis was the studios first choice . However , Davis turned the role down . Director Michael Curtiz did not want Crawford to play the part , and he instead lobbied for the casting of Barbara Stanwyck . Warner Bros . defied Curtiz and cast Crawford in the film . Throughout the entire production of the movie , Curtiz criticized Crawford . She comes over here with her high-hat airs and her goddamn shoulder pads.. . Why should I waste my time directing a",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "has-been ? Curtiz demanded Crawford prove her suitability by taking a screen test ; she agreed . After the test , Curtiz agreed to Crawfords casting . Costume fittings started filming off roughly when Curtiz suspected Crawford of wearing shoulder pads and he proceeded to tear the top of her dress . She said Thankfully I was wearing a bra . Mildred Pierce was a resounding critical and commercial success . It epitomized the lush visual style and the hard-boiled film noir sensibility that defined Warner Bros . movies of the late forties . Crawford earned the Academy Award for",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "Best Actress in a Leading Role .",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "The success of Mildred Pierce revived Crawfords movie career . For several years , she starred in what were called a series of first-rate melodramas . Her next film was Humoresque ( 1946 ) , co-starring John Garfield , a romantic drama about a love affair between an older woman and a younger man . She starred alongside Van Heflin in Possessed ( 1947 ) , for which she received a second Academy Award nomination . In Daisy Kenyon ( 1947 ) , she appeared opposite Dana Andrews and Henry Fonda , and in Flamingo Road ( 1949 ) ,",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "her character has an ultimately deadly feud with a corrupt southern sheriff played by Sydney Greenstreet . She made a cameo in Its a Great Feeling ( 1949 ) , poking fun at her own screen image . In 1950 , she starred in the film noir The Damned Dont Cry and in the melodrama Harriet Craig .",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": " In 1947 , Crawford adopted two more children , whom she named Cindy and Cathy . The children were adopted from Tennessee Childrens Home Society , an orphanage/child-trafficking unit operated by Georgia Tann , a source used by many childless Hollywood stars to adopt until Tanns discovery and death erupted in infamy in 1952 .",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "After the completion of This Woman Is Dangerous ( 1952 ) , a film Crawford called her worst , she asked to be released from her Warner Bros . contract . By this time , she felt Warners was losing interest in her due to feeble scripts , poor leading men and inept cameramen , so she decided it was time to move on . Later the same year , she received her third—and final—Academy Award nomination for Sudden Fear for RKO Radio Pictures .",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": " Crawford worked in the radio series The Screen Guild Theater on January 8 , 1939 ; Good News ; Baby , broadcast on March 2 , 1940 , on Arch Obolers Lights Out ; The Word on Everymans Theater ( 1941 ) ; Chained on the Lux Radio Theater , and Norman Corwins Document A/777 ( 1948 ) . She appeared in episodes of anthology television series in the 1950s , and , in 1959 , made a pilot for The Joan Crawford Show . Al Steele and Pepsi-Cola Company .",
"title": "Radio and television"
},
{
"text": "Crawford married her fourth—and final—husband , Alfred Steele , at the Flamingo Hotel in Las Vegas on May 10 , 1955 . Crawford and Steele met at a party in 1950 , when Steele was an executive at PepsiCo . They renewed their acquaintance at a New Years Eve party in 1954 . By that time , Steele had become president of Pepsi-Cola . He later was named chairman of the board and CEO of Pepsi-Cola . Crawford traveled extensively on behalf of Pepsi following the marriage . She estimated that she traveled over 100,000 miles for the company .",
"title": "Radio and television"
},
{
"text": " Steele died of a heart attack in April 1959 . Crawford initially was advised that her services were no longer required . After she told the story to Louella Parsons , Pepsi reversed its position , and Crawford was elected to fill the vacant seat on the board of directors .",
"title": "Radio and television"
},
{
"text": "Crawford received the sixth annual Pally Award , which was in the shape of a bronze Pepsi bottle . It was awarded to the employee making the most significant contribution to company sales . In 1973 , Crawford was forced to retire from the company at the behest of company executive Don Kendall , whom Crawford had referred to for years as Fang .",
"title": "Radio and television"
},
{
"text": "After her Academy Award-nominated performance in 1952s Sudden Fear , Crawford continued to work steadily throughout the rest of the decade . After a 10-year absence from MGM , she returned to that studio to star in Torch Song ( 1953 ) , a musical drama centering on the life of a demanding stage star who falls in love with a blind pianist , played by Michael Wilding . Although the film was highly publicized as Crawfords major comeback , it was a critical and financial failure , known today for its camp appeal . In 1954 , she starred",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "in Johnny Guitar , a cult classic directed by Nicholas Ray , co-starring Sterling Hayden and Mercedes McCambridge . She also starred in Female on the Beach ( 1955 ) with Jeff Chandler , and in Queen Bee ( 1955 ) , alongside John Ireland . The following year , she starred opposite a young Cliff Robertson in Autumn Leaves ( 1956 ) , and filmed a leading role in The Story of Esther Costello ( 1957 ) , co-starring Rossano Brazzi . Crawford , who had been left near-penniless following Alfred Steeles death , accepted a small role in",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "The Best of Everything ( 1959 ) . Although she was not the star of the film , she received positive reviews . Crawford later named the role as being one of her personal favorites . By 1961 , Joan Crawford was once again her own publicity machine , with a new script , Whatever Happened to Baby Jane? , sent by Robert Aldrich .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "Crawford starred as Blanche Hudson , an elderly , disabled former A-list movie star who lives in fear of her psychotic sister Jane , in the highly successful psychological thriller What Ever Happened to Baby Jane ? ( 1962 ) . Despite the actresses earlier tensions , Crawford reportedly suggested Bette Davis for the role of Jane . The two stars maintained publicly that there was no feud between them . The director , Robert Aldrich , fueling publicity rumors , explained that Davis and Crawford were each aware of how important the film was to their respective careers ,",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "and commented , Its proper to say that they really detested each other , but they behaved absolutely perfectly .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "After filming was completed , their public comments against each other propelled their animosity into a life-long feud . The film was a huge success , recouping its costs within eleven days of its nationwide release reviving Davis and Crawfords careers . Davis was nominated for an Academy Award for her performance as Jane Hudson . Crawford contacted each of the other Oscar nominees in the category ( Katharine Hepburn , Lee Remick , Geraldine Page , and Anne Bancroft , all East Coast-based actresses ) , to let them know that if they could not attend the ceremony ,",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "she would be happy to accept the Oscar on their behalf ; all agreed . Both Davis and Crawford were backstage – Crawford having presented best director – when the absent Anne Bancroft was announced as the winner and Crawford accepted the award on her behalf . Davis claimed for the rest of her life that Crawford had campaigned against her , a charge Crawford denied .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "That same year , Crawford starred as Lucy Harbin in William Castles horror mystery Strait-Jacket ( 1964 ) . Robert Aldrich cast Crawford and Davis in Hush...Hush , Sweet Charlotte ( 1964 ) . After a purported campaign of harassment by Davis on location in Louisiana , Crawford returned to Hollywood entering a hospital . After a prolonged absence , during which Crawford was accused of feigning illness , Aldrich was forced to replace her with Olivia de Havilland . Crawford , who was devastated , said I heard the news of my replacement over the radio , lying in",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "my hospital bed .. . I cried for nine hours . Crawford nursed grudges against Davis and Aldrich for the rest of her life , saying of Aldrich , He is a man who loves evil , horrendous , vile things , to which Aldrich replied If the shoe fits , wear it , and I am very fond of Miss Crawford . Despite being replaced , brief footage of Crawford made it into the film when she is seen sitting in a taxi in a wide shot .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "In 1965 , she played Amy Nelson in I Saw What You Did , another William Castle vehicle . She starred as Monica Rivers in Herman Cohens horror thriller film Berserk ! ( 1967 ) . After the films release , Crawford guest-starred as herself on The Lucy Show . The episode , Lucy and the Lost Star , first aired on February 26 , 1968 . Crawford struggled during rehearsals , and drank heavily on-set , leading series star Lucille Ball to suggest replacing her with Gloria Swanson . However , Crawford was letter-perfect the day of the show",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": ", which included dancing the Charleston , and received two standing ovations from the studio audience .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " In October 1968 , Crawfords 29-year-old daughter , Christina ( who was then acting in New York on the soap opera The Secret Storm ) , needed immediate medical attention for a ruptured ovarian tumor . Despite the fact that Christinas character was a 28-year-old , and Crawford was in her sixties , Crawford offered to play her role until Christina was well enough to return , to which producer Gloria Monty readily agreed .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "Crawfords appearance in the 1969 television film Night Gallery ( which served as pilot to the series that followed ) marked one of Steven Spielbergs earliest directing jobs . Crawford made a cameo appearance as herself in the first episode of The Tim Conway Show , which aired on January 30 , 1970 . She starred on the big screen one final time , playing Dr . Brockton in Herman Cohens science fiction horror film Trog ( 1970 ) , rounding out a career spanning 45 years and more than 80 motion pictures . Crawford made three more television appearances",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": ", including one as Stephanie White in a 1970 episode ( The Nightmare ) of The Virginian and as Joan Fairchild ( her final dramatic performance ) in a 1972 episode ( Dear Joan : Were Going to Scare You to Death ) of The Sixth Sense .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " In 1970 , Crawford was presented with the Cecil B . DeMille Award by John Wayne at the Golden Globes , which was telecast from the Coconut Grove at The Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles . She also spoke at Stephens College , where she had been a student for two months in 1922 .",
"title": "Final years"
},
{
"text": "Crawford published her autobiography , A Portrait of Joan , co-written with Jane Kesner Ardmore , in 1962 through Doubleday . Crawfords next book , My Way of Life , was published in 1971 by Simon & Schuster . Those expecting a racy tell-all were disappointed , although Crawfords meticulous ways were revealed in her advice on grooming , wardrobe , exercise , and even food storage . After her death , photographs of John F . Kennedy ( for whom she had voted in the 1960 presidential election ) were found in her apartment .",
"title": "Final years"
},
{
"text": "In September 1973 , Crawford moved from apartment 22-G to a smaller apartment next door , 22-H , at the Imperial House , 150 East 69th Street . Her last public appearance was made on September 23 , 1974 , at a book party cohosted with her old friend Rosalind Russell at New Yorks Rainbow Room . Russell was suffering from breast cancer and arthritis at the time . When Crawford saw the unflattering photos that appeared in the papers the next day , she said If thats how I look , then they wont see me anymore . Crawford",
"title": "Final years"
},
{
"text": "cancelled all public appearances , began declining interviews , and left her apartment less and less . Dental problems , including surgery which left her needing round-the-clock nursing care , plagued her from 1972 until mid-1975 . While on antibiotics for this problem in October 1974 , her drinking caused her to pass out , slip , and strike her face . Whether it was this incident or her return to religion , Christian Science , she quit drinking in 1974 .",
"title": "Final years"
},
{
"text": "On May 6 , 1977 , Crawford gave away her Shih Tzu , Princess Lotus Blossom , because she was too weak to continue to care for her . Crawford died on May 10 , 1977 , at her apartment in Lenox Hill , New York City , of a myocardial infarction ( heart attack ) . A funeral was held at Campbell Funeral Home , New York , on May 13 , 1977 . In her will , which was signed on October 28 , 1976 , Crawford bequeathed to her two youngest children , Cindy and Cathy ,",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": "$77,500 each from her $2 million estate .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": "She explicitly disinherited the two eldest , Christina and Christopher : It is my intention to make no provision herein for my son , Christopher , or my daughter , Christina , for reasons which are well known to them . Both of them challenged the will and received a $55,000 settlement . She also bequeathed nothing to her niece , Joan Lowe ( 1933–1999 ; born Joan Crawford LeSueur , the only child of her estranged brother , Hal ) . Crawford left money to her favorite charities : the USO of New York , the Motion Picture &",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": "Television Country House and Hospital , the American Cancer Society , the Muscular Dystrophy Association , the American Heart Association , and the Wiltwyck School for Boys . During World War II , she was a member of American Womens Voluntary Services .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": "A memorial service was held for Crawford at All Souls Unitarian Church on Lexington Avenue in New York on May 16 , 1977 . In attendance were long-time friend Myrna Loy and co-stars Geraldine Brooks and Cliff Robertson , who gave eulogies ; Pearl Bailey sang Hell Understand . Another memorial service , organized by George Cukor , was held on June 24 in the Samuel Goldwyn Theater at the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in Beverly Hills , California . Crawford was cremated , and her ashes placed in a crypt with her fourth and final husband",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": ", Alfred Steele , in Ferncliff Cemetery , Hartsdale , New York .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
}
] |
/wiki/Joan_Crawford#P26#2
|
Who was the spouse of Joan Crawford in Mar 1945?
|
Joan Crawford Joan Crawford ( born Lucille Fay LeSueur ; March 23 , 190 ? – May 10 , 1977 ) was an American film and television actress who began her career as a dancer in traveling theatrical companies before debuting as a chorus girl on Broadway . Crawford then signed a motion picture contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1925 ; her career spanned six decades , multiple studios , and controversies . At different stages of her career , she was noted for her diverse roles playing sympathetic and unsympathetic characters , and for realistic yet multi-layered performances . Her greatest success and most popular performances came from melodramas and romantic comedies , but her filmography ranges in genres from film noir and historical costume dramas to musicals and horror films . In 1999 , the American Film Institute ranked Crawford tenth on its list of the greatest female stars of Classic Hollywood Cinema . In the 1930s , Crawfords fame rivaled and later surpassed that of MGM colleagues Norma Shearer and Greta Garbo . Though she started by portraying flappers , Crawford often played wealthy women in distress ( Dance , Fools , Dance ; This Modern Age ; Letty Lynton ; No More Ladies ; I Live My Life ; Susan and God ) or hard-working young women who found romance and success ( Our Dancing Daughters ; Paid ; Laughing Sinners ; Grand Hotel ; Dancing Lady ; Sadie McKee ; The Last of Mrs . Cheyney ; The Shining Hour ; The Bride Wore Red ; Mannequin ) . These characters and stories were well received by Depression-era audiences , and were popular with women . Crawford became one of Hollywoods more prominent movie stars , and one of the higher-paid women in the United States . In 1938 , she was among a group of actresses deemed box office poison by theater owners , until her pivotal role in the all-female cast of 1939s The Women gained her praise from critics and audiences alike . Her success continued with a performance as a facially disfigured criminal in the melodrama A Womans Face , which garnered her critical acclaim . In 1945 , she won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her portrayal of the hard-working , divorced , protective mother in the title role of Mildred Pierce . Crawford also received two Best Actress Award nominations as recognition for her work in Possessed ( 1947 ) and Sudden Fear ( 1952 ) . In 1954 , she starred in the Western Johnny Guitar , although unsuccessful during its original release , the cult film has since been lauded . In 1955 , Crawford became involved with the Pepsi-Cola Company through her marriage to company Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Alfred Steele , although she continued to act in film and television throughout the 1950s and 1960s . In 1962 , she starred alongside long-time rival Bette Davis in the horror film Whatever Happened to Baby Jane? , which once again returned her to critical acclaim and box office success , with many believing she would receive another Oscar nomination , however she did not . In 1970 Crawford made her last theatrical film , and until a few weeks before her death , she continued to tape numerous regular radio spots and announcements for a variety of not-for-profit causes . Following a public appearance in 1974 , she withdrew from events that required her to be photographed , becoming increasingly reclusive until her death in 1977 . Crawford married four times . Her first three marriages ended in divorce ; the last ended with the death of husband Alfred Steele . She adopted five children , one of whom was reclaimed . Crawfords relationships with her two eldest children , Christina and Christopher , were acrimonious . After Crawfords death , Christina released a well-known but controversial tell-all memoir , Mommie Dearest ( 1978 ) . Early life . Born Lucille Fay LeSueur , of French-Huguenot , English , Dutch , and Irish ancestry in San Antonio , Texas , she was the third and youngest child of Tennessee-born Thomas E . LeSueur ( January 2 , 1867– January 1 , 1938 ) , a construction laborer , and Texas-born Anna Bell Johnson ( November 29 , 1884 – August 15 , 1958 ) , and later Mrs . Anna Cassin . According to census records she may have been older . She apparently was still under 20 when her first two children were born . Crawfords elder siblings were sister Daisy LeSueur , who died before Lucilles birth , and brother Hal LeSueur . Thomas LeSueur abandoned the family when Lucille was ten months old , eventually resettling in Abilene , Texas , reportedly working as a construction laborer . Crawfords mother married Henry J . Cassin , however , the marriage is listed in the census as her first . They lived in Lawton , Oklahoma where Cassin ran the Ramsey Opera House ; he managed to book diverse and noted performers such as Anna Pavlova and Eva Tanguay . As a child , Crawford preferred the nickname Billie and enjoyed watching vaudeville acts perform on the stage of her stepfathers theatre . At that time , Crawford was reportedly unaware that Cassin , whom she referred to as daddy , was not her biological father until her brother Hal told her the truth . Cassin allegedly began sexually abusing her when she was eleven years old , and continued until she was sent to St . Agnes Academy , a Catholic girls school . Beginning in childhood , Crawfords ambition was to be a dancer . One day in an attempt to escape piano lessons , she leapt from the front porch of her home and cut her foot severely on a broken milk bottle . As a result , she underwent three surgeries to repair the damage . She was unable to attend elementary school or continue with dancing lessons for 18 months . In June 1917 , the family moved to Kansas City , Missouri , after Cassin was accused of embezzlement ; although acquitted , he was blacklisted in Lawton . Following their relocation , Cassin , a Catholic , placed Crawford at St . Agnes Academy in Kansas City . When her mother and stepfather separated , she remained at school as a work student , where she spent far more time working , primarily cooking and cleaning , than studying . She later attended Rockingham Academy , also as a working student . While there , she began dating , and had her first serious relationship with a trumpet player named Ray Sterling , who reportedly inspired her to begin challenging herself academically . In 1922 , she registered at Stephens College in Columbia , Missouri , giving her year of birth as 1906 . She attended Stephens for only a few months before withdrawing after she realized she was not prepared for college . Her familys instability negatively affected Crawford and her schooling never formally progressed beyond primary education . Career . Early career . Under the name Lucille LeSueur , Crawford began dancing in the choruses of traveling revues , and was spotted dancing in Detroit by producer Jacob J . Shubert . Shubert put her in the chorus line for his 1924 show , Innocent Eyes , at the Winter Garden Theatre on Broadway in New York City . While appearing in Innocent Eyes , Crawford met a saxophone player named James Welton . The two were allegedly married in 1924 , and lived together for several months , although this supposed marriage was never mentioned in later life by Crawford . Crawford wanted additional work , and approached Loews Theaters publicist Nils Granlund . Granlund secured a position for her with singer Harry Richmans act and arranged for her to do a screen test which he sent to producer Harry Rapf in Hollywood . Rapf notified Granlund on December 24 , 1924 , that Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer ( MGM ) had offered Crawford a contract at $75 a week . Granlund immediately wired LeSueur , who had returned to her mothers home in Kansas City , with the news ; she borrowed $400 for travel expenses . Credited as Lucille LeSueur , her first film was Lady of the Night in 1925 , as the body double for Norma Shearer , MGMs most popular female star . She also appeared in The Circle and Pretty Ladies ( both 1925 ) , starring comedian ZaSu Pitts . This was soon followed by equally small and unbilled roles in two other 1925 silent films : The Only Thing , and The Merry Widow . MGM publicity head Pete Smith recognized her ability to become a major star , but felt her name sounded fake ; he told studio head Louis B . Mayer that her last name , LeSueur , reminded him of a sewer . Smith organized a contest called Name the Star in Movie Weekly to allow readers to select her new stage name . The initial choice was Joan Arden , but after another actress was found to have prior claim to that name , the alternate surname Crawford became the choice . She later said that she wanted her first name to be pronounced Jo-Anne , and that she hated the name Crawford because it sounded like crawfish , but also admitted she liked the security that went with the name . Self-promotion , and early successes . Growing increasingly frustrated over the size and quality of the parts she was given , Crawford embarked on a campaign of self-promotion . As MGM screenwriter Frederica Sagor Maas recalled , No one decided to make Joan Crawford a star . Joan Crawford became a star because Joan Crawford decided to become a star . She began attending dances in the afternoons and evenings at hotels around Hollywood and at dance venues on the beach piers , where she often won dance competitions with her performances of the Charleston and the Black Bottom . Her strategy worked and MGM cast her in the film where she first made an impression on audiences , Edmund Gouldings Sally , Irene and Mary ( 1925 ) . From the beginning of her career , Crawford considered Norma Shearer – the studios most-popular actress – her professional nemesis . Shearer was married to MGM Head of Production Irving Thalberg ; hence , she had the first choice of scripts , and had more control than other stars in what films she would and would not make . Crawford was quoted to have said : How can I compete with Norma ? She sleeps with the boss ! Crawford was named one of 1926s WAMPAS Baby Stars , along with Mary Astor , Dolores del Río , Janet Gaynor , and Fay Wray , among others . That same year , she co-starred in Paris with Charles Ray . Within a few years , she became the romantic lead to many of MGMs top male stars , including Ramón Novarro , John Gilbert , William Haines , and Tim McCoy . Crawford appeared as a skimpily-clad young carnival assistant in The Unknown ( 1927 ) , starring Lon Chaney , Sr . as a carnival knife thrower with no arms who hopes to marry her . She stated that she learned more about acting from watching Chaney work than from anyone else in her career . It was then , she said , I became aware for the first time of the difference between standing in front of a camera , and acting . Also in 1927 , she appeared alongside her close friend , William Haines , in Spring Fever , which was the first of three movies the duo made together . In 1928 , Crawford starred opposite Ramón Novarro in Across to Singapore , but it was her role as Diana Medford in Our Dancing Daughters ( 1928 ) that catapulted her to stardom . The role established her as a symbol of modern 1920s-style femininity which rivaled Clara Bow , the original It girl , and Hollywoods foremost flapper . A stream of hits followed Our Dancing Daughters , including two more flapper-themed movies , in which Crawford embodied for her legion of fans ( many of whom were women ) an idealized vision of the free-spirited , all-American girl . F . Scott Fitzgerald wrote of Crawford : Crawford described her glamorous onscreen persona more succinctly , saying , If you want to see the girl next door , go next door . On June 3 , 1929 , Crawford married Douglas Fairbanks , Jr . at Saint Malachys Roman Catholic Church ( known as The Actors Chapel , owing to its proximity to Broadway theatres ) in Manhattan , although neither was Catholic . Fairbanks was the son of Douglas Fairbanks and the stepson of Mary Pickford , who were considered Hollywood royalty . Fairbanks , Sr. , and Pickford were opposed to the marriage , and did not invite the couple to their home at Pickfair for eight months after the marriage . The relationship between Crawford and Fairbanks , Sr. , eventually warmed ; she called him Uncle Doug , and he called her Billie , her childhood nickname , but one that close friends used throughout her life . She and Pickford , however , continued to despise each other . Following that first invitation , Crawford and Fairbanks , Jr. , became more frequent guests . While the Fairbanks men played golf together , Crawford was either left with Pickford , who would retire to her quarters , or simply left alone . To rid herself of her Southwestern accent , Crawford tirelessly practiced diction and elocution . She said : Transition to sound , and continued success . After the release of The Jazz Singer in 1927—the first feature-length film with some audible dialogue—sound films became all the rage . The transition from silent to sound caused panic for many , if not all , involved with the film industry ; many silent film stars found themselves unemployable because of their undesirable voices and hard-to-understand accents , or simply because of their refusal to make the transition to talkies . Many studios and stars avoided making the transition as long as possible , especially MGM , which was the last of the major studios to switch over to sound . The Hollywood Revue of 1929 was one of the studios first all-talking films , and their first attempt to showcase their stars ability to make the transition from silent to sound . Crawford was among the dozen or more MGM stars included in the movie ; she sang the song Got a Feeling for You during the films first act . She studied singing with Estelle Liebling , the voice teacher of Beverly Sills , in the 1920s and 1930s . Crawford made a successful transition to talkies with her first starring role in the all-talking feature-length film in Untamed ( 1929 ) , co-starring Robert Montgomery . Despite the success of the film at the box office , it received mixed reviews from critics , who noted that while Crawford seemed nervous at making the transition to sound , she had become one of the most popular actresses in the world . Montana Moon ( 1930 ) , an uneasy mix of Western clichés and music , teamed her with John Mack Brown and Ricardo Cortez . Although the film had problems with censors , it was a major success at the time of its release . Our Blushing Brides ( 1930 ) the final installment in the Our Dancing Daughters franchise co-starring Robert Montgomery and Anita Page , where Crawford carries the burden of dramatics in this photoplay and comes off splendidly and intelligently . Her next movie , Paid ( 1930 ) , paired her with Robert Armstrong , and was another success . During the early sound era , MGM began to place Crawford in more sophisticated roles , rather than continuing to promote her flapper-inspired persona of the silent era . In 1931 , MGM cast Crawford in five films . Three of them teamed her opposite Clark Gable , the studios soon to be biggest male star and King of Hollywood . Dance , Fools , Dance , released in February 1931 , was the first pairing of Crawford and Gable . Their second movie together , Laughing Sinners , released in May 1931 , was directed by Harry Beaumont , and also co-starred Neil Hamilton . Possessed , their third film together , released in October , was directed by Clarence Brown . These films were immensely popular with audiences and were generally well received by critics , stapling Crawfords position as one of MGMs top female stars of the decade along with Norma Shearer , Greta Garbo and Jean Harlow . Her only other notable film of 1931 , This Modern Age , was released in August and despite unfavorable reviews was a moderate success . MGM next cast her in the film Grand Hotel , directed by Edmund Goulding . As the studios first all-star production , Crawford co-starred opposite Greta Garbo , John and Lionel Barrymore , and Wallace Beery , among others . Receiving third billing , she played the middle-class stenographer to Beerys controlling general director . Crawford later admitted to being nervous during the filming of the movie because she was working with accomplished actors , and that she was disappointed that she had no scenes with one she had admired , the divine Garbo . Grand Hotel was released in April 1932 to critical and commercial success . It was one of the highest-grossing movies of the year , and won the Academy Award for Best Picture . Crawford achieved continued success in Letty Lynton ( 1932 ) . Soon after this movies release , a plagiarism suit forced MGM to withdraw it ; it is therefore considered the lost Crawford film . Designed by Adrian , the gown with large ruffled sleeves which Crawford wore in the movie became a popular style that same year , and was even copied by Macys.On loan to United Artists , she played prostitute Sadie Thompson in Rain ( 1932 ) , a film version of John Coltons 1923 play . Actress Jeanne Eagels played the role on stage , and Gloria Swanson had originated the part on screen in the 1928 film version . Crawfords performance was panned , and the film was not a success . Despite the failure of Rain , in 1932 , the publishing of the first Top Ten Money-Making Stars Poll placed Crawford third in popularity at the box office , behind only Marie Dressler and Janet Gaynor . She remained on the list for the next several years , last appearing on it in 1936 . In May 1933 , Crawford divorced Fairbanks citing grievous mental cruelty . Crawford claimed Fairbanks had a jealous and suspicious attitude toward her friends , and that they had loud arguments about the most trivial subjects lasting far into the night . Following her divorce , she was again teamed with Clark Gable , along with Franchot Tone and Fred Astaire , in the hit Dancing Lady ( 1933 ) , in which she received top billing . She next played the title role in Sadie McKee ( 1934 ) , opposite Tone and Gene Raymond . She was paired with Gable for the fifth time in Chained ( 1934 ) , and for the sixth time in Forsaking All Others ( 1934 ) . Crawfords films of this era were some of the most-popular and highest-grossing films of the mid-1930s . In 1935 , Crawford married Franchot Tone , a stage actor from New York who planned to use his film earnings to finance his theatre group . The couple built a small theatre at Crawfords Brentwood home , and put on productions of classic plays for select groups of friends that lived in the popular Brentwood area like Clark Gable and Charley Chase . Tone and Crawford had first appeared together in Today We Live ( 1933 ) , but Crawford was hesitant about entering into another romance so soon after her split from Fairbanks . Before and during their marriage , Crawford worked to promote Tones Hollywood career , but he was not interested in being a star , ultimately wanting to just be an actor , and Crawford wearied of the effort . During their marriage they tried on two separate occasions for children , both ending in miscarriage . Tone allegedly began drinking and became physically abusive . She filed for divorce , which was granted in 1939 . Crawford and Tone later rekindled their friendship , and Tone even proposed in 1964 that they remarry . When he died in 1968 , Crawford arranged for him to be cremated and his ashes scattered at Muskoka Lakes , Canada . Crawford continued her reign as a popular movie actress well into the mid-1930s . No More Ladies ( 1935 ) co-starred Robert Montgomery and then-husband Franchot Tone , and was a success . Crawford had long pleaded with MGMs head Louis B . Mayer to cast her in more dramatic roles , and although he was reluctant , he cast her in the sophisticated comedy-drama I Live My Life ( 1935 ) , directed by W . S . Van Dyke , and it was well received by critics . She next starred in The Gorgeous Hussy ( 1936 ) , opposite Robert Taylor and Lionel Barrymore , as well as Tone . It was a critical and box-office success , and became one of Crawfords biggest hits of the decade . Love on the Run ( 1936 ) , a romantic comedy directed by W . S . Van Dyke , was her seventh film co-starring Clark Gable . Box office poison . Even though Crawford remained a respected MGM actress , and her films still earned profits , her popularity declined in the late 1930s . In 1937 , Crawford was proclaimed the first Queen of the Movies by Life magazine . She unexpectedly slipped from seventh to sixteenth place at the box office that year , and her public popularity also began to wane . Richard Boleslawskis comedy-drama The Last of Mrs . Cheyney ( 1937 ) teamed her opposite William Powell in their sole screen pairing . The film was also Crawfords last box-office success before the onset of her box office poison period . She co-starred opposite Franchot Tone for the seventh—and final—time in The Bride Wore Red ( 1937 ) . The film was generally unfavorably reviewed by the majority of critics . It also ran a financial loss , becoming one of MGMs biggest failures of the year . Mannequin , co-starring Spencer Tracy , also released in 1937 did , as the New York Times stated , restore Crawford to her throne as queen of the working girls . On May 3 , 1938 , Crawford—along with Greta Garbo , Norma Shearer , Luise Rainer , John Barrymore , Katharine Hepburn , Fred Astaire , Dolores del Río , and others—was dubbed Box Office Poison in an open letter in the Independent Film Journal . The list was submitted by Harry Brandt , president of the Independent Theatre Owners Association of America . Brandt stated that while these stars had unquestioned dramatic abilities , their high salaries did not reflect in their ticket sales , thus hurting the movie exhibitors involved . Crawfords follow-up movie , The Shining Hour ( 1938 ) , co-starring Margaret Sullavan and Melvyn Douglas , was well received by critics , but it was a box-office flop . She made a comeback in 1939 with her role as home-wrecker Crystal Allen in The Women , opposite her professional nemesis , Norma Shearer . A year later , she played against type in the unglamorous role of Julie in Strange Cargo ( 1940 ) , her eighth—and final—film with Clark Gable . She later starred as a facially disfigured blackmailer in A Womans Face ( 1941 ) , a remake of the Swedish film En kvinnas ansikte which had starred Ingrid Bergman in the lead role three years earlier . While the film was only a moderate box office success , Crawfords performance was hailed by many critics . Crawford adopted her first child , a daughter , in 1940 . Because she was single , California law prevented her from adopting within the state ; so , she arranged the adoption through an agency in Las Vegas . The child was temporarily called Joan , until Crawford changed her name to Christina . Crawford married actor Phillip Terry on July 21 , 1942 , after a six-month courtship . Together , the couple adopted a son whom they named Christopher , but his birth mother reclaimed the child . The couple adopted another boy , whom they named Phillip Terry , Jr . After the marriage ended in 1946 , Crawford changed that childs name to Christopher Crawford . After 18 years , Crawfords contract with MGM was terminated by mutual consent on June 29 , 1943 . In lieu of the last film remaining under her contract , MGM bought her out for $100,000 . Move to Warner Bros. . For $500,000 , Crawford signed with Warner Bros . for a three-movie deal , and was placed on the payroll on July 1 , 1943 . Her first film for the studio was Hollywood Canteen ( 1944 ) , an all-star morale-booster film that teamed her with several other top movie stars at the time . Crawford said one of the main reasons she signed with Warner Bros . was because she wanted to play the character Mattie in a proposed 1944 film version of Edith Whartons novel Ethan Frome ( 1911 ) . She wanted to play the title role in Mildred Pierce ( 1945 ) , but Bette Davis was the studios first choice . However , Davis turned the role down . Director Michael Curtiz did not want Crawford to play the part , and he instead lobbied for the casting of Barbara Stanwyck . Warner Bros . defied Curtiz and cast Crawford in the film . Throughout the entire production of the movie , Curtiz criticized Crawford . She comes over here with her high-hat airs and her goddamn shoulder pads.. . Why should I waste my time directing a has-been ? Curtiz demanded Crawford prove her suitability by taking a screen test ; she agreed . After the test , Curtiz agreed to Crawfords casting . Costume fittings started filming off roughly when Curtiz suspected Crawford of wearing shoulder pads and he proceeded to tear the top of her dress . She said Thankfully I was wearing a bra . Mildred Pierce was a resounding critical and commercial success . It epitomized the lush visual style and the hard-boiled film noir sensibility that defined Warner Bros . movies of the late forties . Crawford earned the Academy Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role . The success of Mildred Pierce revived Crawfords movie career . For several years , she starred in what were called a series of first-rate melodramas . Her next film was Humoresque ( 1946 ) , co-starring John Garfield , a romantic drama about a love affair between an older woman and a younger man . She starred alongside Van Heflin in Possessed ( 1947 ) , for which she received a second Academy Award nomination . In Daisy Kenyon ( 1947 ) , she appeared opposite Dana Andrews and Henry Fonda , and in Flamingo Road ( 1949 ) , her character has an ultimately deadly feud with a corrupt southern sheriff played by Sydney Greenstreet . She made a cameo in Its a Great Feeling ( 1949 ) , poking fun at her own screen image . In 1950 , she starred in the film noir The Damned Dont Cry and in the melodrama Harriet Craig . In 1947 , Crawford adopted two more children , whom she named Cindy and Cathy . The children were adopted from Tennessee Childrens Home Society , an orphanage/child-trafficking unit operated by Georgia Tann , a source used by many childless Hollywood stars to adopt until Tanns discovery and death erupted in infamy in 1952 . After the completion of This Woman Is Dangerous ( 1952 ) , a film Crawford called her worst , she asked to be released from her Warner Bros . contract . By this time , she felt Warners was losing interest in her due to feeble scripts , poor leading men and inept cameramen , so she decided it was time to move on . Later the same year , she received her third—and final—Academy Award nomination for Sudden Fear for RKO Radio Pictures . Radio and television . Crawford worked in the radio series The Screen Guild Theater on January 8 , 1939 ; Good News ; Baby , broadcast on March 2 , 1940 , on Arch Obolers Lights Out ; The Word on Everymans Theater ( 1941 ) ; Chained on the Lux Radio Theater , and Norman Corwins Document A/777 ( 1948 ) . She appeared in episodes of anthology television series in the 1950s , and , in 1959 , made a pilot for The Joan Crawford Show . Al Steele and Pepsi-Cola Company . Crawford married her fourth—and final—husband , Alfred Steele , at the Flamingo Hotel in Las Vegas on May 10 , 1955 . Crawford and Steele met at a party in 1950 , when Steele was an executive at PepsiCo . They renewed their acquaintance at a New Years Eve party in 1954 . By that time , Steele had become president of Pepsi-Cola . He later was named chairman of the board and CEO of Pepsi-Cola . Crawford traveled extensively on behalf of Pepsi following the marriage . She estimated that she traveled over 100,000 miles for the company . Steele died of a heart attack in April 1959 . Crawford initially was advised that her services were no longer required . After she told the story to Louella Parsons , Pepsi reversed its position , and Crawford was elected to fill the vacant seat on the board of directors . Crawford received the sixth annual Pally Award , which was in the shape of a bronze Pepsi bottle . It was awarded to the employee making the most significant contribution to company sales . In 1973 , Crawford was forced to retire from the company at the behest of company executive Don Kendall , whom Crawford had referred to for years as Fang . Later career . After her Academy Award-nominated performance in 1952s Sudden Fear , Crawford continued to work steadily throughout the rest of the decade . After a 10-year absence from MGM , she returned to that studio to star in Torch Song ( 1953 ) , a musical drama centering on the life of a demanding stage star who falls in love with a blind pianist , played by Michael Wilding . Although the film was highly publicized as Crawfords major comeback , it was a critical and financial failure , known today for its camp appeal . In 1954 , she starred in Johnny Guitar , a cult classic directed by Nicholas Ray , co-starring Sterling Hayden and Mercedes McCambridge . She also starred in Female on the Beach ( 1955 ) with Jeff Chandler , and in Queen Bee ( 1955 ) , alongside John Ireland . The following year , she starred opposite a young Cliff Robertson in Autumn Leaves ( 1956 ) , and filmed a leading role in The Story of Esther Costello ( 1957 ) , co-starring Rossano Brazzi . Crawford , who had been left near-penniless following Alfred Steeles death , accepted a small role in The Best of Everything ( 1959 ) . Although she was not the star of the film , she received positive reviews . Crawford later named the role as being one of her personal favorites . By 1961 , Joan Crawford was once again her own publicity machine , with a new script , Whatever Happened to Baby Jane? , sent by Robert Aldrich . Crawford starred as Blanche Hudson , an elderly , disabled former A-list movie star who lives in fear of her psychotic sister Jane , in the highly successful psychological thriller What Ever Happened to Baby Jane ? ( 1962 ) . Despite the actresses earlier tensions , Crawford reportedly suggested Bette Davis for the role of Jane . The two stars maintained publicly that there was no feud between them . The director , Robert Aldrich , fueling publicity rumors , explained that Davis and Crawford were each aware of how important the film was to their respective careers , and commented , Its proper to say that they really detested each other , but they behaved absolutely perfectly . After filming was completed , their public comments against each other propelled their animosity into a life-long feud . The film was a huge success , recouping its costs within eleven days of its nationwide release reviving Davis and Crawfords careers . Davis was nominated for an Academy Award for her performance as Jane Hudson . Crawford contacted each of the other Oscar nominees in the category ( Katharine Hepburn , Lee Remick , Geraldine Page , and Anne Bancroft , all East Coast-based actresses ) , to let them know that if they could not attend the ceremony , she would be happy to accept the Oscar on their behalf ; all agreed . Both Davis and Crawford were backstage – Crawford having presented best director – when the absent Anne Bancroft was announced as the winner and Crawford accepted the award on her behalf . Davis claimed for the rest of her life that Crawford had campaigned against her , a charge Crawford denied . That same year , Crawford starred as Lucy Harbin in William Castles horror mystery Strait-Jacket ( 1964 ) . Robert Aldrich cast Crawford and Davis in Hush...Hush , Sweet Charlotte ( 1964 ) . After a purported campaign of harassment by Davis on location in Louisiana , Crawford returned to Hollywood entering a hospital . After a prolonged absence , during which Crawford was accused of feigning illness , Aldrich was forced to replace her with Olivia de Havilland . Crawford , who was devastated , said I heard the news of my replacement over the radio , lying in my hospital bed .. . I cried for nine hours . Crawford nursed grudges against Davis and Aldrich for the rest of her life , saying of Aldrich , He is a man who loves evil , horrendous , vile things , to which Aldrich replied If the shoe fits , wear it , and I am very fond of Miss Crawford . Despite being replaced , brief footage of Crawford made it into the film when she is seen sitting in a taxi in a wide shot . In 1965 , she played Amy Nelson in I Saw What You Did , another William Castle vehicle . She starred as Monica Rivers in Herman Cohens horror thriller film Berserk ! ( 1967 ) . After the films release , Crawford guest-starred as herself on The Lucy Show . The episode , Lucy and the Lost Star , first aired on February 26 , 1968 . Crawford struggled during rehearsals , and drank heavily on-set , leading series star Lucille Ball to suggest replacing her with Gloria Swanson . However , Crawford was letter-perfect the day of the show , which included dancing the Charleston , and received two standing ovations from the studio audience . In October 1968 , Crawfords 29-year-old daughter , Christina ( who was then acting in New York on the soap opera The Secret Storm ) , needed immediate medical attention for a ruptured ovarian tumor . Despite the fact that Christinas character was a 28-year-old , and Crawford was in her sixties , Crawford offered to play her role until Christina was well enough to return , to which producer Gloria Monty readily agreed . Crawfords appearance in the 1969 television film Night Gallery ( which served as pilot to the series that followed ) marked one of Steven Spielbergs earliest directing jobs . Crawford made a cameo appearance as herself in the first episode of The Tim Conway Show , which aired on January 30 , 1970 . She starred on the big screen one final time , playing Dr . Brockton in Herman Cohens science fiction horror film Trog ( 1970 ) , rounding out a career spanning 45 years and more than 80 motion pictures . Crawford made three more television appearances , including one as Stephanie White in a 1970 episode ( The Nightmare ) of The Virginian and as Joan Fairchild ( her final dramatic performance ) in a 1972 episode ( Dear Joan : Were Going to Scare You to Death ) of The Sixth Sense . Final years . In 1970 , Crawford was presented with the Cecil B . DeMille Award by John Wayne at the Golden Globes , which was telecast from the Coconut Grove at The Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles . She also spoke at Stephens College , where she had been a student for two months in 1922 . Crawford published her autobiography , A Portrait of Joan , co-written with Jane Kesner Ardmore , in 1962 through Doubleday . Crawfords next book , My Way of Life , was published in 1971 by Simon & Schuster . Those expecting a racy tell-all were disappointed , although Crawfords meticulous ways were revealed in her advice on grooming , wardrobe , exercise , and even food storage . After her death , photographs of John F . Kennedy ( for whom she had voted in the 1960 presidential election ) were found in her apartment . In September 1973 , Crawford moved from apartment 22-G to a smaller apartment next door , 22-H , at the Imperial House , 150 East 69th Street . Her last public appearance was made on September 23 , 1974 , at a book party cohosted with her old friend Rosalind Russell at New Yorks Rainbow Room . Russell was suffering from breast cancer and arthritis at the time . When Crawford saw the unflattering photos that appeared in the papers the next day , she said If thats how I look , then they wont see me anymore . Crawford cancelled all public appearances , began declining interviews , and left her apartment less and less . Dental problems , including surgery which left her needing round-the-clock nursing care , plagued her from 1972 until mid-1975 . While on antibiotics for this problem in October 1974 , her drinking caused her to pass out , slip , and strike her face . Whether it was this incident or her return to religion , Christian Science , she quit drinking in 1974 . Death and legacy . On May 6 , 1977 , Crawford gave away her Shih Tzu , Princess Lotus Blossom , because she was too weak to continue to care for her . Crawford died on May 10 , 1977 , at her apartment in Lenox Hill , New York City , of a myocardial infarction ( heart attack ) . A funeral was held at Campbell Funeral Home , New York , on May 13 , 1977 . In her will , which was signed on October 28 , 1976 , Crawford bequeathed to her two youngest children , Cindy and Cathy , $77,500 each from her $2 million estate . She explicitly disinherited the two eldest , Christina and Christopher : It is my intention to make no provision herein for my son , Christopher , or my daughter , Christina , for reasons which are well known to them . Both of them challenged the will and received a $55,000 settlement . She also bequeathed nothing to her niece , Joan Lowe ( 1933–1999 ; born Joan Crawford LeSueur , the only child of her estranged brother , Hal ) . Crawford left money to her favorite charities : the USO of New York , the Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital , the American Cancer Society , the Muscular Dystrophy Association , the American Heart Association , and the Wiltwyck School for Boys . During World War II , she was a member of American Womens Voluntary Services . A memorial service was held for Crawford at All Souls Unitarian Church on Lexington Avenue in New York on May 16 , 1977 . In attendance were long-time friend Myrna Loy and co-stars Geraldine Brooks and Cliff Robertson , who gave eulogies ; Pearl Bailey sang Hell Understand . Another memorial service , organized by George Cukor , was held on June 24 in the Samuel Goldwyn Theater at the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in Beverly Hills , California . Crawford was cremated , and her ashes placed in a crypt with her fourth and final husband , Alfred Steele , in Ferncliff Cemetery , Hartsdale , New York . Joan Crawfords handprints and footprints are immortalized in the forecourt of Graumans Chinese Theatre in Hollywood . She has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , at 1752 Vine Street , for her contributions to the motion picture industry . Playboy listed Crawford as #84 of the 100 Sexiest Women of the 20th century . In 1999 , Crawford was also voted the tenth greatest female star of the classic American cinema by the American Film Institute . Crawford has also attracted a following in the gay community . In Joan Crawford : The Essential Biography , the author explains that Crawford appeals to many gay men because they sympathize with her struggle for success in both the entertainment industry and her personal life . Mommie Dearest . In November 1978 , Christina Crawford published Mommie Dearest , which contained allegations that her late adoptive mother was emotionally and physically abusive to Christina and her brother Christopher because she chose fame and her career over parenthood . Many of Crawfords friends and co-workers , including Van Johnson , Ann Blyth , Myrna Loy , Katharine Hepburn , Cesar Romero , Gary Gray , Douglas Fairbanks Jr . ( Crawfords first husband ) , and Crawfords two other younger daughters , Cathy and Cindy , denounced the book , categorically denying any abuse . Others including Helen Hayes , James MacArthur ( Hayes son ) , June Allyson , and Vincent Sherman stated they had witnessed some form of abusive behavior . Mommie Dearest became a best-seller , and was made into the 1981 film Mommie Dearest , starring Faye Dunaway as Crawford . In popular culture . Pictures of Crawford were used in the album artwork of The Rolling Stones album Exile on Main St . ( 1972 ) . Four years after her death , Blue Öyster Cult released the song Joan Crawford as part of their album Fire of Unknown Origin ( 1981 ) . The alleged feud between Crawford and Bette Davis is depicted in the 1989 book . It was fueled by competition over film roles , Academy Awards , and Franchot Tone ( Joan Crawfords second husband ) , who was Daviss co-star in 1935s Dangerous . The Crawford-Davis rivalry is the subject of the 2017 first season of the television series Feud , inspired by the book and subtitled Bette and Joan . Crawford is played by Jessica Lange , and Davis is played by Susan Sarandon . In 2018 , streaming/airing of the series was stopped by restraint order from lower California courts until Olivia de Havilland could be heard by the United States Supreme Court on whether producers had the right to use her likeness ( played by Catherine Zeta-Jones ) without permission despite her being a public figure . In January 2019 , the Supreme Court refused to hear the case . The series streams on Amazon . Bibliography . Sources . - Considine , Shaun ( 1989 ) . Bette and Joan : The Divine Feud . New York , E . P . Dutton , a division of Penguin Books . . - Bret , David ( 2006 ) . Joan Crawford : Hollywood Martyr . Robson . . - Granlund , Nils T . ( 1957 ) . Blondes , Brunettes , and Bullets . New York , David McKay Company . - Hoefling , Larry J . ( 2008 ) . Nils Thor Granlund : The Swedish Showman Who Invented American Entertainment . Inlandia Press . . - LaSalle , Mick ( 2000 ) . Complicated Women : Sex and Power in Pre-Code Hollywood . New York , Thomas Dunne Books , an imprint of St . Martins Press . . - Dunaway , Faye ( 1998 ) . Looking For Gatsby . Pocket . . - Leese , Elizabeth ( 1991 ) . Costume Design in the Movies . Dover Books . . - Newquist , Roy , with introduction by John Springer ( 1980 ) . Conversations with Joan Crawford . New Jersey , Citadel Press , a division of Lyle Stuart , Inc . . - Quirk , Lawrence J . and William Schoell . ( 2002 ) . Joan Crawford : the essential biography . University Press of Kentucky . . - Skal , David J . ( 1993 ) . The Monster Show : A Cultural History of Horror . Penguin Books . . - Thomas , Bob ( 1978 ) . Joan Crawford : A Biography . New York , Bantam Books . . External links . - Excerpt of March 2008 biography , VanityFair.com - Joan Crawford profile , Virtual-History.com - Joan Crawford awards at Brandeis University
|
[
"Phillip Terry"
] |
[
{
"text": " Joan Crawford ( born Lucille Fay LeSueur ; March 23 , 190 ? – May 10 , 1977 ) was an American film and television actress who began her career as a dancer in traveling theatrical companies before debuting as a chorus girl on Broadway . Crawford then signed a motion picture contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1925 ; her career spanned six decades , multiple studios , and controversies .",
"title": "Joan Crawford"
},
{
"text": "At different stages of her career , she was noted for her diverse roles playing sympathetic and unsympathetic characters , and for realistic yet multi-layered performances . Her greatest success and most popular performances came from melodramas and romantic comedies , but her filmography ranges in genres from film noir and historical costume dramas to musicals and horror films . In 1999 , the American Film Institute ranked Crawford tenth on its list of the greatest female stars of Classic Hollywood Cinema .",
"title": "Joan Crawford"
},
{
"text": "In the 1930s , Crawfords fame rivaled and later surpassed that of MGM colleagues Norma Shearer and Greta Garbo . Though she started by portraying flappers , Crawford often played wealthy women in distress ( Dance , Fools , Dance ; This Modern Age ; Letty Lynton ; No More Ladies ; I Live My Life ; Susan and God ) or hard-working young women who found romance and success ( Our Dancing Daughters ; Paid ; Laughing Sinners ; Grand Hotel ; Dancing Lady ; Sadie McKee ; The Last of Mrs . Cheyney ; The Shining Hour ;",
"title": "Joan Crawford"
},
{
"text": "The Bride Wore Red ; Mannequin ) . These characters and stories were well received by Depression-era audiences , and were popular with women . Crawford became one of Hollywoods more prominent movie stars , and one of the higher-paid women in the United States .",
"title": "Joan Crawford"
},
{
"text": "In 1938 , she was among a group of actresses deemed box office poison by theater owners , until her pivotal role in the all-female cast of 1939s The Women gained her praise from critics and audiences alike . Her success continued with a performance as a facially disfigured criminal in the melodrama A Womans Face , which garnered her critical acclaim . In 1945 , she won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her portrayal of the hard-working , divorced , protective mother in the title role of Mildred Pierce . Crawford also received two Best Actress Award",
"title": "Joan Crawford"
},
{
"text": "nominations as recognition for her work in Possessed ( 1947 ) and Sudden Fear ( 1952 ) .",
"title": "Joan Crawford"
},
{
"text": "In 1954 , she starred in the Western Johnny Guitar , although unsuccessful during its original release , the cult film has since been lauded . In 1955 , Crawford became involved with the Pepsi-Cola Company through her marriage to company Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Alfred Steele , although she continued to act in film and television throughout the 1950s and 1960s . In 1962 , she starred alongside long-time rival Bette Davis in the horror film Whatever Happened to Baby Jane? , which once again returned her to critical acclaim and box office success , with many believing",
"title": "Joan Crawford"
},
{
"text": "she would receive another Oscar nomination , however she did not .",
"title": "Joan Crawford"
},
{
"text": " In 1970 Crawford made her last theatrical film , and until a few weeks before her death , she continued to tape numerous regular radio spots and announcements for a variety of not-for-profit causes . Following a public appearance in 1974 , she withdrew from events that required her to be photographed , becoming increasingly reclusive until her death in 1977 .",
"title": "Joan Crawford"
},
{
"text": "Crawford married four times . Her first three marriages ended in divorce ; the last ended with the death of husband Alfred Steele . She adopted five children , one of whom was reclaimed . Crawfords relationships with her two eldest children , Christina and Christopher , were acrimonious . After Crawfords death , Christina released a well-known but controversial tell-all memoir , Mommie Dearest ( 1978 ) .",
"title": "Joan Crawford"
},
{
"text": "Born Lucille Fay LeSueur , of French-Huguenot , English , Dutch , and Irish ancestry in San Antonio , Texas , she was the third and youngest child of Tennessee-born Thomas E . LeSueur ( January 2 , 1867– January 1 , 1938 ) , a construction laborer , and Texas-born Anna Bell Johnson ( November 29 , 1884 – August 15 , 1958 ) , and later Mrs . Anna Cassin . According to census records she may have been older . She apparently was still under 20 when her first two children were born . Crawfords elder siblings",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "were sister Daisy LeSueur , who died before Lucilles birth , and brother Hal LeSueur .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Thomas LeSueur abandoned the family when Lucille was ten months old , eventually resettling in Abilene , Texas , reportedly working as a construction laborer . Crawfords mother married Henry J . Cassin , however , the marriage is listed in the census as her first . They lived in Lawton , Oklahoma where Cassin ran the Ramsey Opera House ; he managed to book diverse and noted performers such as Anna Pavlova and Eva Tanguay . As a child , Crawford preferred the nickname Billie and enjoyed watching vaudeville acts perform on the stage of her stepfathers theatre .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "At that time , Crawford was reportedly unaware that Cassin , whom she referred to as daddy , was not her biological father until her brother Hal told her the truth . Cassin allegedly began sexually abusing her when she was eleven years old , and continued until she was sent to St . Agnes Academy , a Catholic girls school .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Beginning in childhood , Crawfords ambition was to be a dancer . One day in an attempt to escape piano lessons , she leapt from the front porch of her home and cut her foot severely on a broken milk bottle . As a result , she underwent three surgeries to repair the damage . She was unable to attend elementary school or continue with dancing lessons for 18 months .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In June 1917 , the family moved to Kansas City , Missouri , after Cassin was accused of embezzlement ; although acquitted , he was blacklisted in Lawton . Following their relocation , Cassin , a Catholic , placed Crawford at St . Agnes Academy in Kansas City . When her mother and stepfather separated , she remained at school as a work student , where she spent far more time working , primarily cooking and cleaning , than studying . She later attended Rockingham Academy , also as a working student . While there , she began dating ,",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "and had her first serious relationship with a trumpet player named Ray Sterling , who reportedly inspired her to begin challenging herself academically .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " In 1922 , she registered at Stephens College in Columbia , Missouri , giving her year of birth as 1906 . She attended Stephens for only a few months before withdrawing after she realized she was not prepared for college . Her familys instability negatively affected Crawford and her schooling never formally progressed beyond primary education .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Under the name Lucille LeSueur , Crawford began dancing in the choruses of traveling revues , and was spotted dancing in Detroit by producer Jacob J . Shubert . Shubert put her in the chorus line for his 1924 show , Innocent Eyes , at the Winter Garden Theatre on Broadway in New York City . While appearing in Innocent Eyes , Crawford met a saxophone player named James Welton . The two were allegedly married in 1924 , and lived together for several months , although this supposed marriage was never mentioned in later life by Crawford .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Crawford wanted additional work , and approached Loews Theaters publicist Nils Granlund . Granlund secured a position for her with singer Harry Richmans act and arranged for her to do a screen test which he sent to producer Harry Rapf in Hollywood . Rapf notified Granlund on December 24 , 1924 , that Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer ( MGM ) had offered Crawford a contract at $75 a week . Granlund immediately wired LeSueur , who had returned to her mothers home in Kansas City , with the news ; she borrowed $400 for travel expenses .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Credited as Lucille LeSueur , her first film was Lady of the Night in 1925 , as the body double for Norma Shearer , MGMs most popular female star . She also appeared in The Circle and Pretty Ladies ( both 1925 ) , starring comedian ZaSu Pitts . This was soon followed by equally small and unbilled roles in two other 1925 silent films : The Only Thing , and The Merry Widow .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "MGM publicity head Pete Smith recognized her ability to become a major star , but felt her name sounded fake ; he told studio head Louis B . Mayer that her last name , LeSueur , reminded him of a sewer . Smith organized a contest called Name the Star in Movie Weekly to allow readers to select her new stage name . The initial choice was Joan Arden , but after another actress was found to have prior claim to that name , the alternate surname Crawford became the choice . She later said that she wanted her first",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "name to be pronounced Jo-Anne , and that she hated the name Crawford because it sounded like crawfish , but also admitted she liked the security that went with the name .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Growing increasingly frustrated over the size and quality of the parts she was given , Crawford embarked on a campaign of self-promotion . As MGM screenwriter Frederica Sagor Maas recalled , No one decided to make Joan Crawford a star . Joan Crawford became a star because Joan Crawford decided to become a star . She began attending dances in the afternoons and evenings at hotels around Hollywood and at dance venues on the beach piers , where she often won dance competitions with her performances of the Charleston and the Black Bottom .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Her strategy worked and MGM cast her in the film where she first made an impression on audiences , Edmund Gouldings Sally , Irene and Mary ( 1925 ) . From the beginning of her career , Crawford considered Norma Shearer – the studios most-popular actress – her professional nemesis . Shearer was married to MGM Head of Production Irving Thalberg ; hence , she had the first choice of scripts , and had more control than other stars in what films she would and would not make . Crawford was quoted to have said : How can I compete",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "with Norma ? She sleeps with the boss !",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Crawford was named one of 1926s WAMPAS Baby Stars , along with Mary Astor , Dolores del Río , Janet Gaynor , and Fay Wray , among others . That same year , she co-starred in Paris with Charles Ray . Within a few years , she became the romantic lead to many of MGMs top male stars , including Ramón Novarro , John Gilbert , William Haines , and Tim McCoy .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Crawford appeared as a skimpily-clad young carnival assistant in The Unknown ( 1927 ) , starring Lon Chaney , Sr . as a carnival knife thrower with no arms who hopes to marry her . She stated that she learned more about acting from watching Chaney work than from anyone else in her career . It was then , she said , I became aware for the first time of the difference between standing in front of a camera , and acting . Also in 1927 , she appeared alongside her close friend , William Haines , in Spring Fever",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": ", which was the first of three movies the duo made together .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "In 1928 , Crawford starred opposite Ramón Novarro in Across to Singapore , but it was her role as Diana Medford in Our Dancing Daughters ( 1928 ) that catapulted her to stardom . The role established her as a symbol of modern 1920s-style femininity which rivaled Clara Bow , the original It girl , and Hollywoods foremost flapper . A stream of hits followed Our Dancing Daughters , including two more flapper-themed movies , in which Crawford embodied for her legion of fans ( many of whom were women ) an idealized vision of the free-spirited , all-American girl",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " F . Scott Fitzgerald wrote of Crawford : Crawford described her glamorous onscreen persona more succinctly , saying , If you want to see the girl next door , go next door .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "On June 3 , 1929 , Crawford married Douglas Fairbanks , Jr . at Saint Malachys Roman Catholic Church ( known as The Actors Chapel , owing to its proximity to Broadway theatres ) in Manhattan , although neither was Catholic . Fairbanks was the son of Douglas Fairbanks and the stepson of Mary Pickford , who were considered Hollywood royalty . Fairbanks , Sr. , and Pickford were opposed to the marriage , and did not invite the couple to their home at Pickfair for eight months after the marriage .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " The relationship between Crawford and Fairbanks , Sr. , eventually warmed ; she called him Uncle Doug , and he called her Billie , her childhood nickname , but one that close friends used throughout her life . She and Pickford , however , continued to despise each other . Following that first invitation , Crawford and Fairbanks , Jr. , became more frequent guests . While the Fairbanks men played golf together , Crawford was either left with Pickford , who would retire to her quarters , or simply left alone .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "To rid herself of her Southwestern accent , Crawford tirelessly practiced diction and elocution . She said :",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Transition to sound , and continued success . After the release of The Jazz Singer in 1927—the first feature-length film with some audible dialogue—sound films became all the rage . The transition from silent to sound caused panic for many , if not all , involved with the film industry ; many silent film stars found themselves unemployable because of their undesirable voices and hard-to-understand accents , or simply because of their refusal to make the transition to talkies .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Many studios and stars avoided making the transition as long as possible , especially MGM , which was the last of the major studios to switch over to sound . The Hollywood Revue of 1929 was one of the studios first all-talking films , and their first attempt to showcase their stars ability to make the transition from silent to sound . Crawford was among the dozen or more MGM stars included in the movie ; she sang the song Got a Feeling for You during the films first act . She studied singing with Estelle Liebling , the voice",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "teacher of Beverly Sills , in the 1920s and 1930s .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Crawford made a successful transition to talkies with her first starring role in the all-talking feature-length film in Untamed ( 1929 ) , co-starring Robert Montgomery . Despite the success of the film at the box office , it received mixed reviews from critics , who noted that while Crawford seemed nervous at making the transition to sound , she had become one of the most popular actresses in the world . Montana Moon ( 1930 ) , an uneasy mix of Western clichés and music , teamed her with John Mack Brown and Ricardo Cortez . Although the film",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "had problems with censors , it was a major success at the time of its release . Our Blushing Brides ( 1930 ) the final installment in the Our Dancing Daughters franchise co-starring Robert Montgomery and Anita Page , where Crawford carries the burden of dramatics in this photoplay and comes off splendidly and intelligently . Her next movie , Paid ( 1930 ) , paired her with Robert Armstrong , and was another success . During the early sound era , MGM began to place Crawford in more sophisticated roles , rather than continuing to promote her flapper-inspired persona",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "of the silent era .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "In 1931 , MGM cast Crawford in five films . Three of them teamed her opposite Clark Gable , the studios soon to be biggest male star and King of Hollywood . Dance , Fools , Dance , released in February 1931 , was the first pairing of Crawford and Gable . Their second movie together , Laughing Sinners , released in May 1931 , was directed by Harry Beaumont , and also co-starred Neil Hamilton . Possessed , their third film together , released in October , was directed by Clarence Brown . These films were immensely popular with",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "audiences and were generally well received by critics , stapling Crawfords position as one of MGMs top female stars of the decade along with Norma Shearer , Greta Garbo and Jean Harlow . Her only other notable film of 1931 , This Modern Age , was released in August and despite unfavorable reviews was a moderate success .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "MGM next cast her in the film Grand Hotel , directed by Edmund Goulding . As the studios first all-star production , Crawford co-starred opposite Greta Garbo , John and Lionel Barrymore , and Wallace Beery , among others . Receiving third billing , she played the middle-class stenographer to Beerys controlling general director . Crawford later admitted to being nervous during the filming of the movie because she was working with accomplished actors , and that she was disappointed that she had no scenes with one she had admired , the divine Garbo . Grand Hotel was released in",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "April 1932 to critical and commercial success . It was one of the highest-grossing movies of the year , and won the Academy Award for Best Picture .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Crawford achieved continued success in Letty Lynton ( 1932 ) . Soon after this movies release , a plagiarism suit forced MGM to withdraw it ; it is therefore considered the lost Crawford film . Designed by Adrian , the gown with large ruffled sleeves which Crawford wore in the movie became a popular style that same year , and was even copied by Macys.On loan to United Artists , she played prostitute Sadie Thompson in Rain ( 1932 ) , a film version of John Coltons 1923 play . Actress Jeanne Eagels played the role on stage , and",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Gloria Swanson had originated the part on screen in the 1928 film version . Crawfords performance was panned , and the film was not a success . Despite the failure of Rain , in 1932 , the publishing of the first Top Ten Money-Making Stars Poll placed Crawford third in popularity at the box office , behind only Marie Dressler and Janet Gaynor . She remained on the list for the next several years , last appearing on it in 1936 . In May 1933 , Crawford divorced Fairbanks citing grievous mental cruelty . Crawford claimed Fairbanks had a jealous",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "and suspicious attitude toward her friends , and that they had loud arguments about the most trivial subjects lasting far into the night .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Following her divorce , she was again teamed with Clark Gable , along with Franchot Tone and Fred Astaire , in the hit Dancing Lady ( 1933 ) , in which she received top billing . She next played the title role in Sadie McKee ( 1934 ) , opposite Tone and Gene Raymond . She was paired with Gable for the fifth time in Chained ( 1934 ) , and for the sixth time in Forsaking All Others ( 1934 ) . Crawfords films of this era were some of the most-popular and highest-grossing films of the mid-1930s .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " In 1935 , Crawford married Franchot Tone , a stage actor from New York who planned to use his film earnings to finance his theatre group . The couple built a small theatre at Crawfords Brentwood home , and put on productions of classic plays for select groups of friends that lived in the popular Brentwood area like Clark Gable and Charley Chase . Tone and Crawford had first appeared together in Today We Live ( 1933 ) , but Crawford was hesitant about entering into another romance so soon after her split from Fairbanks .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Before and during their marriage , Crawford worked to promote Tones Hollywood career , but he was not interested in being a star , ultimately wanting to just be an actor , and Crawford wearied of the effort . During their marriage they tried on two separate occasions for children , both ending in miscarriage . Tone allegedly began drinking and became physically abusive . She filed for divorce , which was granted in 1939 . Crawford and Tone later rekindled their friendship , and Tone even proposed in 1964 that they remarry . When he died in 1968 ,",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Crawford arranged for him to be cremated and his ashes scattered at Muskoka Lakes , Canada .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Crawford continued her reign as a popular movie actress well into the mid-1930s . No More Ladies ( 1935 ) co-starred Robert Montgomery and then-husband Franchot Tone , and was a success . Crawford had long pleaded with MGMs head Louis B . Mayer to cast her in more dramatic roles , and although he was reluctant , he cast her in the sophisticated comedy-drama I Live My Life ( 1935 ) , directed by W . S . Van Dyke , and it was well received by critics .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "She next starred in The Gorgeous Hussy ( 1936 ) , opposite Robert Taylor and Lionel Barrymore , as well as Tone . It was a critical and box-office success , and became one of Crawfords biggest hits of the decade . Love on the Run ( 1936 ) , a romantic comedy directed by W . S . Van Dyke , was her seventh film co-starring Clark Gable .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Even though Crawford remained a respected MGM actress , and her films still earned profits , her popularity declined in the late 1930s . In 1937 , Crawford was proclaimed the first Queen of the Movies by Life magazine . She unexpectedly slipped from seventh to sixteenth place at the box office that year , and her public popularity also began to wane . Richard Boleslawskis comedy-drama The Last of Mrs . Cheyney ( 1937 ) teamed her opposite William Powell in their sole screen pairing . The film was also Crawfords last box-office success before the onset of her",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "box office poison period .",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": " She co-starred opposite Franchot Tone for the seventh—and final—time in The Bride Wore Red ( 1937 ) . The film was generally unfavorably reviewed by the majority of critics . It also ran a financial loss , becoming one of MGMs biggest failures of the year . Mannequin , co-starring Spencer Tracy , also released in 1937 did , as the New York Times stated , restore Crawford to her throne as queen of the working girls .",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "On May 3 , 1938 , Crawford—along with Greta Garbo , Norma Shearer , Luise Rainer , John Barrymore , Katharine Hepburn , Fred Astaire , Dolores del Río , and others—was dubbed Box Office Poison in an open letter in the Independent Film Journal . The list was submitted by Harry Brandt , president of the Independent Theatre Owners Association of America . Brandt stated that while these stars had unquestioned dramatic abilities , their high salaries did not reflect in their ticket sales , thus hurting the movie exhibitors involved . Crawfords follow-up movie , The Shining Hour",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "( 1938 ) , co-starring Margaret Sullavan and Melvyn Douglas , was well received by critics , but it was a box-office flop .",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "She made a comeback in 1939 with her role as home-wrecker Crystal Allen in The Women , opposite her professional nemesis , Norma Shearer . A year later , she played against type in the unglamorous role of Julie in Strange Cargo ( 1940 ) , her eighth—and final—film with Clark Gable . She later starred as a facially disfigured blackmailer in A Womans Face ( 1941 ) , a remake of the Swedish film En kvinnas ansikte which had starred Ingrid Bergman in the lead role three years earlier . While the film was only a moderate box office",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "success , Crawfords performance was hailed by many critics .",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "Crawford adopted her first child , a daughter , in 1940 . Because she was single , California law prevented her from adopting within the state ; so , she arranged the adoption through an agency in Las Vegas . The child was temporarily called Joan , until Crawford changed her name to Christina . Crawford married actor Phillip Terry on July 21 , 1942 , after a six-month courtship . Together , the couple adopted a son whom they named Christopher , but his birth mother reclaimed the child . The couple adopted another boy , whom they named",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "Phillip Terry , Jr . After the marriage ended in 1946 , Crawford changed that childs name to Christopher Crawford .",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": " After 18 years , Crawfords contract with MGM was terminated by mutual consent on June 29 , 1943 . In lieu of the last film remaining under her contract , MGM bought her out for $100,000 . Move to Warner Bros. .",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "For $500,000 , Crawford signed with Warner Bros . for a three-movie deal , and was placed on the payroll on July 1 , 1943 . Her first film for the studio was Hollywood Canteen ( 1944 ) , an all-star morale-booster film that teamed her with several other top movie stars at the time . Crawford said one of the main reasons she signed with Warner Bros . was because she wanted to play the character Mattie in a proposed 1944 film version of Edith Whartons novel Ethan Frome ( 1911 ) .",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "She wanted to play the title role in Mildred Pierce ( 1945 ) , but Bette Davis was the studios first choice . However , Davis turned the role down . Director Michael Curtiz did not want Crawford to play the part , and he instead lobbied for the casting of Barbara Stanwyck . Warner Bros . defied Curtiz and cast Crawford in the film . Throughout the entire production of the movie , Curtiz criticized Crawford . She comes over here with her high-hat airs and her goddamn shoulder pads.. . Why should I waste my time directing a",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "has-been ? Curtiz demanded Crawford prove her suitability by taking a screen test ; she agreed . After the test , Curtiz agreed to Crawfords casting . Costume fittings started filming off roughly when Curtiz suspected Crawford of wearing shoulder pads and he proceeded to tear the top of her dress . She said Thankfully I was wearing a bra . Mildred Pierce was a resounding critical and commercial success . It epitomized the lush visual style and the hard-boiled film noir sensibility that defined Warner Bros . movies of the late forties . Crawford earned the Academy Award for",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "Best Actress in a Leading Role .",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "The success of Mildred Pierce revived Crawfords movie career . For several years , she starred in what were called a series of first-rate melodramas . Her next film was Humoresque ( 1946 ) , co-starring John Garfield , a romantic drama about a love affair between an older woman and a younger man . She starred alongside Van Heflin in Possessed ( 1947 ) , for which she received a second Academy Award nomination . In Daisy Kenyon ( 1947 ) , she appeared opposite Dana Andrews and Henry Fonda , and in Flamingo Road ( 1949 ) ,",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "her character has an ultimately deadly feud with a corrupt southern sheriff played by Sydney Greenstreet . She made a cameo in Its a Great Feeling ( 1949 ) , poking fun at her own screen image . In 1950 , she starred in the film noir The Damned Dont Cry and in the melodrama Harriet Craig .",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": " In 1947 , Crawford adopted two more children , whom she named Cindy and Cathy . The children were adopted from Tennessee Childrens Home Society , an orphanage/child-trafficking unit operated by Georgia Tann , a source used by many childless Hollywood stars to adopt until Tanns discovery and death erupted in infamy in 1952 .",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "After the completion of This Woman Is Dangerous ( 1952 ) , a film Crawford called her worst , she asked to be released from her Warner Bros . contract . By this time , she felt Warners was losing interest in her due to feeble scripts , poor leading men and inept cameramen , so she decided it was time to move on . Later the same year , she received her third—and final—Academy Award nomination for Sudden Fear for RKO Radio Pictures .",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": " Crawford worked in the radio series The Screen Guild Theater on January 8 , 1939 ; Good News ; Baby , broadcast on March 2 , 1940 , on Arch Obolers Lights Out ; The Word on Everymans Theater ( 1941 ) ; Chained on the Lux Radio Theater , and Norman Corwins Document A/777 ( 1948 ) . She appeared in episodes of anthology television series in the 1950s , and , in 1959 , made a pilot for The Joan Crawford Show . Al Steele and Pepsi-Cola Company .",
"title": "Radio and television"
},
{
"text": "Crawford married her fourth—and final—husband , Alfred Steele , at the Flamingo Hotel in Las Vegas on May 10 , 1955 . Crawford and Steele met at a party in 1950 , when Steele was an executive at PepsiCo . They renewed their acquaintance at a New Years Eve party in 1954 . By that time , Steele had become president of Pepsi-Cola . He later was named chairman of the board and CEO of Pepsi-Cola . Crawford traveled extensively on behalf of Pepsi following the marriage . She estimated that she traveled over 100,000 miles for the company .",
"title": "Radio and television"
},
{
"text": " Steele died of a heart attack in April 1959 . Crawford initially was advised that her services were no longer required . After she told the story to Louella Parsons , Pepsi reversed its position , and Crawford was elected to fill the vacant seat on the board of directors .",
"title": "Radio and television"
},
{
"text": "Crawford received the sixth annual Pally Award , which was in the shape of a bronze Pepsi bottle . It was awarded to the employee making the most significant contribution to company sales . In 1973 , Crawford was forced to retire from the company at the behest of company executive Don Kendall , whom Crawford had referred to for years as Fang .",
"title": "Radio and television"
},
{
"text": "After her Academy Award-nominated performance in 1952s Sudden Fear , Crawford continued to work steadily throughout the rest of the decade . After a 10-year absence from MGM , she returned to that studio to star in Torch Song ( 1953 ) , a musical drama centering on the life of a demanding stage star who falls in love with a blind pianist , played by Michael Wilding . Although the film was highly publicized as Crawfords major comeback , it was a critical and financial failure , known today for its camp appeal . In 1954 , she starred",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "in Johnny Guitar , a cult classic directed by Nicholas Ray , co-starring Sterling Hayden and Mercedes McCambridge . She also starred in Female on the Beach ( 1955 ) with Jeff Chandler , and in Queen Bee ( 1955 ) , alongside John Ireland . The following year , she starred opposite a young Cliff Robertson in Autumn Leaves ( 1956 ) , and filmed a leading role in The Story of Esther Costello ( 1957 ) , co-starring Rossano Brazzi . Crawford , who had been left near-penniless following Alfred Steeles death , accepted a small role in",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "The Best of Everything ( 1959 ) . Although she was not the star of the film , she received positive reviews . Crawford later named the role as being one of her personal favorites . By 1961 , Joan Crawford was once again her own publicity machine , with a new script , Whatever Happened to Baby Jane? , sent by Robert Aldrich .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "Crawford starred as Blanche Hudson , an elderly , disabled former A-list movie star who lives in fear of her psychotic sister Jane , in the highly successful psychological thriller What Ever Happened to Baby Jane ? ( 1962 ) . Despite the actresses earlier tensions , Crawford reportedly suggested Bette Davis for the role of Jane . The two stars maintained publicly that there was no feud between them . The director , Robert Aldrich , fueling publicity rumors , explained that Davis and Crawford were each aware of how important the film was to their respective careers ,",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "and commented , Its proper to say that they really detested each other , but they behaved absolutely perfectly .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "After filming was completed , their public comments against each other propelled their animosity into a life-long feud . The film was a huge success , recouping its costs within eleven days of its nationwide release reviving Davis and Crawfords careers . Davis was nominated for an Academy Award for her performance as Jane Hudson . Crawford contacted each of the other Oscar nominees in the category ( Katharine Hepburn , Lee Remick , Geraldine Page , and Anne Bancroft , all East Coast-based actresses ) , to let them know that if they could not attend the ceremony ,",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "she would be happy to accept the Oscar on their behalf ; all agreed . Both Davis and Crawford were backstage – Crawford having presented best director – when the absent Anne Bancroft was announced as the winner and Crawford accepted the award on her behalf . Davis claimed for the rest of her life that Crawford had campaigned against her , a charge Crawford denied .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "That same year , Crawford starred as Lucy Harbin in William Castles horror mystery Strait-Jacket ( 1964 ) . Robert Aldrich cast Crawford and Davis in Hush...Hush , Sweet Charlotte ( 1964 ) . After a purported campaign of harassment by Davis on location in Louisiana , Crawford returned to Hollywood entering a hospital . After a prolonged absence , during which Crawford was accused of feigning illness , Aldrich was forced to replace her with Olivia de Havilland . Crawford , who was devastated , said I heard the news of my replacement over the radio , lying in",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "my hospital bed .. . I cried for nine hours . Crawford nursed grudges against Davis and Aldrich for the rest of her life , saying of Aldrich , He is a man who loves evil , horrendous , vile things , to which Aldrich replied If the shoe fits , wear it , and I am very fond of Miss Crawford . Despite being replaced , brief footage of Crawford made it into the film when she is seen sitting in a taxi in a wide shot .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "In 1965 , she played Amy Nelson in I Saw What You Did , another William Castle vehicle . She starred as Monica Rivers in Herman Cohens horror thriller film Berserk ! ( 1967 ) . After the films release , Crawford guest-starred as herself on The Lucy Show . The episode , Lucy and the Lost Star , first aired on February 26 , 1968 . Crawford struggled during rehearsals , and drank heavily on-set , leading series star Lucille Ball to suggest replacing her with Gloria Swanson . However , Crawford was letter-perfect the day of the show",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": ", which included dancing the Charleston , and received two standing ovations from the studio audience .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " In October 1968 , Crawfords 29-year-old daughter , Christina ( who was then acting in New York on the soap opera The Secret Storm ) , needed immediate medical attention for a ruptured ovarian tumor . Despite the fact that Christinas character was a 28-year-old , and Crawford was in her sixties , Crawford offered to play her role until Christina was well enough to return , to which producer Gloria Monty readily agreed .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "Crawfords appearance in the 1969 television film Night Gallery ( which served as pilot to the series that followed ) marked one of Steven Spielbergs earliest directing jobs . Crawford made a cameo appearance as herself in the first episode of The Tim Conway Show , which aired on January 30 , 1970 . She starred on the big screen one final time , playing Dr . Brockton in Herman Cohens science fiction horror film Trog ( 1970 ) , rounding out a career spanning 45 years and more than 80 motion pictures . Crawford made three more television appearances",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": ", including one as Stephanie White in a 1970 episode ( The Nightmare ) of The Virginian and as Joan Fairchild ( her final dramatic performance ) in a 1972 episode ( Dear Joan : Were Going to Scare You to Death ) of The Sixth Sense .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " In 1970 , Crawford was presented with the Cecil B . DeMille Award by John Wayne at the Golden Globes , which was telecast from the Coconut Grove at The Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles . She also spoke at Stephens College , where she had been a student for two months in 1922 .",
"title": "Final years"
},
{
"text": "Crawford published her autobiography , A Portrait of Joan , co-written with Jane Kesner Ardmore , in 1962 through Doubleday . Crawfords next book , My Way of Life , was published in 1971 by Simon & Schuster . Those expecting a racy tell-all were disappointed , although Crawfords meticulous ways were revealed in her advice on grooming , wardrobe , exercise , and even food storage . After her death , photographs of John F . Kennedy ( for whom she had voted in the 1960 presidential election ) were found in her apartment .",
"title": "Final years"
},
{
"text": "In September 1973 , Crawford moved from apartment 22-G to a smaller apartment next door , 22-H , at the Imperial House , 150 East 69th Street . Her last public appearance was made on September 23 , 1974 , at a book party cohosted with her old friend Rosalind Russell at New Yorks Rainbow Room . Russell was suffering from breast cancer and arthritis at the time . When Crawford saw the unflattering photos that appeared in the papers the next day , she said If thats how I look , then they wont see me anymore . Crawford",
"title": "Final years"
},
{
"text": "cancelled all public appearances , began declining interviews , and left her apartment less and less . Dental problems , including surgery which left her needing round-the-clock nursing care , plagued her from 1972 until mid-1975 . While on antibiotics for this problem in October 1974 , her drinking caused her to pass out , slip , and strike her face . Whether it was this incident or her return to religion , Christian Science , she quit drinking in 1974 .",
"title": "Final years"
},
{
"text": "On May 6 , 1977 , Crawford gave away her Shih Tzu , Princess Lotus Blossom , because she was too weak to continue to care for her . Crawford died on May 10 , 1977 , at her apartment in Lenox Hill , New York City , of a myocardial infarction ( heart attack ) . A funeral was held at Campbell Funeral Home , New York , on May 13 , 1977 . In her will , which was signed on October 28 , 1976 , Crawford bequeathed to her two youngest children , Cindy and Cathy ,",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": "$77,500 each from her $2 million estate .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": "She explicitly disinherited the two eldest , Christina and Christopher : It is my intention to make no provision herein for my son , Christopher , or my daughter , Christina , for reasons which are well known to them . Both of them challenged the will and received a $55,000 settlement . She also bequeathed nothing to her niece , Joan Lowe ( 1933–1999 ; born Joan Crawford LeSueur , the only child of her estranged brother , Hal ) . Crawford left money to her favorite charities : the USO of New York , the Motion Picture &",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": "Television Country House and Hospital , the American Cancer Society , the Muscular Dystrophy Association , the American Heart Association , and the Wiltwyck School for Boys . During World War II , she was a member of American Womens Voluntary Services .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": "A memorial service was held for Crawford at All Souls Unitarian Church on Lexington Avenue in New York on May 16 , 1977 . In attendance were long-time friend Myrna Loy and co-stars Geraldine Brooks and Cliff Robertson , who gave eulogies ; Pearl Bailey sang Hell Understand . Another memorial service , organized by George Cukor , was held on June 24 in the Samuel Goldwyn Theater at the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in Beverly Hills , California . Crawford was cremated , and her ashes placed in a crypt with her fourth and final husband",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": ", Alfred Steele , in Ferncliff Cemetery , Hartsdale , New York .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
}
] |
/wiki/Joan_Crawford#P26#3
|
Who was the spouse of Joan Crawford in Aug 1956?
|
Joan Crawford Joan Crawford ( born Lucille Fay LeSueur ; March 23 , 190 ? – May 10 , 1977 ) was an American film and television actress who began her career as a dancer in traveling theatrical companies before debuting as a chorus girl on Broadway . Crawford then signed a motion picture contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1925 ; her career spanned six decades , multiple studios , and controversies . At different stages of her career , she was noted for her diverse roles playing sympathetic and unsympathetic characters , and for realistic yet multi-layered performances . Her greatest success and most popular performances came from melodramas and romantic comedies , but her filmography ranges in genres from film noir and historical costume dramas to musicals and horror films . In 1999 , the American Film Institute ranked Crawford tenth on its list of the greatest female stars of Classic Hollywood Cinema . In the 1930s , Crawfords fame rivaled and later surpassed that of MGM colleagues Norma Shearer and Greta Garbo . Though she started by portraying flappers , Crawford often played wealthy women in distress ( Dance , Fools , Dance ; This Modern Age ; Letty Lynton ; No More Ladies ; I Live My Life ; Susan and God ) or hard-working young women who found romance and success ( Our Dancing Daughters ; Paid ; Laughing Sinners ; Grand Hotel ; Dancing Lady ; Sadie McKee ; The Last of Mrs . Cheyney ; The Shining Hour ; The Bride Wore Red ; Mannequin ) . These characters and stories were well received by Depression-era audiences , and were popular with women . Crawford became one of Hollywoods more prominent movie stars , and one of the higher-paid women in the United States . In 1938 , she was among a group of actresses deemed box office poison by theater owners , until her pivotal role in the all-female cast of 1939s The Women gained her praise from critics and audiences alike . Her success continued with a performance as a facially disfigured criminal in the melodrama A Womans Face , which garnered her critical acclaim . In 1945 , she won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her portrayal of the hard-working , divorced , protective mother in the title role of Mildred Pierce . Crawford also received two Best Actress Award nominations as recognition for her work in Possessed ( 1947 ) and Sudden Fear ( 1952 ) . In 1954 , she starred in the Western Johnny Guitar , although unsuccessful during its original release , the cult film has since been lauded . In 1955 , Crawford became involved with the Pepsi-Cola Company through her marriage to company Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Alfred Steele , although she continued to act in film and television throughout the 1950s and 1960s . In 1962 , she starred alongside long-time rival Bette Davis in the horror film Whatever Happened to Baby Jane? , which once again returned her to critical acclaim and box office success , with many believing she would receive another Oscar nomination , however she did not . In 1970 Crawford made her last theatrical film , and until a few weeks before her death , she continued to tape numerous regular radio spots and announcements for a variety of not-for-profit causes . Following a public appearance in 1974 , she withdrew from events that required her to be photographed , becoming increasingly reclusive until her death in 1977 . Crawford married four times . Her first three marriages ended in divorce ; the last ended with the death of husband Alfred Steele . She adopted five children , one of whom was reclaimed . Crawfords relationships with her two eldest children , Christina and Christopher , were acrimonious . After Crawfords death , Christina released a well-known but controversial tell-all memoir , Mommie Dearest ( 1978 ) . Early life . Born Lucille Fay LeSueur , of French-Huguenot , English , Dutch , and Irish ancestry in San Antonio , Texas , she was the third and youngest child of Tennessee-born Thomas E . LeSueur ( January 2 , 1867– January 1 , 1938 ) , a construction laborer , and Texas-born Anna Bell Johnson ( November 29 , 1884 – August 15 , 1958 ) , and later Mrs . Anna Cassin . According to census records she may have been older . She apparently was still under 20 when her first two children were born . Crawfords elder siblings were sister Daisy LeSueur , who died before Lucilles birth , and brother Hal LeSueur . Thomas LeSueur abandoned the family when Lucille was ten months old , eventually resettling in Abilene , Texas , reportedly working as a construction laborer . Crawfords mother married Henry J . Cassin , however , the marriage is listed in the census as her first . They lived in Lawton , Oklahoma where Cassin ran the Ramsey Opera House ; he managed to book diverse and noted performers such as Anna Pavlova and Eva Tanguay . As a child , Crawford preferred the nickname Billie and enjoyed watching vaudeville acts perform on the stage of her stepfathers theatre . At that time , Crawford was reportedly unaware that Cassin , whom she referred to as daddy , was not her biological father until her brother Hal told her the truth . Cassin allegedly began sexually abusing her when she was eleven years old , and continued until she was sent to St . Agnes Academy , a Catholic girls school . Beginning in childhood , Crawfords ambition was to be a dancer . One day in an attempt to escape piano lessons , she leapt from the front porch of her home and cut her foot severely on a broken milk bottle . As a result , she underwent three surgeries to repair the damage . She was unable to attend elementary school or continue with dancing lessons for 18 months . In June 1917 , the family moved to Kansas City , Missouri , after Cassin was accused of embezzlement ; although acquitted , he was blacklisted in Lawton . Following their relocation , Cassin , a Catholic , placed Crawford at St . Agnes Academy in Kansas City . When her mother and stepfather separated , she remained at school as a work student , where she spent far more time working , primarily cooking and cleaning , than studying . She later attended Rockingham Academy , also as a working student . While there , she began dating , and had her first serious relationship with a trumpet player named Ray Sterling , who reportedly inspired her to begin challenging herself academically . In 1922 , she registered at Stephens College in Columbia , Missouri , giving her year of birth as 1906 . She attended Stephens for only a few months before withdrawing after she realized she was not prepared for college . Her familys instability negatively affected Crawford and her schooling never formally progressed beyond primary education . Career . Early career . Under the name Lucille LeSueur , Crawford began dancing in the choruses of traveling revues , and was spotted dancing in Detroit by producer Jacob J . Shubert . Shubert put her in the chorus line for his 1924 show , Innocent Eyes , at the Winter Garden Theatre on Broadway in New York City . While appearing in Innocent Eyes , Crawford met a saxophone player named James Welton . The two were allegedly married in 1924 , and lived together for several months , although this supposed marriage was never mentioned in later life by Crawford . Crawford wanted additional work , and approached Loews Theaters publicist Nils Granlund . Granlund secured a position for her with singer Harry Richmans act and arranged for her to do a screen test which he sent to producer Harry Rapf in Hollywood . Rapf notified Granlund on December 24 , 1924 , that Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer ( MGM ) had offered Crawford a contract at $75 a week . Granlund immediately wired LeSueur , who had returned to her mothers home in Kansas City , with the news ; she borrowed $400 for travel expenses . Credited as Lucille LeSueur , her first film was Lady of the Night in 1925 , as the body double for Norma Shearer , MGMs most popular female star . She also appeared in The Circle and Pretty Ladies ( both 1925 ) , starring comedian ZaSu Pitts . This was soon followed by equally small and unbilled roles in two other 1925 silent films : The Only Thing , and The Merry Widow . MGM publicity head Pete Smith recognized her ability to become a major star , but felt her name sounded fake ; he told studio head Louis B . Mayer that her last name , LeSueur , reminded him of a sewer . Smith organized a contest called Name the Star in Movie Weekly to allow readers to select her new stage name . The initial choice was Joan Arden , but after another actress was found to have prior claim to that name , the alternate surname Crawford became the choice . She later said that she wanted her first name to be pronounced Jo-Anne , and that she hated the name Crawford because it sounded like crawfish , but also admitted she liked the security that went with the name . Self-promotion , and early successes . Growing increasingly frustrated over the size and quality of the parts she was given , Crawford embarked on a campaign of self-promotion . As MGM screenwriter Frederica Sagor Maas recalled , No one decided to make Joan Crawford a star . Joan Crawford became a star because Joan Crawford decided to become a star . She began attending dances in the afternoons and evenings at hotels around Hollywood and at dance venues on the beach piers , where she often won dance competitions with her performances of the Charleston and the Black Bottom . Her strategy worked and MGM cast her in the film where she first made an impression on audiences , Edmund Gouldings Sally , Irene and Mary ( 1925 ) . From the beginning of her career , Crawford considered Norma Shearer – the studios most-popular actress – her professional nemesis . Shearer was married to MGM Head of Production Irving Thalberg ; hence , she had the first choice of scripts , and had more control than other stars in what films she would and would not make . Crawford was quoted to have said : How can I compete with Norma ? She sleeps with the boss ! Crawford was named one of 1926s WAMPAS Baby Stars , along with Mary Astor , Dolores del Río , Janet Gaynor , and Fay Wray , among others . That same year , she co-starred in Paris with Charles Ray . Within a few years , she became the romantic lead to many of MGMs top male stars , including Ramón Novarro , John Gilbert , William Haines , and Tim McCoy . Crawford appeared as a skimpily-clad young carnival assistant in The Unknown ( 1927 ) , starring Lon Chaney , Sr . as a carnival knife thrower with no arms who hopes to marry her . She stated that she learned more about acting from watching Chaney work than from anyone else in her career . It was then , she said , I became aware for the first time of the difference between standing in front of a camera , and acting . Also in 1927 , she appeared alongside her close friend , William Haines , in Spring Fever , which was the first of three movies the duo made together . In 1928 , Crawford starred opposite Ramón Novarro in Across to Singapore , but it was her role as Diana Medford in Our Dancing Daughters ( 1928 ) that catapulted her to stardom . The role established her as a symbol of modern 1920s-style femininity which rivaled Clara Bow , the original It girl , and Hollywoods foremost flapper . A stream of hits followed Our Dancing Daughters , including two more flapper-themed movies , in which Crawford embodied for her legion of fans ( many of whom were women ) an idealized vision of the free-spirited , all-American girl . F . Scott Fitzgerald wrote of Crawford : Crawford described her glamorous onscreen persona more succinctly , saying , If you want to see the girl next door , go next door . On June 3 , 1929 , Crawford married Douglas Fairbanks , Jr . at Saint Malachys Roman Catholic Church ( known as The Actors Chapel , owing to its proximity to Broadway theatres ) in Manhattan , although neither was Catholic . Fairbanks was the son of Douglas Fairbanks and the stepson of Mary Pickford , who were considered Hollywood royalty . Fairbanks , Sr. , and Pickford were opposed to the marriage , and did not invite the couple to their home at Pickfair for eight months after the marriage . The relationship between Crawford and Fairbanks , Sr. , eventually warmed ; she called him Uncle Doug , and he called her Billie , her childhood nickname , but one that close friends used throughout her life . She and Pickford , however , continued to despise each other . Following that first invitation , Crawford and Fairbanks , Jr. , became more frequent guests . While the Fairbanks men played golf together , Crawford was either left with Pickford , who would retire to her quarters , or simply left alone . To rid herself of her Southwestern accent , Crawford tirelessly practiced diction and elocution . She said : Transition to sound , and continued success . After the release of The Jazz Singer in 1927—the first feature-length film with some audible dialogue—sound films became all the rage . The transition from silent to sound caused panic for many , if not all , involved with the film industry ; many silent film stars found themselves unemployable because of their undesirable voices and hard-to-understand accents , or simply because of their refusal to make the transition to talkies . Many studios and stars avoided making the transition as long as possible , especially MGM , which was the last of the major studios to switch over to sound . The Hollywood Revue of 1929 was one of the studios first all-talking films , and their first attempt to showcase their stars ability to make the transition from silent to sound . Crawford was among the dozen or more MGM stars included in the movie ; she sang the song Got a Feeling for You during the films first act . She studied singing with Estelle Liebling , the voice teacher of Beverly Sills , in the 1920s and 1930s . Crawford made a successful transition to talkies with her first starring role in the all-talking feature-length film in Untamed ( 1929 ) , co-starring Robert Montgomery . Despite the success of the film at the box office , it received mixed reviews from critics , who noted that while Crawford seemed nervous at making the transition to sound , she had become one of the most popular actresses in the world . Montana Moon ( 1930 ) , an uneasy mix of Western clichés and music , teamed her with John Mack Brown and Ricardo Cortez . Although the film had problems with censors , it was a major success at the time of its release . Our Blushing Brides ( 1930 ) the final installment in the Our Dancing Daughters franchise co-starring Robert Montgomery and Anita Page , where Crawford carries the burden of dramatics in this photoplay and comes off splendidly and intelligently . Her next movie , Paid ( 1930 ) , paired her with Robert Armstrong , and was another success . During the early sound era , MGM began to place Crawford in more sophisticated roles , rather than continuing to promote her flapper-inspired persona of the silent era . In 1931 , MGM cast Crawford in five films . Three of them teamed her opposite Clark Gable , the studios soon to be biggest male star and King of Hollywood . Dance , Fools , Dance , released in February 1931 , was the first pairing of Crawford and Gable . Their second movie together , Laughing Sinners , released in May 1931 , was directed by Harry Beaumont , and also co-starred Neil Hamilton . Possessed , their third film together , released in October , was directed by Clarence Brown . These films were immensely popular with audiences and were generally well received by critics , stapling Crawfords position as one of MGMs top female stars of the decade along with Norma Shearer , Greta Garbo and Jean Harlow . Her only other notable film of 1931 , This Modern Age , was released in August and despite unfavorable reviews was a moderate success . MGM next cast her in the film Grand Hotel , directed by Edmund Goulding . As the studios first all-star production , Crawford co-starred opposite Greta Garbo , John and Lionel Barrymore , and Wallace Beery , among others . Receiving third billing , she played the middle-class stenographer to Beerys controlling general director . Crawford later admitted to being nervous during the filming of the movie because she was working with accomplished actors , and that she was disappointed that she had no scenes with one she had admired , the divine Garbo . Grand Hotel was released in April 1932 to critical and commercial success . It was one of the highest-grossing movies of the year , and won the Academy Award for Best Picture . Crawford achieved continued success in Letty Lynton ( 1932 ) . Soon after this movies release , a plagiarism suit forced MGM to withdraw it ; it is therefore considered the lost Crawford film . Designed by Adrian , the gown with large ruffled sleeves which Crawford wore in the movie became a popular style that same year , and was even copied by Macys.On loan to United Artists , she played prostitute Sadie Thompson in Rain ( 1932 ) , a film version of John Coltons 1923 play . Actress Jeanne Eagels played the role on stage , and Gloria Swanson had originated the part on screen in the 1928 film version . Crawfords performance was panned , and the film was not a success . Despite the failure of Rain , in 1932 , the publishing of the first Top Ten Money-Making Stars Poll placed Crawford third in popularity at the box office , behind only Marie Dressler and Janet Gaynor . She remained on the list for the next several years , last appearing on it in 1936 . In May 1933 , Crawford divorced Fairbanks citing grievous mental cruelty . Crawford claimed Fairbanks had a jealous and suspicious attitude toward her friends , and that they had loud arguments about the most trivial subjects lasting far into the night . Following her divorce , she was again teamed with Clark Gable , along with Franchot Tone and Fred Astaire , in the hit Dancing Lady ( 1933 ) , in which she received top billing . She next played the title role in Sadie McKee ( 1934 ) , opposite Tone and Gene Raymond . She was paired with Gable for the fifth time in Chained ( 1934 ) , and for the sixth time in Forsaking All Others ( 1934 ) . Crawfords films of this era were some of the most-popular and highest-grossing films of the mid-1930s . In 1935 , Crawford married Franchot Tone , a stage actor from New York who planned to use his film earnings to finance his theatre group . The couple built a small theatre at Crawfords Brentwood home , and put on productions of classic plays for select groups of friends that lived in the popular Brentwood area like Clark Gable and Charley Chase . Tone and Crawford had first appeared together in Today We Live ( 1933 ) , but Crawford was hesitant about entering into another romance so soon after her split from Fairbanks . Before and during their marriage , Crawford worked to promote Tones Hollywood career , but he was not interested in being a star , ultimately wanting to just be an actor , and Crawford wearied of the effort . During their marriage they tried on two separate occasions for children , both ending in miscarriage . Tone allegedly began drinking and became physically abusive . She filed for divorce , which was granted in 1939 . Crawford and Tone later rekindled their friendship , and Tone even proposed in 1964 that they remarry . When he died in 1968 , Crawford arranged for him to be cremated and his ashes scattered at Muskoka Lakes , Canada . Crawford continued her reign as a popular movie actress well into the mid-1930s . No More Ladies ( 1935 ) co-starred Robert Montgomery and then-husband Franchot Tone , and was a success . Crawford had long pleaded with MGMs head Louis B . Mayer to cast her in more dramatic roles , and although he was reluctant , he cast her in the sophisticated comedy-drama I Live My Life ( 1935 ) , directed by W . S . Van Dyke , and it was well received by critics . She next starred in The Gorgeous Hussy ( 1936 ) , opposite Robert Taylor and Lionel Barrymore , as well as Tone . It was a critical and box-office success , and became one of Crawfords biggest hits of the decade . Love on the Run ( 1936 ) , a romantic comedy directed by W . S . Van Dyke , was her seventh film co-starring Clark Gable . Box office poison . Even though Crawford remained a respected MGM actress , and her films still earned profits , her popularity declined in the late 1930s . In 1937 , Crawford was proclaimed the first Queen of the Movies by Life magazine . She unexpectedly slipped from seventh to sixteenth place at the box office that year , and her public popularity also began to wane . Richard Boleslawskis comedy-drama The Last of Mrs . Cheyney ( 1937 ) teamed her opposite William Powell in their sole screen pairing . The film was also Crawfords last box-office success before the onset of her box office poison period . She co-starred opposite Franchot Tone for the seventh—and final—time in The Bride Wore Red ( 1937 ) . The film was generally unfavorably reviewed by the majority of critics . It also ran a financial loss , becoming one of MGMs biggest failures of the year . Mannequin , co-starring Spencer Tracy , also released in 1937 did , as the New York Times stated , restore Crawford to her throne as queen of the working girls . On May 3 , 1938 , Crawford—along with Greta Garbo , Norma Shearer , Luise Rainer , John Barrymore , Katharine Hepburn , Fred Astaire , Dolores del Río , and others—was dubbed Box Office Poison in an open letter in the Independent Film Journal . The list was submitted by Harry Brandt , president of the Independent Theatre Owners Association of America . Brandt stated that while these stars had unquestioned dramatic abilities , their high salaries did not reflect in their ticket sales , thus hurting the movie exhibitors involved . Crawfords follow-up movie , The Shining Hour ( 1938 ) , co-starring Margaret Sullavan and Melvyn Douglas , was well received by critics , but it was a box-office flop . She made a comeback in 1939 with her role as home-wrecker Crystal Allen in The Women , opposite her professional nemesis , Norma Shearer . A year later , she played against type in the unglamorous role of Julie in Strange Cargo ( 1940 ) , her eighth—and final—film with Clark Gable . She later starred as a facially disfigured blackmailer in A Womans Face ( 1941 ) , a remake of the Swedish film En kvinnas ansikte which had starred Ingrid Bergman in the lead role three years earlier . While the film was only a moderate box office success , Crawfords performance was hailed by many critics . Crawford adopted her first child , a daughter , in 1940 . Because she was single , California law prevented her from adopting within the state ; so , she arranged the adoption through an agency in Las Vegas . The child was temporarily called Joan , until Crawford changed her name to Christina . Crawford married actor Phillip Terry on July 21 , 1942 , after a six-month courtship . Together , the couple adopted a son whom they named Christopher , but his birth mother reclaimed the child . The couple adopted another boy , whom they named Phillip Terry , Jr . After the marriage ended in 1946 , Crawford changed that childs name to Christopher Crawford . After 18 years , Crawfords contract with MGM was terminated by mutual consent on June 29 , 1943 . In lieu of the last film remaining under her contract , MGM bought her out for $100,000 . Move to Warner Bros. . For $500,000 , Crawford signed with Warner Bros . for a three-movie deal , and was placed on the payroll on July 1 , 1943 . Her first film for the studio was Hollywood Canteen ( 1944 ) , an all-star morale-booster film that teamed her with several other top movie stars at the time . Crawford said one of the main reasons she signed with Warner Bros . was because she wanted to play the character Mattie in a proposed 1944 film version of Edith Whartons novel Ethan Frome ( 1911 ) . She wanted to play the title role in Mildred Pierce ( 1945 ) , but Bette Davis was the studios first choice . However , Davis turned the role down . Director Michael Curtiz did not want Crawford to play the part , and he instead lobbied for the casting of Barbara Stanwyck . Warner Bros . defied Curtiz and cast Crawford in the film . Throughout the entire production of the movie , Curtiz criticized Crawford . She comes over here with her high-hat airs and her goddamn shoulder pads.. . Why should I waste my time directing a has-been ? Curtiz demanded Crawford prove her suitability by taking a screen test ; she agreed . After the test , Curtiz agreed to Crawfords casting . Costume fittings started filming off roughly when Curtiz suspected Crawford of wearing shoulder pads and he proceeded to tear the top of her dress . She said Thankfully I was wearing a bra . Mildred Pierce was a resounding critical and commercial success . It epitomized the lush visual style and the hard-boiled film noir sensibility that defined Warner Bros . movies of the late forties . Crawford earned the Academy Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role . The success of Mildred Pierce revived Crawfords movie career . For several years , she starred in what were called a series of first-rate melodramas . Her next film was Humoresque ( 1946 ) , co-starring John Garfield , a romantic drama about a love affair between an older woman and a younger man . She starred alongside Van Heflin in Possessed ( 1947 ) , for which she received a second Academy Award nomination . In Daisy Kenyon ( 1947 ) , she appeared opposite Dana Andrews and Henry Fonda , and in Flamingo Road ( 1949 ) , her character has an ultimately deadly feud with a corrupt southern sheriff played by Sydney Greenstreet . She made a cameo in Its a Great Feeling ( 1949 ) , poking fun at her own screen image . In 1950 , she starred in the film noir The Damned Dont Cry and in the melodrama Harriet Craig . In 1947 , Crawford adopted two more children , whom she named Cindy and Cathy . The children were adopted from Tennessee Childrens Home Society , an orphanage/child-trafficking unit operated by Georgia Tann , a source used by many childless Hollywood stars to adopt until Tanns discovery and death erupted in infamy in 1952 . After the completion of This Woman Is Dangerous ( 1952 ) , a film Crawford called her worst , she asked to be released from her Warner Bros . contract . By this time , she felt Warners was losing interest in her due to feeble scripts , poor leading men and inept cameramen , so she decided it was time to move on . Later the same year , she received her third—and final—Academy Award nomination for Sudden Fear for RKO Radio Pictures . Radio and television . Crawford worked in the radio series The Screen Guild Theater on January 8 , 1939 ; Good News ; Baby , broadcast on March 2 , 1940 , on Arch Obolers Lights Out ; The Word on Everymans Theater ( 1941 ) ; Chained on the Lux Radio Theater , and Norman Corwins Document A/777 ( 1948 ) . She appeared in episodes of anthology television series in the 1950s , and , in 1959 , made a pilot for The Joan Crawford Show . Al Steele and Pepsi-Cola Company . Crawford married her fourth—and final—husband , Alfred Steele , at the Flamingo Hotel in Las Vegas on May 10 , 1955 . Crawford and Steele met at a party in 1950 , when Steele was an executive at PepsiCo . They renewed their acquaintance at a New Years Eve party in 1954 . By that time , Steele had become president of Pepsi-Cola . He later was named chairman of the board and CEO of Pepsi-Cola . Crawford traveled extensively on behalf of Pepsi following the marriage . She estimated that she traveled over 100,000 miles for the company . Steele died of a heart attack in April 1959 . Crawford initially was advised that her services were no longer required . After she told the story to Louella Parsons , Pepsi reversed its position , and Crawford was elected to fill the vacant seat on the board of directors . Crawford received the sixth annual Pally Award , which was in the shape of a bronze Pepsi bottle . It was awarded to the employee making the most significant contribution to company sales . In 1973 , Crawford was forced to retire from the company at the behest of company executive Don Kendall , whom Crawford had referred to for years as Fang . Later career . After her Academy Award-nominated performance in 1952s Sudden Fear , Crawford continued to work steadily throughout the rest of the decade . After a 10-year absence from MGM , she returned to that studio to star in Torch Song ( 1953 ) , a musical drama centering on the life of a demanding stage star who falls in love with a blind pianist , played by Michael Wilding . Although the film was highly publicized as Crawfords major comeback , it was a critical and financial failure , known today for its camp appeal . In 1954 , she starred in Johnny Guitar , a cult classic directed by Nicholas Ray , co-starring Sterling Hayden and Mercedes McCambridge . She also starred in Female on the Beach ( 1955 ) with Jeff Chandler , and in Queen Bee ( 1955 ) , alongside John Ireland . The following year , she starred opposite a young Cliff Robertson in Autumn Leaves ( 1956 ) , and filmed a leading role in The Story of Esther Costello ( 1957 ) , co-starring Rossano Brazzi . Crawford , who had been left near-penniless following Alfred Steeles death , accepted a small role in The Best of Everything ( 1959 ) . Although she was not the star of the film , she received positive reviews . Crawford later named the role as being one of her personal favorites . By 1961 , Joan Crawford was once again her own publicity machine , with a new script , Whatever Happened to Baby Jane? , sent by Robert Aldrich . Crawford starred as Blanche Hudson , an elderly , disabled former A-list movie star who lives in fear of her psychotic sister Jane , in the highly successful psychological thriller What Ever Happened to Baby Jane ? ( 1962 ) . Despite the actresses earlier tensions , Crawford reportedly suggested Bette Davis for the role of Jane . The two stars maintained publicly that there was no feud between them . The director , Robert Aldrich , fueling publicity rumors , explained that Davis and Crawford were each aware of how important the film was to their respective careers , and commented , Its proper to say that they really detested each other , but they behaved absolutely perfectly . After filming was completed , their public comments against each other propelled their animosity into a life-long feud . The film was a huge success , recouping its costs within eleven days of its nationwide release reviving Davis and Crawfords careers . Davis was nominated for an Academy Award for her performance as Jane Hudson . Crawford contacted each of the other Oscar nominees in the category ( Katharine Hepburn , Lee Remick , Geraldine Page , and Anne Bancroft , all East Coast-based actresses ) , to let them know that if they could not attend the ceremony , she would be happy to accept the Oscar on their behalf ; all agreed . Both Davis and Crawford were backstage – Crawford having presented best director – when the absent Anne Bancroft was announced as the winner and Crawford accepted the award on her behalf . Davis claimed for the rest of her life that Crawford had campaigned against her , a charge Crawford denied . That same year , Crawford starred as Lucy Harbin in William Castles horror mystery Strait-Jacket ( 1964 ) . Robert Aldrich cast Crawford and Davis in Hush...Hush , Sweet Charlotte ( 1964 ) . After a purported campaign of harassment by Davis on location in Louisiana , Crawford returned to Hollywood entering a hospital . After a prolonged absence , during which Crawford was accused of feigning illness , Aldrich was forced to replace her with Olivia de Havilland . Crawford , who was devastated , said I heard the news of my replacement over the radio , lying in my hospital bed .. . I cried for nine hours . Crawford nursed grudges against Davis and Aldrich for the rest of her life , saying of Aldrich , He is a man who loves evil , horrendous , vile things , to which Aldrich replied If the shoe fits , wear it , and I am very fond of Miss Crawford . Despite being replaced , brief footage of Crawford made it into the film when she is seen sitting in a taxi in a wide shot . In 1965 , she played Amy Nelson in I Saw What You Did , another William Castle vehicle . She starred as Monica Rivers in Herman Cohens horror thriller film Berserk ! ( 1967 ) . After the films release , Crawford guest-starred as herself on The Lucy Show . The episode , Lucy and the Lost Star , first aired on February 26 , 1968 . Crawford struggled during rehearsals , and drank heavily on-set , leading series star Lucille Ball to suggest replacing her with Gloria Swanson . However , Crawford was letter-perfect the day of the show , which included dancing the Charleston , and received two standing ovations from the studio audience . In October 1968 , Crawfords 29-year-old daughter , Christina ( who was then acting in New York on the soap opera The Secret Storm ) , needed immediate medical attention for a ruptured ovarian tumor . Despite the fact that Christinas character was a 28-year-old , and Crawford was in her sixties , Crawford offered to play her role until Christina was well enough to return , to which producer Gloria Monty readily agreed . Crawfords appearance in the 1969 television film Night Gallery ( which served as pilot to the series that followed ) marked one of Steven Spielbergs earliest directing jobs . Crawford made a cameo appearance as herself in the first episode of The Tim Conway Show , which aired on January 30 , 1970 . She starred on the big screen one final time , playing Dr . Brockton in Herman Cohens science fiction horror film Trog ( 1970 ) , rounding out a career spanning 45 years and more than 80 motion pictures . Crawford made three more television appearances , including one as Stephanie White in a 1970 episode ( The Nightmare ) of The Virginian and as Joan Fairchild ( her final dramatic performance ) in a 1972 episode ( Dear Joan : Were Going to Scare You to Death ) of The Sixth Sense . Final years . In 1970 , Crawford was presented with the Cecil B . DeMille Award by John Wayne at the Golden Globes , which was telecast from the Coconut Grove at The Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles . She also spoke at Stephens College , where she had been a student for two months in 1922 . Crawford published her autobiography , A Portrait of Joan , co-written with Jane Kesner Ardmore , in 1962 through Doubleday . Crawfords next book , My Way of Life , was published in 1971 by Simon & Schuster . Those expecting a racy tell-all were disappointed , although Crawfords meticulous ways were revealed in her advice on grooming , wardrobe , exercise , and even food storage . After her death , photographs of John F . Kennedy ( for whom she had voted in the 1960 presidential election ) were found in her apartment . In September 1973 , Crawford moved from apartment 22-G to a smaller apartment next door , 22-H , at the Imperial House , 150 East 69th Street . Her last public appearance was made on September 23 , 1974 , at a book party cohosted with her old friend Rosalind Russell at New Yorks Rainbow Room . Russell was suffering from breast cancer and arthritis at the time . When Crawford saw the unflattering photos that appeared in the papers the next day , she said If thats how I look , then they wont see me anymore . Crawford cancelled all public appearances , began declining interviews , and left her apartment less and less . Dental problems , including surgery which left her needing round-the-clock nursing care , plagued her from 1972 until mid-1975 . While on antibiotics for this problem in October 1974 , her drinking caused her to pass out , slip , and strike her face . Whether it was this incident or her return to religion , Christian Science , she quit drinking in 1974 . Death and legacy . On May 6 , 1977 , Crawford gave away her Shih Tzu , Princess Lotus Blossom , because she was too weak to continue to care for her . Crawford died on May 10 , 1977 , at her apartment in Lenox Hill , New York City , of a myocardial infarction ( heart attack ) . A funeral was held at Campbell Funeral Home , New York , on May 13 , 1977 . In her will , which was signed on October 28 , 1976 , Crawford bequeathed to her two youngest children , Cindy and Cathy , $77,500 each from her $2 million estate . She explicitly disinherited the two eldest , Christina and Christopher : It is my intention to make no provision herein for my son , Christopher , or my daughter , Christina , for reasons which are well known to them . Both of them challenged the will and received a $55,000 settlement . She also bequeathed nothing to her niece , Joan Lowe ( 1933–1999 ; born Joan Crawford LeSueur , the only child of her estranged brother , Hal ) . Crawford left money to her favorite charities : the USO of New York , the Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital , the American Cancer Society , the Muscular Dystrophy Association , the American Heart Association , and the Wiltwyck School for Boys . During World War II , she was a member of American Womens Voluntary Services . A memorial service was held for Crawford at All Souls Unitarian Church on Lexington Avenue in New York on May 16 , 1977 . In attendance were long-time friend Myrna Loy and co-stars Geraldine Brooks and Cliff Robertson , who gave eulogies ; Pearl Bailey sang Hell Understand . Another memorial service , organized by George Cukor , was held on June 24 in the Samuel Goldwyn Theater at the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in Beverly Hills , California . Crawford was cremated , and her ashes placed in a crypt with her fourth and final husband , Alfred Steele , in Ferncliff Cemetery , Hartsdale , New York . Joan Crawfords handprints and footprints are immortalized in the forecourt of Graumans Chinese Theatre in Hollywood . She has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , at 1752 Vine Street , for her contributions to the motion picture industry . Playboy listed Crawford as #84 of the 100 Sexiest Women of the 20th century . In 1999 , Crawford was also voted the tenth greatest female star of the classic American cinema by the American Film Institute . Crawford has also attracted a following in the gay community . In Joan Crawford : The Essential Biography , the author explains that Crawford appeals to many gay men because they sympathize with her struggle for success in both the entertainment industry and her personal life . Mommie Dearest . In November 1978 , Christina Crawford published Mommie Dearest , which contained allegations that her late adoptive mother was emotionally and physically abusive to Christina and her brother Christopher because she chose fame and her career over parenthood . Many of Crawfords friends and co-workers , including Van Johnson , Ann Blyth , Myrna Loy , Katharine Hepburn , Cesar Romero , Gary Gray , Douglas Fairbanks Jr . ( Crawfords first husband ) , and Crawfords two other younger daughters , Cathy and Cindy , denounced the book , categorically denying any abuse . Others including Helen Hayes , James MacArthur ( Hayes son ) , June Allyson , and Vincent Sherman stated they had witnessed some form of abusive behavior . Mommie Dearest became a best-seller , and was made into the 1981 film Mommie Dearest , starring Faye Dunaway as Crawford . In popular culture . Pictures of Crawford were used in the album artwork of The Rolling Stones album Exile on Main St . ( 1972 ) . Four years after her death , Blue Öyster Cult released the song Joan Crawford as part of their album Fire of Unknown Origin ( 1981 ) . The alleged feud between Crawford and Bette Davis is depicted in the 1989 book . It was fueled by competition over film roles , Academy Awards , and Franchot Tone ( Joan Crawfords second husband ) , who was Daviss co-star in 1935s Dangerous . The Crawford-Davis rivalry is the subject of the 2017 first season of the television series Feud , inspired by the book and subtitled Bette and Joan . Crawford is played by Jessica Lange , and Davis is played by Susan Sarandon . In 2018 , streaming/airing of the series was stopped by restraint order from lower California courts until Olivia de Havilland could be heard by the United States Supreme Court on whether producers had the right to use her likeness ( played by Catherine Zeta-Jones ) without permission despite her being a public figure . In January 2019 , the Supreme Court refused to hear the case . The series streams on Amazon . Bibliography . Sources . - Considine , Shaun ( 1989 ) . Bette and Joan : The Divine Feud . New York , E . P . Dutton , a division of Penguin Books . . - Bret , David ( 2006 ) . Joan Crawford : Hollywood Martyr . Robson . . - Granlund , Nils T . ( 1957 ) . Blondes , Brunettes , and Bullets . New York , David McKay Company . - Hoefling , Larry J . ( 2008 ) . Nils Thor Granlund : The Swedish Showman Who Invented American Entertainment . Inlandia Press . . - LaSalle , Mick ( 2000 ) . Complicated Women : Sex and Power in Pre-Code Hollywood . New York , Thomas Dunne Books , an imprint of St . Martins Press . . - Dunaway , Faye ( 1998 ) . Looking For Gatsby . Pocket . . - Leese , Elizabeth ( 1991 ) . Costume Design in the Movies . Dover Books . . - Newquist , Roy , with introduction by John Springer ( 1980 ) . Conversations with Joan Crawford . New Jersey , Citadel Press , a division of Lyle Stuart , Inc . . - Quirk , Lawrence J . and William Schoell . ( 2002 ) . Joan Crawford : the essential biography . University Press of Kentucky . . - Skal , David J . ( 1993 ) . The Monster Show : A Cultural History of Horror . Penguin Books . . - Thomas , Bob ( 1978 ) . Joan Crawford : A Biography . New York , Bantam Books . . External links . - Excerpt of March 2008 biography , VanityFair.com - Joan Crawford profile , Virtual-History.com - Joan Crawford awards at Brandeis University
|
[
"Alfred Steele"
] |
[
{
"text": " Joan Crawford ( born Lucille Fay LeSueur ; March 23 , 190 ? – May 10 , 1977 ) was an American film and television actress who began her career as a dancer in traveling theatrical companies before debuting as a chorus girl on Broadway . Crawford then signed a motion picture contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1925 ; her career spanned six decades , multiple studios , and controversies .",
"title": "Joan Crawford"
},
{
"text": "At different stages of her career , she was noted for her diverse roles playing sympathetic and unsympathetic characters , and for realistic yet multi-layered performances . Her greatest success and most popular performances came from melodramas and romantic comedies , but her filmography ranges in genres from film noir and historical costume dramas to musicals and horror films . In 1999 , the American Film Institute ranked Crawford tenth on its list of the greatest female stars of Classic Hollywood Cinema .",
"title": "Joan Crawford"
},
{
"text": "In the 1930s , Crawfords fame rivaled and later surpassed that of MGM colleagues Norma Shearer and Greta Garbo . Though she started by portraying flappers , Crawford often played wealthy women in distress ( Dance , Fools , Dance ; This Modern Age ; Letty Lynton ; No More Ladies ; I Live My Life ; Susan and God ) or hard-working young women who found romance and success ( Our Dancing Daughters ; Paid ; Laughing Sinners ; Grand Hotel ; Dancing Lady ; Sadie McKee ; The Last of Mrs . Cheyney ; The Shining Hour ;",
"title": "Joan Crawford"
},
{
"text": "The Bride Wore Red ; Mannequin ) . These characters and stories were well received by Depression-era audiences , and were popular with women . Crawford became one of Hollywoods more prominent movie stars , and one of the higher-paid women in the United States .",
"title": "Joan Crawford"
},
{
"text": "In 1938 , she was among a group of actresses deemed box office poison by theater owners , until her pivotal role in the all-female cast of 1939s The Women gained her praise from critics and audiences alike . Her success continued with a performance as a facially disfigured criminal in the melodrama A Womans Face , which garnered her critical acclaim . In 1945 , she won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her portrayal of the hard-working , divorced , protective mother in the title role of Mildred Pierce . Crawford also received two Best Actress Award",
"title": "Joan Crawford"
},
{
"text": "nominations as recognition for her work in Possessed ( 1947 ) and Sudden Fear ( 1952 ) .",
"title": "Joan Crawford"
},
{
"text": "In 1954 , she starred in the Western Johnny Guitar , although unsuccessful during its original release , the cult film has since been lauded . In 1955 , Crawford became involved with the Pepsi-Cola Company through her marriage to company Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Alfred Steele , although she continued to act in film and television throughout the 1950s and 1960s . In 1962 , she starred alongside long-time rival Bette Davis in the horror film Whatever Happened to Baby Jane? , which once again returned her to critical acclaim and box office success , with many believing",
"title": "Joan Crawford"
},
{
"text": "she would receive another Oscar nomination , however she did not .",
"title": "Joan Crawford"
},
{
"text": " In 1970 Crawford made her last theatrical film , and until a few weeks before her death , she continued to tape numerous regular radio spots and announcements for a variety of not-for-profit causes . Following a public appearance in 1974 , she withdrew from events that required her to be photographed , becoming increasingly reclusive until her death in 1977 .",
"title": "Joan Crawford"
},
{
"text": "Crawford married four times . Her first three marriages ended in divorce ; the last ended with the death of husband Alfred Steele . She adopted five children , one of whom was reclaimed . Crawfords relationships with her two eldest children , Christina and Christopher , were acrimonious . After Crawfords death , Christina released a well-known but controversial tell-all memoir , Mommie Dearest ( 1978 ) .",
"title": "Joan Crawford"
},
{
"text": "Born Lucille Fay LeSueur , of French-Huguenot , English , Dutch , and Irish ancestry in San Antonio , Texas , she was the third and youngest child of Tennessee-born Thomas E . LeSueur ( January 2 , 1867– January 1 , 1938 ) , a construction laborer , and Texas-born Anna Bell Johnson ( November 29 , 1884 – August 15 , 1958 ) , and later Mrs . Anna Cassin . According to census records she may have been older . She apparently was still under 20 when her first two children were born . Crawfords elder siblings",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "were sister Daisy LeSueur , who died before Lucilles birth , and brother Hal LeSueur .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Thomas LeSueur abandoned the family when Lucille was ten months old , eventually resettling in Abilene , Texas , reportedly working as a construction laborer . Crawfords mother married Henry J . Cassin , however , the marriage is listed in the census as her first . They lived in Lawton , Oklahoma where Cassin ran the Ramsey Opera House ; he managed to book diverse and noted performers such as Anna Pavlova and Eva Tanguay . As a child , Crawford preferred the nickname Billie and enjoyed watching vaudeville acts perform on the stage of her stepfathers theatre .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "At that time , Crawford was reportedly unaware that Cassin , whom she referred to as daddy , was not her biological father until her brother Hal told her the truth . Cassin allegedly began sexually abusing her when she was eleven years old , and continued until she was sent to St . Agnes Academy , a Catholic girls school .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Beginning in childhood , Crawfords ambition was to be a dancer . One day in an attempt to escape piano lessons , she leapt from the front porch of her home and cut her foot severely on a broken milk bottle . As a result , she underwent three surgeries to repair the damage . She was unable to attend elementary school or continue with dancing lessons for 18 months .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In June 1917 , the family moved to Kansas City , Missouri , after Cassin was accused of embezzlement ; although acquitted , he was blacklisted in Lawton . Following their relocation , Cassin , a Catholic , placed Crawford at St . Agnes Academy in Kansas City . When her mother and stepfather separated , she remained at school as a work student , where she spent far more time working , primarily cooking and cleaning , than studying . She later attended Rockingham Academy , also as a working student . While there , she began dating ,",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "and had her first serious relationship with a trumpet player named Ray Sterling , who reportedly inspired her to begin challenging herself academically .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " In 1922 , she registered at Stephens College in Columbia , Missouri , giving her year of birth as 1906 . She attended Stephens for only a few months before withdrawing after she realized she was not prepared for college . Her familys instability negatively affected Crawford and her schooling never formally progressed beyond primary education .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Under the name Lucille LeSueur , Crawford began dancing in the choruses of traveling revues , and was spotted dancing in Detroit by producer Jacob J . Shubert . Shubert put her in the chorus line for his 1924 show , Innocent Eyes , at the Winter Garden Theatre on Broadway in New York City . While appearing in Innocent Eyes , Crawford met a saxophone player named James Welton . The two were allegedly married in 1924 , and lived together for several months , although this supposed marriage was never mentioned in later life by Crawford .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Crawford wanted additional work , and approached Loews Theaters publicist Nils Granlund . Granlund secured a position for her with singer Harry Richmans act and arranged for her to do a screen test which he sent to producer Harry Rapf in Hollywood . Rapf notified Granlund on December 24 , 1924 , that Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer ( MGM ) had offered Crawford a contract at $75 a week . Granlund immediately wired LeSueur , who had returned to her mothers home in Kansas City , with the news ; she borrowed $400 for travel expenses .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Credited as Lucille LeSueur , her first film was Lady of the Night in 1925 , as the body double for Norma Shearer , MGMs most popular female star . She also appeared in The Circle and Pretty Ladies ( both 1925 ) , starring comedian ZaSu Pitts . This was soon followed by equally small and unbilled roles in two other 1925 silent films : The Only Thing , and The Merry Widow .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "MGM publicity head Pete Smith recognized her ability to become a major star , but felt her name sounded fake ; he told studio head Louis B . Mayer that her last name , LeSueur , reminded him of a sewer . Smith organized a contest called Name the Star in Movie Weekly to allow readers to select her new stage name . The initial choice was Joan Arden , but after another actress was found to have prior claim to that name , the alternate surname Crawford became the choice . She later said that she wanted her first",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "name to be pronounced Jo-Anne , and that she hated the name Crawford because it sounded like crawfish , but also admitted she liked the security that went with the name .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Growing increasingly frustrated over the size and quality of the parts she was given , Crawford embarked on a campaign of self-promotion . As MGM screenwriter Frederica Sagor Maas recalled , No one decided to make Joan Crawford a star . Joan Crawford became a star because Joan Crawford decided to become a star . She began attending dances in the afternoons and evenings at hotels around Hollywood and at dance venues on the beach piers , where she often won dance competitions with her performances of the Charleston and the Black Bottom .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Her strategy worked and MGM cast her in the film where she first made an impression on audiences , Edmund Gouldings Sally , Irene and Mary ( 1925 ) . From the beginning of her career , Crawford considered Norma Shearer – the studios most-popular actress – her professional nemesis . Shearer was married to MGM Head of Production Irving Thalberg ; hence , she had the first choice of scripts , and had more control than other stars in what films she would and would not make . Crawford was quoted to have said : How can I compete",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "with Norma ? She sleeps with the boss !",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Crawford was named one of 1926s WAMPAS Baby Stars , along with Mary Astor , Dolores del Río , Janet Gaynor , and Fay Wray , among others . That same year , she co-starred in Paris with Charles Ray . Within a few years , she became the romantic lead to many of MGMs top male stars , including Ramón Novarro , John Gilbert , William Haines , and Tim McCoy .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Crawford appeared as a skimpily-clad young carnival assistant in The Unknown ( 1927 ) , starring Lon Chaney , Sr . as a carnival knife thrower with no arms who hopes to marry her . She stated that she learned more about acting from watching Chaney work than from anyone else in her career . It was then , she said , I became aware for the first time of the difference between standing in front of a camera , and acting . Also in 1927 , she appeared alongside her close friend , William Haines , in Spring Fever",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": ", which was the first of three movies the duo made together .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "In 1928 , Crawford starred opposite Ramón Novarro in Across to Singapore , but it was her role as Diana Medford in Our Dancing Daughters ( 1928 ) that catapulted her to stardom . The role established her as a symbol of modern 1920s-style femininity which rivaled Clara Bow , the original It girl , and Hollywoods foremost flapper . A stream of hits followed Our Dancing Daughters , including two more flapper-themed movies , in which Crawford embodied for her legion of fans ( many of whom were women ) an idealized vision of the free-spirited , all-American girl",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " F . Scott Fitzgerald wrote of Crawford : Crawford described her glamorous onscreen persona more succinctly , saying , If you want to see the girl next door , go next door .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "On June 3 , 1929 , Crawford married Douglas Fairbanks , Jr . at Saint Malachys Roman Catholic Church ( known as The Actors Chapel , owing to its proximity to Broadway theatres ) in Manhattan , although neither was Catholic . Fairbanks was the son of Douglas Fairbanks and the stepson of Mary Pickford , who were considered Hollywood royalty . Fairbanks , Sr. , and Pickford were opposed to the marriage , and did not invite the couple to their home at Pickfair for eight months after the marriage .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " The relationship between Crawford and Fairbanks , Sr. , eventually warmed ; she called him Uncle Doug , and he called her Billie , her childhood nickname , but one that close friends used throughout her life . She and Pickford , however , continued to despise each other . Following that first invitation , Crawford and Fairbanks , Jr. , became more frequent guests . While the Fairbanks men played golf together , Crawford was either left with Pickford , who would retire to her quarters , or simply left alone .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "To rid herself of her Southwestern accent , Crawford tirelessly practiced diction and elocution . She said :",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Transition to sound , and continued success . After the release of The Jazz Singer in 1927—the first feature-length film with some audible dialogue—sound films became all the rage . The transition from silent to sound caused panic for many , if not all , involved with the film industry ; many silent film stars found themselves unemployable because of their undesirable voices and hard-to-understand accents , or simply because of their refusal to make the transition to talkies .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Many studios and stars avoided making the transition as long as possible , especially MGM , which was the last of the major studios to switch over to sound . The Hollywood Revue of 1929 was one of the studios first all-talking films , and their first attempt to showcase their stars ability to make the transition from silent to sound . Crawford was among the dozen or more MGM stars included in the movie ; she sang the song Got a Feeling for You during the films first act . She studied singing with Estelle Liebling , the voice",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "teacher of Beverly Sills , in the 1920s and 1930s .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Crawford made a successful transition to talkies with her first starring role in the all-talking feature-length film in Untamed ( 1929 ) , co-starring Robert Montgomery . Despite the success of the film at the box office , it received mixed reviews from critics , who noted that while Crawford seemed nervous at making the transition to sound , she had become one of the most popular actresses in the world . Montana Moon ( 1930 ) , an uneasy mix of Western clichés and music , teamed her with John Mack Brown and Ricardo Cortez . Although the film",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "had problems with censors , it was a major success at the time of its release . Our Blushing Brides ( 1930 ) the final installment in the Our Dancing Daughters franchise co-starring Robert Montgomery and Anita Page , where Crawford carries the burden of dramatics in this photoplay and comes off splendidly and intelligently . Her next movie , Paid ( 1930 ) , paired her with Robert Armstrong , and was another success . During the early sound era , MGM began to place Crawford in more sophisticated roles , rather than continuing to promote her flapper-inspired persona",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "of the silent era .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "In 1931 , MGM cast Crawford in five films . Three of them teamed her opposite Clark Gable , the studios soon to be biggest male star and King of Hollywood . Dance , Fools , Dance , released in February 1931 , was the first pairing of Crawford and Gable . Their second movie together , Laughing Sinners , released in May 1931 , was directed by Harry Beaumont , and also co-starred Neil Hamilton . Possessed , their third film together , released in October , was directed by Clarence Brown . These films were immensely popular with",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "audiences and were generally well received by critics , stapling Crawfords position as one of MGMs top female stars of the decade along with Norma Shearer , Greta Garbo and Jean Harlow . Her only other notable film of 1931 , This Modern Age , was released in August and despite unfavorable reviews was a moderate success .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "MGM next cast her in the film Grand Hotel , directed by Edmund Goulding . As the studios first all-star production , Crawford co-starred opposite Greta Garbo , John and Lionel Barrymore , and Wallace Beery , among others . Receiving third billing , she played the middle-class stenographer to Beerys controlling general director . Crawford later admitted to being nervous during the filming of the movie because she was working with accomplished actors , and that she was disappointed that she had no scenes with one she had admired , the divine Garbo . Grand Hotel was released in",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "April 1932 to critical and commercial success . It was one of the highest-grossing movies of the year , and won the Academy Award for Best Picture .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Crawford achieved continued success in Letty Lynton ( 1932 ) . Soon after this movies release , a plagiarism suit forced MGM to withdraw it ; it is therefore considered the lost Crawford film . Designed by Adrian , the gown with large ruffled sleeves which Crawford wore in the movie became a popular style that same year , and was even copied by Macys.On loan to United Artists , she played prostitute Sadie Thompson in Rain ( 1932 ) , a film version of John Coltons 1923 play . Actress Jeanne Eagels played the role on stage , and",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Gloria Swanson had originated the part on screen in the 1928 film version . Crawfords performance was panned , and the film was not a success . Despite the failure of Rain , in 1932 , the publishing of the first Top Ten Money-Making Stars Poll placed Crawford third in popularity at the box office , behind only Marie Dressler and Janet Gaynor . She remained on the list for the next several years , last appearing on it in 1936 . In May 1933 , Crawford divorced Fairbanks citing grievous mental cruelty . Crawford claimed Fairbanks had a jealous",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "and suspicious attitude toward her friends , and that they had loud arguments about the most trivial subjects lasting far into the night .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Following her divorce , she was again teamed with Clark Gable , along with Franchot Tone and Fred Astaire , in the hit Dancing Lady ( 1933 ) , in which she received top billing . She next played the title role in Sadie McKee ( 1934 ) , opposite Tone and Gene Raymond . She was paired with Gable for the fifth time in Chained ( 1934 ) , and for the sixth time in Forsaking All Others ( 1934 ) . Crawfords films of this era were some of the most-popular and highest-grossing films of the mid-1930s .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " In 1935 , Crawford married Franchot Tone , a stage actor from New York who planned to use his film earnings to finance his theatre group . The couple built a small theatre at Crawfords Brentwood home , and put on productions of classic plays for select groups of friends that lived in the popular Brentwood area like Clark Gable and Charley Chase . Tone and Crawford had first appeared together in Today We Live ( 1933 ) , but Crawford was hesitant about entering into another romance so soon after her split from Fairbanks .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Before and during their marriage , Crawford worked to promote Tones Hollywood career , but he was not interested in being a star , ultimately wanting to just be an actor , and Crawford wearied of the effort . During their marriage they tried on two separate occasions for children , both ending in miscarriage . Tone allegedly began drinking and became physically abusive . She filed for divorce , which was granted in 1939 . Crawford and Tone later rekindled their friendship , and Tone even proposed in 1964 that they remarry . When he died in 1968 ,",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Crawford arranged for him to be cremated and his ashes scattered at Muskoka Lakes , Canada .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Crawford continued her reign as a popular movie actress well into the mid-1930s . No More Ladies ( 1935 ) co-starred Robert Montgomery and then-husband Franchot Tone , and was a success . Crawford had long pleaded with MGMs head Louis B . Mayer to cast her in more dramatic roles , and although he was reluctant , he cast her in the sophisticated comedy-drama I Live My Life ( 1935 ) , directed by W . S . Van Dyke , and it was well received by critics .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "She next starred in The Gorgeous Hussy ( 1936 ) , opposite Robert Taylor and Lionel Barrymore , as well as Tone . It was a critical and box-office success , and became one of Crawfords biggest hits of the decade . Love on the Run ( 1936 ) , a romantic comedy directed by W . S . Van Dyke , was her seventh film co-starring Clark Gable .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Even though Crawford remained a respected MGM actress , and her films still earned profits , her popularity declined in the late 1930s . In 1937 , Crawford was proclaimed the first Queen of the Movies by Life magazine . She unexpectedly slipped from seventh to sixteenth place at the box office that year , and her public popularity also began to wane . Richard Boleslawskis comedy-drama The Last of Mrs . Cheyney ( 1937 ) teamed her opposite William Powell in their sole screen pairing . The film was also Crawfords last box-office success before the onset of her",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "box office poison period .",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": " She co-starred opposite Franchot Tone for the seventh—and final—time in The Bride Wore Red ( 1937 ) . The film was generally unfavorably reviewed by the majority of critics . It also ran a financial loss , becoming one of MGMs biggest failures of the year . Mannequin , co-starring Spencer Tracy , also released in 1937 did , as the New York Times stated , restore Crawford to her throne as queen of the working girls .",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "On May 3 , 1938 , Crawford—along with Greta Garbo , Norma Shearer , Luise Rainer , John Barrymore , Katharine Hepburn , Fred Astaire , Dolores del Río , and others—was dubbed Box Office Poison in an open letter in the Independent Film Journal . The list was submitted by Harry Brandt , president of the Independent Theatre Owners Association of America . Brandt stated that while these stars had unquestioned dramatic abilities , their high salaries did not reflect in their ticket sales , thus hurting the movie exhibitors involved . Crawfords follow-up movie , The Shining Hour",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "( 1938 ) , co-starring Margaret Sullavan and Melvyn Douglas , was well received by critics , but it was a box-office flop .",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "She made a comeback in 1939 with her role as home-wrecker Crystal Allen in The Women , opposite her professional nemesis , Norma Shearer . A year later , she played against type in the unglamorous role of Julie in Strange Cargo ( 1940 ) , her eighth—and final—film with Clark Gable . She later starred as a facially disfigured blackmailer in A Womans Face ( 1941 ) , a remake of the Swedish film En kvinnas ansikte which had starred Ingrid Bergman in the lead role three years earlier . While the film was only a moderate box office",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "success , Crawfords performance was hailed by many critics .",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "Crawford adopted her first child , a daughter , in 1940 . Because she was single , California law prevented her from adopting within the state ; so , she arranged the adoption through an agency in Las Vegas . The child was temporarily called Joan , until Crawford changed her name to Christina . Crawford married actor Phillip Terry on July 21 , 1942 , after a six-month courtship . Together , the couple adopted a son whom they named Christopher , but his birth mother reclaimed the child . The couple adopted another boy , whom they named",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "Phillip Terry , Jr . After the marriage ended in 1946 , Crawford changed that childs name to Christopher Crawford .",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": " After 18 years , Crawfords contract with MGM was terminated by mutual consent on June 29 , 1943 . In lieu of the last film remaining under her contract , MGM bought her out for $100,000 . Move to Warner Bros. .",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "For $500,000 , Crawford signed with Warner Bros . for a three-movie deal , and was placed on the payroll on July 1 , 1943 . Her first film for the studio was Hollywood Canteen ( 1944 ) , an all-star morale-booster film that teamed her with several other top movie stars at the time . Crawford said one of the main reasons she signed with Warner Bros . was because she wanted to play the character Mattie in a proposed 1944 film version of Edith Whartons novel Ethan Frome ( 1911 ) .",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "She wanted to play the title role in Mildred Pierce ( 1945 ) , but Bette Davis was the studios first choice . However , Davis turned the role down . Director Michael Curtiz did not want Crawford to play the part , and he instead lobbied for the casting of Barbara Stanwyck . Warner Bros . defied Curtiz and cast Crawford in the film . Throughout the entire production of the movie , Curtiz criticized Crawford . She comes over here with her high-hat airs and her goddamn shoulder pads.. . Why should I waste my time directing a",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "has-been ? Curtiz demanded Crawford prove her suitability by taking a screen test ; she agreed . After the test , Curtiz agreed to Crawfords casting . Costume fittings started filming off roughly when Curtiz suspected Crawford of wearing shoulder pads and he proceeded to tear the top of her dress . She said Thankfully I was wearing a bra . Mildred Pierce was a resounding critical and commercial success . It epitomized the lush visual style and the hard-boiled film noir sensibility that defined Warner Bros . movies of the late forties . Crawford earned the Academy Award for",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "Best Actress in a Leading Role .",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "The success of Mildred Pierce revived Crawfords movie career . For several years , she starred in what were called a series of first-rate melodramas . Her next film was Humoresque ( 1946 ) , co-starring John Garfield , a romantic drama about a love affair between an older woman and a younger man . She starred alongside Van Heflin in Possessed ( 1947 ) , for which she received a second Academy Award nomination . In Daisy Kenyon ( 1947 ) , she appeared opposite Dana Andrews and Henry Fonda , and in Flamingo Road ( 1949 ) ,",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "her character has an ultimately deadly feud with a corrupt southern sheriff played by Sydney Greenstreet . She made a cameo in Its a Great Feeling ( 1949 ) , poking fun at her own screen image . In 1950 , she starred in the film noir The Damned Dont Cry and in the melodrama Harriet Craig .",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": " In 1947 , Crawford adopted two more children , whom she named Cindy and Cathy . The children were adopted from Tennessee Childrens Home Society , an orphanage/child-trafficking unit operated by Georgia Tann , a source used by many childless Hollywood stars to adopt until Tanns discovery and death erupted in infamy in 1952 .",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": "After the completion of This Woman Is Dangerous ( 1952 ) , a film Crawford called her worst , she asked to be released from her Warner Bros . contract . By this time , she felt Warners was losing interest in her due to feeble scripts , poor leading men and inept cameramen , so she decided it was time to move on . Later the same year , she received her third—and final—Academy Award nomination for Sudden Fear for RKO Radio Pictures .",
"title": "Box office poison"
},
{
"text": " Crawford worked in the radio series The Screen Guild Theater on January 8 , 1939 ; Good News ; Baby , broadcast on March 2 , 1940 , on Arch Obolers Lights Out ; The Word on Everymans Theater ( 1941 ) ; Chained on the Lux Radio Theater , and Norman Corwins Document A/777 ( 1948 ) . She appeared in episodes of anthology television series in the 1950s , and , in 1959 , made a pilot for The Joan Crawford Show . Al Steele and Pepsi-Cola Company .",
"title": "Radio and television"
},
{
"text": "Crawford married her fourth—and final—husband , Alfred Steele , at the Flamingo Hotel in Las Vegas on May 10 , 1955 . Crawford and Steele met at a party in 1950 , when Steele was an executive at PepsiCo . They renewed their acquaintance at a New Years Eve party in 1954 . By that time , Steele had become president of Pepsi-Cola . He later was named chairman of the board and CEO of Pepsi-Cola . Crawford traveled extensively on behalf of Pepsi following the marriage . She estimated that she traveled over 100,000 miles for the company .",
"title": "Radio and television"
},
{
"text": " Steele died of a heart attack in April 1959 . Crawford initially was advised that her services were no longer required . After she told the story to Louella Parsons , Pepsi reversed its position , and Crawford was elected to fill the vacant seat on the board of directors .",
"title": "Radio and television"
},
{
"text": "Crawford received the sixth annual Pally Award , which was in the shape of a bronze Pepsi bottle . It was awarded to the employee making the most significant contribution to company sales . In 1973 , Crawford was forced to retire from the company at the behest of company executive Don Kendall , whom Crawford had referred to for years as Fang .",
"title": "Radio and television"
},
{
"text": "After her Academy Award-nominated performance in 1952s Sudden Fear , Crawford continued to work steadily throughout the rest of the decade . After a 10-year absence from MGM , she returned to that studio to star in Torch Song ( 1953 ) , a musical drama centering on the life of a demanding stage star who falls in love with a blind pianist , played by Michael Wilding . Although the film was highly publicized as Crawfords major comeback , it was a critical and financial failure , known today for its camp appeal . In 1954 , she starred",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "in Johnny Guitar , a cult classic directed by Nicholas Ray , co-starring Sterling Hayden and Mercedes McCambridge . She also starred in Female on the Beach ( 1955 ) with Jeff Chandler , and in Queen Bee ( 1955 ) , alongside John Ireland . The following year , she starred opposite a young Cliff Robertson in Autumn Leaves ( 1956 ) , and filmed a leading role in The Story of Esther Costello ( 1957 ) , co-starring Rossano Brazzi . Crawford , who had been left near-penniless following Alfred Steeles death , accepted a small role in",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "The Best of Everything ( 1959 ) . Although she was not the star of the film , she received positive reviews . Crawford later named the role as being one of her personal favorites . By 1961 , Joan Crawford was once again her own publicity machine , with a new script , Whatever Happened to Baby Jane? , sent by Robert Aldrich .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "Crawford starred as Blanche Hudson , an elderly , disabled former A-list movie star who lives in fear of her psychotic sister Jane , in the highly successful psychological thriller What Ever Happened to Baby Jane ? ( 1962 ) . Despite the actresses earlier tensions , Crawford reportedly suggested Bette Davis for the role of Jane . The two stars maintained publicly that there was no feud between them . The director , Robert Aldrich , fueling publicity rumors , explained that Davis and Crawford were each aware of how important the film was to their respective careers ,",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "and commented , Its proper to say that they really detested each other , but they behaved absolutely perfectly .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "After filming was completed , their public comments against each other propelled their animosity into a life-long feud . The film was a huge success , recouping its costs within eleven days of its nationwide release reviving Davis and Crawfords careers . Davis was nominated for an Academy Award for her performance as Jane Hudson . Crawford contacted each of the other Oscar nominees in the category ( Katharine Hepburn , Lee Remick , Geraldine Page , and Anne Bancroft , all East Coast-based actresses ) , to let them know that if they could not attend the ceremony ,",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "she would be happy to accept the Oscar on their behalf ; all agreed . Both Davis and Crawford were backstage – Crawford having presented best director – when the absent Anne Bancroft was announced as the winner and Crawford accepted the award on her behalf . Davis claimed for the rest of her life that Crawford had campaigned against her , a charge Crawford denied .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "That same year , Crawford starred as Lucy Harbin in William Castles horror mystery Strait-Jacket ( 1964 ) . Robert Aldrich cast Crawford and Davis in Hush...Hush , Sweet Charlotte ( 1964 ) . After a purported campaign of harassment by Davis on location in Louisiana , Crawford returned to Hollywood entering a hospital . After a prolonged absence , during which Crawford was accused of feigning illness , Aldrich was forced to replace her with Olivia de Havilland . Crawford , who was devastated , said I heard the news of my replacement over the radio , lying in",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "my hospital bed .. . I cried for nine hours . Crawford nursed grudges against Davis and Aldrich for the rest of her life , saying of Aldrich , He is a man who loves evil , horrendous , vile things , to which Aldrich replied If the shoe fits , wear it , and I am very fond of Miss Crawford . Despite being replaced , brief footage of Crawford made it into the film when she is seen sitting in a taxi in a wide shot .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "In 1965 , she played Amy Nelson in I Saw What You Did , another William Castle vehicle . She starred as Monica Rivers in Herman Cohens horror thriller film Berserk ! ( 1967 ) . After the films release , Crawford guest-starred as herself on The Lucy Show . The episode , Lucy and the Lost Star , first aired on February 26 , 1968 . Crawford struggled during rehearsals , and drank heavily on-set , leading series star Lucille Ball to suggest replacing her with Gloria Swanson . However , Crawford was letter-perfect the day of the show",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": ", which included dancing the Charleston , and received two standing ovations from the studio audience .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " In October 1968 , Crawfords 29-year-old daughter , Christina ( who was then acting in New York on the soap opera The Secret Storm ) , needed immediate medical attention for a ruptured ovarian tumor . Despite the fact that Christinas character was a 28-year-old , and Crawford was in her sixties , Crawford offered to play her role until Christina was well enough to return , to which producer Gloria Monty readily agreed .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "Crawfords appearance in the 1969 television film Night Gallery ( which served as pilot to the series that followed ) marked one of Steven Spielbergs earliest directing jobs . Crawford made a cameo appearance as herself in the first episode of The Tim Conway Show , which aired on January 30 , 1970 . She starred on the big screen one final time , playing Dr . Brockton in Herman Cohens science fiction horror film Trog ( 1970 ) , rounding out a career spanning 45 years and more than 80 motion pictures . Crawford made three more television appearances",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": ", including one as Stephanie White in a 1970 episode ( The Nightmare ) of The Virginian and as Joan Fairchild ( her final dramatic performance ) in a 1972 episode ( Dear Joan : Were Going to Scare You to Death ) of The Sixth Sense .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " In 1970 , Crawford was presented with the Cecil B . DeMille Award by John Wayne at the Golden Globes , which was telecast from the Coconut Grove at The Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles . She also spoke at Stephens College , where she had been a student for two months in 1922 .",
"title": "Final years"
},
{
"text": "Crawford published her autobiography , A Portrait of Joan , co-written with Jane Kesner Ardmore , in 1962 through Doubleday . Crawfords next book , My Way of Life , was published in 1971 by Simon & Schuster . Those expecting a racy tell-all were disappointed , although Crawfords meticulous ways were revealed in her advice on grooming , wardrobe , exercise , and even food storage . After her death , photographs of John F . Kennedy ( for whom she had voted in the 1960 presidential election ) were found in her apartment .",
"title": "Final years"
},
{
"text": "In September 1973 , Crawford moved from apartment 22-G to a smaller apartment next door , 22-H , at the Imperial House , 150 East 69th Street . Her last public appearance was made on September 23 , 1974 , at a book party cohosted with her old friend Rosalind Russell at New Yorks Rainbow Room . Russell was suffering from breast cancer and arthritis at the time . When Crawford saw the unflattering photos that appeared in the papers the next day , she said If thats how I look , then they wont see me anymore . Crawford",
"title": "Final years"
},
{
"text": "cancelled all public appearances , began declining interviews , and left her apartment less and less . Dental problems , including surgery which left her needing round-the-clock nursing care , plagued her from 1972 until mid-1975 . While on antibiotics for this problem in October 1974 , her drinking caused her to pass out , slip , and strike her face . Whether it was this incident or her return to religion , Christian Science , she quit drinking in 1974 .",
"title": "Final years"
},
{
"text": "On May 6 , 1977 , Crawford gave away her Shih Tzu , Princess Lotus Blossom , because she was too weak to continue to care for her . Crawford died on May 10 , 1977 , at her apartment in Lenox Hill , New York City , of a myocardial infarction ( heart attack ) . A funeral was held at Campbell Funeral Home , New York , on May 13 , 1977 . In her will , which was signed on October 28 , 1976 , Crawford bequeathed to her two youngest children , Cindy and Cathy ,",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": "$77,500 each from her $2 million estate .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": "She explicitly disinherited the two eldest , Christina and Christopher : It is my intention to make no provision herein for my son , Christopher , or my daughter , Christina , for reasons which are well known to them . Both of them challenged the will and received a $55,000 settlement . She also bequeathed nothing to her niece , Joan Lowe ( 1933–1999 ; born Joan Crawford LeSueur , the only child of her estranged brother , Hal ) . Crawford left money to her favorite charities : the USO of New York , the Motion Picture &",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": "Television Country House and Hospital , the American Cancer Society , the Muscular Dystrophy Association , the American Heart Association , and the Wiltwyck School for Boys . During World War II , she was a member of American Womens Voluntary Services .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": "A memorial service was held for Crawford at All Souls Unitarian Church on Lexington Avenue in New York on May 16 , 1977 . In attendance were long-time friend Myrna Loy and co-stars Geraldine Brooks and Cliff Robertson , who gave eulogies ; Pearl Bailey sang Hell Understand . Another memorial service , organized by George Cukor , was held on June 24 in the Samuel Goldwyn Theater at the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in Beverly Hills , California . Crawford was cremated , and her ashes placed in a crypt with her fourth and final husband",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": ", Alfred Steele , in Ferncliff Cemetery , Hartsdale , New York .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
}
] |
/wiki/Henry_Hodgkin#P463#0
|
What organization or association or team did Henry Hodgkin join in 1877?
|
Henry Hodgkin Henry Hodgkin ( 1877-1933 ) was a medical doctor and a British Quaker missionary who , in the course of his 55-year life , co-founded the West China Union University in Chengdu , co-founded and led the first Christian pacifist movement , the International Fellowship of Reconciliation , and founded the Pendle Hill Quaker meeting and training center , in Wallingford , Pennsylvania . Life . Early years . Henry Theodore Hodgkin was born on 21 April 1877 in a very affluent Quaker family of Darlington in County Durham , North East England . He was the son of Jonathan Backhouse Hodgkin ( 1843-1926 ) , banker and mayor of Darlington , and of Mary Anna Pease , both from Quaker families . The Hodgkins lived in the majestic Victorian manor of Elm Ridge in Darlington . After Leighton Park School he studied first in Kings College , Cambridge , then in St Thomas Hospital , London , to become a medical doctor ( M.B . B.Ch ( Cantab ) ) . Extremely tall , with exceptional charisma and personality , he became President of the English Student Missionary Union from 1902 to 1905 . This organizations aim was to recruit missionaries among British students . Missionary work in China . After completing his studies in 1905 , Henry Hodgkin left immediately for Chengdu , in the Sichuan province , China , as a missionary The Friends Foreign Missionary Association , a Quaker organisation which later became The Friends Service Council ; he stayed in China until 1909 . During his stay in Chnegdu , he helped set up the West China Union University , a Protestant university sponsored by several Protestant churches until its closure in 1926 ; after 1926 the Chinese professors took over from the foreign professors , and perpetuated their work so well that this university has now been incorporated into Chengdus various universities . From 1910 to 1920 , Henry Hodgkin returned to England , to be the Secretary of The Friends Foreign Missionary Association . He departed again for China in 1921 , initially to deliver a series of lectures . He received however as a result a pressing invitation to become one of the secretaries of the National Christian Council of China ; he held this position from 1922 to 1929 . Launching of the International Fellowship of Reconciliation . During his decade in Britain from 1910 to 1920 , Hodgkin became active on the pacifist scene . In the summer of 1914 , he had joined a group of about 150 European Christians who were convinced that a major conflagration was coming soon in Europe and who had gathered in Constance , in southern Germany , to envisage possible actions to avert an actual war . This conference was far from successful since it was interrupted by the actual declaration of war ! While conference participants were hurriedly returning home by train , Henry Hodgkin and the German Lutheran pastor Friedrich Siegmund-Schultze made a mutual commitment before parting in Cologne that while their countries might be at war with each other , We are one in Christ and can never be at war . This commitment implied of course to abstain from any direct personal participation in the conflict , in line with the traditional pacifist Quaker position , but also to work relentlessly to reestablish peace between their two nations no matter the policies of their governments . Hodgkin kept his word immediately and initiated a first meeting at Queens College , Cambridge , where he lectured in philosophy : an ecumenical group of about 20 people came together to reflect on the implications of war on their personal and community life . They wrote a common declaration stating they could conceive God as a nationalist and couldnt accept the idea of a moratorium on the Sermon on the Mount on hold for the duration of the war . The first chapter of the Fellowship of Reconciliation ( FOR ) was born . Another meeting gathered 128 people at Trinity College , Cambridge , where Henry Hodgkin was elected president of the FOR . In 1915 Hodgkin travelled to New York City with a group of 66 people and convened a meeting at Union Theological Seminary that included some very influential theologians and ministers the day , including Reinhold Niebuhr ( who would become critical of Christian pacifism in the ’30s and consequently break with the FOR ) . Among those present that day were Edward Evans , Norman Thomas , socialist educator Jessie Wallace Hughan ( who would later found the more secular War Resisters League ) , Episcopalian bishop Paul Jones ( who would be forced to resign his Utah see in April 1918 because of his outspoken opposition to World War I ) , Grace Hutchins et John Haynes Holmes . The American chapter of the now International Fellowship of Reconciliation was then founded . Work in the United States . In 1929 Henry Hodgkin was called to launch the Quaker religious and social meeting centre of Pendle Hill near Philadelphia ( Pendle Hill being the name of the Lancashire hill where George Fox , the inspirator of Quakerism , had his founding vision ) . Historian Douglas Gwyn has shown Henry Hodgkin’s determining role , contributing his spiritual depth and his social concern to the drafting of the meeting centre’s vision : Pendle Hill’s early vision was to be a vital center of spiritual culture and as a place for training leaders . In 1929 , Henry Hodgkin gathered a dozen leaders to discern the direction for this new center and four key focus areas were chosen as a result : - House of Rest , a place of peace and deep quiet ; - School of the Prophets , a place to be grounded in a few well-chosen areas rather than teaching on many interesting topics ; - Laboratory of Ideas , a place to test beliefs in practice ; and - Fellowship ’Round Christ among students and staff . He had to leave this position in 1932 for health reasons . Books . Henry Hodgkin wrote several books , among which : - The Message and Mission of Quakerism ( 1912 ) ( with William Charles Braithwaite ( 1862 – 1922 ) ) - Friends beyond the Seas ( 1916 ) - Lay religion ( New York , 1919 ) - The Missionary Spirit - Swarthmore Lecture for 1916 - The Christian Revolution ( 1923 ) - Living Issues in China ( 1932 ) Philosophy . Hodgkins philosophy was rooted in his Quaker faith , which brought along a deep adhesion to pacifism and in a high social sensitivity . His views evolved from a strict English Quaker missionary’s view to a more multicultural approach . One of his biographers wrote that he was a man large of body and mind . He summarised his own evolution as follows : By processes too numerous and diverse even to summarize , I have reached a position which may be stated in a general way somewhat like this : I believe that Gods best for another may be so different from my experience and way of living as to be actually impossible for me . I recognize a change to have taken place in myself , from a certain assumption that mine was really the better way , to a very complete recognition that there is no one better way and that God needs all kinds of people and ways of living through which to manifest Himself in the World . This has seemed to carry with it two conclusions which greatly affect conduct . One is that I really find myself wanting to learn from people whom I previously would have regarded as fit objects for my missionary zeal . To discover another way in which God is operating - along lines it may be distasteful or dangerous to me - is a large part of the fun of living . The second direction in which conduct is influenced is the deliberate attempt to share the life and interests of others who are not in my circle .. . [ for ] in such sharing I can most deeply understand the others life and through that reach , maybe , fresh truths about God . Family . Henry Hodgkin married Elizabeth Joy Montgomery . They had three children . He died on 26 March 1933 in Dublin a few weeks after undergoing surgery . His family counted a variety of personalities who deeply influenced the region of Darlington : - As a banker , his father had financed a fair share of the regions industrial development . - His father-in-law , John Pease was the oldest son of railway pioneer Edward Pease , and another affluent Quaker industrialist who had the Elm Ridge manor built . - His brother Jonathan Edward Hodgkin ( 1875-1953 ) was a devoted humanitarian during World War I , heading the local branch of The Friends War Victims Relief Committee - FWVRC . From 1916 on he served in Durham as a Quaker chaplain to the imprisoned conscientious objectors and organised transport for wounded in Darlington district . He also became treasurer of the London Peace Society . - His sister Mary Hodgkin ( 1882-1956 ) was the secretary of Darlington Town Mission for many years . She raised the needed money to build the Chapel at the Darlington Memorial Hospital for the use of the patients . References . Bibliography . - Gijsbert Gerrit Jacob den Boggende , The Fellowship of Reconciliation 1914-1945 , A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy , McMaster University , Hamilton , Ontario , 1986 - Dave D’Albert , A Lexicon of Spiritual Leaders In the IFOR Peace Movement , Part 1 , Version 3 , 2010 - Douglas Gwyn , Personality and Place : The Life and Times of Pendle Hill ( Anglais ) Broché – 22 December 2014 , - Obituary published by the British Medical Journal , 1 April 1933
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Henry Hodgkin ( 1877-1933 ) was a medical doctor and a British Quaker missionary who , in the course of his 55-year life , co-founded the West China Union University in Chengdu , co-founded and led the first Christian pacifist movement , the International Fellowship of Reconciliation , and founded the Pendle Hill Quaker meeting and training center , in Wallingford , Pennsylvania .",
"title": "Henry Hodgkin"
},
{
"text": "Henry Theodore Hodgkin was born on 21 April 1877 in a very affluent Quaker family of Darlington in County Durham , North East England . He was the son of Jonathan Backhouse Hodgkin ( 1843-1926 ) , banker and mayor of Darlington , and of Mary Anna Pease , both from Quaker families . The Hodgkins lived in the majestic Victorian manor of Elm Ridge in Darlington . After Leighton Park School he studied first in Kings College , Cambridge , then in St Thomas Hospital , London , to become a medical doctor ( M.B . B.Ch ( Cantab",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": ") ) . Extremely tall , with exceptional charisma and personality , he became President of the English Student Missionary Union from 1902 to 1905 . This organizations aim was to recruit missionaries among British students .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "After completing his studies in 1905 , Henry Hodgkin left immediately for Chengdu , in the Sichuan province , China , as a missionary The Friends Foreign Missionary Association , a Quaker organisation which later became The Friends Service Council ; he stayed in China until 1909 . During his stay in Chnegdu , he helped set up the West China Union University , a Protestant university sponsored by several Protestant churches until its closure in 1926 ; after 1926 the Chinese professors took over from the foreign professors , and perpetuated their work so well that this university has",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "now been incorporated into Chengdus various universities .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " From 1910 to 1920 , Henry Hodgkin returned to England , to be the Secretary of The Friends Foreign Missionary Association . He departed again for China in 1921 , initially to deliver a series of lectures . He received however as a result a pressing invitation to become one of the secretaries of the National Christian Council of China ; he held this position from 1922 to 1929 . Launching of the International Fellowship of Reconciliation .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "During his decade in Britain from 1910 to 1920 , Hodgkin became active on the pacifist scene . In the summer of 1914 , he had joined a group of about 150 European Christians who were convinced that a major conflagration was coming soon in Europe and who had gathered in Constance , in southern Germany , to envisage possible actions to avert an actual war . This conference was far from successful since it was interrupted by the actual declaration of war ! While conference participants were hurriedly returning home by train , Henry Hodgkin and the German Lutheran",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "pastor Friedrich Siegmund-Schultze made a mutual commitment before parting in Cologne that while their countries might be at war with each other , We are one in Christ and can never be at war . This commitment implied of course to abstain from any direct personal participation in the conflict , in line with the traditional pacifist Quaker position , but also to work relentlessly to reestablish peace between their two nations no matter the policies of their governments .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "Hodgkin kept his word immediately and initiated a first meeting at Queens College , Cambridge , where he lectured in philosophy : an ecumenical group of about 20 people came together to reflect on the implications of war on their personal and community life . They wrote a common declaration stating they could conceive God as a nationalist and couldnt accept the idea of a moratorium on the Sermon on the Mount on hold for the duration of the war . The first chapter of the Fellowship of Reconciliation ( FOR ) was born . Another meeting gathered 128 people",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "at Trinity College , Cambridge , where Henry Hodgkin was elected president of the FOR .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In 1915 Hodgkin travelled to New York City with a group of 66 people and convened a meeting at Union Theological Seminary that included some very influential theologians and ministers the day , including Reinhold Niebuhr ( who would become critical of Christian pacifism in the ’30s and consequently break with the FOR ) . Among those present that day were Edward Evans , Norman Thomas , socialist educator Jessie Wallace Hughan ( who would later found the more secular War Resisters League ) , Episcopalian bishop Paul Jones ( who would be forced to resign his Utah see in",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "April 1918 because of his outspoken opposition to World War I ) , Grace Hutchins et John Haynes Holmes . The American chapter of the now International Fellowship of Reconciliation was then founded .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In 1929 Henry Hodgkin was called to launch the Quaker religious and social meeting centre of Pendle Hill near Philadelphia ( Pendle Hill being the name of the Lancashire hill where George Fox , the inspirator of Quakerism , had his founding vision ) . Historian Douglas Gwyn has shown Henry Hodgkin’s determining role , contributing his spiritual depth and his social concern to the drafting of the meeting centre’s vision : Pendle Hill’s early vision was to be a vital center of spiritual culture and as a place for training leaders . In 1929 , Henry Hodgkin gathered a",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "dozen leaders to discern the direction for this new center and four key focus areas were chosen as a result :",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " - House of Rest , a place of peace and deep quiet ; - School of the Prophets , a place to be grounded in a few well-chosen areas rather than teaching on many interesting topics ; - Laboratory of Ideas , a place to test beliefs in practice ; and - Fellowship ’Round Christ among students and staff . He had to leave this position in 1932 for health reasons .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Henry Hodgkin wrote several books , among which : - The Message and Mission of Quakerism ( 1912 ) ( with William Charles Braithwaite ( 1862 – 1922 ) ) - Friends beyond the Seas ( 1916 ) - Lay religion ( New York , 1919 ) - The Missionary Spirit - Swarthmore Lecture for 1916 - The Christian Revolution ( 1923 ) - Living Issues in China ( 1932 )",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "Hodgkins philosophy was rooted in his Quaker faith , which brought along a deep adhesion to pacifism and in a high social sensitivity . His views evolved from a strict English Quaker missionary’s view to a more multicultural approach . One of his biographers wrote that he was a man large of body and mind . He summarised his own evolution as follows : By processes too numerous and diverse even to summarize , I have reached a position which may be stated in a general way somewhat like this : I believe that Gods best for another may be",
"title": "Philosophy"
},
{
"text": "so different from my experience and way of living as to be actually impossible for me . I recognize a change to have taken place in myself , from a certain assumption that mine was really the better way , to a very complete recognition that there is no one better way and that God needs all kinds of people and ways of living through which to manifest Himself in the World . This has seemed to carry with it two conclusions which greatly affect conduct . One is that I really find myself wanting to learn from people whom",
"title": "Philosophy"
},
{
"text": "I previously would have regarded as fit objects for my missionary zeal . To discover another way in which God is operating - along lines it may be distasteful or dangerous to me - is a large part of the fun of living . The second direction in which conduct is influenced is the deliberate attempt to share the life and interests of others who are not in my circle .. . [ for ] in such sharing I can most deeply understand the others life and through that reach , maybe , fresh truths about God .",
"title": "Philosophy"
},
{
"text": " Henry Hodgkin married Elizabeth Joy Montgomery . They had three children . He died on 26 March 1933 in Dublin a few weeks after undergoing surgery . His family counted a variety of personalities who deeply influenced the region of Darlington : - As a banker , his father had financed a fair share of the regions industrial development . - His father-in-law , John Pease was the oldest son of railway pioneer Edward Pease , and another affluent Quaker industrialist who had the Elm Ridge manor built .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": "- His brother Jonathan Edward Hodgkin ( 1875-1953 ) was a devoted humanitarian during World War I , heading the local branch of The Friends War Victims Relief Committee - FWVRC . From 1916 on he served in Durham as a Quaker chaplain to the imprisoned conscientious objectors and organised transport for wounded in Darlington district . He also became treasurer of the London Peace Society .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - His sister Mary Hodgkin ( 1882-1956 ) was the secretary of Darlington Town Mission for many years . She raised the needed money to build the Chapel at the Darlington Memorial Hospital for the use of the patients .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Gijsbert Gerrit Jacob den Boggende , The Fellowship of Reconciliation 1914-1945 , A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy , McMaster University , Hamilton , Ontario , 1986 - Dave D’Albert , A Lexicon of Spiritual Leaders In the IFOR Peace Movement , Part 1 , Version 3 , 2010 - Douglas Gwyn , Personality and Place : The Life and Times of Pendle Hill ( Anglais ) Broché – 22 December 2014 ,",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": "- Obituary published by the British Medical Journal , 1 April 1933",
"title": "Bibliography"
}
] |
/wiki/Henry_Hodgkin#P463#1
|
What organization or association or team did Henry Hodgkin join in 1915?
|
Henry Hodgkin Henry Hodgkin ( 1877-1933 ) was a medical doctor and a British Quaker missionary who , in the course of his 55-year life , co-founded the West China Union University in Chengdu , co-founded and led the first Christian pacifist movement , the International Fellowship of Reconciliation , and founded the Pendle Hill Quaker meeting and training center , in Wallingford , Pennsylvania . Life . Early years . Henry Theodore Hodgkin was born on 21 April 1877 in a very affluent Quaker family of Darlington in County Durham , North East England . He was the son of Jonathan Backhouse Hodgkin ( 1843-1926 ) , banker and mayor of Darlington , and of Mary Anna Pease , both from Quaker families . The Hodgkins lived in the majestic Victorian manor of Elm Ridge in Darlington . After Leighton Park School he studied first in Kings College , Cambridge , then in St Thomas Hospital , London , to become a medical doctor ( M.B . B.Ch ( Cantab ) ) . Extremely tall , with exceptional charisma and personality , he became President of the English Student Missionary Union from 1902 to 1905 . This organizations aim was to recruit missionaries among British students . Missionary work in China . After completing his studies in 1905 , Henry Hodgkin left immediately for Chengdu , in the Sichuan province , China , as a missionary The Friends Foreign Missionary Association , a Quaker organisation which later became The Friends Service Council ; he stayed in China until 1909 . During his stay in Chnegdu , he helped set up the West China Union University , a Protestant university sponsored by several Protestant churches until its closure in 1926 ; after 1926 the Chinese professors took over from the foreign professors , and perpetuated their work so well that this university has now been incorporated into Chengdus various universities . From 1910 to 1920 , Henry Hodgkin returned to England , to be the Secretary of The Friends Foreign Missionary Association . He departed again for China in 1921 , initially to deliver a series of lectures . He received however as a result a pressing invitation to become one of the secretaries of the National Christian Council of China ; he held this position from 1922 to 1929 . Launching of the International Fellowship of Reconciliation . During his decade in Britain from 1910 to 1920 , Hodgkin became active on the pacifist scene . In the summer of 1914 , he had joined a group of about 150 European Christians who were convinced that a major conflagration was coming soon in Europe and who had gathered in Constance , in southern Germany , to envisage possible actions to avert an actual war . This conference was far from successful since it was interrupted by the actual declaration of war ! While conference participants were hurriedly returning home by train , Henry Hodgkin and the German Lutheran pastor Friedrich Siegmund-Schultze made a mutual commitment before parting in Cologne that while their countries might be at war with each other , We are one in Christ and can never be at war . This commitment implied of course to abstain from any direct personal participation in the conflict , in line with the traditional pacifist Quaker position , but also to work relentlessly to reestablish peace between their two nations no matter the policies of their governments . Hodgkin kept his word immediately and initiated a first meeting at Queens College , Cambridge , where he lectured in philosophy : an ecumenical group of about 20 people came together to reflect on the implications of war on their personal and community life . They wrote a common declaration stating they could conceive God as a nationalist and couldnt accept the idea of a moratorium on the Sermon on the Mount on hold for the duration of the war . The first chapter of the Fellowship of Reconciliation ( FOR ) was born . Another meeting gathered 128 people at Trinity College , Cambridge , where Henry Hodgkin was elected president of the FOR . In 1915 Hodgkin travelled to New York City with a group of 66 people and convened a meeting at Union Theological Seminary that included some very influential theologians and ministers the day , including Reinhold Niebuhr ( who would become critical of Christian pacifism in the ’30s and consequently break with the FOR ) . Among those present that day were Edward Evans , Norman Thomas , socialist educator Jessie Wallace Hughan ( who would later found the more secular War Resisters League ) , Episcopalian bishop Paul Jones ( who would be forced to resign his Utah see in April 1918 because of his outspoken opposition to World War I ) , Grace Hutchins et John Haynes Holmes . The American chapter of the now International Fellowship of Reconciliation was then founded . Work in the United States . In 1929 Henry Hodgkin was called to launch the Quaker religious and social meeting centre of Pendle Hill near Philadelphia ( Pendle Hill being the name of the Lancashire hill where George Fox , the inspirator of Quakerism , had his founding vision ) . Historian Douglas Gwyn has shown Henry Hodgkin’s determining role , contributing his spiritual depth and his social concern to the drafting of the meeting centre’s vision : Pendle Hill’s early vision was to be a vital center of spiritual culture and as a place for training leaders . In 1929 , Henry Hodgkin gathered a dozen leaders to discern the direction for this new center and four key focus areas were chosen as a result : - House of Rest , a place of peace and deep quiet ; - School of the Prophets , a place to be grounded in a few well-chosen areas rather than teaching on many interesting topics ; - Laboratory of Ideas , a place to test beliefs in practice ; and - Fellowship ’Round Christ among students and staff . He had to leave this position in 1932 for health reasons . Books . Henry Hodgkin wrote several books , among which : - The Message and Mission of Quakerism ( 1912 ) ( with William Charles Braithwaite ( 1862 – 1922 ) ) - Friends beyond the Seas ( 1916 ) - Lay religion ( New York , 1919 ) - The Missionary Spirit - Swarthmore Lecture for 1916 - The Christian Revolution ( 1923 ) - Living Issues in China ( 1932 ) Philosophy . Hodgkins philosophy was rooted in his Quaker faith , which brought along a deep adhesion to pacifism and in a high social sensitivity . His views evolved from a strict English Quaker missionary’s view to a more multicultural approach . One of his biographers wrote that he was a man large of body and mind . He summarised his own evolution as follows : By processes too numerous and diverse even to summarize , I have reached a position which may be stated in a general way somewhat like this : I believe that Gods best for another may be so different from my experience and way of living as to be actually impossible for me . I recognize a change to have taken place in myself , from a certain assumption that mine was really the better way , to a very complete recognition that there is no one better way and that God needs all kinds of people and ways of living through which to manifest Himself in the World . This has seemed to carry with it two conclusions which greatly affect conduct . One is that I really find myself wanting to learn from people whom I previously would have regarded as fit objects for my missionary zeal . To discover another way in which God is operating - along lines it may be distasteful or dangerous to me - is a large part of the fun of living . The second direction in which conduct is influenced is the deliberate attempt to share the life and interests of others who are not in my circle .. . [ for ] in such sharing I can most deeply understand the others life and through that reach , maybe , fresh truths about God . Family . Henry Hodgkin married Elizabeth Joy Montgomery . They had three children . He died on 26 March 1933 in Dublin a few weeks after undergoing surgery . His family counted a variety of personalities who deeply influenced the region of Darlington : - As a banker , his father had financed a fair share of the regions industrial development . - His father-in-law , John Pease was the oldest son of railway pioneer Edward Pease , and another affluent Quaker industrialist who had the Elm Ridge manor built . - His brother Jonathan Edward Hodgkin ( 1875-1953 ) was a devoted humanitarian during World War I , heading the local branch of The Friends War Victims Relief Committee - FWVRC . From 1916 on he served in Durham as a Quaker chaplain to the imprisoned conscientious objectors and organised transport for wounded in Darlington district . He also became treasurer of the London Peace Society . - His sister Mary Hodgkin ( 1882-1956 ) was the secretary of Darlington Town Mission for many years . She raised the needed money to build the Chapel at the Darlington Memorial Hospital for the use of the patients . References . Bibliography . - Gijsbert Gerrit Jacob den Boggende , The Fellowship of Reconciliation 1914-1945 , A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy , McMaster University , Hamilton , Ontario , 1986 - Dave D’Albert , A Lexicon of Spiritual Leaders In the IFOR Peace Movement , Part 1 , Version 3 , 2010 - Douglas Gwyn , Personality and Place : The Life and Times of Pendle Hill ( Anglais ) Broché – 22 December 2014 , - Obituary published by the British Medical Journal , 1 April 1933
|
[
"International Fellowship of Reconciliation"
] |
[
{
"text": " Henry Hodgkin ( 1877-1933 ) was a medical doctor and a British Quaker missionary who , in the course of his 55-year life , co-founded the West China Union University in Chengdu , co-founded and led the first Christian pacifist movement , the International Fellowship of Reconciliation , and founded the Pendle Hill Quaker meeting and training center , in Wallingford , Pennsylvania .",
"title": "Henry Hodgkin"
},
{
"text": "Henry Theodore Hodgkin was born on 21 April 1877 in a very affluent Quaker family of Darlington in County Durham , North East England . He was the son of Jonathan Backhouse Hodgkin ( 1843-1926 ) , banker and mayor of Darlington , and of Mary Anna Pease , both from Quaker families . The Hodgkins lived in the majestic Victorian manor of Elm Ridge in Darlington . After Leighton Park School he studied first in Kings College , Cambridge , then in St Thomas Hospital , London , to become a medical doctor ( M.B . B.Ch ( Cantab",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": ") ) . Extremely tall , with exceptional charisma and personality , he became President of the English Student Missionary Union from 1902 to 1905 . This organizations aim was to recruit missionaries among British students .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "After completing his studies in 1905 , Henry Hodgkin left immediately for Chengdu , in the Sichuan province , China , as a missionary The Friends Foreign Missionary Association , a Quaker organisation which later became The Friends Service Council ; he stayed in China until 1909 . During his stay in Chnegdu , he helped set up the West China Union University , a Protestant university sponsored by several Protestant churches until its closure in 1926 ; after 1926 the Chinese professors took over from the foreign professors , and perpetuated their work so well that this university has",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "now been incorporated into Chengdus various universities .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " From 1910 to 1920 , Henry Hodgkin returned to England , to be the Secretary of The Friends Foreign Missionary Association . He departed again for China in 1921 , initially to deliver a series of lectures . He received however as a result a pressing invitation to become one of the secretaries of the National Christian Council of China ; he held this position from 1922 to 1929 . Launching of the International Fellowship of Reconciliation .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "During his decade in Britain from 1910 to 1920 , Hodgkin became active on the pacifist scene . In the summer of 1914 , he had joined a group of about 150 European Christians who were convinced that a major conflagration was coming soon in Europe and who had gathered in Constance , in southern Germany , to envisage possible actions to avert an actual war . This conference was far from successful since it was interrupted by the actual declaration of war ! While conference participants were hurriedly returning home by train , Henry Hodgkin and the German Lutheran",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "pastor Friedrich Siegmund-Schultze made a mutual commitment before parting in Cologne that while their countries might be at war with each other , We are one in Christ and can never be at war . This commitment implied of course to abstain from any direct personal participation in the conflict , in line with the traditional pacifist Quaker position , but also to work relentlessly to reestablish peace between their two nations no matter the policies of their governments .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "Hodgkin kept his word immediately and initiated a first meeting at Queens College , Cambridge , where he lectured in philosophy : an ecumenical group of about 20 people came together to reflect on the implications of war on their personal and community life . They wrote a common declaration stating they could conceive God as a nationalist and couldnt accept the idea of a moratorium on the Sermon on the Mount on hold for the duration of the war . The first chapter of the Fellowship of Reconciliation ( FOR ) was born . Another meeting gathered 128 people",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "at Trinity College , Cambridge , where Henry Hodgkin was elected president of the FOR .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In 1915 Hodgkin travelled to New York City with a group of 66 people and convened a meeting at Union Theological Seminary that included some very influential theologians and ministers the day , including Reinhold Niebuhr ( who would become critical of Christian pacifism in the ’30s and consequently break with the FOR ) . Among those present that day were Edward Evans , Norman Thomas , socialist educator Jessie Wallace Hughan ( who would later found the more secular War Resisters League ) , Episcopalian bishop Paul Jones ( who would be forced to resign his Utah see in",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "April 1918 because of his outspoken opposition to World War I ) , Grace Hutchins et John Haynes Holmes . The American chapter of the now International Fellowship of Reconciliation was then founded .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In 1929 Henry Hodgkin was called to launch the Quaker religious and social meeting centre of Pendle Hill near Philadelphia ( Pendle Hill being the name of the Lancashire hill where George Fox , the inspirator of Quakerism , had his founding vision ) . Historian Douglas Gwyn has shown Henry Hodgkin’s determining role , contributing his spiritual depth and his social concern to the drafting of the meeting centre’s vision : Pendle Hill’s early vision was to be a vital center of spiritual culture and as a place for training leaders . In 1929 , Henry Hodgkin gathered a",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "dozen leaders to discern the direction for this new center and four key focus areas were chosen as a result :",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " - House of Rest , a place of peace and deep quiet ; - School of the Prophets , a place to be grounded in a few well-chosen areas rather than teaching on many interesting topics ; - Laboratory of Ideas , a place to test beliefs in practice ; and - Fellowship ’Round Christ among students and staff . He had to leave this position in 1932 for health reasons .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Henry Hodgkin wrote several books , among which : - The Message and Mission of Quakerism ( 1912 ) ( with William Charles Braithwaite ( 1862 – 1922 ) ) - Friends beyond the Seas ( 1916 ) - Lay religion ( New York , 1919 ) - The Missionary Spirit - Swarthmore Lecture for 1916 - The Christian Revolution ( 1923 ) - Living Issues in China ( 1932 )",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "Hodgkins philosophy was rooted in his Quaker faith , which brought along a deep adhesion to pacifism and in a high social sensitivity . His views evolved from a strict English Quaker missionary’s view to a more multicultural approach . One of his biographers wrote that he was a man large of body and mind . He summarised his own evolution as follows : By processes too numerous and diverse even to summarize , I have reached a position which may be stated in a general way somewhat like this : I believe that Gods best for another may be",
"title": "Philosophy"
},
{
"text": "so different from my experience and way of living as to be actually impossible for me . I recognize a change to have taken place in myself , from a certain assumption that mine was really the better way , to a very complete recognition that there is no one better way and that God needs all kinds of people and ways of living through which to manifest Himself in the World . This has seemed to carry with it two conclusions which greatly affect conduct . One is that I really find myself wanting to learn from people whom",
"title": "Philosophy"
},
{
"text": "I previously would have regarded as fit objects for my missionary zeal . To discover another way in which God is operating - along lines it may be distasteful or dangerous to me - is a large part of the fun of living . The second direction in which conduct is influenced is the deliberate attempt to share the life and interests of others who are not in my circle .. . [ for ] in such sharing I can most deeply understand the others life and through that reach , maybe , fresh truths about God .",
"title": "Philosophy"
},
{
"text": " Henry Hodgkin married Elizabeth Joy Montgomery . They had three children . He died on 26 March 1933 in Dublin a few weeks after undergoing surgery . His family counted a variety of personalities who deeply influenced the region of Darlington : - As a banker , his father had financed a fair share of the regions industrial development . - His father-in-law , John Pease was the oldest son of railway pioneer Edward Pease , and another affluent Quaker industrialist who had the Elm Ridge manor built .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": "- His brother Jonathan Edward Hodgkin ( 1875-1953 ) was a devoted humanitarian during World War I , heading the local branch of The Friends War Victims Relief Committee - FWVRC . From 1916 on he served in Durham as a Quaker chaplain to the imprisoned conscientious objectors and organised transport for wounded in Darlington district . He also became treasurer of the London Peace Society .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - His sister Mary Hodgkin ( 1882-1956 ) was the secretary of Darlington Town Mission for many years . She raised the needed money to build the Chapel at the Darlington Memorial Hospital for the use of the patients .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Gijsbert Gerrit Jacob den Boggende , The Fellowship of Reconciliation 1914-1945 , A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy , McMaster University , Hamilton , Ontario , 1986 - Dave D’Albert , A Lexicon of Spiritual Leaders In the IFOR Peace Movement , Part 1 , Version 3 , 2010 - Douglas Gwyn , Personality and Place : The Life and Times of Pendle Hill ( Anglais ) Broché – 22 December 2014 ,",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": "- Obituary published by the British Medical Journal , 1 April 1933",
"title": "Bibliography"
}
] |
/wiki/Henry_Hodgkin#P463#2
|
What organization or association or team did Henry Hodgkin join in 1929?
|
Henry Hodgkin Henry Hodgkin ( 1877-1933 ) was a medical doctor and a British Quaker missionary who , in the course of his 55-year life , co-founded the West China Union University in Chengdu , co-founded and led the first Christian pacifist movement , the International Fellowship of Reconciliation , and founded the Pendle Hill Quaker meeting and training center , in Wallingford , Pennsylvania . Life . Early years . Henry Theodore Hodgkin was born on 21 April 1877 in a very affluent Quaker family of Darlington in County Durham , North East England . He was the son of Jonathan Backhouse Hodgkin ( 1843-1926 ) , banker and mayor of Darlington , and of Mary Anna Pease , both from Quaker families . The Hodgkins lived in the majestic Victorian manor of Elm Ridge in Darlington . After Leighton Park School he studied first in Kings College , Cambridge , then in St Thomas Hospital , London , to become a medical doctor ( M.B . B.Ch ( Cantab ) ) . Extremely tall , with exceptional charisma and personality , he became President of the English Student Missionary Union from 1902 to 1905 . This organizations aim was to recruit missionaries among British students . Missionary work in China . After completing his studies in 1905 , Henry Hodgkin left immediately for Chengdu , in the Sichuan province , China , as a missionary The Friends Foreign Missionary Association , a Quaker organisation which later became The Friends Service Council ; he stayed in China until 1909 . During his stay in Chnegdu , he helped set up the West China Union University , a Protestant university sponsored by several Protestant churches until its closure in 1926 ; after 1926 the Chinese professors took over from the foreign professors , and perpetuated their work so well that this university has now been incorporated into Chengdus various universities . From 1910 to 1920 , Henry Hodgkin returned to England , to be the Secretary of The Friends Foreign Missionary Association . He departed again for China in 1921 , initially to deliver a series of lectures . He received however as a result a pressing invitation to become one of the secretaries of the National Christian Council of China ; he held this position from 1922 to 1929 . Launching of the International Fellowship of Reconciliation . During his decade in Britain from 1910 to 1920 , Hodgkin became active on the pacifist scene . In the summer of 1914 , he had joined a group of about 150 European Christians who were convinced that a major conflagration was coming soon in Europe and who had gathered in Constance , in southern Germany , to envisage possible actions to avert an actual war . This conference was far from successful since it was interrupted by the actual declaration of war ! While conference participants were hurriedly returning home by train , Henry Hodgkin and the German Lutheran pastor Friedrich Siegmund-Schultze made a mutual commitment before parting in Cologne that while their countries might be at war with each other , We are one in Christ and can never be at war . This commitment implied of course to abstain from any direct personal participation in the conflict , in line with the traditional pacifist Quaker position , but also to work relentlessly to reestablish peace between their two nations no matter the policies of their governments . Hodgkin kept his word immediately and initiated a first meeting at Queens College , Cambridge , where he lectured in philosophy : an ecumenical group of about 20 people came together to reflect on the implications of war on their personal and community life . They wrote a common declaration stating they could conceive God as a nationalist and couldnt accept the idea of a moratorium on the Sermon on the Mount on hold for the duration of the war . The first chapter of the Fellowship of Reconciliation ( FOR ) was born . Another meeting gathered 128 people at Trinity College , Cambridge , where Henry Hodgkin was elected president of the FOR . In 1915 Hodgkin travelled to New York City with a group of 66 people and convened a meeting at Union Theological Seminary that included some very influential theologians and ministers the day , including Reinhold Niebuhr ( who would become critical of Christian pacifism in the ’30s and consequently break with the FOR ) . Among those present that day were Edward Evans , Norman Thomas , socialist educator Jessie Wallace Hughan ( who would later found the more secular War Resisters League ) , Episcopalian bishop Paul Jones ( who would be forced to resign his Utah see in April 1918 because of his outspoken opposition to World War I ) , Grace Hutchins et John Haynes Holmes . The American chapter of the now International Fellowship of Reconciliation was then founded . Work in the United States . In 1929 Henry Hodgkin was called to launch the Quaker religious and social meeting centre of Pendle Hill near Philadelphia ( Pendle Hill being the name of the Lancashire hill where George Fox , the inspirator of Quakerism , had his founding vision ) . Historian Douglas Gwyn has shown Henry Hodgkin’s determining role , contributing his spiritual depth and his social concern to the drafting of the meeting centre’s vision : Pendle Hill’s early vision was to be a vital center of spiritual culture and as a place for training leaders . In 1929 , Henry Hodgkin gathered a dozen leaders to discern the direction for this new center and four key focus areas were chosen as a result : - House of Rest , a place of peace and deep quiet ; - School of the Prophets , a place to be grounded in a few well-chosen areas rather than teaching on many interesting topics ; - Laboratory of Ideas , a place to test beliefs in practice ; and - Fellowship ’Round Christ among students and staff . He had to leave this position in 1932 for health reasons . Books . Henry Hodgkin wrote several books , among which : - The Message and Mission of Quakerism ( 1912 ) ( with William Charles Braithwaite ( 1862 – 1922 ) ) - Friends beyond the Seas ( 1916 ) - Lay religion ( New York , 1919 ) - The Missionary Spirit - Swarthmore Lecture for 1916 - The Christian Revolution ( 1923 ) - Living Issues in China ( 1932 ) Philosophy . Hodgkins philosophy was rooted in his Quaker faith , which brought along a deep adhesion to pacifism and in a high social sensitivity . His views evolved from a strict English Quaker missionary’s view to a more multicultural approach . One of his biographers wrote that he was a man large of body and mind . He summarised his own evolution as follows : By processes too numerous and diverse even to summarize , I have reached a position which may be stated in a general way somewhat like this : I believe that Gods best for another may be so different from my experience and way of living as to be actually impossible for me . I recognize a change to have taken place in myself , from a certain assumption that mine was really the better way , to a very complete recognition that there is no one better way and that God needs all kinds of people and ways of living through which to manifest Himself in the World . This has seemed to carry with it two conclusions which greatly affect conduct . One is that I really find myself wanting to learn from people whom I previously would have regarded as fit objects for my missionary zeal . To discover another way in which God is operating - along lines it may be distasteful or dangerous to me - is a large part of the fun of living . The second direction in which conduct is influenced is the deliberate attempt to share the life and interests of others who are not in my circle .. . [ for ] in such sharing I can most deeply understand the others life and through that reach , maybe , fresh truths about God . Family . Henry Hodgkin married Elizabeth Joy Montgomery . They had three children . He died on 26 March 1933 in Dublin a few weeks after undergoing surgery . His family counted a variety of personalities who deeply influenced the region of Darlington : - As a banker , his father had financed a fair share of the regions industrial development . - His father-in-law , John Pease was the oldest son of railway pioneer Edward Pease , and another affluent Quaker industrialist who had the Elm Ridge manor built . - His brother Jonathan Edward Hodgkin ( 1875-1953 ) was a devoted humanitarian during World War I , heading the local branch of The Friends War Victims Relief Committee - FWVRC . From 1916 on he served in Durham as a Quaker chaplain to the imprisoned conscientious objectors and organised transport for wounded in Darlington district . He also became treasurer of the London Peace Society . - His sister Mary Hodgkin ( 1882-1956 ) was the secretary of Darlington Town Mission for many years . She raised the needed money to build the Chapel at the Darlington Memorial Hospital for the use of the patients . References . Bibliography . - Gijsbert Gerrit Jacob den Boggende , The Fellowship of Reconciliation 1914-1945 , A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy , McMaster University , Hamilton , Ontario , 1986 - Dave D’Albert , A Lexicon of Spiritual Leaders In the IFOR Peace Movement , Part 1 , Version 3 , 2010 - Douglas Gwyn , Personality and Place : The Life and Times of Pendle Hill ( Anglais ) Broché – 22 December 2014 , - Obituary published by the British Medical Journal , 1 April 1933
|
[
"religious and social meeting centre of Pendle Hill"
] |
[
{
"text": " Henry Hodgkin ( 1877-1933 ) was a medical doctor and a British Quaker missionary who , in the course of his 55-year life , co-founded the West China Union University in Chengdu , co-founded and led the first Christian pacifist movement , the International Fellowship of Reconciliation , and founded the Pendle Hill Quaker meeting and training center , in Wallingford , Pennsylvania .",
"title": "Henry Hodgkin"
},
{
"text": "Henry Theodore Hodgkin was born on 21 April 1877 in a very affluent Quaker family of Darlington in County Durham , North East England . He was the son of Jonathan Backhouse Hodgkin ( 1843-1926 ) , banker and mayor of Darlington , and of Mary Anna Pease , both from Quaker families . The Hodgkins lived in the majestic Victorian manor of Elm Ridge in Darlington . After Leighton Park School he studied first in Kings College , Cambridge , then in St Thomas Hospital , London , to become a medical doctor ( M.B . B.Ch ( Cantab",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": ") ) . Extremely tall , with exceptional charisma and personality , he became President of the English Student Missionary Union from 1902 to 1905 . This organizations aim was to recruit missionaries among British students .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "After completing his studies in 1905 , Henry Hodgkin left immediately for Chengdu , in the Sichuan province , China , as a missionary The Friends Foreign Missionary Association , a Quaker organisation which later became The Friends Service Council ; he stayed in China until 1909 . During his stay in Chnegdu , he helped set up the West China Union University , a Protestant university sponsored by several Protestant churches until its closure in 1926 ; after 1926 the Chinese professors took over from the foreign professors , and perpetuated their work so well that this university has",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "now been incorporated into Chengdus various universities .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " From 1910 to 1920 , Henry Hodgkin returned to England , to be the Secretary of The Friends Foreign Missionary Association . He departed again for China in 1921 , initially to deliver a series of lectures . He received however as a result a pressing invitation to become one of the secretaries of the National Christian Council of China ; he held this position from 1922 to 1929 . Launching of the International Fellowship of Reconciliation .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "During his decade in Britain from 1910 to 1920 , Hodgkin became active on the pacifist scene . In the summer of 1914 , he had joined a group of about 150 European Christians who were convinced that a major conflagration was coming soon in Europe and who had gathered in Constance , in southern Germany , to envisage possible actions to avert an actual war . This conference was far from successful since it was interrupted by the actual declaration of war ! While conference participants were hurriedly returning home by train , Henry Hodgkin and the German Lutheran",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "pastor Friedrich Siegmund-Schultze made a mutual commitment before parting in Cologne that while their countries might be at war with each other , We are one in Christ and can never be at war . This commitment implied of course to abstain from any direct personal participation in the conflict , in line with the traditional pacifist Quaker position , but also to work relentlessly to reestablish peace between their two nations no matter the policies of their governments .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "Hodgkin kept his word immediately and initiated a first meeting at Queens College , Cambridge , where he lectured in philosophy : an ecumenical group of about 20 people came together to reflect on the implications of war on their personal and community life . They wrote a common declaration stating they could conceive God as a nationalist and couldnt accept the idea of a moratorium on the Sermon on the Mount on hold for the duration of the war . The first chapter of the Fellowship of Reconciliation ( FOR ) was born . Another meeting gathered 128 people",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "at Trinity College , Cambridge , where Henry Hodgkin was elected president of the FOR .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In 1915 Hodgkin travelled to New York City with a group of 66 people and convened a meeting at Union Theological Seminary that included some very influential theologians and ministers the day , including Reinhold Niebuhr ( who would become critical of Christian pacifism in the ’30s and consequently break with the FOR ) . Among those present that day were Edward Evans , Norman Thomas , socialist educator Jessie Wallace Hughan ( who would later found the more secular War Resisters League ) , Episcopalian bishop Paul Jones ( who would be forced to resign his Utah see in",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "April 1918 because of his outspoken opposition to World War I ) , Grace Hutchins et John Haynes Holmes . The American chapter of the now International Fellowship of Reconciliation was then founded .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In 1929 Henry Hodgkin was called to launch the Quaker religious and social meeting centre of Pendle Hill near Philadelphia ( Pendle Hill being the name of the Lancashire hill where George Fox , the inspirator of Quakerism , had his founding vision ) . Historian Douglas Gwyn has shown Henry Hodgkin’s determining role , contributing his spiritual depth and his social concern to the drafting of the meeting centre’s vision : Pendle Hill’s early vision was to be a vital center of spiritual culture and as a place for training leaders . In 1929 , Henry Hodgkin gathered a",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "dozen leaders to discern the direction for this new center and four key focus areas were chosen as a result :",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " - House of Rest , a place of peace and deep quiet ; - School of the Prophets , a place to be grounded in a few well-chosen areas rather than teaching on many interesting topics ; - Laboratory of Ideas , a place to test beliefs in practice ; and - Fellowship ’Round Christ among students and staff . He had to leave this position in 1932 for health reasons .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Henry Hodgkin wrote several books , among which : - The Message and Mission of Quakerism ( 1912 ) ( with William Charles Braithwaite ( 1862 – 1922 ) ) - Friends beyond the Seas ( 1916 ) - Lay religion ( New York , 1919 ) - The Missionary Spirit - Swarthmore Lecture for 1916 - The Christian Revolution ( 1923 ) - Living Issues in China ( 1932 )",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "Hodgkins philosophy was rooted in his Quaker faith , which brought along a deep adhesion to pacifism and in a high social sensitivity . His views evolved from a strict English Quaker missionary’s view to a more multicultural approach . One of his biographers wrote that he was a man large of body and mind . He summarised his own evolution as follows : By processes too numerous and diverse even to summarize , I have reached a position which may be stated in a general way somewhat like this : I believe that Gods best for another may be",
"title": "Philosophy"
},
{
"text": "so different from my experience and way of living as to be actually impossible for me . I recognize a change to have taken place in myself , from a certain assumption that mine was really the better way , to a very complete recognition that there is no one better way and that God needs all kinds of people and ways of living through which to manifest Himself in the World . This has seemed to carry with it two conclusions which greatly affect conduct . One is that I really find myself wanting to learn from people whom",
"title": "Philosophy"
},
{
"text": "I previously would have regarded as fit objects for my missionary zeal . To discover another way in which God is operating - along lines it may be distasteful or dangerous to me - is a large part of the fun of living . The second direction in which conduct is influenced is the deliberate attempt to share the life and interests of others who are not in my circle .. . [ for ] in such sharing I can most deeply understand the others life and through that reach , maybe , fresh truths about God .",
"title": "Philosophy"
},
{
"text": " Henry Hodgkin married Elizabeth Joy Montgomery . They had three children . He died on 26 March 1933 in Dublin a few weeks after undergoing surgery . His family counted a variety of personalities who deeply influenced the region of Darlington : - As a banker , his father had financed a fair share of the regions industrial development . - His father-in-law , John Pease was the oldest son of railway pioneer Edward Pease , and another affluent Quaker industrialist who had the Elm Ridge manor built .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": "- His brother Jonathan Edward Hodgkin ( 1875-1953 ) was a devoted humanitarian during World War I , heading the local branch of The Friends War Victims Relief Committee - FWVRC . From 1916 on he served in Durham as a Quaker chaplain to the imprisoned conscientious objectors and organised transport for wounded in Darlington district . He also became treasurer of the London Peace Society .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - His sister Mary Hodgkin ( 1882-1956 ) was the secretary of Darlington Town Mission for many years . She raised the needed money to build the Chapel at the Darlington Memorial Hospital for the use of the patients .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Gijsbert Gerrit Jacob den Boggende , The Fellowship of Reconciliation 1914-1945 , A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy , McMaster University , Hamilton , Ontario , 1986 - Dave D’Albert , A Lexicon of Spiritual Leaders In the IFOR Peace Movement , Part 1 , Version 3 , 2010 - Douglas Gwyn , Personality and Place : The Life and Times of Pendle Hill ( Anglais ) Broché – 22 December 2014 ,",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": "- Obituary published by the British Medical Journal , 1 April 1933",
"title": "Bibliography"
}
] |
/wiki/Henry_Hodgkin#P463#3
|
What organization or association or team did Henry Hodgkin join in 1905?
|
Henry Hodgkin Henry Hodgkin ( 1877-1933 ) was a medical doctor and a British Quaker missionary who , in the course of his 55-year life , co-founded the West China Union University in Chengdu , co-founded and led the first Christian pacifist movement , the International Fellowship of Reconciliation , and founded the Pendle Hill Quaker meeting and training center , in Wallingford , Pennsylvania . Life . Early years . Henry Theodore Hodgkin was born on 21 April 1877 in a very affluent Quaker family of Darlington in County Durham , North East England . He was the son of Jonathan Backhouse Hodgkin ( 1843-1926 ) , banker and mayor of Darlington , and of Mary Anna Pease , both from Quaker families . The Hodgkins lived in the majestic Victorian manor of Elm Ridge in Darlington . After Leighton Park School he studied first in Kings College , Cambridge , then in St Thomas Hospital , London , to become a medical doctor ( M.B . B.Ch ( Cantab ) ) . Extremely tall , with exceptional charisma and personality , he became President of the English Student Missionary Union from 1902 to 1905 . This organizations aim was to recruit missionaries among British students . Missionary work in China . After completing his studies in 1905 , Henry Hodgkin left immediately for Chengdu , in the Sichuan province , China , as a missionary The Friends Foreign Missionary Association , a Quaker organisation which later became The Friends Service Council ; he stayed in China until 1909 . During his stay in Chnegdu , he helped set up the West China Union University , a Protestant university sponsored by several Protestant churches until its closure in 1926 ; after 1926 the Chinese professors took over from the foreign professors , and perpetuated their work so well that this university has now been incorporated into Chengdus various universities . From 1910 to 1920 , Henry Hodgkin returned to England , to be the Secretary of The Friends Foreign Missionary Association . He departed again for China in 1921 , initially to deliver a series of lectures . He received however as a result a pressing invitation to become one of the secretaries of the National Christian Council of China ; he held this position from 1922 to 1929 . Launching of the International Fellowship of Reconciliation . During his decade in Britain from 1910 to 1920 , Hodgkin became active on the pacifist scene . In the summer of 1914 , he had joined a group of about 150 European Christians who were convinced that a major conflagration was coming soon in Europe and who had gathered in Constance , in southern Germany , to envisage possible actions to avert an actual war . This conference was far from successful since it was interrupted by the actual declaration of war ! While conference participants were hurriedly returning home by train , Henry Hodgkin and the German Lutheran pastor Friedrich Siegmund-Schultze made a mutual commitment before parting in Cologne that while their countries might be at war with each other , We are one in Christ and can never be at war . This commitment implied of course to abstain from any direct personal participation in the conflict , in line with the traditional pacifist Quaker position , but also to work relentlessly to reestablish peace between their two nations no matter the policies of their governments . Hodgkin kept his word immediately and initiated a first meeting at Queens College , Cambridge , where he lectured in philosophy : an ecumenical group of about 20 people came together to reflect on the implications of war on their personal and community life . They wrote a common declaration stating they could conceive God as a nationalist and couldnt accept the idea of a moratorium on the Sermon on the Mount on hold for the duration of the war . The first chapter of the Fellowship of Reconciliation ( FOR ) was born . Another meeting gathered 128 people at Trinity College , Cambridge , where Henry Hodgkin was elected president of the FOR . In 1915 Hodgkin travelled to New York City with a group of 66 people and convened a meeting at Union Theological Seminary that included some very influential theologians and ministers the day , including Reinhold Niebuhr ( who would become critical of Christian pacifism in the ’30s and consequently break with the FOR ) . Among those present that day were Edward Evans , Norman Thomas , socialist educator Jessie Wallace Hughan ( who would later found the more secular War Resisters League ) , Episcopalian bishop Paul Jones ( who would be forced to resign his Utah see in April 1918 because of his outspoken opposition to World War I ) , Grace Hutchins et John Haynes Holmes . The American chapter of the now International Fellowship of Reconciliation was then founded . Work in the United States . In 1929 Henry Hodgkin was called to launch the Quaker religious and social meeting centre of Pendle Hill near Philadelphia ( Pendle Hill being the name of the Lancashire hill where George Fox , the inspirator of Quakerism , had his founding vision ) . Historian Douglas Gwyn has shown Henry Hodgkin’s determining role , contributing his spiritual depth and his social concern to the drafting of the meeting centre’s vision : Pendle Hill’s early vision was to be a vital center of spiritual culture and as a place for training leaders . In 1929 , Henry Hodgkin gathered a dozen leaders to discern the direction for this new center and four key focus areas were chosen as a result : - House of Rest , a place of peace and deep quiet ; - School of the Prophets , a place to be grounded in a few well-chosen areas rather than teaching on many interesting topics ; - Laboratory of Ideas , a place to test beliefs in practice ; and - Fellowship ’Round Christ among students and staff . He had to leave this position in 1932 for health reasons . Books . Henry Hodgkin wrote several books , among which : - The Message and Mission of Quakerism ( 1912 ) ( with William Charles Braithwaite ( 1862 – 1922 ) ) - Friends beyond the Seas ( 1916 ) - Lay religion ( New York , 1919 ) - The Missionary Spirit - Swarthmore Lecture for 1916 - The Christian Revolution ( 1923 ) - Living Issues in China ( 1932 ) Philosophy . Hodgkins philosophy was rooted in his Quaker faith , which brought along a deep adhesion to pacifism and in a high social sensitivity . His views evolved from a strict English Quaker missionary’s view to a more multicultural approach . One of his biographers wrote that he was a man large of body and mind . He summarised his own evolution as follows : By processes too numerous and diverse even to summarize , I have reached a position which may be stated in a general way somewhat like this : I believe that Gods best for another may be so different from my experience and way of living as to be actually impossible for me . I recognize a change to have taken place in myself , from a certain assumption that mine was really the better way , to a very complete recognition that there is no one better way and that God needs all kinds of people and ways of living through which to manifest Himself in the World . This has seemed to carry with it two conclusions which greatly affect conduct . One is that I really find myself wanting to learn from people whom I previously would have regarded as fit objects for my missionary zeal . To discover another way in which God is operating - along lines it may be distasteful or dangerous to me - is a large part of the fun of living . The second direction in which conduct is influenced is the deliberate attempt to share the life and interests of others who are not in my circle .. . [ for ] in such sharing I can most deeply understand the others life and through that reach , maybe , fresh truths about God . Family . Henry Hodgkin married Elizabeth Joy Montgomery . They had three children . He died on 26 March 1933 in Dublin a few weeks after undergoing surgery . His family counted a variety of personalities who deeply influenced the region of Darlington : - As a banker , his father had financed a fair share of the regions industrial development . - His father-in-law , John Pease was the oldest son of railway pioneer Edward Pease , and another affluent Quaker industrialist who had the Elm Ridge manor built . - His brother Jonathan Edward Hodgkin ( 1875-1953 ) was a devoted humanitarian during World War I , heading the local branch of The Friends War Victims Relief Committee - FWVRC . From 1916 on he served in Durham as a Quaker chaplain to the imprisoned conscientious objectors and organised transport for wounded in Darlington district . He also became treasurer of the London Peace Society . - His sister Mary Hodgkin ( 1882-1956 ) was the secretary of Darlington Town Mission for many years . She raised the needed money to build the Chapel at the Darlington Memorial Hospital for the use of the patients . References . Bibliography . - Gijsbert Gerrit Jacob den Boggende , The Fellowship of Reconciliation 1914-1945 , A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy , McMaster University , Hamilton , Ontario , 1986 - Dave D’Albert , A Lexicon of Spiritual Leaders In the IFOR Peace Movement , Part 1 , Version 3 , 2010 - Douglas Gwyn , Personality and Place : The Life and Times of Pendle Hill ( Anglais ) Broché – 22 December 2014 , - Obituary published by the British Medical Journal , 1 April 1933
|
[
"West China Union University"
] |
[
{
"text": " Henry Hodgkin ( 1877-1933 ) was a medical doctor and a British Quaker missionary who , in the course of his 55-year life , co-founded the West China Union University in Chengdu , co-founded and led the first Christian pacifist movement , the International Fellowship of Reconciliation , and founded the Pendle Hill Quaker meeting and training center , in Wallingford , Pennsylvania .",
"title": "Henry Hodgkin"
},
{
"text": "Henry Theodore Hodgkin was born on 21 April 1877 in a very affluent Quaker family of Darlington in County Durham , North East England . He was the son of Jonathan Backhouse Hodgkin ( 1843-1926 ) , banker and mayor of Darlington , and of Mary Anna Pease , both from Quaker families . The Hodgkins lived in the majestic Victorian manor of Elm Ridge in Darlington . After Leighton Park School he studied first in Kings College , Cambridge , then in St Thomas Hospital , London , to become a medical doctor ( M.B . B.Ch ( Cantab",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": ") ) . Extremely tall , with exceptional charisma and personality , he became President of the English Student Missionary Union from 1902 to 1905 . This organizations aim was to recruit missionaries among British students .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "After completing his studies in 1905 , Henry Hodgkin left immediately for Chengdu , in the Sichuan province , China , as a missionary The Friends Foreign Missionary Association , a Quaker organisation which later became The Friends Service Council ; he stayed in China until 1909 . During his stay in Chnegdu , he helped set up the West China Union University , a Protestant university sponsored by several Protestant churches until its closure in 1926 ; after 1926 the Chinese professors took over from the foreign professors , and perpetuated their work so well that this university has",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "now been incorporated into Chengdus various universities .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " From 1910 to 1920 , Henry Hodgkin returned to England , to be the Secretary of The Friends Foreign Missionary Association . He departed again for China in 1921 , initially to deliver a series of lectures . He received however as a result a pressing invitation to become one of the secretaries of the National Christian Council of China ; he held this position from 1922 to 1929 . Launching of the International Fellowship of Reconciliation .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "During his decade in Britain from 1910 to 1920 , Hodgkin became active on the pacifist scene . In the summer of 1914 , he had joined a group of about 150 European Christians who were convinced that a major conflagration was coming soon in Europe and who had gathered in Constance , in southern Germany , to envisage possible actions to avert an actual war . This conference was far from successful since it was interrupted by the actual declaration of war ! While conference participants were hurriedly returning home by train , Henry Hodgkin and the German Lutheran",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "pastor Friedrich Siegmund-Schultze made a mutual commitment before parting in Cologne that while their countries might be at war with each other , We are one in Christ and can never be at war . This commitment implied of course to abstain from any direct personal participation in the conflict , in line with the traditional pacifist Quaker position , but also to work relentlessly to reestablish peace between their two nations no matter the policies of their governments .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "Hodgkin kept his word immediately and initiated a first meeting at Queens College , Cambridge , where he lectured in philosophy : an ecumenical group of about 20 people came together to reflect on the implications of war on their personal and community life . They wrote a common declaration stating they could conceive God as a nationalist and couldnt accept the idea of a moratorium on the Sermon on the Mount on hold for the duration of the war . The first chapter of the Fellowship of Reconciliation ( FOR ) was born . Another meeting gathered 128 people",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "at Trinity College , Cambridge , where Henry Hodgkin was elected president of the FOR .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In 1915 Hodgkin travelled to New York City with a group of 66 people and convened a meeting at Union Theological Seminary that included some very influential theologians and ministers the day , including Reinhold Niebuhr ( who would become critical of Christian pacifism in the ’30s and consequently break with the FOR ) . Among those present that day were Edward Evans , Norman Thomas , socialist educator Jessie Wallace Hughan ( who would later found the more secular War Resisters League ) , Episcopalian bishop Paul Jones ( who would be forced to resign his Utah see in",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "April 1918 because of his outspoken opposition to World War I ) , Grace Hutchins et John Haynes Holmes . The American chapter of the now International Fellowship of Reconciliation was then founded .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In 1929 Henry Hodgkin was called to launch the Quaker religious and social meeting centre of Pendle Hill near Philadelphia ( Pendle Hill being the name of the Lancashire hill where George Fox , the inspirator of Quakerism , had his founding vision ) . Historian Douglas Gwyn has shown Henry Hodgkin’s determining role , contributing his spiritual depth and his social concern to the drafting of the meeting centre’s vision : Pendle Hill’s early vision was to be a vital center of spiritual culture and as a place for training leaders . In 1929 , Henry Hodgkin gathered a",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "dozen leaders to discern the direction for this new center and four key focus areas were chosen as a result :",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " - House of Rest , a place of peace and deep quiet ; - School of the Prophets , a place to be grounded in a few well-chosen areas rather than teaching on many interesting topics ; - Laboratory of Ideas , a place to test beliefs in practice ; and - Fellowship ’Round Christ among students and staff . He had to leave this position in 1932 for health reasons .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Henry Hodgkin wrote several books , among which : - The Message and Mission of Quakerism ( 1912 ) ( with William Charles Braithwaite ( 1862 – 1922 ) ) - Friends beyond the Seas ( 1916 ) - Lay religion ( New York , 1919 ) - The Missionary Spirit - Swarthmore Lecture for 1916 - The Christian Revolution ( 1923 ) - Living Issues in China ( 1932 )",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "Hodgkins philosophy was rooted in his Quaker faith , which brought along a deep adhesion to pacifism and in a high social sensitivity . His views evolved from a strict English Quaker missionary’s view to a more multicultural approach . One of his biographers wrote that he was a man large of body and mind . He summarised his own evolution as follows : By processes too numerous and diverse even to summarize , I have reached a position which may be stated in a general way somewhat like this : I believe that Gods best for another may be",
"title": "Philosophy"
},
{
"text": "so different from my experience and way of living as to be actually impossible for me . I recognize a change to have taken place in myself , from a certain assumption that mine was really the better way , to a very complete recognition that there is no one better way and that God needs all kinds of people and ways of living through which to manifest Himself in the World . This has seemed to carry with it two conclusions which greatly affect conduct . One is that I really find myself wanting to learn from people whom",
"title": "Philosophy"
},
{
"text": "I previously would have regarded as fit objects for my missionary zeal . To discover another way in which God is operating - along lines it may be distasteful or dangerous to me - is a large part of the fun of living . The second direction in which conduct is influenced is the deliberate attempt to share the life and interests of others who are not in my circle .. . [ for ] in such sharing I can most deeply understand the others life and through that reach , maybe , fresh truths about God .",
"title": "Philosophy"
},
{
"text": " Henry Hodgkin married Elizabeth Joy Montgomery . They had three children . He died on 26 March 1933 in Dublin a few weeks after undergoing surgery . His family counted a variety of personalities who deeply influenced the region of Darlington : - As a banker , his father had financed a fair share of the regions industrial development . - His father-in-law , John Pease was the oldest son of railway pioneer Edward Pease , and another affluent Quaker industrialist who had the Elm Ridge manor built .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": "- His brother Jonathan Edward Hodgkin ( 1875-1953 ) was a devoted humanitarian during World War I , heading the local branch of The Friends War Victims Relief Committee - FWVRC . From 1916 on he served in Durham as a Quaker chaplain to the imprisoned conscientious objectors and organised transport for wounded in Darlington district . He also became treasurer of the London Peace Society .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - His sister Mary Hodgkin ( 1882-1956 ) was the secretary of Darlington Town Mission for many years . She raised the needed money to build the Chapel at the Darlington Memorial Hospital for the use of the patients .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Gijsbert Gerrit Jacob den Boggende , The Fellowship of Reconciliation 1914-1945 , A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy , McMaster University , Hamilton , Ontario , 1986 - Dave D’Albert , A Lexicon of Spiritual Leaders In the IFOR Peace Movement , Part 1 , Version 3 , 2010 - Douglas Gwyn , Personality and Place : The Life and Times of Pendle Hill ( Anglais ) Broché – 22 December 2014 ,",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": "- Obituary published by the British Medical Journal , 1 April 1933",
"title": "Bibliography"
}
] |
/wiki/Yann_M'Vila#P54#0
|
Which team did the player Yann M'Vila belong to between Aug 2006 and Oct 2006?
|
Yann MVila Yann Gérard MVila ( born 29 June 1990 ) is a French professional footballer who plays for Greek club Olympiacos . He operates primarily as a defensive midfielder , and is described by his former club as a player who possesses excellent defensive abilities and impressive physical strength , but can also play as a box-to-box midfielder , due to his impressive work rates and stamina . He is the younger brother of Yohan MVila . MVila is a French international , having played at all levels for which he was eligible . He has captained several of his age groups including the under-19 team that reached the semi-finals of the 2009 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship . MVila also played on France teams that participated in the 2007 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship and the 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup . He is currently playing for the senior team . MVila made his senior debut on 11 August 2010 in a friendly match against Norway , and was part of the French squad which reached the quarter-finals of UEFA Euro 2012 . Club career . Early career . MVila began his football career at age six for ES Sains-Saint-Fussien . He spent three years at the club and , in July 1999 , joined the biggest club in the region , Amiens SC . MVila joined the club as a youth player and practiced in the clubs soccer school , which was established by his father , who had previously played on the clubs reserve team . After spending five seasons at the club , MVila left the club after developing friction and ventured to Paris to join FC Mantes . During his short stint at Mantes , MVila lived with his grandparents . MVila admitted that , during his time at Mantes , he had forgot his dream of becoming a professional footballer . The desire was brought back after he was discovered by a Rennes scout in October 2004 . The following month , MVila departed Mantes to join the prestigious youth academy of Rennes after signing an aspirant ( youth ) contract with the club . Among MVilas teammates in the youth system included fellow prospects Damien Le Tallec , the younger brother of Anthony Le Tallec , Yohann Lasimant , Abdoul Camara and Yacine Brahimi . The combination of MVila , Brahimi , Camara , and Le Tallec , all four being members of the class of 1990 , were particularly instrumental in their youth teams successes . With the under-16 team , the foursome won the Tournoi Carisport , a national tournament that regularly pits the top academies in France against each other . Two seasons later with the under-18 team , MVila won the under-18 league championship for the 2006–07 season . In 2008 , the youth academy achieved its biggest honour after winning the Coupe Gambardella . The title was Rennes third Gambardella Cup and its first since 2003 when the likes of Yoann Gourcuff and Sylvain Marveaux were playing in the competition . In the final , Rennes faced Bordeaux and MVila was tasked with the objective of containing fellow French starlet Grégory Sertic . He accomplished the task and also scored a goal on a left-footed strike from out leading the team to a 3–0 victory . Rennes . Following the 2006–07 season , on 11 August 2007 MVila , alongside teammates Le Tallec and Camara , signed his first professional contract after agreeing to a three-year deal with Rennes . He spent the entire season playing on the clubs reserve team in the Championnat de France amateur in the fourth division before being officially promoted to the senior squad and assigned the number 15 shirt for the 2008–09 season . Due to having minor surgery on his toenail and his attitude being questioned by manager Guy Lacombe , MVila missed significant practice time with the senior team and began the season with the clubs Championnat de France amateur team for the second consecutive year . Despite Lacombe questioning the players attitude , MVila has declared that he bears no ill feelings towards Lacombe . He subsequently appeared in 20 matches with the reserve team and scored no goals as the team finished first among professional clubs in its group , thus qualifying for the playoffs , where the club lost to Lyon in the semi-finals . Following a successful international campaign with the France under-19 team , on 13 August 2009 , new manager Frédéric Antonetti announced that MVila would be earning some significant playing time with the club for the 2009–10 season . Two days later , after appearing with the CFA team in the first week of the season , he was named to the 19-man squad to face Nice . He made his professional debut in that match appearing as a substitute in the 80th minute . Due to the suspension of Japanese midfielder Junichi Inamoto , MVila earned his first start the following week against Marseille . He played the entire match , which ended 1–1 . The following week against Lens , MVila earned his first professional red card . After returning from suspension , MVila never lost his place within the team breaking the starting eleven in all the remaining league matches , save for one . On 15 September 2009 , MVila signed a contract extension with Rennes until June 2013 . On 27 August 2010 , he agreed to another extension with the club . The new deal extends until 2014 . On 18 December , in a 1–0 win over Valenciennes , MVila played the entire match completing 100 of his 112 attempted passes , the former statistical output being a league-high for the season . Due to his performances domestically and internationally , MVila was linked to Spanish club Real Madrid and English club Liverpool during the fall season . In December 2010 , the midfielder quelled the interest by declaring his commitment to Rennes and also jokingly stating that he would only depart Rennes after scoring his first goal . Coincidentally , he scored his first professional goal on 9 January 2011 in a 7–0 hammering of Championnat National club Cannes in the Coupe de France . A week later , MVila scored his first career league goal in a 4–0 win over Arles-Avignon . On 20 February , MVila scored the opening goal for Rennes , converting a free kick , in a 2–1 win over Toulouse . MVila was rewarded for his performances during the season with a nomination for the UNFP Ligue 1 Young Player of the Year . The midfielder lost out on the award to national team teammate Mamadou Sakho , but was given consolation with an appearance on the organizations Team of the Year . A day later , Rennes confirmed on its website that MVila had signed a one-year contract extension with the club . The new deal will keep him with Rennes until 2015 . MVila opened the 2011–12 season making his European debut in a UEFA Europa League third qualifying round first leg tie against Georgian club Metalurgi Rustavi on 28 July 2011 . MVila played the entire match in a 5–2 win . On 25 August , he scored his first and only goal of the campaign in a 4–0 second leg win over Serbian club Red Star Belgrade in the Europa League playoff round . On 15 September , MVila captained Rennes for the first time in a 1–1 league draw with Nancy . He finished the campaign appearing in a career-high 50 matches , which included all 38 league contests , as Rennes finished in sixth place . Despite consistently appearing with the team , as the season progressed , MVila was subjected to criticism from the clubs supporters due to his under-performance as perceived by them . The criticism culminated on 11 April 2012 following the midfielders performance in Rennes shock 2–1 defeat to semi-professional club Quevilly in the semi-finals of the Coupe de France . In the teams ensuing match against Nice , MVila was jeered by the clubs support . The midfielder was defended by his coach Antonetti , who declared , We demand a lot from MVila . But , we forget that he has already given so much to the club , while also joking that MVila touched the ball so much that they [ supporters ] couldnt keep up . It made me smile a little . Rubin Kazan . On 22 January 2013 , it was announced that Rennes had accepted an offer in the region of €12 million from Rubin Kazan for MVila . MVila went AWOL during the 2013–14 winter break , failing to join Rubin Kazans training camp in Turkey and instead returning to France . This caused a dispute with coach Rinat Bilyaletdinov . Inter Milan ( loan ) . On 15 July 2014 , MVila joined Inter Milan on loan from Rubin Kazan until the end of the 2014–15 season with an option to purchase the player on a permanent basis . He made his Serie A debut on 31 August as they began the season with a goalless draw at Torino ; he was substituted after 56 minutes for fellow debutant Dani Osvaldo . On 25 January , it was announced that the loan had been terminated and therefore Mvila returned to Kazan following a disagreement with new Inter manager Roberto Mancini . MVila spent a period training with Dynamo Moscow , but did not officially sign for the Russian club after a dispute resulting in the trashing of his Moscow home . Sunderland ( loan ) . On 6 August 2015 , MVila joined English Premier League side Sunderland on a season-long loan with a view to being made a permanent deal . He made his first appearance for the club in an under-21 match against Norwich City , but was sent off after 69 minutes for a head-butt on Jamar Loza . On 29 August 2015 , MVila scored his first Sunderland goal , a long range free-kick against Aston Villa . On 25 October 2015 , MVila was named the Premier League man of the match in Sunderlands 3–0 home victory over Newcastle United in the Tyne-Wear derby . He subsequently described the atmosphere of the match as the best he had played in , eclipsing that of the Milan Derby . After another man of the match performance in a 3–1 defeat at Arsenal on 5 December 2015 , MVila was praised by teammate Ola Toivonen , who described him as a top European player . As he plays more games hes going to show that hes the top player we know he is . In February 2016 , MVila expressed his desire to stay at Sunderland on a permanent basis , provided the Black Cats avoided relegation . He also hoped to reach an agreement with Rubin Kazan to terminate his contract , which was running until December 2016 . MVila ultimately finished the season with 37 league appearances for Sunderland , as they ultimately secured survival with a 3–0 home victory over Everton on 11 May 2016 . Manager Sam Allardyce confirmed both club and player were keen to make the move permanent . On 1 September 2016 , MVila took his frustrations to Instagram after the club rejected to sign the player by not picking up the phone . MVila was a fan favourite during his time in the North East which caused a massive angering response to Sunderland club owner Ellis Short . Return to Rubin . MVila played his first game for Rubin in two years upon the return from loans on 22 September 2016 when he came on as a substitute in a Russian Cup matchup against Chita . Rubin manager Javi Gracia chose to play Alex Song over MVila at the defensive midfield position in all the league games up to that point . MVila returned to league action for Rubin on 2 October 2016 , when he was a late substitute in a game against Krasnodar . In Rubins next match , against Krylia Sovetov Samara on 15 October , MVila returned to the starting line-up , pushing Song to the bench . On 26 December , MVila signed a three-and-a-half-year contract extension with Rubin that was expected to run until the summer of 2020 . Saint-Etienne . On 12 January 2018 , MVila was released from his Rubin Kazan contract , before signing for AS Saint-Étienne until the summer of 2019 . Olympiacos . On 13 September 2020 , MVila signed a three-year contract with Super League Greece side Olympiacos . International career . Youth . MVila has featured for all of Frances national youth teams for which he was eligible beginning with the under-16 team . He made his international debut with the team on 23 May 2006 in a friendly match against Romania . MVila made his only other appearance in the team in the return leg against Romania . MVila began featuring as a regular international with the under-17 team making his debut on 5 December 2006 in a friendly match against the Czech Republic . MVila scored his first international goal on 20 February 2007 against Portugal in the Algarve Cup . He was a member of the team that reached the semi-finals at the 2007 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship where they lost to England . In the competition , MVila scored a goal against group stage opponents Ukraine in a 2–2 draw . The draw resulted in France advancing to the 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup held in South Korea . MVila appeared in all five matches helping the team reach the quarter-finals where they were defeated by Spain on penalties . With the under-18 team , MVila appeared in six of the ten matches the team contested . He made his debut with the team in its opening match against the United States in the Tournoi de Limoges . MVila appeared in all 18 matches scoring 3 goals with the under-19 team . He was given the honor of captaining the team by coach Jean Gallice . He scored one goal during the qualification process against Romania in a 3–0 victory . The victory assured qualification to the tournament . At the tournament , held in the Ukraine , MVila appeared in all three group stage matches helping France reach the semi-finals . Due to picking up a yellow card in back-to-back matches , MVila missed the semi-final defeat to England . Upon receiving the yellow card in the final group stage match against Spain , a very distraught MVila palmed his face into his knees as he knew he would miss the important semi-final match . Just days after the under-19 elimination , MVila was called up to the under-21 team , the only one of the under-19 squad , to participate in the teams friendly match against Poland on 12 August . He made his under-21 debut in that match appearing as a substitute in the 74th minute of a 2–2 draw . On 25 February 2010 , MVila was reportedly named to the senior team for their friendly against Spain on 3 March . The news was based on the preliminary list sent to news agencies minutes before coach Raymond Domenech was to announce the squad in a press conference . However , following the formalization of the list at the start of the press conference , his name was replaced with Marseille midfielder Benoît Cheyrou . MVila was later called up to the under-21 team for their friendly against Croatia , but withdrew from the team due to injury . Senior . On 11 May , MVila was named to the 30-man preliminary list by Domenech to play in the 2010 FIFA World Cup but failed to make the final 23 . On 5 August 2010 , MVila was officially called up to the senior team for the first time by new manager Laurent Blanc for the teams friendly match against Norway on 11 August 2010 . He earned his first senior cap in the match starting in the defensive midfielder role . Despite France losing the match 2–1 , MVila earned rave reviews for his performance , with many media outlets in France naming him the teams player of the match . Following his debut , MVila appeared in five consecutive matches for France . After starting in the teams UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying victory over Bosnia and Herzegovina in September 2010 , he became the only player to feature as a starter in Blancs first three matches as manager . On 25 March 2011 , MVila completed 92.5 percent of his 134 attempted passes in a 2–0 UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying win over Luxembourg . The feat was the best by any France player in an international match since 2006 . On 2 September 2011 , MVila scored his first international goal in a 2–1 Euro qualifying victory over Albania . After appearing regularly in qualifying for Euro 2012 , on 29 May 2012 MVila was named to the squad to participate in the competition . After missing the teams opening match against England due to an ankle injury , on 15 June , he made his debut at a senior international competition in the teams second group stage match against the Ukraine . MVila appeared as a substitute for Alou Diarra in the second half as France won the match 2–0 . MVila last played for French representative teams when he featured in both legs of the France U21 teams qualification playoff with Norway U21 ; the Norwegians aggregate victory meant France failed to qualify for the final tournament . On 8 November 2012 , MVila was banned from national team matches until June 2014 after an unauthorised night out while on under-21 duty . Style of play . MVila primarily plays as a defensive midfielder and is described as a player who boasts a fantastic work-rate and is robust in the challenge . He is also known for his passing ability and superb vision . MVila has earned critical acclaim for his playing style , which has led to coaches and players drawing comparisons to fellow French internationals Patrick Vieira and Claude Makélélé . Under manager Frédéric Antonetti at Rennes , despite playing as a defensive midfielder , MVila acts as the teams deep-lying playmaker and is often instrumental in building-up attacks from the back . His importance in the team was shown in Rennes 1–0 league defeat to Toulouse during the 2011–12 season , in which the Bretagne side failed to produce anything offensively . MVila , himself , declared that Rennes struggled because he was forced to play in a withdrawn role due to the opponents being organized to close me down and , as a result , he was not in the drivers seat . Though , he plays as a defensive midfielder , MVila can also play as a box-to-box midfielder as he has done at times under Laurent Blanc at international level . MVilas passing ability and ability to retain possession consistently has been described as precise and imaginative , respectively . His manager Antonetti has declared that MVila reads the game like Makélélé , has the presence of Vieira and can pass the ball like Yaya Touré . In the past two Ligue 1 seasons ( 2010–11 and 2011–12 ) , MVila led the league each season in passes attempted and passes completed finishing the campaigns with a combined passing percentage of 84 percent . In the 2010–11 season , he finished third behind attacking midfielders Yohan Cabaye and Morgan Amalfitano in balls played . Despite his position , MVila is also known for his disciplined style of play . So far in his career as a professional , in which he has accumulated over 120 appearances , MVila has collected only 16 yellow cards and suffered only one expulsion , which came in his third professional appearance ; he was also expelled from the teams 2011–12 UEFA Europa League group stage match against Celtic in November 2011 , but this was after incurring a second bookable offence . Despite the positive opinions , MVila has endured criticism , most notably from Rennes former manager Guy Lacombe , who viewed the player as a loose cannon while also questioning MVilas attitude and dedication . While MVila initially voiced his frustration at his lack of playing time under Lacombe , he has since stated he bears no ill feelings towards his former manager . After hearing MVilas initial frustrations in May 2010 , Lacombe informed French publication France Football that , If he [ MVila ] had a black season , its more his fault than that of the coaches , referring to MVilas 2008–09 season after signing his first professional contract . Personal life . MVila was born in Amiens , Somme . His father , Jean-Elvis MVila , was a former football player who is originally from the Republic of the Congo . He moved to France in 1983 and played football for 13 years regularly turning out for the reserves of local club Amiens SC . His father currently resides in Cholet . He was a police officer and now works in metallurgy . Yann also has two younger sisters and an older brother . His brother , Yohan MVila , also plays professional football . Yann , himself , is married and has a son who was born when he was 18 years old . In 2010 , his wife gave birth to another child . Honours . Rennes Youth - Coupe Gambardella : 2007–08 Olympiacos - Super League Greece : 2020–21 Individual - UNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year : 2010–11
|
[
"Rennes"
] |
[
{
"text": " Yann Gérard MVila ( born 29 June 1990 ) is a French professional footballer who plays for Greek club Olympiacos . He operates primarily as a defensive midfielder , and is described by his former club as a player who possesses excellent defensive abilities and impressive physical strength , but can also play as a box-to-box midfielder , due to his impressive work rates and stamina . He is the younger brother of Yohan MVila .",
"title": "Yann MVila"
},
{
"text": "MVila is a French international , having played at all levels for which he was eligible . He has captained several of his age groups including the under-19 team that reached the semi-finals of the 2009 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship . MVila also played on France teams that participated in the 2007 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship and the 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup . He is currently playing for the senior team . MVila made his senior debut on 11 August 2010 in a friendly match against Norway , and was part of the French squad which reached",
"title": "Yann MVila"
},
{
"text": "the quarter-finals of UEFA Euro 2012 .",
"title": "Yann MVila"
},
{
"text": "MVila began his football career at age six for ES Sains-Saint-Fussien . He spent three years at the club and , in July 1999 , joined the biggest club in the region , Amiens SC . MVila joined the club as a youth player and practiced in the clubs soccer school , which was established by his father , who had previously played on the clubs reserve team . After spending five seasons at the club , MVila left the club after developing friction and ventured to Paris to join FC Mantes . During his short stint at Mantes ,",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "MVila lived with his grandparents . MVila admitted that , during his time at Mantes , he had forgot his dream of becoming a professional footballer . The desire was brought back after he was discovered by a Rennes scout in October 2004 . The following month , MVila departed Mantes to join the prestigious youth academy of Rennes after signing an aspirant ( youth ) contract with the club .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Among MVilas teammates in the youth system included fellow prospects Damien Le Tallec , the younger brother of Anthony Le Tallec , Yohann Lasimant , Abdoul Camara and Yacine Brahimi . The combination of MVila , Brahimi , Camara , and Le Tallec , all four being members of the class of 1990 , were particularly instrumental in their youth teams successes . With the under-16 team , the foursome won the Tournoi Carisport , a national tournament that regularly pits the top academies in France against each other . Two seasons later with the under-18 team , MVila won",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "the under-18 league championship for the 2006–07 season . In 2008 , the youth academy achieved its biggest honour after winning the Coupe Gambardella . The title was Rennes third Gambardella Cup and its first since 2003 when the likes of Yoann Gourcuff and Sylvain Marveaux were playing in the competition . In the final , Rennes faced Bordeaux and MVila was tasked with the objective of containing fellow French starlet Grégory Sertic . He accomplished the task and also scored a goal on a left-footed strike from out leading the team to a 3–0 victory .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Following the 2006–07 season , on 11 August 2007 MVila , alongside teammates Le Tallec and Camara , signed his first professional contract after agreeing to a three-year deal with Rennes . He spent the entire season playing on the clubs reserve team in the Championnat de France amateur in the fourth division before being officially promoted to the senior squad and assigned the number 15 shirt for the 2008–09 season . Due to having minor surgery on his toenail and his attitude being questioned by manager Guy Lacombe , MVila missed significant practice time with the senior team and",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": "began the season with the clubs Championnat de France amateur team for the second consecutive year . Despite Lacombe questioning the players attitude , MVila has declared that he bears no ill feelings towards Lacombe . He subsequently appeared in 20 matches with the reserve team and scored no goals as the team finished first among professional clubs in its group , thus qualifying for the playoffs , where the club lost to Lyon in the semi-finals .",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": "Following a successful international campaign with the France under-19 team , on 13 August 2009 , new manager Frédéric Antonetti announced that MVila would be earning some significant playing time with the club for the 2009–10 season . Two days later , after appearing with the CFA team in the first week of the season , he was named to the 19-man squad to face Nice . He made his professional debut in that match appearing as a substitute in the 80th minute . Due to the suspension of Japanese midfielder Junichi Inamoto , MVila earned his first start the",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": "following week against Marseille . He played the entire match , which ended 1–1 . The following week against Lens , MVila earned his first professional red card . After returning from suspension , MVila never lost his place within the team breaking the starting eleven in all the remaining league matches , save for one .",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": "On 15 September 2009 , MVila signed a contract extension with Rennes until June 2013 . On 27 August 2010 , he agreed to another extension with the club . The new deal extends until 2014 . On 18 December , in a 1–0 win over Valenciennes , MVila played the entire match completing 100 of his 112 attempted passes , the former statistical output being a league-high for the season . Due to his performances domestically and internationally , MVila was linked to Spanish club Real Madrid and English club Liverpool during the fall season . In December 2010",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": ", the midfielder quelled the interest by declaring his commitment to Rennes and also jokingly stating that he would only depart Rennes after scoring his first goal . Coincidentally , he scored his first professional goal on 9 January 2011 in a 7–0 hammering of Championnat National club Cannes in the Coupe de France . A week later , MVila scored his first career league goal in a 4–0 win over Arles-Avignon . On 20 February , MVila scored the opening goal for Rennes , converting a free kick , in a 2–1 win over Toulouse . MVila was rewarded",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": "for his performances during the season with a nomination for the UNFP Ligue 1 Young Player of the Year . The midfielder lost out on the award to national team teammate Mamadou Sakho , but was given consolation with an appearance on the organizations Team of the Year . A day later , Rennes confirmed on its website that MVila had signed a one-year contract extension with the club . The new deal will keep him with Rennes until 2015 .",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": "MVila opened the 2011–12 season making his European debut in a UEFA Europa League third qualifying round first leg tie against Georgian club Metalurgi Rustavi on 28 July 2011 . MVila played the entire match in a 5–2 win . On 25 August , he scored his first and only goal of the campaign in a 4–0 second leg win over Serbian club Red Star Belgrade in the Europa League playoff round . On 15 September , MVila captained Rennes for the first time in a 1–1 league draw with Nancy . He finished the campaign appearing in a career-high",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": "50 matches , which included all 38 league contests , as Rennes finished in sixth place . Despite consistently appearing with the team , as the season progressed , MVila was subjected to criticism from the clubs supporters due to his under-performance as perceived by them . The criticism culminated on 11 April 2012 following the midfielders performance in Rennes shock 2–1 defeat to semi-professional club Quevilly in the semi-finals of the Coupe de France . In the teams ensuing match against Nice , MVila was jeered by the clubs support . The midfielder was defended by his coach Antonetti",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": ", who declared , We demand a lot from MVila . But , we forget that he has already given so much to the club , while also joking that MVila touched the ball so much that they [ supporters ] couldnt keep up . It made me smile a little .",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": " On 22 January 2013 , it was announced that Rennes had accepted an offer in the region of €12 million from Rubin Kazan for MVila . MVila went AWOL during the 2013–14 winter break , failing to join Rubin Kazans training camp in Turkey and instead returning to France . This caused a dispute with coach Rinat Bilyaletdinov . Inter Milan ( loan ) .",
"title": "Rubin Kazan"
},
{
"text": "On 15 July 2014 , MVila joined Inter Milan on loan from Rubin Kazan until the end of the 2014–15 season with an option to purchase the player on a permanent basis . He made his Serie A debut on 31 August as they began the season with a goalless draw at Torino ; he was substituted after 56 minutes for fellow debutant Dani Osvaldo . On 25 January , it was announced that the loan had been terminated and therefore Mvila returned to Kazan following a disagreement with new Inter manager Roberto Mancini .",
"title": "Rubin Kazan"
},
{
"text": " MVila spent a period training with Dynamo Moscow , but did not officially sign for the Russian club after a dispute resulting in the trashing of his Moscow home . Sunderland ( loan ) .",
"title": "Rubin Kazan"
},
{
"text": "On 6 August 2015 , MVila joined English Premier League side Sunderland on a season-long loan with a view to being made a permanent deal . He made his first appearance for the club in an under-21 match against Norwich City , but was sent off after 69 minutes for a head-butt on Jamar Loza . On 29 August 2015 , MVila scored his first Sunderland goal , a long range free-kick against Aston Villa . On 25 October 2015 , MVila was named the Premier League man of the match in Sunderlands 3–0 home victory over Newcastle United in",
"title": "Rubin Kazan"
},
{
"text": "the Tyne-Wear derby . He subsequently described the atmosphere of the match as the best he had played in , eclipsing that of the Milan Derby . After another man of the match performance in a 3–1 defeat at Arsenal on 5 December 2015 , MVila was praised by teammate Ola Toivonen , who described him as a top European player . As he plays more games hes going to show that hes the top player we know he is .",
"title": "Rubin Kazan"
},
{
"text": " In February 2016 , MVila expressed his desire to stay at Sunderland on a permanent basis , provided the Black Cats avoided relegation . He also hoped to reach an agreement with Rubin Kazan to terminate his contract , which was running until December 2016 . MVila ultimately finished the season with 37 league appearances for Sunderland , as they ultimately secured survival with a 3–0 home victory over Everton on 11 May 2016 . Manager Sam Allardyce confirmed both club and player were keen to make the move permanent .",
"title": "Rubin Kazan"
},
{
"text": "On 1 September 2016 , MVila took his frustrations to Instagram after the club rejected to sign the player by not picking up the phone . MVila was a fan favourite during his time in the North East which caused a massive angering response to Sunderland club owner Ellis Short .",
"title": "Rubin Kazan"
},
{
"text": "MVila played his first game for Rubin in two years upon the return from loans on 22 September 2016 when he came on as a substitute in a Russian Cup matchup against Chita . Rubin manager Javi Gracia chose to play Alex Song over MVila at the defensive midfield position in all the league games up to that point . MVila returned to league action for Rubin on 2 October 2016 , when he was a late substitute in a game against Krasnodar . In Rubins next match , against Krylia Sovetov Samara on 15 October , MVila returned to",
"title": "Return to Rubin"
},
{
"text": "the starting line-up , pushing Song to the bench . On 26 December , MVila signed a three-and-a-half-year contract extension with Rubin that was expected to run until the summer of 2020 .",
"title": "Return to Rubin"
},
{
"text": " On 12 January 2018 , MVila was released from his Rubin Kazan contract , before signing for AS Saint-Étienne until the summer of 2019 .",
"title": "Saint-Etienne"
},
{
"text": " On 13 September 2020 , MVila signed a three-year contract with Super League Greece side Olympiacos .",
"title": "Olympiacos"
},
{
"text": "MVila has featured for all of Frances national youth teams for which he was eligible beginning with the under-16 team . He made his international debut with the team on 23 May 2006 in a friendly match against Romania . MVila made his only other appearance in the team in the return leg against Romania . MVila began featuring as a regular international with the under-17 team making his debut on 5 December 2006 in a friendly match against the Czech Republic . MVila scored his first international goal on 20 February 2007 against Portugal in the Algarve Cup .",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": "He was a member of the team that reached the semi-finals at the 2007 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship where they lost to England . In the competition , MVila scored a goal against group stage opponents Ukraine in a 2–2 draw . The draw resulted in France advancing to the 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup held in South Korea . MVila appeared in all five matches helping the team reach the quarter-finals where they were defeated by Spain on penalties .",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": "With the under-18 team , MVila appeared in six of the ten matches the team contested . He made his debut with the team in its opening match against the United States in the Tournoi de Limoges . MVila appeared in all 18 matches scoring 3 goals with the under-19 team . He was given the honor of captaining the team by coach Jean Gallice . He scored one goal during the qualification process against Romania in a 3–0 victory . The victory assured qualification to the tournament . At the tournament , held in the Ukraine , MVila appeared",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": "in all three group stage matches helping France reach the semi-finals . Due to picking up a yellow card in back-to-back matches , MVila missed the semi-final defeat to England . Upon receiving the yellow card in the final group stage match against Spain , a very distraught MVila palmed his face into his knees as he knew he would miss the important semi-final match .",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": "Just days after the under-19 elimination , MVila was called up to the under-21 team , the only one of the under-19 squad , to participate in the teams friendly match against Poland on 12 August . He made his under-21 debut in that match appearing as a substitute in the 74th minute of a 2–2 draw . On 25 February 2010 , MVila was reportedly named to the senior team for their friendly against Spain on 3 March . The news was based on the preliminary list sent to news agencies minutes before coach Raymond Domenech was to announce",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": "the squad in a press conference . However , following the formalization of the list at the start of the press conference , his name was replaced with Marseille midfielder Benoît Cheyrou . MVila was later called up to the under-21 team for their friendly against Croatia , but withdrew from the team due to injury .",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": "On 11 May , MVila was named to the 30-man preliminary list by Domenech to play in the 2010 FIFA World Cup but failed to make the final 23 . On 5 August 2010 , MVila was officially called up to the senior team for the first time by new manager Laurent Blanc for the teams friendly match against Norway on 11 August 2010 . He earned his first senior cap in the match starting in the defensive midfielder role . Despite France losing the match 2–1 , MVila earned rave reviews for his performance , with many media outlets",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "in France naming him the teams player of the match .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "Following his debut , MVila appeared in five consecutive matches for France . After starting in the teams UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying victory over Bosnia and Herzegovina in September 2010 , he became the only player to feature as a starter in Blancs first three matches as manager . On 25 March 2011 , MVila completed 92.5 percent of his 134 attempted passes in a 2–0 UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying win over Luxembourg . The feat was the best by any France player in an international match since 2006 . On 2 September 2011 , MVila scored his first international",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "goal in a 2–1 Euro qualifying victory over Albania .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": " After appearing regularly in qualifying for Euro 2012 , on 29 May 2012 MVila was named to the squad to participate in the competition . After missing the teams opening match against England due to an ankle injury , on 15 June , he made his debut at a senior international competition in the teams second group stage match against the Ukraine . MVila appeared as a substitute for Alou Diarra in the second half as France won the match 2–0 .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "MVila last played for French representative teams when he featured in both legs of the France U21 teams qualification playoff with Norway U21 ; the Norwegians aggregate victory meant France failed to qualify for the final tournament . On 8 November 2012 , MVila was banned from national team matches until June 2014 after an unauthorised night out while on under-21 duty .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "MVila primarily plays as a defensive midfielder and is described as a player who boasts a fantastic work-rate and is robust in the challenge . He is also known for his passing ability and superb vision . MVila has earned critical acclaim for his playing style , which has led to coaches and players drawing comparisons to fellow French internationals Patrick Vieira and Claude Makélélé . Under manager Frédéric Antonetti at Rennes , despite playing as a defensive midfielder , MVila acts as the teams deep-lying playmaker and is often instrumental in building-up attacks from the back . His importance",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "in the team was shown in Rennes 1–0 league defeat to Toulouse during the 2011–12 season , in which the Bretagne side failed to produce anything offensively . MVila , himself , declared that Rennes struggled because he was forced to play in a withdrawn role due to the opponents being organized to close me down and , as a result , he was not in the drivers seat . Though , he plays as a defensive midfielder , MVila can also play as a box-to-box midfielder as he has done at times under Laurent Blanc at international level .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "MVilas passing ability and ability to retain possession consistently has been described as precise and imaginative , respectively . His manager Antonetti has declared that MVila reads the game like Makélélé , has the presence of Vieira and can pass the ball like Yaya Touré . In the past two Ligue 1 seasons ( 2010–11 and 2011–12 ) , MVila led the league each season in passes attempted and passes completed finishing the campaigns with a combined passing percentage of 84 percent . In the 2010–11 season , he finished third behind attacking midfielders Yohan Cabaye and Morgan Amalfitano in",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "balls played . Despite his position , MVila is also known for his disciplined style of play . So far in his career as a professional , in which he has accumulated over 120 appearances , MVila has collected only 16 yellow cards and suffered only one expulsion , which came in his third professional appearance ; he was also expelled from the teams 2011–12 UEFA Europa League group stage match against Celtic in November 2011 , but this was after incurring a second bookable offence .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "Despite the positive opinions , MVila has endured criticism , most notably from Rennes former manager Guy Lacombe , who viewed the player as a loose cannon while also questioning MVilas attitude and dedication . While MVila initially voiced his frustration at his lack of playing time under Lacombe , he has since stated he bears no ill feelings towards his former manager . After hearing MVilas initial frustrations in May 2010 , Lacombe informed French publication France Football that , If he [ MVila ] had a black season , its more his fault than that of the coaches",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": ", referring to MVilas 2008–09 season after signing his first professional contract .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "MVila was born in Amiens , Somme . His father , Jean-Elvis MVila , was a former football player who is originally from the Republic of the Congo . He moved to France in 1983 and played football for 13 years regularly turning out for the reserves of local club Amiens SC . His father currently resides in Cholet . He was a police officer and now works in metallurgy . Yann also has two younger sisters and an older brother . His brother , Yohan MVila , also plays professional football . Yann , himself , is married and",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "has a son who was born when he was 18 years old . In 2010 , his wife gave birth to another child .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - UNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year : 2010–11",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Yann_M'Vila#P54#1
|
Which team did the player Yann M'Vila belong to between Jan 2008 and Mar 2008?
|
Yann MVila Yann Gérard MVila ( born 29 June 1990 ) is a French professional footballer who plays for Greek club Olympiacos . He operates primarily as a defensive midfielder , and is described by his former club as a player who possesses excellent defensive abilities and impressive physical strength , but can also play as a box-to-box midfielder , due to his impressive work rates and stamina . He is the younger brother of Yohan MVila . MVila is a French international , having played at all levels for which he was eligible . He has captained several of his age groups including the under-19 team that reached the semi-finals of the 2009 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship . MVila also played on France teams that participated in the 2007 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship and the 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup . He is currently playing for the senior team . MVila made his senior debut on 11 August 2010 in a friendly match against Norway , and was part of the French squad which reached the quarter-finals of UEFA Euro 2012 . Club career . Early career . MVila began his football career at age six for ES Sains-Saint-Fussien . He spent three years at the club and , in July 1999 , joined the biggest club in the region , Amiens SC . MVila joined the club as a youth player and practiced in the clubs soccer school , which was established by his father , who had previously played on the clubs reserve team . After spending five seasons at the club , MVila left the club after developing friction and ventured to Paris to join FC Mantes . During his short stint at Mantes , MVila lived with his grandparents . MVila admitted that , during his time at Mantes , he had forgot his dream of becoming a professional footballer . The desire was brought back after he was discovered by a Rennes scout in October 2004 . The following month , MVila departed Mantes to join the prestigious youth academy of Rennes after signing an aspirant ( youth ) contract with the club . Among MVilas teammates in the youth system included fellow prospects Damien Le Tallec , the younger brother of Anthony Le Tallec , Yohann Lasimant , Abdoul Camara and Yacine Brahimi . The combination of MVila , Brahimi , Camara , and Le Tallec , all four being members of the class of 1990 , were particularly instrumental in their youth teams successes . With the under-16 team , the foursome won the Tournoi Carisport , a national tournament that regularly pits the top academies in France against each other . Two seasons later with the under-18 team , MVila won the under-18 league championship for the 2006–07 season . In 2008 , the youth academy achieved its biggest honour after winning the Coupe Gambardella . The title was Rennes third Gambardella Cup and its first since 2003 when the likes of Yoann Gourcuff and Sylvain Marveaux were playing in the competition . In the final , Rennes faced Bordeaux and MVila was tasked with the objective of containing fellow French starlet Grégory Sertic . He accomplished the task and also scored a goal on a left-footed strike from out leading the team to a 3–0 victory . Rennes . Following the 2006–07 season , on 11 August 2007 MVila , alongside teammates Le Tallec and Camara , signed his first professional contract after agreeing to a three-year deal with Rennes . He spent the entire season playing on the clubs reserve team in the Championnat de France amateur in the fourth division before being officially promoted to the senior squad and assigned the number 15 shirt for the 2008–09 season . Due to having minor surgery on his toenail and his attitude being questioned by manager Guy Lacombe , MVila missed significant practice time with the senior team and began the season with the clubs Championnat de France amateur team for the second consecutive year . Despite Lacombe questioning the players attitude , MVila has declared that he bears no ill feelings towards Lacombe . He subsequently appeared in 20 matches with the reserve team and scored no goals as the team finished first among professional clubs in its group , thus qualifying for the playoffs , where the club lost to Lyon in the semi-finals . Following a successful international campaign with the France under-19 team , on 13 August 2009 , new manager Frédéric Antonetti announced that MVila would be earning some significant playing time with the club for the 2009–10 season . Two days later , after appearing with the CFA team in the first week of the season , he was named to the 19-man squad to face Nice . He made his professional debut in that match appearing as a substitute in the 80th minute . Due to the suspension of Japanese midfielder Junichi Inamoto , MVila earned his first start the following week against Marseille . He played the entire match , which ended 1–1 . The following week against Lens , MVila earned his first professional red card . After returning from suspension , MVila never lost his place within the team breaking the starting eleven in all the remaining league matches , save for one . On 15 September 2009 , MVila signed a contract extension with Rennes until June 2013 . On 27 August 2010 , he agreed to another extension with the club . The new deal extends until 2014 . On 18 December , in a 1–0 win over Valenciennes , MVila played the entire match completing 100 of his 112 attempted passes , the former statistical output being a league-high for the season . Due to his performances domestically and internationally , MVila was linked to Spanish club Real Madrid and English club Liverpool during the fall season . In December 2010 , the midfielder quelled the interest by declaring his commitment to Rennes and also jokingly stating that he would only depart Rennes after scoring his first goal . Coincidentally , he scored his first professional goal on 9 January 2011 in a 7–0 hammering of Championnat National club Cannes in the Coupe de France . A week later , MVila scored his first career league goal in a 4–0 win over Arles-Avignon . On 20 February , MVila scored the opening goal for Rennes , converting a free kick , in a 2–1 win over Toulouse . MVila was rewarded for his performances during the season with a nomination for the UNFP Ligue 1 Young Player of the Year . The midfielder lost out on the award to national team teammate Mamadou Sakho , but was given consolation with an appearance on the organizations Team of the Year . A day later , Rennes confirmed on its website that MVila had signed a one-year contract extension with the club . The new deal will keep him with Rennes until 2015 . MVila opened the 2011–12 season making his European debut in a UEFA Europa League third qualifying round first leg tie against Georgian club Metalurgi Rustavi on 28 July 2011 . MVila played the entire match in a 5–2 win . On 25 August , he scored his first and only goal of the campaign in a 4–0 second leg win over Serbian club Red Star Belgrade in the Europa League playoff round . On 15 September , MVila captained Rennes for the first time in a 1–1 league draw with Nancy . He finished the campaign appearing in a career-high 50 matches , which included all 38 league contests , as Rennes finished in sixth place . Despite consistently appearing with the team , as the season progressed , MVila was subjected to criticism from the clubs supporters due to his under-performance as perceived by them . The criticism culminated on 11 April 2012 following the midfielders performance in Rennes shock 2–1 defeat to semi-professional club Quevilly in the semi-finals of the Coupe de France . In the teams ensuing match against Nice , MVila was jeered by the clubs support . The midfielder was defended by his coach Antonetti , who declared , We demand a lot from MVila . But , we forget that he has already given so much to the club , while also joking that MVila touched the ball so much that they [ supporters ] couldnt keep up . It made me smile a little . Rubin Kazan . On 22 January 2013 , it was announced that Rennes had accepted an offer in the region of €12 million from Rubin Kazan for MVila . MVila went AWOL during the 2013–14 winter break , failing to join Rubin Kazans training camp in Turkey and instead returning to France . This caused a dispute with coach Rinat Bilyaletdinov . Inter Milan ( loan ) . On 15 July 2014 , MVila joined Inter Milan on loan from Rubin Kazan until the end of the 2014–15 season with an option to purchase the player on a permanent basis . He made his Serie A debut on 31 August as they began the season with a goalless draw at Torino ; he was substituted after 56 minutes for fellow debutant Dani Osvaldo . On 25 January , it was announced that the loan had been terminated and therefore Mvila returned to Kazan following a disagreement with new Inter manager Roberto Mancini . MVila spent a period training with Dynamo Moscow , but did not officially sign for the Russian club after a dispute resulting in the trashing of his Moscow home . Sunderland ( loan ) . On 6 August 2015 , MVila joined English Premier League side Sunderland on a season-long loan with a view to being made a permanent deal . He made his first appearance for the club in an under-21 match against Norwich City , but was sent off after 69 minutes for a head-butt on Jamar Loza . On 29 August 2015 , MVila scored his first Sunderland goal , a long range free-kick against Aston Villa . On 25 October 2015 , MVila was named the Premier League man of the match in Sunderlands 3–0 home victory over Newcastle United in the Tyne-Wear derby . He subsequently described the atmosphere of the match as the best he had played in , eclipsing that of the Milan Derby . After another man of the match performance in a 3–1 defeat at Arsenal on 5 December 2015 , MVila was praised by teammate Ola Toivonen , who described him as a top European player . As he plays more games hes going to show that hes the top player we know he is . In February 2016 , MVila expressed his desire to stay at Sunderland on a permanent basis , provided the Black Cats avoided relegation . He also hoped to reach an agreement with Rubin Kazan to terminate his contract , which was running until December 2016 . MVila ultimately finished the season with 37 league appearances for Sunderland , as they ultimately secured survival with a 3–0 home victory over Everton on 11 May 2016 . Manager Sam Allardyce confirmed both club and player were keen to make the move permanent . On 1 September 2016 , MVila took his frustrations to Instagram after the club rejected to sign the player by not picking up the phone . MVila was a fan favourite during his time in the North East which caused a massive angering response to Sunderland club owner Ellis Short . Return to Rubin . MVila played his first game for Rubin in two years upon the return from loans on 22 September 2016 when he came on as a substitute in a Russian Cup matchup against Chita . Rubin manager Javi Gracia chose to play Alex Song over MVila at the defensive midfield position in all the league games up to that point . MVila returned to league action for Rubin on 2 October 2016 , when he was a late substitute in a game against Krasnodar . In Rubins next match , against Krylia Sovetov Samara on 15 October , MVila returned to the starting line-up , pushing Song to the bench . On 26 December , MVila signed a three-and-a-half-year contract extension with Rubin that was expected to run until the summer of 2020 . Saint-Etienne . On 12 January 2018 , MVila was released from his Rubin Kazan contract , before signing for AS Saint-Étienne until the summer of 2019 . Olympiacos . On 13 September 2020 , MVila signed a three-year contract with Super League Greece side Olympiacos . International career . Youth . MVila has featured for all of Frances national youth teams for which he was eligible beginning with the under-16 team . He made his international debut with the team on 23 May 2006 in a friendly match against Romania . MVila made his only other appearance in the team in the return leg against Romania . MVila began featuring as a regular international with the under-17 team making his debut on 5 December 2006 in a friendly match against the Czech Republic . MVila scored his first international goal on 20 February 2007 against Portugal in the Algarve Cup . He was a member of the team that reached the semi-finals at the 2007 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship where they lost to England . In the competition , MVila scored a goal against group stage opponents Ukraine in a 2–2 draw . The draw resulted in France advancing to the 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup held in South Korea . MVila appeared in all five matches helping the team reach the quarter-finals where they were defeated by Spain on penalties . With the under-18 team , MVila appeared in six of the ten matches the team contested . He made his debut with the team in its opening match against the United States in the Tournoi de Limoges . MVila appeared in all 18 matches scoring 3 goals with the under-19 team . He was given the honor of captaining the team by coach Jean Gallice . He scored one goal during the qualification process against Romania in a 3–0 victory . The victory assured qualification to the tournament . At the tournament , held in the Ukraine , MVila appeared in all three group stage matches helping France reach the semi-finals . Due to picking up a yellow card in back-to-back matches , MVila missed the semi-final defeat to England . Upon receiving the yellow card in the final group stage match against Spain , a very distraught MVila palmed his face into his knees as he knew he would miss the important semi-final match . Just days after the under-19 elimination , MVila was called up to the under-21 team , the only one of the under-19 squad , to participate in the teams friendly match against Poland on 12 August . He made his under-21 debut in that match appearing as a substitute in the 74th minute of a 2–2 draw . On 25 February 2010 , MVila was reportedly named to the senior team for their friendly against Spain on 3 March . The news was based on the preliminary list sent to news agencies minutes before coach Raymond Domenech was to announce the squad in a press conference . However , following the formalization of the list at the start of the press conference , his name was replaced with Marseille midfielder Benoît Cheyrou . MVila was later called up to the under-21 team for their friendly against Croatia , but withdrew from the team due to injury . Senior . On 11 May , MVila was named to the 30-man preliminary list by Domenech to play in the 2010 FIFA World Cup but failed to make the final 23 . On 5 August 2010 , MVila was officially called up to the senior team for the first time by new manager Laurent Blanc for the teams friendly match against Norway on 11 August 2010 . He earned his first senior cap in the match starting in the defensive midfielder role . Despite France losing the match 2–1 , MVila earned rave reviews for his performance , with many media outlets in France naming him the teams player of the match . Following his debut , MVila appeared in five consecutive matches for France . After starting in the teams UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying victory over Bosnia and Herzegovina in September 2010 , he became the only player to feature as a starter in Blancs first three matches as manager . On 25 March 2011 , MVila completed 92.5 percent of his 134 attempted passes in a 2–0 UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying win over Luxembourg . The feat was the best by any France player in an international match since 2006 . On 2 September 2011 , MVila scored his first international goal in a 2–1 Euro qualifying victory over Albania . After appearing regularly in qualifying for Euro 2012 , on 29 May 2012 MVila was named to the squad to participate in the competition . After missing the teams opening match against England due to an ankle injury , on 15 June , he made his debut at a senior international competition in the teams second group stage match against the Ukraine . MVila appeared as a substitute for Alou Diarra in the second half as France won the match 2–0 . MVila last played for French representative teams when he featured in both legs of the France U21 teams qualification playoff with Norway U21 ; the Norwegians aggregate victory meant France failed to qualify for the final tournament . On 8 November 2012 , MVila was banned from national team matches until June 2014 after an unauthorised night out while on under-21 duty . Style of play . MVila primarily plays as a defensive midfielder and is described as a player who boasts a fantastic work-rate and is robust in the challenge . He is also known for his passing ability and superb vision . MVila has earned critical acclaim for his playing style , which has led to coaches and players drawing comparisons to fellow French internationals Patrick Vieira and Claude Makélélé . Under manager Frédéric Antonetti at Rennes , despite playing as a defensive midfielder , MVila acts as the teams deep-lying playmaker and is often instrumental in building-up attacks from the back . His importance in the team was shown in Rennes 1–0 league defeat to Toulouse during the 2011–12 season , in which the Bretagne side failed to produce anything offensively . MVila , himself , declared that Rennes struggled because he was forced to play in a withdrawn role due to the opponents being organized to close me down and , as a result , he was not in the drivers seat . Though , he plays as a defensive midfielder , MVila can also play as a box-to-box midfielder as he has done at times under Laurent Blanc at international level . MVilas passing ability and ability to retain possession consistently has been described as precise and imaginative , respectively . His manager Antonetti has declared that MVila reads the game like Makélélé , has the presence of Vieira and can pass the ball like Yaya Touré . In the past two Ligue 1 seasons ( 2010–11 and 2011–12 ) , MVila led the league each season in passes attempted and passes completed finishing the campaigns with a combined passing percentage of 84 percent . In the 2010–11 season , he finished third behind attacking midfielders Yohan Cabaye and Morgan Amalfitano in balls played . Despite his position , MVila is also known for his disciplined style of play . So far in his career as a professional , in which he has accumulated over 120 appearances , MVila has collected only 16 yellow cards and suffered only one expulsion , which came in his third professional appearance ; he was also expelled from the teams 2011–12 UEFA Europa League group stage match against Celtic in November 2011 , but this was after incurring a second bookable offence . Despite the positive opinions , MVila has endured criticism , most notably from Rennes former manager Guy Lacombe , who viewed the player as a loose cannon while also questioning MVilas attitude and dedication . While MVila initially voiced his frustration at his lack of playing time under Lacombe , he has since stated he bears no ill feelings towards his former manager . After hearing MVilas initial frustrations in May 2010 , Lacombe informed French publication France Football that , If he [ MVila ] had a black season , its more his fault than that of the coaches , referring to MVilas 2008–09 season after signing his first professional contract . Personal life . MVila was born in Amiens , Somme . His father , Jean-Elvis MVila , was a former football player who is originally from the Republic of the Congo . He moved to France in 1983 and played football for 13 years regularly turning out for the reserves of local club Amiens SC . His father currently resides in Cholet . He was a police officer and now works in metallurgy . Yann also has two younger sisters and an older brother . His brother , Yohan MVila , also plays professional football . Yann , himself , is married and has a son who was born when he was 18 years old . In 2010 , his wife gave birth to another child . Honours . Rennes Youth - Coupe Gambardella : 2007–08 Olympiacos - Super League Greece : 2020–21 Individual - UNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year : 2010–11
|
[
"Championnat de France"
] |
[
{
"text": " Yann Gérard MVila ( born 29 June 1990 ) is a French professional footballer who plays for Greek club Olympiacos . He operates primarily as a defensive midfielder , and is described by his former club as a player who possesses excellent defensive abilities and impressive physical strength , but can also play as a box-to-box midfielder , due to his impressive work rates and stamina . He is the younger brother of Yohan MVila .",
"title": "Yann MVila"
},
{
"text": "MVila is a French international , having played at all levels for which he was eligible . He has captained several of his age groups including the under-19 team that reached the semi-finals of the 2009 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship . MVila also played on France teams that participated in the 2007 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship and the 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup . He is currently playing for the senior team . MVila made his senior debut on 11 August 2010 in a friendly match against Norway , and was part of the French squad which reached",
"title": "Yann MVila"
},
{
"text": "the quarter-finals of UEFA Euro 2012 .",
"title": "Yann MVila"
},
{
"text": "MVila began his football career at age six for ES Sains-Saint-Fussien . He spent three years at the club and , in July 1999 , joined the biggest club in the region , Amiens SC . MVila joined the club as a youth player and practiced in the clubs soccer school , which was established by his father , who had previously played on the clubs reserve team . After spending five seasons at the club , MVila left the club after developing friction and ventured to Paris to join FC Mantes . During his short stint at Mantes ,",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "MVila lived with his grandparents . MVila admitted that , during his time at Mantes , he had forgot his dream of becoming a professional footballer . The desire was brought back after he was discovered by a Rennes scout in October 2004 . The following month , MVila departed Mantes to join the prestigious youth academy of Rennes after signing an aspirant ( youth ) contract with the club .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Among MVilas teammates in the youth system included fellow prospects Damien Le Tallec , the younger brother of Anthony Le Tallec , Yohann Lasimant , Abdoul Camara and Yacine Brahimi . The combination of MVila , Brahimi , Camara , and Le Tallec , all four being members of the class of 1990 , were particularly instrumental in their youth teams successes . With the under-16 team , the foursome won the Tournoi Carisport , a national tournament that regularly pits the top academies in France against each other . Two seasons later with the under-18 team , MVila won",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "the under-18 league championship for the 2006–07 season . In 2008 , the youth academy achieved its biggest honour after winning the Coupe Gambardella . The title was Rennes third Gambardella Cup and its first since 2003 when the likes of Yoann Gourcuff and Sylvain Marveaux were playing in the competition . In the final , Rennes faced Bordeaux and MVila was tasked with the objective of containing fellow French starlet Grégory Sertic . He accomplished the task and also scored a goal on a left-footed strike from out leading the team to a 3–0 victory .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Following the 2006–07 season , on 11 August 2007 MVila , alongside teammates Le Tallec and Camara , signed his first professional contract after agreeing to a three-year deal with Rennes . He spent the entire season playing on the clubs reserve team in the Championnat de France amateur in the fourth division before being officially promoted to the senior squad and assigned the number 15 shirt for the 2008–09 season . Due to having minor surgery on his toenail and his attitude being questioned by manager Guy Lacombe , MVila missed significant practice time with the senior team and",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": "began the season with the clubs Championnat de France amateur team for the second consecutive year . Despite Lacombe questioning the players attitude , MVila has declared that he bears no ill feelings towards Lacombe . He subsequently appeared in 20 matches with the reserve team and scored no goals as the team finished first among professional clubs in its group , thus qualifying for the playoffs , where the club lost to Lyon in the semi-finals .",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": "Following a successful international campaign with the France under-19 team , on 13 August 2009 , new manager Frédéric Antonetti announced that MVila would be earning some significant playing time with the club for the 2009–10 season . Two days later , after appearing with the CFA team in the first week of the season , he was named to the 19-man squad to face Nice . He made his professional debut in that match appearing as a substitute in the 80th minute . Due to the suspension of Japanese midfielder Junichi Inamoto , MVila earned his first start the",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": "following week against Marseille . He played the entire match , which ended 1–1 . The following week against Lens , MVila earned his first professional red card . After returning from suspension , MVila never lost his place within the team breaking the starting eleven in all the remaining league matches , save for one .",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": "On 15 September 2009 , MVila signed a contract extension with Rennes until June 2013 . On 27 August 2010 , he agreed to another extension with the club . The new deal extends until 2014 . On 18 December , in a 1–0 win over Valenciennes , MVila played the entire match completing 100 of his 112 attempted passes , the former statistical output being a league-high for the season . Due to his performances domestically and internationally , MVila was linked to Spanish club Real Madrid and English club Liverpool during the fall season . In December 2010",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": ", the midfielder quelled the interest by declaring his commitment to Rennes and also jokingly stating that he would only depart Rennes after scoring his first goal . Coincidentally , he scored his first professional goal on 9 January 2011 in a 7–0 hammering of Championnat National club Cannes in the Coupe de France . A week later , MVila scored his first career league goal in a 4–0 win over Arles-Avignon . On 20 February , MVila scored the opening goal for Rennes , converting a free kick , in a 2–1 win over Toulouse . MVila was rewarded",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": "for his performances during the season with a nomination for the UNFP Ligue 1 Young Player of the Year . The midfielder lost out on the award to national team teammate Mamadou Sakho , but was given consolation with an appearance on the organizations Team of the Year . A day later , Rennes confirmed on its website that MVila had signed a one-year contract extension with the club . The new deal will keep him with Rennes until 2015 .",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": "MVila opened the 2011–12 season making his European debut in a UEFA Europa League third qualifying round first leg tie against Georgian club Metalurgi Rustavi on 28 July 2011 . MVila played the entire match in a 5–2 win . On 25 August , he scored his first and only goal of the campaign in a 4–0 second leg win over Serbian club Red Star Belgrade in the Europa League playoff round . On 15 September , MVila captained Rennes for the first time in a 1–1 league draw with Nancy . He finished the campaign appearing in a career-high",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": "50 matches , which included all 38 league contests , as Rennes finished in sixth place . Despite consistently appearing with the team , as the season progressed , MVila was subjected to criticism from the clubs supporters due to his under-performance as perceived by them . The criticism culminated on 11 April 2012 following the midfielders performance in Rennes shock 2–1 defeat to semi-professional club Quevilly in the semi-finals of the Coupe de France . In the teams ensuing match against Nice , MVila was jeered by the clubs support . The midfielder was defended by his coach Antonetti",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": ", who declared , We demand a lot from MVila . But , we forget that he has already given so much to the club , while also joking that MVila touched the ball so much that they [ supporters ] couldnt keep up . It made me smile a little .",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": " On 22 January 2013 , it was announced that Rennes had accepted an offer in the region of €12 million from Rubin Kazan for MVila . MVila went AWOL during the 2013–14 winter break , failing to join Rubin Kazans training camp in Turkey and instead returning to France . This caused a dispute with coach Rinat Bilyaletdinov . Inter Milan ( loan ) .",
"title": "Rubin Kazan"
},
{
"text": "On 15 July 2014 , MVila joined Inter Milan on loan from Rubin Kazan until the end of the 2014–15 season with an option to purchase the player on a permanent basis . He made his Serie A debut on 31 August as they began the season with a goalless draw at Torino ; he was substituted after 56 minutes for fellow debutant Dani Osvaldo . On 25 January , it was announced that the loan had been terminated and therefore Mvila returned to Kazan following a disagreement with new Inter manager Roberto Mancini .",
"title": "Rubin Kazan"
},
{
"text": " MVila spent a period training with Dynamo Moscow , but did not officially sign for the Russian club after a dispute resulting in the trashing of his Moscow home . Sunderland ( loan ) .",
"title": "Rubin Kazan"
},
{
"text": "On 6 August 2015 , MVila joined English Premier League side Sunderland on a season-long loan with a view to being made a permanent deal . He made his first appearance for the club in an under-21 match against Norwich City , but was sent off after 69 minutes for a head-butt on Jamar Loza . On 29 August 2015 , MVila scored his first Sunderland goal , a long range free-kick against Aston Villa . On 25 October 2015 , MVila was named the Premier League man of the match in Sunderlands 3–0 home victory over Newcastle United in",
"title": "Rubin Kazan"
},
{
"text": "the Tyne-Wear derby . He subsequently described the atmosphere of the match as the best he had played in , eclipsing that of the Milan Derby . After another man of the match performance in a 3–1 defeat at Arsenal on 5 December 2015 , MVila was praised by teammate Ola Toivonen , who described him as a top European player . As he plays more games hes going to show that hes the top player we know he is .",
"title": "Rubin Kazan"
},
{
"text": " In February 2016 , MVila expressed his desire to stay at Sunderland on a permanent basis , provided the Black Cats avoided relegation . He also hoped to reach an agreement with Rubin Kazan to terminate his contract , which was running until December 2016 . MVila ultimately finished the season with 37 league appearances for Sunderland , as they ultimately secured survival with a 3–0 home victory over Everton on 11 May 2016 . Manager Sam Allardyce confirmed both club and player were keen to make the move permanent .",
"title": "Rubin Kazan"
},
{
"text": "On 1 September 2016 , MVila took his frustrations to Instagram after the club rejected to sign the player by not picking up the phone . MVila was a fan favourite during his time in the North East which caused a massive angering response to Sunderland club owner Ellis Short .",
"title": "Rubin Kazan"
},
{
"text": "MVila played his first game for Rubin in two years upon the return from loans on 22 September 2016 when he came on as a substitute in a Russian Cup matchup against Chita . Rubin manager Javi Gracia chose to play Alex Song over MVila at the defensive midfield position in all the league games up to that point . MVila returned to league action for Rubin on 2 October 2016 , when he was a late substitute in a game against Krasnodar . In Rubins next match , against Krylia Sovetov Samara on 15 October , MVila returned to",
"title": "Return to Rubin"
},
{
"text": "the starting line-up , pushing Song to the bench . On 26 December , MVila signed a three-and-a-half-year contract extension with Rubin that was expected to run until the summer of 2020 .",
"title": "Return to Rubin"
},
{
"text": " On 12 January 2018 , MVila was released from his Rubin Kazan contract , before signing for AS Saint-Étienne until the summer of 2019 .",
"title": "Saint-Etienne"
},
{
"text": " On 13 September 2020 , MVila signed a three-year contract with Super League Greece side Olympiacos .",
"title": "Olympiacos"
},
{
"text": "MVila has featured for all of Frances national youth teams for which he was eligible beginning with the under-16 team . He made his international debut with the team on 23 May 2006 in a friendly match against Romania . MVila made his only other appearance in the team in the return leg against Romania . MVila began featuring as a regular international with the under-17 team making his debut on 5 December 2006 in a friendly match against the Czech Republic . MVila scored his first international goal on 20 February 2007 against Portugal in the Algarve Cup .",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": "He was a member of the team that reached the semi-finals at the 2007 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship where they lost to England . In the competition , MVila scored a goal against group stage opponents Ukraine in a 2–2 draw . The draw resulted in France advancing to the 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup held in South Korea . MVila appeared in all five matches helping the team reach the quarter-finals where they were defeated by Spain on penalties .",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": "With the under-18 team , MVila appeared in six of the ten matches the team contested . He made his debut with the team in its opening match against the United States in the Tournoi de Limoges . MVila appeared in all 18 matches scoring 3 goals with the under-19 team . He was given the honor of captaining the team by coach Jean Gallice . He scored one goal during the qualification process against Romania in a 3–0 victory . The victory assured qualification to the tournament . At the tournament , held in the Ukraine , MVila appeared",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": "in all three group stage matches helping France reach the semi-finals . Due to picking up a yellow card in back-to-back matches , MVila missed the semi-final defeat to England . Upon receiving the yellow card in the final group stage match against Spain , a very distraught MVila palmed his face into his knees as he knew he would miss the important semi-final match .",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": "Just days after the under-19 elimination , MVila was called up to the under-21 team , the only one of the under-19 squad , to participate in the teams friendly match against Poland on 12 August . He made his under-21 debut in that match appearing as a substitute in the 74th minute of a 2–2 draw . On 25 February 2010 , MVila was reportedly named to the senior team for their friendly against Spain on 3 March . The news was based on the preliminary list sent to news agencies minutes before coach Raymond Domenech was to announce",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": "the squad in a press conference . However , following the formalization of the list at the start of the press conference , his name was replaced with Marseille midfielder Benoît Cheyrou . MVila was later called up to the under-21 team for their friendly against Croatia , but withdrew from the team due to injury .",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": "On 11 May , MVila was named to the 30-man preliminary list by Domenech to play in the 2010 FIFA World Cup but failed to make the final 23 . On 5 August 2010 , MVila was officially called up to the senior team for the first time by new manager Laurent Blanc for the teams friendly match against Norway on 11 August 2010 . He earned his first senior cap in the match starting in the defensive midfielder role . Despite France losing the match 2–1 , MVila earned rave reviews for his performance , with many media outlets",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "in France naming him the teams player of the match .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "Following his debut , MVila appeared in five consecutive matches for France . After starting in the teams UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying victory over Bosnia and Herzegovina in September 2010 , he became the only player to feature as a starter in Blancs first three matches as manager . On 25 March 2011 , MVila completed 92.5 percent of his 134 attempted passes in a 2–0 UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying win over Luxembourg . The feat was the best by any France player in an international match since 2006 . On 2 September 2011 , MVila scored his first international",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "goal in a 2–1 Euro qualifying victory over Albania .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": " After appearing regularly in qualifying for Euro 2012 , on 29 May 2012 MVila was named to the squad to participate in the competition . After missing the teams opening match against England due to an ankle injury , on 15 June , he made his debut at a senior international competition in the teams second group stage match against the Ukraine . MVila appeared as a substitute for Alou Diarra in the second half as France won the match 2–0 .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "MVila last played for French representative teams when he featured in both legs of the France U21 teams qualification playoff with Norway U21 ; the Norwegians aggregate victory meant France failed to qualify for the final tournament . On 8 November 2012 , MVila was banned from national team matches until June 2014 after an unauthorised night out while on under-21 duty .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "MVila primarily plays as a defensive midfielder and is described as a player who boasts a fantastic work-rate and is robust in the challenge . He is also known for his passing ability and superb vision . MVila has earned critical acclaim for his playing style , which has led to coaches and players drawing comparisons to fellow French internationals Patrick Vieira and Claude Makélélé . Under manager Frédéric Antonetti at Rennes , despite playing as a defensive midfielder , MVila acts as the teams deep-lying playmaker and is often instrumental in building-up attacks from the back . His importance",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "in the team was shown in Rennes 1–0 league defeat to Toulouse during the 2011–12 season , in which the Bretagne side failed to produce anything offensively . MVila , himself , declared that Rennes struggled because he was forced to play in a withdrawn role due to the opponents being organized to close me down and , as a result , he was not in the drivers seat . Though , he plays as a defensive midfielder , MVila can also play as a box-to-box midfielder as he has done at times under Laurent Blanc at international level .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "MVilas passing ability and ability to retain possession consistently has been described as precise and imaginative , respectively . His manager Antonetti has declared that MVila reads the game like Makélélé , has the presence of Vieira and can pass the ball like Yaya Touré . In the past two Ligue 1 seasons ( 2010–11 and 2011–12 ) , MVila led the league each season in passes attempted and passes completed finishing the campaigns with a combined passing percentage of 84 percent . In the 2010–11 season , he finished third behind attacking midfielders Yohan Cabaye and Morgan Amalfitano in",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "balls played . Despite his position , MVila is also known for his disciplined style of play . So far in his career as a professional , in which he has accumulated over 120 appearances , MVila has collected only 16 yellow cards and suffered only one expulsion , which came in his third professional appearance ; he was also expelled from the teams 2011–12 UEFA Europa League group stage match against Celtic in November 2011 , but this was after incurring a second bookable offence .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "Despite the positive opinions , MVila has endured criticism , most notably from Rennes former manager Guy Lacombe , who viewed the player as a loose cannon while also questioning MVilas attitude and dedication . While MVila initially voiced his frustration at his lack of playing time under Lacombe , he has since stated he bears no ill feelings towards his former manager . After hearing MVilas initial frustrations in May 2010 , Lacombe informed French publication France Football that , If he [ MVila ] had a black season , its more his fault than that of the coaches",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": ", referring to MVilas 2008–09 season after signing his first professional contract .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "MVila was born in Amiens , Somme . His father , Jean-Elvis MVila , was a former football player who is originally from the Republic of the Congo . He moved to France in 1983 and played football for 13 years regularly turning out for the reserves of local club Amiens SC . His father currently resides in Cholet . He was a police officer and now works in metallurgy . Yann also has two younger sisters and an older brother . His brother , Yohan MVila , also plays professional football . Yann , himself , is married and",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "has a son who was born when he was 18 years old . In 2010 , his wife gave birth to another child .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - UNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year : 2010–11",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Yann_M'Vila#P54#2
|
Which team did the player Yann M'Vila belong to in Mar 2009?
|
Yann MVila Yann Gérard MVila ( born 29 June 1990 ) is a French professional footballer who plays for Greek club Olympiacos . He operates primarily as a defensive midfielder , and is described by his former club as a player who possesses excellent defensive abilities and impressive physical strength , but can also play as a box-to-box midfielder , due to his impressive work rates and stamina . He is the younger brother of Yohan MVila . MVila is a French international , having played at all levels for which he was eligible . He has captained several of his age groups including the under-19 team that reached the semi-finals of the 2009 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship . MVila also played on France teams that participated in the 2007 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship and the 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup . He is currently playing for the senior team . MVila made his senior debut on 11 August 2010 in a friendly match against Norway , and was part of the French squad which reached the quarter-finals of UEFA Euro 2012 . Club career . Early career . MVila began his football career at age six for ES Sains-Saint-Fussien . He spent three years at the club and , in July 1999 , joined the biggest club in the region , Amiens SC . MVila joined the club as a youth player and practiced in the clubs soccer school , which was established by his father , who had previously played on the clubs reserve team . After spending five seasons at the club , MVila left the club after developing friction and ventured to Paris to join FC Mantes . During his short stint at Mantes , MVila lived with his grandparents . MVila admitted that , during his time at Mantes , he had forgot his dream of becoming a professional footballer . The desire was brought back after he was discovered by a Rennes scout in October 2004 . The following month , MVila departed Mantes to join the prestigious youth academy of Rennes after signing an aspirant ( youth ) contract with the club . Among MVilas teammates in the youth system included fellow prospects Damien Le Tallec , the younger brother of Anthony Le Tallec , Yohann Lasimant , Abdoul Camara and Yacine Brahimi . The combination of MVila , Brahimi , Camara , and Le Tallec , all four being members of the class of 1990 , were particularly instrumental in their youth teams successes . With the under-16 team , the foursome won the Tournoi Carisport , a national tournament that regularly pits the top academies in France against each other . Two seasons later with the under-18 team , MVila won the under-18 league championship for the 2006–07 season . In 2008 , the youth academy achieved its biggest honour after winning the Coupe Gambardella . The title was Rennes third Gambardella Cup and its first since 2003 when the likes of Yoann Gourcuff and Sylvain Marveaux were playing in the competition . In the final , Rennes faced Bordeaux and MVila was tasked with the objective of containing fellow French starlet Grégory Sertic . He accomplished the task and also scored a goal on a left-footed strike from out leading the team to a 3–0 victory . Rennes . Following the 2006–07 season , on 11 August 2007 MVila , alongside teammates Le Tallec and Camara , signed his first professional contract after agreeing to a three-year deal with Rennes . He spent the entire season playing on the clubs reserve team in the Championnat de France amateur in the fourth division before being officially promoted to the senior squad and assigned the number 15 shirt for the 2008–09 season . Due to having minor surgery on his toenail and his attitude being questioned by manager Guy Lacombe , MVila missed significant practice time with the senior team and began the season with the clubs Championnat de France amateur team for the second consecutive year . Despite Lacombe questioning the players attitude , MVila has declared that he bears no ill feelings towards Lacombe . He subsequently appeared in 20 matches with the reserve team and scored no goals as the team finished first among professional clubs in its group , thus qualifying for the playoffs , where the club lost to Lyon in the semi-finals . Following a successful international campaign with the France under-19 team , on 13 August 2009 , new manager Frédéric Antonetti announced that MVila would be earning some significant playing time with the club for the 2009–10 season . Two days later , after appearing with the CFA team in the first week of the season , he was named to the 19-man squad to face Nice . He made his professional debut in that match appearing as a substitute in the 80th minute . Due to the suspension of Japanese midfielder Junichi Inamoto , MVila earned his first start the following week against Marseille . He played the entire match , which ended 1–1 . The following week against Lens , MVila earned his first professional red card . After returning from suspension , MVila never lost his place within the team breaking the starting eleven in all the remaining league matches , save for one . On 15 September 2009 , MVila signed a contract extension with Rennes until June 2013 . On 27 August 2010 , he agreed to another extension with the club . The new deal extends until 2014 . On 18 December , in a 1–0 win over Valenciennes , MVila played the entire match completing 100 of his 112 attempted passes , the former statistical output being a league-high for the season . Due to his performances domestically and internationally , MVila was linked to Spanish club Real Madrid and English club Liverpool during the fall season . In December 2010 , the midfielder quelled the interest by declaring his commitment to Rennes and also jokingly stating that he would only depart Rennes after scoring his first goal . Coincidentally , he scored his first professional goal on 9 January 2011 in a 7–0 hammering of Championnat National club Cannes in the Coupe de France . A week later , MVila scored his first career league goal in a 4–0 win over Arles-Avignon . On 20 February , MVila scored the opening goal for Rennes , converting a free kick , in a 2–1 win over Toulouse . MVila was rewarded for his performances during the season with a nomination for the UNFP Ligue 1 Young Player of the Year . The midfielder lost out on the award to national team teammate Mamadou Sakho , but was given consolation with an appearance on the organizations Team of the Year . A day later , Rennes confirmed on its website that MVila had signed a one-year contract extension with the club . The new deal will keep him with Rennes until 2015 . MVila opened the 2011–12 season making his European debut in a UEFA Europa League third qualifying round first leg tie against Georgian club Metalurgi Rustavi on 28 July 2011 . MVila played the entire match in a 5–2 win . On 25 August , he scored his first and only goal of the campaign in a 4–0 second leg win over Serbian club Red Star Belgrade in the Europa League playoff round . On 15 September , MVila captained Rennes for the first time in a 1–1 league draw with Nancy . He finished the campaign appearing in a career-high 50 matches , which included all 38 league contests , as Rennes finished in sixth place . Despite consistently appearing with the team , as the season progressed , MVila was subjected to criticism from the clubs supporters due to his under-performance as perceived by them . The criticism culminated on 11 April 2012 following the midfielders performance in Rennes shock 2–1 defeat to semi-professional club Quevilly in the semi-finals of the Coupe de France . In the teams ensuing match against Nice , MVila was jeered by the clubs support . The midfielder was defended by his coach Antonetti , who declared , We demand a lot from MVila . But , we forget that he has already given so much to the club , while also joking that MVila touched the ball so much that they [ supporters ] couldnt keep up . It made me smile a little . Rubin Kazan . On 22 January 2013 , it was announced that Rennes had accepted an offer in the region of €12 million from Rubin Kazan for MVila . MVila went AWOL during the 2013–14 winter break , failing to join Rubin Kazans training camp in Turkey and instead returning to France . This caused a dispute with coach Rinat Bilyaletdinov . Inter Milan ( loan ) . On 15 July 2014 , MVila joined Inter Milan on loan from Rubin Kazan until the end of the 2014–15 season with an option to purchase the player on a permanent basis . He made his Serie A debut on 31 August as they began the season with a goalless draw at Torino ; he was substituted after 56 minutes for fellow debutant Dani Osvaldo . On 25 January , it was announced that the loan had been terminated and therefore Mvila returned to Kazan following a disagreement with new Inter manager Roberto Mancini . MVila spent a period training with Dynamo Moscow , but did not officially sign for the Russian club after a dispute resulting in the trashing of his Moscow home . Sunderland ( loan ) . On 6 August 2015 , MVila joined English Premier League side Sunderland on a season-long loan with a view to being made a permanent deal . He made his first appearance for the club in an under-21 match against Norwich City , but was sent off after 69 minutes for a head-butt on Jamar Loza . On 29 August 2015 , MVila scored his first Sunderland goal , a long range free-kick against Aston Villa . On 25 October 2015 , MVila was named the Premier League man of the match in Sunderlands 3–0 home victory over Newcastle United in the Tyne-Wear derby . He subsequently described the atmosphere of the match as the best he had played in , eclipsing that of the Milan Derby . After another man of the match performance in a 3–1 defeat at Arsenal on 5 December 2015 , MVila was praised by teammate Ola Toivonen , who described him as a top European player . As he plays more games hes going to show that hes the top player we know he is . In February 2016 , MVila expressed his desire to stay at Sunderland on a permanent basis , provided the Black Cats avoided relegation . He also hoped to reach an agreement with Rubin Kazan to terminate his contract , which was running until December 2016 . MVila ultimately finished the season with 37 league appearances for Sunderland , as they ultimately secured survival with a 3–0 home victory over Everton on 11 May 2016 . Manager Sam Allardyce confirmed both club and player were keen to make the move permanent . On 1 September 2016 , MVila took his frustrations to Instagram after the club rejected to sign the player by not picking up the phone . MVila was a fan favourite during his time in the North East which caused a massive angering response to Sunderland club owner Ellis Short . Return to Rubin . MVila played his first game for Rubin in two years upon the return from loans on 22 September 2016 when he came on as a substitute in a Russian Cup matchup against Chita . Rubin manager Javi Gracia chose to play Alex Song over MVila at the defensive midfield position in all the league games up to that point . MVila returned to league action for Rubin on 2 October 2016 , when he was a late substitute in a game against Krasnodar . In Rubins next match , against Krylia Sovetov Samara on 15 October , MVila returned to the starting line-up , pushing Song to the bench . On 26 December , MVila signed a three-and-a-half-year contract extension with Rubin that was expected to run until the summer of 2020 . Saint-Etienne . On 12 January 2018 , MVila was released from his Rubin Kazan contract , before signing for AS Saint-Étienne until the summer of 2019 . Olympiacos . On 13 September 2020 , MVila signed a three-year contract with Super League Greece side Olympiacos . International career . Youth . MVila has featured for all of Frances national youth teams for which he was eligible beginning with the under-16 team . He made his international debut with the team on 23 May 2006 in a friendly match against Romania . MVila made his only other appearance in the team in the return leg against Romania . MVila began featuring as a regular international with the under-17 team making his debut on 5 December 2006 in a friendly match against the Czech Republic . MVila scored his first international goal on 20 February 2007 against Portugal in the Algarve Cup . He was a member of the team that reached the semi-finals at the 2007 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship where they lost to England . In the competition , MVila scored a goal against group stage opponents Ukraine in a 2–2 draw . The draw resulted in France advancing to the 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup held in South Korea . MVila appeared in all five matches helping the team reach the quarter-finals where they were defeated by Spain on penalties . With the under-18 team , MVila appeared in six of the ten matches the team contested . He made his debut with the team in its opening match against the United States in the Tournoi de Limoges . MVila appeared in all 18 matches scoring 3 goals with the under-19 team . He was given the honor of captaining the team by coach Jean Gallice . He scored one goal during the qualification process against Romania in a 3–0 victory . The victory assured qualification to the tournament . At the tournament , held in the Ukraine , MVila appeared in all three group stage matches helping France reach the semi-finals . Due to picking up a yellow card in back-to-back matches , MVila missed the semi-final defeat to England . Upon receiving the yellow card in the final group stage match against Spain , a very distraught MVila palmed his face into his knees as he knew he would miss the important semi-final match . Just days after the under-19 elimination , MVila was called up to the under-21 team , the only one of the under-19 squad , to participate in the teams friendly match against Poland on 12 August . He made his under-21 debut in that match appearing as a substitute in the 74th minute of a 2–2 draw . On 25 February 2010 , MVila was reportedly named to the senior team for their friendly against Spain on 3 March . The news was based on the preliminary list sent to news agencies minutes before coach Raymond Domenech was to announce the squad in a press conference . However , following the formalization of the list at the start of the press conference , his name was replaced with Marseille midfielder Benoît Cheyrou . MVila was later called up to the under-21 team for their friendly against Croatia , but withdrew from the team due to injury . Senior . On 11 May , MVila was named to the 30-man preliminary list by Domenech to play in the 2010 FIFA World Cup but failed to make the final 23 . On 5 August 2010 , MVila was officially called up to the senior team for the first time by new manager Laurent Blanc for the teams friendly match against Norway on 11 August 2010 . He earned his first senior cap in the match starting in the defensive midfielder role . Despite France losing the match 2–1 , MVila earned rave reviews for his performance , with many media outlets in France naming him the teams player of the match . Following his debut , MVila appeared in five consecutive matches for France . After starting in the teams UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying victory over Bosnia and Herzegovina in September 2010 , he became the only player to feature as a starter in Blancs first three matches as manager . On 25 March 2011 , MVila completed 92.5 percent of his 134 attempted passes in a 2–0 UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying win over Luxembourg . The feat was the best by any France player in an international match since 2006 . On 2 September 2011 , MVila scored his first international goal in a 2–1 Euro qualifying victory over Albania . After appearing regularly in qualifying for Euro 2012 , on 29 May 2012 MVila was named to the squad to participate in the competition . After missing the teams opening match against England due to an ankle injury , on 15 June , he made his debut at a senior international competition in the teams second group stage match against the Ukraine . MVila appeared as a substitute for Alou Diarra in the second half as France won the match 2–0 . MVila last played for French representative teams when he featured in both legs of the France U21 teams qualification playoff with Norway U21 ; the Norwegians aggregate victory meant France failed to qualify for the final tournament . On 8 November 2012 , MVila was banned from national team matches until June 2014 after an unauthorised night out while on under-21 duty . Style of play . MVila primarily plays as a defensive midfielder and is described as a player who boasts a fantastic work-rate and is robust in the challenge . He is also known for his passing ability and superb vision . MVila has earned critical acclaim for his playing style , which has led to coaches and players drawing comparisons to fellow French internationals Patrick Vieira and Claude Makélélé . Under manager Frédéric Antonetti at Rennes , despite playing as a defensive midfielder , MVila acts as the teams deep-lying playmaker and is often instrumental in building-up attacks from the back . His importance in the team was shown in Rennes 1–0 league defeat to Toulouse during the 2011–12 season , in which the Bretagne side failed to produce anything offensively . MVila , himself , declared that Rennes struggled because he was forced to play in a withdrawn role due to the opponents being organized to close me down and , as a result , he was not in the drivers seat . Though , he plays as a defensive midfielder , MVila can also play as a box-to-box midfielder as he has done at times under Laurent Blanc at international level . MVilas passing ability and ability to retain possession consistently has been described as precise and imaginative , respectively . His manager Antonetti has declared that MVila reads the game like Makélélé , has the presence of Vieira and can pass the ball like Yaya Touré . In the past two Ligue 1 seasons ( 2010–11 and 2011–12 ) , MVila led the league each season in passes attempted and passes completed finishing the campaigns with a combined passing percentage of 84 percent . In the 2010–11 season , he finished third behind attacking midfielders Yohan Cabaye and Morgan Amalfitano in balls played . Despite his position , MVila is also known for his disciplined style of play . So far in his career as a professional , in which he has accumulated over 120 appearances , MVila has collected only 16 yellow cards and suffered only one expulsion , which came in his third professional appearance ; he was also expelled from the teams 2011–12 UEFA Europa League group stage match against Celtic in November 2011 , but this was after incurring a second bookable offence . Despite the positive opinions , MVila has endured criticism , most notably from Rennes former manager Guy Lacombe , who viewed the player as a loose cannon while also questioning MVilas attitude and dedication . While MVila initially voiced his frustration at his lack of playing time under Lacombe , he has since stated he bears no ill feelings towards his former manager . After hearing MVilas initial frustrations in May 2010 , Lacombe informed French publication France Football that , If he [ MVila ] had a black season , its more his fault than that of the coaches , referring to MVilas 2008–09 season after signing his first professional contract . Personal life . MVila was born in Amiens , Somme . His father , Jean-Elvis MVila , was a former football player who is originally from the Republic of the Congo . He moved to France in 1983 and played football for 13 years regularly turning out for the reserves of local club Amiens SC . His father currently resides in Cholet . He was a police officer and now works in metallurgy . Yann also has two younger sisters and an older brother . His brother , Yohan MVila , also plays professional football . Yann , himself , is married and has a son who was born when he was 18 years old . In 2010 , his wife gave birth to another child . Honours . Rennes Youth - Coupe Gambardella : 2007–08 Olympiacos - Super League Greece : 2020–21 Individual - UNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year : 2010–11
|
[
"Rennes"
] |
[
{
"text": " Yann Gérard MVila ( born 29 June 1990 ) is a French professional footballer who plays for Greek club Olympiacos . He operates primarily as a defensive midfielder , and is described by his former club as a player who possesses excellent defensive abilities and impressive physical strength , but can also play as a box-to-box midfielder , due to his impressive work rates and stamina . He is the younger brother of Yohan MVila .",
"title": "Yann MVila"
},
{
"text": "MVila is a French international , having played at all levels for which he was eligible . He has captained several of his age groups including the under-19 team that reached the semi-finals of the 2009 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship . MVila also played on France teams that participated in the 2007 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship and the 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup . He is currently playing for the senior team . MVila made his senior debut on 11 August 2010 in a friendly match against Norway , and was part of the French squad which reached",
"title": "Yann MVila"
},
{
"text": "the quarter-finals of UEFA Euro 2012 .",
"title": "Yann MVila"
},
{
"text": "MVila began his football career at age six for ES Sains-Saint-Fussien . He spent three years at the club and , in July 1999 , joined the biggest club in the region , Amiens SC . MVila joined the club as a youth player and practiced in the clubs soccer school , which was established by his father , who had previously played on the clubs reserve team . After spending five seasons at the club , MVila left the club after developing friction and ventured to Paris to join FC Mantes . During his short stint at Mantes ,",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "MVila lived with his grandparents . MVila admitted that , during his time at Mantes , he had forgot his dream of becoming a professional footballer . The desire was brought back after he was discovered by a Rennes scout in October 2004 . The following month , MVila departed Mantes to join the prestigious youth academy of Rennes after signing an aspirant ( youth ) contract with the club .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Among MVilas teammates in the youth system included fellow prospects Damien Le Tallec , the younger brother of Anthony Le Tallec , Yohann Lasimant , Abdoul Camara and Yacine Brahimi . The combination of MVila , Brahimi , Camara , and Le Tallec , all four being members of the class of 1990 , were particularly instrumental in their youth teams successes . With the under-16 team , the foursome won the Tournoi Carisport , a national tournament that regularly pits the top academies in France against each other . Two seasons later with the under-18 team , MVila won",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "the under-18 league championship for the 2006–07 season . In 2008 , the youth academy achieved its biggest honour after winning the Coupe Gambardella . The title was Rennes third Gambardella Cup and its first since 2003 when the likes of Yoann Gourcuff and Sylvain Marveaux were playing in the competition . In the final , Rennes faced Bordeaux and MVila was tasked with the objective of containing fellow French starlet Grégory Sertic . He accomplished the task and also scored a goal on a left-footed strike from out leading the team to a 3–0 victory .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Following the 2006–07 season , on 11 August 2007 MVila , alongside teammates Le Tallec and Camara , signed his first professional contract after agreeing to a three-year deal with Rennes . He spent the entire season playing on the clubs reserve team in the Championnat de France amateur in the fourth division before being officially promoted to the senior squad and assigned the number 15 shirt for the 2008–09 season . Due to having minor surgery on his toenail and his attitude being questioned by manager Guy Lacombe , MVila missed significant practice time with the senior team and",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": "began the season with the clubs Championnat de France amateur team for the second consecutive year . Despite Lacombe questioning the players attitude , MVila has declared that he bears no ill feelings towards Lacombe . He subsequently appeared in 20 matches with the reserve team and scored no goals as the team finished first among professional clubs in its group , thus qualifying for the playoffs , where the club lost to Lyon in the semi-finals .",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": "Following a successful international campaign with the France under-19 team , on 13 August 2009 , new manager Frédéric Antonetti announced that MVila would be earning some significant playing time with the club for the 2009–10 season . Two days later , after appearing with the CFA team in the first week of the season , he was named to the 19-man squad to face Nice . He made his professional debut in that match appearing as a substitute in the 80th minute . Due to the suspension of Japanese midfielder Junichi Inamoto , MVila earned his first start the",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": "following week against Marseille . He played the entire match , which ended 1–1 . The following week against Lens , MVila earned his first professional red card . After returning from suspension , MVila never lost his place within the team breaking the starting eleven in all the remaining league matches , save for one .",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": "On 15 September 2009 , MVila signed a contract extension with Rennes until June 2013 . On 27 August 2010 , he agreed to another extension with the club . The new deal extends until 2014 . On 18 December , in a 1–0 win over Valenciennes , MVila played the entire match completing 100 of his 112 attempted passes , the former statistical output being a league-high for the season . Due to his performances domestically and internationally , MVila was linked to Spanish club Real Madrid and English club Liverpool during the fall season . In December 2010",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": ", the midfielder quelled the interest by declaring his commitment to Rennes and also jokingly stating that he would only depart Rennes after scoring his first goal . Coincidentally , he scored his first professional goal on 9 January 2011 in a 7–0 hammering of Championnat National club Cannes in the Coupe de France . A week later , MVila scored his first career league goal in a 4–0 win over Arles-Avignon . On 20 February , MVila scored the opening goal for Rennes , converting a free kick , in a 2–1 win over Toulouse . MVila was rewarded",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": "for his performances during the season with a nomination for the UNFP Ligue 1 Young Player of the Year . The midfielder lost out on the award to national team teammate Mamadou Sakho , but was given consolation with an appearance on the organizations Team of the Year . A day later , Rennes confirmed on its website that MVila had signed a one-year contract extension with the club . The new deal will keep him with Rennes until 2015 .",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": "MVila opened the 2011–12 season making his European debut in a UEFA Europa League third qualifying round first leg tie against Georgian club Metalurgi Rustavi on 28 July 2011 . MVila played the entire match in a 5–2 win . On 25 August , he scored his first and only goal of the campaign in a 4–0 second leg win over Serbian club Red Star Belgrade in the Europa League playoff round . On 15 September , MVila captained Rennes for the first time in a 1–1 league draw with Nancy . He finished the campaign appearing in a career-high",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": "50 matches , which included all 38 league contests , as Rennes finished in sixth place . Despite consistently appearing with the team , as the season progressed , MVila was subjected to criticism from the clubs supporters due to his under-performance as perceived by them . The criticism culminated on 11 April 2012 following the midfielders performance in Rennes shock 2–1 defeat to semi-professional club Quevilly in the semi-finals of the Coupe de France . In the teams ensuing match against Nice , MVila was jeered by the clubs support . The midfielder was defended by his coach Antonetti",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": ", who declared , We demand a lot from MVila . But , we forget that he has already given so much to the club , while also joking that MVila touched the ball so much that they [ supporters ] couldnt keep up . It made me smile a little .",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": " On 22 January 2013 , it was announced that Rennes had accepted an offer in the region of €12 million from Rubin Kazan for MVila . MVila went AWOL during the 2013–14 winter break , failing to join Rubin Kazans training camp in Turkey and instead returning to France . This caused a dispute with coach Rinat Bilyaletdinov . Inter Milan ( loan ) .",
"title": "Rubin Kazan"
},
{
"text": "On 15 July 2014 , MVila joined Inter Milan on loan from Rubin Kazan until the end of the 2014–15 season with an option to purchase the player on a permanent basis . He made his Serie A debut on 31 August as they began the season with a goalless draw at Torino ; he was substituted after 56 minutes for fellow debutant Dani Osvaldo . On 25 January , it was announced that the loan had been terminated and therefore Mvila returned to Kazan following a disagreement with new Inter manager Roberto Mancini .",
"title": "Rubin Kazan"
},
{
"text": " MVila spent a period training with Dynamo Moscow , but did not officially sign for the Russian club after a dispute resulting in the trashing of his Moscow home . Sunderland ( loan ) .",
"title": "Rubin Kazan"
},
{
"text": "On 6 August 2015 , MVila joined English Premier League side Sunderland on a season-long loan with a view to being made a permanent deal . He made his first appearance for the club in an under-21 match against Norwich City , but was sent off after 69 minutes for a head-butt on Jamar Loza . On 29 August 2015 , MVila scored his first Sunderland goal , a long range free-kick against Aston Villa . On 25 October 2015 , MVila was named the Premier League man of the match in Sunderlands 3–0 home victory over Newcastle United in",
"title": "Rubin Kazan"
},
{
"text": "the Tyne-Wear derby . He subsequently described the atmosphere of the match as the best he had played in , eclipsing that of the Milan Derby . After another man of the match performance in a 3–1 defeat at Arsenal on 5 December 2015 , MVila was praised by teammate Ola Toivonen , who described him as a top European player . As he plays more games hes going to show that hes the top player we know he is .",
"title": "Rubin Kazan"
},
{
"text": " In February 2016 , MVila expressed his desire to stay at Sunderland on a permanent basis , provided the Black Cats avoided relegation . He also hoped to reach an agreement with Rubin Kazan to terminate his contract , which was running until December 2016 . MVila ultimately finished the season with 37 league appearances for Sunderland , as they ultimately secured survival with a 3–0 home victory over Everton on 11 May 2016 . Manager Sam Allardyce confirmed both club and player were keen to make the move permanent .",
"title": "Rubin Kazan"
},
{
"text": "On 1 September 2016 , MVila took his frustrations to Instagram after the club rejected to sign the player by not picking up the phone . MVila was a fan favourite during his time in the North East which caused a massive angering response to Sunderland club owner Ellis Short .",
"title": "Rubin Kazan"
},
{
"text": "MVila played his first game for Rubin in two years upon the return from loans on 22 September 2016 when he came on as a substitute in a Russian Cup matchup against Chita . Rubin manager Javi Gracia chose to play Alex Song over MVila at the defensive midfield position in all the league games up to that point . MVila returned to league action for Rubin on 2 October 2016 , when he was a late substitute in a game against Krasnodar . In Rubins next match , against Krylia Sovetov Samara on 15 October , MVila returned to",
"title": "Return to Rubin"
},
{
"text": "the starting line-up , pushing Song to the bench . On 26 December , MVila signed a three-and-a-half-year contract extension with Rubin that was expected to run until the summer of 2020 .",
"title": "Return to Rubin"
},
{
"text": " On 12 January 2018 , MVila was released from his Rubin Kazan contract , before signing for AS Saint-Étienne until the summer of 2019 .",
"title": "Saint-Etienne"
},
{
"text": " On 13 September 2020 , MVila signed a three-year contract with Super League Greece side Olympiacos .",
"title": "Olympiacos"
},
{
"text": "MVila has featured for all of Frances national youth teams for which he was eligible beginning with the under-16 team . He made his international debut with the team on 23 May 2006 in a friendly match against Romania . MVila made his only other appearance in the team in the return leg against Romania . MVila began featuring as a regular international with the under-17 team making his debut on 5 December 2006 in a friendly match against the Czech Republic . MVila scored his first international goal on 20 February 2007 against Portugal in the Algarve Cup .",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": "He was a member of the team that reached the semi-finals at the 2007 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship where they lost to England . In the competition , MVila scored a goal against group stage opponents Ukraine in a 2–2 draw . The draw resulted in France advancing to the 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup held in South Korea . MVila appeared in all five matches helping the team reach the quarter-finals where they were defeated by Spain on penalties .",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": "With the under-18 team , MVila appeared in six of the ten matches the team contested . He made his debut with the team in its opening match against the United States in the Tournoi de Limoges . MVila appeared in all 18 matches scoring 3 goals with the under-19 team . He was given the honor of captaining the team by coach Jean Gallice . He scored one goal during the qualification process against Romania in a 3–0 victory . The victory assured qualification to the tournament . At the tournament , held in the Ukraine , MVila appeared",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": "in all three group stage matches helping France reach the semi-finals . Due to picking up a yellow card in back-to-back matches , MVila missed the semi-final defeat to England . Upon receiving the yellow card in the final group stage match against Spain , a very distraught MVila palmed his face into his knees as he knew he would miss the important semi-final match .",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": "Just days after the under-19 elimination , MVila was called up to the under-21 team , the only one of the under-19 squad , to participate in the teams friendly match against Poland on 12 August . He made his under-21 debut in that match appearing as a substitute in the 74th minute of a 2–2 draw . On 25 February 2010 , MVila was reportedly named to the senior team for their friendly against Spain on 3 March . The news was based on the preliminary list sent to news agencies minutes before coach Raymond Domenech was to announce",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": "the squad in a press conference . However , following the formalization of the list at the start of the press conference , his name was replaced with Marseille midfielder Benoît Cheyrou . MVila was later called up to the under-21 team for their friendly against Croatia , but withdrew from the team due to injury .",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": "On 11 May , MVila was named to the 30-man preliminary list by Domenech to play in the 2010 FIFA World Cup but failed to make the final 23 . On 5 August 2010 , MVila was officially called up to the senior team for the first time by new manager Laurent Blanc for the teams friendly match against Norway on 11 August 2010 . He earned his first senior cap in the match starting in the defensive midfielder role . Despite France losing the match 2–1 , MVila earned rave reviews for his performance , with many media outlets",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "in France naming him the teams player of the match .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "Following his debut , MVila appeared in five consecutive matches for France . After starting in the teams UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying victory over Bosnia and Herzegovina in September 2010 , he became the only player to feature as a starter in Blancs first three matches as manager . On 25 March 2011 , MVila completed 92.5 percent of his 134 attempted passes in a 2–0 UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying win over Luxembourg . The feat was the best by any France player in an international match since 2006 . On 2 September 2011 , MVila scored his first international",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "goal in a 2–1 Euro qualifying victory over Albania .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": " After appearing regularly in qualifying for Euro 2012 , on 29 May 2012 MVila was named to the squad to participate in the competition . After missing the teams opening match against England due to an ankle injury , on 15 June , he made his debut at a senior international competition in the teams second group stage match against the Ukraine . MVila appeared as a substitute for Alou Diarra in the second half as France won the match 2–0 .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "MVila last played for French representative teams when he featured in both legs of the France U21 teams qualification playoff with Norway U21 ; the Norwegians aggregate victory meant France failed to qualify for the final tournament . On 8 November 2012 , MVila was banned from national team matches until June 2014 after an unauthorised night out while on under-21 duty .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "MVila primarily plays as a defensive midfielder and is described as a player who boasts a fantastic work-rate and is robust in the challenge . He is also known for his passing ability and superb vision . MVila has earned critical acclaim for his playing style , which has led to coaches and players drawing comparisons to fellow French internationals Patrick Vieira and Claude Makélélé . Under manager Frédéric Antonetti at Rennes , despite playing as a defensive midfielder , MVila acts as the teams deep-lying playmaker and is often instrumental in building-up attacks from the back . His importance",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "in the team was shown in Rennes 1–0 league defeat to Toulouse during the 2011–12 season , in which the Bretagne side failed to produce anything offensively . MVila , himself , declared that Rennes struggled because he was forced to play in a withdrawn role due to the opponents being organized to close me down and , as a result , he was not in the drivers seat . Though , he plays as a defensive midfielder , MVila can also play as a box-to-box midfielder as he has done at times under Laurent Blanc at international level .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "MVilas passing ability and ability to retain possession consistently has been described as precise and imaginative , respectively . His manager Antonetti has declared that MVila reads the game like Makélélé , has the presence of Vieira and can pass the ball like Yaya Touré . In the past two Ligue 1 seasons ( 2010–11 and 2011–12 ) , MVila led the league each season in passes attempted and passes completed finishing the campaigns with a combined passing percentage of 84 percent . In the 2010–11 season , he finished third behind attacking midfielders Yohan Cabaye and Morgan Amalfitano in",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "balls played . Despite his position , MVila is also known for his disciplined style of play . So far in his career as a professional , in which he has accumulated over 120 appearances , MVila has collected only 16 yellow cards and suffered only one expulsion , which came in his third professional appearance ; he was also expelled from the teams 2011–12 UEFA Europa League group stage match against Celtic in November 2011 , but this was after incurring a second bookable offence .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "Despite the positive opinions , MVila has endured criticism , most notably from Rennes former manager Guy Lacombe , who viewed the player as a loose cannon while also questioning MVilas attitude and dedication . While MVila initially voiced his frustration at his lack of playing time under Lacombe , he has since stated he bears no ill feelings towards his former manager . After hearing MVilas initial frustrations in May 2010 , Lacombe informed French publication France Football that , If he [ MVila ] had a black season , its more his fault than that of the coaches",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": ", referring to MVilas 2008–09 season after signing his first professional contract .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "MVila was born in Amiens , Somme . His father , Jean-Elvis MVila , was a former football player who is originally from the Republic of the Congo . He moved to France in 1983 and played football for 13 years regularly turning out for the reserves of local club Amiens SC . His father currently resides in Cholet . He was a police officer and now works in metallurgy . Yann also has two younger sisters and an older brother . His brother , Yohan MVila , also plays professional football . Yann , himself , is married and",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "has a son who was born when he was 18 years old . In 2010 , his wife gave birth to another child .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - UNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year : 2010–11",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Yann_M'Vila#P54#3
|
Which team did the player Yann M'Vila belong to between Aug 2010 and Sep 2010?
|
Yann MVila Yann Gérard MVila ( born 29 June 1990 ) is a French professional footballer who plays for Greek club Olympiacos . He operates primarily as a defensive midfielder , and is described by his former club as a player who possesses excellent defensive abilities and impressive physical strength , but can also play as a box-to-box midfielder , due to his impressive work rates and stamina . He is the younger brother of Yohan MVila . MVila is a French international , having played at all levels for which he was eligible . He has captained several of his age groups including the under-19 team that reached the semi-finals of the 2009 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship . MVila also played on France teams that participated in the 2007 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship and the 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup . He is currently playing for the senior team . MVila made his senior debut on 11 August 2010 in a friendly match against Norway , and was part of the French squad which reached the quarter-finals of UEFA Euro 2012 . Club career . Early career . MVila began his football career at age six for ES Sains-Saint-Fussien . He spent three years at the club and , in July 1999 , joined the biggest club in the region , Amiens SC . MVila joined the club as a youth player and practiced in the clubs soccer school , which was established by his father , who had previously played on the clubs reserve team . After spending five seasons at the club , MVila left the club after developing friction and ventured to Paris to join FC Mantes . During his short stint at Mantes , MVila lived with his grandparents . MVila admitted that , during his time at Mantes , he had forgot his dream of becoming a professional footballer . The desire was brought back after he was discovered by a Rennes scout in October 2004 . The following month , MVila departed Mantes to join the prestigious youth academy of Rennes after signing an aspirant ( youth ) contract with the club . Among MVilas teammates in the youth system included fellow prospects Damien Le Tallec , the younger brother of Anthony Le Tallec , Yohann Lasimant , Abdoul Camara and Yacine Brahimi . The combination of MVila , Brahimi , Camara , and Le Tallec , all four being members of the class of 1990 , were particularly instrumental in their youth teams successes . With the under-16 team , the foursome won the Tournoi Carisport , a national tournament that regularly pits the top academies in France against each other . Two seasons later with the under-18 team , MVila won the under-18 league championship for the 2006–07 season . In 2008 , the youth academy achieved its biggest honour after winning the Coupe Gambardella . The title was Rennes third Gambardella Cup and its first since 2003 when the likes of Yoann Gourcuff and Sylvain Marveaux were playing in the competition . In the final , Rennes faced Bordeaux and MVila was tasked with the objective of containing fellow French starlet Grégory Sertic . He accomplished the task and also scored a goal on a left-footed strike from out leading the team to a 3–0 victory . Rennes . Following the 2006–07 season , on 11 August 2007 MVila , alongside teammates Le Tallec and Camara , signed his first professional contract after agreeing to a three-year deal with Rennes . He spent the entire season playing on the clubs reserve team in the Championnat de France amateur in the fourth division before being officially promoted to the senior squad and assigned the number 15 shirt for the 2008–09 season . Due to having minor surgery on his toenail and his attitude being questioned by manager Guy Lacombe , MVila missed significant practice time with the senior team and began the season with the clubs Championnat de France amateur team for the second consecutive year . Despite Lacombe questioning the players attitude , MVila has declared that he bears no ill feelings towards Lacombe . He subsequently appeared in 20 matches with the reserve team and scored no goals as the team finished first among professional clubs in its group , thus qualifying for the playoffs , where the club lost to Lyon in the semi-finals . Following a successful international campaign with the France under-19 team , on 13 August 2009 , new manager Frédéric Antonetti announced that MVila would be earning some significant playing time with the club for the 2009–10 season . Two days later , after appearing with the CFA team in the first week of the season , he was named to the 19-man squad to face Nice . He made his professional debut in that match appearing as a substitute in the 80th minute . Due to the suspension of Japanese midfielder Junichi Inamoto , MVila earned his first start the following week against Marseille . He played the entire match , which ended 1–1 . The following week against Lens , MVila earned his first professional red card . After returning from suspension , MVila never lost his place within the team breaking the starting eleven in all the remaining league matches , save for one . On 15 September 2009 , MVila signed a contract extension with Rennes until June 2013 . On 27 August 2010 , he agreed to another extension with the club . The new deal extends until 2014 . On 18 December , in a 1–0 win over Valenciennes , MVila played the entire match completing 100 of his 112 attempted passes , the former statistical output being a league-high for the season . Due to his performances domestically and internationally , MVila was linked to Spanish club Real Madrid and English club Liverpool during the fall season . In December 2010 , the midfielder quelled the interest by declaring his commitment to Rennes and also jokingly stating that he would only depart Rennes after scoring his first goal . Coincidentally , he scored his first professional goal on 9 January 2011 in a 7–0 hammering of Championnat National club Cannes in the Coupe de France . A week later , MVila scored his first career league goal in a 4–0 win over Arles-Avignon . On 20 February , MVila scored the opening goal for Rennes , converting a free kick , in a 2–1 win over Toulouse . MVila was rewarded for his performances during the season with a nomination for the UNFP Ligue 1 Young Player of the Year . The midfielder lost out on the award to national team teammate Mamadou Sakho , but was given consolation with an appearance on the organizations Team of the Year . A day later , Rennes confirmed on its website that MVila had signed a one-year contract extension with the club . The new deal will keep him with Rennes until 2015 . MVila opened the 2011–12 season making his European debut in a UEFA Europa League third qualifying round first leg tie against Georgian club Metalurgi Rustavi on 28 July 2011 . MVila played the entire match in a 5–2 win . On 25 August , he scored his first and only goal of the campaign in a 4–0 second leg win over Serbian club Red Star Belgrade in the Europa League playoff round . On 15 September , MVila captained Rennes for the first time in a 1–1 league draw with Nancy . He finished the campaign appearing in a career-high 50 matches , which included all 38 league contests , as Rennes finished in sixth place . Despite consistently appearing with the team , as the season progressed , MVila was subjected to criticism from the clubs supporters due to his under-performance as perceived by them . The criticism culminated on 11 April 2012 following the midfielders performance in Rennes shock 2–1 defeat to semi-professional club Quevilly in the semi-finals of the Coupe de France . In the teams ensuing match against Nice , MVila was jeered by the clubs support . The midfielder was defended by his coach Antonetti , who declared , We demand a lot from MVila . But , we forget that he has already given so much to the club , while also joking that MVila touched the ball so much that they [ supporters ] couldnt keep up . It made me smile a little . Rubin Kazan . On 22 January 2013 , it was announced that Rennes had accepted an offer in the region of €12 million from Rubin Kazan for MVila . MVila went AWOL during the 2013–14 winter break , failing to join Rubin Kazans training camp in Turkey and instead returning to France . This caused a dispute with coach Rinat Bilyaletdinov . Inter Milan ( loan ) . On 15 July 2014 , MVila joined Inter Milan on loan from Rubin Kazan until the end of the 2014–15 season with an option to purchase the player on a permanent basis . He made his Serie A debut on 31 August as they began the season with a goalless draw at Torino ; he was substituted after 56 minutes for fellow debutant Dani Osvaldo . On 25 January , it was announced that the loan had been terminated and therefore Mvila returned to Kazan following a disagreement with new Inter manager Roberto Mancini . MVila spent a period training with Dynamo Moscow , but did not officially sign for the Russian club after a dispute resulting in the trashing of his Moscow home . Sunderland ( loan ) . On 6 August 2015 , MVila joined English Premier League side Sunderland on a season-long loan with a view to being made a permanent deal . He made his first appearance for the club in an under-21 match against Norwich City , but was sent off after 69 minutes for a head-butt on Jamar Loza . On 29 August 2015 , MVila scored his first Sunderland goal , a long range free-kick against Aston Villa . On 25 October 2015 , MVila was named the Premier League man of the match in Sunderlands 3–0 home victory over Newcastle United in the Tyne-Wear derby . He subsequently described the atmosphere of the match as the best he had played in , eclipsing that of the Milan Derby . After another man of the match performance in a 3–1 defeat at Arsenal on 5 December 2015 , MVila was praised by teammate Ola Toivonen , who described him as a top European player . As he plays more games hes going to show that hes the top player we know he is . In February 2016 , MVila expressed his desire to stay at Sunderland on a permanent basis , provided the Black Cats avoided relegation . He also hoped to reach an agreement with Rubin Kazan to terminate his contract , which was running until December 2016 . MVila ultimately finished the season with 37 league appearances for Sunderland , as they ultimately secured survival with a 3–0 home victory over Everton on 11 May 2016 . Manager Sam Allardyce confirmed both club and player were keen to make the move permanent . On 1 September 2016 , MVila took his frustrations to Instagram after the club rejected to sign the player by not picking up the phone . MVila was a fan favourite during his time in the North East which caused a massive angering response to Sunderland club owner Ellis Short . Return to Rubin . MVila played his first game for Rubin in two years upon the return from loans on 22 September 2016 when he came on as a substitute in a Russian Cup matchup against Chita . Rubin manager Javi Gracia chose to play Alex Song over MVila at the defensive midfield position in all the league games up to that point . MVila returned to league action for Rubin on 2 October 2016 , when he was a late substitute in a game against Krasnodar . In Rubins next match , against Krylia Sovetov Samara on 15 October , MVila returned to the starting line-up , pushing Song to the bench . On 26 December , MVila signed a three-and-a-half-year contract extension with Rubin that was expected to run until the summer of 2020 . Saint-Etienne . On 12 January 2018 , MVila was released from his Rubin Kazan contract , before signing for AS Saint-Étienne until the summer of 2019 . Olympiacos . On 13 September 2020 , MVila signed a three-year contract with Super League Greece side Olympiacos . International career . Youth . MVila has featured for all of Frances national youth teams for which he was eligible beginning with the under-16 team . He made his international debut with the team on 23 May 2006 in a friendly match against Romania . MVila made his only other appearance in the team in the return leg against Romania . MVila began featuring as a regular international with the under-17 team making his debut on 5 December 2006 in a friendly match against the Czech Republic . MVila scored his first international goal on 20 February 2007 against Portugal in the Algarve Cup . He was a member of the team that reached the semi-finals at the 2007 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship where they lost to England . In the competition , MVila scored a goal against group stage opponents Ukraine in a 2–2 draw . The draw resulted in France advancing to the 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup held in South Korea . MVila appeared in all five matches helping the team reach the quarter-finals where they were defeated by Spain on penalties . With the under-18 team , MVila appeared in six of the ten matches the team contested . He made his debut with the team in its opening match against the United States in the Tournoi de Limoges . MVila appeared in all 18 matches scoring 3 goals with the under-19 team . He was given the honor of captaining the team by coach Jean Gallice . He scored one goal during the qualification process against Romania in a 3–0 victory . The victory assured qualification to the tournament . At the tournament , held in the Ukraine , MVila appeared in all three group stage matches helping France reach the semi-finals . Due to picking up a yellow card in back-to-back matches , MVila missed the semi-final defeat to England . Upon receiving the yellow card in the final group stage match against Spain , a very distraught MVila palmed his face into his knees as he knew he would miss the important semi-final match . Just days after the under-19 elimination , MVila was called up to the under-21 team , the only one of the under-19 squad , to participate in the teams friendly match against Poland on 12 August . He made his under-21 debut in that match appearing as a substitute in the 74th minute of a 2–2 draw . On 25 February 2010 , MVila was reportedly named to the senior team for their friendly against Spain on 3 March . The news was based on the preliminary list sent to news agencies minutes before coach Raymond Domenech was to announce the squad in a press conference . However , following the formalization of the list at the start of the press conference , his name was replaced with Marseille midfielder Benoît Cheyrou . MVila was later called up to the under-21 team for their friendly against Croatia , but withdrew from the team due to injury . Senior . On 11 May , MVila was named to the 30-man preliminary list by Domenech to play in the 2010 FIFA World Cup but failed to make the final 23 . On 5 August 2010 , MVila was officially called up to the senior team for the first time by new manager Laurent Blanc for the teams friendly match against Norway on 11 August 2010 . He earned his first senior cap in the match starting in the defensive midfielder role . Despite France losing the match 2–1 , MVila earned rave reviews for his performance , with many media outlets in France naming him the teams player of the match . Following his debut , MVila appeared in five consecutive matches for France . After starting in the teams UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying victory over Bosnia and Herzegovina in September 2010 , he became the only player to feature as a starter in Blancs first three matches as manager . On 25 March 2011 , MVila completed 92.5 percent of his 134 attempted passes in a 2–0 UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying win over Luxembourg . The feat was the best by any France player in an international match since 2006 . On 2 September 2011 , MVila scored his first international goal in a 2–1 Euro qualifying victory over Albania . After appearing regularly in qualifying for Euro 2012 , on 29 May 2012 MVila was named to the squad to participate in the competition . After missing the teams opening match against England due to an ankle injury , on 15 June , he made his debut at a senior international competition in the teams second group stage match against the Ukraine . MVila appeared as a substitute for Alou Diarra in the second half as France won the match 2–0 . MVila last played for French representative teams when he featured in both legs of the France U21 teams qualification playoff with Norway U21 ; the Norwegians aggregate victory meant France failed to qualify for the final tournament . On 8 November 2012 , MVila was banned from national team matches until June 2014 after an unauthorised night out while on under-21 duty . Style of play . MVila primarily plays as a defensive midfielder and is described as a player who boasts a fantastic work-rate and is robust in the challenge . He is also known for his passing ability and superb vision . MVila has earned critical acclaim for his playing style , which has led to coaches and players drawing comparisons to fellow French internationals Patrick Vieira and Claude Makélélé . Under manager Frédéric Antonetti at Rennes , despite playing as a defensive midfielder , MVila acts as the teams deep-lying playmaker and is often instrumental in building-up attacks from the back . His importance in the team was shown in Rennes 1–0 league defeat to Toulouse during the 2011–12 season , in which the Bretagne side failed to produce anything offensively . MVila , himself , declared that Rennes struggled because he was forced to play in a withdrawn role due to the opponents being organized to close me down and , as a result , he was not in the drivers seat . Though , he plays as a defensive midfielder , MVila can also play as a box-to-box midfielder as he has done at times under Laurent Blanc at international level . MVilas passing ability and ability to retain possession consistently has been described as precise and imaginative , respectively . His manager Antonetti has declared that MVila reads the game like Makélélé , has the presence of Vieira and can pass the ball like Yaya Touré . In the past two Ligue 1 seasons ( 2010–11 and 2011–12 ) , MVila led the league each season in passes attempted and passes completed finishing the campaigns with a combined passing percentage of 84 percent . In the 2010–11 season , he finished third behind attacking midfielders Yohan Cabaye and Morgan Amalfitano in balls played . Despite his position , MVila is also known for his disciplined style of play . So far in his career as a professional , in which he has accumulated over 120 appearances , MVila has collected only 16 yellow cards and suffered only one expulsion , which came in his third professional appearance ; he was also expelled from the teams 2011–12 UEFA Europa League group stage match against Celtic in November 2011 , but this was after incurring a second bookable offence . Despite the positive opinions , MVila has endured criticism , most notably from Rennes former manager Guy Lacombe , who viewed the player as a loose cannon while also questioning MVilas attitude and dedication . While MVila initially voiced his frustration at his lack of playing time under Lacombe , he has since stated he bears no ill feelings towards his former manager . After hearing MVilas initial frustrations in May 2010 , Lacombe informed French publication France Football that , If he [ MVila ] had a black season , its more his fault than that of the coaches , referring to MVilas 2008–09 season after signing his first professional contract . Personal life . MVila was born in Amiens , Somme . His father , Jean-Elvis MVila , was a former football player who is originally from the Republic of the Congo . He moved to France in 1983 and played football for 13 years regularly turning out for the reserves of local club Amiens SC . His father currently resides in Cholet . He was a police officer and now works in metallurgy . Yann also has two younger sisters and an older brother . His brother , Yohan MVila , also plays professional football . Yann , himself , is married and has a son who was born when he was 18 years old . In 2010 , his wife gave birth to another child . Honours . Rennes Youth - Coupe Gambardella : 2007–08 Olympiacos - Super League Greece : 2020–21 Individual - UNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year : 2010–11
|
[
"Rennes"
] |
[
{
"text": " Yann Gérard MVila ( born 29 June 1990 ) is a French professional footballer who plays for Greek club Olympiacos . He operates primarily as a defensive midfielder , and is described by his former club as a player who possesses excellent defensive abilities and impressive physical strength , but can also play as a box-to-box midfielder , due to his impressive work rates and stamina . He is the younger brother of Yohan MVila .",
"title": "Yann MVila"
},
{
"text": "MVila is a French international , having played at all levels for which he was eligible . He has captained several of his age groups including the under-19 team that reached the semi-finals of the 2009 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship . MVila also played on France teams that participated in the 2007 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship and the 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup . He is currently playing for the senior team . MVila made his senior debut on 11 August 2010 in a friendly match against Norway , and was part of the French squad which reached",
"title": "Yann MVila"
},
{
"text": "the quarter-finals of UEFA Euro 2012 .",
"title": "Yann MVila"
},
{
"text": "MVila began his football career at age six for ES Sains-Saint-Fussien . He spent three years at the club and , in July 1999 , joined the biggest club in the region , Amiens SC . MVila joined the club as a youth player and practiced in the clubs soccer school , which was established by his father , who had previously played on the clubs reserve team . After spending five seasons at the club , MVila left the club after developing friction and ventured to Paris to join FC Mantes . During his short stint at Mantes ,",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "MVila lived with his grandparents . MVila admitted that , during his time at Mantes , he had forgot his dream of becoming a professional footballer . The desire was brought back after he was discovered by a Rennes scout in October 2004 . The following month , MVila departed Mantes to join the prestigious youth academy of Rennes after signing an aspirant ( youth ) contract with the club .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Among MVilas teammates in the youth system included fellow prospects Damien Le Tallec , the younger brother of Anthony Le Tallec , Yohann Lasimant , Abdoul Camara and Yacine Brahimi . The combination of MVila , Brahimi , Camara , and Le Tallec , all four being members of the class of 1990 , were particularly instrumental in their youth teams successes . With the under-16 team , the foursome won the Tournoi Carisport , a national tournament that regularly pits the top academies in France against each other . Two seasons later with the under-18 team , MVila won",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "the under-18 league championship for the 2006–07 season . In 2008 , the youth academy achieved its biggest honour after winning the Coupe Gambardella . The title was Rennes third Gambardella Cup and its first since 2003 when the likes of Yoann Gourcuff and Sylvain Marveaux were playing in the competition . In the final , Rennes faced Bordeaux and MVila was tasked with the objective of containing fellow French starlet Grégory Sertic . He accomplished the task and also scored a goal on a left-footed strike from out leading the team to a 3–0 victory .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Following the 2006–07 season , on 11 August 2007 MVila , alongside teammates Le Tallec and Camara , signed his first professional contract after agreeing to a three-year deal with Rennes . He spent the entire season playing on the clubs reserve team in the Championnat de France amateur in the fourth division before being officially promoted to the senior squad and assigned the number 15 shirt for the 2008–09 season . Due to having minor surgery on his toenail and his attitude being questioned by manager Guy Lacombe , MVila missed significant practice time with the senior team and",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": "began the season with the clubs Championnat de France amateur team for the second consecutive year . Despite Lacombe questioning the players attitude , MVila has declared that he bears no ill feelings towards Lacombe . He subsequently appeared in 20 matches with the reserve team and scored no goals as the team finished first among professional clubs in its group , thus qualifying for the playoffs , where the club lost to Lyon in the semi-finals .",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": "Following a successful international campaign with the France under-19 team , on 13 August 2009 , new manager Frédéric Antonetti announced that MVila would be earning some significant playing time with the club for the 2009–10 season . Two days later , after appearing with the CFA team in the first week of the season , he was named to the 19-man squad to face Nice . He made his professional debut in that match appearing as a substitute in the 80th minute . Due to the suspension of Japanese midfielder Junichi Inamoto , MVila earned his first start the",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": "following week against Marseille . He played the entire match , which ended 1–1 . The following week against Lens , MVila earned his first professional red card . After returning from suspension , MVila never lost his place within the team breaking the starting eleven in all the remaining league matches , save for one .",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": "On 15 September 2009 , MVila signed a contract extension with Rennes until June 2013 . On 27 August 2010 , he agreed to another extension with the club . The new deal extends until 2014 . On 18 December , in a 1–0 win over Valenciennes , MVila played the entire match completing 100 of his 112 attempted passes , the former statistical output being a league-high for the season . Due to his performances domestically and internationally , MVila was linked to Spanish club Real Madrid and English club Liverpool during the fall season . In December 2010",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": ", the midfielder quelled the interest by declaring his commitment to Rennes and also jokingly stating that he would only depart Rennes after scoring his first goal . Coincidentally , he scored his first professional goal on 9 January 2011 in a 7–0 hammering of Championnat National club Cannes in the Coupe de France . A week later , MVila scored his first career league goal in a 4–0 win over Arles-Avignon . On 20 February , MVila scored the opening goal for Rennes , converting a free kick , in a 2–1 win over Toulouse . MVila was rewarded",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": "for his performances during the season with a nomination for the UNFP Ligue 1 Young Player of the Year . The midfielder lost out on the award to national team teammate Mamadou Sakho , but was given consolation with an appearance on the organizations Team of the Year . A day later , Rennes confirmed on its website that MVila had signed a one-year contract extension with the club . The new deal will keep him with Rennes until 2015 .",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": "MVila opened the 2011–12 season making his European debut in a UEFA Europa League third qualifying round first leg tie against Georgian club Metalurgi Rustavi on 28 July 2011 . MVila played the entire match in a 5–2 win . On 25 August , he scored his first and only goal of the campaign in a 4–0 second leg win over Serbian club Red Star Belgrade in the Europa League playoff round . On 15 September , MVila captained Rennes for the first time in a 1–1 league draw with Nancy . He finished the campaign appearing in a career-high",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": "50 matches , which included all 38 league contests , as Rennes finished in sixth place . Despite consistently appearing with the team , as the season progressed , MVila was subjected to criticism from the clubs supporters due to his under-performance as perceived by them . The criticism culminated on 11 April 2012 following the midfielders performance in Rennes shock 2–1 defeat to semi-professional club Quevilly in the semi-finals of the Coupe de France . In the teams ensuing match against Nice , MVila was jeered by the clubs support . The midfielder was defended by his coach Antonetti",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": ", who declared , We demand a lot from MVila . But , we forget that he has already given so much to the club , while also joking that MVila touched the ball so much that they [ supporters ] couldnt keep up . It made me smile a little .",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": " On 22 January 2013 , it was announced that Rennes had accepted an offer in the region of €12 million from Rubin Kazan for MVila . MVila went AWOL during the 2013–14 winter break , failing to join Rubin Kazans training camp in Turkey and instead returning to France . This caused a dispute with coach Rinat Bilyaletdinov . Inter Milan ( loan ) .",
"title": "Rubin Kazan"
},
{
"text": "On 15 July 2014 , MVila joined Inter Milan on loan from Rubin Kazan until the end of the 2014–15 season with an option to purchase the player on a permanent basis . He made his Serie A debut on 31 August as they began the season with a goalless draw at Torino ; he was substituted after 56 minutes for fellow debutant Dani Osvaldo . On 25 January , it was announced that the loan had been terminated and therefore Mvila returned to Kazan following a disagreement with new Inter manager Roberto Mancini .",
"title": "Rubin Kazan"
},
{
"text": " MVila spent a period training with Dynamo Moscow , but did not officially sign for the Russian club after a dispute resulting in the trashing of his Moscow home . Sunderland ( loan ) .",
"title": "Rubin Kazan"
},
{
"text": "On 6 August 2015 , MVila joined English Premier League side Sunderland on a season-long loan with a view to being made a permanent deal . He made his first appearance for the club in an under-21 match against Norwich City , but was sent off after 69 minutes for a head-butt on Jamar Loza . On 29 August 2015 , MVila scored his first Sunderland goal , a long range free-kick against Aston Villa . On 25 October 2015 , MVila was named the Premier League man of the match in Sunderlands 3–0 home victory over Newcastle United in",
"title": "Rubin Kazan"
},
{
"text": "the Tyne-Wear derby . He subsequently described the atmosphere of the match as the best he had played in , eclipsing that of the Milan Derby . After another man of the match performance in a 3–1 defeat at Arsenal on 5 December 2015 , MVila was praised by teammate Ola Toivonen , who described him as a top European player . As he plays more games hes going to show that hes the top player we know he is .",
"title": "Rubin Kazan"
},
{
"text": " In February 2016 , MVila expressed his desire to stay at Sunderland on a permanent basis , provided the Black Cats avoided relegation . He also hoped to reach an agreement with Rubin Kazan to terminate his contract , which was running until December 2016 . MVila ultimately finished the season with 37 league appearances for Sunderland , as they ultimately secured survival with a 3–0 home victory over Everton on 11 May 2016 . Manager Sam Allardyce confirmed both club and player were keen to make the move permanent .",
"title": "Rubin Kazan"
},
{
"text": "On 1 September 2016 , MVila took his frustrations to Instagram after the club rejected to sign the player by not picking up the phone . MVila was a fan favourite during his time in the North East which caused a massive angering response to Sunderland club owner Ellis Short .",
"title": "Rubin Kazan"
},
{
"text": "MVila played his first game for Rubin in two years upon the return from loans on 22 September 2016 when he came on as a substitute in a Russian Cup matchup against Chita . Rubin manager Javi Gracia chose to play Alex Song over MVila at the defensive midfield position in all the league games up to that point . MVila returned to league action for Rubin on 2 October 2016 , when he was a late substitute in a game against Krasnodar . In Rubins next match , against Krylia Sovetov Samara on 15 October , MVila returned to",
"title": "Return to Rubin"
},
{
"text": "the starting line-up , pushing Song to the bench . On 26 December , MVila signed a three-and-a-half-year contract extension with Rubin that was expected to run until the summer of 2020 .",
"title": "Return to Rubin"
},
{
"text": " On 12 January 2018 , MVila was released from his Rubin Kazan contract , before signing for AS Saint-Étienne until the summer of 2019 .",
"title": "Saint-Etienne"
},
{
"text": " On 13 September 2020 , MVila signed a three-year contract with Super League Greece side Olympiacos .",
"title": "Olympiacos"
},
{
"text": "MVila has featured for all of Frances national youth teams for which he was eligible beginning with the under-16 team . He made his international debut with the team on 23 May 2006 in a friendly match against Romania . MVila made his only other appearance in the team in the return leg against Romania . MVila began featuring as a regular international with the under-17 team making his debut on 5 December 2006 in a friendly match against the Czech Republic . MVila scored his first international goal on 20 February 2007 against Portugal in the Algarve Cup .",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": "He was a member of the team that reached the semi-finals at the 2007 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship where they lost to England . In the competition , MVila scored a goal against group stage opponents Ukraine in a 2–2 draw . The draw resulted in France advancing to the 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup held in South Korea . MVila appeared in all five matches helping the team reach the quarter-finals where they were defeated by Spain on penalties .",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": "With the under-18 team , MVila appeared in six of the ten matches the team contested . He made his debut with the team in its opening match against the United States in the Tournoi de Limoges . MVila appeared in all 18 matches scoring 3 goals with the under-19 team . He was given the honor of captaining the team by coach Jean Gallice . He scored one goal during the qualification process against Romania in a 3–0 victory . The victory assured qualification to the tournament . At the tournament , held in the Ukraine , MVila appeared",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": "in all three group stage matches helping France reach the semi-finals . Due to picking up a yellow card in back-to-back matches , MVila missed the semi-final defeat to England . Upon receiving the yellow card in the final group stage match against Spain , a very distraught MVila palmed his face into his knees as he knew he would miss the important semi-final match .",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": "Just days after the under-19 elimination , MVila was called up to the under-21 team , the only one of the under-19 squad , to participate in the teams friendly match against Poland on 12 August . He made his under-21 debut in that match appearing as a substitute in the 74th minute of a 2–2 draw . On 25 February 2010 , MVila was reportedly named to the senior team for their friendly against Spain on 3 March . The news was based on the preliminary list sent to news agencies minutes before coach Raymond Domenech was to announce",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": "the squad in a press conference . However , following the formalization of the list at the start of the press conference , his name was replaced with Marseille midfielder Benoît Cheyrou . MVila was later called up to the under-21 team for their friendly against Croatia , but withdrew from the team due to injury .",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": "On 11 May , MVila was named to the 30-man preliminary list by Domenech to play in the 2010 FIFA World Cup but failed to make the final 23 . On 5 August 2010 , MVila was officially called up to the senior team for the first time by new manager Laurent Blanc for the teams friendly match against Norway on 11 August 2010 . He earned his first senior cap in the match starting in the defensive midfielder role . Despite France losing the match 2–1 , MVila earned rave reviews for his performance , with many media outlets",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "in France naming him the teams player of the match .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "Following his debut , MVila appeared in five consecutive matches for France . After starting in the teams UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying victory over Bosnia and Herzegovina in September 2010 , he became the only player to feature as a starter in Blancs first three matches as manager . On 25 March 2011 , MVila completed 92.5 percent of his 134 attempted passes in a 2–0 UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying win over Luxembourg . The feat was the best by any France player in an international match since 2006 . On 2 September 2011 , MVila scored his first international",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "goal in a 2–1 Euro qualifying victory over Albania .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": " After appearing regularly in qualifying for Euro 2012 , on 29 May 2012 MVila was named to the squad to participate in the competition . After missing the teams opening match against England due to an ankle injury , on 15 June , he made his debut at a senior international competition in the teams second group stage match against the Ukraine . MVila appeared as a substitute for Alou Diarra in the second half as France won the match 2–0 .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "MVila last played for French representative teams when he featured in both legs of the France U21 teams qualification playoff with Norway U21 ; the Norwegians aggregate victory meant France failed to qualify for the final tournament . On 8 November 2012 , MVila was banned from national team matches until June 2014 after an unauthorised night out while on under-21 duty .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "MVila primarily plays as a defensive midfielder and is described as a player who boasts a fantastic work-rate and is robust in the challenge . He is also known for his passing ability and superb vision . MVila has earned critical acclaim for his playing style , which has led to coaches and players drawing comparisons to fellow French internationals Patrick Vieira and Claude Makélélé . Under manager Frédéric Antonetti at Rennes , despite playing as a defensive midfielder , MVila acts as the teams deep-lying playmaker and is often instrumental in building-up attacks from the back . His importance",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "in the team was shown in Rennes 1–0 league defeat to Toulouse during the 2011–12 season , in which the Bretagne side failed to produce anything offensively . MVila , himself , declared that Rennes struggled because he was forced to play in a withdrawn role due to the opponents being organized to close me down and , as a result , he was not in the drivers seat . Though , he plays as a defensive midfielder , MVila can also play as a box-to-box midfielder as he has done at times under Laurent Blanc at international level .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "MVilas passing ability and ability to retain possession consistently has been described as precise and imaginative , respectively . His manager Antonetti has declared that MVila reads the game like Makélélé , has the presence of Vieira and can pass the ball like Yaya Touré . In the past two Ligue 1 seasons ( 2010–11 and 2011–12 ) , MVila led the league each season in passes attempted and passes completed finishing the campaigns with a combined passing percentage of 84 percent . In the 2010–11 season , he finished third behind attacking midfielders Yohan Cabaye and Morgan Amalfitano in",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "balls played . Despite his position , MVila is also known for his disciplined style of play . So far in his career as a professional , in which he has accumulated over 120 appearances , MVila has collected only 16 yellow cards and suffered only one expulsion , which came in his third professional appearance ; he was also expelled from the teams 2011–12 UEFA Europa League group stage match against Celtic in November 2011 , but this was after incurring a second bookable offence .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "Despite the positive opinions , MVila has endured criticism , most notably from Rennes former manager Guy Lacombe , who viewed the player as a loose cannon while also questioning MVilas attitude and dedication . While MVila initially voiced his frustration at his lack of playing time under Lacombe , he has since stated he bears no ill feelings towards his former manager . After hearing MVilas initial frustrations in May 2010 , Lacombe informed French publication France Football that , If he [ MVila ] had a black season , its more his fault than that of the coaches",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": ", referring to MVilas 2008–09 season after signing his first professional contract .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "MVila was born in Amiens , Somme . His father , Jean-Elvis MVila , was a former football player who is originally from the Republic of the Congo . He moved to France in 1983 and played football for 13 years regularly turning out for the reserves of local club Amiens SC . His father currently resides in Cholet . He was a police officer and now works in metallurgy . Yann also has two younger sisters and an older brother . His brother , Yohan MVila , also plays professional football . Yann , himself , is married and",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "has a son who was born when he was 18 years old . In 2010 , his wife gave birth to another child .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - UNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year : 2010–11",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Yann_M'Vila#P54#4
|
Which team did the player Yann M'Vila belong to between Nov 2014 and Dec 2014?
|
Yann MVila Yann Gérard MVila ( born 29 June 1990 ) is a French professional footballer who plays for Greek club Olympiacos . He operates primarily as a defensive midfielder , and is described by his former club as a player who possesses excellent defensive abilities and impressive physical strength , but can also play as a box-to-box midfielder , due to his impressive work rates and stamina . He is the younger brother of Yohan MVila . MVila is a French international , having played at all levels for which he was eligible . He has captained several of his age groups including the under-19 team that reached the semi-finals of the 2009 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship . MVila also played on France teams that participated in the 2007 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship and the 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup . He is currently playing for the senior team . MVila made his senior debut on 11 August 2010 in a friendly match against Norway , and was part of the French squad which reached the quarter-finals of UEFA Euro 2012 . Club career . Early career . MVila began his football career at age six for ES Sains-Saint-Fussien . He spent three years at the club and , in July 1999 , joined the biggest club in the region , Amiens SC . MVila joined the club as a youth player and practiced in the clubs soccer school , which was established by his father , who had previously played on the clubs reserve team . After spending five seasons at the club , MVila left the club after developing friction and ventured to Paris to join FC Mantes . During his short stint at Mantes , MVila lived with his grandparents . MVila admitted that , during his time at Mantes , he had forgot his dream of becoming a professional footballer . The desire was brought back after he was discovered by a Rennes scout in October 2004 . The following month , MVila departed Mantes to join the prestigious youth academy of Rennes after signing an aspirant ( youth ) contract with the club . Among MVilas teammates in the youth system included fellow prospects Damien Le Tallec , the younger brother of Anthony Le Tallec , Yohann Lasimant , Abdoul Camara and Yacine Brahimi . The combination of MVila , Brahimi , Camara , and Le Tallec , all four being members of the class of 1990 , were particularly instrumental in their youth teams successes . With the under-16 team , the foursome won the Tournoi Carisport , a national tournament that regularly pits the top academies in France against each other . Two seasons later with the under-18 team , MVila won the under-18 league championship for the 2006–07 season . In 2008 , the youth academy achieved its biggest honour after winning the Coupe Gambardella . The title was Rennes third Gambardella Cup and its first since 2003 when the likes of Yoann Gourcuff and Sylvain Marveaux were playing in the competition . In the final , Rennes faced Bordeaux and MVila was tasked with the objective of containing fellow French starlet Grégory Sertic . He accomplished the task and also scored a goal on a left-footed strike from out leading the team to a 3–0 victory . Rennes . Following the 2006–07 season , on 11 August 2007 MVila , alongside teammates Le Tallec and Camara , signed his first professional contract after agreeing to a three-year deal with Rennes . He spent the entire season playing on the clubs reserve team in the Championnat de France amateur in the fourth division before being officially promoted to the senior squad and assigned the number 15 shirt for the 2008–09 season . Due to having minor surgery on his toenail and his attitude being questioned by manager Guy Lacombe , MVila missed significant practice time with the senior team and began the season with the clubs Championnat de France amateur team for the second consecutive year . Despite Lacombe questioning the players attitude , MVila has declared that he bears no ill feelings towards Lacombe . He subsequently appeared in 20 matches with the reserve team and scored no goals as the team finished first among professional clubs in its group , thus qualifying for the playoffs , where the club lost to Lyon in the semi-finals . Following a successful international campaign with the France under-19 team , on 13 August 2009 , new manager Frédéric Antonetti announced that MVila would be earning some significant playing time with the club for the 2009–10 season . Two days later , after appearing with the CFA team in the first week of the season , he was named to the 19-man squad to face Nice . He made his professional debut in that match appearing as a substitute in the 80th minute . Due to the suspension of Japanese midfielder Junichi Inamoto , MVila earned his first start the following week against Marseille . He played the entire match , which ended 1–1 . The following week against Lens , MVila earned his first professional red card . After returning from suspension , MVila never lost his place within the team breaking the starting eleven in all the remaining league matches , save for one . On 15 September 2009 , MVila signed a contract extension with Rennes until June 2013 . On 27 August 2010 , he agreed to another extension with the club . The new deal extends until 2014 . On 18 December , in a 1–0 win over Valenciennes , MVila played the entire match completing 100 of his 112 attempted passes , the former statistical output being a league-high for the season . Due to his performances domestically and internationally , MVila was linked to Spanish club Real Madrid and English club Liverpool during the fall season . In December 2010 , the midfielder quelled the interest by declaring his commitment to Rennes and also jokingly stating that he would only depart Rennes after scoring his first goal . Coincidentally , he scored his first professional goal on 9 January 2011 in a 7–0 hammering of Championnat National club Cannes in the Coupe de France . A week later , MVila scored his first career league goal in a 4–0 win over Arles-Avignon . On 20 February , MVila scored the opening goal for Rennes , converting a free kick , in a 2–1 win over Toulouse . MVila was rewarded for his performances during the season with a nomination for the UNFP Ligue 1 Young Player of the Year . The midfielder lost out on the award to national team teammate Mamadou Sakho , but was given consolation with an appearance on the organizations Team of the Year . A day later , Rennes confirmed on its website that MVila had signed a one-year contract extension with the club . The new deal will keep him with Rennes until 2015 . MVila opened the 2011–12 season making his European debut in a UEFA Europa League third qualifying round first leg tie against Georgian club Metalurgi Rustavi on 28 July 2011 . MVila played the entire match in a 5–2 win . On 25 August , he scored his first and only goal of the campaign in a 4–0 second leg win over Serbian club Red Star Belgrade in the Europa League playoff round . On 15 September , MVila captained Rennes for the first time in a 1–1 league draw with Nancy . He finished the campaign appearing in a career-high 50 matches , which included all 38 league contests , as Rennes finished in sixth place . Despite consistently appearing with the team , as the season progressed , MVila was subjected to criticism from the clubs supporters due to his under-performance as perceived by them . The criticism culminated on 11 April 2012 following the midfielders performance in Rennes shock 2–1 defeat to semi-professional club Quevilly in the semi-finals of the Coupe de France . In the teams ensuing match against Nice , MVila was jeered by the clubs support . The midfielder was defended by his coach Antonetti , who declared , We demand a lot from MVila . But , we forget that he has already given so much to the club , while also joking that MVila touched the ball so much that they [ supporters ] couldnt keep up . It made me smile a little . Rubin Kazan . On 22 January 2013 , it was announced that Rennes had accepted an offer in the region of €12 million from Rubin Kazan for MVila . MVila went AWOL during the 2013–14 winter break , failing to join Rubin Kazans training camp in Turkey and instead returning to France . This caused a dispute with coach Rinat Bilyaletdinov . Inter Milan ( loan ) . On 15 July 2014 , MVila joined Inter Milan on loan from Rubin Kazan until the end of the 2014–15 season with an option to purchase the player on a permanent basis . He made his Serie A debut on 31 August as they began the season with a goalless draw at Torino ; he was substituted after 56 minutes for fellow debutant Dani Osvaldo . On 25 January , it was announced that the loan had been terminated and therefore Mvila returned to Kazan following a disagreement with new Inter manager Roberto Mancini . MVila spent a period training with Dynamo Moscow , but did not officially sign for the Russian club after a dispute resulting in the trashing of his Moscow home . Sunderland ( loan ) . On 6 August 2015 , MVila joined English Premier League side Sunderland on a season-long loan with a view to being made a permanent deal . He made his first appearance for the club in an under-21 match against Norwich City , but was sent off after 69 minutes for a head-butt on Jamar Loza . On 29 August 2015 , MVila scored his first Sunderland goal , a long range free-kick against Aston Villa . On 25 October 2015 , MVila was named the Premier League man of the match in Sunderlands 3–0 home victory over Newcastle United in the Tyne-Wear derby . He subsequently described the atmosphere of the match as the best he had played in , eclipsing that of the Milan Derby . After another man of the match performance in a 3–1 defeat at Arsenal on 5 December 2015 , MVila was praised by teammate Ola Toivonen , who described him as a top European player . As he plays more games hes going to show that hes the top player we know he is . In February 2016 , MVila expressed his desire to stay at Sunderland on a permanent basis , provided the Black Cats avoided relegation . He also hoped to reach an agreement with Rubin Kazan to terminate his contract , which was running until December 2016 . MVila ultimately finished the season with 37 league appearances for Sunderland , as they ultimately secured survival with a 3–0 home victory over Everton on 11 May 2016 . Manager Sam Allardyce confirmed both club and player were keen to make the move permanent . On 1 September 2016 , MVila took his frustrations to Instagram after the club rejected to sign the player by not picking up the phone . MVila was a fan favourite during his time in the North East which caused a massive angering response to Sunderland club owner Ellis Short . Return to Rubin . MVila played his first game for Rubin in two years upon the return from loans on 22 September 2016 when he came on as a substitute in a Russian Cup matchup against Chita . Rubin manager Javi Gracia chose to play Alex Song over MVila at the defensive midfield position in all the league games up to that point . MVila returned to league action for Rubin on 2 October 2016 , when he was a late substitute in a game against Krasnodar . In Rubins next match , against Krylia Sovetov Samara on 15 October , MVila returned to the starting line-up , pushing Song to the bench . On 26 December , MVila signed a three-and-a-half-year contract extension with Rubin that was expected to run until the summer of 2020 . Saint-Etienne . On 12 January 2018 , MVila was released from his Rubin Kazan contract , before signing for AS Saint-Étienne until the summer of 2019 . Olympiacos . On 13 September 2020 , MVila signed a three-year contract with Super League Greece side Olympiacos . International career . Youth . MVila has featured for all of Frances national youth teams for which he was eligible beginning with the under-16 team . He made his international debut with the team on 23 May 2006 in a friendly match against Romania . MVila made his only other appearance in the team in the return leg against Romania . MVila began featuring as a regular international with the under-17 team making his debut on 5 December 2006 in a friendly match against the Czech Republic . MVila scored his first international goal on 20 February 2007 against Portugal in the Algarve Cup . He was a member of the team that reached the semi-finals at the 2007 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship where they lost to England . In the competition , MVila scored a goal against group stage opponents Ukraine in a 2–2 draw . The draw resulted in France advancing to the 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup held in South Korea . MVila appeared in all five matches helping the team reach the quarter-finals where they were defeated by Spain on penalties . With the under-18 team , MVila appeared in six of the ten matches the team contested . He made his debut with the team in its opening match against the United States in the Tournoi de Limoges . MVila appeared in all 18 matches scoring 3 goals with the under-19 team . He was given the honor of captaining the team by coach Jean Gallice . He scored one goal during the qualification process against Romania in a 3–0 victory . The victory assured qualification to the tournament . At the tournament , held in the Ukraine , MVila appeared in all three group stage matches helping France reach the semi-finals . Due to picking up a yellow card in back-to-back matches , MVila missed the semi-final defeat to England . Upon receiving the yellow card in the final group stage match against Spain , a very distraught MVila palmed his face into his knees as he knew he would miss the important semi-final match . Just days after the under-19 elimination , MVila was called up to the under-21 team , the only one of the under-19 squad , to participate in the teams friendly match against Poland on 12 August . He made his under-21 debut in that match appearing as a substitute in the 74th minute of a 2–2 draw . On 25 February 2010 , MVila was reportedly named to the senior team for their friendly against Spain on 3 March . The news was based on the preliminary list sent to news agencies minutes before coach Raymond Domenech was to announce the squad in a press conference . However , following the formalization of the list at the start of the press conference , his name was replaced with Marseille midfielder Benoît Cheyrou . MVila was later called up to the under-21 team for their friendly against Croatia , but withdrew from the team due to injury . Senior . On 11 May , MVila was named to the 30-man preliminary list by Domenech to play in the 2010 FIFA World Cup but failed to make the final 23 . On 5 August 2010 , MVila was officially called up to the senior team for the first time by new manager Laurent Blanc for the teams friendly match against Norway on 11 August 2010 . He earned his first senior cap in the match starting in the defensive midfielder role . Despite France losing the match 2–1 , MVila earned rave reviews for his performance , with many media outlets in France naming him the teams player of the match . Following his debut , MVila appeared in five consecutive matches for France . After starting in the teams UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying victory over Bosnia and Herzegovina in September 2010 , he became the only player to feature as a starter in Blancs first three matches as manager . On 25 March 2011 , MVila completed 92.5 percent of his 134 attempted passes in a 2–0 UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying win over Luxembourg . The feat was the best by any France player in an international match since 2006 . On 2 September 2011 , MVila scored his first international goal in a 2–1 Euro qualifying victory over Albania . After appearing regularly in qualifying for Euro 2012 , on 29 May 2012 MVila was named to the squad to participate in the competition . After missing the teams opening match against England due to an ankle injury , on 15 June , he made his debut at a senior international competition in the teams second group stage match against the Ukraine . MVila appeared as a substitute for Alou Diarra in the second half as France won the match 2–0 . MVila last played for French representative teams when he featured in both legs of the France U21 teams qualification playoff with Norway U21 ; the Norwegians aggregate victory meant France failed to qualify for the final tournament . On 8 November 2012 , MVila was banned from national team matches until June 2014 after an unauthorised night out while on under-21 duty . Style of play . MVila primarily plays as a defensive midfielder and is described as a player who boasts a fantastic work-rate and is robust in the challenge . He is also known for his passing ability and superb vision . MVila has earned critical acclaim for his playing style , which has led to coaches and players drawing comparisons to fellow French internationals Patrick Vieira and Claude Makélélé . Under manager Frédéric Antonetti at Rennes , despite playing as a defensive midfielder , MVila acts as the teams deep-lying playmaker and is often instrumental in building-up attacks from the back . His importance in the team was shown in Rennes 1–0 league defeat to Toulouse during the 2011–12 season , in which the Bretagne side failed to produce anything offensively . MVila , himself , declared that Rennes struggled because he was forced to play in a withdrawn role due to the opponents being organized to close me down and , as a result , he was not in the drivers seat . Though , he plays as a defensive midfielder , MVila can also play as a box-to-box midfielder as he has done at times under Laurent Blanc at international level . MVilas passing ability and ability to retain possession consistently has been described as precise and imaginative , respectively . His manager Antonetti has declared that MVila reads the game like Makélélé , has the presence of Vieira and can pass the ball like Yaya Touré . In the past two Ligue 1 seasons ( 2010–11 and 2011–12 ) , MVila led the league each season in passes attempted and passes completed finishing the campaigns with a combined passing percentage of 84 percent . In the 2010–11 season , he finished third behind attacking midfielders Yohan Cabaye and Morgan Amalfitano in balls played . Despite his position , MVila is also known for his disciplined style of play . So far in his career as a professional , in which he has accumulated over 120 appearances , MVila has collected only 16 yellow cards and suffered only one expulsion , which came in his third professional appearance ; he was also expelled from the teams 2011–12 UEFA Europa League group stage match against Celtic in November 2011 , but this was after incurring a second bookable offence . Despite the positive opinions , MVila has endured criticism , most notably from Rennes former manager Guy Lacombe , who viewed the player as a loose cannon while also questioning MVilas attitude and dedication . While MVila initially voiced his frustration at his lack of playing time under Lacombe , he has since stated he bears no ill feelings towards his former manager . After hearing MVilas initial frustrations in May 2010 , Lacombe informed French publication France Football that , If he [ MVila ] had a black season , its more his fault than that of the coaches , referring to MVilas 2008–09 season after signing his first professional contract . Personal life . MVila was born in Amiens , Somme . His father , Jean-Elvis MVila , was a former football player who is originally from the Republic of the Congo . He moved to France in 1983 and played football for 13 years regularly turning out for the reserves of local club Amiens SC . His father currently resides in Cholet . He was a police officer and now works in metallurgy . Yann also has two younger sisters and an older brother . His brother , Yohan MVila , also plays professional football . Yann , himself , is married and has a son who was born when he was 18 years old . In 2010 , his wife gave birth to another child . Honours . Rennes Youth - Coupe Gambardella : 2007–08 Olympiacos - Super League Greece : 2020–21 Individual - UNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year : 2010–11
|
[
"Rubin Kazan"
] |
[
{
"text": " Yann Gérard MVila ( born 29 June 1990 ) is a French professional footballer who plays for Greek club Olympiacos . He operates primarily as a defensive midfielder , and is described by his former club as a player who possesses excellent defensive abilities and impressive physical strength , but can also play as a box-to-box midfielder , due to his impressive work rates and stamina . He is the younger brother of Yohan MVila .",
"title": "Yann MVila"
},
{
"text": "MVila is a French international , having played at all levels for which he was eligible . He has captained several of his age groups including the under-19 team that reached the semi-finals of the 2009 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship . MVila also played on France teams that participated in the 2007 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship and the 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup . He is currently playing for the senior team . MVila made his senior debut on 11 August 2010 in a friendly match against Norway , and was part of the French squad which reached",
"title": "Yann MVila"
},
{
"text": "the quarter-finals of UEFA Euro 2012 .",
"title": "Yann MVila"
},
{
"text": "MVila began his football career at age six for ES Sains-Saint-Fussien . He spent three years at the club and , in July 1999 , joined the biggest club in the region , Amiens SC . MVila joined the club as a youth player and practiced in the clubs soccer school , which was established by his father , who had previously played on the clubs reserve team . After spending five seasons at the club , MVila left the club after developing friction and ventured to Paris to join FC Mantes . During his short stint at Mantes ,",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "MVila lived with his grandparents . MVila admitted that , during his time at Mantes , he had forgot his dream of becoming a professional footballer . The desire was brought back after he was discovered by a Rennes scout in October 2004 . The following month , MVila departed Mantes to join the prestigious youth academy of Rennes after signing an aspirant ( youth ) contract with the club .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Among MVilas teammates in the youth system included fellow prospects Damien Le Tallec , the younger brother of Anthony Le Tallec , Yohann Lasimant , Abdoul Camara and Yacine Brahimi . The combination of MVila , Brahimi , Camara , and Le Tallec , all four being members of the class of 1990 , were particularly instrumental in their youth teams successes . With the under-16 team , the foursome won the Tournoi Carisport , a national tournament that regularly pits the top academies in France against each other . Two seasons later with the under-18 team , MVila won",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "the under-18 league championship for the 2006–07 season . In 2008 , the youth academy achieved its biggest honour after winning the Coupe Gambardella . The title was Rennes third Gambardella Cup and its first since 2003 when the likes of Yoann Gourcuff and Sylvain Marveaux were playing in the competition . In the final , Rennes faced Bordeaux and MVila was tasked with the objective of containing fellow French starlet Grégory Sertic . He accomplished the task and also scored a goal on a left-footed strike from out leading the team to a 3–0 victory .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Following the 2006–07 season , on 11 August 2007 MVila , alongside teammates Le Tallec and Camara , signed his first professional contract after agreeing to a three-year deal with Rennes . He spent the entire season playing on the clubs reserve team in the Championnat de France amateur in the fourth division before being officially promoted to the senior squad and assigned the number 15 shirt for the 2008–09 season . Due to having minor surgery on his toenail and his attitude being questioned by manager Guy Lacombe , MVila missed significant practice time with the senior team and",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": "began the season with the clubs Championnat de France amateur team for the second consecutive year . Despite Lacombe questioning the players attitude , MVila has declared that he bears no ill feelings towards Lacombe . He subsequently appeared in 20 matches with the reserve team and scored no goals as the team finished first among professional clubs in its group , thus qualifying for the playoffs , where the club lost to Lyon in the semi-finals .",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": "Following a successful international campaign with the France under-19 team , on 13 August 2009 , new manager Frédéric Antonetti announced that MVila would be earning some significant playing time with the club for the 2009–10 season . Two days later , after appearing with the CFA team in the first week of the season , he was named to the 19-man squad to face Nice . He made his professional debut in that match appearing as a substitute in the 80th minute . Due to the suspension of Japanese midfielder Junichi Inamoto , MVila earned his first start the",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": "following week against Marseille . He played the entire match , which ended 1–1 . The following week against Lens , MVila earned his first professional red card . After returning from suspension , MVila never lost his place within the team breaking the starting eleven in all the remaining league matches , save for one .",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": "On 15 September 2009 , MVila signed a contract extension with Rennes until June 2013 . On 27 August 2010 , he agreed to another extension with the club . The new deal extends until 2014 . On 18 December , in a 1–0 win over Valenciennes , MVila played the entire match completing 100 of his 112 attempted passes , the former statistical output being a league-high for the season . Due to his performances domestically and internationally , MVila was linked to Spanish club Real Madrid and English club Liverpool during the fall season . In December 2010",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": ", the midfielder quelled the interest by declaring his commitment to Rennes and also jokingly stating that he would only depart Rennes after scoring his first goal . Coincidentally , he scored his first professional goal on 9 January 2011 in a 7–0 hammering of Championnat National club Cannes in the Coupe de France . A week later , MVila scored his first career league goal in a 4–0 win over Arles-Avignon . On 20 February , MVila scored the opening goal for Rennes , converting a free kick , in a 2–1 win over Toulouse . MVila was rewarded",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": "for his performances during the season with a nomination for the UNFP Ligue 1 Young Player of the Year . The midfielder lost out on the award to national team teammate Mamadou Sakho , but was given consolation with an appearance on the organizations Team of the Year . A day later , Rennes confirmed on its website that MVila had signed a one-year contract extension with the club . The new deal will keep him with Rennes until 2015 .",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": "MVila opened the 2011–12 season making his European debut in a UEFA Europa League third qualifying round first leg tie against Georgian club Metalurgi Rustavi on 28 July 2011 . MVila played the entire match in a 5–2 win . On 25 August , he scored his first and only goal of the campaign in a 4–0 second leg win over Serbian club Red Star Belgrade in the Europa League playoff round . On 15 September , MVila captained Rennes for the first time in a 1–1 league draw with Nancy . He finished the campaign appearing in a career-high",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": "50 matches , which included all 38 league contests , as Rennes finished in sixth place . Despite consistently appearing with the team , as the season progressed , MVila was subjected to criticism from the clubs supporters due to his under-performance as perceived by them . The criticism culminated on 11 April 2012 following the midfielders performance in Rennes shock 2–1 defeat to semi-professional club Quevilly in the semi-finals of the Coupe de France . In the teams ensuing match against Nice , MVila was jeered by the clubs support . The midfielder was defended by his coach Antonetti",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": ", who declared , We demand a lot from MVila . But , we forget that he has already given so much to the club , while also joking that MVila touched the ball so much that they [ supporters ] couldnt keep up . It made me smile a little .",
"title": "Rennes"
},
{
"text": " On 22 January 2013 , it was announced that Rennes had accepted an offer in the region of €12 million from Rubin Kazan for MVila . MVila went AWOL during the 2013–14 winter break , failing to join Rubin Kazans training camp in Turkey and instead returning to France . This caused a dispute with coach Rinat Bilyaletdinov . Inter Milan ( loan ) .",
"title": "Rubin Kazan"
},
{
"text": "On 15 July 2014 , MVila joined Inter Milan on loan from Rubin Kazan until the end of the 2014–15 season with an option to purchase the player on a permanent basis . He made his Serie A debut on 31 August as they began the season with a goalless draw at Torino ; he was substituted after 56 minutes for fellow debutant Dani Osvaldo . On 25 January , it was announced that the loan had been terminated and therefore Mvila returned to Kazan following a disagreement with new Inter manager Roberto Mancini .",
"title": "Rubin Kazan"
},
{
"text": " MVila spent a period training with Dynamo Moscow , but did not officially sign for the Russian club after a dispute resulting in the trashing of his Moscow home . Sunderland ( loan ) .",
"title": "Rubin Kazan"
},
{
"text": "On 6 August 2015 , MVila joined English Premier League side Sunderland on a season-long loan with a view to being made a permanent deal . He made his first appearance for the club in an under-21 match against Norwich City , but was sent off after 69 minutes for a head-butt on Jamar Loza . On 29 August 2015 , MVila scored his first Sunderland goal , a long range free-kick against Aston Villa . On 25 October 2015 , MVila was named the Premier League man of the match in Sunderlands 3–0 home victory over Newcastle United in",
"title": "Rubin Kazan"
},
{
"text": "the Tyne-Wear derby . He subsequently described the atmosphere of the match as the best he had played in , eclipsing that of the Milan Derby . After another man of the match performance in a 3–1 defeat at Arsenal on 5 December 2015 , MVila was praised by teammate Ola Toivonen , who described him as a top European player . As he plays more games hes going to show that hes the top player we know he is .",
"title": "Rubin Kazan"
},
{
"text": " In February 2016 , MVila expressed his desire to stay at Sunderland on a permanent basis , provided the Black Cats avoided relegation . He also hoped to reach an agreement with Rubin Kazan to terminate his contract , which was running until December 2016 . MVila ultimately finished the season with 37 league appearances for Sunderland , as they ultimately secured survival with a 3–0 home victory over Everton on 11 May 2016 . Manager Sam Allardyce confirmed both club and player were keen to make the move permanent .",
"title": "Rubin Kazan"
},
{
"text": "On 1 September 2016 , MVila took his frustrations to Instagram after the club rejected to sign the player by not picking up the phone . MVila was a fan favourite during his time in the North East which caused a massive angering response to Sunderland club owner Ellis Short .",
"title": "Rubin Kazan"
},
{
"text": "MVila played his first game for Rubin in two years upon the return from loans on 22 September 2016 when he came on as a substitute in a Russian Cup matchup against Chita . Rubin manager Javi Gracia chose to play Alex Song over MVila at the defensive midfield position in all the league games up to that point . MVila returned to league action for Rubin on 2 October 2016 , when he was a late substitute in a game against Krasnodar . In Rubins next match , against Krylia Sovetov Samara on 15 October , MVila returned to",
"title": "Return to Rubin"
},
{
"text": "the starting line-up , pushing Song to the bench . On 26 December , MVila signed a three-and-a-half-year contract extension with Rubin that was expected to run until the summer of 2020 .",
"title": "Return to Rubin"
},
{
"text": " On 12 January 2018 , MVila was released from his Rubin Kazan contract , before signing for AS Saint-Étienne until the summer of 2019 .",
"title": "Saint-Etienne"
},
{
"text": " On 13 September 2020 , MVila signed a three-year contract with Super League Greece side Olympiacos .",
"title": "Olympiacos"
},
{
"text": "MVila has featured for all of Frances national youth teams for which he was eligible beginning with the under-16 team . He made his international debut with the team on 23 May 2006 in a friendly match against Romania . MVila made his only other appearance in the team in the return leg against Romania . MVila began featuring as a regular international with the under-17 team making his debut on 5 December 2006 in a friendly match against the Czech Republic . MVila scored his first international goal on 20 February 2007 against Portugal in the Algarve Cup .",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": "He was a member of the team that reached the semi-finals at the 2007 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship where they lost to England . In the competition , MVila scored a goal against group stage opponents Ukraine in a 2–2 draw . The draw resulted in France advancing to the 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup held in South Korea . MVila appeared in all five matches helping the team reach the quarter-finals where they were defeated by Spain on penalties .",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": "With the under-18 team , MVila appeared in six of the ten matches the team contested . He made his debut with the team in its opening match against the United States in the Tournoi de Limoges . MVila appeared in all 18 matches scoring 3 goals with the under-19 team . He was given the honor of captaining the team by coach Jean Gallice . He scored one goal during the qualification process against Romania in a 3–0 victory . The victory assured qualification to the tournament . At the tournament , held in the Ukraine , MVila appeared",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": "in all three group stage matches helping France reach the semi-finals . Due to picking up a yellow card in back-to-back matches , MVila missed the semi-final defeat to England . Upon receiving the yellow card in the final group stage match against Spain , a very distraught MVila palmed his face into his knees as he knew he would miss the important semi-final match .",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": "Just days after the under-19 elimination , MVila was called up to the under-21 team , the only one of the under-19 squad , to participate in the teams friendly match against Poland on 12 August . He made his under-21 debut in that match appearing as a substitute in the 74th minute of a 2–2 draw . On 25 February 2010 , MVila was reportedly named to the senior team for their friendly against Spain on 3 March . The news was based on the preliminary list sent to news agencies minutes before coach Raymond Domenech was to announce",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": "the squad in a press conference . However , following the formalization of the list at the start of the press conference , his name was replaced with Marseille midfielder Benoît Cheyrou . MVila was later called up to the under-21 team for their friendly against Croatia , but withdrew from the team due to injury .",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": "On 11 May , MVila was named to the 30-man preliminary list by Domenech to play in the 2010 FIFA World Cup but failed to make the final 23 . On 5 August 2010 , MVila was officially called up to the senior team for the first time by new manager Laurent Blanc for the teams friendly match against Norway on 11 August 2010 . He earned his first senior cap in the match starting in the defensive midfielder role . Despite France losing the match 2–1 , MVila earned rave reviews for his performance , with many media outlets",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "in France naming him the teams player of the match .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "Following his debut , MVila appeared in five consecutive matches for France . After starting in the teams UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying victory over Bosnia and Herzegovina in September 2010 , he became the only player to feature as a starter in Blancs first three matches as manager . On 25 March 2011 , MVila completed 92.5 percent of his 134 attempted passes in a 2–0 UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying win over Luxembourg . The feat was the best by any France player in an international match since 2006 . On 2 September 2011 , MVila scored his first international",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "goal in a 2–1 Euro qualifying victory over Albania .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": " After appearing regularly in qualifying for Euro 2012 , on 29 May 2012 MVila was named to the squad to participate in the competition . After missing the teams opening match against England due to an ankle injury , on 15 June , he made his debut at a senior international competition in the teams second group stage match against the Ukraine . MVila appeared as a substitute for Alou Diarra in the second half as France won the match 2–0 .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "MVila last played for French representative teams when he featured in both legs of the France U21 teams qualification playoff with Norway U21 ; the Norwegians aggregate victory meant France failed to qualify for the final tournament . On 8 November 2012 , MVila was banned from national team matches until June 2014 after an unauthorised night out while on under-21 duty .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "MVila primarily plays as a defensive midfielder and is described as a player who boasts a fantastic work-rate and is robust in the challenge . He is also known for his passing ability and superb vision . MVila has earned critical acclaim for his playing style , which has led to coaches and players drawing comparisons to fellow French internationals Patrick Vieira and Claude Makélélé . Under manager Frédéric Antonetti at Rennes , despite playing as a defensive midfielder , MVila acts as the teams deep-lying playmaker and is often instrumental in building-up attacks from the back . His importance",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "in the team was shown in Rennes 1–0 league defeat to Toulouse during the 2011–12 season , in which the Bretagne side failed to produce anything offensively . MVila , himself , declared that Rennes struggled because he was forced to play in a withdrawn role due to the opponents being organized to close me down and , as a result , he was not in the drivers seat . Though , he plays as a defensive midfielder , MVila can also play as a box-to-box midfielder as he has done at times under Laurent Blanc at international level .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "MVilas passing ability and ability to retain possession consistently has been described as precise and imaginative , respectively . His manager Antonetti has declared that MVila reads the game like Makélélé , has the presence of Vieira and can pass the ball like Yaya Touré . In the past two Ligue 1 seasons ( 2010–11 and 2011–12 ) , MVila led the league each season in passes attempted and passes completed finishing the campaigns with a combined passing percentage of 84 percent . In the 2010–11 season , he finished third behind attacking midfielders Yohan Cabaye and Morgan Amalfitano in",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "balls played . Despite his position , MVila is also known for his disciplined style of play . So far in his career as a professional , in which he has accumulated over 120 appearances , MVila has collected only 16 yellow cards and suffered only one expulsion , which came in his third professional appearance ; he was also expelled from the teams 2011–12 UEFA Europa League group stage match against Celtic in November 2011 , but this was after incurring a second bookable offence .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "Despite the positive opinions , MVila has endured criticism , most notably from Rennes former manager Guy Lacombe , who viewed the player as a loose cannon while also questioning MVilas attitude and dedication . While MVila initially voiced his frustration at his lack of playing time under Lacombe , he has since stated he bears no ill feelings towards his former manager . After hearing MVilas initial frustrations in May 2010 , Lacombe informed French publication France Football that , If he [ MVila ] had a black season , its more his fault than that of the coaches",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": ", referring to MVilas 2008–09 season after signing his first professional contract .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "MVila was born in Amiens , Somme . His father , Jean-Elvis MVila , was a former football player who is originally from the Republic of the Congo . He moved to France in 1983 and played football for 13 years regularly turning out for the reserves of local club Amiens SC . His father currently resides in Cholet . He was a police officer and now works in metallurgy . Yann also has two younger sisters and an older brother . His brother , Yohan MVila , also plays professional football . Yann , himself , is married and",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "has a son who was born when he was 18 years old . In 2010 , his wife gave birth to another child .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - UNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year : 2010–11",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Calgary_City_Hall#P1435#0
|
Which site was the heritage designation of Calgary City Hall between Apr 1983 and May 1983?
|
Calgary City Hall Calgary City Hall ( often called Old City Hall or Historic City Hall ) , is the seat of government for Calgary City Council , located in the citys downtown core of Calgary , Alberta , Canada . The historic building completed in 1911 serves as the offices for Calgary City Council , consisting of the office of the Mayor , fourteen Councillors and municipal Clerk . Calgary City Hall originally housed the municipal council and portions of administration from its completion in 1911 until the construction of the Calgary Municipal Building adjacent to Old City Hall in 1985 , which currently houses the offices of 2,000 civic administrators . Calgary City Hall is designated a National Historic Sites of Canada , as well as a Provincial Historical Resource , and Municipal Historical Resource . History . Calgary City Hall was constructed on the site of the Citys first town hall , with the land donated by a private citizen in 1885 , the year after the municipality was incorporated . The original wood-framed town hall only stood for a handful of years before being demolished . In the early 1900s it became apparent the growing City needed a new seat of government , and a debate ensued on the future location of the structure . In 1904 , Calgary City Council found a site located on the corner of 7th Avenue and 1st Street S.E . which was suitable and available for $20,000 . The plan went before the public through a pleblicite which required a two-thirds majority , and with 156 voters agreeing , and 95 against the proposition , the plan failed by a margin of 12 votes . Finally the city would settle on the site of the communitys original City Hall , set back only a few feet from the current structure . The city would retain Architect William M . Dodd whose designs around Calgary included Central School ( 1905-1969 ) , Clarence Block ( 1901 ) , Norman Block ( 1902 ) , and the Alexandra School ( 1904 ) , as well as consulting on Reginas City Hall . Construction of the new structure began in 1907 , and quickly encountered several financial and design issues . Construction issues . The four-storey building was constructed with a steel structural frame supporting the Paskapoo Sandstone exterior , which became a common building material in the city following the Calgary Fire of 1886 , with the sandstone sourced from the Bone and Oliver Quarry . Construction itself was filled with controversy and delays . Costs for the building continued to rise , and in April 1909 residents rejected a plebiscite for a bylaw providing additional funds for construction . Following the bylaws failure , Dodd withheld payment to the primary contractor , the Alberta Building Company , which subsequently walked off the job . Shortly afterwards in January 1910 , William Dodds employment as architect was terminated , and he was replaced with local firm Hodgson & Bates . Construction resumed following approval of a bylaw for additional funds in Spring 1910 . It is estimated the project cost a total of $300,000 by the time is was completed in 1911 , approximately double the initial budget . Time capsule . A sealed copper box was placed by Calgarys 10th Mayor Arthur Leslie Cameron and former mayors George Murdoch and George Clift King on September 14 , 1908 in the buildings cornerstone . Amongst the items in the time capsule , a copy of the New Testament , official copy of bylaws , voters list , various reports of city departments , various medals of various departments , and a copy of the five newspapers circulating in the city . The time capsule was opened by Mayor Naheed Nenshi in November 2018 part of the restoration of the building . Completion . The long awaited Calgary City Hall was opened by Conservative Member of Parliament and Leader of the Opposition Robert Borden on June 26 , 1911 . However , the City Hall building size would quickly become insufficient for the growing community , and by 1913 , the building was already too small to house several civic services . Originally the structure served as the headquarters of the Calgary Police Service from 1911 to 1914 , with 15 jail cells occupying a portion of the ground floor . Additionally , the building contained the citys court room which was conveniently located on the ground floor adjacent to the police department . When opened , a cannon was installed near the front entrance , which was replaced by a fountain . The site was landscaped with 210 palm trees ; one of which survived until 1935 . Plaque . A plaque at the entrance is dedicated to the memory of Lieutenant-Colonel Russell Lambert Boyle and the 10th Battalion , CEF . Boyle was a Calgary area rancher who was killed during the 2nd Battle of Ypres while commanding the 10th Battalion , which was recruited from Calgary and Winnipeg . Description . Calgary City Hall was designed by architect William M . Dodd to reflect Calgarys role as the urban centre in Southern Alberta . Dodd was known partnering with Edward Collis Hopkins to design Regina City Hall ( which was demolished in 1965 ) , along with his other designs in Calgary caught the attention of Calgary City Council . Dodd designed the building to embody Richardsonian Romanesque architectural style , with a symmetrical form with an elevated main floor , and includes a single clock tower with a Seth Thomas Clock installed , heavy stone exterior walls , bands of recessed windows , a recessed main entrance , stone arches and keystones above many windows and entries carved with the Citys coat-of-arms . Notable interior elements include a highly ornamental cast-iron staircase and sky-lit rotundas . Historical site status . On October 18 , 1978 , Calgary City Hall was designated as a Provincial Historical Resource , the designation notes the heritage value of old Calgary City Hall lies with Calgarys historic status as the urban and economic centre of Southern Alberta , and its architectural significance as a monumental civic building . On November 23 , 1984 , Calgary City Hall was designated a National Historic Site with the name Calgary City Hall National Historic Site of Canada . The designation referenced the historic value of the site as the only surviving example of a pre-1930s civic hall in the prairie cities , and the prominence of the Romanesque Revival style and clock tower . On April 17 , 1990 , the City of Calgary designated Calgary City Hall as the municipalitys first Municipal Historic Resource under the Historical Resources Act . Current use . The building is still used as an active office space for the office of the Mayor , members of City Council , and the municipal Clerk . The meeting chambers for Calgary City Council , meeting rooms and city administration is housed in the adjacent Calgary Municipal Building . Restoration . The quality , condition and cost of Calgary City Hall has been a civic debate since construction started in 1907 , and the structure has undergone restoration a number of changes throughout its history . The first restoration occurred in 1962 at a cost of CA$2.5 million ( ) and addressed the interior and exterior of the building . The second restoration took place in the late 1990s with a cost of CA$9.3 million ( ) . In late 2014 , Calgary City Council approved CA$34.1 million for renewal of Old Calgary City Hall . Protective scaffolding was installed outside the building in 2014 , as pieces of the original Paskapoo sandstone began falling from the building . According to one source : The work is so extensive that it would force city council and staff to leave the premises for up to four years .
|
[
"Provincial Historical Resource"
] |
[
{
"text": "Calgary City Hall ( often called Old City Hall or Historic City Hall ) , is the seat of government for Calgary City Council , located in the citys downtown core of Calgary , Alberta , Canada . The historic building completed in 1911 serves as the offices for Calgary City Council , consisting of the office of the Mayor , fourteen Councillors and municipal Clerk . Calgary City Hall originally housed the municipal council and portions of administration from its completion in 1911 until the construction of the Calgary Municipal Building adjacent to Old City Hall in 1985 ,",
"title": "Calgary City Hall"
},
{
"text": "which currently houses the offices of 2,000 civic administrators .",
"title": "Calgary City Hall"
},
{
"text": " Calgary City Hall is designated a National Historic Sites of Canada , as well as a Provincial Historical Resource , and Municipal Historical Resource .",
"title": "Calgary City Hall"
},
{
"text": "Calgary City Hall was constructed on the site of the Citys first town hall , with the land donated by a private citizen in 1885 , the year after the municipality was incorporated . The original wood-framed town hall only stood for a handful of years before being demolished . In the early 1900s it became apparent the growing City needed a new seat of government , and a debate ensued on the future location of the structure . In 1904 , Calgary City Council found a site located on the corner of 7th Avenue and 1st Street S.E .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "which was suitable and available for $20,000 . The plan went before the public through a pleblicite which required a two-thirds majority , and with 156 voters agreeing , and 95 against the proposition , the plan failed by a margin of 12 votes . Finally the city would settle on the site of the communitys original City Hall , set back only a few feet from the current structure . The city would retain Architect William M . Dodd whose designs around Calgary included Central School ( 1905-1969 ) , Clarence Block ( 1901 ) , Norman Block (",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1902 ) , and the Alexandra School ( 1904 ) , as well as consulting on Reginas City Hall . Construction of the new structure began in 1907 , and quickly encountered several financial and design issues .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The four-storey building was constructed with a steel structural frame supporting the Paskapoo Sandstone exterior , which became a common building material in the city following the Calgary Fire of 1886 , with the sandstone sourced from the Bone and Oliver Quarry . Construction itself was filled with controversy and delays . Costs for the building continued to rise , and in April 1909 residents rejected a plebiscite for a bylaw providing additional funds for construction . Following the bylaws failure , Dodd withheld payment to the primary contractor , the Alberta Building Company , which subsequently walked off the",
"title": "Construction issues"
},
{
"text": "job . Shortly afterwards in January 1910 , William Dodds employment as architect was terminated , and he was replaced with local firm Hodgson & Bates . Construction resumed following approval of a bylaw for additional funds in Spring 1910 . It is estimated the project cost a total of $300,000 by the time is was completed in 1911 , approximately double the initial budget .",
"title": "Construction issues"
},
{
"text": " A sealed copper box was placed by Calgarys 10th Mayor Arthur Leslie Cameron and former mayors George Murdoch and George Clift King on September 14 , 1908 in the buildings cornerstone . Amongst the items in the time capsule , a copy of the New Testament , official copy of bylaws , voters list , various reports of city departments , various medals of various departments , and a copy of the five newspapers circulating in the city . The time capsule was opened by Mayor Naheed Nenshi in November 2018 part of the restoration of the building .",
"title": "Time capsule"
},
{
"text": "The long awaited Calgary City Hall was opened by Conservative Member of Parliament and Leader of the Opposition Robert Borden on June 26 , 1911 . However , the City Hall building size would quickly become insufficient for the growing community , and by 1913 , the building was already too small to house several civic services . Originally the structure served as the headquarters of the Calgary Police Service from 1911 to 1914 , with 15 jail cells occupying a portion of the ground floor . Additionally , the building contained the citys court room which was conveniently located",
"title": "Completion"
},
{
"text": "on the ground floor adjacent to the police department . When opened , a cannon was installed near the front entrance , which was replaced by a fountain . The site was landscaped with 210 palm trees ; one of which survived until 1935 .",
"title": "Completion"
},
{
"text": " A plaque at the entrance is dedicated to the memory of Lieutenant-Colonel Russell Lambert Boyle and the 10th Battalion , CEF . Boyle was a Calgary area rancher who was killed during the 2nd Battle of Ypres while commanding the 10th Battalion , which was recruited from Calgary and Winnipeg .",
"title": "Plaque"
},
{
"text": "Calgary City Hall was designed by architect William M . Dodd to reflect Calgarys role as the urban centre in Southern Alberta . Dodd was known partnering with Edward Collis Hopkins to design Regina City Hall ( which was demolished in 1965 ) , along with his other designs in Calgary caught the attention of Calgary City Council . Dodd designed the building to embody Richardsonian Romanesque architectural style , with a symmetrical form with an elevated main floor , and includes a single clock tower with a Seth Thomas Clock installed , heavy stone exterior walls , bands of",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"text": "recessed windows , a recessed main entrance , stone arches and keystones above many windows and entries carved with the Citys coat-of-arms . Notable interior elements include a highly ornamental cast-iron staircase and sky-lit rotundas .",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"text": " On October 18 , 1978 , Calgary City Hall was designated as a Provincial Historical Resource , the designation notes the heritage value of old Calgary City Hall lies with Calgarys historic status as the urban and economic centre of Southern Alberta , and its architectural significance as a monumental civic building .",
"title": "Historical site status"
},
{
"text": "On November 23 , 1984 , Calgary City Hall was designated a National Historic Site with the name Calgary City Hall National Historic Site of Canada . The designation referenced the historic value of the site as the only surviving example of a pre-1930s civic hall in the prairie cities , and the prominence of the Romanesque Revival style and clock tower .",
"title": "Historical site status"
},
{
"text": " On April 17 , 1990 , the City of Calgary designated Calgary City Hall as the municipalitys first Municipal Historic Resource under the Historical Resources Act .",
"title": "Historical site status"
},
{
"text": " The building is still used as an active office space for the office of the Mayor , members of City Council , and the municipal Clerk . The meeting chambers for Calgary City Council , meeting rooms and city administration is housed in the adjacent Calgary Municipal Building .",
"title": "Current use"
},
{
"text": " The quality , condition and cost of Calgary City Hall has been a civic debate since construction started in 1907 , and the structure has undergone restoration a number of changes throughout its history . The first restoration occurred in 1962 at a cost of CA$2.5 million ( ) and addressed the interior and exterior of the building . The second restoration took place in the late 1990s with a cost of CA$9.3 million ( ) .",
"title": "Restoration"
},
{
"text": "In late 2014 , Calgary City Council approved CA$34.1 million for renewal of Old Calgary City Hall . Protective scaffolding was installed outside the building in 2014 , as pieces of the original Paskapoo sandstone began falling from the building . According to one source : The work is so extensive that it would force city council and staff to leave the premises for up to four years .",
"title": "Restoration"
}
] |
/wiki/Calgary_City_Hall#P1435#1
|
Which site was the heritage designation of Calgary City Hall between Oct 1988 and Feb 1990?
|
Calgary City Hall Calgary City Hall ( often called Old City Hall or Historic City Hall ) , is the seat of government for Calgary City Council , located in the citys downtown core of Calgary , Alberta , Canada . The historic building completed in 1911 serves as the offices for Calgary City Council , consisting of the office of the Mayor , fourteen Councillors and municipal Clerk . Calgary City Hall originally housed the municipal council and portions of administration from its completion in 1911 until the construction of the Calgary Municipal Building adjacent to Old City Hall in 1985 , which currently houses the offices of 2,000 civic administrators . Calgary City Hall is designated a National Historic Sites of Canada , as well as a Provincial Historical Resource , and Municipal Historical Resource . History . Calgary City Hall was constructed on the site of the Citys first town hall , with the land donated by a private citizen in 1885 , the year after the municipality was incorporated . The original wood-framed town hall only stood for a handful of years before being demolished . In the early 1900s it became apparent the growing City needed a new seat of government , and a debate ensued on the future location of the structure . In 1904 , Calgary City Council found a site located on the corner of 7th Avenue and 1st Street S.E . which was suitable and available for $20,000 . The plan went before the public through a pleblicite which required a two-thirds majority , and with 156 voters agreeing , and 95 against the proposition , the plan failed by a margin of 12 votes . Finally the city would settle on the site of the communitys original City Hall , set back only a few feet from the current structure . The city would retain Architect William M . Dodd whose designs around Calgary included Central School ( 1905-1969 ) , Clarence Block ( 1901 ) , Norman Block ( 1902 ) , and the Alexandra School ( 1904 ) , as well as consulting on Reginas City Hall . Construction of the new structure began in 1907 , and quickly encountered several financial and design issues . Construction issues . The four-storey building was constructed with a steel structural frame supporting the Paskapoo Sandstone exterior , which became a common building material in the city following the Calgary Fire of 1886 , with the sandstone sourced from the Bone and Oliver Quarry . Construction itself was filled with controversy and delays . Costs for the building continued to rise , and in April 1909 residents rejected a plebiscite for a bylaw providing additional funds for construction . Following the bylaws failure , Dodd withheld payment to the primary contractor , the Alberta Building Company , which subsequently walked off the job . Shortly afterwards in January 1910 , William Dodds employment as architect was terminated , and he was replaced with local firm Hodgson & Bates . Construction resumed following approval of a bylaw for additional funds in Spring 1910 . It is estimated the project cost a total of $300,000 by the time is was completed in 1911 , approximately double the initial budget . Time capsule . A sealed copper box was placed by Calgarys 10th Mayor Arthur Leslie Cameron and former mayors George Murdoch and George Clift King on September 14 , 1908 in the buildings cornerstone . Amongst the items in the time capsule , a copy of the New Testament , official copy of bylaws , voters list , various reports of city departments , various medals of various departments , and a copy of the five newspapers circulating in the city . The time capsule was opened by Mayor Naheed Nenshi in November 2018 part of the restoration of the building . Completion . The long awaited Calgary City Hall was opened by Conservative Member of Parliament and Leader of the Opposition Robert Borden on June 26 , 1911 . However , the City Hall building size would quickly become insufficient for the growing community , and by 1913 , the building was already too small to house several civic services . Originally the structure served as the headquarters of the Calgary Police Service from 1911 to 1914 , with 15 jail cells occupying a portion of the ground floor . Additionally , the building contained the citys court room which was conveniently located on the ground floor adjacent to the police department . When opened , a cannon was installed near the front entrance , which was replaced by a fountain . The site was landscaped with 210 palm trees ; one of which survived until 1935 . Plaque . A plaque at the entrance is dedicated to the memory of Lieutenant-Colonel Russell Lambert Boyle and the 10th Battalion , CEF . Boyle was a Calgary area rancher who was killed during the 2nd Battle of Ypres while commanding the 10th Battalion , which was recruited from Calgary and Winnipeg . Description . Calgary City Hall was designed by architect William M . Dodd to reflect Calgarys role as the urban centre in Southern Alberta . Dodd was known partnering with Edward Collis Hopkins to design Regina City Hall ( which was demolished in 1965 ) , along with his other designs in Calgary caught the attention of Calgary City Council . Dodd designed the building to embody Richardsonian Romanesque architectural style , with a symmetrical form with an elevated main floor , and includes a single clock tower with a Seth Thomas Clock installed , heavy stone exterior walls , bands of recessed windows , a recessed main entrance , stone arches and keystones above many windows and entries carved with the Citys coat-of-arms . Notable interior elements include a highly ornamental cast-iron staircase and sky-lit rotundas . Historical site status . On October 18 , 1978 , Calgary City Hall was designated as a Provincial Historical Resource , the designation notes the heritage value of old Calgary City Hall lies with Calgarys historic status as the urban and economic centre of Southern Alberta , and its architectural significance as a monumental civic building . On November 23 , 1984 , Calgary City Hall was designated a National Historic Site with the name Calgary City Hall National Historic Site of Canada . The designation referenced the historic value of the site as the only surviving example of a pre-1930s civic hall in the prairie cities , and the prominence of the Romanesque Revival style and clock tower . On April 17 , 1990 , the City of Calgary designated Calgary City Hall as the municipalitys first Municipal Historic Resource under the Historical Resources Act . Current use . The building is still used as an active office space for the office of the Mayor , members of City Council , and the municipal Clerk . The meeting chambers for Calgary City Council , meeting rooms and city administration is housed in the adjacent Calgary Municipal Building . Restoration . The quality , condition and cost of Calgary City Hall has been a civic debate since construction started in 1907 , and the structure has undergone restoration a number of changes throughout its history . The first restoration occurred in 1962 at a cost of CA$2.5 million ( ) and addressed the interior and exterior of the building . The second restoration took place in the late 1990s with a cost of CA$9.3 million ( ) . In late 2014 , Calgary City Council approved CA$34.1 million for renewal of Old Calgary City Hall . Protective scaffolding was installed outside the building in 2014 , as pieces of the original Paskapoo sandstone began falling from the building . According to one source : The work is so extensive that it would force city council and staff to leave the premises for up to four years .
|
[
"National Historic Site"
] |
[
{
"text": "Calgary City Hall ( often called Old City Hall or Historic City Hall ) , is the seat of government for Calgary City Council , located in the citys downtown core of Calgary , Alberta , Canada . The historic building completed in 1911 serves as the offices for Calgary City Council , consisting of the office of the Mayor , fourteen Councillors and municipal Clerk . Calgary City Hall originally housed the municipal council and portions of administration from its completion in 1911 until the construction of the Calgary Municipal Building adjacent to Old City Hall in 1985 ,",
"title": "Calgary City Hall"
},
{
"text": "which currently houses the offices of 2,000 civic administrators .",
"title": "Calgary City Hall"
},
{
"text": " Calgary City Hall is designated a National Historic Sites of Canada , as well as a Provincial Historical Resource , and Municipal Historical Resource .",
"title": "Calgary City Hall"
},
{
"text": "Calgary City Hall was constructed on the site of the Citys first town hall , with the land donated by a private citizen in 1885 , the year after the municipality was incorporated . The original wood-framed town hall only stood for a handful of years before being demolished . In the early 1900s it became apparent the growing City needed a new seat of government , and a debate ensued on the future location of the structure . In 1904 , Calgary City Council found a site located on the corner of 7th Avenue and 1st Street S.E .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "which was suitable and available for $20,000 . The plan went before the public through a pleblicite which required a two-thirds majority , and with 156 voters agreeing , and 95 against the proposition , the plan failed by a margin of 12 votes . Finally the city would settle on the site of the communitys original City Hall , set back only a few feet from the current structure . The city would retain Architect William M . Dodd whose designs around Calgary included Central School ( 1905-1969 ) , Clarence Block ( 1901 ) , Norman Block (",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1902 ) , and the Alexandra School ( 1904 ) , as well as consulting on Reginas City Hall . Construction of the new structure began in 1907 , and quickly encountered several financial and design issues .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The four-storey building was constructed with a steel structural frame supporting the Paskapoo Sandstone exterior , which became a common building material in the city following the Calgary Fire of 1886 , with the sandstone sourced from the Bone and Oliver Quarry . Construction itself was filled with controversy and delays . Costs for the building continued to rise , and in April 1909 residents rejected a plebiscite for a bylaw providing additional funds for construction . Following the bylaws failure , Dodd withheld payment to the primary contractor , the Alberta Building Company , which subsequently walked off the",
"title": "Construction issues"
},
{
"text": "job . Shortly afterwards in January 1910 , William Dodds employment as architect was terminated , and he was replaced with local firm Hodgson & Bates . Construction resumed following approval of a bylaw for additional funds in Spring 1910 . It is estimated the project cost a total of $300,000 by the time is was completed in 1911 , approximately double the initial budget .",
"title": "Construction issues"
},
{
"text": " A sealed copper box was placed by Calgarys 10th Mayor Arthur Leslie Cameron and former mayors George Murdoch and George Clift King on September 14 , 1908 in the buildings cornerstone . Amongst the items in the time capsule , a copy of the New Testament , official copy of bylaws , voters list , various reports of city departments , various medals of various departments , and a copy of the five newspapers circulating in the city . The time capsule was opened by Mayor Naheed Nenshi in November 2018 part of the restoration of the building .",
"title": "Time capsule"
},
{
"text": "The long awaited Calgary City Hall was opened by Conservative Member of Parliament and Leader of the Opposition Robert Borden on June 26 , 1911 . However , the City Hall building size would quickly become insufficient for the growing community , and by 1913 , the building was already too small to house several civic services . Originally the structure served as the headquarters of the Calgary Police Service from 1911 to 1914 , with 15 jail cells occupying a portion of the ground floor . Additionally , the building contained the citys court room which was conveniently located",
"title": "Completion"
},
{
"text": "on the ground floor adjacent to the police department . When opened , a cannon was installed near the front entrance , which was replaced by a fountain . The site was landscaped with 210 palm trees ; one of which survived until 1935 .",
"title": "Completion"
},
{
"text": " A plaque at the entrance is dedicated to the memory of Lieutenant-Colonel Russell Lambert Boyle and the 10th Battalion , CEF . Boyle was a Calgary area rancher who was killed during the 2nd Battle of Ypres while commanding the 10th Battalion , which was recruited from Calgary and Winnipeg .",
"title": "Plaque"
},
{
"text": "Calgary City Hall was designed by architect William M . Dodd to reflect Calgarys role as the urban centre in Southern Alberta . Dodd was known partnering with Edward Collis Hopkins to design Regina City Hall ( which was demolished in 1965 ) , along with his other designs in Calgary caught the attention of Calgary City Council . Dodd designed the building to embody Richardsonian Romanesque architectural style , with a symmetrical form with an elevated main floor , and includes a single clock tower with a Seth Thomas Clock installed , heavy stone exterior walls , bands of",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"text": "recessed windows , a recessed main entrance , stone arches and keystones above many windows and entries carved with the Citys coat-of-arms . Notable interior elements include a highly ornamental cast-iron staircase and sky-lit rotundas .",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"text": " On October 18 , 1978 , Calgary City Hall was designated as a Provincial Historical Resource , the designation notes the heritage value of old Calgary City Hall lies with Calgarys historic status as the urban and economic centre of Southern Alberta , and its architectural significance as a monumental civic building .",
"title": "Historical site status"
},
{
"text": "On November 23 , 1984 , Calgary City Hall was designated a National Historic Site with the name Calgary City Hall National Historic Site of Canada . The designation referenced the historic value of the site as the only surviving example of a pre-1930s civic hall in the prairie cities , and the prominence of the Romanesque Revival style and clock tower .",
"title": "Historical site status"
},
{
"text": " On April 17 , 1990 , the City of Calgary designated Calgary City Hall as the municipalitys first Municipal Historic Resource under the Historical Resources Act .",
"title": "Historical site status"
},
{
"text": " The building is still used as an active office space for the office of the Mayor , members of City Council , and the municipal Clerk . The meeting chambers for Calgary City Council , meeting rooms and city administration is housed in the adjacent Calgary Municipal Building .",
"title": "Current use"
},
{
"text": " The quality , condition and cost of Calgary City Hall has been a civic debate since construction started in 1907 , and the structure has undergone restoration a number of changes throughout its history . The first restoration occurred in 1962 at a cost of CA$2.5 million ( ) and addressed the interior and exterior of the building . The second restoration took place in the late 1990s with a cost of CA$9.3 million ( ) .",
"title": "Restoration"
},
{
"text": "In late 2014 , Calgary City Council approved CA$34.1 million for renewal of Old Calgary City Hall . Protective scaffolding was installed outside the building in 2014 , as pieces of the original Paskapoo sandstone began falling from the building . According to one source : The work is so extensive that it would force city council and staff to leave the premises for up to four years .",
"title": "Restoration"
}
] |
/wiki/Calgary_City_Hall#P1435#2
|
Which site was the heritage designation of Calgary City Hall after May 1990?
|
Calgary City Hall Calgary City Hall ( often called Old City Hall or Historic City Hall ) , is the seat of government for Calgary City Council , located in the citys downtown core of Calgary , Alberta , Canada . The historic building completed in 1911 serves as the offices for Calgary City Council , consisting of the office of the Mayor , fourteen Councillors and municipal Clerk . Calgary City Hall originally housed the municipal council and portions of administration from its completion in 1911 until the construction of the Calgary Municipal Building adjacent to Old City Hall in 1985 , which currently houses the offices of 2,000 civic administrators . Calgary City Hall is designated a National Historic Sites of Canada , as well as a Provincial Historical Resource , and Municipal Historical Resource . History . Calgary City Hall was constructed on the site of the Citys first town hall , with the land donated by a private citizen in 1885 , the year after the municipality was incorporated . The original wood-framed town hall only stood for a handful of years before being demolished . In the early 1900s it became apparent the growing City needed a new seat of government , and a debate ensued on the future location of the structure . In 1904 , Calgary City Council found a site located on the corner of 7th Avenue and 1st Street S.E . which was suitable and available for $20,000 . The plan went before the public through a pleblicite which required a two-thirds majority , and with 156 voters agreeing , and 95 against the proposition , the plan failed by a margin of 12 votes . Finally the city would settle on the site of the communitys original City Hall , set back only a few feet from the current structure . The city would retain Architect William M . Dodd whose designs around Calgary included Central School ( 1905-1969 ) , Clarence Block ( 1901 ) , Norman Block ( 1902 ) , and the Alexandra School ( 1904 ) , as well as consulting on Reginas City Hall . Construction of the new structure began in 1907 , and quickly encountered several financial and design issues . Construction issues . The four-storey building was constructed with a steel structural frame supporting the Paskapoo Sandstone exterior , which became a common building material in the city following the Calgary Fire of 1886 , with the sandstone sourced from the Bone and Oliver Quarry . Construction itself was filled with controversy and delays . Costs for the building continued to rise , and in April 1909 residents rejected a plebiscite for a bylaw providing additional funds for construction . Following the bylaws failure , Dodd withheld payment to the primary contractor , the Alberta Building Company , which subsequently walked off the job . Shortly afterwards in January 1910 , William Dodds employment as architect was terminated , and he was replaced with local firm Hodgson & Bates . Construction resumed following approval of a bylaw for additional funds in Spring 1910 . It is estimated the project cost a total of $300,000 by the time is was completed in 1911 , approximately double the initial budget . Time capsule . A sealed copper box was placed by Calgarys 10th Mayor Arthur Leslie Cameron and former mayors George Murdoch and George Clift King on September 14 , 1908 in the buildings cornerstone . Amongst the items in the time capsule , a copy of the New Testament , official copy of bylaws , voters list , various reports of city departments , various medals of various departments , and a copy of the five newspapers circulating in the city . The time capsule was opened by Mayor Naheed Nenshi in November 2018 part of the restoration of the building . Completion . The long awaited Calgary City Hall was opened by Conservative Member of Parliament and Leader of the Opposition Robert Borden on June 26 , 1911 . However , the City Hall building size would quickly become insufficient for the growing community , and by 1913 , the building was already too small to house several civic services . Originally the structure served as the headquarters of the Calgary Police Service from 1911 to 1914 , with 15 jail cells occupying a portion of the ground floor . Additionally , the building contained the citys court room which was conveniently located on the ground floor adjacent to the police department . When opened , a cannon was installed near the front entrance , which was replaced by a fountain . The site was landscaped with 210 palm trees ; one of which survived until 1935 . Plaque . A plaque at the entrance is dedicated to the memory of Lieutenant-Colonel Russell Lambert Boyle and the 10th Battalion , CEF . Boyle was a Calgary area rancher who was killed during the 2nd Battle of Ypres while commanding the 10th Battalion , which was recruited from Calgary and Winnipeg . Description . Calgary City Hall was designed by architect William M . Dodd to reflect Calgarys role as the urban centre in Southern Alberta . Dodd was known partnering with Edward Collis Hopkins to design Regina City Hall ( which was demolished in 1965 ) , along with his other designs in Calgary caught the attention of Calgary City Council . Dodd designed the building to embody Richardsonian Romanesque architectural style , with a symmetrical form with an elevated main floor , and includes a single clock tower with a Seth Thomas Clock installed , heavy stone exterior walls , bands of recessed windows , a recessed main entrance , stone arches and keystones above many windows and entries carved with the Citys coat-of-arms . Notable interior elements include a highly ornamental cast-iron staircase and sky-lit rotundas . Historical site status . On October 18 , 1978 , Calgary City Hall was designated as a Provincial Historical Resource , the designation notes the heritage value of old Calgary City Hall lies with Calgarys historic status as the urban and economic centre of Southern Alberta , and its architectural significance as a monumental civic building . On November 23 , 1984 , Calgary City Hall was designated a National Historic Site with the name Calgary City Hall National Historic Site of Canada . The designation referenced the historic value of the site as the only surviving example of a pre-1930s civic hall in the prairie cities , and the prominence of the Romanesque Revival style and clock tower . On April 17 , 1990 , the City of Calgary designated Calgary City Hall as the municipalitys first Municipal Historic Resource under the Historical Resources Act . Current use . The building is still used as an active office space for the office of the Mayor , members of City Council , and the municipal Clerk . The meeting chambers for Calgary City Council , meeting rooms and city administration is housed in the adjacent Calgary Municipal Building . Restoration . The quality , condition and cost of Calgary City Hall has been a civic debate since construction started in 1907 , and the structure has undergone restoration a number of changes throughout its history . The first restoration occurred in 1962 at a cost of CA$2.5 million ( ) and addressed the interior and exterior of the building . The second restoration took place in the late 1990s with a cost of CA$9.3 million ( ) . In late 2014 , Calgary City Council approved CA$34.1 million for renewal of Old Calgary City Hall . Protective scaffolding was installed outside the building in 2014 , as pieces of the original Paskapoo sandstone began falling from the building . According to one source : The work is so extensive that it would force city council and staff to leave the premises for up to four years .
|
[
"Municipal Historic Resource"
] |
[
{
"text": "Calgary City Hall ( often called Old City Hall or Historic City Hall ) , is the seat of government for Calgary City Council , located in the citys downtown core of Calgary , Alberta , Canada . The historic building completed in 1911 serves as the offices for Calgary City Council , consisting of the office of the Mayor , fourteen Councillors and municipal Clerk . Calgary City Hall originally housed the municipal council and portions of administration from its completion in 1911 until the construction of the Calgary Municipal Building adjacent to Old City Hall in 1985 ,",
"title": "Calgary City Hall"
},
{
"text": "which currently houses the offices of 2,000 civic administrators .",
"title": "Calgary City Hall"
},
{
"text": " Calgary City Hall is designated a National Historic Sites of Canada , as well as a Provincial Historical Resource , and Municipal Historical Resource .",
"title": "Calgary City Hall"
},
{
"text": "Calgary City Hall was constructed on the site of the Citys first town hall , with the land donated by a private citizen in 1885 , the year after the municipality was incorporated . The original wood-framed town hall only stood for a handful of years before being demolished . In the early 1900s it became apparent the growing City needed a new seat of government , and a debate ensued on the future location of the structure . In 1904 , Calgary City Council found a site located on the corner of 7th Avenue and 1st Street S.E .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "which was suitable and available for $20,000 . The plan went before the public through a pleblicite which required a two-thirds majority , and with 156 voters agreeing , and 95 against the proposition , the plan failed by a margin of 12 votes . Finally the city would settle on the site of the communitys original City Hall , set back only a few feet from the current structure . The city would retain Architect William M . Dodd whose designs around Calgary included Central School ( 1905-1969 ) , Clarence Block ( 1901 ) , Norman Block (",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1902 ) , and the Alexandra School ( 1904 ) , as well as consulting on Reginas City Hall . Construction of the new structure began in 1907 , and quickly encountered several financial and design issues .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The four-storey building was constructed with a steel structural frame supporting the Paskapoo Sandstone exterior , which became a common building material in the city following the Calgary Fire of 1886 , with the sandstone sourced from the Bone and Oliver Quarry . Construction itself was filled with controversy and delays . Costs for the building continued to rise , and in April 1909 residents rejected a plebiscite for a bylaw providing additional funds for construction . Following the bylaws failure , Dodd withheld payment to the primary contractor , the Alberta Building Company , which subsequently walked off the",
"title": "Construction issues"
},
{
"text": "job . Shortly afterwards in January 1910 , William Dodds employment as architect was terminated , and he was replaced with local firm Hodgson & Bates . Construction resumed following approval of a bylaw for additional funds in Spring 1910 . It is estimated the project cost a total of $300,000 by the time is was completed in 1911 , approximately double the initial budget .",
"title": "Construction issues"
},
{
"text": " A sealed copper box was placed by Calgarys 10th Mayor Arthur Leslie Cameron and former mayors George Murdoch and George Clift King on September 14 , 1908 in the buildings cornerstone . Amongst the items in the time capsule , a copy of the New Testament , official copy of bylaws , voters list , various reports of city departments , various medals of various departments , and a copy of the five newspapers circulating in the city . The time capsule was opened by Mayor Naheed Nenshi in November 2018 part of the restoration of the building .",
"title": "Time capsule"
},
{
"text": "The long awaited Calgary City Hall was opened by Conservative Member of Parliament and Leader of the Opposition Robert Borden on June 26 , 1911 . However , the City Hall building size would quickly become insufficient for the growing community , and by 1913 , the building was already too small to house several civic services . Originally the structure served as the headquarters of the Calgary Police Service from 1911 to 1914 , with 15 jail cells occupying a portion of the ground floor . Additionally , the building contained the citys court room which was conveniently located",
"title": "Completion"
},
{
"text": "on the ground floor adjacent to the police department . When opened , a cannon was installed near the front entrance , which was replaced by a fountain . The site was landscaped with 210 palm trees ; one of which survived until 1935 .",
"title": "Completion"
},
{
"text": " A plaque at the entrance is dedicated to the memory of Lieutenant-Colonel Russell Lambert Boyle and the 10th Battalion , CEF . Boyle was a Calgary area rancher who was killed during the 2nd Battle of Ypres while commanding the 10th Battalion , which was recruited from Calgary and Winnipeg .",
"title": "Plaque"
},
{
"text": "Calgary City Hall was designed by architect William M . Dodd to reflect Calgarys role as the urban centre in Southern Alberta . Dodd was known partnering with Edward Collis Hopkins to design Regina City Hall ( which was demolished in 1965 ) , along with his other designs in Calgary caught the attention of Calgary City Council . Dodd designed the building to embody Richardsonian Romanesque architectural style , with a symmetrical form with an elevated main floor , and includes a single clock tower with a Seth Thomas Clock installed , heavy stone exterior walls , bands of",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"text": "recessed windows , a recessed main entrance , stone arches and keystones above many windows and entries carved with the Citys coat-of-arms . Notable interior elements include a highly ornamental cast-iron staircase and sky-lit rotundas .",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"text": " On October 18 , 1978 , Calgary City Hall was designated as a Provincial Historical Resource , the designation notes the heritage value of old Calgary City Hall lies with Calgarys historic status as the urban and economic centre of Southern Alberta , and its architectural significance as a monumental civic building .",
"title": "Historical site status"
},
{
"text": "On November 23 , 1984 , Calgary City Hall was designated a National Historic Site with the name Calgary City Hall National Historic Site of Canada . The designation referenced the historic value of the site as the only surviving example of a pre-1930s civic hall in the prairie cities , and the prominence of the Romanesque Revival style and clock tower .",
"title": "Historical site status"
},
{
"text": " On April 17 , 1990 , the City of Calgary designated Calgary City Hall as the municipalitys first Municipal Historic Resource under the Historical Resources Act .",
"title": "Historical site status"
},
{
"text": " The building is still used as an active office space for the office of the Mayor , members of City Council , and the municipal Clerk . The meeting chambers for Calgary City Council , meeting rooms and city administration is housed in the adjacent Calgary Municipal Building .",
"title": "Current use"
},
{
"text": " The quality , condition and cost of Calgary City Hall has been a civic debate since construction started in 1907 , and the structure has undergone restoration a number of changes throughout its history . The first restoration occurred in 1962 at a cost of CA$2.5 million ( ) and addressed the interior and exterior of the building . The second restoration took place in the late 1990s with a cost of CA$9.3 million ( ) .",
"title": "Restoration"
},
{
"text": "In late 2014 , Calgary City Council approved CA$34.1 million for renewal of Old Calgary City Hall . Protective scaffolding was installed outside the building in 2014 , as pieces of the original Paskapoo sandstone began falling from the building . According to one source : The work is so extensive that it would force city council and staff to leave the premises for up to four years .",
"title": "Restoration"
}
] |
/wiki/Nathan_Gregory_Silvermaster#P108#0
|
Which employer did Nathan Gregory Silvermaster work for before Jan 1936?
|
Nathan Gregory Silvermaster Nathan Gregory Silvermaster ( November 27 , 1898 – October 7 , 1964 ) , an economist with the United States War Production Board ( WPB ) during World War II , was the head of a large ring of Communist spies in the U.S . government . It is from him that the FBI Silvermaster File , documenting the Bureaus investigation into Communist penetration of the Federal government during the 1930s and 1940s , takes its name . His wife , Helen and stepson , Anatole Volkov , were members of his ring . He was identified as a Soviet agent in the WPB operating under the code names Pel , Pal , Paul in the Venona decrypts ; and as Robert both in Venona and independently by defecting Soviet intelligence courier Elizabeth Bentley . Background . Silvermaster was born to a Jewish family in Odessa , Russia ( present-day Odessa , Ukraine ) in 1898 . He moved with his family to China , where he learned to speak perfect English with a British accent . He emigrated to the United States and earned his B.A . from the University of Washington in Seattle ( where he was stated to be a known Communist ) and a Ph.D . from the University of California , Berkeley , where his thesis was entitled Lenins Economic Thought Prior to the October Revolution . He became a naturalized American citizen in 1926 . He was reported to be in contact with a very large number of Communist Party USA officials , and was active in a number of Communist front groups . Career . Civil service . From August 1935 to November 1938 , Silvermaster worked in the Farm Security Administration . From November 1938 to July 1940 , he worked on the Maritime Labor Board . From July 1940 to December 1944 , he worked in the Department of Agriculture . While nominally remaining on the employment rolls of the Farm Security Administration , Silvermaster arranged in 1942 to be detailed to the Board of Economic Warfare . The transfer , however , triggered objections from military counter-intelligence who suspected he was a hidden Communist and regarded him as a security risk . On July 16 , 1942 the U.S . Civil Service Commission recommended Cancel eligibilities .. . and bar him for the duration of the National Emergency . Silvermaster denied any Communist links and appealed to Under Secretary of War Robert Patterson to overrule the security officials . Both White House advisor Lauchlin Currie ( identified in Venona as the Soviet agent operating under the cover name Page ) and Assistant Secretary of the Treasury Harry Dexter White ( identified in Venona as the Soviet agent operating under the cover names Lawyer ; Jurist ; Richard ) intervened on his behalf . Silvermaster subsequently received two promotions and pay raises . From 1942 to 1945 , he was also assigned to the United States Treasury . In mid-1945 , he joined the Reconstruction Finance Corporation ( later War Assets Corporation ) . In March 1946 , he resigned from government . On August 28 , 1950 , Lee Pressman ( a member of the Ware Group , a precursor to the Silvermaster and Perlo ) said of Silvermaster , I believe he was with the Maritime Labor Board when I was with the CIO , and in that connection I may have had some business dealings with him ( apparently referring to Silvermasters time with that union 1938–1940 ) . Espionage : Silvermaster Group . Kathryn S . Olmsted , the author of Red Spy Queen ( 2002 ) , points out : Every two weeks , Elizabeth would travel to Washington to pick up documents from the Silvermasters , collect their Party dues , and deliver Communist literature . Soon the flow of documents grew so large that Ullmann , an amateur photographer , set up a darkroom in their basement . Elizabeth usually collected at least two or three rolls of microfilmed secret documents , and one time received as many as forty . She would stuff all the film and documents into a knitting bag or other innocent feminine accessory , then take it back to New York on the train . Moscow complained that around half of the photographed documents received in the summer of 1944 were unreadable and suggested that Ullmann receive more training . However , Pavel Fitin , who was responsible for analyzing the material , described it as very important data . At the War Production Board , Silvermaster was able to provide the Soviet Union with a large amount of data on arms , aircraft , and shipping production . In June 1943 , Silvermaster sent a War Production Board report on arms production in the United States , including bombers , pursuit planes , tanks , propelled guns , howitzers , radar and submarines , sub chasers , and the like , to Soviet intelligence . Then , in December 1944 , the New York MGB office cabled another Silvermaster report stating : ( Silvermaster ) has sent us a 50-page Top Secret War Production Board report .. . on arms production in the U.S . In 1944 , Silvermaster was associated with Harry Dexter White at the Bretton Woods conference , and his testimony before the US Senate Internal Security Subcommittee covers 175 pages of interrogation and exhibits regarding his espionage activities in the U.S . The Silvermaster spy ring operated primarily in the Department of the Treasury but also had contacts in the Army Air Force and in the White House . Sixty-one of the Venona cables concern the activities of the Silvermaster spy ring . This represents 1% of the total ( approx 6,000 cables ) and 3% of the ( 2,000 ) translated/partially translated VENONA cables . - Nathan Gregory Silvermaster , Chief Planning Technician , Procurement Division , United States Department of the Treasury ; Chief Economist , War Assets Administration ; Director of the Labor Division , Farm Security Administration ; Board of Economic Warfare ; Reconstruction Finance Corporation Department of Commerce - Helen Silvermaster , wife - Anatole Boris Volkov , stepson - Solomon Adler aka Schlomer Adler , U.S . Department of the Treasury - Norman Chandler Bursler , United States Department of Justice Anti-Trust Division - Frank Coe , Assistant Director , Division of Monetary Research , Treasury Department ; Special Assistant to the U.S . Ambassador in London ; Assistant to the Executive Director , Board of Economic Warfare ; Assistant Administrator , Foreign Economic Administration - Lauchlin Currie , Administrative Assistant to President Roosevelt ; Deputy Administrator of Foreign Economic Administration ; Special Representative to China - Bela Gold , Assistant Head of Program Surveys , Bureau of Agricultural Economics , United States Department of Agriculture ; Senate Subcommittee on War Mobilization ; Office of Economic Programs in Foreign Economic Administration - Sonia Steinman Gold , Division of Monetary Research U.S . Treasury Department ; U.S . House of Representatives Select Committee on Interstate Migration ; U.S . Bureau of Employment Security - Irving Kaplan , Foreign Funds Control and Division of Monetary Research , United States Department of the Treasury Foreign Economic Administration ; chief advisor to the Military Government of Germany - George Silverman , civilian Chief Production Specialist , Material Division , Army Air Force Air Staff , War Department , Pentagon - William Henry Taylor , Assistant Director of the Middle East Division of Monetary Research , United States Department of Treasury - William Lud Ullman , delegate to United Nations Charter meeting and Bretton Woods conference ; Division of Monetary Research , Department of Treasury ; Material and Services Division , Air Corps Headquarters , Pentagon - Harry Dexter White , Assistant Secretary of the Treasury ; Head of the International Monetary Fund Death . He died on October 7 , 1964 , aged 65 , possibly in Harvey Cedars , New Jersey . External sources . - Christopher M . Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin , The Sword and the Shield : The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB ( New York : Basic Books , 1999 ) - Gregg Herken . Brotherhood of the Bomb . New York : Henry Holt and Company , 2002 . - 746 , 747 , 748 Venona New York KGB to Moscow , May 25 1942 Data on construction and distribution of U.S . military aircraft . - 1061 , 0162 , 1063 Venona New York KGB to Moscow , July 3 , 1943 , pg . 1 pg . 2 Numerical strength of the United States Army Air Forces . - Richard C.S . Trahair and Robert Miller , Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage , Spies , and Secret Operations ( New York : Enigma Books , 2008 ) . - The Cold War International History Project ( CWIHP ) has the full text of former KGB agent Alexander Vassilievs Notebooks , containing new evidence on Silvermasters role in Soviet espionage in the United States - FBI Silvermaster File 65-56402 ( 26,000+ pages ) - Silvermaster Group FBI FOIA ( 1,950 pages )
|
[
"Farm Security Administration"
] |
[
{
"text": " Nathan Gregory Silvermaster ( November 27 , 1898 – October 7 , 1964 ) , an economist with the United States War Production Board ( WPB ) during World War II , was the head of a large ring of Communist spies in the U.S . government . It is from him that the FBI Silvermaster File , documenting the Bureaus investigation into Communist penetration of the Federal government during the 1930s and 1940s , takes its name . His wife , Helen and stepson , Anatole Volkov , were members of his ring .",
"title": "Nathan Gregory Silvermaster"
},
{
"text": "He was identified as a Soviet agent in the WPB operating under the code names Pel , Pal , Paul in the Venona decrypts ; and as Robert both in Venona and independently by defecting Soviet intelligence courier Elizabeth Bentley .",
"title": "Nathan Gregory Silvermaster"
},
{
"text": "Silvermaster was born to a Jewish family in Odessa , Russia ( present-day Odessa , Ukraine ) in 1898 . He moved with his family to China , where he learned to speak perfect English with a British accent . He emigrated to the United States and earned his B.A . from the University of Washington in Seattle ( where he was stated to be a known Communist ) and a Ph.D . from the University of California , Berkeley , where his thesis was entitled Lenins Economic Thought Prior to the October Revolution . He became a naturalized American",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "citizen in 1926 . He was reported to be in contact with a very large number of Communist Party USA officials , and was active in a number of Communist front groups .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " From August 1935 to November 1938 , Silvermaster worked in the Farm Security Administration . From November 1938 to July 1940 , he worked on the Maritime Labor Board . From July 1940 to December 1944 , he worked in the Department of Agriculture .",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": "While nominally remaining on the employment rolls of the Farm Security Administration , Silvermaster arranged in 1942 to be detailed to the Board of Economic Warfare . The transfer , however , triggered objections from military counter-intelligence who suspected he was a hidden Communist and regarded him as a security risk . On July 16 , 1942 the U.S . Civil Service Commission recommended Cancel eligibilities .. . and bar him for the duration of the National Emergency .",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": " Silvermaster denied any Communist links and appealed to Under Secretary of War Robert Patterson to overrule the security officials . Both White House advisor Lauchlin Currie ( identified in Venona as the Soviet agent operating under the cover name Page ) and Assistant Secretary of the Treasury Harry Dexter White ( identified in Venona as the Soviet agent operating under the cover names Lawyer ; Jurist ; Richard ) intervened on his behalf . Silvermaster subsequently received two promotions and pay raises .",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": "From 1942 to 1945 , he was also assigned to the United States Treasury . In mid-1945 , he joined the Reconstruction Finance Corporation ( later War Assets Corporation ) . In March 1946 , he resigned from government .",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": " On August 28 , 1950 , Lee Pressman ( a member of the Ware Group , a precursor to the Silvermaster and Perlo ) said of Silvermaster , I believe he was with the Maritime Labor Board when I was with the CIO , and in that connection I may have had some business dealings with him ( apparently referring to Silvermasters time with that union 1938–1940 ) . Espionage : Silvermaster Group .",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": "Kathryn S . Olmsted , the author of Red Spy Queen ( 2002 ) , points out : Every two weeks , Elizabeth would travel to Washington to pick up documents from the Silvermasters , collect their Party dues , and deliver Communist literature . Soon the flow of documents grew so large that Ullmann , an amateur photographer , set up a darkroom in their basement . Elizabeth usually collected at least two or three rolls of microfilmed secret documents , and one time received as many as forty . She would stuff all the film and documents into",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": "a knitting bag or other innocent feminine accessory , then take it back to New York on the train . Moscow complained that around half of the photographed documents received in the summer of 1944 were unreadable and suggested that Ullmann receive more training . However , Pavel Fitin , who was responsible for analyzing the material , described it as very important data .",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": "At the War Production Board , Silvermaster was able to provide the Soviet Union with a large amount of data on arms , aircraft , and shipping production . In June 1943 , Silvermaster sent a War Production Board report on arms production in the United States , including bombers , pursuit planes , tanks , propelled guns , howitzers , radar and submarines , sub chasers , and the like , to Soviet intelligence . Then , in December 1944 , the New York MGB office cabled another Silvermaster report stating : ( Silvermaster ) has sent us a",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": "50-page Top Secret War Production Board report .. . on arms production in the U.S .",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": " In 1944 , Silvermaster was associated with Harry Dexter White at the Bretton Woods conference , and his testimony before the US Senate Internal Security Subcommittee covers 175 pages of interrogation and exhibits regarding his espionage activities in the U.S .",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": "The Silvermaster spy ring operated primarily in the Department of the Treasury but also had contacts in the Army Air Force and in the White House . Sixty-one of the Venona cables concern the activities of the Silvermaster spy ring . This represents 1% of the total ( approx 6,000 cables ) and 3% of the ( 2,000 ) translated/partially translated VENONA cables .",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": " - Nathan Gregory Silvermaster , Chief Planning Technician , Procurement Division , United States Department of the Treasury ; Chief Economist , War Assets Administration ; Director of the Labor Division , Farm Security Administration ; Board of Economic Warfare ; Reconstruction Finance Corporation Department of Commerce - Helen Silvermaster , wife - Anatole Boris Volkov , stepson - Solomon Adler aka Schlomer Adler , U.S . Department of the Treasury - Norman Chandler Bursler , United States Department of Justice Anti-Trust Division",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": "- Frank Coe , Assistant Director , Division of Monetary Research , Treasury Department ; Special Assistant to the U.S . Ambassador in London ; Assistant to the Executive Director , Board of Economic Warfare ; Assistant Administrator , Foreign Economic Administration",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": " - Lauchlin Currie , Administrative Assistant to President Roosevelt ; Deputy Administrator of Foreign Economic Administration ; Special Representative to China - Bela Gold , Assistant Head of Program Surveys , Bureau of Agricultural Economics , United States Department of Agriculture ; Senate Subcommittee on War Mobilization ; Office of Economic Programs in Foreign Economic Administration - Sonia Steinman Gold , Division of Monetary Research U.S . Treasury Department ; U.S . House of Representatives Select Committee on Interstate Migration ; U.S . Bureau of Employment Security",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": "- Irving Kaplan , Foreign Funds Control and Division of Monetary Research , United States Department of the Treasury Foreign Economic Administration ; chief advisor to the Military Government of Germany",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": " - George Silverman , civilian Chief Production Specialist , Material Division , Army Air Force Air Staff , War Department , Pentagon - William Henry Taylor , Assistant Director of the Middle East Division of Monetary Research , United States Department of Treasury - William Lud Ullman , delegate to United Nations Charter meeting and Bretton Woods conference ; Division of Monetary Research , Department of Treasury ; Material and Services Division , Air Corps Headquarters , Pentagon - Harry Dexter White , Assistant Secretary of the Treasury ; Head of the International Monetary Fund",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": " He died on October 7 , 1964 , aged 65 , possibly in Harvey Cedars , New Jersey .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " - Christopher M . Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin , The Sword and the Shield : The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB ( New York : Basic Books , 1999 ) - Gregg Herken . Brotherhood of the Bomb . New York : Henry Holt and Company , 2002 . - 746 , 747 , 748 Venona New York KGB to Moscow , May 25 1942 Data on construction and distribution of U.S . military aircraft .",
"title": "External sources"
},
{
"text": "- 1061 , 0162 , 1063 Venona New York KGB to Moscow , July 3 , 1943 , pg . 1 pg . 2 Numerical strength of the United States Army Air Forces .",
"title": "External sources"
},
{
"text": " - Richard C.S . Trahair and Robert Miller , Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage , Spies , and Secret Operations ( New York : Enigma Books , 2008 ) . - The Cold War International History Project ( CWIHP ) has the full text of former KGB agent Alexander Vassilievs Notebooks , containing new evidence on Silvermasters role in Soviet espionage in the United States - FBI Silvermaster File 65-56402 ( 26,000+ pages ) - Silvermaster Group FBI FOIA ( 1,950 pages )",
"title": "External sources"
}
] |
/wiki/Nathan_Gregory_Silvermaster#P108#1
|
Which employer did Nathan Gregory Silvermaster work for between Sep 1938 and Feb 1939?
|
Nathan Gregory Silvermaster Nathan Gregory Silvermaster ( November 27 , 1898 – October 7 , 1964 ) , an economist with the United States War Production Board ( WPB ) during World War II , was the head of a large ring of Communist spies in the U.S . government . It is from him that the FBI Silvermaster File , documenting the Bureaus investigation into Communist penetration of the Federal government during the 1930s and 1940s , takes its name . His wife , Helen and stepson , Anatole Volkov , were members of his ring . He was identified as a Soviet agent in the WPB operating under the code names Pel , Pal , Paul in the Venona decrypts ; and as Robert both in Venona and independently by defecting Soviet intelligence courier Elizabeth Bentley . Background . Silvermaster was born to a Jewish family in Odessa , Russia ( present-day Odessa , Ukraine ) in 1898 . He moved with his family to China , where he learned to speak perfect English with a British accent . He emigrated to the United States and earned his B.A . from the University of Washington in Seattle ( where he was stated to be a known Communist ) and a Ph.D . from the University of California , Berkeley , where his thesis was entitled Lenins Economic Thought Prior to the October Revolution . He became a naturalized American citizen in 1926 . He was reported to be in contact with a very large number of Communist Party USA officials , and was active in a number of Communist front groups . Career . Civil service . From August 1935 to November 1938 , Silvermaster worked in the Farm Security Administration . From November 1938 to July 1940 , he worked on the Maritime Labor Board . From July 1940 to December 1944 , he worked in the Department of Agriculture . While nominally remaining on the employment rolls of the Farm Security Administration , Silvermaster arranged in 1942 to be detailed to the Board of Economic Warfare . The transfer , however , triggered objections from military counter-intelligence who suspected he was a hidden Communist and regarded him as a security risk . On July 16 , 1942 the U.S . Civil Service Commission recommended Cancel eligibilities .. . and bar him for the duration of the National Emergency . Silvermaster denied any Communist links and appealed to Under Secretary of War Robert Patterson to overrule the security officials . Both White House advisor Lauchlin Currie ( identified in Venona as the Soviet agent operating under the cover name Page ) and Assistant Secretary of the Treasury Harry Dexter White ( identified in Venona as the Soviet agent operating under the cover names Lawyer ; Jurist ; Richard ) intervened on his behalf . Silvermaster subsequently received two promotions and pay raises . From 1942 to 1945 , he was also assigned to the United States Treasury . In mid-1945 , he joined the Reconstruction Finance Corporation ( later War Assets Corporation ) . In March 1946 , he resigned from government . On August 28 , 1950 , Lee Pressman ( a member of the Ware Group , a precursor to the Silvermaster and Perlo ) said of Silvermaster , I believe he was with the Maritime Labor Board when I was with the CIO , and in that connection I may have had some business dealings with him ( apparently referring to Silvermasters time with that union 1938–1940 ) . Espionage : Silvermaster Group . Kathryn S . Olmsted , the author of Red Spy Queen ( 2002 ) , points out : Every two weeks , Elizabeth would travel to Washington to pick up documents from the Silvermasters , collect their Party dues , and deliver Communist literature . Soon the flow of documents grew so large that Ullmann , an amateur photographer , set up a darkroom in their basement . Elizabeth usually collected at least two or three rolls of microfilmed secret documents , and one time received as many as forty . She would stuff all the film and documents into a knitting bag or other innocent feminine accessory , then take it back to New York on the train . Moscow complained that around half of the photographed documents received in the summer of 1944 were unreadable and suggested that Ullmann receive more training . However , Pavel Fitin , who was responsible for analyzing the material , described it as very important data . At the War Production Board , Silvermaster was able to provide the Soviet Union with a large amount of data on arms , aircraft , and shipping production . In June 1943 , Silvermaster sent a War Production Board report on arms production in the United States , including bombers , pursuit planes , tanks , propelled guns , howitzers , radar and submarines , sub chasers , and the like , to Soviet intelligence . Then , in December 1944 , the New York MGB office cabled another Silvermaster report stating : ( Silvermaster ) has sent us a 50-page Top Secret War Production Board report .. . on arms production in the U.S . In 1944 , Silvermaster was associated with Harry Dexter White at the Bretton Woods conference , and his testimony before the US Senate Internal Security Subcommittee covers 175 pages of interrogation and exhibits regarding his espionage activities in the U.S . The Silvermaster spy ring operated primarily in the Department of the Treasury but also had contacts in the Army Air Force and in the White House . Sixty-one of the Venona cables concern the activities of the Silvermaster spy ring . This represents 1% of the total ( approx 6,000 cables ) and 3% of the ( 2,000 ) translated/partially translated VENONA cables . - Nathan Gregory Silvermaster , Chief Planning Technician , Procurement Division , United States Department of the Treasury ; Chief Economist , War Assets Administration ; Director of the Labor Division , Farm Security Administration ; Board of Economic Warfare ; Reconstruction Finance Corporation Department of Commerce - Helen Silvermaster , wife - Anatole Boris Volkov , stepson - Solomon Adler aka Schlomer Adler , U.S . Department of the Treasury - Norman Chandler Bursler , United States Department of Justice Anti-Trust Division - Frank Coe , Assistant Director , Division of Monetary Research , Treasury Department ; Special Assistant to the U.S . Ambassador in London ; Assistant to the Executive Director , Board of Economic Warfare ; Assistant Administrator , Foreign Economic Administration - Lauchlin Currie , Administrative Assistant to President Roosevelt ; Deputy Administrator of Foreign Economic Administration ; Special Representative to China - Bela Gold , Assistant Head of Program Surveys , Bureau of Agricultural Economics , United States Department of Agriculture ; Senate Subcommittee on War Mobilization ; Office of Economic Programs in Foreign Economic Administration - Sonia Steinman Gold , Division of Monetary Research U.S . Treasury Department ; U.S . House of Representatives Select Committee on Interstate Migration ; U.S . Bureau of Employment Security - Irving Kaplan , Foreign Funds Control and Division of Monetary Research , United States Department of the Treasury Foreign Economic Administration ; chief advisor to the Military Government of Germany - George Silverman , civilian Chief Production Specialist , Material Division , Army Air Force Air Staff , War Department , Pentagon - William Henry Taylor , Assistant Director of the Middle East Division of Monetary Research , United States Department of Treasury - William Lud Ullman , delegate to United Nations Charter meeting and Bretton Woods conference ; Division of Monetary Research , Department of Treasury ; Material and Services Division , Air Corps Headquarters , Pentagon - Harry Dexter White , Assistant Secretary of the Treasury ; Head of the International Monetary Fund Death . He died on October 7 , 1964 , aged 65 , possibly in Harvey Cedars , New Jersey . External sources . - Christopher M . Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin , The Sword and the Shield : The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB ( New York : Basic Books , 1999 ) - Gregg Herken . Brotherhood of the Bomb . New York : Henry Holt and Company , 2002 . - 746 , 747 , 748 Venona New York KGB to Moscow , May 25 1942 Data on construction and distribution of U.S . military aircraft . - 1061 , 0162 , 1063 Venona New York KGB to Moscow , July 3 , 1943 , pg . 1 pg . 2 Numerical strength of the United States Army Air Forces . - Richard C.S . Trahair and Robert Miller , Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage , Spies , and Secret Operations ( New York : Enigma Books , 2008 ) . - The Cold War International History Project ( CWIHP ) has the full text of former KGB agent Alexander Vassilievs Notebooks , containing new evidence on Silvermasters role in Soviet espionage in the United States - FBI Silvermaster File 65-56402 ( 26,000+ pages ) - Silvermaster Group FBI FOIA ( 1,950 pages )
|
[
"Maritime Labor Board"
] |
[
{
"text": " Nathan Gregory Silvermaster ( November 27 , 1898 – October 7 , 1964 ) , an economist with the United States War Production Board ( WPB ) during World War II , was the head of a large ring of Communist spies in the U.S . government . It is from him that the FBI Silvermaster File , documenting the Bureaus investigation into Communist penetration of the Federal government during the 1930s and 1940s , takes its name . His wife , Helen and stepson , Anatole Volkov , were members of his ring .",
"title": "Nathan Gregory Silvermaster"
},
{
"text": "He was identified as a Soviet agent in the WPB operating under the code names Pel , Pal , Paul in the Venona decrypts ; and as Robert both in Venona and independently by defecting Soviet intelligence courier Elizabeth Bentley .",
"title": "Nathan Gregory Silvermaster"
},
{
"text": "Silvermaster was born to a Jewish family in Odessa , Russia ( present-day Odessa , Ukraine ) in 1898 . He moved with his family to China , where he learned to speak perfect English with a British accent . He emigrated to the United States and earned his B.A . from the University of Washington in Seattle ( where he was stated to be a known Communist ) and a Ph.D . from the University of California , Berkeley , where his thesis was entitled Lenins Economic Thought Prior to the October Revolution . He became a naturalized American",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "citizen in 1926 . He was reported to be in contact with a very large number of Communist Party USA officials , and was active in a number of Communist front groups .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " From August 1935 to November 1938 , Silvermaster worked in the Farm Security Administration . From November 1938 to July 1940 , he worked on the Maritime Labor Board . From July 1940 to December 1944 , he worked in the Department of Agriculture .",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": "While nominally remaining on the employment rolls of the Farm Security Administration , Silvermaster arranged in 1942 to be detailed to the Board of Economic Warfare . The transfer , however , triggered objections from military counter-intelligence who suspected he was a hidden Communist and regarded him as a security risk . On July 16 , 1942 the U.S . Civil Service Commission recommended Cancel eligibilities .. . and bar him for the duration of the National Emergency .",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": " Silvermaster denied any Communist links and appealed to Under Secretary of War Robert Patterson to overrule the security officials . Both White House advisor Lauchlin Currie ( identified in Venona as the Soviet agent operating under the cover name Page ) and Assistant Secretary of the Treasury Harry Dexter White ( identified in Venona as the Soviet agent operating under the cover names Lawyer ; Jurist ; Richard ) intervened on his behalf . Silvermaster subsequently received two promotions and pay raises .",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": "From 1942 to 1945 , he was also assigned to the United States Treasury . In mid-1945 , he joined the Reconstruction Finance Corporation ( later War Assets Corporation ) . In March 1946 , he resigned from government .",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": " On August 28 , 1950 , Lee Pressman ( a member of the Ware Group , a precursor to the Silvermaster and Perlo ) said of Silvermaster , I believe he was with the Maritime Labor Board when I was with the CIO , and in that connection I may have had some business dealings with him ( apparently referring to Silvermasters time with that union 1938–1940 ) . Espionage : Silvermaster Group .",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": "Kathryn S . Olmsted , the author of Red Spy Queen ( 2002 ) , points out : Every two weeks , Elizabeth would travel to Washington to pick up documents from the Silvermasters , collect their Party dues , and deliver Communist literature . Soon the flow of documents grew so large that Ullmann , an amateur photographer , set up a darkroom in their basement . Elizabeth usually collected at least two or three rolls of microfilmed secret documents , and one time received as many as forty . She would stuff all the film and documents into",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": "a knitting bag or other innocent feminine accessory , then take it back to New York on the train . Moscow complained that around half of the photographed documents received in the summer of 1944 were unreadable and suggested that Ullmann receive more training . However , Pavel Fitin , who was responsible for analyzing the material , described it as very important data .",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": "At the War Production Board , Silvermaster was able to provide the Soviet Union with a large amount of data on arms , aircraft , and shipping production . In June 1943 , Silvermaster sent a War Production Board report on arms production in the United States , including bombers , pursuit planes , tanks , propelled guns , howitzers , radar and submarines , sub chasers , and the like , to Soviet intelligence . Then , in December 1944 , the New York MGB office cabled another Silvermaster report stating : ( Silvermaster ) has sent us a",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": "50-page Top Secret War Production Board report .. . on arms production in the U.S .",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": " In 1944 , Silvermaster was associated with Harry Dexter White at the Bretton Woods conference , and his testimony before the US Senate Internal Security Subcommittee covers 175 pages of interrogation and exhibits regarding his espionage activities in the U.S .",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": "The Silvermaster spy ring operated primarily in the Department of the Treasury but also had contacts in the Army Air Force and in the White House . Sixty-one of the Venona cables concern the activities of the Silvermaster spy ring . This represents 1% of the total ( approx 6,000 cables ) and 3% of the ( 2,000 ) translated/partially translated VENONA cables .",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": " - Nathan Gregory Silvermaster , Chief Planning Technician , Procurement Division , United States Department of the Treasury ; Chief Economist , War Assets Administration ; Director of the Labor Division , Farm Security Administration ; Board of Economic Warfare ; Reconstruction Finance Corporation Department of Commerce - Helen Silvermaster , wife - Anatole Boris Volkov , stepson - Solomon Adler aka Schlomer Adler , U.S . Department of the Treasury - Norman Chandler Bursler , United States Department of Justice Anti-Trust Division",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": "- Frank Coe , Assistant Director , Division of Monetary Research , Treasury Department ; Special Assistant to the U.S . Ambassador in London ; Assistant to the Executive Director , Board of Economic Warfare ; Assistant Administrator , Foreign Economic Administration",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": " - Lauchlin Currie , Administrative Assistant to President Roosevelt ; Deputy Administrator of Foreign Economic Administration ; Special Representative to China - Bela Gold , Assistant Head of Program Surveys , Bureau of Agricultural Economics , United States Department of Agriculture ; Senate Subcommittee on War Mobilization ; Office of Economic Programs in Foreign Economic Administration - Sonia Steinman Gold , Division of Monetary Research U.S . Treasury Department ; U.S . House of Representatives Select Committee on Interstate Migration ; U.S . Bureau of Employment Security",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": "- Irving Kaplan , Foreign Funds Control and Division of Monetary Research , United States Department of the Treasury Foreign Economic Administration ; chief advisor to the Military Government of Germany",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": " - George Silverman , civilian Chief Production Specialist , Material Division , Army Air Force Air Staff , War Department , Pentagon - William Henry Taylor , Assistant Director of the Middle East Division of Monetary Research , United States Department of Treasury - William Lud Ullman , delegate to United Nations Charter meeting and Bretton Woods conference ; Division of Monetary Research , Department of Treasury ; Material and Services Division , Air Corps Headquarters , Pentagon - Harry Dexter White , Assistant Secretary of the Treasury ; Head of the International Monetary Fund",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": " He died on October 7 , 1964 , aged 65 , possibly in Harvey Cedars , New Jersey .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " - Christopher M . Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin , The Sword and the Shield : The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB ( New York : Basic Books , 1999 ) - Gregg Herken . Brotherhood of the Bomb . New York : Henry Holt and Company , 2002 . - 746 , 747 , 748 Venona New York KGB to Moscow , May 25 1942 Data on construction and distribution of U.S . military aircraft .",
"title": "External sources"
},
{
"text": "- 1061 , 0162 , 1063 Venona New York KGB to Moscow , July 3 , 1943 , pg . 1 pg . 2 Numerical strength of the United States Army Air Forces .",
"title": "External sources"
},
{
"text": " - Richard C.S . Trahair and Robert Miller , Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage , Spies , and Secret Operations ( New York : Enigma Books , 2008 ) . - The Cold War International History Project ( CWIHP ) has the full text of former KGB agent Alexander Vassilievs Notebooks , containing new evidence on Silvermasters role in Soviet espionage in the United States - FBI Silvermaster File 65-56402 ( 26,000+ pages ) - Silvermaster Group FBI FOIA ( 1,950 pages )",
"title": "External sources"
}
] |
/wiki/Nathan_Gregory_Silvermaster#P108#2
|
Which employer did Nathan Gregory Silvermaster work for between Apr 1943 and Dec 1943?
|
Nathan Gregory Silvermaster Nathan Gregory Silvermaster ( November 27 , 1898 – October 7 , 1964 ) , an economist with the United States War Production Board ( WPB ) during World War II , was the head of a large ring of Communist spies in the U.S . government . It is from him that the FBI Silvermaster File , documenting the Bureaus investigation into Communist penetration of the Federal government during the 1930s and 1940s , takes its name . His wife , Helen and stepson , Anatole Volkov , were members of his ring . He was identified as a Soviet agent in the WPB operating under the code names Pel , Pal , Paul in the Venona decrypts ; and as Robert both in Venona and independently by defecting Soviet intelligence courier Elizabeth Bentley . Background . Silvermaster was born to a Jewish family in Odessa , Russia ( present-day Odessa , Ukraine ) in 1898 . He moved with his family to China , where he learned to speak perfect English with a British accent . He emigrated to the United States and earned his B.A . from the University of Washington in Seattle ( where he was stated to be a known Communist ) and a Ph.D . from the University of California , Berkeley , where his thesis was entitled Lenins Economic Thought Prior to the October Revolution . He became a naturalized American citizen in 1926 . He was reported to be in contact with a very large number of Communist Party USA officials , and was active in a number of Communist front groups . Career . Civil service . From August 1935 to November 1938 , Silvermaster worked in the Farm Security Administration . From November 1938 to July 1940 , he worked on the Maritime Labor Board . From July 1940 to December 1944 , he worked in the Department of Agriculture . While nominally remaining on the employment rolls of the Farm Security Administration , Silvermaster arranged in 1942 to be detailed to the Board of Economic Warfare . The transfer , however , triggered objections from military counter-intelligence who suspected he was a hidden Communist and regarded him as a security risk . On July 16 , 1942 the U.S . Civil Service Commission recommended Cancel eligibilities .. . and bar him for the duration of the National Emergency . Silvermaster denied any Communist links and appealed to Under Secretary of War Robert Patterson to overrule the security officials . Both White House advisor Lauchlin Currie ( identified in Venona as the Soviet agent operating under the cover name Page ) and Assistant Secretary of the Treasury Harry Dexter White ( identified in Venona as the Soviet agent operating under the cover names Lawyer ; Jurist ; Richard ) intervened on his behalf . Silvermaster subsequently received two promotions and pay raises . From 1942 to 1945 , he was also assigned to the United States Treasury . In mid-1945 , he joined the Reconstruction Finance Corporation ( later War Assets Corporation ) . In March 1946 , he resigned from government . On August 28 , 1950 , Lee Pressman ( a member of the Ware Group , a precursor to the Silvermaster and Perlo ) said of Silvermaster , I believe he was with the Maritime Labor Board when I was with the CIO , and in that connection I may have had some business dealings with him ( apparently referring to Silvermasters time with that union 1938–1940 ) . Espionage : Silvermaster Group . Kathryn S . Olmsted , the author of Red Spy Queen ( 2002 ) , points out : Every two weeks , Elizabeth would travel to Washington to pick up documents from the Silvermasters , collect their Party dues , and deliver Communist literature . Soon the flow of documents grew so large that Ullmann , an amateur photographer , set up a darkroom in their basement . Elizabeth usually collected at least two or three rolls of microfilmed secret documents , and one time received as many as forty . She would stuff all the film and documents into a knitting bag or other innocent feminine accessory , then take it back to New York on the train . Moscow complained that around half of the photographed documents received in the summer of 1944 were unreadable and suggested that Ullmann receive more training . However , Pavel Fitin , who was responsible for analyzing the material , described it as very important data . At the War Production Board , Silvermaster was able to provide the Soviet Union with a large amount of data on arms , aircraft , and shipping production . In June 1943 , Silvermaster sent a War Production Board report on arms production in the United States , including bombers , pursuit planes , tanks , propelled guns , howitzers , radar and submarines , sub chasers , and the like , to Soviet intelligence . Then , in December 1944 , the New York MGB office cabled another Silvermaster report stating : ( Silvermaster ) has sent us a 50-page Top Secret War Production Board report .. . on arms production in the U.S . In 1944 , Silvermaster was associated with Harry Dexter White at the Bretton Woods conference , and his testimony before the US Senate Internal Security Subcommittee covers 175 pages of interrogation and exhibits regarding his espionage activities in the U.S . The Silvermaster spy ring operated primarily in the Department of the Treasury but also had contacts in the Army Air Force and in the White House . Sixty-one of the Venona cables concern the activities of the Silvermaster spy ring . This represents 1% of the total ( approx 6,000 cables ) and 3% of the ( 2,000 ) translated/partially translated VENONA cables . - Nathan Gregory Silvermaster , Chief Planning Technician , Procurement Division , United States Department of the Treasury ; Chief Economist , War Assets Administration ; Director of the Labor Division , Farm Security Administration ; Board of Economic Warfare ; Reconstruction Finance Corporation Department of Commerce - Helen Silvermaster , wife - Anatole Boris Volkov , stepson - Solomon Adler aka Schlomer Adler , U.S . Department of the Treasury - Norman Chandler Bursler , United States Department of Justice Anti-Trust Division - Frank Coe , Assistant Director , Division of Monetary Research , Treasury Department ; Special Assistant to the U.S . Ambassador in London ; Assistant to the Executive Director , Board of Economic Warfare ; Assistant Administrator , Foreign Economic Administration - Lauchlin Currie , Administrative Assistant to President Roosevelt ; Deputy Administrator of Foreign Economic Administration ; Special Representative to China - Bela Gold , Assistant Head of Program Surveys , Bureau of Agricultural Economics , United States Department of Agriculture ; Senate Subcommittee on War Mobilization ; Office of Economic Programs in Foreign Economic Administration - Sonia Steinman Gold , Division of Monetary Research U.S . Treasury Department ; U.S . House of Representatives Select Committee on Interstate Migration ; U.S . Bureau of Employment Security - Irving Kaplan , Foreign Funds Control and Division of Monetary Research , United States Department of the Treasury Foreign Economic Administration ; chief advisor to the Military Government of Germany - George Silverman , civilian Chief Production Specialist , Material Division , Army Air Force Air Staff , War Department , Pentagon - William Henry Taylor , Assistant Director of the Middle East Division of Monetary Research , United States Department of Treasury - William Lud Ullman , delegate to United Nations Charter meeting and Bretton Woods conference ; Division of Monetary Research , Department of Treasury ; Material and Services Division , Air Corps Headquarters , Pentagon - Harry Dexter White , Assistant Secretary of the Treasury ; Head of the International Monetary Fund Death . He died on October 7 , 1964 , aged 65 , possibly in Harvey Cedars , New Jersey . External sources . - Christopher M . Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin , The Sword and the Shield : The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB ( New York : Basic Books , 1999 ) - Gregg Herken . Brotherhood of the Bomb . New York : Henry Holt and Company , 2002 . - 746 , 747 , 748 Venona New York KGB to Moscow , May 25 1942 Data on construction and distribution of U.S . military aircraft . - 1061 , 0162 , 1063 Venona New York KGB to Moscow , July 3 , 1943 , pg . 1 pg . 2 Numerical strength of the United States Army Air Forces . - Richard C.S . Trahair and Robert Miller , Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage , Spies , and Secret Operations ( New York : Enigma Books , 2008 ) . - The Cold War International History Project ( CWIHP ) has the full text of former KGB agent Alexander Vassilievs Notebooks , containing new evidence on Silvermasters role in Soviet espionage in the United States - FBI Silvermaster File 65-56402 ( 26,000+ pages ) - Silvermaster Group FBI FOIA ( 1,950 pages )
|
[
"Department of Agriculture"
] |
[
{
"text": " Nathan Gregory Silvermaster ( November 27 , 1898 – October 7 , 1964 ) , an economist with the United States War Production Board ( WPB ) during World War II , was the head of a large ring of Communist spies in the U.S . government . It is from him that the FBI Silvermaster File , documenting the Bureaus investigation into Communist penetration of the Federal government during the 1930s and 1940s , takes its name . His wife , Helen and stepson , Anatole Volkov , were members of his ring .",
"title": "Nathan Gregory Silvermaster"
},
{
"text": "He was identified as a Soviet agent in the WPB operating under the code names Pel , Pal , Paul in the Venona decrypts ; and as Robert both in Venona and independently by defecting Soviet intelligence courier Elizabeth Bentley .",
"title": "Nathan Gregory Silvermaster"
},
{
"text": "Silvermaster was born to a Jewish family in Odessa , Russia ( present-day Odessa , Ukraine ) in 1898 . He moved with his family to China , where he learned to speak perfect English with a British accent . He emigrated to the United States and earned his B.A . from the University of Washington in Seattle ( where he was stated to be a known Communist ) and a Ph.D . from the University of California , Berkeley , where his thesis was entitled Lenins Economic Thought Prior to the October Revolution . He became a naturalized American",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "citizen in 1926 . He was reported to be in contact with a very large number of Communist Party USA officials , and was active in a number of Communist front groups .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " From August 1935 to November 1938 , Silvermaster worked in the Farm Security Administration . From November 1938 to July 1940 , he worked on the Maritime Labor Board . From July 1940 to December 1944 , he worked in the Department of Agriculture .",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": "While nominally remaining on the employment rolls of the Farm Security Administration , Silvermaster arranged in 1942 to be detailed to the Board of Economic Warfare . The transfer , however , triggered objections from military counter-intelligence who suspected he was a hidden Communist and regarded him as a security risk . On July 16 , 1942 the U.S . Civil Service Commission recommended Cancel eligibilities .. . and bar him for the duration of the National Emergency .",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": " Silvermaster denied any Communist links and appealed to Under Secretary of War Robert Patterson to overrule the security officials . Both White House advisor Lauchlin Currie ( identified in Venona as the Soviet agent operating under the cover name Page ) and Assistant Secretary of the Treasury Harry Dexter White ( identified in Venona as the Soviet agent operating under the cover names Lawyer ; Jurist ; Richard ) intervened on his behalf . Silvermaster subsequently received two promotions and pay raises .",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": "From 1942 to 1945 , he was also assigned to the United States Treasury . In mid-1945 , he joined the Reconstruction Finance Corporation ( later War Assets Corporation ) . In March 1946 , he resigned from government .",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": " On August 28 , 1950 , Lee Pressman ( a member of the Ware Group , a precursor to the Silvermaster and Perlo ) said of Silvermaster , I believe he was with the Maritime Labor Board when I was with the CIO , and in that connection I may have had some business dealings with him ( apparently referring to Silvermasters time with that union 1938–1940 ) . Espionage : Silvermaster Group .",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": "Kathryn S . Olmsted , the author of Red Spy Queen ( 2002 ) , points out : Every two weeks , Elizabeth would travel to Washington to pick up documents from the Silvermasters , collect their Party dues , and deliver Communist literature . Soon the flow of documents grew so large that Ullmann , an amateur photographer , set up a darkroom in their basement . Elizabeth usually collected at least two or three rolls of microfilmed secret documents , and one time received as many as forty . She would stuff all the film and documents into",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": "a knitting bag or other innocent feminine accessory , then take it back to New York on the train . Moscow complained that around half of the photographed documents received in the summer of 1944 were unreadable and suggested that Ullmann receive more training . However , Pavel Fitin , who was responsible for analyzing the material , described it as very important data .",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": "At the War Production Board , Silvermaster was able to provide the Soviet Union with a large amount of data on arms , aircraft , and shipping production . In June 1943 , Silvermaster sent a War Production Board report on arms production in the United States , including bombers , pursuit planes , tanks , propelled guns , howitzers , radar and submarines , sub chasers , and the like , to Soviet intelligence . Then , in December 1944 , the New York MGB office cabled another Silvermaster report stating : ( Silvermaster ) has sent us a",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": "50-page Top Secret War Production Board report .. . on arms production in the U.S .",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": " In 1944 , Silvermaster was associated with Harry Dexter White at the Bretton Woods conference , and his testimony before the US Senate Internal Security Subcommittee covers 175 pages of interrogation and exhibits regarding his espionage activities in the U.S .",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": "The Silvermaster spy ring operated primarily in the Department of the Treasury but also had contacts in the Army Air Force and in the White House . Sixty-one of the Venona cables concern the activities of the Silvermaster spy ring . This represents 1% of the total ( approx 6,000 cables ) and 3% of the ( 2,000 ) translated/partially translated VENONA cables .",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": " - Nathan Gregory Silvermaster , Chief Planning Technician , Procurement Division , United States Department of the Treasury ; Chief Economist , War Assets Administration ; Director of the Labor Division , Farm Security Administration ; Board of Economic Warfare ; Reconstruction Finance Corporation Department of Commerce - Helen Silvermaster , wife - Anatole Boris Volkov , stepson - Solomon Adler aka Schlomer Adler , U.S . Department of the Treasury - Norman Chandler Bursler , United States Department of Justice Anti-Trust Division",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": "- Frank Coe , Assistant Director , Division of Monetary Research , Treasury Department ; Special Assistant to the U.S . Ambassador in London ; Assistant to the Executive Director , Board of Economic Warfare ; Assistant Administrator , Foreign Economic Administration",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": " - Lauchlin Currie , Administrative Assistant to President Roosevelt ; Deputy Administrator of Foreign Economic Administration ; Special Representative to China - Bela Gold , Assistant Head of Program Surveys , Bureau of Agricultural Economics , United States Department of Agriculture ; Senate Subcommittee on War Mobilization ; Office of Economic Programs in Foreign Economic Administration - Sonia Steinman Gold , Division of Monetary Research U.S . Treasury Department ; U.S . House of Representatives Select Committee on Interstate Migration ; U.S . Bureau of Employment Security",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": "- Irving Kaplan , Foreign Funds Control and Division of Monetary Research , United States Department of the Treasury Foreign Economic Administration ; chief advisor to the Military Government of Germany",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": " - George Silverman , civilian Chief Production Specialist , Material Division , Army Air Force Air Staff , War Department , Pentagon - William Henry Taylor , Assistant Director of the Middle East Division of Monetary Research , United States Department of Treasury - William Lud Ullman , delegate to United Nations Charter meeting and Bretton Woods conference ; Division of Monetary Research , Department of Treasury ; Material and Services Division , Air Corps Headquarters , Pentagon - Harry Dexter White , Assistant Secretary of the Treasury ; Head of the International Monetary Fund",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": " He died on October 7 , 1964 , aged 65 , possibly in Harvey Cedars , New Jersey .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " - Christopher M . Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin , The Sword and the Shield : The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB ( New York : Basic Books , 1999 ) - Gregg Herken . Brotherhood of the Bomb . New York : Henry Holt and Company , 2002 . - 746 , 747 , 748 Venona New York KGB to Moscow , May 25 1942 Data on construction and distribution of U.S . military aircraft .",
"title": "External sources"
},
{
"text": "- 1061 , 0162 , 1063 Venona New York KGB to Moscow , July 3 , 1943 , pg . 1 pg . 2 Numerical strength of the United States Army Air Forces .",
"title": "External sources"
},
{
"text": " - Richard C.S . Trahair and Robert Miller , Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage , Spies , and Secret Operations ( New York : Enigma Books , 2008 ) . - The Cold War International History Project ( CWIHP ) has the full text of former KGB agent Alexander Vassilievs Notebooks , containing new evidence on Silvermasters role in Soviet espionage in the United States - FBI Silvermaster File 65-56402 ( 26,000+ pages ) - Silvermaster Group FBI FOIA ( 1,950 pages )",
"title": "External sources"
}
] |
/wiki/Nathan_Gregory_Silvermaster#P108#3
|
Which employer did Nathan Gregory Silvermaster work for between Aug 1945 and Nov 1945?
|
Nathan Gregory Silvermaster Nathan Gregory Silvermaster ( November 27 , 1898 – October 7 , 1964 ) , an economist with the United States War Production Board ( WPB ) during World War II , was the head of a large ring of Communist spies in the U.S . government . It is from him that the FBI Silvermaster File , documenting the Bureaus investigation into Communist penetration of the Federal government during the 1930s and 1940s , takes its name . His wife , Helen and stepson , Anatole Volkov , were members of his ring . He was identified as a Soviet agent in the WPB operating under the code names Pel , Pal , Paul in the Venona decrypts ; and as Robert both in Venona and independently by defecting Soviet intelligence courier Elizabeth Bentley . Background . Silvermaster was born to a Jewish family in Odessa , Russia ( present-day Odessa , Ukraine ) in 1898 . He moved with his family to China , where he learned to speak perfect English with a British accent . He emigrated to the United States and earned his B.A . from the University of Washington in Seattle ( where he was stated to be a known Communist ) and a Ph.D . from the University of California , Berkeley , where his thesis was entitled Lenins Economic Thought Prior to the October Revolution . He became a naturalized American citizen in 1926 . He was reported to be in contact with a very large number of Communist Party USA officials , and was active in a number of Communist front groups . Career . Civil service . From August 1935 to November 1938 , Silvermaster worked in the Farm Security Administration . From November 1938 to July 1940 , he worked on the Maritime Labor Board . From July 1940 to December 1944 , he worked in the Department of Agriculture . While nominally remaining on the employment rolls of the Farm Security Administration , Silvermaster arranged in 1942 to be detailed to the Board of Economic Warfare . The transfer , however , triggered objections from military counter-intelligence who suspected he was a hidden Communist and regarded him as a security risk . On July 16 , 1942 the U.S . Civil Service Commission recommended Cancel eligibilities .. . and bar him for the duration of the National Emergency . Silvermaster denied any Communist links and appealed to Under Secretary of War Robert Patterson to overrule the security officials . Both White House advisor Lauchlin Currie ( identified in Venona as the Soviet agent operating under the cover name Page ) and Assistant Secretary of the Treasury Harry Dexter White ( identified in Venona as the Soviet agent operating under the cover names Lawyer ; Jurist ; Richard ) intervened on his behalf . Silvermaster subsequently received two promotions and pay raises . From 1942 to 1945 , he was also assigned to the United States Treasury . In mid-1945 , he joined the Reconstruction Finance Corporation ( later War Assets Corporation ) . In March 1946 , he resigned from government . On August 28 , 1950 , Lee Pressman ( a member of the Ware Group , a precursor to the Silvermaster and Perlo ) said of Silvermaster , I believe he was with the Maritime Labor Board when I was with the CIO , and in that connection I may have had some business dealings with him ( apparently referring to Silvermasters time with that union 1938–1940 ) . Espionage : Silvermaster Group . Kathryn S . Olmsted , the author of Red Spy Queen ( 2002 ) , points out : Every two weeks , Elizabeth would travel to Washington to pick up documents from the Silvermasters , collect their Party dues , and deliver Communist literature . Soon the flow of documents grew so large that Ullmann , an amateur photographer , set up a darkroom in their basement . Elizabeth usually collected at least two or three rolls of microfilmed secret documents , and one time received as many as forty . She would stuff all the film and documents into a knitting bag or other innocent feminine accessory , then take it back to New York on the train . Moscow complained that around half of the photographed documents received in the summer of 1944 were unreadable and suggested that Ullmann receive more training . However , Pavel Fitin , who was responsible for analyzing the material , described it as very important data . At the War Production Board , Silvermaster was able to provide the Soviet Union with a large amount of data on arms , aircraft , and shipping production . In June 1943 , Silvermaster sent a War Production Board report on arms production in the United States , including bombers , pursuit planes , tanks , propelled guns , howitzers , radar and submarines , sub chasers , and the like , to Soviet intelligence . Then , in December 1944 , the New York MGB office cabled another Silvermaster report stating : ( Silvermaster ) has sent us a 50-page Top Secret War Production Board report .. . on arms production in the U.S . In 1944 , Silvermaster was associated with Harry Dexter White at the Bretton Woods conference , and his testimony before the US Senate Internal Security Subcommittee covers 175 pages of interrogation and exhibits regarding his espionage activities in the U.S . The Silvermaster spy ring operated primarily in the Department of the Treasury but also had contacts in the Army Air Force and in the White House . Sixty-one of the Venona cables concern the activities of the Silvermaster spy ring . This represents 1% of the total ( approx 6,000 cables ) and 3% of the ( 2,000 ) translated/partially translated VENONA cables . - Nathan Gregory Silvermaster , Chief Planning Technician , Procurement Division , United States Department of the Treasury ; Chief Economist , War Assets Administration ; Director of the Labor Division , Farm Security Administration ; Board of Economic Warfare ; Reconstruction Finance Corporation Department of Commerce - Helen Silvermaster , wife - Anatole Boris Volkov , stepson - Solomon Adler aka Schlomer Adler , U.S . Department of the Treasury - Norman Chandler Bursler , United States Department of Justice Anti-Trust Division - Frank Coe , Assistant Director , Division of Monetary Research , Treasury Department ; Special Assistant to the U.S . Ambassador in London ; Assistant to the Executive Director , Board of Economic Warfare ; Assistant Administrator , Foreign Economic Administration - Lauchlin Currie , Administrative Assistant to President Roosevelt ; Deputy Administrator of Foreign Economic Administration ; Special Representative to China - Bela Gold , Assistant Head of Program Surveys , Bureau of Agricultural Economics , United States Department of Agriculture ; Senate Subcommittee on War Mobilization ; Office of Economic Programs in Foreign Economic Administration - Sonia Steinman Gold , Division of Monetary Research U.S . Treasury Department ; U.S . House of Representatives Select Committee on Interstate Migration ; U.S . Bureau of Employment Security - Irving Kaplan , Foreign Funds Control and Division of Monetary Research , United States Department of the Treasury Foreign Economic Administration ; chief advisor to the Military Government of Germany - George Silverman , civilian Chief Production Specialist , Material Division , Army Air Force Air Staff , War Department , Pentagon - William Henry Taylor , Assistant Director of the Middle East Division of Monetary Research , United States Department of Treasury - William Lud Ullman , delegate to United Nations Charter meeting and Bretton Woods conference ; Division of Monetary Research , Department of Treasury ; Material and Services Division , Air Corps Headquarters , Pentagon - Harry Dexter White , Assistant Secretary of the Treasury ; Head of the International Monetary Fund Death . He died on October 7 , 1964 , aged 65 , possibly in Harvey Cedars , New Jersey . External sources . - Christopher M . Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin , The Sword and the Shield : The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB ( New York : Basic Books , 1999 ) - Gregg Herken . Brotherhood of the Bomb . New York : Henry Holt and Company , 2002 . - 746 , 747 , 748 Venona New York KGB to Moscow , May 25 1942 Data on construction and distribution of U.S . military aircraft . - 1061 , 0162 , 1063 Venona New York KGB to Moscow , July 3 , 1943 , pg . 1 pg . 2 Numerical strength of the United States Army Air Forces . - Richard C.S . Trahair and Robert Miller , Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage , Spies , and Secret Operations ( New York : Enigma Books , 2008 ) . - The Cold War International History Project ( CWIHP ) has the full text of former KGB agent Alexander Vassilievs Notebooks , containing new evidence on Silvermasters role in Soviet espionage in the United States - FBI Silvermaster File 65-56402 ( 26,000+ pages ) - Silvermaster Group FBI FOIA ( 1,950 pages )
|
[
"Reconstruction Finance Corporation"
] |
[
{
"text": " Nathan Gregory Silvermaster ( November 27 , 1898 – October 7 , 1964 ) , an economist with the United States War Production Board ( WPB ) during World War II , was the head of a large ring of Communist spies in the U.S . government . It is from him that the FBI Silvermaster File , documenting the Bureaus investigation into Communist penetration of the Federal government during the 1930s and 1940s , takes its name . His wife , Helen and stepson , Anatole Volkov , were members of his ring .",
"title": "Nathan Gregory Silvermaster"
},
{
"text": "He was identified as a Soviet agent in the WPB operating under the code names Pel , Pal , Paul in the Venona decrypts ; and as Robert both in Venona and independently by defecting Soviet intelligence courier Elizabeth Bentley .",
"title": "Nathan Gregory Silvermaster"
},
{
"text": "Silvermaster was born to a Jewish family in Odessa , Russia ( present-day Odessa , Ukraine ) in 1898 . He moved with his family to China , where he learned to speak perfect English with a British accent . He emigrated to the United States and earned his B.A . from the University of Washington in Seattle ( where he was stated to be a known Communist ) and a Ph.D . from the University of California , Berkeley , where his thesis was entitled Lenins Economic Thought Prior to the October Revolution . He became a naturalized American",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "citizen in 1926 . He was reported to be in contact with a very large number of Communist Party USA officials , and was active in a number of Communist front groups .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " From August 1935 to November 1938 , Silvermaster worked in the Farm Security Administration . From November 1938 to July 1940 , he worked on the Maritime Labor Board . From July 1940 to December 1944 , he worked in the Department of Agriculture .",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": "While nominally remaining on the employment rolls of the Farm Security Administration , Silvermaster arranged in 1942 to be detailed to the Board of Economic Warfare . The transfer , however , triggered objections from military counter-intelligence who suspected he was a hidden Communist and regarded him as a security risk . On July 16 , 1942 the U.S . Civil Service Commission recommended Cancel eligibilities .. . and bar him for the duration of the National Emergency .",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": " Silvermaster denied any Communist links and appealed to Under Secretary of War Robert Patterson to overrule the security officials . Both White House advisor Lauchlin Currie ( identified in Venona as the Soviet agent operating under the cover name Page ) and Assistant Secretary of the Treasury Harry Dexter White ( identified in Venona as the Soviet agent operating under the cover names Lawyer ; Jurist ; Richard ) intervened on his behalf . Silvermaster subsequently received two promotions and pay raises .",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": "From 1942 to 1945 , he was also assigned to the United States Treasury . In mid-1945 , he joined the Reconstruction Finance Corporation ( later War Assets Corporation ) . In March 1946 , he resigned from government .",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": " On August 28 , 1950 , Lee Pressman ( a member of the Ware Group , a precursor to the Silvermaster and Perlo ) said of Silvermaster , I believe he was with the Maritime Labor Board when I was with the CIO , and in that connection I may have had some business dealings with him ( apparently referring to Silvermasters time with that union 1938–1940 ) . Espionage : Silvermaster Group .",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": "Kathryn S . Olmsted , the author of Red Spy Queen ( 2002 ) , points out : Every two weeks , Elizabeth would travel to Washington to pick up documents from the Silvermasters , collect their Party dues , and deliver Communist literature . Soon the flow of documents grew so large that Ullmann , an amateur photographer , set up a darkroom in their basement . Elizabeth usually collected at least two or three rolls of microfilmed secret documents , and one time received as many as forty . She would stuff all the film and documents into",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": "a knitting bag or other innocent feminine accessory , then take it back to New York on the train . Moscow complained that around half of the photographed documents received in the summer of 1944 were unreadable and suggested that Ullmann receive more training . However , Pavel Fitin , who was responsible for analyzing the material , described it as very important data .",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": "At the War Production Board , Silvermaster was able to provide the Soviet Union with a large amount of data on arms , aircraft , and shipping production . In June 1943 , Silvermaster sent a War Production Board report on arms production in the United States , including bombers , pursuit planes , tanks , propelled guns , howitzers , radar and submarines , sub chasers , and the like , to Soviet intelligence . Then , in December 1944 , the New York MGB office cabled another Silvermaster report stating : ( Silvermaster ) has sent us a",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": "50-page Top Secret War Production Board report .. . on arms production in the U.S .",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": " In 1944 , Silvermaster was associated with Harry Dexter White at the Bretton Woods conference , and his testimony before the US Senate Internal Security Subcommittee covers 175 pages of interrogation and exhibits regarding his espionage activities in the U.S .",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": "The Silvermaster spy ring operated primarily in the Department of the Treasury but also had contacts in the Army Air Force and in the White House . Sixty-one of the Venona cables concern the activities of the Silvermaster spy ring . This represents 1% of the total ( approx 6,000 cables ) and 3% of the ( 2,000 ) translated/partially translated VENONA cables .",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": " - Nathan Gregory Silvermaster , Chief Planning Technician , Procurement Division , United States Department of the Treasury ; Chief Economist , War Assets Administration ; Director of the Labor Division , Farm Security Administration ; Board of Economic Warfare ; Reconstruction Finance Corporation Department of Commerce - Helen Silvermaster , wife - Anatole Boris Volkov , stepson - Solomon Adler aka Schlomer Adler , U.S . Department of the Treasury - Norman Chandler Bursler , United States Department of Justice Anti-Trust Division",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": "- Frank Coe , Assistant Director , Division of Monetary Research , Treasury Department ; Special Assistant to the U.S . Ambassador in London ; Assistant to the Executive Director , Board of Economic Warfare ; Assistant Administrator , Foreign Economic Administration",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": " - Lauchlin Currie , Administrative Assistant to President Roosevelt ; Deputy Administrator of Foreign Economic Administration ; Special Representative to China - Bela Gold , Assistant Head of Program Surveys , Bureau of Agricultural Economics , United States Department of Agriculture ; Senate Subcommittee on War Mobilization ; Office of Economic Programs in Foreign Economic Administration - Sonia Steinman Gold , Division of Monetary Research U.S . Treasury Department ; U.S . House of Representatives Select Committee on Interstate Migration ; U.S . Bureau of Employment Security",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": "- Irving Kaplan , Foreign Funds Control and Division of Monetary Research , United States Department of the Treasury Foreign Economic Administration ; chief advisor to the Military Government of Germany",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": " - George Silverman , civilian Chief Production Specialist , Material Division , Army Air Force Air Staff , War Department , Pentagon - William Henry Taylor , Assistant Director of the Middle East Division of Monetary Research , United States Department of Treasury - William Lud Ullman , delegate to United Nations Charter meeting and Bretton Woods conference ; Division of Monetary Research , Department of Treasury ; Material and Services Division , Air Corps Headquarters , Pentagon - Harry Dexter White , Assistant Secretary of the Treasury ; Head of the International Monetary Fund",
"title": "Civil service"
},
{
"text": " He died on October 7 , 1964 , aged 65 , possibly in Harvey Cedars , New Jersey .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " - Christopher M . Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin , The Sword and the Shield : The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB ( New York : Basic Books , 1999 ) - Gregg Herken . Brotherhood of the Bomb . New York : Henry Holt and Company , 2002 . - 746 , 747 , 748 Venona New York KGB to Moscow , May 25 1942 Data on construction and distribution of U.S . military aircraft .",
"title": "External sources"
},
{
"text": "- 1061 , 0162 , 1063 Venona New York KGB to Moscow , July 3 , 1943 , pg . 1 pg . 2 Numerical strength of the United States Army Air Forces .",
"title": "External sources"
},
{
"text": " - Richard C.S . Trahair and Robert Miller , Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage , Spies , and Secret Operations ( New York : Enigma Books , 2008 ) . - The Cold War International History Project ( CWIHP ) has the full text of former KGB agent Alexander Vassilievs Notebooks , containing new evidence on Silvermasters role in Soviet espionage in the United States - FBI Silvermaster File 65-56402 ( 26,000+ pages ) - Silvermaster Group FBI FOIA ( 1,950 pages )",
"title": "External sources"
}
] |
/wiki/John_Sinclair,_1st_Baron_Pentland#P39#0
|
Which position did John Sinclair, 1st Baron Pentland hold between Feb 1893 and Jan 1894?
|
John Sinclair , 1st Baron Pentland John Sinclair , 1st Baron Pentland , ( 7 July 1860 – 11 January 1925 ) was a Scottish Liberal Party politician , soldier , peer , administrator and Privy Councillor who served as the Secretary of Scotland from 1905 to 1912 and the Governor of Madras from 1912 to 1919 . Baron Pentland was born John Sinclair to George Sinclair ( 1826-1871 ) son of Sir John Sinclair , 6th baronet of Dunbeath . He studied in the United Kingdom and in 1892 , entered the House of Commons as an elected Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Dunbartonshire . He was elected for a second term from Forfar in 1897 and served in the British Parliament from 1892 to 1895 and 1897 to 1909 . He also served as an Aide-de-Camp and secretary to Lord Aberdeen . Sinclair was appointed to the Privy Council in 1905 . He served as the Secretary for Scotland from 1905 to 1912 and as the Governor of Madras from 1912 to 1919 . He died in 1925 . During his tenure as Governor of Madras , Pentland became popular in India for the interest he showed in the indigenous tradition and culture . At the same time , he is also remembered for his crackdown on Annie Besant and leaders of the Home Rule Movement . A radical Liberal , Sinclair was supportive of reforms aimed at promoting social justice . As noted by Veronica Strong-Boag As much as anyone in the new Cabinet after the 1905 election , he embodied the new liberalism of state intervention on the side of the weak . He was also a staunch proponent of legislation tailored to Scottish circumstances . His advocacy of the Scottish Education Act of 1908 , which provided for improved teacher training and school facilities and meals for students , very much followed the spirit of Lord Aberdeen’s practices on his own estates . So , too , did Sinclair’s support for legislation to secure the land rights of Scottish crofters . Early life and ancestry . John Sinclair was born at 6 Moray Place , Edinburgh to Captain John Sinclair ( 1826–1871 ) , an officer in the Bengal Army and Agnes Sinclair , daughter of John Learmonth of Dean who constructed the Dean Bridge of Edinburgh , on 7 July 1860 . John Sinclair was the eldest of three sons . Captain John Sinclair of Lyth was the grandson of Sir John Sinclair of Barrock , 6th baronet of Dunbeath , and descended from George Sinclair of Mey ( himself third son of the 4th Earl of Caithness ) , who died 1616 . He was thus a distant cousin of the contemporary Earls of Caithness who were descended from the 7th Baronet , of Mey . Education and military career . Sinclair was educated at Edinburgh Academy and Wellington College . He left Wellington in 1878 and the next year passed out fifth from the Royal Military College , Sandhurst . On completion of the one-year Sandhurst course , Sinclair was commissioned into the 5th Royal Irish Lancers . He served in the Sudan expedition and returned as captain in 1887 . Early political career . Sinclair participated in political activities from an early age . He was among those who moved to Toynbee Hall along with Samuel Augustus Barnett , where he strived to promote education and sport , and was one of the founders of the London Playing Fields Society , a sports ground established for the sake of the poor . Sinclair joined the Liberal Party in the 1880s and contested elections to the House of Commons from the Ayr Burghs in Scotland on the promise of Home Rule for Ireland , but lost . Pentland served as Aide-de-Camp and Official Secretary to Lord Aberdeen while he was serving as Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland in 1886 , and had the same roles in Canada while Lord Aberdeen was Governor-General there . In January 1889 he was elected to the first London County Council as a Progressive councillor representing Finsbury East . He served a single three-year term , retiring from the council in 1892 . Parliament of the United Kingdom . In 1892 , Sinclair was elected a Liberal Member of Parliament for Dunbartonshire , a seat he held until 1895 , and returned to the Commons representing Forfarshire from 1897 to 1909 . He then acted as Parliamentary Secretary to Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman for many years . He was appointed a Privy Councillor on 11 December 1905 and was created Baron Pentland , of Lyth in the County of Caithness on 15 February 1909 . Marriage and family . On 12 July 1904 he married Lady Marjorie Adeline Gordon ( 7 December 1880 – 26 July 1970 ) , elder daughter of his former patron the 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair . They had two children 1 . Henry John Sinclair , 2nd Baron Pentland , ( b . 6 June 1907 d . 1984 ) ; succeeded his father 1925 , also known as a former president of The Gurdjieff Foundation of New York ; married 11 September 1941 Lucy Elisabeth Smith ; they had issue 1 daughter , who is married , and lives in New York . 2 . Hon . Margaret Ishbel Sinclair ( b . October 1906 ) As Secretary for Scotland . Pentland served as the Secretary for Scotland from 1905 to 1912 . During his tenure , womens suffrage was introduced in the councils and Lavinia Malcolm was elected as provost of Dollar , Clackmannanshire , being both the first lady provost and first lady town councilor in Scotland . Numerous resolutions were passed to implement greater autonomy for Scotland but all of them failed when put to vote . Pentland introduced the Taxation of Land Values ( Scotland ) Bill which recommended the creation of a new Board of Agriculture for Scotland to implement a sweeping land settlement programme . However , though the bill was approved by the House of Commons it was defeated by the House of Lords . A second government bill by Pentland was also defeated by the House of Lords . Pentland was a favorite of the Prime Minister , Campbell-Bannerman . Pentlands Agriculture Act made the Secretary of Scotland answerable to the House of Commons for issues relating to agriculture . In 1907 , he assured Scottish MPs in the House of Commons that the Government is aware of issues that plague Scotland . Pentland was Secretary of State for Scotland during the Oscar Slater miscarriage of justice in 1909 . Although he commuted Slaters death penalty to life imprisonment he did not investigate concerns , raised by many including Sir Arthur Conan Doyle , that the Glasgow Police , James Neil Hart ( the Procurator Fiscal ) and the Lord Advocate Ure conspired to protect the then influential Charteris and Birrell families of Glasgow . Slaters appeal was upheld in 1928 . In February 1912 , Pentland retired as the Secretary for Scotland and was succeeded by T . McKinnon Wood . As Governor of Madras . Pentland served as the Governor of Madras from 1912 to 1919 . For the most part of his tenure as Governor of Madras , British India was embroiled in the First World War . Construction of the Pamban Bridge . In June 1911 , Arthur Lawley had commissioned the construction of a railway bridge connecting Pamban Island with the Indian mainland . The existing railway line ended with the town of Ramanathapuram and it was felt that its extension to Pamban island would boost trade and tourism . It would also make it easier for pilgrims to travel to the sacred Hindu shrine of Rameswaram . The construction of the 2.06 km long cantilever railway bridge was undertaken by the German engineer Scherzer and completed in 2 years at a cost of Rs . 2,000,000 by 600 workers with no loss of life . The bridge was opened by Lord Pentland for traffic on 24 February 1914 . The Pamban bridge is Indias largest sea bridge and an UNESCO World Heritage monument . Pentland and Geddes . In 1914 , Pentland invited the Scottish botanist and architect Patrick Geddes to conduct an exhibition on town-planning in Madras city . He reached Madras on 20 December 1914 after journeying overland from Calcutta through Vizagapatam , Guntur and Bellary . Pentland had been interacting with Geddes and was fascinated with his models since 1890 . Geddes had prepared for a detailed exhibition at Madras with a series of illustrations and maps . However , the ship by which they were slated to arrive in Madras , the Clan Grant , was sunk to the south of Cape Comorin by the German ship Emden . This calamity delayed Geddes visit to Madras by a couple of months and he had to recreate his presentations and illustrations . The Cities and Town Planning Exhibition opened in the senate of the Madras University on 17 January 1915 and was inaugurated by the Governor who also gave an introductory speech . Patrick Geddes gave a detailed lecture on cost-effective town planning and sanitation with the aid of real-life examples and a presentation with detailed illustrations and maps . Geddes spent the next few months in Madras touring the countryside and making reports and illustrations of the different towns in the Presidency . He persuaded Pentland to appoint a town planning advisor and suggested the name of H . V . Lancaster who was a Vice-President of the Royal Institute of British Architects . Accordingly , in October 1915 , Lancaster joined the service of the Madras government . During the First World War . Pentland set up a hospital ship which plied regularly between Africa and India and then , between India and the Middle East , caring for sailors injured at sea and treating them . This hospital ship was paid for and maintained by some of the prominent citizens of Madras . In 1914 , the Department of Industries , which had earlier been disbanded in face of protests from the Madras Chamber of Commerce , was re-established . This department commenced the rapid industrialization of the province to cater to the economic and industrialization needs of the war . Factories manufacturing soap , ink , adhesives , paper-making , oil-pressing , food processing and decoration of groundnuts were established all over the province . Industries were set for manufacturing military equipment for the British army . - Shelling of Madras by SMS Emden On 22 September 1914 , the German cruiser Emden which was patrolling the Bay of Bengal launched a surprise attack on Madras shelling the oil tanks of the Burmah Oil Company that we set up on the shore . Five tanks were hit out of which two caught fire . Nearly , 425,000 gallons of oil were lost in the attack . Three Indians were killed and the Indian liner Chupra was damaged in the attack . The battle lasted fifteen minutes and Emden sailed away towards Pondicherry when the coastal defenses of Madras started to retaliate . Though the casualties due to the attack were minimal , there was a great deal of material damage caused by the shelling . The people of Madras were terrified by these attacks that SMS Emden has carved out a place for itself in local folklore . - Home Rule Movement In 1915 , the Home Rule Movement was started in order to demand home rule for India . In Madras , it was led by Irishwoman Annie Besant and Sir S . Subramania Iyer . As the movement gathered strength , Pentland responded with Annie Besants arrest in June 1917 for hoisting the provisional flag of free India and a crackdown on the leaders of the movement . Other freedom-fighter as George Arundale and B . P . Wadia were subsequently arrested . These arrests were strongly condemned and her case argued by Mohammad Ali Jinnah . Pentland and Rameswaram . Lord and Lady Pentland were deeply interested in Hindu religion and philosophy . He appeared captivated by the Hindu shrine at Rameswaram which he visited during the inauguration of Pamban Bridge and recommended to the Viceroy to establish a committee to conduct a detailed undersea exploration at the site . Pentlands policy . Pentland was one of the classical British Indian politicians who shared their views on appeasing Indians and that words were more important than actions . The half-measures at industrial development were primarily undertaken to sustain the wartime economy of the First World War . In 1917 , he is believed to have told Edwin Samuel Montagu , the Secretary of State for India : Lord Pentland is also remembered for having assisted the Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan make his journey to England . On the general poverty of the masses , Pentland remarked that laborers of Madras city had the habit of frequenting cinema halls to watch movies and suggested that this could be one of the possible reasons for their poverty . Pentlands statement also hints at the possibility of a drastic increase in the number of cinema goers during his Governorate . Death . John Sinclair died in 1925 , and was succeeded to the barony by his son . He is buried in Dean Cemetery in Edinburgh , with a humble grave , set back from the path behind other stones . It lies in the north-west section of the original cemetery . Honours . Pentland was made a Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire in 1912 and a Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India in 1918 . Sources . - Biography of Lord Aberdeen , father-in-law to Lord Pentland - Descendants of Mary Tudor , Princess of England , Queen of France - Some Sinclair peers - Sir John Sinclair of Barrock , 6th Bt , of Dunbeath is Lord Pentlands ancestor - Torrance , David , The Scottish Secretaries ( Birlinn 2006 )
|
[
"Liberal Member of Parliament"
] |
[
{
"text": " John Sinclair , 1st Baron Pentland , ( 7 July 1860 – 11 January 1925 ) was a Scottish Liberal Party politician , soldier , peer , administrator and Privy Councillor who served as the Secretary of Scotland from 1905 to 1912 and the Governor of Madras from 1912 to 1919 .",
"title": "John Sinclair , 1st Baron Pentland"
},
{
"text": "Baron Pentland was born John Sinclair to George Sinclair ( 1826-1871 ) son of Sir John Sinclair , 6th baronet of Dunbeath . He studied in the United Kingdom and in 1892 , entered the House of Commons as an elected Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Dunbartonshire . He was elected for a second term from Forfar in 1897 and served in the British Parliament from 1892 to 1895 and 1897 to 1909 . He also served as an Aide-de-Camp and secretary to Lord Aberdeen . Sinclair was appointed to the Privy Council in 1905 . He served",
"title": "John Sinclair , 1st Baron Pentland"
},
{
"text": "as the Secretary for Scotland from 1905 to 1912 and as the Governor of Madras from 1912 to 1919 . He died in 1925 .",
"title": "John Sinclair , 1st Baron Pentland"
},
{
"text": " During his tenure as Governor of Madras , Pentland became popular in India for the interest he showed in the indigenous tradition and culture . At the same time , he is also remembered for his crackdown on Annie Besant and leaders of the Home Rule Movement . A radical Liberal , Sinclair was supportive of reforms aimed at promoting social justice . As noted by Veronica Strong-Boag",
"title": "John Sinclair , 1st Baron Pentland"
},
{
"text": "As much as anyone in the new Cabinet after the 1905 election , he embodied the new liberalism of state intervention on the side of the weak . He was also a staunch proponent of legislation tailored to Scottish circumstances . His advocacy of the Scottish Education Act of 1908 , which provided for improved teacher training and school facilities and meals for students , very much followed the spirit of Lord Aberdeen’s practices on his own estates . So , too , did Sinclair’s support for legislation to secure the land rights of Scottish crofters .",
"title": "John Sinclair , 1st Baron Pentland"
},
{
"text": " Early life and ancestry . John Sinclair was born at 6 Moray Place , Edinburgh to Captain John Sinclair ( 1826–1871 ) , an officer in the Bengal Army and Agnes Sinclair , daughter of John Learmonth of Dean who constructed the Dean Bridge of Edinburgh , on 7 July 1860 . John Sinclair was the eldest of three sons .",
"title": "John Sinclair , 1st Baron Pentland"
},
{
"text": "Captain John Sinclair of Lyth was the grandson of Sir John Sinclair of Barrock , 6th baronet of Dunbeath , and descended from George Sinclair of Mey ( himself third son of the 4th Earl of Caithness ) , who died 1616 . He was thus a distant cousin of the contemporary Earls of Caithness who were descended from the 7th Baronet , of Mey .",
"title": "John Sinclair , 1st Baron Pentland"
},
{
"text": " Education and military career . Sinclair was educated at Edinburgh Academy and Wellington College . He left Wellington in 1878 and the next year passed out fifth from the Royal Military College , Sandhurst . On completion of the one-year Sandhurst course , Sinclair was commissioned into the 5th Royal Irish Lancers . He served in the Sudan expedition and returned as captain in 1887 .",
"title": "John Sinclair , 1st Baron Pentland"
},
{
"text": " Sinclair participated in political activities from an early age . He was among those who moved to Toynbee Hall along with Samuel Augustus Barnett , where he strived to promote education and sport , and was one of the founders of the London Playing Fields Society , a sports ground established for the sake of the poor . Sinclair joined the Liberal Party in the 1880s and contested elections to the House of Commons from the Ayr Burghs in Scotland on the promise of Home Rule for Ireland , but lost .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "Pentland served as Aide-de-Camp and Official Secretary to Lord Aberdeen while he was serving as Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland in 1886 , and had the same roles in Canada while Lord Aberdeen was Governor-General there .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": " In January 1889 he was elected to the first London County Council as a Progressive councillor representing Finsbury East . He served a single three-year term , retiring from the council in 1892 . Parliament of the United Kingdom . In 1892 , Sinclair was elected a Liberal Member of Parliament for Dunbartonshire , a seat he held until 1895 , and returned to the Commons representing Forfarshire from 1897 to 1909 . He then acted as Parliamentary Secretary to Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman for many years .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "He was appointed a Privy Councillor on 11 December 1905 and was created Baron Pentland , of Lyth in the County of Caithness on 15 February 1909 .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": " On 12 July 1904 he married Lady Marjorie Adeline Gordon ( 7 December 1880 – 26 July 1970 ) , elder daughter of his former patron the 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair .",
"title": "Marriage and family"
},
{
"text": " 1 . Henry John Sinclair , 2nd Baron Pentland , ( b . 6 June 1907 d . 1984 ) ; succeeded his father 1925 , also known as a former president of The Gurdjieff Foundation of New York ; married 11 September 1941 Lucy Elisabeth Smith ; they had issue 1 daughter , who is married , and lives in New York . 2 . Hon . Margaret Ishbel Sinclair ( b . October 1906 ) As Secretary for Scotland .",
"title": "They had two children"
},
{
"text": "Pentland served as the Secretary for Scotland from 1905 to 1912 . During his tenure , womens suffrage was introduced in the councils and Lavinia Malcolm was elected as provost of Dollar , Clackmannanshire , being both the first lady provost and first lady town councilor in Scotland . Numerous resolutions were passed to implement greater autonomy for Scotland but all of them failed when put to vote .",
"title": "They had two children"
},
{
"text": " Pentland introduced the Taxation of Land Values ( Scotland ) Bill which recommended the creation of a new Board of Agriculture for Scotland to implement a sweeping land settlement programme . However , though the bill was approved by the House of Commons it was defeated by the House of Lords . A second government bill by Pentland was also defeated by the House of Lords .",
"title": "They had two children"
},
{
"text": "Pentland was a favorite of the Prime Minister , Campbell-Bannerman . Pentlands Agriculture Act made the Secretary of Scotland answerable to the House of Commons for issues relating to agriculture . In 1907 , he assured Scottish MPs in the House of Commons that the Government is aware of issues that plague Scotland .",
"title": "They had two children"
},
{
"text": " Pentland was Secretary of State for Scotland during the Oscar Slater miscarriage of justice in 1909 . Although he commuted Slaters death penalty to life imprisonment he did not investigate concerns , raised by many including Sir Arthur Conan Doyle , that the Glasgow Police , James Neil Hart ( the Procurator Fiscal ) and the Lord Advocate Ure conspired to protect the then influential Charteris and Birrell families of Glasgow . Slaters appeal was upheld in 1928 . In February 1912 , Pentland retired as the Secretary for Scotland and was succeeded by T . McKinnon Wood .",
"title": "They had two children"
},
{
"text": "As Governor of Madras .",
"title": "They had two children"
},
{
"text": " Pentland served as the Governor of Madras from 1912 to 1919 . For the most part of his tenure as Governor of Madras , British India was embroiled in the First World War . Construction of the Pamban Bridge .",
"title": "They had two children"
},
{
"text": "In June 1911 , Arthur Lawley had commissioned the construction of a railway bridge connecting Pamban Island with the Indian mainland . The existing railway line ended with the town of Ramanathapuram and it was felt that its extension to Pamban island would boost trade and tourism . It would also make it easier for pilgrims to travel to the sacred Hindu shrine of Rameswaram .",
"title": "They had two children"
},
{
"text": " The construction of the 2.06 km long cantilever railway bridge was undertaken by the German engineer Scherzer and completed in 2 years at a cost of Rs . 2,000,000 by 600 workers with no loss of life . The bridge was opened by Lord Pentland for traffic on 24 February 1914 . The Pamban bridge is Indias largest sea bridge and an UNESCO World Heritage monument .",
"title": "They had two children"
},
{
"text": " In 1914 , Pentland invited the Scottish botanist and architect Patrick Geddes to conduct an exhibition on town-planning in Madras city . He reached Madras on 20 December 1914 after journeying overland from Calcutta through Vizagapatam , Guntur and Bellary . Pentland had been interacting with Geddes and was fascinated with his models since 1890 .",
"title": "Pentland and Geddes"
},
{
"text": "Geddes had prepared for a detailed exhibition at Madras with a series of illustrations and maps . However , the ship by which they were slated to arrive in Madras , the Clan Grant , was sunk to the south of Cape Comorin by the German ship Emden . This calamity delayed Geddes visit to Madras by a couple of months and he had to recreate his presentations and illustrations .",
"title": "Pentland and Geddes"
},
{
"text": " The Cities and Town Planning Exhibition opened in the senate of the Madras University on 17 January 1915 and was inaugurated by the Governor who also gave an introductory speech . Patrick Geddes gave a detailed lecture on cost-effective town planning and sanitation with the aid of real-life examples and a presentation with detailed illustrations and maps .",
"title": "Pentland and Geddes"
},
{
"text": "Geddes spent the next few months in Madras touring the countryside and making reports and illustrations of the different towns in the Presidency . He persuaded Pentland to appoint a town planning advisor and suggested the name of H . V . Lancaster who was a Vice-President of the Royal Institute of British Architects . Accordingly , in October 1915 , Lancaster joined the service of the Madras government .",
"title": "Pentland and Geddes"
},
{
"text": " During the First World War . Pentland set up a hospital ship which plied regularly between Africa and India and then , between India and the Middle East , caring for sailors injured at sea and treating them . This hospital ship was paid for and maintained by some of the prominent citizens of Madras .",
"title": "Pentland and Geddes"
},
{
"text": "In 1914 , the Department of Industries , which had earlier been disbanded in face of protests from the Madras Chamber of Commerce , was re-established . This department commenced the rapid industrialization of the province to cater to the economic and industrialization needs of the war . Factories manufacturing soap , ink , adhesives , paper-making , oil-pressing , food processing and decoration of groundnuts were established all over the province . Industries were set for manufacturing military equipment for the British army .",
"title": "Pentland and Geddes"
},
{
"text": "On 22 September 1914 , the German cruiser Emden which was patrolling the Bay of Bengal launched a surprise attack on Madras shelling the oil tanks of the Burmah Oil Company that we set up on the shore . Five tanks were hit out of which two caught fire . Nearly , 425,000 gallons of oil were lost in the attack . Three Indians were killed and the Indian liner Chupra was damaged in the attack . The battle lasted fifteen minutes and Emden sailed away towards Pondicherry when the coastal defenses of Madras started to retaliate .",
"title": "Pentland and Geddes"
},
{
"text": " Though the casualties due to the attack were minimal , there was a great deal of material damage caused by the shelling . The people of Madras were terrified by these attacks that SMS Emden has carved out a place for itself in local folklore . - Home Rule Movement",
"title": "Pentland and Geddes"
},
{
"text": "In 1915 , the Home Rule Movement was started in order to demand home rule for India . In Madras , it was led by Irishwoman Annie Besant and Sir S . Subramania Iyer . As the movement gathered strength , Pentland responded with Annie Besants arrest in June 1917 for hoisting the provisional flag of free India and a crackdown on the leaders of the movement . Other freedom-fighter as George Arundale and B . P . Wadia were subsequently arrested . These arrests were strongly condemned and her case argued by Mohammad Ali Jinnah .",
"title": "Pentland and Geddes"
},
{
"text": " Lord and Lady Pentland were deeply interested in Hindu religion and philosophy . He appeared captivated by the Hindu shrine at Rameswaram which he visited during the inauguration of Pamban Bridge and recommended to the Viceroy to establish a committee to conduct a detailed undersea exploration at the site .",
"title": "Pentland and Rameswaram"
},
{
"text": " Pentland was one of the classical British Indian politicians who shared their views on appeasing Indians and that words were more important than actions . The half-measures at industrial development were primarily undertaken to sustain the wartime economy of the First World War . In 1917 , he is believed to have told Edwin Samuel Montagu , the Secretary of State for India : Lord Pentland is also remembered for having assisted the Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan make his journey to England .",
"title": "Pentlands policy"
},
{
"text": "On the general poverty of the masses , Pentland remarked that laborers of Madras city had the habit of frequenting cinema halls to watch movies and suggested that this could be one of the possible reasons for their poverty . Pentlands statement also hints at the possibility of a drastic increase in the number of cinema goers during his Governorate .",
"title": "Pentlands policy"
},
{
"text": " John Sinclair died in 1925 , and was succeeded to the barony by his son . He is buried in Dean Cemetery in Edinburgh , with a humble grave , set back from the path behind other stones . It lies in the north-west section of the original cemetery .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " Pentland was made a Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire in 1912 and a Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India in 1918 .",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " - Biography of Lord Aberdeen , father-in-law to Lord Pentland - Descendants of Mary Tudor , Princess of England , Queen of France - Some Sinclair peers - Sir John Sinclair of Barrock , 6th Bt , of Dunbeath is Lord Pentlands ancestor - Torrance , David , The Scottish Secretaries ( Birlinn 2006 )",
"title": "Sources"
}
] |
/wiki/John_Sinclair,_1st_Baron_Pentland#P39#1
|
Which position did John Sinclair, 1st Baron Pentland hold in Jun 1900?
|
John Sinclair , 1st Baron Pentland John Sinclair , 1st Baron Pentland , ( 7 July 1860 – 11 January 1925 ) was a Scottish Liberal Party politician , soldier , peer , administrator and Privy Councillor who served as the Secretary of Scotland from 1905 to 1912 and the Governor of Madras from 1912 to 1919 . Baron Pentland was born John Sinclair to George Sinclair ( 1826-1871 ) son of Sir John Sinclair , 6th baronet of Dunbeath . He studied in the United Kingdom and in 1892 , entered the House of Commons as an elected Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Dunbartonshire . He was elected for a second term from Forfar in 1897 and served in the British Parliament from 1892 to 1895 and 1897 to 1909 . He also served as an Aide-de-Camp and secretary to Lord Aberdeen . Sinclair was appointed to the Privy Council in 1905 . He served as the Secretary for Scotland from 1905 to 1912 and as the Governor of Madras from 1912 to 1919 . He died in 1925 . During his tenure as Governor of Madras , Pentland became popular in India for the interest he showed in the indigenous tradition and culture . At the same time , he is also remembered for his crackdown on Annie Besant and leaders of the Home Rule Movement . A radical Liberal , Sinclair was supportive of reforms aimed at promoting social justice . As noted by Veronica Strong-Boag As much as anyone in the new Cabinet after the 1905 election , he embodied the new liberalism of state intervention on the side of the weak . He was also a staunch proponent of legislation tailored to Scottish circumstances . His advocacy of the Scottish Education Act of 1908 , which provided for improved teacher training and school facilities and meals for students , very much followed the spirit of Lord Aberdeen’s practices on his own estates . So , too , did Sinclair’s support for legislation to secure the land rights of Scottish crofters . Early life and ancestry . John Sinclair was born at 6 Moray Place , Edinburgh to Captain John Sinclair ( 1826–1871 ) , an officer in the Bengal Army and Agnes Sinclair , daughter of John Learmonth of Dean who constructed the Dean Bridge of Edinburgh , on 7 July 1860 . John Sinclair was the eldest of three sons . Captain John Sinclair of Lyth was the grandson of Sir John Sinclair of Barrock , 6th baronet of Dunbeath , and descended from George Sinclair of Mey ( himself third son of the 4th Earl of Caithness ) , who died 1616 . He was thus a distant cousin of the contemporary Earls of Caithness who were descended from the 7th Baronet , of Mey . Education and military career . Sinclair was educated at Edinburgh Academy and Wellington College . He left Wellington in 1878 and the next year passed out fifth from the Royal Military College , Sandhurst . On completion of the one-year Sandhurst course , Sinclair was commissioned into the 5th Royal Irish Lancers . He served in the Sudan expedition and returned as captain in 1887 . Early political career . Sinclair participated in political activities from an early age . He was among those who moved to Toynbee Hall along with Samuel Augustus Barnett , where he strived to promote education and sport , and was one of the founders of the London Playing Fields Society , a sports ground established for the sake of the poor . Sinclair joined the Liberal Party in the 1880s and contested elections to the House of Commons from the Ayr Burghs in Scotland on the promise of Home Rule for Ireland , but lost . Pentland served as Aide-de-Camp and Official Secretary to Lord Aberdeen while he was serving as Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland in 1886 , and had the same roles in Canada while Lord Aberdeen was Governor-General there . In January 1889 he was elected to the first London County Council as a Progressive councillor representing Finsbury East . He served a single three-year term , retiring from the council in 1892 . Parliament of the United Kingdom . In 1892 , Sinclair was elected a Liberal Member of Parliament for Dunbartonshire , a seat he held until 1895 , and returned to the Commons representing Forfarshire from 1897 to 1909 . He then acted as Parliamentary Secretary to Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman for many years . He was appointed a Privy Councillor on 11 December 1905 and was created Baron Pentland , of Lyth in the County of Caithness on 15 February 1909 . Marriage and family . On 12 July 1904 he married Lady Marjorie Adeline Gordon ( 7 December 1880 – 26 July 1970 ) , elder daughter of his former patron the 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair . They had two children 1 . Henry John Sinclair , 2nd Baron Pentland , ( b . 6 June 1907 d . 1984 ) ; succeeded his father 1925 , also known as a former president of The Gurdjieff Foundation of New York ; married 11 September 1941 Lucy Elisabeth Smith ; they had issue 1 daughter , who is married , and lives in New York . 2 . Hon . Margaret Ishbel Sinclair ( b . October 1906 ) As Secretary for Scotland . Pentland served as the Secretary for Scotland from 1905 to 1912 . During his tenure , womens suffrage was introduced in the councils and Lavinia Malcolm was elected as provost of Dollar , Clackmannanshire , being both the first lady provost and first lady town councilor in Scotland . Numerous resolutions were passed to implement greater autonomy for Scotland but all of them failed when put to vote . Pentland introduced the Taxation of Land Values ( Scotland ) Bill which recommended the creation of a new Board of Agriculture for Scotland to implement a sweeping land settlement programme . However , though the bill was approved by the House of Commons it was defeated by the House of Lords . A second government bill by Pentland was also defeated by the House of Lords . Pentland was a favorite of the Prime Minister , Campbell-Bannerman . Pentlands Agriculture Act made the Secretary of Scotland answerable to the House of Commons for issues relating to agriculture . In 1907 , he assured Scottish MPs in the House of Commons that the Government is aware of issues that plague Scotland . Pentland was Secretary of State for Scotland during the Oscar Slater miscarriage of justice in 1909 . Although he commuted Slaters death penalty to life imprisonment he did not investigate concerns , raised by many including Sir Arthur Conan Doyle , that the Glasgow Police , James Neil Hart ( the Procurator Fiscal ) and the Lord Advocate Ure conspired to protect the then influential Charteris and Birrell families of Glasgow . Slaters appeal was upheld in 1928 . In February 1912 , Pentland retired as the Secretary for Scotland and was succeeded by T . McKinnon Wood . As Governor of Madras . Pentland served as the Governor of Madras from 1912 to 1919 . For the most part of his tenure as Governor of Madras , British India was embroiled in the First World War . Construction of the Pamban Bridge . In June 1911 , Arthur Lawley had commissioned the construction of a railway bridge connecting Pamban Island with the Indian mainland . The existing railway line ended with the town of Ramanathapuram and it was felt that its extension to Pamban island would boost trade and tourism . It would also make it easier for pilgrims to travel to the sacred Hindu shrine of Rameswaram . The construction of the 2.06 km long cantilever railway bridge was undertaken by the German engineer Scherzer and completed in 2 years at a cost of Rs . 2,000,000 by 600 workers with no loss of life . The bridge was opened by Lord Pentland for traffic on 24 February 1914 . The Pamban bridge is Indias largest sea bridge and an UNESCO World Heritage monument . Pentland and Geddes . In 1914 , Pentland invited the Scottish botanist and architect Patrick Geddes to conduct an exhibition on town-planning in Madras city . He reached Madras on 20 December 1914 after journeying overland from Calcutta through Vizagapatam , Guntur and Bellary . Pentland had been interacting with Geddes and was fascinated with his models since 1890 . Geddes had prepared for a detailed exhibition at Madras with a series of illustrations and maps . However , the ship by which they were slated to arrive in Madras , the Clan Grant , was sunk to the south of Cape Comorin by the German ship Emden . This calamity delayed Geddes visit to Madras by a couple of months and he had to recreate his presentations and illustrations . The Cities and Town Planning Exhibition opened in the senate of the Madras University on 17 January 1915 and was inaugurated by the Governor who also gave an introductory speech . Patrick Geddes gave a detailed lecture on cost-effective town planning and sanitation with the aid of real-life examples and a presentation with detailed illustrations and maps . Geddes spent the next few months in Madras touring the countryside and making reports and illustrations of the different towns in the Presidency . He persuaded Pentland to appoint a town planning advisor and suggested the name of H . V . Lancaster who was a Vice-President of the Royal Institute of British Architects . Accordingly , in October 1915 , Lancaster joined the service of the Madras government . During the First World War . Pentland set up a hospital ship which plied regularly between Africa and India and then , between India and the Middle East , caring for sailors injured at sea and treating them . This hospital ship was paid for and maintained by some of the prominent citizens of Madras . In 1914 , the Department of Industries , which had earlier been disbanded in face of protests from the Madras Chamber of Commerce , was re-established . This department commenced the rapid industrialization of the province to cater to the economic and industrialization needs of the war . Factories manufacturing soap , ink , adhesives , paper-making , oil-pressing , food processing and decoration of groundnuts were established all over the province . Industries were set for manufacturing military equipment for the British army . - Shelling of Madras by SMS Emden On 22 September 1914 , the German cruiser Emden which was patrolling the Bay of Bengal launched a surprise attack on Madras shelling the oil tanks of the Burmah Oil Company that we set up on the shore . Five tanks were hit out of which two caught fire . Nearly , 425,000 gallons of oil were lost in the attack . Three Indians were killed and the Indian liner Chupra was damaged in the attack . The battle lasted fifteen minutes and Emden sailed away towards Pondicherry when the coastal defenses of Madras started to retaliate . Though the casualties due to the attack were minimal , there was a great deal of material damage caused by the shelling . The people of Madras were terrified by these attacks that SMS Emden has carved out a place for itself in local folklore . - Home Rule Movement In 1915 , the Home Rule Movement was started in order to demand home rule for India . In Madras , it was led by Irishwoman Annie Besant and Sir S . Subramania Iyer . As the movement gathered strength , Pentland responded with Annie Besants arrest in June 1917 for hoisting the provisional flag of free India and a crackdown on the leaders of the movement . Other freedom-fighter as George Arundale and B . P . Wadia were subsequently arrested . These arrests were strongly condemned and her case argued by Mohammad Ali Jinnah . Pentland and Rameswaram . Lord and Lady Pentland were deeply interested in Hindu religion and philosophy . He appeared captivated by the Hindu shrine at Rameswaram which he visited during the inauguration of Pamban Bridge and recommended to the Viceroy to establish a committee to conduct a detailed undersea exploration at the site . Pentlands policy . Pentland was one of the classical British Indian politicians who shared their views on appeasing Indians and that words were more important than actions . The half-measures at industrial development were primarily undertaken to sustain the wartime economy of the First World War . In 1917 , he is believed to have told Edwin Samuel Montagu , the Secretary of State for India : Lord Pentland is also remembered for having assisted the Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan make his journey to England . On the general poverty of the masses , Pentland remarked that laborers of Madras city had the habit of frequenting cinema halls to watch movies and suggested that this could be one of the possible reasons for their poverty . Pentlands statement also hints at the possibility of a drastic increase in the number of cinema goers during his Governorate . Death . John Sinclair died in 1925 , and was succeeded to the barony by his son . He is buried in Dean Cemetery in Edinburgh , with a humble grave , set back from the path behind other stones . It lies in the north-west section of the original cemetery . Honours . Pentland was made a Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire in 1912 and a Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India in 1918 . Sources . - Biography of Lord Aberdeen , father-in-law to Lord Pentland - Descendants of Mary Tudor , Princess of England , Queen of France - Some Sinclair peers - Sir John Sinclair of Barrock , 6th Bt , of Dunbeath is Lord Pentlands ancestor - Torrance , David , The Scottish Secretaries ( Birlinn 2006 )
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " John Sinclair , 1st Baron Pentland , ( 7 July 1860 – 11 January 1925 ) was a Scottish Liberal Party politician , soldier , peer , administrator and Privy Councillor who served as the Secretary of Scotland from 1905 to 1912 and the Governor of Madras from 1912 to 1919 .",
"title": "John Sinclair , 1st Baron Pentland"
},
{
"text": "Baron Pentland was born John Sinclair to George Sinclair ( 1826-1871 ) son of Sir John Sinclair , 6th baronet of Dunbeath . He studied in the United Kingdom and in 1892 , entered the House of Commons as an elected Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Dunbartonshire . He was elected for a second term from Forfar in 1897 and served in the British Parliament from 1892 to 1895 and 1897 to 1909 . He also served as an Aide-de-Camp and secretary to Lord Aberdeen . Sinclair was appointed to the Privy Council in 1905 . He served",
"title": "John Sinclair , 1st Baron Pentland"
},
{
"text": "as the Secretary for Scotland from 1905 to 1912 and as the Governor of Madras from 1912 to 1919 . He died in 1925 .",
"title": "John Sinclair , 1st Baron Pentland"
},
{
"text": " During his tenure as Governor of Madras , Pentland became popular in India for the interest he showed in the indigenous tradition and culture . At the same time , he is also remembered for his crackdown on Annie Besant and leaders of the Home Rule Movement . A radical Liberal , Sinclair was supportive of reforms aimed at promoting social justice . As noted by Veronica Strong-Boag",
"title": "John Sinclair , 1st Baron Pentland"
},
{
"text": "As much as anyone in the new Cabinet after the 1905 election , he embodied the new liberalism of state intervention on the side of the weak . He was also a staunch proponent of legislation tailored to Scottish circumstances . His advocacy of the Scottish Education Act of 1908 , which provided for improved teacher training and school facilities and meals for students , very much followed the spirit of Lord Aberdeen’s practices on his own estates . So , too , did Sinclair’s support for legislation to secure the land rights of Scottish crofters .",
"title": "John Sinclair , 1st Baron Pentland"
},
{
"text": " Early life and ancestry . John Sinclair was born at 6 Moray Place , Edinburgh to Captain John Sinclair ( 1826–1871 ) , an officer in the Bengal Army and Agnes Sinclair , daughter of John Learmonth of Dean who constructed the Dean Bridge of Edinburgh , on 7 July 1860 . John Sinclair was the eldest of three sons .",
"title": "John Sinclair , 1st Baron Pentland"
},
{
"text": "Captain John Sinclair of Lyth was the grandson of Sir John Sinclair of Barrock , 6th baronet of Dunbeath , and descended from George Sinclair of Mey ( himself third son of the 4th Earl of Caithness ) , who died 1616 . He was thus a distant cousin of the contemporary Earls of Caithness who were descended from the 7th Baronet , of Mey .",
"title": "John Sinclair , 1st Baron Pentland"
},
{
"text": " Education and military career . Sinclair was educated at Edinburgh Academy and Wellington College . He left Wellington in 1878 and the next year passed out fifth from the Royal Military College , Sandhurst . On completion of the one-year Sandhurst course , Sinclair was commissioned into the 5th Royal Irish Lancers . He served in the Sudan expedition and returned as captain in 1887 .",
"title": "John Sinclair , 1st Baron Pentland"
},
{
"text": " Sinclair participated in political activities from an early age . He was among those who moved to Toynbee Hall along with Samuel Augustus Barnett , where he strived to promote education and sport , and was one of the founders of the London Playing Fields Society , a sports ground established for the sake of the poor . Sinclair joined the Liberal Party in the 1880s and contested elections to the House of Commons from the Ayr Burghs in Scotland on the promise of Home Rule for Ireland , but lost .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "Pentland served as Aide-de-Camp and Official Secretary to Lord Aberdeen while he was serving as Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland in 1886 , and had the same roles in Canada while Lord Aberdeen was Governor-General there .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": " In January 1889 he was elected to the first London County Council as a Progressive councillor representing Finsbury East . He served a single three-year term , retiring from the council in 1892 . Parliament of the United Kingdom . In 1892 , Sinclair was elected a Liberal Member of Parliament for Dunbartonshire , a seat he held until 1895 , and returned to the Commons representing Forfarshire from 1897 to 1909 . He then acted as Parliamentary Secretary to Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman for many years .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "He was appointed a Privy Councillor on 11 December 1905 and was created Baron Pentland , of Lyth in the County of Caithness on 15 February 1909 .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": " On 12 July 1904 he married Lady Marjorie Adeline Gordon ( 7 December 1880 – 26 July 1970 ) , elder daughter of his former patron the 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair .",
"title": "Marriage and family"
},
{
"text": " 1 . Henry John Sinclair , 2nd Baron Pentland , ( b . 6 June 1907 d . 1984 ) ; succeeded his father 1925 , also known as a former president of The Gurdjieff Foundation of New York ; married 11 September 1941 Lucy Elisabeth Smith ; they had issue 1 daughter , who is married , and lives in New York . 2 . Hon . Margaret Ishbel Sinclair ( b . October 1906 ) As Secretary for Scotland .",
"title": "They had two children"
},
{
"text": "Pentland served as the Secretary for Scotland from 1905 to 1912 . During his tenure , womens suffrage was introduced in the councils and Lavinia Malcolm was elected as provost of Dollar , Clackmannanshire , being both the first lady provost and first lady town councilor in Scotland . Numerous resolutions were passed to implement greater autonomy for Scotland but all of them failed when put to vote .",
"title": "They had two children"
},
{
"text": " Pentland introduced the Taxation of Land Values ( Scotland ) Bill which recommended the creation of a new Board of Agriculture for Scotland to implement a sweeping land settlement programme . However , though the bill was approved by the House of Commons it was defeated by the House of Lords . A second government bill by Pentland was also defeated by the House of Lords .",
"title": "They had two children"
},
{
"text": "Pentland was a favorite of the Prime Minister , Campbell-Bannerman . Pentlands Agriculture Act made the Secretary of Scotland answerable to the House of Commons for issues relating to agriculture . In 1907 , he assured Scottish MPs in the House of Commons that the Government is aware of issues that plague Scotland .",
"title": "They had two children"
},
{
"text": " Pentland was Secretary of State for Scotland during the Oscar Slater miscarriage of justice in 1909 . Although he commuted Slaters death penalty to life imprisonment he did not investigate concerns , raised by many including Sir Arthur Conan Doyle , that the Glasgow Police , James Neil Hart ( the Procurator Fiscal ) and the Lord Advocate Ure conspired to protect the then influential Charteris and Birrell families of Glasgow . Slaters appeal was upheld in 1928 . In February 1912 , Pentland retired as the Secretary for Scotland and was succeeded by T . McKinnon Wood .",
"title": "They had two children"
},
{
"text": "As Governor of Madras .",
"title": "They had two children"
},
{
"text": " Pentland served as the Governor of Madras from 1912 to 1919 . For the most part of his tenure as Governor of Madras , British India was embroiled in the First World War . Construction of the Pamban Bridge .",
"title": "They had two children"
},
{
"text": "In June 1911 , Arthur Lawley had commissioned the construction of a railway bridge connecting Pamban Island with the Indian mainland . The existing railway line ended with the town of Ramanathapuram and it was felt that its extension to Pamban island would boost trade and tourism . It would also make it easier for pilgrims to travel to the sacred Hindu shrine of Rameswaram .",
"title": "They had two children"
},
{
"text": " The construction of the 2.06 km long cantilever railway bridge was undertaken by the German engineer Scherzer and completed in 2 years at a cost of Rs . 2,000,000 by 600 workers with no loss of life . The bridge was opened by Lord Pentland for traffic on 24 February 1914 . The Pamban bridge is Indias largest sea bridge and an UNESCO World Heritage monument .",
"title": "They had two children"
},
{
"text": " In 1914 , Pentland invited the Scottish botanist and architect Patrick Geddes to conduct an exhibition on town-planning in Madras city . He reached Madras on 20 December 1914 after journeying overland from Calcutta through Vizagapatam , Guntur and Bellary . Pentland had been interacting with Geddes and was fascinated with his models since 1890 .",
"title": "Pentland and Geddes"
},
{
"text": "Geddes had prepared for a detailed exhibition at Madras with a series of illustrations and maps . However , the ship by which they were slated to arrive in Madras , the Clan Grant , was sunk to the south of Cape Comorin by the German ship Emden . This calamity delayed Geddes visit to Madras by a couple of months and he had to recreate his presentations and illustrations .",
"title": "Pentland and Geddes"
},
{
"text": " The Cities and Town Planning Exhibition opened in the senate of the Madras University on 17 January 1915 and was inaugurated by the Governor who also gave an introductory speech . Patrick Geddes gave a detailed lecture on cost-effective town planning and sanitation with the aid of real-life examples and a presentation with detailed illustrations and maps .",
"title": "Pentland and Geddes"
},
{
"text": "Geddes spent the next few months in Madras touring the countryside and making reports and illustrations of the different towns in the Presidency . He persuaded Pentland to appoint a town planning advisor and suggested the name of H . V . Lancaster who was a Vice-President of the Royal Institute of British Architects . Accordingly , in October 1915 , Lancaster joined the service of the Madras government .",
"title": "Pentland and Geddes"
},
{
"text": " During the First World War . Pentland set up a hospital ship which plied regularly between Africa and India and then , between India and the Middle East , caring for sailors injured at sea and treating them . This hospital ship was paid for and maintained by some of the prominent citizens of Madras .",
"title": "Pentland and Geddes"
},
{
"text": "In 1914 , the Department of Industries , which had earlier been disbanded in face of protests from the Madras Chamber of Commerce , was re-established . This department commenced the rapid industrialization of the province to cater to the economic and industrialization needs of the war . Factories manufacturing soap , ink , adhesives , paper-making , oil-pressing , food processing and decoration of groundnuts were established all over the province . Industries were set for manufacturing military equipment for the British army .",
"title": "Pentland and Geddes"
},
{
"text": "On 22 September 1914 , the German cruiser Emden which was patrolling the Bay of Bengal launched a surprise attack on Madras shelling the oil tanks of the Burmah Oil Company that we set up on the shore . Five tanks were hit out of which two caught fire . Nearly , 425,000 gallons of oil were lost in the attack . Three Indians were killed and the Indian liner Chupra was damaged in the attack . The battle lasted fifteen minutes and Emden sailed away towards Pondicherry when the coastal defenses of Madras started to retaliate .",
"title": "Pentland and Geddes"
},
{
"text": " Though the casualties due to the attack were minimal , there was a great deal of material damage caused by the shelling . The people of Madras were terrified by these attacks that SMS Emden has carved out a place for itself in local folklore . - Home Rule Movement",
"title": "Pentland and Geddes"
},
{
"text": "In 1915 , the Home Rule Movement was started in order to demand home rule for India . In Madras , it was led by Irishwoman Annie Besant and Sir S . Subramania Iyer . As the movement gathered strength , Pentland responded with Annie Besants arrest in June 1917 for hoisting the provisional flag of free India and a crackdown on the leaders of the movement . Other freedom-fighter as George Arundale and B . P . Wadia were subsequently arrested . These arrests were strongly condemned and her case argued by Mohammad Ali Jinnah .",
"title": "Pentland and Geddes"
},
{
"text": " Lord and Lady Pentland were deeply interested in Hindu religion and philosophy . He appeared captivated by the Hindu shrine at Rameswaram which he visited during the inauguration of Pamban Bridge and recommended to the Viceroy to establish a committee to conduct a detailed undersea exploration at the site .",
"title": "Pentland and Rameswaram"
},
{
"text": " Pentland was one of the classical British Indian politicians who shared their views on appeasing Indians and that words were more important than actions . The half-measures at industrial development were primarily undertaken to sustain the wartime economy of the First World War . In 1917 , he is believed to have told Edwin Samuel Montagu , the Secretary of State for India : Lord Pentland is also remembered for having assisted the Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan make his journey to England .",
"title": "Pentlands policy"
},
{
"text": "On the general poverty of the masses , Pentland remarked that laborers of Madras city had the habit of frequenting cinema halls to watch movies and suggested that this could be one of the possible reasons for their poverty . Pentlands statement also hints at the possibility of a drastic increase in the number of cinema goers during his Governorate .",
"title": "Pentlands policy"
},
{
"text": " John Sinclair died in 1925 , and was succeeded to the barony by his son . He is buried in Dean Cemetery in Edinburgh , with a humble grave , set back from the path behind other stones . It lies in the north-west section of the original cemetery .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " Pentland was made a Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire in 1912 and a Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India in 1918 .",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " - Biography of Lord Aberdeen , father-in-law to Lord Pentland - Descendants of Mary Tudor , Princess of England , Queen of France - Some Sinclair peers - Sir John Sinclair of Barrock , 6th Bt , of Dunbeath is Lord Pentlands ancestor - Torrance , David , The Scottish Secretaries ( Birlinn 2006 )",
"title": "Sources"
}
] |
/wiki/John_Sinclair,_1st_Baron_Pentland#P39#2
|
Which position did John Sinclair, 1st Baron Pentland hold in Apr 1906?
|
John Sinclair , 1st Baron Pentland John Sinclair , 1st Baron Pentland , ( 7 July 1860 – 11 January 1925 ) was a Scottish Liberal Party politician , soldier , peer , administrator and Privy Councillor who served as the Secretary of Scotland from 1905 to 1912 and the Governor of Madras from 1912 to 1919 . Baron Pentland was born John Sinclair to George Sinclair ( 1826-1871 ) son of Sir John Sinclair , 6th baronet of Dunbeath . He studied in the United Kingdom and in 1892 , entered the House of Commons as an elected Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Dunbartonshire . He was elected for a second term from Forfar in 1897 and served in the British Parliament from 1892 to 1895 and 1897 to 1909 . He also served as an Aide-de-Camp and secretary to Lord Aberdeen . Sinclair was appointed to the Privy Council in 1905 . He served as the Secretary for Scotland from 1905 to 1912 and as the Governor of Madras from 1912 to 1919 . He died in 1925 . During his tenure as Governor of Madras , Pentland became popular in India for the interest he showed in the indigenous tradition and culture . At the same time , he is also remembered for his crackdown on Annie Besant and leaders of the Home Rule Movement . A radical Liberal , Sinclair was supportive of reforms aimed at promoting social justice . As noted by Veronica Strong-Boag As much as anyone in the new Cabinet after the 1905 election , he embodied the new liberalism of state intervention on the side of the weak . He was also a staunch proponent of legislation tailored to Scottish circumstances . His advocacy of the Scottish Education Act of 1908 , which provided for improved teacher training and school facilities and meals for students , very much followed the spirit of Lord Aberdeen’s practices on his own estates . So , too , did Sinclair’s support for legislation to secure the land rights of Scottish crofters . Early life and ancestry . John Sinclair was born at 6 Moray Place , Edinburgh to Captain John Sinclair ( 1826–1871 ) , an officer in the Bengal Army and Agnes Sinclair , daughter of John Learmonth of Dean who constructed the Dean Bridge of Edinburgh , on 7 July 1860 . John Sinclair was the eldest of three sons . Captain John Sinclair of Lyth was the grandson of Sir John Sinclair of Barrock , 6th baronet of Dunbeath , and descended from George Sinclair of Mey ( himself third son of the 4th Earl of Caithness ) , who died 1616 . He was thus a distant cousin of the contemporary Earls of Caithness who were descended from the 7th Baronet , of Mey . Education and military career . Sinclair was educated at Edinburgh Academy and Wellington College . He left Wellington in 1878 and the next year passed out fifth from the Royal Military College , Sandhurst . On completion of the one-year Sandhurst course , Sinclair was commissioned into the 5th Royal Irish Lancers . He served in the Sudan expedition and returned as captain in 1887 . Early political career . Sinclair participated in political activities from an early age . He was among those who moved to Toynbee Hall along with Samuel Augustus Barnett , where he strived to promote education and sport , and was one of the founders of the London Playing Fields Society , a sports ground established for the sake of the poor . Sinclair joined the Liberal Party in the 1880s and contested elections to the House of Commons from the Ayr Burghs in Scotland on the promise of Home Rule for Ireland , but lost . Pentland served as Aide-de-Camp and Official Secretary to Lord Aberdeen while he was serving as Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland in 1886 , and had the same roles in Canada while Lord Aberdeen was Governor-General there . In January 1889 he was elected to the first London County Council as a Progressive councillor representing Finsbury East . He served a single three-year term , retiring from the council in 1892 . Parliament of the United Kingdom . In 1892 , Sinclair was elected a Liberal Member of Parliament for Dunbartonshire , a seat he held until 1895 , and returned to the Commons representing Forfarshire from 1897 to 1909 . He then acted as Parliamentary Secretary to Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman for many years . He was appointed a Privy Councillor on 11 December 1905 and was created Baron Pentland , of Lyth in the County of Caithness on 15 February 1909 . Marriage and family . On 12 July 1904 he married Lady Marjorie Adeline Gordon ( 7 December 1880 – 26 July 1970 ) , elder daughter of his former patron the 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair . They had two children 1 . Henry John Sinclair , 2nd Baron Pentland , ( b . 6 June 1907 d . 1984 ) ; succeeded his father 1925 , also known as a former president of The Gurdjieff Foundation of New York ; married 11 September 1941 Lucy Elisabeth Smith ; they had issue 1 daughter , who is married , and lives in New York . 2 . Hon . Margaret Ishbel Sinclair ( b . October 1906 ) As Secretary for Scotland . Pentland served as the Secretary for Scotland from 1905 to 1912 . During his tenure , womens suffrage was introduced in the councils and Lavinia Malcolm was elected as provost of Dollar , Clackmannanshire , being both the first lady provost and first lady town councilor in Scotland . Numerous resolutions were passed to implement greater autonomy for Scotland but all of them failed when put to vote . Pentland introduced the Taxation of Land Values ( Scotland ) Bill which recommended the creation of a new Board of Agriculture for Scotland to implement a sweeping land settlement programme . However , though the bill was approved by the House of Commons it was defeated by the House of Lords . A second government bill by Pentland was also defeated by the House of Lords . Pentland was a favorite of the Prime Minister , Campbell-Bannerman . Pentlands Agriculture Act made the Secretary of Scotland answerable to the House of Commons for issues relating to agriculture . In 1907 , he assured Scottish MPs in the House of Commons that the Government is aware of issues that plague Scotland . Pentland was Secretary of State for Scotland during the Oscar Slater miscarriage of justice in 1909 . Although he commuted Slaters death penalty to life imprisonment he did not investigate concerns , raised by many including Sir Arthur Conan Doyle , that the Glasgow Police , James Neil Hart ( the Procurator Fiscal ) and the Lord Advocate Ure conspired to protect the then influential Charteris and Birrell families of Glasgow . Slaters appeal was upheld in 1928 . In February 1912 , Pentland retired as the Secretary for Scotland and was succeeded by T . McKinnon Wood . As Governor of Madras . Pentland served as the Governor of Madras from 1912 to 1919 . For the most part of his tenure as Governor of Madras , British India was embroiled in the First World War . Construction of the Pamban Bridge . In June 1911 , Arthur Lawley had commissioned the construction of a railway bridge connecting Pamban Island with the Indian mainland . The existing railway line ended with the town of Ramanathapuram and it was felt that its extension to Pamban island would boost trade and tourism . It would also make it easier for pilgrims to travel to the sacred Hindu shrine of Rameswaram . The construction of the 2.06 km long cantilever railway bridge was undertaken by the German engineer Scherzer and completed in 2 years at a cost of Rs . 2,000,000 by 600 workers with no loss of life . The bridge was opened by Lord Pentland for traffic on 24 February 1914 . The Pamban bridge is Indias largest sea bridge and an UNESCO World Heritage monument . Pentland and Geddes . In 1914 , Pentland invited the Scottish botanist and architect Patrick Geddes to conduct an exhibition on town-planning in Madras city . He reached Madras on 20 December 1914 after journeying overland from Calcutta through Vizagapatam , Guntur and Bellary . Pentland had been interacting with Geddes and was fascinated with his models since 1890 . Geddes had prepared for a detailed exhibition at Madras with a series of illustrations and maps . However , the ship by which they were slated to arrive in Madras , the Clan Grant , was sunk to the south of Cape Comorin by the German ship Emden . This calamity delayed Geddes visit to Madras by a couple of months and he had to recreate his presentations and illustrations . The Cities and Town Planning Exhibition opened in the senate of the Madras University on 17 January 1915 and was inaugurated by the Governor who also gave an introductory speech . Patrick Geddes gave a detailed lecture on cost-effective town planning and sanitation with the aid of real-life examples and a presentation with detailed illustrations and maps . Geddes spent the next few months in Madras touring the countryside and making reports and illustrations of the different towns in the Presidency . He persuaded Pentland to appoint a town planning advisor and suggested the name of H . V . Lancaster who was a Vice-President of the Royal Institute of British Architects . Accordingly , in October 1915 , Lancaster joined the service of the Madras government . During the First World War . Pentland set up a hospital ship which plied regularly between Africa and India and then , between India and the Middle East , caring for sailors injured at sea and treating them . This hospital ship was paid for and maintained by some of the prominent citizens of Madras . In 1914 , the Department of Industries , which had earlier been disbanded in face of protests from the Madras Chamber of Commerce , was re-established . This department commenced the rapid industrialization of the province to cater to the economic and industrialization needs of the war . Factories manufacturing soap , ink , adhesives , paper-making , oil-pressing , food processing and decoration of groundnuts were established all over the province . Industries were set for manufacturing military equipment for the British army . - Shelling of Madras by SMS Emden On 22 September 1914 , the German cruiser Emden which was patrolling the Bay of Bengal launched a surprise attack on Madras shelling the oil tanks of the Burmah Oil Company that we set up on the shore . Five tanks were hit out of which two caught fire . Nearly , 425,000 gallons of oil were lost in the attack . Three Indians were killed and the Indian liner Chupra was damaged in the attack . The battle lasted fifteen minutes and Emden sailed away towards Pondicherry when the coastal defenses of Madras started to retaliate . Though the casualties due to the attack were minimal , there was a great deal of material damage caused by the shelling . The people of Madras were terrified by these attacks that SMS Emden has carved out a place for itself in local folklore . - Home Rule Movement In 1915 , the Home Rule Movement was started in order to demand home rule for India . In Madras , it was led by Irishwoman Annie Besant and Sir S . Subramania Iyer . As the movement gathered strength , Pentland responded with Annie Besants arrest in June 1917 for hoisting the provisional flag of free India and a crackdown on the leaders of the movement . Other freedom-fighter as George Arundale and B . P . Wadia were subsequently arrested . These arrests were strongly condemned and her case argued by Mohammad Ali Jinnah . Pentland and Rameswaram . Lord and Lady Pentland were deeply interested in Hindu religion and philosophy . He appeared captivated by the Hindu shrine at Rameswaram which he visited during the inauguration of Pamban Bridge and recommended to the Viceroy to establish a committee to conduct a detailed undersea exploration at the site . Pentlands policy . Pentland was one of the classical British Indian politicians who shared their views on appeasing Indians and that words were more important than actions . The half-measures at industrial development were primarily undertaken to sustain the wartime economy of the First World War . In 1917 , he is believed to have told Edwin Samuel Montagu , the Secretary of State for India : Lord Pentland is also remembered for having assisted the Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan make his journey to England . On the general poverty of the masses , Pentland remarked that laborers of Madras city had the habit of frequenting cinema halls to watch movies and suggested that this could be one of the possible reasons for their poverty . Pentlands statement also hints at the possibility of a drastic increase in the number of cinema goers during his Governorate . Death . John Sinclair died in 1925 , and was succeeded to the barony by his son . He is buried in Dean Cemetery in Edinburgh , with a humble grave , set back from the path behind other stones . It lies in the north-west section of the original cemetery . Honours . Pentland was made a Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire in 1912 and a Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India in 1918 . Sources . - Biography of Lord Aberdeen , father-in-law to Lord Pentland - Descendants of Mary Tudor , Princess of England , Queen of France - Some Sinclair peers - Sir John Sinclair of Barrock , 6th Bt , of Dunbeath is Lord Pentlands ancestor - Torrance , David , The Scottish Secretaries ( Birlinn 2006 )
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " John Sinclair , 1st Baron Pentland , ( 7 July 1860 – 11 January 1925 ) was a Scottish Liberal Party politician , soldier , peer , administrator and Privy Councillor who served as the Secretary of Scotland from 1905 to 1912 and the Governor of Madras from 1912 to 1919 .",
"title": "John Sinclair , 1st Baron Pentland"
},
{
"text": "Baron Pentland was born John Sinclair to George Sinclair ( 1826-1871 ) son of Sir John Sinclair , 6th baronet of Dunbeath . He studied in the United Kingdom and in 1892 , entered the House of Commons as an elected Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Dunbartonshire . He was elected for a second term from Forfar in 1897 and served in the British Parliament from 1892 to 1895 and 1897 to 1909 . He also served as an Aide-de-Camp and secretary to Lord Aberdeen . Sinclair was appointed to the Privy Council in 1905 . He served",
"title": "John Sinclair , 1st Baron Pentland"
},
{
"text": "as the Secretary for Scotland from 1905 to 1912 and as the Governor of Madras from 1912 to 1919 . He died in 1925 .",
"title": "John Sinclair , 1st Baron Pentland"
},
{
"text": " During his tenure as Governor of Madras , Pentland became popular in India for the interest he showed in the indigenous tradition and culture . At the same time , he is also remembered for his crackdown on Annie Besant and leaders of the Home Rule Movement . A radical Liberal , Sinclair was supportive of reforms aimed at promoting social justice . As noted by Veronica Strong-Boag",
"title": "John Sinclair , 1st Baron Pentland"
},
{
"text": "As much as anyone in the new Cabinet after the 1905 election , he embodied the new liberalism of state intervention on the side of the weak . He was also a staunch proponent of legislation tailored to Scottish circumstances . His advocacy of the Scottish Education Act of 1908 , which provided for improved teacher training and school facilities and meals for students , very much followed the spirit of Lord Aberdeen’s practices on his own estates . So , too , did Sinclair’s support for legislation to secure the land rights of Scottish crofters .",
"title": "John Sinclair , 1st Baron Pentland"
},
{
"text": " Early life and ancestry . John Sinclair was born at 6 Moray Place , Edinburgh to Captain John Sinclair ( 1826–1871 ) , an officer in the Bengal Army and Agnes Sinclair , daughter of John Learmonth of Dean who constructed the Dean Bridge of Edinburgh , on 7 July 1860 . John Sinclair was the eldest of three sons .",
"title": "John Sinclair , 1st Baron Pentland"
},
{
"text": "Captain John Sinclair of Lyth was the grandson of Sir John Sinclair of Barrock , 6th baronet of Dunbeath , and descended from George Sinclair of Mey ( himself third son of the 4th Earl of Caithness ) , who died 1616 . He was thus a distant cousin of the contemporary Earls of Caithness who were descended from the 7th Baronet , of Mey .",
"title": "John Sinclair , 1st Baron Pentland"
},
{
"text": " Education and military career . Sinclair was educated at Edinburgh Academy and Wellington College . He left Wellington in 1878 and the next year passed out fifth from the Royal Military College , Sandhurst . On completion of the one-year Sandhurst course , Sinclair was commissioned into the 5th Royal Irish Lancers . He served in the Sudan expedition and returned as captain in 1887 .",
"title": "John Sinclair , 1st Baron Pentland"
},
{
"text": " Sinclair participated in political activities from an early age . He was among those who moved to Toynbee Hall along with Samuel Augustus Barnett , where he strived to promote education and sport , and was one of the founders of the London Playing Fields Society , a sports ground established for the sake of the poor . Sinclair joined the Liberal Party in the 1880s and contested elections to the House of Commons from the Ayr Burghs in Scotland on the promise of Home Rule for Ireland , but lost .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "Pentland served as Aide-de-Camp and Official Secretary to Lord Aberdeen while he was serving as Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland in 1886 , and had the same roles in Canada while Lord Aberdeen was Governor-General there .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": " In January 1889 he was elected to the first London County Council as a Progressive councillor representing Finsbury East . He served a single three-year term , retiring from the council in 1892 . Parliament of the United Kingdom . In 1892 , Sinclair was elected a Liberal Member of Parliament for Dunbartonshire , a seat he held until 1895 , and returned to the Commons representing Forfarshire from 1897 to 1909 . He then acted as Parliamentary Secretary to Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman for many years .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "He was appointed a Privy Councillor on 11 December 1905 and was created Baron Pentland , of Lyth in the County of Caithness on 15 February 1909 .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": " On 12 July 1904 he married Lady Marjorie Adeline Gordon ( 7 December 1880 – 26 July 1970 ) , elder daughter of his former patron the 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair .",
"title": "Marriage and family"
},
{
"text": " 1 . Henry John Sinclair , 2nd Baron Pentland , ( b . 6 June 1907 d . 1984 ) ; succeeded his father 1925 , also known as a former president of The Gurdjieff Foundation of New York ; married 11 September 1941 Lucy Elisabeth Smith ; they had issue 1 daughter , who is married , and lives in New York . 2 . Hon . Margaret Ishbel Sinclair ( b . October 1906 ) As Secretary for Scotland .",
"title": "They had two children"
},
{
"text": "Pentland served as the Secretary for Scotland from 1905 to 1912 . During his tenure , womens suffrage was introduced in the councils and Lavinia Malcolm was elected as provost of Dollar , Clackmannanshire , being both the first lady provost and first lady town councilor in Scotland . Numerous resolutions were passed to implement greater autonomy for Scotland but all of them failed when put to vote .",
"title": "They had two children"
},
{
"text": " Pentland introduced the Taxation of Land Values ( Scotland ) Bill which recommended the creation of a new Board of Agriculture for Scotland to implement a sweeping land settlement programme . However , though the bill was approved by the House of Commons it was defeated by the House of Lords . A second government bill by Pentland was also defeated by the House of Lords .",
"title": "They had two children"
},
{
"text": "Pentland was a favorite of the Prime Minister , Campbell-Bannerman . Pentlands Agriculture Act made the Secretary of Scotland answerable to the House of Commons for issues relating to agriculture . In 1907 , he assured Scottish MPs in the House of Commons that the Government is aware of issues that plague Scotland .",
"title": "They had two children"
},
{
"text": " Pentland was Secretary of State for Scotland during the Oscar Slater miscarriage of justice in 1909 . Although he commuted Slaters death penalty to life imprisonment he did not investigate concerns , raised by many including Sir Arthur Conan Doyle , that the Glasgow Police , James Neil Hart ( the Procurator Fiscal ) and the Lord Advocate Ure conspired to protect the then influential Charteris and Birrell families of Glasgow . Slaters appeal was upheld in 1928 . In February 1912 , Pentland retired as the Secretary for Scotland and was succeeded by T . McKinnon Wood .",
"title": "They had two children"
},
{
"text": "As Governor of Madras .",
"title": "They had two children"
},
{
"text": " Pentland served as the Governor of Madras from 1912 to 1919 . For the most part of his tenure as Governor of Madras , British India was embroiled in the First World War . Construction of the Pamban Bridge .",
"title": "They had two children"
},
{
"text": "In June 1911 , Arthur Lawley had commissioned the construction of a railway bridge connecting Pamban Island with the Indian mainland . The existing railway line ended with the town of Ramanathapuram and it was felt that its extension to Pamban island would boost trade and tourism . It would also make it easier for pilgrims to travel to the sacred Hindu shrine of Rameswaram .",
"title": "They had two children"
},
{
"text": " The construction of the 2.06 km long cantilever railway bridge was undertaken by the German engineer Scherzer and completed in 2 years at a cost of Rs . 2,000,000 by 600 workers with no loss of life . The bridge was opened by Lord Pentland for traffic on 24 February 1914 . The Pamban bridge is Indias largest sea bridge and an UNESCO World Heritage monument .",
"title": "They had two children"
},
{
"text": " In 1914 , Pentland invited the Scottish botanist and architect Patrick Geddes to conduct an exhibition on town-planning in Madras city . He reached Madras on 20 December 1914 after journeying overland from Calcutta through Vizagapatam , Guntur and Bellary . Pentland had been interacting with Geddes and was fascinated with his models since 1890 .",
"title": "Pentland and Geddes"
},
{
"text": "Geddes had prepared for a detailed exhibition at Madras with a series of illustrations and maps . However , the ship by which they were slated to arrive in Madras , the Clan Grant , was sunk to the south of Cape Comorin by the German ship Emden . This calamity delayed Geddes visit to Madras by a couple of months and he had to recreate his presentations and illustrations .",
"title": "Pentland and Geddes"
},
{
"text": " The Cities and Town Planning Exhibition opened in the senate of the Madras University on 17 January 1915 and was inaugurated by the Governor who also gave an introductory speech . Patrick Geddes gave a detailed lecture on cost-effective town planning and sanitation with the aid of real-life examples and a presentation with detailed illustrations and maps .",
"title": "Pentland and Geddes"
},
{
"text": "Geddes spent the next few months in Madras touring the countryside and making reports and illustrations of the different towns in the Presidency . He persuaded Pentland to appoint a town planning advisor and suggested the name of H . V . Lancaster who was a Vice-President of the Royal Institute of British Architects . Accordingly , in October 1915 , Lancaster joined the service of the Madras government .",
"title": "Pentland and Geddes"
},
{
"text": " During the First World War . Pentland set up a hospital ship which plied regularly between Africa and India and then , between India and the Middle East , caring for sailors injured at sea and treating them . This hospital ship was paid for and maintained by some of the prominent citizens of Madras .",
"title": "Pentland and Geddes"
},
{
"text": "In 1914 , the Department of Industries , which had earlier been disbanded in face of protests from the Madras Chamber of Commerce , was re-established . This department commenced the rapid industrialization of the province to cater to the economic and industrialization needs of the war . Factories manufacturing soap , ink , adhesives , paper-making , oil-pressing , food processing and decoration of groundnuts were established all over the province . Industries were set for manufacturing military equipment for the British army .",
"title": "Pentland and Geddes"
},
{
"text": "On 22 September 1914 , the German cruiser Emden which was patrolling the Bay of Bengal launched a surprise attack on Madras shelling the oil tanks of the Burmah Oil Company that we set up on the shore . Five tanks were hit out of which two caught fire . Nearly , 425,000 gallons of oil were lost in the attack . Three Indians were killed and the Indian liner Chupra was damaged in the attack . The battle lasted fifteen minutes and Emden sailed away towards Pondicherry when the coastal defenses of Madras started to retaliate .",
"title": "Pentland and Geddes"
},
{
"text": " Though the casualties due to the attack were minimal , there was a great deal of material damage caused by the shelling . The people of Madras were terrified by these attacks that SMS Emden has carved out a place for itself in local folklore . - Home Rule Movement",
"title": "Pentland and Geddes"
},
{
"text": "In 1915 , the Home Rule Movement was started in order to demand home rule for India . In Madras , it was led by Irishwoman Annie Besant and Sir S . Subramania Iyer . As the movement gathered strength , Pentland responded with Annie Besants arrest in June 1917 for hoisting the provisional flag of free India and a crackdown on the leaders of the movement . Other freedom-fighter as George Arundale and B . P . Wadia were subsequently arrested . These arrests were strongly condemned and her case argued by Mohammad Ali Jinnah .",
"title": "Pentland and Geddes"
},
{
"text": " Lord and Lady Pentland were deeply interested in Hindu religion and philosophy . He appeared captivated by the Hindu shrine at Rameswaram which he visited during the inauguration of Pamban Bridge and recommended to the Viceroy to establish a committee to conduct a detailed undersea exploration at the site .",
"title": "Pentland and Rameswaram"
},
{
"text": " Pentland was one of the classical British Indian politicians who shared their views on appeasing Indians and that words were more important than actions . The half-measures at industrial development were primarily undertaken to sustain the wartime economy of the First World War . In 1917 , he is believed to have told Edwin Samuel Montagu , the Secretary of State for India : Lord Pentland is also remembered for having assisted the Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan make his journey to England .",
"title": "Pentlands policy"
},
{
"text": "On the general poverty of the masses , Pentland remarked that laborers of Madras city had the habit of frequenting cinema halls to watch movies and suggested that this could be one of the possible reasons for their poverty . Pentlands statement also hints at the possibility of a drastic increase in the number of cinema goers during his Governorate .",
"title": "Pentlands policy"
},
{
"text": " John Sinclair died in 1925 , and was succeeded to the barony by his son . He is buried in Dean Cemetery in Edinburgh , with a humble grave , set back from the path behind other stones . It lies in the north-west section of the original cemetery .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " Pentland was made a Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire in 1912 and a Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India in 1918 .",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " - Biography of Lord Aberdeen , father-in-law to Lord Pentland - Descendants of Mary Tudor , Princess of England , Queen of France - Some Sinclair peers - Sir John Sinclair of Barrock , 6th Bt , of Dunbeath is Lord Pentlands ancestor - Torrance , David , The Scottish Secretaries ( Birlinn 2006 )",
"title": "Sources"
}
] |
/wiki/Moeen_Ali#P54#0
|
Which team did Moeen Ali play for in Nov 2005?
|
Moeen Ali Moeen Munir Ali ( born 18 June 1987 ) is an English international cricketer . An all-rounder , he is a left-handed batsman and right-arm off-spinner , who played county cricket for Warwickshire before moving to Worcestershire after the 2006 season . Ali has represented England in all formats of the game . He won Warwickshires NBC Denis Compton Award in both 2004 and 2005 and Worcestershires NBC Denis Compton Award in 2009 . His off spin is marked by a strongly spun off break and a well-concealed arm ball . He was named as one of five Cricketers of the Year in the 2015 Wisden Cricketers Almanack . Moeen was part of the England squad that won the 2019 Cricket World Cup . On 8 September 2020 , in the third Twenty20 International ( T20I ) match against Australia , Ali captained England for the first time in a T20I match . Early life . Ali was born in Birmingham . He is of Kashmiri/Pakistani and English descent ; his grandfather migrated to England from Dadyal in Mirpur , while his grandmother , Betty Cox , was a white Briton . He can understand Urdu and Punjabi . He became known fondly as ‘the beard thats feared’ at New Road . Alis father worked as a taxi driver , and as a psychiatric nurse . He grew up on the same street as fellow cricketers Kabir Ali ( his first cousin ) , Naqash Tahir , and Rawait Khan . His brothers Kadeer and Omar are also cricketers . Ali is a keen football fan and a lifelong supporter of Liverpool F.C . Career . Warwickshire . Ali signed for Warwickshire aged just 15 , hitting a half-century for the countys Second XI a few days before his 16th birthday . After more games at this level in 2004 , and a first outing for England Under-19s against their Bangladeshi counterparts he spent the succeeding winter playing for the Under-19s on their tour of India . 2005 saw Ali make his first-class debut , against Cambridge University in May . He impressed with the bat , making 57 not out in his only innings , and sent down two overs for 15 runs . Playing that summer against Sri Lankan Under-19s , he starred in the final Test by making 52 not out and 100 not out ( the latter innings from 56 balls ) and claiming seven wickets . He was then selected for the 2006 Under-19 Cricket World Cup , which was held in Sri Lanka , and was immediately promoted to captain by coach Andy Pick . He made three half-centuries in the tournament , and took seven wickets . Ali received additional opportunities for his county in 2006 , playing his first List A games . The first of these came against Derbyshire , where he dismissed Steffan Jones to claim his maiden first-team wicket . He also took his first wickets in first-class cricket , and his first three victims were all Test players : Stuart Law , Dominic Cork and Dave Mohammed . With the bat he scored 68 on his County Championship debut against Nottinghamshire , then equalled that score against Durham . Alis opportunities were somewhat limited , however , and Alex Loudon took his place in the side . In July 2006 , with the expiry of his Warwickshire contract only months away , Ali brushed off rumours of a move to Worcestershire , saying I dont know anything about it , but in September it was announced that Ali would indeed be leaving to join that county . The player himself said that he had been impressed by Worcestershire and felt it gave him the best prospects of furthering his career . Worcestershire . He made his debut for Worcestershire in their ten-wicket win over Loughborough UCCE on 25 April 2007 . Alis highest first-class score of 250 , scored against Glamorgan at New Road , featured a partnership of 219 with Matt Pardoe . At the end of the 2010 season Worcestershire secured promotion to the first division of the County Championship . After he was overlooked by the England Lions and England Performance Programme at the end of the 2010 English season , Moeen opted to play club cricket in Bangladesh at the suggestion of Bangladesh all-rounder Shakib Al Hasan . Shakib played for Worcestershire as their overseas player in 2010 and the link with the club led to Moeen representing Mohammedan Sporting Club in the Ispahani Premier Division . 2011 season . During the 2011 season , Moeen spent three weeks as Worcestershires acting captain while the usual club captain , Daryl Mitchell , was injured . Though he had captained England Under-19s , it was the first time he filled the role for his county . As he was inexperienced , Moeen approached senior players Vikram Solanki and Ben Scott for advice . Pakistan off-spinner Saeed Ajmal was Worcestershires overseas player for a short time in 2011 and while at the club he encouraged Moeen to try bowling the doosra . Moeen had to wait until July before registering his first century of the season , and his first since September the previous year . His innings of 158 runs from 244 balls against Somerset was in vain as Worcestershire succumbed to an innings defeat . The following month Moeen twice scored a century in the Clydesdale Bank 40 only for Worcestershire to lose , against Sussex and the Netherlands . In the first match against Sussex he passed his previous best score of 136 in List A cricket , scoring 158 runs from 92 balls . In Worcestershires first season back in the first division , Moeen scored 930 runs in the County Championship , making him the clubs second-highest run scorer in the competition behind Solanki . Moeen average 33.21 runs per innings and scored a single century . On the back of his performances for Worcestershire , Moeen was included in the 13-man England Development squad which trained in late 2011 . 2012 season . In February 2012 , before the start of the English season , Worcestershires director of cricket Steve Rhodes commented that Alis doosra was not too difficult to pick at the moment but hes learning a few tricks and hes got other things up his sleeve . Its a work in progress . 2013 season . After the departure of former he met a cricket coach England international Vikram Solanki at the end of the 2012 season Ali was handed a new 5-year contract . After performing well , including five consecutive 50s , Ali was called up to the England Lions where he scored 61 runs against Australia with many calling for him to be selected for the full side . Moeen averaged 62 in Division 2 , totalling 1375 runs altogether – the highest of any batsmen in first-class cricket and finished with 4 centuries and 8 fifties as well as 28 wickets . He was awarded county crickets MVP award beating Samit Patel on the final day of the season and was also named PCA player of the year . Ali was also called up to the England development squad ahead of their Australian Ashes tour . T20 Blast 2018 & 2019 . Moeen skippered the Rapids to Vitality Blast glory in 2018 as they won the competition for the first time on the 15th September 2018 . The Rapids beat Lancashire Lightning in the semi final and then went on to meet the Sussex Sharks in the final where the Worcestershire boys came out on top as they won by 5 wickets to lift their first T20 Blast Trophy . In 2019 Moeen was captain of a Worcester side who almost went all the way to retain their T20 blast trophy but gut-tingly missed out by a last ball defeat to the Essex Eagles . On their road to finals day , Moeen enjoyed a great campaign himself notably scoring 85 not out vs Birmingham Bears in the group stage in a 9 wicket victory . The Rapids went on to meet the 2018 runners up , Sussex Sharks , in the Quarter finals as the Rapids ran out winners , with Moeen showing his international class as he dismantled the Sharks attack scoring a blistering 121 Not out as Worcestershire secured their spot at finals day 2019 . Finals Day 2019 , Moeen and his side produced one of the best come backs finals day has seen by defending 147 from an impossible position against the Nottinghamshire Outlaws . The Outlaws need 11 off 12 balls but it didn’t get off to a good start for the Notts boys as 3 wickets fell in the penultimate over . Notts required 2 off the last ball in this tense Semi final and Ben Duckett missed the final ball off the game and the Rapids ran out the winners by 1 run in a memorable game as they secured their place in the final where they would meet the Essex Eagles . However in the Final , when the Essex Eagles needed 2 off 1 ball they did it in a heartbreaking fashion for the Worcester players and supporters . Worcestershire seemed to be in control having the Eagles 82-5 and the Rapids looked like they would be the first side to defend the Vitality Blast Trophy . However the Eagles had other ideas as they needed 12 off the final over on a tricky batting surface but managed to score 12 and win their first Blast trophy . International career . 2014 . Ali was included in the English Squad for the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 in Bangladesh . Before the tournament , the squad played the West Indies in a limited overs series , and Ali made his ODI debut against the West Indies on 28 February 2014 . He scored 44 runs before being dismissed and took his maiden ODI wicket . In the second match he made ten runs and took figures of 1–11 . Ali was again impressive in the third match , making his first half century in a score of 55 . He ended up scoring 109 runs and picking up 3 wickets in the three match series . He made his T20 debut in the second match of the T20 series , although he scored just 3 runs and did not bowl . Ali was a part of Englands 2014 World T20 squad . He managed 49 runs in 4 matches and ending up wicketless . Ali was named in the England Test squad for their series against Sri Lanka , before making his debut in the first Test . Ali made a score of 48 in the initial innings but only made 4 in the second . However , in the second Test of the series he made his maiden century in the second innings having started the final day with England on 57 for 5 . England lost the match when Jimmy Anderson was caught off the penultimate ball of the match having survived 55 balls . In the first Test against India , Ali took four wickets in the match , as well as scoring 14 with the bat . In the second match he made scores of 32 and 39 , but could not prevent England from losing to go 1–0 down in the series . In the third test against India at the Ageas Bowl , he took his first 5 wicket haul in test cricket , finishing with 6–67 in Indias second innings . He followed this up by taking figures of 4–39 in the fourth test , taking the prized wicket of MS Dhoni . This helped England win the game and take a 2–1 series lead . Ali only played a small part in the final match of the series , making 14 with the bat as England steamrolled India to win the series 3–1 . Ali did not play in the first three ODIs against India . However , he was selected for the fourth match of the series and hit a quick fire 67 . However , this was not enough to prevent a nine wicket defeat for England . In the final match of the series Ali took 2–34 to help England win their first match of the series . In the first ODI of the seven-match series in Sri Lanka , Ali hit 119 off just 87 balls although it was not enough to prevent a defeat for England . In the third match he scored 58 and took figures of 2–36 as England won their first match of the tour . 2015 . In the first match of Englands 2015 World Cup campaign against Australia , Ali made 10 with the bat and failed to take a wicket as England suffered a heavy defeat . He scored a century in the next match against Scotland , making 128 from 107 balls to help England to a score of 303 . He also took two wickets in Scotlands innings as he earned the man of the match award . Injury ruled Ali out of the final game against Afghanistan , which England won . Due to his injury at the World Cup , Ali was not initially selected for the West Indies tour . However , after recovering , he was called up for the Second Test Match of the series . In the first innings , Ali took figures of 1–47 , and was run out for a duck . In the West Indies second innings his bowling figures were 3/51 , and he was not required to bat in Englands second innings as they went on to secure a nine wicket victory to lead the series 1–0 . In the third Test Moeen made 58 in the first innings . However , he was disappointing with the ball , taking just one wicket . Moeen took 1–54 in the second innings as the West Indies won to level the series at 1–1 . In the first Test against New Zealand , Moeen scored 58 in England first innings to help them fight back to post 389 . He then took three wickets in New Zealands innings . He again impressed with the bat , making 43 in Englands second innings and taking a wicket in New Zealands second innings to help England win by 124 runs . Ali was selected in the England side for the 2015 Ashes series . In the first Test , he scored 77 in Englands first innings before taking two Australian first innings wickets . He then took 3–59 in Australias second innings as England secured an opening win . Ali could only manage figures of 1–138 in Australias first innings of the second Test and then managed 39 with the bat . He took 2–78 in Australias second innings but England suffered a heavy defeat . He scored 38 runs in Englands first innings of the third Test and then took 1–64 in Australias Second innings as England won by 8 wickets . In the fourth Test he was again not needed to bowl in Australias first innings but made 38 with the bat as England secured a victory by an innings and 78 runs to regain the Ashes . In Australias first innings of the final Test he took 3–102 and then made scores of 30 and 35 and England lost by an innings but won the series 3–2 . In the only T20 match between the two sides , Ali took figures of 1–3 and made an unbeaten 72 with the bat as he was named man of the match . In the ODI series against Australia , Ali made 17 in the first match , but England suffered a defeat . England also lost the next game , with Ali proving to be expensive and finishing with figures of 1–68 . He took 3–32 in the next game to help England to their first win of the series , before taking 2–40 in the fourth match of the series to help England to a three wicket victory . In the first Test against Pakistan in 2015 , Ali struggled with the ball , conceding 121 runs in the first innings without taking a wicket , although he did take two wickets in the second innings . In his new role as opener , he made 35 with the bat in the first innings and 11 in the second as the match ended in a draw . In the first innings of the second Test , he took figures of 3–108 , but again struggled with the bat , making scores of 1 in both innings as England slumped to defeat . He took 2–49 in Pakistans first innings as they were dismissed for 234 in the third Test , although he only scored 36 runs in the match as England lost by 127 runs . Ali made little impact with the bat against Pakistan in the limited overs series , scoring just 13 runs , although he was only dismissed once . He took one wicket in each of the first three matches to help England into a 2–1 series lead with one game left to play . Alis best bowling performance came in the final game as he took 3–53 to help dismiss the hosts for 271 as England won by 84 runs . Ali also played in two of the T20Is , taking figures of 1–30 and 1–22 . 2016 . In the Test series against South Africa , Ali returned to his place in the lower middle order . He was named as man of the match in the first Test as England won by 241 runs . While his poor batting form continued , he took figures of 4–69 and 3–47 to help England to victory . The second match ended in a draw , with Ali proving less successful with the ball , taking figures of 0–155 . England won the third Test by 7 wickets , with Ali taking the wicket of Dean Elgar and finishing with figures of 1–50 . In the fourth Test , Ali took figures of 2–104 in South Africas first innings as the hosts made 475 . He made 61 with the bat but England collapsed in their second innings , with Ali making an unbeaten ten . Despite this defeat , England won the series 2–1 . In the ODI series against South Africa , Ali took 3–43 in the first game as England won by 39 runs on the DL Method . In the next game he made an unbeaten 21 with the bat to help England to a five wicket victory . However , England lost the final three matches of the series , with Ali taking just two wickets and scoring 19 runs as England went from 2–0 up in the series to lose in 3–2 . In the T20 match between the two sides , Ali took 2–22 , although England lost the game by 3 wickets , while in the second match he took figures of 1–25 , but South Africa won in convincing fashion , this time by nine wickets . In the T20 World Cup , Ali took figures of 1–38 in the opening defeat against the West Indies . He took 2–34 against South Africa and 1–17 against Afghanistan . He also scored a crucial unbeaten 41 against Afghanistan to keep Englands hopes of progressing to the semi-finals alive . In that same match he along with David Willey set the record for the highest partnership for the 8th wicket in T20 World Cup history ( 57* ) He took 1–10 against New Zealand as England won by 7 wickets to qualify for the final . However , England lost the final , with Ali being dismissed for a duck and not bowling any of his overs . Ali was included in the test squad for the series against Sri Lanka . In the second test at Chester-Le-Street , he scored his second Test century . He scored 155 not out , an innings which included 2 sixes , helping England reach a score of 498–9 . He took one wicket in the match , as England won by nine wickets . In the first ODI against Sri Lanka , Ali took figures of 1–69 as the match ended in a tie . In the second Test against Pakistan , he took 2–43 in Pakistans first innings before taking 3–88 in their second as England won by 330 runs to level the series at 1–1 . In the third match he made 63 with the bat in Englands first innings as they reached 297 . He did not pick up a wicket in Pakistans second innings but made an unbeaten 86 in Englands second innings to help them turn the game around and secure an unlikely victory . In the final match of the series he made 108 in Englands first innings but could only manage 2–128 with the ball . Pakistan went on to win the match by ten wickets to level the series at 2–2 . In the first ODI , Ali took figures of 1–30 as England won by 44 runs on the D/L Method . He did not take a wicket in the second ODI but scored an unbeaten 21 to help England win by four wickets . He took one wicket in the third match of the series , which England won by 169 runs . In the fourth match , he took figures of 2–39 and scored an unbeaten 45 as England went 4–0 . Ali made 68 in Englands first innings of the first Test , and then took figures of 3–75 . In the second innings , he made 14 before taking another two wickets to help England to victory . In the second Test , Ali took 5–57 to help to restrict Bangladesh to 220 . Ali took just one wicket in the second innings and was out for a duck as England lost the match to draw the series 1–1 . Especially in the English cricket team in Bangladesh in 2016–17 series , in the first test at Chittagong , Kumar Dharmasena judged that Moeen Ali was out on three occasions in the same test , also in the same innings , same session and also off the same bowler , Shakib Al Hasan and in the end Moeen Ali appealed against Dharmasenas all three decisions and survived ( bottom edged , hitting outside Alis leg stump and hitting outside his off stump respectively ) . This was the first time in cricketing history , that a batsman successfully managed to overturn the umpires decisions for 3 times in a row in the same innings . In the first Test in the series against India , Ali scored 117 in the first innings as England made 537 . He took figures of 2–85 in Indias reply , and took 1–47 in Indias second innings as the match ended in a draw . In the second Test Ali took 3–98 in Indias first innings , although he only made one with the bat , and struggled again in Englands second innings as they lost by 246 runs . In the Third Test he made 16 in Englands first innings and took figures of 0–33 . In the second innings he made just five and did not pick up a wicket as England suffered another defeat . In the fourth Test , he made 50 with the bat , but took 2–174 with ball , before being dismissed for a duck in Englands second innings as they lost by an innings and 36 runs . In the final Test , he made 146 with the bat in Englands first innings total of 477 . He was out for 44 in Englands second innings as they lost by an innings and 75 runs to lose the series 4–0 . Ali made 28 in the first ODI against India as England made 350/7 , although they lost by seven wickets . In the second match , he took figures of 0–33 and made 55 as England lost by 15 runs . In the final match , he made 2 and took figures of 0–41 as England won by five runs . In the first T20I , he took figures of 2–21 as England won seven wickets . He took 1–20 in the second match as India narrowly won by 5 runs . 2017 and beyond . Ali played in the first ODI against the West Indies , and made an unbeaten 31 in the first game as England won by 45 runs . In the second game he took figures of 1–44 as West Indies were restricted to 225 as England secured a four wicket victory . In the first Test against South Africa , Ali became the fifth-fastest player , in terms of matches played , to score 2,000 runs and take 100 wickets in Tests ( 38 ) . He also took his first ten-wicket haul in Tests and was the first England player since Ian Botham to score a Test half-century and take ten wickets in the same match . In the third Test , Ali took a hat-trick to bowl South Africa out and end the match ; it was the first hat-trick for an England spinner since 1938–39 and the first ever in a Test match at The Oval . It was only the third time in Test history that victory has been sealed by a hat-trick ( the first time for 115 years ) , and the first hat-trick where three left-handed batsmen were dismissed . He made 75 not out in second innings of 4th Test to help England to a strong position and finished the game with a 5-wicket haul for the second consecutive match . Ali reached 25 wickets and 250 runs in the series , the only player to ever achieve the feat in a 4 Test series . Ali had a quieter Test series against West Indies , scoring 109 runs and taking 5 wickets in the three match series . In the third match of the ODI series that followed , he scored the second fastest century for England , taking just 53 balls to reach the milestone . In the fourth ODI he scored an unbeaten 48 off 25 deliveries to seal a series win for England . Ali played in all 5 Tests of the 2017-18 Ashes with little success . He played with an injured spinning finger and only took 5 wickets , at an average of 115 . With the bat , he scored 179 runs at an average of 20 and was dismissed 7 times in 9 innings by off-spinner Nathan Lyon . In April 2019 , he was named in Englands squad for the 2019 Cricket World Cup . On 21 June 2019 , in the match against Sri Lanka , Ali played in his 100th ODI . In August 2019 , Ali played against Australia in the first test match held as part of the 2019 Ashes series . Following Englands defeat , Ali was dropped by England for their second Test match . Ali subsequently announced that he would be taking a short break from cricket . On 29 May 2020 , Ali was named in a 55-man group of players to begin training ahead of international fixtures starting in England following the COVID-19 pandemic . On 17 June 2020 , Ali was included in Englands 30-man squad to start training behind closed doors for the Test series against the West Indies . On 9 July 2020 , Ali was included in Englands 24-man squad to start training behind closed doors for the ODI series against Ireland . On 21 July 2020 , the ECB named Moeen Ali as Englands vice-captain for the ODI series . Captaining England . On 8 September 2020 , Ali first captained England in a T20I match against Australia in Southampton . He became the first Asian-origin cricketer to captain England in T20s , and the first Asian-origin cricketer to captain England in any format since Nasser Hussain in 2003 . 2021 . On 4 January 2021 , Ali tested positive for COVID-19 , prior to Englands tour of Sri Lanka and he recovered . Franchise cricket . In January 2018 in the 2018 IPL auction , Ali was picked up by Royal Challengers Bangalore for INR 1.7 crores from his base price of INR 1.5 crores . However , he was released by RCB ahead of the 2021 Indian Premier League . In December 2019 , he was drafted by Multan Sultans as their Platinum Category pick at the 2020 PSL Draft for the Pakistan Super League . In February 2021 , after Ali was released by the RCB , he was bought by the Chennai Super Kings in the IPL auction ahead of the IPL 2021 for a price of nearly £700,000 . Wrist band controversy . Moeen Ali wore Save Gaza and Free Palestine wristbands in connection with the Gaza conflict during day 2 of the third Test match of the 2014 series against India . The ICC code bars players from conveying messages which relate to political , religious or racial activities or causes . According to the ECB , Moeens stance was humanitarian , not political and a spokesman stated that the ECB do not believe he has committed any offence . Although Moeen had been cleared by the ECB to wear the bands , the decision was overruled by the match referee , David Boon . Charity work . Ali is an Ambassador of StreetChance , a programme providing free weekly cricket coaching sessions in deprived areas in the UK , run by the Cricket Foundation and Barclays Spaces For Sports . In January 2015 , he joined Orphans in Need , an international NGO , as a Global Brand Ambassador and carried the charitys logo on his bat . Speaking after his stint at the crease , Moeen Ali said , “I enjoy coming back to the community where I grew up playing tapeball cricket . It keeps you grounded . I hope that , as an ambassador for the charity , I can pass on some useful advice and help inspire children like the ones here today involved in StreetChance . It’s so important that schemes like StreetChance give young people the opportunity to play cricket and to learn key life skills , wherever they’re from , whatever their background.” Awards and nominations . In January 2015 , Ali was nominated for the Best at Sport award at the British Muslim Awards . External links . - No Boundaries - Moeen Ali Documentary , England & Wales Cricket Board , 2017
|
[
"Warwickshire"
] |
[
{
"text": "Moeen Munir Ali ( born 18 June 1987 ) is an English international cricketer . An all-rounder , he is a left-handed batsman and right-arm off-spinner , who played county cricket for Warwickshire before moving to Worcestershire after the 2006 season . Ali has represented England in all formats of the game . He won Warwickshires NBC Denis Compton Award in both 2004 and 2005 and Worcestershires NBC Denis Compton Award in 2009 . His off spin is marked by a strongly spun off break and a well-concealed arm ball . He was named as one of five Cricketers of",
"title": "Moeen Ali"
},
{
"text": "the Year in the 2015 Wisden Cricketers Almanack . Moeen was part of the England squad that won the 2019 Cricket World Cup .",
"title": "Moeen Ali"
},
{
"text": " On 8 September 2020 , in the third Twenty20 International ( T20I ) match against Australia , Ali captained England for the first time in a T20I match .",
"title": "Moeen Ali"
},
{
"text": "Ali was born in Birmingham . He is of Kashmiri/Pakistani and English descent ; his grandfather migrated to England from Dadyal in Mirpur , while his grandmother , Betty Cox , was a white Briton . He can understand Urdu and Punjabi . He became known fondly as ‘the beard thats feared’ at New Road . Alis father worked as a taxi driver , and as a psychiatric nurse . He grew up on the same street as fellow cricketers Kabir Ali ( his first cousin ) , Naqash Tahir , and Rawait Khan . His brothers Kadeer and Omar",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "are also cricketers . Ali is a keen football fan and a lifelong supporter of Liverpool F.C .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Ali signed for Warwickshire aged just 15 , hitting a half-century for the countys Second XI a few days before his 16th birthday . After more games at this level in 2004 , and a first outing for England Under-19s against their Bangladeshi counterparts he spent the succeeding winter playing for the Under-19s on their tour of India .",
"title": "Warwickshire"
},
{
"text": "2005 saw Ali make his first-class debut , against Cambridge University in May . He impressed with the bat , making 57 not out in his only innings , and sent down two overs for 15 runs . Playing that summer against Sri Lankan Under-19s , he starred in the final Test by making 52 not out and 100 not out ( the latter innings from 56 balls ) and claiming seven wickets . He was then selected for the 2006 Under-19 Cricket World Cup , which was held in Sri Lanka , and was immediately promoted to captain by",
"title": "Warwickshire"
},
{
"text": "coach Andy Pick . He made three half-centuries in the tournament , and took seven wickets .",
"title": "Warwickshire"
},
{
"text": " Ali received additional opportunities for his county in 2006 , playing his first List A games . The first of these came against Derbyshire , where he dismissed Steffan Jones to claim his maiden first-team wicket . He also took his first wickets in first-class cricket , and his first three victims were all Test players : Stuart Law , Dominic Cork and Dave Mohammed . With the bat he scored 68 on his County Championship debut against Nottinghamshire , then equalled that score against Durham .",
"title": "Warwickshire"
},
{
"text": "Alis opportunities were somewhat limited , however , and Alex Loudon took his place in the side . In July 2006 , with the expiry of his Warwickshire contract only months away , Ali brushed off rumours of a move to Worcestershire , saying I dont know anything about it , but in September it was announced that Ali would indeed be leaving to join that county . The player himself said that he had been impressed by Worcestershire and felt it gave him the best prospects of furthering his career .",
"title": "Warwickshire"
},
{
"text": " He made his debut for Worcestershire in their ten-wicket win over Loughborough UCCE on 25 April 2007 . Alis highest first-class score of 250 , scored against Glamorgan at New Road , featured a partnership of 219 with Matt Pardoe .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": "At the end of the 2010 season Worcestershire secured promotion to the first division of the County Championship . After he was overlooked by the England Lions and England Performance Programme at the end of the 2010 English season , Moeen opted to play club cricket in Bangladesh at the suggestion of Bangladesh all-rounder Shakib Al Hasan . Shakib played for Worcestershire as their overseas player in 2010 and the link with the club led to Moeen representing Mohammedan Sporting Club in the Ispahani Premier Division .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": " 2011 season . During the 2011 season , Moeen spent three weeks as Worcestershires acting captain while the usual club captain , Daryl Mitchell , was injured . Though he had captained England Under-19s , it was the first time he filled the role for his county . As he was inexperienced , Moeen approached senior players Vikram Solanki and Ben Scott for advice .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": "Pakistan off-spinner Saeed Ajmal was Worcestershires overseas player for a short time in 2011 and while at the club he encouraged Moeen to try bowling the doosra . Moeen had to wait until July before registering his first century of the season , and his first since September the previous year . His innings of 158 runs from 244 balls against Somerset was in vain as Worcestershire succumbed to an innings defeat . The following month Moeen twice scored a century in the Clydesdale Bank 40 only for Worcestershire to lose , against Sussex and the Netherlands . In the",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": "first match against Sussex he passed his previous best score of 136 in List A cricket , scoring 158 runs from 92 balls . In Worcestershires first season back in the first division , Moeen scored 930 runs in the County Championship , making him the clubs second-highest run scorer in the competition behind Solanki . Moeen average 33.21 runs per innings and scored a single century . On the back of his performances for Worcestershire , Moeen was included in the 13-man England Development squad which trained in late 2011 .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": " 2012 season . In February 2012 , before the start of the English season , Worcestershires director of cricket Steve Rhodes commented that Alis doosra was not too difficult to pick at the moment but hes learning a few tricks and hes got other things up his sleeve . Its a work in progress . 2013 season .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": "After the departure of former he met a cricket coach England international Vikram Solanki at the end of the 2012 season Ali was handed a new 5-year contract . After performing well , including five consecutive 50s , Ali was called up to the England Lions where he scored 61 runs against Australia with many calling for him to be selected for the full side .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": " Moeen averaged 62 in Division 2 , totalling 1375 runs altogether – the highest of any batsmen in first-class cricket and finished with 4 centuries and 8 fifties as well as 28 wickets . He was awarded county crickets MVP award beating Samit Patel on the final day of the season and was also named PCA player of the year . Ali was also called up to the England development squad ahead of their Australian Ashes tour . T20 Blast 2018 & 2019 .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": "Moeen skippered the Rapids to Vitality Blast glory in 2018 as they won the competition for the first time on the 15th September 2018 . The Rapids beat Lancashire Lightning in the semi final and then went on to meet the Sussex Sharks in the final where the Worcestershire boys came out on top as they won by 5 wickets to lift their first T20 Blast Trophy .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": " In 2019 Moeen was captain of a Worcester side who almost went all the way to retain their T20 blast trophy but gut-tingly missed out by a last ball defeat to the Essex Eagles .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": "On their road to finals day , Moeen enjoyed a great campaign himself notably scoring 85 not out vs Birmingham Bears in the group stage in a 9 wicket victory . The Rapids went on to meet the 2018 runners up , Sussex Sharks , in the Quarter finals as the Rapids ran out winners , with Moeen showing his international class as he dismantled the Sharks attack scoring a blistering 121 Not out as Worcestershire secured their spot at finals day 2019 .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": "Finals Day 2019 , Moeen and his side produced one of the best come backs finals day has seen by defending 147 from an impossible position against the Nottinghamshire Outlaws . The Outlaws need 11 off 12 balls but it didn’t get off to a good start for the Notts boys as 3 wickets fell in the penultimate over . Notts required 2 off the last ball in this tense Semi final and Ben Duckett missed the final ball off the game and the Rapids ran out the winners by 1 run in a memorable game as they secured their",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": "place in the final where they would meet the Essex Eagles .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": " However in the Final , when the Essex Eagles needed 2 off 1 ball they did it in a heartbreaking fashion for the Worcester players and supporters . Worcestershire seemed to be in control having the Eagles 82-5 and the Rapids looked like they would be the first side to defend the Vitality Blast Trophy . However the Eagles had other ideas as they needed 12 off the final over on a tricky batting surface but managed to score 12 and win their first Blast trophy .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": "Ali was included in the English Squad for the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 in Bangladesh . Before the tournament , the squad played the West Indies in a limited overs series , and Ali made his ODI debut against the West Indies on 28 February 2014 . He scored 44 runs before being dismissed and took his maiden ODI wicket . In the second match he made ten runs and took figures of 1–11 . Ali was again impressive in the third match , making his first half century in a score of 55 . He ended up scoring 109",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "runs and picking up 3 wickets in the three match series . He made his T20 debut in the second match of the T20 series , although he scored just 3 runs and did not bowl .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Ali was a part of Englands 2014 World T20 squad . He managed 49 runs in 4 matches and ending up wicketless .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Ali was named in the England Test squad for their series against Sri Lanka , before making his debut in the first Test . Ali made a score of 48 in the initial innings but only made 4 in the second . However , in the second Test of the series he made his maiden century in the second innings having started the final day with England on 57 for 5 . England lost the match when Jimmy Anderson was caught off the penultimate ball of the match having survived 55 balls .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In the first Test against India , Ali took four wickets in the match , as well as scoring 14 with the bat . In the second match he made scores of 32 and 39 , but could not prevent England from losing to go 1–0 down in the series . In the third test against India at the Ageas Bowl , he took his first 5 wicket haul in test cricket , finishing with 6–67 in Indias second innings . He followed this up by taking figures of 4–39 in the fourth test , taking the prized wicket of",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "MS Dhoni . This helped England win the game and take a 2–1 series lead . Ali only played a small part in the final match of the series , making 14 with the bat as England steamrolled India to win the series 3–1 . Ali did not play in the first three ODIs against India . However , he was selected for the fourth match of the series and hit a quick fire 67 . However , this was not enough to prevent a nine wicket defeat for England . In the final match of the series Ali took",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "2–34 to help England win their first match of the series .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In the first ODI of the seven-match series in Sri Lanka , Ali hit 119 off just 87 balls although it was not enough to prevent a defeat for England . In the third match he scored 58 and took figures of 2–36 as England won their first match of the tour . 2015 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In the first match of Englands 2015 World Cup campaign against Australia , Ali made 10 with the bat and failed to take a wicket as England suffered a heavy defeat . He scored a century in the next match against Scotland , making 128 from 107 balls to help England to a score of 303 . He also took two wickets in Scotlands innings as he earned the man of the match award . Injury ruled Ali out of the final game against Afghanistan , which England won .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Due to his injury at the World Cup , Ali was not initially selected for the West Indies tour . However , after recovering , he was called up for the Second Test Match of the series . In the first innings , Ali took figures of 1–47 , and was run out for a duck . In the West Indies second innings his bowling figures were 3/51 , and he was not required to bat in Englands second innings as they went on to secure a nine wicket victory to lead the series 1–0 . In the third Test",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Moeen made 58 in the first innings . However , he was disappointing with the ball , taking just one wicket . Moeen took 1–54 in the second innings as the West Indies won to level the series at 1–1 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In the first Test against New Zealand , Moeen scored 58 in England first innings to help them fight back to post 389 . He then took three wickets in New Zealands innings . He again impressed with the bat , making 43 in Englands second innings and taking a wicket in New Zealands second innings to help England win by 124 runs .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Ali was selected in the England side for the 2015 Ashes series . In the first Test , he scored 77 in Englands first innings before taking two Australian first innings wickets . He then took 3–59 in Australias second innings as England secured an opening win . Ali could only manage figures of 1–138 in Australias first innings of the second Test and then managed 39 with the bat . He took 2–78 in Australias second innings but England suffered a heavy defeat . He scored 38 runs in Englands first innings of the third Test and then took",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "1–64 in Australias Second innings as England won by 8 wickets . In the fourth Test he was again not needed to bowl in Australias first innings but made 38 with the bat as England secured a victory by an innings and 78 runs to regain the Ashes . In Australias first innings of the final Test he took 3–102 and then made scores of 30 and 35 and England lost by an innings but won the series 3–2 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In the only T20 match between the two sides , Ali took figures of 1–3 and made an unbeaten 72 with the bat as he was named man of the match . In the ODI series against Australia , Ali made 17 in the first match , but England suffered a defeat . England also lost the next game , with Ali proving to be expensive and finishing with figures of 1–68 . He took 3–32 in the next game to help England to their first win of the series , before taking 2–40 in the fourth match of the",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "series to help England to a three wicket victory .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In the first Test against Pakistan in 2015 , Ali struggled with the ball , conceding 121 runs in the first innings without taking a wicket , although he did take two wickets in the second innings . In his new role as opener , he made 35 with the bat in the first innings and 11 in the second as the match ended in a draw . In the first innings of the second Test , he took figures of 3–108 , but again struggled with the bat , making scores of 1 in both innings as England slumped",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "to defeat . He took 2–49 in Pakistans first innings as they were dismissed for 234 in the third Test , although he only scored 36 runs in the match as England lost by 127 runs .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Ali made little impact with the bat against Pakistan in the limited overs series , scoring just 13 runs , although he was only dismissed once . He took one wicket in each of the first three matches to help England into a 2–1 series lead with one game left to play . Alis best bowling performance came in the final game as he took 3–53 to help dismiss the hosts for 271 as England won by 84 runs . Ali also played in two of the T20Is , taking figures of 1–30 and 1–22 . 2016 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In the Test series against South Africa , Ali returned to his place in the lower middle order . He was named as man of the match in the first Test as England won by 241 runs . While his poor batting form continued , he took figures of 4–69 and 3–47 to help England to victory . The second match ended in a draw , with Ali proving less successful with the ball , taking figures of 0–155 . England won the third Test by 7 wickets , with Ali taking the wicket of Dean Elgar and finishing with",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "figures of 1–50 . In the fourth Test , Ali took figures of 2–104 in South Africas first innings as the hosts made 475 . He made 61 with the bat but England collapsed in their second innings , with Ali making an unbeaten ten . Despite this defeat , England won the series 2–1 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In the ODI series against South Africa , Ali took 3–43 in the first game as England won by 39 runs on the DL Method . In the next game he made an unbeaten 21 with the bat to help England to a five wicket victory . However , England lost the final three matches of the series , with Ali taking just two wickets and scoring 19 runs as England went from 2–0 up in the series to lose in 3–2 . In the T20 match between the two sides , Ali took 2–22 , although England lost the",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "game by 3 wickets , while in the second match he took figures of 1–25 , but South Africa won in convincing fashion , this time by nine wickets .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In the T20 World Cup , Ali took figures of 1–38 in the opening defeat against the West Indies . He took 2–34 against South Africa and 1–17 against Afghanistan . He also scored a crucial unbeaten 41 against Afghanistan to keep Englands hopes of progressing to the semi-finals alive . In that same match he along with David Willey set the record for the highest partnership for the 8th wicket in T20 World Cup history ( 57* ) He took 1–10 against New Zealand as England won by 7 wickets to qualify for the final . However , England",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "lost the final , with Ali being dismissed for a duck and not bowling any of his overs .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Ali was included in the test squad for the series against Sri Lanka . In the second test at Chester-Le-Street , he scored his second Test century . He scored 155 not out , an innings which included 2 sixes , helping England reach a score of 498–9 . He took one wicket in the match , as England won by nine wickets . In the first ODI against Sri Lanka , Ali took figures of 1–69 as the match ended in a tie .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In the second Test against Pakistan , he took 2–43 in Pakistans first innings before taking 3–88 in their second as England won by 330 runs to level the series at 1–1 . In the third match he made 63 with the bat in Englands first innings as they reached 297 . He did not pick up a wicket in Pakistans second innings but made an unbeaten 86 in Englands second innings to help them turn the game around and secure an unlikely victory . In the final match of the series he made 108 in Englands first innings but",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "could only manage 2–128 with the ball . Pakistan went on to win the match by ten wickets to level the series at 2–2 . In the first ODI , Ali took figures of 1–30 as England won by 44 runs on the D/L Method . He did not take a wicket in the second ODI but scored an unbeaten 21 to help England win by four wickets . He took one wicket in the third match of the series , which England won by 169 runs . In the fourth match , he took figures of 2–39 and scored",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "an unbeaten 45 as England went 4–0 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Ali made 68 in Englands first innings of the first Test , and then took figures of 3–75 . In the second innings , he made 14 before taking another two wickets to help England to victory . In the second Test , Ali took 5–57 to help to restrict Bangladesh to 220 . Ali took just one wicket in the second innings and was out for a duck as England lost the match to draw the series 1–1 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Especially in the English cricket team in Bangladesh in 2016–17 series , in the first test at Chittagong , Kumar Dharmasena judged that Moeen Ali was out on three occasions in the same test , also in the same innings , same session and also off the same bowler , Shakib Al Hasan and in the end Moeen Ali appealed against Dharmasenas all three decisions and survived ( bottom edged , hitting outside Alis leg stump and hitting outside his off stump respectively ) . This was the first time in cricketing history , that a batsman successfully managed to",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "overturn the umpires decisions for 3 times in a row in the same innings .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In the first Test in the series against India , Ali scored 117 in the first innings as England made 537 . He took figures of 2–85 in Indias reply , and took 1–47 in Indias second innings as the match ended in a draw . In the second Test Ali took 3–98 in Indias first innings , although he only made one with the bat , and struggled again in Englands second innings as they lost by 246 runs . In the Third Test he made 16 in Englands first innings and took figures of 0–33 . In the",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "second innings he made just five and did not pick up a wicket as England suffered another defeat . In the fourth Test , he made 50 with the bat , but took 2–174 with ball , before being dismissed for a duck in Englands second innings as they lost by an innings and 36 runs . In the final Test , he made 146 with the bat in Englands first innings total of 477 . He was out for 44 in Englands second innings as they lost by an innings and 75 runs to lose the series 4–0 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Ali made 28 in the first ODI against India as England made 350/7 , although they lost by seven wickets . In the second match , he took figures of 0–33 and made 55 as England lost by 15 runs . In the final match , he made 2 and took figures of 0–41 as England won by five runs . In the first T20I , he took figures of 2–21 as England won seven wickets . He took 1–20 in the second match as India narrowly won by 5 runs . 2017 and beyond .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Ali played in the first ODI against the West Indies , and made an unbeaten 31 in the first game as England won by 45 runs . In the second game he took figures of 1–44 as West Indies were restricted to 225 as England secured a four wicket victory .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In the first Test against South Africa , Ali became the fifth-fastest player , in terms of matches played , to score 2,000 runs and take 100 wickets in Tests ( 38 ) . He also took his first ten-wicket haul in Tests and was the first England player since Ian Botham to score a Test half-century and take ten wickets in the same match .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In the third Test , Ali took a hat-trick to bowl South Africa out and end the match ; it was the first hat-trick for an England spinner since 1938–39 and the first ever in a Test match at The Oval . It was only the third time in Test history that victory has been sealed by a hat-trick ( the first time for 115 years ) , and the first hat-trick where three left-handed batsmen were dismissed . He made 75 not out in second innings of 4th Test to help England to a strong position and finished the",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "game with a 5-wicket haul for the second consecutive match . Ali reached 25 wickets and 250 runs in the series , the only player to ever achieve the feat in a 4 Test series .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Ali had a quieter Test series against West Indies , scoring 109 runs and taking 5 wickets in the three match series . In the third match of the ODI series that followed , he scored the second fastest century for England , taking just 53 balls to reach the milestone . In the fourth ODI he scored an unbeaten 48 off 25 deliveries to seal a series win for England .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Ali played in all 5 Tests of the 2017-18 Ashes with little success . He played with an injured spinning finger and only took 5 wickets , at an average of 115 . With the bat , he scored 179 runs at an average of 20 and was dismissed 7 times in 9 innings by off-spinner Nathan Lyon .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In April 2019 , he was named in Englands squad for the 2019 Cricket World Cup . On 21 June 2019 , in the match against Sri Lanka , Ali played in his 100th ODI .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In August 2019 , Ali played against Australia in the first test match held as part of the 2019 Ashes series . Following Englands defeat , Ali was dropped by England for their second Test match . Ali subsequently announced that he would be taking a short break from cricket . On 29 May 2020 , Ali was named in a 55-man group of players to begin training ahead of international fixtures starting in England following the COVID-19 pandemic . On 17 June 2020 , Ali was included in Englands 30-man squad to start training behind closed doors for the",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Test series against the West Indies . On 9 July 2020 , Ali was included in Englands 24-man squad to start training behind closed doors for the ODI series against Ireland . On 21 July 2020 , the ECB named Moeen Ali as Englands vice-captain for the ODI series .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " On 8 September 2020 , Ali first captained England in a T20I match against Australia in Southampton . He became the first Asian-origin cricketer to captain England in T20s , and the first Asian-origin cricketer to captain England in any format since Nasser Hussain in 2003 . 2021 . On 4 January 2021 , Ali tested positive for COVID-19 , prior to Englands tour of Sri Lanka and he recovered .",
"title": "Captaining England"
},
{
"text": " In January 2018 in the 2018 IPL auction , Ali was picked up by Royal Challengers Bangalore for INR 1.7 crores from his base price of INR 1.5 crores . However , he was released by RCB ahead of the 2021 Indian Premier League . In December 2019 , he was drafted by Multan Sultans as their Platinum Category pick at the 2020 PSL Draft for the Pakistan Super League .",
"title": "Franchise cricket"
},
{
"text": "In February 2021 , after Ali was released by the RCB , he was bought by the Chennai Super Kings in the IPL auction ahead of the IPL 2021 for a price of nearly £700,000 .",
"title": "Franchise cricket"
},
{
"text": " Moeen Ali wore Save Gaza and Free Palestine wristbands in connection with the Gaza conflict during day 2 of the third Test match of the 2014 series against India . The ICC code bars players from conveying messages which relate to political , religious or racial activities or causes . According to the ECB , Moeens stance was humanitarian , not political and a spokesman stated that the ECB do not believe he has committed any offence .",
"title": "Wrist band controversy"
},
{
"text": "Although Moeen had been cleared by the ECB to wear the bands , the decision was overruled by the match referee , David Boon .",
"title": "Wrist band controversy"
},
{
"text": "Ali is an Ambassador of StreetChance , a programme providing free weekly cricket coaching sessions in deprived areas in the UK , run by the Cricket Foundation and Barclays Spaces For Sports . In January 2015 , he joined Orphans in Need , an international NGO , as a Global Brand Ambassador and carried the charitys logo on his bat . Speaking after his stint at the crease , Moeen Ali said , “I enjoy coming back to the community where I grew up playing tapeball cricket . It keeps you grounded . I hope that , as an ambassador",
"title": "Charity work"
},
{
"text": "for the charity , I can pass on some useful advice and help inspire children like the ones here today involved in StreetChance .",
"title": "Charity work"
},
{
"text": " It’s so important that schemes like StreetChance give young people the opportunity to play cricket and to learn key life skills , wherever they’re from , whatever their background.”",
"title": "Charity work"
},
{
"text": " In January 2015 , Ali was nominated for the Best at Sport award at the British Muslim Awards .",
"title": "Awards and nominations"
},
{
"text": " - No Boundaries - Moeen Ali Documentary , England & Wales Cricket Board , 2017",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Moeen_Ali#P54#1
|
Which team did Moeen Ali play for in Feb 2007?
|
Moeen Ali Moeen Munir Ali ( born 18 June 1987 ) is an English international cricketer . An all-rounder , he is a left-handed batsman and right-arm off-spinner , who played county cricket for Warwickshire before moving to Worcestershire after the 2006 season . Ali has represented England in all formats of the game . He won Warwickshires NBC Denis Compton Award in both 2004 and 2005 and Worcestershires NBC Denis Compton Award in 2009 . His off spin is marked by a strongly spun off break and a well-concealed arm ball . He was named as one of five Cricketers of the Year in the 2015 Wisden Cricketers Almanack . Moeen was part of the England squad that won the 2019 Cricket World Cup . On 8 September 2020 , in the third Twenty20 International ( T20I ) match against Australia , Ali captained England for the first time in a T20I match . Early life . Ali was born in Birmingham . He is of Kashmiri/Pakistani and English descent ; his grandfather migrated to England from Dadyal in Mirpur , while his grandmother , Betty Cox , was a white Briton . He can understand Urdu and Punjabi . He became known fondly as ‘the beard thats feared’ at New Road . Alis father worked as a taxi driver , and as a psychiatric nurse . He grew up on the same street as fellow cricketers Kabir Ali ( his first cousin ) , Naqash Tahir , and Rawait Khan . His brothers Kadeer and Omar are also cricketers . Ali is a keen football fan and a lifelong supporter of Liverpool F.C . Career . Warwickshire . Ali signed for Warwickshire aged just 15 , hitting a half-century for the countys Second XI a few days before his 16th birthday . After more games at this level in 2004 , and a first outing for England Under-19s against their Bangladeshi counterparts he spent the succeeding winter playing for the Under-19s on their tour of India . 2005 saw Ali make his first-class debut , against Cambridge University in May . He impressed with the bat , making 57 not out in his only innings , and sent down two overs for 15 runs . Playing that summer against Sri Lankan Under-19s , he starred in the final Test by making 52 not out and 100 not out ( the latter innings from 56 balls ) and claiming seven wickets . He was then selected for the 2006 Under-19 Cricket World Cup , which was held in Sri Lanka , and was immediately promoted to captain by coach Andy Pick . He made three half-centuries in the tournament , and took seven wickets . Ali received additional opportunities for his county in 2006 , playing his first List A games . The first of these came against Derbyshire , where he dismissed Steffan Jones to claim his maiden first-team wicket . He also took his first wickets in first-class cricket , and his first three victims were all Test players : Stuart Law , Dominic Cork and Dave Mohammed . With the bat he scored 68 on his County Championship debut against Nottinghamshire , then equalled that score against Durham . Alis opportunities were somewhat limited , however , and Alex Loudon took his place in the side . In July 2006 , with the expiry of his Warwickshire contract only months away , Ali brushed off rumours of a move to Worcestershire , saying I dont know anything about it , but in September it was announced that Ali would indeed be leaving to join that county . The player himself said that he had been impressed by Worcestershire and felt it gave him the best prospects of furthering his career . Worcestershire . He made his debut for Worcestershire in their ten-wicket win over Loughborough UCCE on 25 April 2007 . Alis highest first-class score of 250 , scored against Glamorgan at New Road , featured a partnership of 219 with Matt Pardoe . At the end of the 2010 season Worcestershire secured promotion to the first division of the County Championship . After he was overlooked by the England Lions and England Performance Programme at the end of the 2010 English season , Moeen opted to play club cricket in Bangladesh at the suggestion of Bangladesh all-rounder Shakib Al Hasan . Shakib played for Worcestershire as their overseas player in 2010 and the link with the club led to Moeen representing Mohammedan Sporting Club in the Ispahani Premier Division . 2011 season . During the 2011 season , Moeen spent three weeks as Worcestershires acting captain while the usual club captain , Daryl Mitchell , was injured . Though he had captained England Under-19s , it was the first time he filled the role for his county . As he was inexperienced , Moeen approached senior players Vikram Solanki and Ben Scott for advice . Pakistan off-spinner Saeed Ajmal was Worcestershires overseas player for a short time in 2011 and while at the club he encouraged Moeen to try bowling the doosra . Moeen had to wait until July before registering his first century of the season , and his first since September the previous year . His innings of 158 runs from 244 balls against Somerset was in vain as Worcestershire succumbed to an innings defeat . The following month Moeen twice scored a century in the Clydesdale Bank 40 only for Worcestershire to lose , against Sussex and the Netherlands . In the first match against Sussex he passed his previous best score of 136 in List A cricket , scoring 158 runs from 92 balls . In Worcestershires first season back in the first division , Moeen scored 930 runs in the County Championship , making him the clubs second-highest run scorer in the competition behind Solanki . Moeen average 33.21 runs per innings and scored a single century . On the back of his performances for Worcestershire , Moeen was included in the 13-man England Development squad which trained in late 2011 . 2012 season . In February 2012 , before the start of the English season , Worcestershires director of cricket Steve Rhodes commented that Alis doosra was not too difficult to pick at the moment but hes learning a few tricks and hes got other things up his sleeve . Its a work in progress . 2013 season . After the departure of former he met a cricket coach England international Vikram Solanki at the end of the 2012 season Ali was handed a new 5-year contract . After performing well , including five consecutive 50s , Ali was called up to the England Lions where he scored 61 runs against Australia with many calling for him to be selected for the full side . Moeen averaged 62 in Division 2 , totalling 1375 runs altogether – the highest of any batsmen in first-class cricket and finished with 4 centuries and 8 fifties as well as 28 wickets . He was awarded county crickets MVP award beating Samit Patel on the final day of the season and was also named PCA player of the year . Ali was also called up to the England development squad ahead of their Australian Ashes tour . T20 Blast 2018 & 2019 . Moeen skippered the Rapids to Vitality Blast glory in 2018 as they won the competition for the first time on the 15th September 2018 . The Rapids beat Lancashire Lightning in the semi final and then went on to meet the Sussex Sharks in the final where the Worcestershire boys came out on top as they won by 5 wickets to lift their first T20 Blast Trophy . In 2019 Moeen was captain of a Worcester side who almost went all the way to retain their T20 blast trophy but gut-tingly missed out by a last ball defeat to the Essex Eagles . On their road to finals day , Moeen enjoyed a great campaign himself notably scoring 85 not out vs Birmingham Bears in the group stage in a 9 wicket victory . The Rapids went on to meet the 2018 runners up , Sussex Sharks , in the Quarter finals as the Rapids ran out winners , with Moeen showing his international class as he dismantled the Sharks attack scoring a blistering 121 Not out as Worcestershire secured their spot at finals day 2019 . Finals Day 2019 , Moeen and his side produced one of the best come backs finals day has seen by defending 147 from an impossible position against the Nottinghamshire Outlaws . The Outlaws need 11 off 12 balls but it didn’t get off to a good start for the Notts boys as 3 wickets fell in the penultimate over . Notts required 2 off the last ball in this tense Semi final and Ben Duckett missed the final ball off the game and the Rapids ran out the winners by 1 run in a memorable game as they secured their place in the final where they would meet the Essex Eagles . However in the Final , when the Essex Eagles needed 2 off 1 ball they did it in a heartbreaking fashion for the Worcester players and supporters . Worcestershire seemed to be in control having the Eagles 82-5 and the Rapids looked like they would be the first side to defend the Vitality Blast Trophy . However the Eagles had other ideas as they needed 12 off the final over on a tricky batting surface but managed to score 12 and win their first Blast trophy . International career . 2014 . Ali was included in the English Squad for the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 in Bangladesh . Before the tournament , the squad played the West Indies in a limited overs series , and Ali made his ODI debut against the West Indies on 28 February 2014 . He scored 44 runs before being dismissed and took his maiden ODI wicket . In the second match he made ten runs and took figures of 1–11 . Ali was again impressive in the third match , making his first half century in a score of 55 . He ended up scoring 109 runs and picking up 3 wickets in the three match series . He made his T20 debut in the second match of the T20 series , although he scored just 3 runs and did not bowl . Ali was a part of Englands 2014 World T20 squad . He managed 49 runs in 4 matches and ending up wicketless . Ali was named in the England Test squad for their series against Sri Lanka , before making his debut in the first Test . Ali made a score of 48 in the initial innings but only made 4 in the second . However , in the second Test of the series he made his maiden century in the second innings having started the final day with England on 57 for 5 . England lost the match when Jimmy Anderson was caught off the penultimate ball of the match having survived 55 balls . In the first Test against India , Ali took four wickets in the match , as well as scoring 14 with the bat . In the second match he made scores of 32 and 39 , but could not prevent England from losing to go 1–0 down in the series . In the third test against India at the Ageas Bowl , he took his first 5 wicket haul in test cricket , finishing with 6–67 in Indias second innings . He followed this up by taking figures of 4–39 in the fourth test , taking the prized wicket of MS Dhoni . This helped England win the game and take a 2–1 series lead . Ali only played a small part in the final match of the series , making 14 with the bat as England steamrolled India to win the series 3–1 . Ali did not play in the first three ODIs against India . However , he was selected for the fourth match of the series and hit a quick fire 67 . However , this was not enough to prevent a nine wicket defeat for England . In the final match of the series Ali took 2–34 to help England win their first match of the series . In the first ODI of the seven-match series in Sri Lanka , Ali hit 119 off just 87 balls although it was not enough to prevent a defeat for England . In the third match he scored 58 and took figures of 2–36 as England won their first match of the tour . 2015 . In the first match of Englands 2015 World Cup campaign against Australia , Ali made 10 with the bat and failed to take a wicket as England suffered a heavy defeat . He scored a century in the next match against Scotland , making 128 from 107 balls to help England to a score of 303 . He also took two wickets in Scotlands innings as he earned the man of the match award . Injury ruled Ali out of the final game against Afghanistan , which England won . Due to his injury at the World Cup , Ali was not initially selected for the West Indies tour . However , after recovering , he was called up for the Second Test Match of the series . In the first innings , Ali took figures of 1–47 , and was run out for a duck . In the West Indies second innings his bowling figures were 3/51 , and he was not required to bat in Englands second innings as they went on to secure a nine wicket victory to lead the series 1–0 . In the third Test Moeen made 58 in the first innings . However , he was disappointing with the ball , taking just one wicket . Moeen took 1–54 in the second innings as the West Indies won to level the series at 1–1 . In the first Test against New Zealand , Moeen scored 58 in England first innings to help them fight back to post 389 . He then took three wickets in New Zealands innings . He again impressed with the bat , making 43 in Englands second innings and taking a wicket in New Zealands second innings to help England win by 124 runs . Ali was selected in the England side for the 2015 Ashes series . In the first Test , he scored 77 in Englands first innings before taking two Australian first innings wickets . He then took 3–59 in Australias second innings as England secured an opening win . Ali could only manage figures of 1–138 in Australias first innings of the second Test and then managed 39 with the bat . He took 2–78 in Australias second innings but England suffered a heavy defeat . He scored 38 runs in Englands first innings of the third Test and then took 1–64 in Australias Second innings as England won by 8 wickets . In the fourth Test he was again not needed to bowl in Australias first innings but made 38 with the bat as England secured a victory by an innings and 78 runs to regain the Ashes . In Australias first innings of the final Test he took 3–102 and then made scores of 30 and 35 and England lost by an innings but won the series 3–2 . In the only T20 match between the two sides , Ali took figures of 1–3 and made an unbeaten 72 with the bat as he was named man of the match . In the ODI series against Australia , Ali made 17 in the first match , but England suffered a defeat . England also lost the next game , with Ali proving to be expensive and finishing with figures of 1–68 . He took 3–32 in the next game to help England to their first win of the series , before taking 2–40 in the fourth match of the series to help England to a three wicket victory . In the first Test against Pakistan in 2015 , Ali struggled with the ball , conceding 121 runs in the first innings without taking a wicket , although he did take two wickets in the second innings . In his new role as opener , he made 35 with the bat in the first innings and 11 in the second as the match ended in a draw . In the first innings of the second Test , he took figures of 3–108 , but again struggled with the bat , making scores of 1 in both innings as England slumped to defeat . He took 2–49 in Pakistans first innings as they were dismissed for 234 in the third Test , although he only scored 36 runs in the match as England lost by 127 runs . Ali made little impact with the bat against Pakistan in the limited overs series , scoring just 13 runs , although he was only dismissed once . He took one wicket in each of the first three matches to help England into a 2–1 series lead with one game left to play . Alis best bowling performance came in the final game as he took 3–53 to help dismiss the hosts for 271 as England won by 84 runs . Ali also played in two of the T20Is , taking figures of 1–30 and 1–22 . 2016 . In the Test series against South Africa , Ali returned to his place in the lower middle order . He was named as man of the match in the first Test as England won by 241 runs . While his poor batting form continued , he took figures of 4–69 and 3–47 to help England to victory . The second match ended in a draw , with Ali proving less successful with the ball , taking figures of 0–155 . England won the third Test by 7 wickets , with Ali taking the wicket of Dean Elgar and finishing with figures of 1–50 . In the fourth Test , Ali took figures of 2–104 in South Africas first innings as the hosts made 475 . He made 61 with the bat but England collapsed in their second innings , with Ali making an unbeaten ten . Despite this defeat , England won the series 2–1 . In the ODI series against South Africa , Ali took 3–43 in the first game as England won by 39 runs on the DL Method . In the next game he made an unbeaten 21 with the bat to help England to a five wicket victory . However , England lost the final three matches of the series , with Ali taking just two wickets and scoring 19 runs as England went from 2–0 up in the series to lose in 3–2 . In the T20 match between the two sides , Ali took 2–22 , although England lost the game by 3 wickets , while in the second match he took figures of 1–25 , but South Africa won in convincing fashion , this time by nine wickets . In the T20 World Cup , Ali took figures of 1–38 in the opening defeat against the West Indies . He took 2–34 against South Africa and 1–17 against Afghanistan . He also scored a crucial unbeaten 41 against Afghanistan to keep Englands hopes of progressing to the semi-finals alive . In that same match he along with David Willey set the record for the highest partnership for the 8th wicket in T20 World Cup history ( 57* ) He took 1–10 against New Zealand as England won by 7 wickets to qualify for the final . However , England lost the final , with Ali being dismissed for a duck and not bowling any of his overs . Ali was included in the test squad for the series against Sri Lanka . In the second test at Chester-Le-Street , he scored his second Test century . He scored 155 not out , an innings which included 2 sixes , helping England reach a score of 498–9 . He took one wicket in the match , as England won by nine wickets . In the first ODI against Sri Lanka , Ali took figures of 1–69 as the match ended in a tie . In the second Test against Pakistan , he took 2–43 in Pakistans first innings before taking 3–88 in their second as England won by 330 runs to level the series at 1–1 . In the third match he made 63 with the bat in Englands first innings as they reached 297 . He did not pick up a wicket in Pakistans second innings but made an unbeaten 86 in Englands second innings to help them turn the game around and secure an unlikely victory . In the final match of the series he made 108 in Englands first innings but could only manage 2–128 with the ball . Pakistan went on to win the match by ten wickets to level the series at 2–2 . In the first ODI , Ali took figures of 1–30 as England won by 44 runs on the D/L Method . He did not take a wicket in the second ODI but scored an unbeaten 21 to help England win by four wickets . He took one wicket in the third match of the series , which England won by 169 runs . In the fourth match , he took figures of 2–39 and scored an unbeaten 45 as England went 4–0 . Ali made 68 in Englands first innings of the first Test , and then took figures of 3–75 . In the second innings , he made 14 before taking another two wickets to help England to victory . In the second Test , Ali took 5–57 to help to restrict Bangladesh to 220 . Ali took just one wicket in the second innings and was out for a duck as England lost the match to draw the series 1–1 . Especially in the English cricket team in Bangladesh in 2016–17 series , in the first test at Chittagong , Kumar Dharmasena judged that Moeen Ali was out on three occasions in the same test , also in the same innings , same session and also off the same bowler , Shakib Al Hasan and in the end Moeen Ali appealed against Dharmasenas all three decisions and survived ( bottom edged , hitting outside Alis leg stump and hitting outside his off stump respectively ) . This was the first time in cricketing history , that a batsman successfully managed to overturn the umpires decisions for 3 times in a row in the same innings . In the first Test in the series against India , Ali scored 117 in the first innings as England made 537 . He took figures of 2–85 in Indias reply , and took 1–47 in Indias second innings as the match ended in a draw . In the second Test Ali took 3–98 in Indias first innings , although he only made one with the bat , and struggled again in Englands second innings as they lost by 246 runs . In the Third Test he made 16 in Englands first innings and took figures of 0–33 . In the second innings he made just five and did not pick up a wicket as England suffered another defeat . In the fourth Test , he made 50 with the bat , but took 2–174 with ball , before being dismissed for a duck in Englands second innings as they lost by an innings and 36 runs . In the final Test , he made 146 with the bat in Englands first innings total of 477 . He was out for 44 in Englands second innings as they lost by an innings and 75 runs to lose the series 4–0 . Ali made 28 in the first ODI against India as England made 350/7 , although they lost by seven wickets . In the second match , he took figures of 0–33 and made 55 as England lost by 15 runs . In the final match , he made 2 and took figures of 0–41 as England won by five runs . In the first T20I , he took figures of 2–21 as England won seven wickets . He took 1–20 in the second match as India narrowly won by 5 runs . 2017 and beyond . Ali played in the first ODI against the West Indies , and made an unbeaten 31 in the first game as England won by 45 runs . In the second game he took figures of 1–44 as West Indies were restricted to 225 as England secured a four wicket victory . In the first Test against South Africa , Ali became the fifth-fastest player , in terms of matches played , to score 2,000 runs and take 100 wickets in Tests ( 38 ) . He also took his first ten-wicket haul in Tests and was the first England player since Ian Botham to score a Test half-century and take ten wickets in the same match . In the third Test , Ali took a hat-trick to bowl South Africa out and end the match ; it was the first hat-trick for an England spinner since 1938–39 and the first ever in a Test match at The Oval . It was only the third time in Test history that victory has been sealed by a hat-trick ( the first time for 115 years ) , and the first hat-trick where three left-handed batsmen were dismissed . He made 75 not out in second innings of 4th Test to help England to a strong position and finished the game with a 5-wicket haul for the second consecutive match . Ali reached 25 wickets and 250 runs in the series , the only player to ever achieve the feat in a 4 Test series . Ali had a quieter Test series against West Indies , scoring 109 runs and taking 5 wickets in the three match series . In the third match of the ODI series that followed , he scored the second fastest century for England , taking just 53 balls to reach the milestone . In the fourth ODI he scored an unbeaten 48 off 25 deliveries to seal a series win for England . Ali played in all 5 Tests of the 2017-18 Ashes with little success . He played with an injured spinning finger and only took 5 wickets , at an average of 115 . With the bat , he scored 179 runs at an average of 20 and was dismissed 7 times in 9 innings by off-spinner Nathan Lyon . In April 2019 , he was named in Englands squad for the 2019 Cricket World Cup . On 21 June 2019 , in the match against Sri Lanka , Ali played in his 100th ODI . In August 2019 , Ali played against Australia in the first test match held as part of the 2019 Ashes series . Following Englands defeat , Ali was dropped by England for their second Test match . Ali subsequently announced that he would be taking a short break from cricket . On 29 May 2020 , Ali was named in a 55-man group of players to begin training ahead of international fixtures starting in England following the COVID-19 pandemic . On 17 June 2020 , Ali was included in Englands 30-man squad to start training behind closed doors for the Test series against the West Indies . On 9 July 2020 , Ali was included in Englands 24-man squad to start training behind closed doors for the ODI series against Ireland . On 21 July 2020 , the ECB named Moeen Ali as Englands vice-captain for the ODI series . Captaining England . On 8 September 2020 , Ali first captained England in a T20I match against Australia in Southampton . He became the first Asian-origin cricketer to captain England in T20s , and the first Asian-origin cricketer to captain England in any format since Nasser Hussain in 2003 . 2021 . On 4 January 2021 , Ali tested positive for COVID-19 , prior to Englands tour of Sri Lanka and he recovered . Franchise cricket . In January 2018 in the 2018 IPL auction , Ali was picked up by Royal Challengers Bangalore for INR 1.7 crores from his base price of INR 1.5 crores . However , he was released by RCB ahead of the 2021 Indian Premier League . In December 2019 , he was drafted by Multan Sultans as their Platinum Category pick at the 2020 PSL Draft for the Pakistan Super League . In February 2021 , after Ali was released by the RCB , he was bought by the Chennai Super Kings in the IPL auction ahead of the IPL 2021 for a price of nearly £700,000 . Wrist band controversy . Moeen Ali wore Save Gaza and Free Palestine wristbands in connection with the Gaza conflict during day 2 of the third Test match of the 2014 series against India . The ICC code bars players from conveying messages which relate to political , religious or racial activities or causes . According to the ECB , Moeens stance was humanitarian , not political and a spokesman stated that the ECB do not believe he has committed any offence . Although Moeen had been cleared by the ECB to wear the bands , the decision was overruled by the match referee , David Boon . Charity work . Ali is an Ambassador of StreetChance , a programme providing free weekly cricket coaching sessions in deprived areas in the UK , run by the Cricket Foundation and Barclays Spaces For Sports . In January 2015 , he joined Orphans in Need , an international NGO , as a Global Brand Ambassador and carried the charitys logo on his bat . Speaking after his stint at the crease , Moeen Ali said , “I enjoy coming back to the community where I grew up playing tapeball cricket . It keeps you grounded . I hope that , as an ambassador for the charity , I can pass on some useful advice and help inspire children like the ones here today involved in StreetChance . It’s so important that schemes like StreetChance give young people the opportunity to play cricket and to learn key life skills , wherever they’re from , whatever their background.” Awards and nominations . In January 2015 , Ali was nominated for the Best at Sport award at the British Muslim Awards . External links . - No Boundaries - Moeen Ali Documentary , England & Wales Cricket Board , 2017
|
[
"Worcestershire"
] |
[
{
"text": "Moeen Munir Ali ( born 18 June 1987 ) is an English international cricketer . An all-rounder , he is a left-handed batsman and right-arm off-spinner , who played county cricket for Warwickshire before moving to Worcestershire after the 2006 season . Ali has represented England in all formats of the game . He won Warwickshires NBC Denis Compton Award in both 2004 and 2005 and Worcestershires NBC Denis Compton Award in 2009 . His off spin is marked by a strongly spun off break and a well-concealed arm ball . He was named as one of five Cricketers of",
"title": "Moeen Ali"
},
{
"text": "the Year in the 2015 Wisden Cricketers Almanack . Moeen was part of the England squad that won the 2019 Cricket World Cup .",
"title": "Moeen Ali"
},
{
"text": " On 8 September 2020 , in the third Twenty20 International ( T20I ) match against Australia , Ali captained England for the first time in a T20I match .",
"title": "Moeen Ali"
},
{
"text": "Ali was born in Birmingham . He is of Kashmiri/Pakistani and English descent ; his grandfather migrated to England from Dadyal in Mirpur , while his grandmother , Betty Cox , was a white Briton . He can understand Urdu and Punjabi . He became known fondly as ‘the beard thats feared’ at New Road . Alis father worked as a taxi driver , and as a psychiatric nurse . He grew up on the same street as fellow cricketers Kabir Ali ( his first cousin ) , Naqash Tahir , and Rawait Khan . His brothers Kadeer and Omar",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "are also cricketers . Ali is a keen football fan and a lifelong supporter of Liverpool F.C .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Ali signed for Warwickshire aged just 15 , hitting a half-century for the countys Second XI a few days before his 16th birthday . After more games at this level in 2004 , and a first outing for England Under-19s against their Bangladeshi counterparts he spent the succeeding winter playing for the Under-19s on their tour of India .",
"title": "Warwickshire"
},
{
"text": "2005 saw Ali make his first-class debut , against Cambridge University in May . He impressed with the bat , making 57 not out in his only innings , and sent down two overs for 15 runs . Playing that summer against Sri Lankan Under-19s , he starred in the final Test by making 52 not out and 100 not out ( the latter innings from 56 balls ) and claiming seven wickets . He was then selected for the 2006 Under-19 Cricket World Cup , which was held in Sri Lanka , and was immediately promoted to captain by",
"title": "Warwickshire"
},
{
"text": "coach Andy Pick . He made three half-centuries in the tournament , and took seven wickets .",
"title": "Warwickshire"
},
{
"text": " Ali received additional opportunities for his county in 2006 , playing his first List A games . The first of these came against Derbyshire , where he dismissed Steffan Jones to claim his maiden first-team wicket . He also took his first wickets in first-class cricket , and his first three victims were all Test players : Stuart Law , Dominic Cork and Dave Mohammed . With the bat he scored 68 on his County Championship debut against Nottinghamshire , then equalled that score against Durham .",
"title": "Warwickshire"
},
{
"text": "Alis opportunities were somewhat limited , however , and Alex Loudon took his place in the side . In July 2006 , with the expiry of his Warwickshire contract only months away , Ali brushed off rumours of a move to Worcestershire , saying I dont know anything about it , but in September it was announced that Ali would indeed be leaving to join that county . The player himself said that he had been impressed by Worcestershire and felt it gave him the best prospects of furthering his career .",
"title": "Warwickshire"
},
{
"text": " He made his debut for Worcestershire in their ten-wicket win over Loughborough UCCE on 25 April 2007 . Alis highest first-class score of 250 , scored against Glamorgan at New Road , featured a partnership of 219 with Matt Pardoe .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": "At the end of the 2010 season Worcestershire secured promotion to the first division of the County Championship . After he was overlooked by the England Lions and England Performance Programme at the end of the 2010 English season , Moeen opted to play club cricket in Bangladesh at the suggestion of Bangladesh all-rounder Shakib Al Hasan . Shakib played for Worcestershire as their overseas player in 2010 and the link with the club led to Moeen representing Mohammedan Sporting Club in the Ispahani Premier Division .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": " 2011 season . During the 2011 season , Moeen spent three weeks as Worcestershires acting captain while the usual club captain , Daryl Mitchell , was injured . Though he had captained England Under-19s , it was the first time he filled the role for his county . As he was inexperienced , Moeen approached senior players Vikram Solanki and Ben Scott for advice .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": "Pakistan off-spinner Saeed Ajmal was Worcestershires overseas player for a short time in 2011 and while at the club he encouraged Moeen to try bowling the doosra . Moeen had to wait until July before registering his first century of the season , and his first since September the previous year . His innings of 158 runs from 244 balls against Somerset was in vain as Worcestershire succumbed to an innings defeat . The following month Moeen twice scored a century in the Clydesdale Bank 40 only for Worcestershire to lose , against Sussex and the Netherlands . In the",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": "first match against Sussex he passed his previous best score of 136 in List A cricket , scoring 158 runs from 92 balls . In Worcestershires first season back in the first division , Moeen scored 930 runs in the County Championship , making him the clubs second-highest run scorer in the competition behind Solanki . Moeen average 33.21 runs per innings and scored a single century . On the back of his performances for Worcestershire , Moeen was included in the 13-man England Development squad which trained in late 2011 .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": " 2012 season . In February 2012 , before the start of the English season , Worcestershires director of cricket Steve Rhodes commented that Alis doosra was not too difficult to pick at the moment but hes learning a few tricks and hes got other things up his sleeve . Its a work in progress . 2013 season .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": "After the departure of former he met a cricket coach England international Vikram Solanki at the end of the 2012 season Ali was handed a new 5-year contract . After performing well , including five consecutive 50s , Ali was called up to the England Lions where he scored 61 runs against Australia with many calling for him to be selected for the full side .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": " Moeen averaged 62 in Division 2 , totalling 1375 runs altogether – the highest of any batsmen in first-class cricket and finished with 4 centuries and 8 fifties as well as 28 wickets . He was awarded county crickets MVP award beating Samit Patel on the final day of the season and was also named PCA player of the year . Ali was also called up to the England development squad ahead of their Australian Ashes tour . T20 Blast 2018 & 2019 .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": "Moeen skippered the Rapids to Vitality Blast glory in 2018 as they won the competition for the first time on the 15th September 2018 . The Rapids beat Lancashire Lightning in the semi final and then went on to meet the Sussex Sharks in the final where the Worcestershire boys came out on top as they won by 5 wickets to lift their first T20 Blast Trophy .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": " In 2019 Moeen was captain of a Worcester side who almost went all the way to retain their T20 blast trophy but gut-tingly missed out by a last ball defeat to the Essex Eagles .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": "On their road to finals day , Moeen enjoyed a great campaign himself notably scoring 85 not out vs Birmingham Bears in the group stage in a 9 wicket victory . The Rapids went on to meet the 2018 runners up , Sussex Sharks , in the Quarter finals as the Rapids ran out winners , with Moeen showing his international class as he dismantled the Sharks attack scoring a blistering 121 Not out as Worcestershire secured their spot at finals day 2019 .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": "Finals Day 2019 , Moeen and his side produced one of the best come backs finals day has seen by defending 147 from an impossible position against the Nottinghamshire Outlaws . The Outlaws need 11 off 12 balls but it didn’t get off to a good start for the Notts boys as 3 wickets fell in the penultimate over . Notts required 2 off the last ball in this tense Semi final and Ben Duckett missed the final ball off the game and the Rapids ran out the winners by 1 run in a memorable game as they secured their",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": "place in the final where they would meet the Essex Eagles .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": " However in the Final , when the Essex Eagles needed 2 off 1 ball they did it in a heartbreaking fashion for the Worcester players and supporters . Worcestershire seemed to be in control having the Eagles 82-5 and the Rapids looked like they would be the first side to defend the Vitality Blast Trophy . However the Eagles had other ideas as they needed 12 off the final over on a tricky batting surface but managed to score 12 and win their first Blast trophy .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": "Ali was included in the English Squad for the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 in Bangladesh . Before the tournament , the squad played the West Indies in a limited overs series , and Ali made his ODI debut against the West Indies on 28 February 2014 . He scored 44 runs before being dismissed and took his maiden ODI wicket . In the second match he made ten runs and took figures of 1–11 . Ali was again impressive in the third match , making his first half century in a score of 55 . He ended up scoring 109",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "runs and picking up 3 wickets in the three match series . He made his T20 debut in the second match of the T20 series , although he scored just 3 runs and did not bowl .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Ali was a part of Englands 2014 World T20 squad . He managed 49 runs in 4 matches and ending up wicketless .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Ali was named in the England Test squad for their series against Sri Lanka , before making his debut in the first Test . Ali made a score of 48 in the initial innings but only made 4 in the second . However , in the second Test of the series he made his maiden century in the second innings having started the final day with England on 57 for 5 . England lost the match when Jimmy Anderson was caught off the penultimate ball of the match having survived 55 balls .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In the first Test against India , Ali took four wickets in the match , as well as scoring 14 with the bat . In the second match he made scores of 32 and 39 , but could not prevent England from losing to go 1–0 down in the series . In the third test against India at the Ageas Bowl , he took his first 5 wicket haul in test cricket , finishing with 6–67 in Indias second innings . He followed this up by taking figures of 4–39 in the fourth test , taking the prized wicket of",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "MS Dhoni . This helped England win the game and take a 2–1 series lead . Ali only played a small part in the final match of the series , making 14 with the bat as England steamrolled India to win the series 3–1 . Ali did not play in the first three ODIs against India . However , he was selected for the fourth match of the series and hit a quick fire 67 . However , this was not enough to prevent a nine wicket defeat for England . In the final match of the series Ali took",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "2–34 to help England win their first match of the series .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In the first ODI of the seven-match series in Sri Lanka , Ali hit 119 off just 87 balls although it was not enough to prevent a defeat for England . In the third match he scored 58 and took figures of 2–36 as England won their first match of the tour . 2015 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In the first match of Englands 2015 World Cup campaign against Australia , Ali made 10 with the bat and failed to take a wicket as England suffered a heavy defeat . He scored a century in the next match against Scotland , making 128 from 107 balls to help England to a score of 303 . He also took two wickets in Scotlands innings as he earned the man of the match award . Injury ruled Ali out of the final game against Afghanistan , which England won .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Due to his injury at the World Cup , Ali was not initially selected for the West Indies tour . However , after recovering , he was called up for the Second Test Match of the series . In the first innings , Ali took figures of 1–47 , and was run out for a duck . In the West Indies second innings his bowling figures were 3/51 , and he was not required to bat in Englands second innings as they went on to secure a nine wicket victory to lead the series 1–0 . In the third Test",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Moeen made 58 in the first innings . However , he was disappointing with the ball , taking just one wicket . Moeen took 1–54 in the second innings as the West Indies won to level the series at 1–1 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In the first Test against New Zealand , Moeen scored 58 in England first innings to help them fight back to post 389 . He then took three wickets in New Zealands innings . He again impressed with the bat , making 43 in Englands second innings and taking a wicket in New Zealands second innings to help England win by 124 runs .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Ali was selected in the England side for the 2015 Ashes series . In the first Test , he scored 77 in Englands first innings before taking two Australian first innings wickets . He then took 3–59 in Australias second innings as England secured an opening win . Ali could only manage figures of 1–138 in Australias first innings of the second Test and then managed 39 with the bat . He took 2–78 in Australias second innings but England suffered a heavy defeat . He scored 38 runs in Englands first innings of the third Test and then took",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "1–64 in Australias Second innings as England won by 8 wickets . In the fourth Test he was again not needed to bowl in Australias first innings but made 38 with the bat as England secured a victory by an innings and 78 runs to regain the Ashes . In Australias first innings of the final Test he took 3–102 and then made scores of 30 and 35 and England lost by an innings but won the series 3–2 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In the only T20 match between the two sides , Ali took figures of 1–3 and made an unbeaten 72 with the bat as he was named man of the match . In the ODI series against Australia , Ali made 17 in the first match , but England suffered a defeat . England also lost the next game , with Ali proving to be expensive and finishing with figures of 1–68 . He took 3–32 in the next game to help England to their first win of the series , before taking 2–40 in the fourth match of the",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "series to help England to a three wicket victory .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In the first Test against Pakistan in 2015 , Ali struggled with the ball , conceding 121 runs in the first innings without taking a wicket , although he did take two wickets in the second innings . In his new role as opener , he made 35 with the bat in the first innings and 11 in the second as the match ended in a draw . In the first innings of the second Test , he took figures of 3–108 , but again struggled with the bat , making scores of 1 in both innings as England slumped",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "to defeat . He took 2–49 in Pakistans first innings as they were dismissed for 234 in the third Test , although he only scored 36 runs in the match as England lost by 127 runs .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Ali made little impact with the bat against Pakistan in the limited overs series , scoring just 13 runs , although he was only dismissed once . He took one wicket in each of the first three matches to help England into a 2–1 series lead with one game left to play . Alis best bowling performance came in the final game as he took 3–53 to help dismiss the hosts for 271 as England won by 84 runs . Ali also played in two of the T20Is , taking figures of 1–30 and 1–22 . 2016 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In the Test series against South Africa , Ali returned to his place in the lower middle order . He was named as man of the match in the first Test as England won by 241 runs . While his poor batting form continued , he took figures of 4–69 and 3–47 to help England to victory . The second match ended in a draw , with Ali proving less successful with the ball , taking figures of 0–155 . England won the third Test by 7 wickets , with Ali taking the wicket of Dean Elgar and finishing with",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "figures of 1–50 . In the fourth Test , Ali took figures of 2–104 in South Africas first innings as the hosts made 475 . He made 61 with the bat but England collapsed in their second innings , with Ali making an unbeaten ten . Despite this defeat , England won the series 2–1 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In the ODI series against South Africa , Ali took 3–43 in the first game as England won by 39 runs on the DL Method . In the next game he made an unbeaten 21 with the bat to help England to a five wicket victory . However , England lost the final three matches of the series , with Ali taking just two wickets and scoring 19 runs as England went from 2–0 up in the series to lose in 3–2 . In the T20 match between the two sides , Ali took 2–22 , although England lost the",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "game by 3 wickets , while in the second match he took figures of 1–25 , but South Africa won in convincing fashion , this time by nine wickets .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In the T20 World Cup , Ali took figures of 1–38 in the opening defeat against the West Indies . He took 2–34 against South Africa and 1–17 against Afghanistan . He also scored a crucial unbeaten 41 against Afghanistan to keep Englands hopes of progressing to the semi-finals alive . In that same match he along with David Willey set the record for the highest partnership for the 8th wicket in T20 World Cup history ( 57* ) He took 1–10 against New Zealand as England won by 7 wickets to qualify for the final . However , England",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "lost the final , with Ali being dismissed for a duck and not bowling any of his overs .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Ali was included in the test squad for the series against Sri Lanka . In the second test at Chester-Le-Street , he scored his second Test century . He scored 155 not out , an innings which included 2 sixes , helping England reach a score of 498–9 . He took one wicket in the match , as England won by nine wickets . In the first ODI against Sri Lanka , Ali took figures of 1–69 as the match ended in a tie .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In the second Test against Pakistan , he took 2–43 in Pakistans first innings before taking 3–88 in their second as England won by 330 runs to level the series at 1–1 . In the third match he made 63 with the bat in Englands first innings as they reached 297 . He did not pick up a wicket in Pakistans second innings but made an unbeaten 86 in Englands second innings to help them turn the game around and secure an unlikely victory . In the final match of the series he made 108 in Englands first innings but",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "could only manage 2–128 with the ball . Pakistan went on to win the match by ten wickets to level the series at 2–2 . In the first ODI , Ali took figures of 1–30 as England won by 44 runs on the D/L Method . He did not take a wicket in the second ODI but scored an unbeaten 21 to help England win by four wickets . He took one wicket in the third match of the series , which England won by 169 runs . In the fourth match , he took figures of 2–39 and scored",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "an unbeaten 45 as England went 4–0 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Ali made 68 in Englands first innings of the first Test , and then took figures of 3–75 . In the second innings , he made 14 before taking another two wickets to help England to victory . In the second Test , Ali took 5–57 to help to restrict Bangladesh to 220 . Ali took just one wicket in the second innings and was out for a duck as England lost the match to draw the series 1–1 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Especially in the English cricket team in Bangladesh in 2016–17 series , in the first test at Chittagong , Kumar Dharmasena judged that Moeen Ali was out on three occasions in the same test , also in the same innings , same session and also off the same bowler , Shakib Al Hasan and in the end Moeen Ali appealed against Dharmasenas all three decisions and survived ( bottom edged , hitting outside Alis leg stump and hitting outside his off stump respectively ) . This was the first time in cricketing history , that a batsman successfully managed to",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "overturn the umpires decisions for 3 times in a row in the same innings .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In the first Test in the series against India , Ali scored 117 in the first innings as England made 537 . He took figures of 2–85 in Indias reply , and took 1–47 in Indias second innings as the match ended in a draw . In the second Test Ali took 3–98 in Indias first innings , although he only made one with the bat , and struggled again in Englands second innings as they lost by 246 runs . In the Third Test he made 16 in Englands first innings and took figures of 0–33 . In the",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "second innings he made just five and did not pick up a wicket as England suffered another defeat . In the fourth Test , he made 50 with the bat , but took 2–174 with ball , before being dismissed for a duck in Englands second innings as they lost by an innings and 36 runs . In the final Test , he made 146 with the bat in Englands first innings total of 477 . He was out for 44 in Englands second innings as they lost by an innings and 75 runs to lose the series 4–0 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Ali made 28 in the first ODI against India as England made 350/7 , although they lost by seven wickets . In the second match , he took figures of 0–33 and made 55 as England lost by 15 runs . In the final match , he made 2 and took figures of 0–41 as England won by five runs . In the first T20I , he took figures of 2–21 as England won seven wickets . He took 1–20 in the second match as India narrowly won by 5 runs . 2017 and beyond .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Ali played in the first ODI against the West Indies , and made an unbeaten 31 in the first game as England won by 45 runs . In the second game he took figures of 1–44 as West Indies were restricted to 225 as England secured a four wicket victory .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In the first Test against South Africa , Ali became the fifth-fastest player , in terms of matches played , to score 2,000 runs and take 100 wickets in Tests ( 38 ) . He also took his first ten-wicket haul in Tests and was the first England player since Ian Botham to score a Test half-century and take ten wickets in the same match .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In the third Test , Ali took a hat-trick to bowl South Africa out and end the match ; it was the first hat-trick for an England spinner since 1938–39 and the first ever in a Test match at The Oval . It was only the third time in Test history that victory has been sealed by a hat-trick ( the first time for 115 years ) , and the first hat-trick where three left-handed batsmen were dismissed . He made 75 not out in second innings of 4th Test to help England to a strong position and finished the",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "game with a 5-wicket haul for the second consecutive match . Ali reached 25 wickets and 250 runs in the series , the only player to ever achieve the feat in a 4 Test series .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Ali had a quieter Test series against West Indies , scoring 109 runs and taking 5 wickets in the three match series . In the third match of the ODI series that followed , he scored the second fastest century for England , taking just 53 balls to reach the milestone . In the fourth ODI he scored an unbeaten 48 off 25 deliveries to seal a series win for England .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Ali played in all 5 Tests of the 2017-18 Ashes with little success . He played with an injured spinning finger and only took 5 wickets , at an average of 115 . With the bat , he scored 179 runs at an average of 20 and was dismissed 7 times in 9 innings by off-spinner Nathan Lyon .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In April 2019 , he was named in Englands squad for the 2019 Cricket World Cup . On 21 June 2019 , in the match against Sri Lanka , Ali played in his 100th ODI .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In August 2019 , Ali played against Australia in the first test match held as part of the 2019 Ashes series . Following Englands defeat , Ali was dropped by England for their second Test match . Ali subsequently announced that he would be taking a short break from cricket . On 29 May 2020 , Ali was named in a 55-man group of players to begin training ahead of international fixtures starting in England following the COVID-19 pandemic . On 17 June 2020 , Ali was included in Englands 30-man squad to start training behind closed doors for the",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Test series against the West Indies . On 9 July 2020 , Ali was included in Englands 24-man squad to start training behind closed doors for the ODI series against Ireland . On 21 July 2020 , the ECB named Moeen Ali as Englands vice-captain for the ODI series .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " On 8 September 2020 , Ali first captained England in a T20I match against Australia in Southampton . He became the first Asian-origin cricketer to captain England in T20s , and the first Asian-origin cricketer to captain England in any format since Nasser Hussain in 2003 . 2021 . On 4 January 2021 , Ali tested positive for COVID-19 , prior to Englands tour of Sri Lanka and he recovered .",
"title": "Captaining England"
},
{
"text": " In January 2018 in the 2018 IPL auction , Ali was picked up by Royal Challengers Bangalore for INR 1.7 crores from his base price of INR 1.5 crores . However , he was released by RCB ahead of the 2021 Indian Premier League . In December 2019 , he was drafted by Multan Sultans as their Platinum Category pick at the 2020 PSL Draft for the Pakistan Super League .",
"title": "Franchise cricket"
},
{
"text": "In February 2021 , after Ali was released by the RCB , he was bought by the Chennai Super Kings in the IPL auction ahead of the IPL 2021 for a price of nearly £700,000 .",
"title": "Franchise cricket"
},
{
"text": " Moeen Ali wore Save Gaza and Free Palestine wristbands in connection with the Gaza conflict during day 2 of the third Test match of the 2014 series against India . The ICC code bars players from conveying messages which relate to political , religious or racial activities or causes . According to the ECB , Moeens stance was humanitarian , not political and a spokesman stated that the ECB do not believe he has committed any offence .",
"title": "Wrist band controversy"
},
{
"text": "Although Moeen had been cleared by the ECB to wear the bands , the decision was overruled by the match referee , David Boon .",
"title": "Wrist band controversy"
},
{
"text": "Ali is an Ambassador of StreetChance , a programme providing free weekly cricket coaching sessions in deprived areas in the UK , run by the Cricket Foundation and Barclays Spaces For Sports . In January 2015 , he joined Orphans in Need , an international NGO , as a Global Brand Ambassador and carried the charitys logo on his bat . Speaking after his stint at the crease , Moeen Ali said , “I enjoy coming back to the community where I grew up playing tapeball cricket . It keeps you grounded . I hope that , as an ambassador",
"title": "Charity work"
},
{
"text": "for the charity , I can pass on some useful advice and help inspire children like the ones here today involved in StreetChance .",
"title": "Charity work"
},
{
"text": " It’s so important that schemes like StreetChance give young people the opportunity to play cricket and to learn key life skills , wherever they’re from , whatever their background.”",
"title": "Charity work"
},
{
"text": " In January 2015 , Ali was nominated for the Best at Sport award at the British Muslim Awards .",
"title": "Awards and nominations"
},
{
"text": " - No Boundaries - Moeen Ali Documentary , England & Wales Cricket Board , 2017",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Moeen_Ali#P54#2
|
Which team did Moeen Ali play for in Apr 2013?
|
Moeen Ali Moeen Munir Ali ( born 18 June 1987 ) is an English international cricketer . An all-rounder , he is a left-handed batsman and right-arm off-spinner , who played county cricket for Warwickshire before moving to Worcestershire after the 2006 season . Ali has represented England in all formats of the game . He won Warwickshires NBC Denis Compton Award in both 2004 and 2005 and Worcestershires NBC Denis Compton Award in 2009 . His off spin is marked by a strongly spun off break and a well-concealed arm ball . He was named as one of five Cricketers of the Year in the 2015 Wisden Cricketers Almanack . Moeen was part of the England squad that won the 2019 Cricket World Cup . On 8 September 2020 , in the third Twenty20 International ( T20I ) match against Australia , Ali captained England for the first time in a T20I match . Early life . Ali was born in Birmingham . He is of Kashmiri/Pakistani and English descent ; his grandfather migrated to England from Dadyal in Mirpur , while his grandmother , Betty Cox , was a white Briton . He can understand Urdu and Punjabi . He became known fondly as ‘the beard thats feared’ at New Road . Alis father worked as a taxi driver , and as a psychiatric nurse . He grew up on the same street as fellow cricketers Kabir Ali ( his first cousin ) , Naqash Tahir , and Rawait Khan . His brothers Kadeer and Omar are also cricketers . Ali is a keen football fan and a lifelong supporter of Liverpool F.C . Career . Warwickshire . Ali signed for Warwickshire aged just 15 , hitting a half-century for the countys Second XI a few days before his 16th birthday . After more games at this level in 2004 , and a first outing for England Under-19s against their Bangladeshi counterparts he spent the succeeding winter playing for the Under-19s on their tour of India . 2005 saw Ali make his first-class debut , against Cambridge University in May . He impressed with the bat , making 57 not out in his only innings , and sent down two overs for 15 runs . Playing that summer against Sri Lankan Under-19s , he starred in the final Test by making 52 not out and 100 not out ( the latter innings from 56 balls ) and claiming seven wickets . He was then selected for the 2006 Under-19 Cricket World Cup , which was held in Sri Lanka , and was immediately promoted to captain by coach Andy Pick . He made three half-centuries in the tournament , and took seven wickets . Ali received additional opportunities for his county in 2006 , playing his first List A games . The first of these came against Derbyshire , where he dismissed Steffan Jones to claim his maiden first-team wicket . He also took his first wickets in first-class cricket , and his first three victims were all Test players : Stuart Law , Dominic Cork and Dave Mohammed . With the bat he scored 68 on his County Championship debut against Nottinghamshire , then equalled that score against Durham . Alis opportunities were somewhat limited , however , and Alex Loudon took his place in the side . In July 2006 , with the expiry of his Warwickshire contract only months away , Ali brushed off rumours of a move to Worcestershire , saying I dont know anything about it , but in September it was announced that Ali would indeed be leaving to join that county . The player himself said that he had been impressed by Worcestershire and felt it gave him the best prospects of furthering his career . Worcestershire . He made his debut for Worcestershire in their ten-wicket win over Loughborough UCCE on 25 April 2007 . Alis highest first-class score of 250 , scored against Glamorgan at New Road , featured a partnership of 219 with Matt Pardoe . At the end of the 2010 season Worcestershire secured promotion to the first division of the County Championship . After he was overlooked by the England Lions and England Performance Programme at the end of the 2010 English season , Moeen opted to play club cricket in Bangladesh at the suggestion of Bangladesh all-rounder Shakib Al Hasan . Shakib played for Worcestershire as their overseas player in 2010 and the link with the club led to Moeen representing Mohammedan Sporting Club in the Ispahani Premier Division . 2011 season . During the 2011 season , Moeen spent three weeks as Worcestershires acting captain while the usual club captain , Daryl Mitchell , was injured . Though he had captained England Under-19s , it was the first time he filled the role for his county . As he was inexperienced , Moeen approached senior players Vikram Solanki and Ben Scott for advice . Pakistan off-spinner Saeed Ajmal was Worcestershires overseas player for a short time in 2011 and while at the club he encouraged Moeen to try bowling the doosra . Moeen had to wait until July before registering his first century of the season , and his first since September the previous year . His innings of 158 runs from 244 balls against Somerset was in vain as Worcestershire succumbed to an innings defeat . The following month Moeen twice scored a century in the Clydesdale Bank 40 only for Worcestershire to lose , against Sussex and the Netherlands . In the first match against Sussex he passed his previous best score of 136 in List A cricket , scoring 158 runs from 92 balls . In Worcestershires first season back in the first division , Moeen scored 930 runs in the County Championship , making him the clubs second-highest run scorer in the competition behind Solanki . Moeen average 33.21 runs per innings and scored a single century . On the back of his performances for Worcestershire , Moeen was included in the 13-man England Development squad which trained in late 2011 . 2012 season . In February 2012 , before the start of the English season , Worcestershires director of cricket Steve Rhodes commented that Alis doosra was not too difficult to pick at the moment but hes learning a few tricks and hes got other things up his sleeve . Its a work in progress . 2013 season . After the departure of former he met a cricket coach England international Vikram Solanki at the end of the 2012 season Ali was handed a new 5-year contract . After performing well , including five consecutive 50s , Ali was called up to the England Lions where he scored 61 runs against Australia with many calling for him to be selected for the full side . Moeen averaged 62 in Division 2 , totalling 1375 runs altogether – the highest of any batsmen in first-class cricket and finished with 4 centuries and 8 fifties as well as 28 wickets . He was awarded county crickets MVP award beating Samit Patel on the final day of the season and was also named PCA player of the year . Ali was also called up to the England development squad ahead of their Australian Ashes tour . T20 Blast 2018 & 2019 . Moeen skippered the Rapids to Vitality Blast glory in 2018 as they won the competition for the first time on the 15th September 2018 . The Rapids beat Lancashire Lightning in the semi final and then went on to meet the Sussex Sharks in the final where the Worcestershire boys came out on top as they won by 5 wickets to lift their first T20 Blast Trophy . In 2019 Moeen was captain of a Worcester side who almost went all the way to retain their T20 blast trophy but gut-tingly missed out by a last ball defeat to the Essex Eagles . On their road to finals day , Moeen enjoyed a great campaign himself notably scoring 85 not out vs Birmingham Bears in the group stage in a 9 wicket victory . The Rapids went on to meet the 2018 runners up , Sussex Sharks , in the Quarter finals as the Rapids ran out winners , with Moeen showing his international class as he dismantled the Sharks attack scoring a blistering 121 Not out as Worcestershire secured their spot at finals day 2019 . Finals Day 2019 , Moeen and his side produced one of the best come backs finals day has seen by defending 147 from an impossible position against the Nottinghamshire Outlaws . The Outlaws need 11 off 12 balls but it didn’t get off to a good start for the Notts boys as 3 wickets fell in the penultimate over . Notts required 2 off the last ball in this tense Semi final and Ben Duckett missed the final ball off the game and the Rapids ran out the winners by 1 run in a memorable game as they secured their place in the final where they would meet the Essex Eagles . However in the Final , when the Essex Eagles needed 2 off 1 ball they did it in a heartbreaking fashion for the Worcester players and supporters . Worcestershire seemed to be in control having the Eagles 82-5 and the Rapids looked like they would be the first side to defend the Vitality Blast Trophy . However the Eagles had other ideas as they needed 12 off the final over on a tricky batting surface but managed to score 12 and win their first Blast trophy . International career . 2014 . Ali was included in the English Squad for the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 in Bangladesh . Before the tournament , the squad played the West Indies in a limited overs series , and Ali made his ODI debut against the West Indies on 28 February 2014 . He scored 44 runs before being dismissed and took his maiden ODI wicket . In the second match he made ten runs and took figures of 1–11 . Ali was again impressive in the third match , making his first half century in a score of 55 . He ended up scoring 109 runs and picking up 3 wickets in the three match series . He made his T20 debut in the second match of the T20 series , although he scored just 3 runs and did not bowl . Ali was a part of Englands 2014 World T20 squad . He managed 49 runs in 4 matches and ending up wicketless . Ali was named in the England Test squad for their series against Sri Lanka , before making his debut in the first Test . Ali made a score of 48 in the initial innings but only made 4 in the second . However , in the second Test of the series he made his maiden century in the second innings having started the final day with England on 57 for 5 . England lost the match when Jimmy Anderson was caught off the penultimate ball of the match having survived 55 balls . In the first Test against India , Ali took four wickets in the match , as well as scoring 14 with the bat . In the second match he made scores of 32 and 39 , but could not prevent England from losing to go 1–0 down in the series . In the third test against India at the Ageas Bowl , he took his first 5 wicket haul in test cricket , finishing with 6–67 in Indias second innings . He followed this up by taking figures of 4–39 in the fourth test , taking the prized wicket of MS Dhoni . This helped England win the game and take a 2–1 series lead . Ali only played a small part in the final match of the series , making 14 with the bat as England steamrolled India to win the series 3–1 . Ali did not play in the first three ODIs against India . However , he was selected for the fourth match of the series and hit a quick fire 67 . However , this was not enough to prevent a nine wicket defeat for England . In the final match of the series Ali took 2–34 to help England win their first match of the series . In the first ODI of the seven-match series in Sri Lanka , Ali hit 119 off just 87 balls although it was not enough to prevent a defeat for England . In the third match he scored 58 and took figures of 2–36 as England won their first match of the tour . 2015 . In the first match of Englands 2015 World Cup campaign against Australia , Ali made 10 with the bat and failed to take a wicket as England suffered a heavy defeat . He scored a century in the next match against Scotland , making 128 from 107 balls to help England to a score of 303 . He also took two wickets in Scotlands innings as he earned the man of the match award . Injury ruled Ali out of the final game against Afghanistan , which England won . Due to his injury at the World Cup , Ali was not initially selected for the West Indies tour . However , after recovering , he was called up for the Second Test Match of the series . In the first innings , Ali took figures of 1–47 , and was run out for a duck . In the West Indies second innings his bowling figures were 3/51 , and he was not required to bat in Englands second innings as they went on to secure a nine wicket victory to lead the series 1–0 . In the third Test Moeen made 58 in the first innings . However , he was disappointing with the ball , taking just one wicket . Moeen took 1–54 in the second innings as the West Indies won to level the series at 1–1 . In the first Test against New Zealand , Moeen scored 58 in England first innings to help them fight back to post 389 . He then took three wickets in New Zealands innings . He again impressed with the bat , making 43 in Englands second innings and taking a wicket in New Zealands second innings to help England win by 124 runs . Ali was selected in the England side for the 2015 Ashes series . In the first Test , he scored 77 in Englands first innings before taking two Australian first innings wickets . He then took 3–59 in Australias second innings as England secured an opening win . Ali could only manage figures of 1–138 in Australias first innings of the second Test and then managed 39 with the bat . He took 2–78 in Australias second innings but England suffered a heavy defeat . He scored 38 runs in Englands first innings of the third Test and then took 1–64 in Australias Second innings as England won by 8 wickets . In the fourth Test he was again not needed to bowl in Australias first innings but made 38 with the bat as England secured a victory by an innings and 78 runs to regain the Ashes . In Australias first innings of the final Test he took 3–102 and then made scores of 30 and 35 and England lost by an innings but won the series 3–2 . In the only T20 match between the two sides , Ali took figures of 1–3 and made an unbeaten 72 with the bat as he was named man of the match . In the ODI series against Australia , Ali made 17 in the first match , but England suffered a defeat . England also lost the next game , with Ali proving to be expensive and finishing with figures of 1–68 . He took 3–32 in the next game to help England to their first win of the series , before taking 2–40 in the fourth match of the series to help England to a three wicket victory . In the first Test against Pakistan in 2015 , Ali struggled with the ball , conceding 121 runs in the first innings without taking a wicket , although he did take two wickets in the second innings . In his new role as opener , he made 35 with the bat in the first innings and 11 in the second as the match ended in a draw . In the first innings of the second Test , he took figures of 3–108 , but again struggled with the bat , making scores of 1 in both innings as England slumped to defeat . He took 2–49 in Pakistans first innings as they were dismissed for 234 in the third Test , although he only scored 36 runs in the match as England lost by 127 runs . Ali made little impact with the bat against Pakistan in the limited overs series , scoring just 13 runs , although he was only dismissed once . He took one wicket in each of the first three matches to help England into a 2–1 series lead with one game left to play . Alis best bowling performance came in the final game as he took 3–53 to help dismiss the hosts for 271 as England won by 84 runs . Ali also played in two of the T20Is , taking figures of 1–30 and 1–22 . 2016 . In the Test series against South Africa , Ali returned to his place in the lower middle order . He was named as man of the match in the first Test as England won by 241 runs . While his poor batting form continued , he took figures of 4–69 and 3–47 to help England to victory . The second match ended in a draw , with Ali proving less successful with the ball , taking figures of 0–155 . England won the third Test by 7 wickets , with Ali taking the wicket of Dean Elgar and finishing with figures of 1–50 . In the fourth Test , Ali took figures of 2–104 in South Africas first innings as the hosts made 475 . He made 61 with the bat but England collapsed in their second innings , with Ali making an unbeaten ten . Despite this defeat , England won the series 2–1 . In the ODI series against South Africa , Ali took 3–43 in the first game as England won by 39 runs on the DL Method . In the next game he made an unbeaten 21 with the bat to help England to a five wicket victory . However , England lost the final three matches of the series , with Ali taking just two wickets and scoring 19 runs as England went from 2–0 up in the series to lose in 3–2 . In the T20 match between the two sides , Ali took 2–22 , although England lost the game by 3 wickets , while in the second match he took figures of 1–25 , but South Africa won in convincing fashion , this time by nine wickets . In the T20 World Cup , Ali took figures of 1–38 in the opening defeat against the West Indies . He took 2–34 against South Africa and 1–17 against Afghanistan . He also scored a crucial unbeaten 41 against Afghanistan to keep Englands hopes of progressing to the semi-finals alive . In that same match he along with David Willey set the record for the highest partnership for the 8th wicket in T20 World Cup history ( 57* ) He took 1–10 against New Zealand as England won by 7 wickets to qualify for the final . However , England lost the final , with Ali being dismissed for a duck and not bowling any of his overs . Ali was included in the test squad for the series against Sri Lanka . In the second test at Chester-Le-Street , he scored his second Test century . He scored 155 not out , an innings which included 2 sixes , helping England reach a score of 498–9 . He took one wicket in the match , as England won by nine wickets . In the first ODI against Sri Lanka , Ali took figures of 1–69 as the match ended in a tie . In the second Test against Pakistan , he took 2–43 in Pakistans first innings before taking 3–88 in their second as England won by 330 runs to level the series at 1–1 . In the third match he made 63 with the bat in Englands first innings as they reached 297 . He did not pick up a wicket in Pakistans second innings but made an unbeaten 86 in Englands second innings to help them turn the game around and secure an unlikely victory . In the final match of the series he made 108 in Englands first innings but could only manage 2–128 with the ball . Pakistan went on to win the match by ten wickets to level the series at 2–2 . In the first ODI , Ali took figures of 1–30 as England won by 44 runs on the D/L Method . He did not take a wicket in the second ODI but scored an unbeaten 21 to help England win by four wickets . He took one wicket in the third match of the series , which England won by 169 runs . In the fourth match , he took figures of 2–39 and scored an unbeaten 45 as England went 4–0 . Ali made 68 in Englands first innings of the first Test , and then took figures of 3–75 . In the second innings , he made 14 before taking another two wickets to help England to victory . In the second Test , Ali took 5–57 to help to restrict Bangladesh to 220 . Ali took just one wicket in the second innings and was out for a duck as England lost the match to draw the series 1–1 . Especially in the English cricket team in Bangladesh in 2016–17 series , in the first test at Chittagong , Kumar Dharmasena judged that Moeen Ali was out on three occasions in the same test , also in the same innings , same session and also off the same bowler , Shakib Al Hasan and in the end Moeen Ali appealed against Dharmasenas all three decisions and survived ( bottom edged , hitting outside Alis leg stump and hitting outside his off stump respectively ) . This was the first time in cricketing history , that a batsman successfully managed to overturn the umpires decisions for 3 times in a row in the same innings . In the first Test in the series against India , Ali scored 117 in the first innings as England made 537 . He took figures of 2–85 in Indias reply , and took 1–47 in Indias second innings as the match ended in a draw . In the second Test Ali took 3–98 in Indias first innings , although he only made one with the bat , and struggled again in Englands second innings as they lost by 246 runs . In the Third Test he made 16 in Englands first innings and took figures of 0–33 . In the second innings he made just five and did not pick up a wicket as England suffered another defeat . In the fourth Test , he made 50 with the bat , but took 2–174 with ball , before being dismissed for a duck in Englands second innings as they lost by an innings and 36 runs . In the final Test , he made 146 with the bat in Englands first innings total of 477 . He was out for 44 in Englands second innings as they lost by an innings and 75 runs to lose the series 4–0 . Ali made 28 in the first ODI against India as England made 350/7 , although they lost by seven wickets . In the second match , he took figures of 0–33 and made 55 as England lost by 15 runs . In the final match , he made 2 and took figures of 0–41 as England won by five runs . In the first T20I , he took figures of 2–21 as England won seven wickets . He took 1–20 in the second match as India narrowly won by 5 runs . 2017 and beyond . Ali played in the first ODI against the West Indies , and made an unbeaten 31 in the first game as England won by 45 runs . In the second game he took figures of 1–44 as West Indies were restricted to 225 as England secured a four wicket victory . In the first Test against South Africa , Ali became the fifth-fastest player , in terms of matches played , to score 2,000 runs and take 100 wickets in Tests ( 38 ) . He also took his first ten-wicket haul in Tests and was the first England player since Ian Botham to score a Test half-century and take ten wickets in the same match . In the third Test , Ali took a hat-trick to bowl South Africa out and end the match ; it was the first hat-trick for an England spinner since 1938–39 and the first ever in a Test match at The Oval . It was only the third time in Test history that victory has been sealed by a hat-trick ( the first time for 115 years ) , and the first hat-trick where three left-handed batsmen were dismissed . He made 75 not out in second innings of 4th Test to help England to a strong position and finished the game with a 5-wicket haul for the second consecutive match . Ali reached 25 wickets and 250 runs in the series , the only player to ever achieve the feat in a 4 Test series . Ali had a quieter Test series against West Indies , scoring 109 runs and taking 5 wickets in the three match series . In the third match of the ODI series that followed , he scored the second fastest century for England , taking just 53 balls to reach the milestone . In the fourth ODI he scored an unbeaten 48 off 25 deliveries to seal a series win for England . Ali played in all 5 Tests of the 2017-18 Ashes with little success . He played with an injured spinning finger and only took 5 wickets , at an average of 115 . With the bat , he scored 179 runs at an average of 20 and was dismissed 7 times in 9 innings by off-spinner Nathan Lyon . In April 2019 , he was named in Englands squad for the 2019 Cricket World Cup . On 21 June 2019 , in the match against Sri Lanka , Ali played in his 100th ODI . In August 2019 , Ali played against Australia in the first test match held as part of the 2019 Ashes series . Following Englands defeat , Ali was dropped by England for their second Test match . Ali subsequently announced that he would be taking a short break from cricket . On 29 May 2020 , Ali was named in a 55-man group of players to begin training ahead of international fixtures starting in England following the COVID-19 pandemic . On 17 June 2020 , Ali was included in Englands 30-man squad to start training behind closed doors for the Test series against the West Indies . On 9 July 2020 , Ali was included in Englands 24-man squad to start training behind closed doors for the ODI series against Ireland . On 21 July 2020 , the ECB named Moeen Ali as Englands vice-captain for the ODI series . Captaining England . On 8 September 2020 , Ali first captained England in a T20I match against Australia in Southampton . He became the first Asian-origin cricketer to captain England in T20s , and the first Asian-origin cricketer to captain England in any format since Nasser Hussain in 2003 . 2021 . On 4 January 2021 , Ali tested positive for COVID-19 , prior to Englands tour of Sri Lanka and he recovered . Franchise cricket . In January 2018 in the 2018 IPL auction , Ali was picked up by Royal Challengers Bangalore for INR 1.7 crores from his base price of INR 1.5 crores . However , he was released by RCB ahead of the 2021 Indian Premier League . In December 2019 , he was drafted by Multan Sultans as their Platinum Category pick at the 2020 PSL Draft for the Pakistan Super League . In February 2021 , after Ali was released by the RCB , he was bought by the Chennai Super Kings in the IPL auction ahead of the IPL 2021 for a price of nearly £700,000 . Wrist band controversy . Moeen Ali wore Save Gaza and Free Palestine wristbands in connection with the Gaza conflict during day 2 of the third Test match of the 2014 series against India . The ICC code bars players from conveying messages which relate to political , religious or racial activities or causes . According to the ECB , Moeens stance was humanitarian , not political and a spokesman stated that the ECB do not believe he has committed any offence . Although Moeen had been cleared by the ECB to wear the bands , the decision was overruled by the match referee , David Boon . Charity work . Ali is an Ambassador of StreetChance , a programme providing free weekly cricket coaching sessions in deprived areas in the UK , run by the Cricket Foundation and Barclays Spaces For Sports . In January 2015 , he joined Orphans in Need , an international NGO , as a Global Brand Ambassador and carried the charitys logo on his bat . Speaking after his stint at the crease , Moeen Ali said , “I enjoy coming back to the community where I grew up playing tapeball cricket . It keeps you grounded . I hope that , as an ambassador for the charity , I can pass on some useful advice and help inspire children like the ones here today involved in StreetChance . It’s so important that schemes like StreetChance give young people the opportunity to play cricket and to learn key life skills , wherever they’re from , whatever their background.” Awards and nominations . In January 2015 , Ali was nominated for the Best at Sport award at the British Muslim Awards . External links . - No Boundaries - Moeen Ali Documentary , England & Wales Cricket Board , 2017
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": "Moeen Munir Ali ( born 18 June 1987 ) is an English international cricketer . An all-rounder , he is a left-handed batsman and right-arm off-spinner , who played county cricket for Warwickshire before moving to Worcestershire after the 2006 season . Ali has represented England in all formats of the game . He won Warwickshires NBC Denis Compton Award in both 2004 and 2005 and Worcestershires NBC Denis Compton Award in 2009 . His off spin is marked by a strongly spun off break and a well-concealed arm ball . He was named as one of five Cricketers of",
"title": "Moeen Ali"
},
{
"text": "the Year in the 2015 Wisden Cricketers Almanack . Moeen was part of the England squad that won the 2019 Cricket World Cup .",
"title": "Moeen Ali"
},
{
"text": " On 8 September 2020 , in the third Twenty20 International ( T20I ) match against Australia , Ali captained England for the first time in a T20I match .",
"title": "Moeen Ali"
},
{
"text": "Ali was born in Birmingham . He is of Kashmiri/Pakistani and English descent ; his grandfather migrated to England from Dadyal in Mirpur , while his grandmother , Betty Cox , was a white Briton . He can understand Urdu and Punjabi . He became known fondly as ‘the beard thats feared’ at New Road . Alis father worked as a taxi driver , and as a psychiatric nurse . He grew up on the same street as fellow cricketers Kabir Ali ( his first cousin ) , Naqash Tahir , and Rawait Khan . His brothers Kadeer and Omar",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "are also cricketers . Ali is a keen football fan and a lifelong supporter of Liverpool F.C .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Ali signed for Warwickshire aged just 15 , hitting a half-century for the countys Second XI a few days before his 16th birthday . After more games at this level in 2004 , and a first outing for England Under-19s against their Bangladeshi counterparts he spent the succeeding winter playing for the Under-19s on their tour of India .",
"title": "Warwickshire"
},
{
"text": "2005 saw Ali make his first-class debut , against Cambridge University in May . He impressed with the bat , making 57 not out in his only innings , and sent down two overs for 15 runs . Playing that summer against Sri Lankan Under-19s , he starred in the final Test by making 52 not out and 100 not out ( the latter innings from 56 balls ) and claiming seven wickets . He was then selected for the 2006 Under-19 Cricket World Cup , which was held in Sri Lanka , and was immediately promoted to captain by",
"title": "Warwickshire"
},
{
"text": "coach Andy Pick . He made three half-centuries in the tournament , and took seven wickets .",
"title": "Warwickshire"
},
{
"text": " Ali received additional opportunities for his county in 2006 , playing his first List A games . The first of these came against Derbyshire , where he dismissed Steffan Jones to claim his maiden first-team wicket . He also took his first wickets in first-class cricket , and his first three victims were all Test players : Stuart Law , Dominic Cork and Dave Mohammed . With the bat he scored 68 on his County Championship debut against Nottinghamshire , then equalled that score against Durham .",
"title": "Warwickshire"
},
{
"text": "Alis opportunities were somewhat limited , however , and Alex Loudon took his place in the side . In July 2006 , with the expiry of his Warwickshire contract only months away , Ali brushed off rumours of a move to Worcestershire , saying I dont know anything about it , but in September it was announced that Ali would indeed be leaving to join that county . The player himself said that he had been impressed by Worcestershire and felt it gave him the best prospects of furthering his career .",
"title": "Warwickshire"
},
{
"text": " He made his debut for Worcestershire in their ten-wicket win over Loughborough UCCE on 25 April 2007 . Alis highest first-class score of 250 , scored against Glamorgan at New Road , featured a partnership of 219 with Matt Pardoe .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": "At the end of the 2010 season Worcestershire secured promotion to the first division of the County Championship . After he was overlooked by the England Lions and England Performance Programme at the end of the 2010 English season , Moeen opted to play club cricket in Bangladesh at the suggestion of Bangladesh all-rounder Shakib Al Hasan . Shakib played for Worcestershire as their overseas player in 2010 and the link with the club led to Moeen representing Mohammedan Sporting Club in the Ispahani Premier Division .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": " 2011 season . During the 2011 season , Moeen spent three weeks as Worcestershires acting captain while the usual club captain , Daryl Mitchell , was injured . Though he had captained England Under-19s , it was the first time he filled the role for his county . As he was inexperienced , Moeen approached senior players Vikram Solanki and Ben Scott for advice .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": "Pakistan off-spinner Saeed Ajmal was Worcestershires overseas player for a short time in 2011 and while at the club he encouraged Moeen to try bowling the doosra . Moeen had to wait until July before registering his first century of the season , and his first since September the previous year . His innings of 158 runs from 244 balls against Somerset was in vain as Worcestershire succumbed to an innings defeat . The following month Moeen twice scored a century in the Clydesdale Bank 40 only for Worcestershire to lose , against Sussex and the Netherlands . In the",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": "first match against Sussex he passed his previous best score of 136 in List A cricket , scoring 158 runs from 92 balls . In Worcestershires first season back in the first division , Moeen scored 930 runs in the County Championship , making him the clubs second-highest run scorer in the competition behind Solanki . Moeen average 33.21 runs per innings and scored a single century . On the back of his performances for Worcestershire , Moeen was included in the 13-man England Development squad which trained in late 2011 .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": " 2012 season . In February 2012 , before the start of the English season , Worcestershires director of cricket Steve Rhodes commented that Alis doosra was not too difficult to pick at the moment but hes learning a few tricks and hes got other things up his sleeve . Its a work in progress . 2013 season .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": "After the departure of former he met a cricket coach England international Vikram Solanki at the end of the 2012 season Ali was handed a new 5-year contract . After performing well , including five consecutive 50s , Ali was called up to the England Lions where he scored 61 runs against Australia with many calling for him to be selected for the full side .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": " Moeen averaged 62 in Division 2 , totalling 1375 runs altogether – the highest of any batsmen in first-class cricket and finished with 4 centuries and 8 fifties as well as 28 wickets . He was awarded county crickets MVP award beating Samit Patel on the final day of the season and was also named PCA player of the year . Ali was also called up to the England development squad ahead of their Australian Ashes tour . T20 Blast 2018 & 2019 .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": "Moeen skippered the Rapids to Vitality Blast glory in 2018 as they won the competition for the first time on the 15th September 2018 . The Rapids beat Lancashire Lightning in the semi final and then went on to meet the Sussex Sharks in the final where the Worcestershire boys came out on top as they won by 5 wickets to lift their first T20 Blast Trophy .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": " In 2019 Moeen was captain of a Worcester side who almost went all the way to retain their T20 blast trophy but gut-tingly missed out by a last ball defeat to the Essex Eagles .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": "On their road to finals day , Moeen enjoyed a great campaign himself notably scoring 85 not out vs Birmingham Bears in the group stage in a 9 wicket victory . The Rapids went on to meet the 2018 runners up , Sussex Sharks , in the Quarter finals as the Rapids ran out winners , with Moeen showing his international class as he dismantled the Sharks attack scoring a blistering 121 Not out as Worcestershire secured their spot at finals day 2019 .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": "Finals Day 2019 , Moeen and his side produced one of the best come backs finals day has seen by defending 147 from an impossible position against the Nottinghamshire Outlaws . The Outlaws need 11 off 12 balls but it didn’t get off to a good start for the Notts boys as 3 wickets fell in the penultimate over . Notts required 2 off the last ball in this tense Semi final and Ben Duckett missed the final ball off the game and the Rapids ran out the winners by 1 run in a memorable game as they secured their",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": "place in the final where they would meet the Essex Eagles .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": " However in the Final , when the Essex Eagles needed 2 off 1 ball they did it in a heartbreaking fashion for the Worcester players and supporters . Worcestershire seemed to be in control having the Eagles 82-5 and the Rapids looked like they would be the first side to defend the Vitality Blast Trophy . However the Eagles had other ideas as they needed 12 off the final over on a tricky batting surface but managed to score 12 and win their first Blast trophy .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": "Ali was included in the English Squad for the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 in Bangladesh . Before the tournament , the squad played the West Indies in a limited overs series , and Ali made his ODI debut against the West Indies on 28 February 2014 . He scored 44 runs before being dismissed and took his maiden ODI wicket . In the second match he made ten runs and took figures of 1–11 . Ali was again impressive in the third match , making his first half century in a score of 55 . He ended up scoring 109",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "runs and picking up 3 wickets in the three match series . He made his T20 debut in the second match of the T20 series , although he scored just 3 runs and did not bowl .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Ali was a part of Englands 2014 World T20 squad . He managed 49 runs in 4 matches and ending up wicketless .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Ali was named in the England Test squad for their series against Sri Lanka , before making his debut in the first Test . Ali made a score of 48 in the initial innings but only made 4 in the second . However , in the second Test of the series he made his maiden century in the second innings having started the final day with England on 57 for 5 . England lost the match when Jimmy Anderson was caught off the penultimate ball of the match having survived 55 balls .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In the first Test against India , Ali took four wickets in the match , as well as scoring 14 with the bat . In the second match he made scores of 32 and 39 , but could not prevent England from losing to go 1–0 down in the series . In the third test against India at the Ageas Bowl , he took his first 5 wicket haul in test cricket , finishing with 6–67 in Indias second innings . He followed this up by taking figures of 4–39 in the fourth test , taking the prized wicket of",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "MS Dhoni . This helped England win the game and take a 2–1 series lead . Ali only played a small part in the final match of the series , making 14 with the bat as England steamrolled India to win the series 3–1 . Ali did not play in the first three ODIs against India . However , he was selected for the fourth match of the series and hit a quick fire 67 . However , this was not enough to prevent a nine wicket defeat for England . In the final match of the series Ali took",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "2–34 to help England win their first match of the series .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In the first ODI of the seven-match series in Sri Lanka , Ali hit 119 off just 87 balls although it was not enough to prevent a defeat for England . In the third match he scored 58 and took figures of 2–36 as England won their first match of the tour . 2015 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In the first match of Englands 2015 World Cup campaign against Australia , Ali made 10 with the bat and failed to take a wicket as England suffered a heavy defeat . He scored a century in the next match against Scotland , making 128 from 107 balls to help England to a score of 303 . He also took two wickets in Scotlands innings as he earned the man of the match award . Injury ruled Ali out of the final game against Afghanistan , which England won .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Due to his injury at the World Cup , Ali was not initially selected for the West Indies tour . However , after recovering , he was called up for the Second Test Match of the series . In the first innings , Ali took figures of 1–47 , and was run out for a duck . In the West Indies second innings his bowling figures were 3/51 , and he was not required to bat in Englands second innings as they went on to secure a nine wicket victory to lead the series 1–0 . In the third Test",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Moeen made 58 in the first innings . However , he was disappointing with the ball , taking just one wicket . Moeen took 1–54 in the second innings as the West Indies won to level the series at 1–1 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In the first Test against New Zealand , Moeen scored 58 in England first innings to help them fight back to post 389 . He then took three wickets in New Zealands innings . He again impressed with the bat , making 43 in Englands second innings and taking a wicket in New Zealands second innings to help England win by 124 runs .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Ali was selected in the England side for the 2015 Ashes series . In the first Test , he scored 77 in Englands first innings before taking two Australian first innings wickets . He then took 3–59 in Australias second innings as England secured an opening win . Ali could only manage figures of 1–138 in Australias first innings of the second Test and then managed 39 with the bat . He took 2–78 in Australias second innings but England suffered a heavy defeat . He scored 38 runs in Englands first innings of the third Test and then took",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "1–64 in Australias Second innings as England won by 8 wickets . In the fourth Test he was again not needed to bowl in Australias first innings but made 38 with the bat as England secured a victory by an innings and 78 runs to regain the Ashes . In Australias first innings of the final Test he took 3–102 and then made scores of 30 and 35 and England lost by an innings but won the series 3–2 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In the only T20 match between the two sides , Ali took figures of 1–3 and made an unbeaten 72 with the bat as he was named man of the match . In the ODI series against Australia , Ali made 17 in the first match , but England suffered a defeat . England also lost the next game , with Ali proving to be expensive and finishing with figures of 1–68 . He took 3–32 in the next game to help England to their first win of the series , before taking 2–40 in the fourth match of the",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "series to help England to a three wicket victory .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In the first Test against Pakistan in 2015 , Ali struggled with the ball , conceding 121 runs in the first innings without taking a wicket , although he did take two wickets in the second innings . In his new role as opener , he made 35 with the bat in the first innings and 11 in the second as the match ended in a draw . In the first innings of the second Test , he took figures of 3–108 , but again struggled with the bat , making scores of 1 in both innings as England slumped",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "to defeat . He took 2–49 in Pakistans first innings as they were dismissed for 234 in the third Test , although he only scored 36 runs in the match as England lost by 127 runs .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Ali made little impact with the bat against Pakistan in the limited overs series , scoring just 13 runs , although he was only dismissed once . He took one wicket in each of the first three matches to help England into a 2–1 series lead with one game left to play . Alis best bowling performance came in the final game as he took 3–53 to help dismiss the hosts for 271 as England won by 84 runs . Ali also played in two of the T20Is , taking figures of 1–30 and 1–22 . 2016 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In the Test series against South Africa , Ali returned to his place in the lower middle order . He was named as man of the match in the first Test as England won by 241 runs . While his poor batting form continued , he took figures of 4–69 and 3–47 to help England to victory . The second match ended in a draw , with Ali proving less successful with the ball , taking figures of 0–155 . England won the third Test by 7 wickets , with Ali taking the wicket of Dean Elgar and finishing with",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "figures of 1–50 . In the fourth Test , Ali took figures of 2–104 in South Africas first innings as the hosts made 475 . He made 61 with the bat but England collapsed in their second innings , with Ali making an unbeaten ten . Despite this defeat , England won the series 2–1 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In the ODI series against South Africa , Ali took 3–43 in the first game as England won by 39 runs on the DL Method . In the next game he made an unbeaten 21 with the bat to help England to a five wicket victory . However , England lost the final three matches of the series , with Ali taking just two wickets and scoring 19 runs as England went from 2–0 up in the series to lose in 3–2 . In the T20 match between the two sides , Ali took 2–22 , although England lost the",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "game by 3 wickets , while in the second match he took figures of 1–25 , but South Africa won in convincing fashion , this time by nine wickets .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In the T20 World Cup , Ali took figures of 1–38 in the opening defeat against the West Indies . He took 2–34 against South Africa and 1–17 against Afghanistan . He also scored a crucial unbeaten 41 against Afghanistan to keep Englands hopes of progressing to the semi-finals alive . In that same match he along with David Willey set the record for the highest partnership for the 8th wicket in T20 World Cup history ( 57* ) He took 1–10 against New Zealand as England won by 7 wickets to qualify for the final . However , England",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "lost the final , with Ali being dismissed for a duck and not bowling any of his overs .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Ali was included in the test squad for the series against Sri Lanka . In the second test at Chester-Le-Street , he scored his second Test century . He scored 155 not out , an innings which included 2 sixes , helping England reach a score of 498–9 . He took one wicket in the match , as England won by nine wickets . In the first ODI against Sri Lanka , Ali took figures of 1–69 as the match ended in a tie .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In the second Test against Pakistan , he took 2–43 in Pakistans first innings before taking 3–88 in their second as England won by 330 runs to level the series at 1–1 . In the third match he made 63 with the bat in Englands first innings as they reached 297 . He did not pick up a wicket in Pakistans second innings but made an unbeaten 86 in Englands second innings to help them turn the game around and secure an unlikely victory . In the final match of the series he made 108 in Englands first innings but",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "could only manage 2–128 with the ball . Pakistan went on to win the match by ten wickets to level the series at 2–2 . In the first ODI , Ali took figures of 1–30 as England won by 44 runs on the D/L Method . He did not take a wicket in the second ODI but scored an unbeaten 21 to help England win by four wickets . He took one wicket in the third match of the series , which England won by 169 runs . In the fourth match , he took figures of 2–39 and scored",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "an unbeaten 45 as England went 4–0 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Ali made 68 in Englands first innings of the first Test , and then took figures of 3–75 . In the second innings , he made 14 before taking another two wickets to help England to victory . In the second Test , Ali took 5–57 to help to restrict Bangladesh to 220 . Ali took just one wicket in the second innings and was out for a duck as England lost the match to draw the series 1–1 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Especially in the English cricket team in Bangladesh in 2016–17 series , in the first test at Chittagong , Kumar Dharmasena judged that Moeen Ali was out on three occasions in the same test , also in the same innings , same session and also off the same bowler , Shakib Al Hasan and in the end Moeen Ali appealed against Dharmasenas all three decisions and survived ( bottom edged , hitting outside Alis leg stump and hitting outside his off stump respectively ) . This was the first time in cricketing history , that a batsman successfully managed to",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "overturn the umpires decisions for 3 times in a row in the same innings .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In the first Test in the series against India , Ali scored 117 in the first innings as England made 537 . He took figures of 2–85 in Indias reply , and took 1–47 in Indias second innings as the match ended in a draw . In the second Test Ali took 3–98 in Indias first innings , although he only made one with the bat , and struggled again in Englands second innings as they lost by 246 runs . In the Third Test he made 16 in Englands first innings and took figures of 0–33 . In the",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "second innings he made just five and did not pick up a wicket as England suffered another defeat . In the fourth Test , he made 50 with the bat , but took 2–174 with ball , before being dismissed for a duck in Englands second innings as they lost by an innings and 36 runs . In the final Test , he made 146 with the bat in Englands first innings total of 477 . He was out for 44 in Englands second innings as they lost by an innings and 75 runs to lose the series 4–0 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Ali made 28 in the first ODI against India as England made 350/7 , although they lost by seven wickets . In the second match , he took figures of 0–33 and made 55 as England lost by 15 runs . In the final match , he made 2 and took figures of 0–41 as England won by five runs . In the first T20I , he took figures of 2–21 as England won seven wickets . He took 1–20 in the second match as India narrowly won by 5 runs . 2017 and beyond .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Ali played in the first ODI against the West Indies , and made an unbeaten 31 in the first game as England won by 45 runs . In the second game he took figures of 1–44 as West Indies were restricted to 225 as England secured a four wicket victory .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In the first Test against South Africa , Ali became the fifth-fastest player , in terms of matches played , to score 2,000 runs and take 100 wickets in Tests ( 38 ) . He also took his first ten-wicket haul in Tests and was the first England player since Ian Botham to score a Test half-century and take ten wickets in the same match .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In the third Test , Ali took a hat-trick to bowl South Africa out and end the match ; it was the first hat-trick for an England spinner since 1938–39 and the first ever in a Test match at The Oval . It was only the third time in Test history that victory has been sealed by a hat-trick ( the first time for 115 years ) , and the first hat-trick where three left-handed batsmen were dismissed . He made 75 not out in second innings of 4th Test to help England to a strong position and finished the",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "game with a 5-wicket haul for the second consecutive match . Ali reached 25 wickets and 250 runs in the series , the only player to ever achieve the feat in a 4 Test series .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Ali had a quieter Test series against West Indies , scoring 109 runs and taking 5 wickets in the three match series . In the third match of the ODI series that followed , he scored the second fastest century for England , taking just 53 balls to reach the milestone . In the fourth ODI he scored an unbeaten 48 off 25 deliveries to seal a series win for England .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Ali played in all 5 Tests of the 2017-18 Ashes with little success . He played with an injured spinning finger and only took 5 wickets , at an average of 115 . With the bat , he scored 179 runs at an average of 20 and was dismissed 7 times in 9 innings by off-spinner Nathan Lyon .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In April 2019 , he was named in Englands squad for the 2019 Cricket World Cup . On 21 June 2019 , in the match against Sri Lanka , Ali played in his 100th ODI .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In August 2019 , Ali played against Australia in the first test match held as part of the 2019 Ashes series . Following Englands defeat , Ali was dropped by England for their second Test match . Ali subsequently announced that he would be taking a short break from cricket . On 29 May 2020 , Ali was named in a 55-man group of players to begin training ahead of international fixtures starting in England following the COVID-19 pandemic . On 17 June 2020 , Ali was included in Englands 30-man squad to start training behind closed doors for the",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Test series against the West Indies . On 9 July 2020 , Ali was included in Englands 24-man squad to start training behind closed doors for the ODI series against Ireland . On 21 July 2020 , the ECB named Moeen Ali as Englands vice-captain for the ODI series .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " On 8 September 2020 , Ali first captained England in a T20I match against Australia in Southampton . He became the first Asian-origin cricketer to captain England in T20s , and the first Asian-origin cricketer to captain England in any format since Nasser Hussain in 2003 . 2021 . On 4 January 2021 , Ali tested positive for COVID-19 , prior to Englands tour of Sri Lanka and he recovered .",
"title": "Captaining England"
},
{
"text": " In January 2018 in the 2018 IPL auction , Ali was picked up by Royal Challengers Bangalore for INR 1.7 crores from his base price of INR 1.5 crores . However , he was released by RCB ahead of the 2021 Indian Premier League . In December 2019 , he was drafted by Multan Sultans as their Platinum Category pick at the 2020 PSL Draft for the Pakistan Super League .",
"title": "Franchise cricket"
},
{
"text": "In February 2021 , after Ali was released by the RCB , he was bought by the Chennai Super Kings in the IPL auction ahead of the IPL 2021 for a price of nearly £700,000 .",
"title": "Franchise cricket"
},
{
"text": " Moeen Ali wore Save Gaza and Free Palestine wristbands in connection with the Gaza conflict during day 2 of the third Test match of the 2014 series against India . The ICC code bars players from conveying messages which relate to political , religious or racial activities or causes . According to the ECB , Moeens stance was humanitarian , not political and a spokesman stated that the ECB do not believe he has committed any offence .",
"title": "Wrist band controversy"
},
{
"text": "Although Moeen had been cleared by the ECB to wear the bands , the decision was overruled by the match referee , David Boon .",
"title": "Wrist band controversy"
},
{
"text": "Ali is an Ambassador of StreetChance , a programme providing free weekly cricket coaching sessions in deprived areas in the UK , run by the Cricket Foundation and Barclays Spaces For Sports . In January 2015 , he joined Orphans in Need , an international NGO , as a Global Brand Ambassador and carried the charitys logo on his bat . Speaking after his stint at the crease , Moeen Ali said , “I enjoy coming back to the community where I grew up playing tapeball cricket . It keeps you grounded . I hope that , as an ambassador",
"title": "Charity work"
},
{
"text": "for the charity , I can pass on some useful advice and help inspire children like the ones here today involved in StreetChance .",
"title": "Charity work"
},
{
"text": " It’s so important that schemes like StreetChance give young people the opportunity to play cricket and to learn key life skills , wherever they’re from , whatever their background.”",
"title": "Charity work"
},
{
"text": " In January 2015 , Ali was nominated for the Best at Sport award at the British Muslim Awards .",
"title": "Awards and nominations"
},
{
"text": " - No Boundaries - Moeen Ali Documentary , England & Wales Cricket Board , 2017",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Moeen_Ali#P54#3
|
Which team did Moeen Ali play for after Sep 2015?
|
Moeen Ali Moeen Munir Ali ( born 18 June 1987 ) is an English international cricketer . An all-rounder , he is a left-handed batsman and right-arm off-spinner , who played county cricket for Warwickshire before moving to Worcestershire after the 2006 season . Ali has represented England in all formats of the game . He won Warwickshires NBC Denis Compton Award in both 2004 and 2005 and Worcestershires NBC Denis Compton Award in 2009 . His off spin is marked by a strongly spun off break and a well-concealed arm ball . He was named as one of five Cricketers of the Year in the 2015 Wisden Cricketers Almanack . Moeen was part of the England squad that won the 2019 Cricket World Cup . On 8 September 2020 , in the third Twenty20 International ( T20I ) match against Australia , Ali captained England for the first time in a T20I match . Early life . Ali was born in Birmingham . He is of Kashmiri/Pakistani and English descent ; his grandfather migrated to England from Dadyal in Mirpur , while his grandmother , Betty Cox , was a white Briton . He can understand Urdu and Punjabi . He became known fondly as ‘the beard thats feared’ at New Road . Alis father worked as a taxi driver , and as a psychiatric nurse . He grew up on the same street as fellow cricketers Kabir Ali ( his first cousin ) , Naqash Tahir , and Rawait Khan . His brothers Kadeer and Omar are also cricketers . Ali is a keen football fan and a lifelong supporter of Liverpool F.C . Career . Warwickshire . Ali signed for Warwickshire aged just 15 , hitting a half-century for the countys Second XI a few days before his 16th birthday . After more games at this level in 2004 , and a first outing for England Under-19s against their Bangladeshi counterparts he spent the succeeding winter playing for the Under-19s on their tour of India . 2005 saw Ali make his first-class debut , against Cambridge University in May . He impressed with the bat , making 57 not out in his only innings , and sent down two overs for 15 runs . Playing that summer against Sri Lankan Under-19s , he starred in the final Test by making 52 not out and 100 not out ( the latter innings from 56 balls ) and claiming seven wickets . He was then selected for the 2006 Under-19 Cricket World Cup , which was held in Sri Lanka , and was immediately promoted to captain by coach Andy Pick . He made three half-centuries in the tournament , and took seven wickets . Ali received additional opportunities for his county in 2006 , playing his first List A games . The first of these came against Derbyshire , where he dismissed Steffan Jones to claim his maiden first-team wicket . He also took his first wickets in first-class cricket , and his first three victims were all Test players : Stuart Law , Dominic Cork and Dave Mohammed . With the bat he scored 68 on his County Championship debut against Nottinghamshire , then equalled that score against Durham . Alis opportunities were somewhat limited , however , and Alex Loudon took his place in the side . In July 2006 , with the expiry of his Warwickshire contract only months away , Ali brushed off rumours of a move to Worcestershire , saying I dont know anything about it , but in September it was announced that Ali would indeed be leaving to join that county . The player himself said that he had been impressed by Worcestershire and felt it gave him the best prospects of furthering his career . Worcestershire . He made his debut for Worcestershire in their ten-wicket win over Loughborough UCCE on 25 April 2007 . Alis highest first-class score of 250 , scored against Glamorgan at New Road , featured a partnership of 219 with Matt Pardoe . At the end of the 2010 season Worcestershire secured promotion to the first division of the County Championship . After he was overlooked by the England Lions and England Performance Programme at the end of the 2010 English season , Moeen opted to play club cricket in Bangladesh at the suggestion of Bangladesh all-rounder Shakib Al Hasan . Shakib played for Worcestershire as their overseas player in 2010 and the link with the club led to Moeen representing Mohammedan Sporting Club in the Ispahani Premier Division . 2011 season . During the 2011 season , Moeen spent three weeks as Worcestershires acting captain while the usual club captain , Daryl Mitchell , was injured . Though he had captained England Under-19s , it was the first time he filled the role for his county . As he was inexperienced , Moeen approached senior players Vikram Solanki and Ben Scott for advice . Pakistan off-spinner Saeed Ajmal was Worcestershires overseas player for a short time in 2011 and while at the club he encouraged Moeen to try bowling the doosra . Moeen had to wait until July before registering his first century of the season , and his first since September the previous year . His innings of 158 runs from 244 balls against Somerset was in vain as Worcestershire succumbed to an innings defeat . The following month Moeen twice scored a century in the Clydesdale Bank 40 only for Worcestershire to lose , against Sussex and the Netherlands . In the first match against Sussex he passed his previous best score of 136 in List A cricket , scoring 158 runs from 92 balls . In Worcestershires first season back in the first division , Moeen scored 930 runs in the County Championship , making him the clubs second-highest run scorer in the competition behind Solanki . Moeen average 33.21 runs per innings and scored a single century . On the back of his performances for Worcestershire , Moeen was included in the 13-man England Development squad which trained in late 2011 . 2012 season . In February 2012 , before the start of the English season , Worcestershires director of cricket Steve Rhodes commented that Alis doosra was not too difficult to pick at the moment but hes learning a few tricks and hes got other things up his sleeve . Its a work in progress . 2013 season . After the departure of former he met a cricket coach England international Vikram Solanki at the end of the 2012 season Ali was handed a new 5-year contract . After performing well , including five consecutive 50s , Ali was called up to the England Lions where he scored 61 runs against Australia with many calling for him to be selected for the full side . Moeen averaged 62 in Division 2 , totalling 1375 runs altogether – the highest of any batsmen in first-class cricket and finished with 4 centuries and 8 fifties as well as 28 wickets . He was awarded county crickets MVP award beating Samit Patel on the final day of the season and was also named PCA player of the year . Ali was also called up to the England development squad ahead of their Australian Ashes tour . T20 Blast 2018 & 2019 . Moeen skippered the Rapids to Vitality Blast glory in 2018 as they won the competition for the first time on the 15th September 2018 . The Rapids beat Lancashire Lightning in the semi final and then went on to meet the Sussex Sharks in the final where the Worcestershire boys came out on top as they won by 5 wickets to lift their first T20 Blast Trophy . In 2019 Moeen was captain of a Worcester side who almost went all the way to retain their T20 blast trophy but gut-tingly missed out by a last ball defeat to the Essex Eagles . On their road to finals day , Moeen enjoyed a great campaign himself notably scoring 85 not out vs Birmingham Bears in the group stage in a 9 wicket victory . The Rapids went on to meet the 2018 runners up , Sussex Sharks , in the Quarter finals as the Rapids ran out winners , with Moeen showing his international class as he dismantled the Sharks attack scoring a blistering 121 Not out as Worcestershire secured their spot at finals day 2019 . Finals Day 2019 , Moeen and his side produced one of the best come backs finals day has seen by defending 147 from an impossible position against the Nottinghamshire Outlaws . The Outlaws need 11 off 12 balls but it didn’t get off to a good start for the Notts boys as 3 wickets fell in the penultimate over . Notts required 2 off the last ball in this tense Semi final and Ben Duckett missed the final ball off the game and the Rapids ran out the winners by 1 run in a memorable game as they secured their place in the final where they would meet the Essex Eagles . However in the Final , when the Essex Eagles needed 2 off 1 ball they did it in a heartbreaking fashion for the Worcester players and supporters . Worcestershire seemed to be in control having the Eagles 82-5 and the Rapids looked like they would be the first side to defend the Vitality Blast Trophy . However the Eagles had other ideas as they needed 12 off the final over on a tricky batting surface but managed to score 12 and win their first Blast trophy . International career . 2014 . Ali was included in the English Squad for the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 in Bangladesh . Before the tournament , the squad played the West Indies in a limited overs series , and Ali made his ODI debut against the West Indies on 28 February 2014 . He scored 44 runs before being dismissed and took his maiden ODI wicket . In the second match he made ten runs and took figures of 1–11 . Ali was again impressive in the third match , making his first half century in a score of 55 . He ended up scoring 109 runs and picking up 3 wickets in the three match series . He made his T20 debut in the second match of the T20 series , although he scored just 3 runs and did not bowl . Ali was a part of Englands 2014 World T20 squad . He managed 49 runs in 4 matches and ending up wicketless . Ali was named in the England Test squad for their series against Sri Lanka , before making his debut in the first Test . Ali made a score of 48 in the initial innings but only made 4 in the second . However , in the second Test of the series he made his maiden century in the second innings having started the final day with England on 57 for 5 . England lost the match when Jimmy Anderson was caught off the penultimate ball of the match having survived 55 balls . In the first Test against India , Ali took four wickets in the match , as well as scoring 14 with the bat . In the second match he made scores of 32 and 39 , but could not prevent England from losing to go 1–0 down in the series . In the third test against India at the Ageas Bowl , he took his first 5 wicket haul in test cricket , finishing with 6–67 in Indias second innings . He followed this up by taking figures of 4–39 in the fourth test , taking the prized wicket of MS Dhoni . This helped England win the game and take a 2–1 series lead . Ali only played a small part in the final match of the series , making 14 with the bat as England steamrolled India to win the series 3–1 . Ali did not play in the first three ODIs against India . However , he was selected for the fourth match of the series and hit a quick fire 67 . However , this was not enough to prevent a nine wicket defeat for England . In the final match of the series Ali took 2–34 to help England win their first match of the series . In the first ODI of the seven-match series in Sri Lanka , Ali hit 119 off just 87 balls although it was not enough to prevent a defeat for England . In the third match he scored 58 and took figures of 2–36 as England won their first match of the tour . 2015 . In the first match of Englands 2015 World Cup campaign against Australia , Ali made 10 with the bat and failed to take a wicket as England suffered a heavy defeat . He scored a century in the next match against Scotland , making 128 from 107 balls to help England to a score of 303 . He also took two wickets in Scotlands innings as he earned the man of the match award . Injury ruled Ali out of the final game against Afghanistan , which England won . Due to his injury at the World Cup , Ali was not initially selected for the West Indies tour . However , after recovering , he was called up for the Second Test Match of the series . In the first innings , Ali took figures of 1–47 , and was run out for a duck . In the West Indies second innings his bowling figures were 3/51 , and he was not required to bat in Englands second innings as they went on to secure a nine wicket victory to lead the series 1–0 . In the third Test Moeen made 58 in the first innings . However , he was disappointing with the ball , taking just one wicket . Moeen took 1–54 in the second innings as the West Indies won to level the series at 1–1 . In the first Test against New Zealand , Moeen scored 58 in England first innings to help them fight back to post 389 . He then took three wickets in New Zealands innings . He again impressed with the bat , making 43 in Englands second innings and taking a wicket in New Zealands second innings to help England win by 124 runs . Ali was selected in the England side for the 2015 Ashes series . In the first Test , he scored 77 in Englands first innings before taking two Australian first innings wickets . He then took 3–59 in Australias second innings as England secured an opening win . Ali could only manage figures of 1–138 in Australias first innings of the second Test and then managed 39 with the bat . He took 2–78 in Australias second innings but England suffered a heavy defeat . He scored 38 runs in Englands first innings of the third Test and then took 1–64 in Australias Second innings as England won by 8 wickets . In the fourth Test he was again not needed to bowl in Australias first innings but made 38 with the bat as England secured a victory by an innings and 78 runs to regain the Ashes . In Australias first innings of the final Test he took 3–102 and then made scores of 30 and 35 and England lost by an innings but won the series 3–2 . In the only T20 match between the two sides , Ali took figures of 1–3 and made an unbeaten 72 with the bat as he was named man of the match . In the ODI series against Australia , Ali made 17 in the first match , but England suffered a defeat . England also lost the next game , with Ali proving to be expensive and finishing with figures of 1–68 . He took 3–32 in the next game to help England to their first win of the series , before taking 2–40 in the fourth match of the series to help England to a three wicket victory . In the first Test against Pakistan in 2015 , Ali struggled with the ball , conceding 121 runs in the first innings without taking a wicket , although he did take two wickets in the second innings . In his new role as opener , he made 35 with the bat in the first innings and 11 in the second as the match ended in a draw . In the first innings of the second Test , he took figures of 3–108 , but again struggled with the bat , making scores of 1 in both innings as England slumped to defeat . He took 2–49 in Pakistans first innings as they were dismissed for 234 in the third Test , although he only scored 36 runs in the match as England lost by 127 runs . Ali made little impact with the bat against Pakistan in the limited overs series , scoring just 13 runs , although he was only dismissed once . He took one wicket in each of the first three matches to help England into a 2–1 series lead with one game left to play . Alis best bowling performance came in the final game as he took 3–53 to help dismiss the hosts for 271 as England won by 84 runs . Ali also played in two of the T20Is , taking figures of 1–30 and 1–22 . 2016 . In the Test series against South Africa , Ali returned to his place in the lower middle order . He was named as man of the match in the first Test as England won by 241 runs . While his poor batting form continued , he took figures of 4–69 and 3–47 to help England to victory . The second match ended in a draw , with Ali proving less successful with the ball , taking figures of 0–155 . England won the third Test by 7 wickets , with Ali taking the wicket of Dean Elgar and finishing with figures of 1–50 . In the fourth Test , Ali took figures of 2–104 in South Africas first innings as the hosts made 475 . He made 61 with the bat but England collapsed in their second innings , with Ali making an unbeaten ten . Despite this defeat , England won the series 2–1 . In the ODI series against South Africa , Ali took 3–43 in the first game as England won by 39 runs on the DL Method . In the next game he made an unbeaten 21 with the bat to help England to a five wicket victory . However , England lost the final three matches of the series , with Ali taking just two wickets and scoring 19 runs as England went from 2–0 up in the series to lose in 3–2 . In the T20 match between the two sides , Ali took 2–22 , although England lost the game by 3 wickets , while in the second match he took figures of 1–25 , but South Africa won in convincing fashion , this time by nine wickets . In the T20 World Cup , Ali took figures of 1–38 in the opening defeat against the West Indies . He took 2–34 against South Africa and 1–17 against Afghanistan . He also scored a crucial unbeaten 41 against Afghanistan to keep Englands hopes of progressing to the semi-finals alive . In that same match he along with David Willey set the record for the highest partnership for the 8th wicket in T20 World Cup history ( 57* ) He took 1–10 against New Zealand as England won by 7 wickets to qualify for the final . However , England lost the final , with Ali being dismissed for a duck and not bowling any of his overs . Ali was included in the test squad for the series against Sri Lanka . In the second test at Chester-Le-Street , he scored his second Test century . He scored 155 not out , an innings which included 2 sixes , helping England reach a score of 498–9 . He took one wicket in the match , as England won by nine wickets . In the first ODI against Sri Lanka , Ali took figures of 1–69 as the match ended in a tie . In the second Test against Pakistan , he took 2–43 in Pakistans first innings before taking 3–88 in their second as England won by 330 runs to level the series at 1–1 . In the third match he made 63 with the bat in Englands first innings as they reached 297 . He did not pick up a wicket in Pakistans second innings but made an unbeaten 86 in Englands second innings to help them turn the game around and secure an unlikely victory . In the final match of the series he made 108 in Englands first innings but could only manage 2–128 with the ball . Pakistan went on to win the match by ten wickets to level the series at 2–2 . In the first ODI , Ali took figures of 1–30 as England won by 44 runs on the D/L Method . He did not take a wicket in the second ODI but scored an unbeaten 21 to help England win by four wickets . He took one wicket in the third match of the series , which England won by 169 runs . In the fourth match , he took figures of 2–39 and scored an unbeaten 45 as England went 4–0 . Ali made 68 in Englands first innings of the first Test , and then took figures of 3–75 . In the second innings , he made 14 before taking another two wickets to help England to victory . In the second Test , Ali took 5–57 to help to restrict Bangladesh to 220 . Ali took just one wicket in the second innings and was out for a duck as England lost the match to draw the series 1–1 . Especially in the English cricket team in Bangladesh in 2016–17 series , in the first test at Chittagong , Kumar Dharmasena judged that Moeen Ali was out on three occasions in the same test , also in the same innings , same session and also off the same bowler , Shakib Al Hasan and in the end Moeen Ali appealed against Dharmasenas all three decisions and survived ( bottom edged , hitting outside Alis leg stump and hitting outside his off stump respectively ) . This was the first time in cricketing history , that a batsman successfully managed to overturn the umpires decisions for 3 times in a row in the same innings . In the first Test in the series against India , Ali scored 117 in the first innings as England made 537 . He took figures of 2–85 in Indias reply , and took 1–47 in Indias second innings as the match ended in a draw . In the second Test Ali took 3–98 in Indias first innings , although he only made one with the bat , and struggled again in Englands second innings as they lost by 246 runs . In the Third Test he made 16 in Englands first innings and took figures of 0–33 . In the second innings he made just five and did not pick up a wicket as England suffered another defeat . In the fourth Test , he made 50 with the bat , but took 2–174 with ball , before being dismissed for a duck in Englands second innings as they lost by an innings and 36 runs . In the final Test , he made 146 with the bat in Englands first innings total of 477 . He was out for 44 in Englands second innings as they lost by an innings and 75 runs to lose the series 4–0 . Ali made 28 in the first ODI against India as England made 350/7 , although they lost by seven wickets . In the second match , he took figures of 0–33 and made 55 as England lost by 15 runs . In the final match , he made 2 and took figures of 0–41 as England won by five runs . In the first T20I , he took figures of 2–21 as England won seven wickets . He took 1–20 in the second match as India narrowly won by 5 runs . 2017 and beyond . Ali played in the first ODI against the West Indies , and made an unbeaten 31 in the first game as England won by 45 runs . In the second game he took figures of 1–44 as West Indies were restricted to 225 as England secured a four wicket victory . In the first Test against South Africa , Ali became the fifth-fastest player , in terms of matches played , to score 2,000 runs and take 100 wickets in Tests ( 38 ) . He also took his first ten-wicket haul in Tests and was the first England player since Ian Botham to score a Test half-century and take ten wickets in the same match . In the third Test , Ali took a hat-trick to bowl South Africa out and end the match ; it was the first hat-trick for an England spinner since 1938–39 and the first ever in a Test match at The Oval . It was only the third time in Test history that victory has been sealed by a hat-trick ( the first time for 115 years ) , and the first hat-trick where three left-handed batsmen were dismissed . He made 75 not out in second innings of 4th Test to help England to a strong position and finished the game with a 5-wicket haul for the second consecutive match . Ali reached 25 wickets and 250 runs in the series , the only player to ever achieve the feat in a 4 Test series . Ali had a quieter Test series against West Indies , scoring 109 runs and taking 5 wickets in the three match series . In the third match of the ODI series that followed , he scored the second fastest century for England , taking just 53 balls to reach the milestone . In the fourth ODI he scored an unbeaten 48 off 25 deliveries to seal a series win for England . Ali played in all 5 Tests of the 2017-18 Ashes with little success . He played with an injured spinning finger and only took 5 wickets , at an average of 115 . With the bat , he scored 179 runs at an average of 20 and was dismissed 7 times in 9 innings by off-spinner Nathan Lyon . In April 2019 , he was named in Englands squad for the 2019 Cricket World Cup . On 21 June 2019 , in the match against Sri Lanka , Ali played in his 100th ODI . In August 2019 , Ali played against Australia in the first test match held as part of the 2019 Ashes series . Following Englands defeat , Ali was dropped by England for their second Test match . Ali subsequently announced that he would be taking a short break from cricket . On 29 May 2020 , Ali was named in a 55-man group of players to begin training ahead of international fixtures starting in England following the COVID-19 pandemic . On 17 June 2020 , Ali was included in Englands 30-man squad to start training behind closed doors for the Test series against the West Indies . On 9 July 2020 , Ali was included in Englands 24-man squad to start training behind closed doors for the ODI series against Ireland . On 21 July 2020 , the ECB named Moeen Ali as Englands vice-captain for the ODI series . Captaining England . On 8 September 2020 , Ali first captained England in a T20I match against Australia in Southampton . He became the first Asian-origin cricketer to captain England in T20s , and the first Asian-origin cricketer to captain England in any format since Nasser Hussain in 2003 . 2021 . On 4 January 2021 , Ali tested positive for COVID-19 , prior to Englands tour of Sri Lanka and he recovered . Franchise cricket . In January 2018 in the 2018 IPL auction , Ali was picked up by Royal Challengers Bangalore for INR 1.7 crores from his base price of INR 1.5 crores . However , he was released by RCB ahead of the 2021 Indian Premier League . In December 2019 , he was drafted by Multan Sultans as their Platinum Category pick at the 2020 PSL Draft for the Pakistan Super League . In February 2021 , after Ali was released by the RCB , he was bought by the Chennai Super Kings in the IPL auction ahead of the IPL 2021 for a price of nearly £700,000 . Wrist band controversy . Moeen Ali wore Save Gaza and Free Palestine wristbands in connection with the Gaza conflict during day 2 of the third Test match of the 2014 series against India . The ICC code bars players from conveying messages which relate to political , religious or racial activities or causes . According to the ECB , Moeens stance was humanitarian , not political and a spokesman stated that the ECB do not believe he has committed any offence . Although Moeen had been cleared by the ECB to wear the bands , the decision was overruled by the match referee , David Boon . Charity work . Ali is an Ambassador of StreetChance , a programme providing free weekly cricket coaching sessions in deprived areas in the UK , run by the Cricket Foundation and Barclays Spaces For Sports . In January 2015 , he joined Orphans in Need , an international NGO , as a Global Brand Ambassador and carried the charitys logo on his bat . Speaking after his stint at the crease , Moeen Ali said , “I enjoy coming back to the community where I grew up playing tapeball cricket . It keeps you grounded . I hope that , as an ambassador for the charity , I can pass on some useful advice and help inspire children like the ones here today involved in StreetChance . It’s so important that schemes like StreetChance give young people the opportunity to play cricket and to learn key life skills , wherever they’re from , whatever their background.” Awards and nominations . In January 2015 , Ali was nominated for the Best at Sport award at the British Muslim Awards . External links . - No Boundaries - Moeen Ali Documentary , England & Wales Cricket Board , 2017
|
[
"Worcestershire"
] |
[
{
"text": "Moeen Munir Ali ( born 18 June 1987 ) is an English international cricketer . An all-rounder , he is a left-handed batsman and right-arm off-spinner , who played county cricket for Warwickshire before moving to Worcestershire after the 2006 season . Ali has represented England in all formats of the game . He won Warwickshires NBC Denis Compton Award in both 2004 and 2005 and Worcestershires NBC Denis Compton Award in 2009 . His off spin is marked by a strongly spun off break and a well-concealed arm ball . He was named as one of five Cricketers of",
"title": "Moeen Ali"
},
{
"text": "the Year in the 2015 Wisden Cricketers Almanack . Moeen was part of the England squad that won the 2019 Cricket World Cup .",
"title": "Moeen Ali"
},
{
"text": " On 8 September 2020 , in the third Twenty20 International ( T20I ) match against Australia , Ali captained England for the first time in a T20I match .",
"title": "Moeen Ali"
},
{
"text": "Ali was born in Birmingham . He is of Kashmiri/Pakistani and English descent ; his grandfather migrated to England from Dadyal in Mirpur , while his grandmother , Betty Cox , was a white Briton . He can understand Urdu and Punjabi . He became known fondly as ‘the beard thats feared’ at New Road . Alis father worked as a taxi driver , and as a psychiatric nurse . He grew up on the same street as fellow cricketers Kabir Ali ( his first cousin ) , Naqash Tahir , and Rawait Khan . His brothers Kadeer and Omar",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "are also cricketers . Ali is a keen football fan and a lifelong supporter of Liverpool F.C .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Ali signed for Warwickshire aged just 15 , hitting a half-century for the countys Second XI a few days before his 16th birthday . After more games at this level in 2004 , and a first outing for England Under-19s against their Bangladeshi counterparts he spent the succeeding winter playing for the Under-19s on their tour of India .",
"title": "Warwickshire"
},
{
"text": "2005 saw Ali make his first-class debut , against Cambridge University in May . He impressed with the bat , making 57 not out in his only innings , and sent down two overs for 15 runs . Playing that summer against Sri Lankan Under-19s , he starred in the final Test by making 52 not out and 100 not out ( the latter innings from 56 balls ) and claiming seven wickets . He was then selected for the 2006 Under-19 Cricket World Cup , which was held in Sri Lanka , and was immediately promoted to captain by",
"title": "Warwickshire"
},
{
"text": "coach Andy Pick . He made three half-centuries in the tournament , and took seven wickets .",
"title": "Warwickshire"
},
{
"text": " Ali received additional opportunities for his county in 2006 , playing his first List A games . The first of these came against Derbyshire , where he dismissed Steffan Jones to claim his maiden first-team wicket . He also took his first wickets in first-class cricket , and his first three victims were all Test players : Stuart Law , Dominic Cork and Dave Mohammed . With the bat he scored 68 on his County Championship debut against Nottinghamshire , then equalled that score against Durham .",
"title": "Warwickshire"
},
{
"text": "Alis opportunities were somewhat limited , however , and Alex Loudon took his place in the side . In July 2006 , with the expiry of his Warwickshire contract only months away , Ali brushed off rumours of a move to Worcestershire , saying I dont know anything about it , but in September it was announced that Ali would indeed be leaving to join that county . The player himself said that he had been impressed by Worcestershire and felt it gave him the best prospects of furthering his career .",
"title": "Warwickshire"
},
{
"text": " He made his debut for Worcestershire in their ten-wicket win over Loughborough UCCE on 25 April 2007 . Alis highest first-class score of 250 , scored against Glamorgan at New Road , featured a partnership of 219 with Matt Pardoe .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": "At the end of the 2010 season Worcestershire secured promotion to the first division of the County Championship . After he was overlooked by the England Lions and England Performance Programme at the end of the 2010 English season , Moeen opted to play club cricket in Bangladesh at the suggestion of Bangladesh all-rounder Shakib Al Hasan . Shakib played for Worcestershire as their overseas player in 2010 and the link with the club led to Moeen representing Mohammedan Sporting Club in the Ispahani Premier Division .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": " 2011 season . During the 2011 season , Moeen spent three weeks as Worcestershires acting captain while the usual club captain , Daryl Mitchell , was injured . Though he had captained England Under-19s , it was the first time he filled the role for his county . As he was inexperienced , Moeen approached senior players Vikram Solanki and Ben Scott for advice .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": "Pakistan off-spinner Saeed Ajmal was Worcestershires overseas player for a short time in 2011 and while at the club he encouraged Moeen to try bowling the doosra . Moeen had to wait until July before registering his first century of the season , and his first since September the previous year . His innings of 158 runs from 244 balls against Somerset was in vain as Worcestershire succumbed to an innings defeat . The following month Moeen twice scored a century in the Clydesdale Bank 40 only for Worcestershire to lose , against Sussex and the Netherlands . In the",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": "first match against Sussex he passed his previous best score of 136 in List A cricket , scoring 158 runs from 92 balls . In Worcestershires first season back in the first division , Moeen scored 930 runs in the County Championship , making him the clubs second-highest run scorer in the competition behind Solanki . Moeen average 33.21 runs per innings and scored a single century . On the back of his performances for Worcestershire , Moeen was included in the 13-man England Development squad which trained in late 2011 .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": " 2012 season . In February 2012 , before the start of the English season , Worcestershires director of cricket Steve Rhodes commented that Alis doosra was not too difficult to pick at the moment but hes learning a few tricks and hes got other things up his sleeve . Its a work in progress . 2013 season .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": "After the departure of former he met a cricket coach England international Vikram Solanki at the end of the 2012 season Ali was handed a new 5-year contract . After performing well , including five consecutive 50s , Ali was called up to the England Lions where he scored 61 runs against Australia with many calling for him to be selected for the full side .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": " Moeen averaged 62 in Division 2 , totalling 1375 runs altogether – the highest of any batsmen in first-class cricket and finished with 4 centuries and 8 fifties as well as 28 wickets . He was awarded county crickets MVP award beating Samit Patel on the final day of the season and was also named PCA player of the year . Ali was also called up to the England development squad ahead of their Australian Ashes tour . T20 Blast 2018 & 2019 .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": "Moeen skippered the Rapids to Vitality Blast glory in 2018 as they won the competition for the first time on the 15th September 2018 . The Rapids beat Lancashire Lightning in the semi final and then went on to meet the Sussex Sharks in the final where the Worcestershire boys came out on top as they won by 5 wickets to lift their first T20 Blast Trophy .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": " In 2019 Moeen was captain of a Worcester side who almost went all the way to retain their T20 blast trophy but gut-tingly missed out by a last ball defeat to the Essex Eagles .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": "On their road to finals day , Moeen enjoyed a great campaign himself notably scoring 85 not out vs Birmingham Bears in the group stage in a 9 wicket victory . The Rapids went on to meet the 2018 runners up , Sussex Sharks , in the Quarter finals as the Rapids ran out winners , with Moeen showing his international class as he dismantled the Sharks attack scoring a blistering 121 Not out as Worcestershire secured their spot at finals day 2019 .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": "Finals Day 2019 , Moeen and his side produced one of the best come backs finals day has seen by defending 147 from an impossible position against the Nottinghamshire Outlaws . The Outlaws need 11 off 12 balls but it didn’t get off to a good start for the Notts boys as 3 wickets fell in the penultimate over . Notts required 2 off the last ball in this tense Semi final and Ben Duckett missed the final ball off the game and the Rapids ran out the winners by 1 run in a memorable game as they secured their",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": "place in the final where they would meet the Essex Eagles .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": " However in the Final , when the Essex Eagles needed 2 off 1 ball they did it in a heartbreaking fashion for the Worcester players and supporters . Worcestershire seemed to be in control having the Eagles 82-5 and the Rapids looked like they would be the first side to defend the Vitality Blast Trophy . However the Eagles had other ideas as they needed 12 off the final over on a tricky batting surface but managed to score 12 and win their first Blast trophy .",
"title": "Worcestershire"
},
{
"text": "Ali was included in the English Squad for the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 in Bangladesh . Before the tournament , the squad played the West Indies in a limited overs series , and Ali made his ODI debut against the West Indies on 28 February 2014 . He scored 44 runs before being dismissed and took his maiden ODI wicket . In the second match he made ten runs and took figures of 1–11 . Ali was again impressive in the third match , making his first half century in a score of 55 . He ended up scoring 109",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "runs and picking up 3 wickets in the three match series . He made his T20 debut in the second match of the T20 series , although he scored just 3 runs and did not bowl .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Ali was a part of Englands 2014 World T20 squad . He managed 49 runs in 4 matches and ending up wicketless .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Ali was named in the England Test squad for their series against Sri Lanka , before making his debut in the first Test . Ali made a score of 48 in the initial innings but only made 4 in the second . However , in the second Test of the series he made his maiden century in the second innings having started the final day with England on 57 for 5 . England lost the match when Jimmy Anderson was caught off the penultimate ball of the match having survived 55 balls .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In the first Test against India , Ali took four wickets in the match , as well as scoring 14 with the bat . In the second match he made scores of 32 and 39 , but could not prevent England from losing to go 1–0 down in the series . In the third test against India at the Ageas Bowl , he took his first 5 wicket haul in test cricket , finishing with 6–67 in Indias second innings . He followed this up by taking figures of 4–39 in the fourth test , taking the prized wicket of",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "MS Dhoni . This helped England win the game and take a 2–1 series lead . Ali only played a small part in the final match of the series , making 14 with the bat as England steamrolled India to win the series 3–1 . Ali did not play in the first three ODIs against India . However , he was selected for the fourth match of the series and hit a quick fire 67 . However , this was not enough to prevent a nine wicket defeat for England . In the final match of the series Ali took",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "2–34 to help England win their first match of the series .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In the first ODI of the seven-match series in Sri Lanka , Ali hit 119 off just 87 balls although it was not enough to prevent a defeat for England . In the third match he scored 58 and took figures of 2–36 as England won their first match of the tour . 2015 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In the first match of Englands 2015 World Cup campaign against Australia , Ali made 10 with the bat and failed to take a wicket as England suffered a heavy defeat . He scored a century in the next match against Scotland , making 128 from 107 balls to help England to a score of 303 . He also took two wickets in Scotlands innings as he earned the man of the match award . Injury ruled Ali out of the final game against Afghanistan , which England won .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Due to his injury at the World Cup , Ali was not initially selected for the West Indies tour . However , after recovering , he was called up for the Second Test Match of the series . In the first innings , Ali took figures of 1–47 , and was run out for a duck . In the West Indies second innings his bowling figures were 3/51 , and he was not required to bat in Englands second innings as they went on to secure a nine wicket victory to lead the series 1–0 . In the third Test",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Moeen made 58 in the first innings . However , he was disappointing with the ball , taking just one wicket . Moeen took 1–54 in the second innings as the West Indies won to level the series at 1–1 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In the first Test against New Zealand , Moeen scored 58 in England first innings to help them fight back to post 389 . He then took three wickets in New Zealands innings . He again impressed with the bat , making 43 in Englands second innings and taking a wicket in New Zealands second innings to help England win by 124 runs .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Ali was selected in the England side for the 2015 Ashes series . In the first Test , he scored 77 in Englands first innings before taking two Australian first innings wickets . He then took 3–59 in Australias second innings as England secured an opening win . Ali could only manage figures of 1–138 in Australias first innings of the second Test and then managed 39 with the bat . He took 2–78 in Australias second innings but England suffered a heavy defeat . He scored 38 runs in Englands first innings of the third Test and then took",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "1–64 in Australias Second innings as England won by 8 wickets . In the fourth Test he was again not needed to bowl in Australias first innings but made 38 with the bat as England secured a victory by an innings and 78 runs to regain the Ashes . In Australias first innings of the final Test he took 3–102 and then made scores of 30 and 35 and England lost by an innings but won the series 3–2 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In the only T20 match between the two sides , Ali took figures of 1–3 and made an unbeaten 72 with the bat as he was named man of the match . In the ODI series against Australia , Ali made 17 in the first match , but England suffered a defeat . England also lost the next game , with Ali proving to be expensive and finishing with figures of 1–68 . He took 3–32 in the next game to help England to their first win of the series , before taking 2–40 in the fourth match of the",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "series to help England to a three wicket victory .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In the first Test against Pakistan in 2015 , Ali struggled with the ball , conceding 121 runs in the first innings without taking a wicket , although he did take two wickets in the second innings . In his new role as opener , he made 35 with the bat in the first innings and 11 in the second as the match ended in a draw . In the first innings of the second Test , he took figures of 3–108 , but again struggled with the bat , making scores of 1 in both innings as England slumped",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "to defeat . He took 2–49 in Pakistans first innings as they were dismissed for 234 in the third Test , although he only scored 36 runs in the match as England lost by 127 runs .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Ali made little impact with the bat against Pakistan in the limited overs series , scoring just 13 runs , although he was only dismissed once . He took one wicket in each of the first three matches to help England into a 2–1 series lead with one game left to play . Alis best bowling performance came in the final game as he took 3–53 to help dismiss the hosts for 271 as England won by 84 runs . Ali also played in two of the T20Is , taking figures of 1–30 and 1–22 . 2016 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In the Test series against South Africa , Ali returned to his place in the lower middle order . He was named as man of the match in the first Test as England won by 241 runs . While his poor batting form continued , he took figures of 4–69 and 3–47 to help England to victory . The second match ended in a draw , with Ali proving less successful with the ball , taking figures of 0–155 . England won the third Test by 7 wickets , with Ali taking the wicket of Dean Elgar and finishing with",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "figures of 1–50 . In the fourth Test , Ali took figures of 2–104 in South Africas first innings as the hosts made 475 . He made 61 with the bat but England collapsed in their second innings , with Ali making an unbeaten ten . Despite this defeat , England won the series 2–1 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In the ODI series against South Africa , Ali took 3–43 in the first game as England won by 39 runs on the DL Method . In the next game he made an unbeaten 21 with the bat to help England to a five wicket victory . However , England lost the final three matches of the series , with Ali taking just two wickets and scoring 19 runs as England went from 2–0 up in the series to lose in 3–2 . In the T20 match between the two sides , Ali took 2–22 , although England lost the",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "game by 3 wickets , while in the second match he took figures of 1–25 , but South Africa won in convincing fashion , this time by nine wickets .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In the T20 World Cup , Ali took figures of 1–38 in the opening defeat against the West Indies . He took 2–34 against South Africa and 1–17 against Afghanistan . He also scored a crucial unbeaten 41 against Afghanistan to keep Englands hopes of progressing to the semi-finals alive . In that same match he along with David Willey set the record for the highest partnership for the 8th wicket in T20 World Cup history ( 57* ) He took 1–10 against New Zealand as England won by 7 wickets to qualify for the final . However , England",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "lost the final , with Ali being dismissed for a duck and not bowling any of his overs .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Ali was included in the test squad for the series against Sri Lanka . In the second test at Chester-Le-Street , he scored his second Test century . He scored 155 not out , an innings which included 2 sixes , helping England reach a score of 498–9 . He took one wicket in the match , as England won by nine wickets . In the first ODI against Sri Lanka , Ali took figures of 1–69 as the match ended in a tie .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In the second Test against Pakistan , he took 2–43 in Pakistans first innings before taking 3–88 in their second as England won by 330 runs to level the series at 1–1 . In the third match he made 63 with the bat in Englands first innings as they reached 297 . He did not pick up a wicket in Pakistans second innings but made an unbeaten 86 in Englands second innings to help them turn the game around and secure an unlikely victory . In the final match of the series he made 108 in Englands first innings but",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "could only manage 2–128 with the ball . Pakistan went on to win the match by ten wickets to level the series at 2–2 . In the first ODI , Ali took figures of 1–30 as England won by 44 runs on the D/L Method . He did not take a wicket in the second ODI but scored an unbeaten 21 to help England win by four wickets . He took one wicket in the third match of the series , which England won by 169 runs . In the fourth match , he took figures of 2–39 and scored",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "an unbeaten 45 as England went 4–0 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Ali made 68 in Englands first innings of the first Test , and then took figures of 3–75 . In the second innings , he made 14 before taking another two wickets to help England to victory . In the second Test , Ali took 5–57 to help to restrict Bangladesh to 220 . Ali took just one wicket in the second innings and was out for a duck as England lost the match to draw the series 1–1 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Especially in the English cricket team in Bangladesh in 2016–17 series , in the first test at Chittagong , Kumar Dharmasena judged that Moeen Ali was out on three occasions in the same test , also in the same innings , same session and also off the same bowler , Shakib Al Hasan and in the end Moeen Ali appealed against Dharmasenas all three decisions and survived ( bottom edged , hitting outside Alis leg stump and hitting outside his off stump respectively ) . This was the first time in cricketing history , that a batsman successfully managed to",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "overturn the umpires decisions for 3 times in a row in the same innings .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In the first Test in the series against India , Ali scored 117 in the first innings as England made 537 . He took figures of 2–85 in Indias reply , and took 1–47 in Indias second innings as the match ended in a draw . In the second Test Ali took 3–98 in Indias first innings , although he only made one with the bat , and struggled again in Englands second innings as they lost by 246 runs . In the Third Test he made 16 in Englands first innings and took figures of 0–33 . In the",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "second innings he made just five and did not pick up a wicket as England suffered another defeat . In the fourth Test , he made 50 with the bat , but took 2–174 with ball , before being dismissed for a duck in Englands second innings as they lost by an innings and 36 runs . In the final Test , he made 146 with the bat in Englands first innings total of 477 . He was out for 44 in Englands second innings as they lost by an innings and 75 runs to lose the series 4–0 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Ali made 28 in the first ODI against India as England made 350/7 , although they lost by seven wickets . In the second match , he took figures of 0–33 and made 55 as England lost by 15 runs . In the final match , he made 2 and took figures of 0–41 as England won by five runs . In the first T20I , he took figures of 2–21 as England won seven wickets . He took 1–20 in the second match as India narrowly won by 5 runs . 2017 and beyond .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Ali played in the first ODI against the West Indies , and made an unbeaten 31 in the first game as England won by 45 runs . In the second game he took figures of 1–44 as West Indies were restricted to 225 as England secured a four wicket victory .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In the first Test against South Africa , Ali became the fifth-fastest player , in terms of matches played , to score 2,000 runs and take 100 wickets in Tests ( 38 ) . He also took his first ten-wicket haul in Tests and was the first England player since Ian Botham to score a Test half-century and take ten wickets in the same match .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In the third Test , Ali took a hat-trick to bowl South Africa out and end the match ; it was the first hat-trick for an England spinner since 1938–39 and the first ever in a Test match at The Oval . It was only the third time in Test history that victory has been sealed by a hat-trick ( the first time for 115 years ) , and the first hat-trick where three left-handed batsmen were dismissed . He made 75 not out in second innings of 4th Test to help England to a strong position and finished the",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "game with a 5-wicket haul for the second consecutive match . Ali reached 25 wickets and 250 runs in the series , the only player to ever achieve the feat in a 4 Test series .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Ali had a quieter Test series against West Indies , scoring 109 runs and taking 5 wickets in the three match series . In the third match of the ODI series that followed , he scored the second fastest century for England , taking just 53 balls to reach the milestone . In the fourth ODI he scored an unbeaten 48 off 25 deliveries to seal a series win for England .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Ali played in all 5 Tests of the 2017-18 Ashes with little success . He played with an injured spinning finger and only took 5 wickets , at an average of 115 . With the bat , he scored 179 runs at an average of 20 and was dismissed 7 times in 9 innings by off-spinner Nathan Lyon .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In April 2019 , he was named in Englands squad for the 2019 Cricket World Cup . On 21 June 2019 , in the match against Sri Lanka , Ali played in his 100th ODI .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In August 2019 , Ali played against Australia in the first test match held as part of the 2019 Ashes series . Following Englands defeat , Ali was dropped by England for their second Test match . Ali subsequently announced that he would be taking a short break from cricket . On 29 May 2020 , Ali was named in a 55-man group of players to begin training ahead of international fixtures starting in England following the COVID-19 pandemic . On 17 June 2020 , Ali was included in Englands 30-man squad to start training behind closed doors for the",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Test series against the West Indies . On 9 July 2020 , Ali was included in Englands 24-man squad to start training behind closed doors for the ODI series against Ireland . On 21 July 2020 , the ECB named Moeen Ali as Englands vice-captain for the ODI series .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " On 8 September 2020 , Ali first captained England in a T20I match against Australia in Southampton . He became the first Asian-origin cricketer to captain England in T20s , and the first Asian-origin cricketer to captain England in any format since Nasser Hussain in 2003 . 2021 . On 4 January 2021 , Ali tested positive for COVID-19 , prior to Englands tour of Sri Lanka and he recovered .",
"title": "Captaining England"
},
{
"text": " In January 2018 in the 2018 IPL auction , Ali was picked up by Royal Challengers Bangalore for INR 1.7 crores from his base price of INR 1.5 crores . However , he was released by RCB ahead of the 2021 Indian Premier League . In December 2019 , he was drafted by Multan Sultans as their Platinum Category pick at the 2020 PSL Draft for the Pakistan Super League .",
"title": "Franchise cricket"
},
{
"text": "In February 2021 , after Ali was released by the RCB , he was bought by the Chennai Super Kings in the IPL auction ahead of the IPL 2021 for a price of nearly £700,000 .",
"title": "Franchise cricket"
},
{
"text": " Moeen Ali wore Save Gaza and Free Palestine wristbands in connection with the Gaza conflict during day 2 of the third Test match of the 2014 series against India . The ICC code bars players from conveying messages which relate to political , religious or racial activities or causes . According to the ECB , Moeens stance was humanitarian , not political and a spokesman stated that the ECB do not believe he has committed any offence .",
"title": "Wrist band controversy"
},
{
"text": "Although Moeen had been cleared by the ECB to wear the bands , the decision was overruled by the match referee , David Boon .",
"title": "Wrist band controversy"
},
{
"text": "Ali is an Ambassador of StreetChance , a programme providing free weekly cricket coaching sessions in deprived areas in the UK , run by the Cricket Foundation and Barclays Spaces For Sports . In January 2015 , he joined Orphans in Need , an international NGO , as a Global Brand Ambassador and carried the charitys logo on his bat . Speaking after his stint at the crease , Moeen Ali said , “I enjoy coming back to the community where I grew up playing tapeball cricket . It keeps you grounded . I hope that , as an ambassador",
"title": "Charity work"
},
{
"text": "for the charity , I can pass on some useful advice and help inspire children like the ones here today involved in StreetChance .",
"title": "Charity work"
},
{
"text": " It’s so important that schemes like StreetChance give young people the opportunity to play cricket and to learn key life skills , wherever they’re from , whatever their background.”",
"title": "Charity work"
},
{
"text": " In January 2015 , Ali was nominated for the Best at Sport award at the British Muslim Awards .",
"title": "Awards and nominations"
},
{
"text": " - No Boundaries - Moeen Ali Documentary , England & Wales Cricket Board , 2017",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/G._B._Halsted#P108#0
|
Which employer did G. B. Halsted work for before Jun 1883?
|
G . B . Halsted George Bruce Halsted ( November 25 , 1853 – March 16 , 1922 ) , usually cited as G . B . Halsted , was an American mathematician who explored foundations of geometry and introduced non-Euclidean geometry into the United States through his own work and his many important translations . Especially noteworthy were his translations and commentaries relating to non-Euclidean geometry , including works by Bolyai , Lobachevski , Saccheri , and Poincaré . He wrote an elementary geometry text , Rational Geometry , based on Hilberts axioms , which was translated into French , German , and Japanese . Life . Halsted was a tutor and instructor at Princeton University . He held a mathematical fellowship while a student at Princeton . Halsted was a fourth generation Princeton graduate , earning his bachelors degree in 1875 and his Masters in 1878 . He went on to Johns Hopkins University where he was J . J . Sylvesters first student , receiving his Ph.D . in 1879 . After graduation , Halsted served as an instructor in mathematics at Princeton until beginning his post at the University of Texas at Austin in 1884 . From 1884 to 1903 , Halsted was a member of the University of Texas at Austin Department of Pure and Applied Mathematics , eventually becoming its chair . He taught mathematicians R . L . Moore and L . E . Dickson , among other students , who frequently joked that his primary criterion for the rationality of a geometric system was the simplicity of the terms in which it could express the closed space figure formed by the contours of his mustache . He explored the foundations of geometry and explored many alternatives to Euclids development , culminating with his Rational Geometry . In the interest of hyperbolic geometry in 1891 he translated the work of Nicolai Lobachevsky on theory of parallels . In 1893 in Chicago , Halsted read a paper Some salient points in the history of non-Euclidean and hyper-spaces at the International Mathematical Congress held in connection with the Worlds Columbian Exposition . Halsted frequently contributed to the early American Mathematical Monthly . In one article he championed the role of J . Bolyai in the development of non-Euclidean geometry and criticized C . F . Gauss . See also on 3 September 1912 . In 1903 , Halsted was fired from UT Austin after having published several articles that criticized the university for having passed over R . L . Moore , at that time a young and promising mathematician whom Halsted hoped to have as an assistant , for an instructor post in favor of a well-connected but less qualified candidate with roots in the area . He completed his teaching career at St . Johns College , Annapolis ; Kenyon College , Gambier , Ohio ( 1903-1906 ) ; and the Colorado State Teachers College , Greeley ( 1906-1914 ) . Halsted was a member of the American Mathematical Society and served as vice president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science . He was elected Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1905 . Synthetic projective geometry . In 1896 Halsted published a chapter on synthetic geometry pertaining to three-dimensional projective geometry in Higher Mathematics distributed by Mansfield Merriman and Robert S . Woodward . In 1906 Synthetic Projective Geometry was published separately in 241 articles and 61 problems . A bibliography referring to Chasles , Steiner , and Clebsch appears on page 24 . There are four pages of index , 58 of text , and a lyrical preface : “Man imprisioned in a little body , with short-arm hands instead of wings , created for his guidance a mole geometry , tactile space , codified by Euclid in his immortal Elements , whose basal principle is congruence , measurement . Yet man is no mole . Infinite feelers radiate from the windows of his soul , whose wings touch the fixed stars . The angel of light in him created for the guidance of eye-life an independent system , a radiant geometry , a visual space , codified in 1847 by a new Euclid , by the Erlangen professor , George von Staudt , in his immortal Geometrie der Lage , published in the quaint and ancient Nurnberg of Albrecht Durer.” By developing concepts of eject and cut , the text relates abstraction to practice in perspective drawing or a picture plane ( page 10 ) . A line is called a straight and includes a figurative point . Halsted uses the approach of a Steiner conic in article 77 for the definition of a conic : “If two coplanar non-copunctual flat pencils are projective but not perspective , the crosses of correlated straights form a range of the second degree’ or ‘conic range’ . The eject of a conic is a cone , while the cut of a cone is a conic’ . Since four arbitrary points in a plane have six connectors , there are three more points determined by the crosses of the connectors . Halted calls the original four points dots and the extra three codots . Standard nomenclature refers to the configuration as a complete quadrangle while Halsted says tetrastim . Each codot corresponds to a pair of opposite connectors . Four harmonic points are defined “if the first and third are codots of a tetrastim while the others are on the connectors of the third codot” ( pages 15 , 16 ) . For a given conic C , a point Z has a corresponding straight the polar of Z and Z is the pole of this straight : Through Z draw two secants through C crossing at AD and BC . Consider the tetrastim ABCD which has Z as a codot . Then the polar of Z is the straight through the other two codots of ABCD ( page 25 ) . Continuing with conics , conjugate diameters are straights , each of which is the polar of the figurative point of the other ( page 32 ) . Publications . - Metrical geometry ; An elementary treatise on mensuration ( Boston , Ginn , 1890 ) , link from Internet Archive . - The Elements of Geometry ( New York , Wiley , 1889 ) , @ Internet Archive . - Elementary Synthetic Geometry ( New York , Wiley , 1896 ) @ Internet Archive - ( translation ) : New Principles of Geometry with a Complete Theory of Parallels by Lobachevsky , ( Austin , Neomon , 1897 ) link from Yale University - Synthetic Projective Geometry ( New York , Wiley , 1906 ) , @ Internet Archive . - On the Foundation and Technic of Arithmetic ( Chicago , Open Court , 1912 ) , @ Internet Archive .
|
[
"Princeton"
] |
[
{
"text": "George Bruce Halsted ( November 25 , 1853 – March 16 , 1922 ) , usually cited as G . B . Halsted , was an American mathematician who explored foundations of geometry and introduced non-Euclidean geometry into the United States through his own work and his many important translations . Especially noteworthy were his translations and commentaries relating to non-Euclidean geometry , including works by Bolyai , Lobachevski , Saccheri , and Poincaré . He wrote an elementary geometry text , Rational Geometry , based on Hilberts axioms , which was translated into French , German , and Japanese",
"title": "G . B . Halsted"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "G . B . Halsted"
},
{
"text": " Halsted was a tutor and instructor at Princeton University . He held a mathematical fellowship while a student at Princeton . Halsted was a fourth generation Princeton graduate , earning his bachelors degree in 1875 and his Masters in 1878 . He went on to Johns Hopkins University where he was J . J . Sylvesters first student , receiving his Ph.D . in 1879 . After graduation , Halsted served as an instructor in mathematics at Princeton until beginning his post at the University of Texas at Austin in 1884 .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "From 1884 to 1903 , Halsted was a member of the University of Texas at Austin Department of Pure and Applied Mathematics , eventually becoming its chair . He taught mathematicians R . L . Moore and L . E . Dickson , among other students , who frequently joked that his primary criterion for the rationality of a geometric system was the simplicity of the terms in which it could express the closed space figure formed by the contours of his mustache . He explored the foundations of geometry and explored many alternatives to Euclids development , culminating with",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "his Rational Geometry .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " In the interest of hyperbolic geometry in 1891 he translated the work of Nicolai Lobachevsky on theory of parallels . In 1893 in Chicago , Halsted read a paper Some salient points in the history of non-Euclidean and hyper-spaces at the International Mathematical Congress held in connection with the Worlds Columbian Exposition . Halsted frequently contributed to the early American Mathematical Monthly . In one article he championed the role of J . Bolyai in the development of non-Euclidean geometry and criticized C . F . Gauss . See also on 3 September 1912 .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "In 1903 , Halsted was fired from UT Austin after having published several articles that criticized the university for having passed over R . L . Moore , at that time a young and promising mathematician whom Halsted hoped to have as an assistant , for an instructor post in favor of a well-connected but less qualified candidate with roots in the area .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " He completed his teaching career at St . Johns College , Annapolis ; Kenyon College , Gambier , Ohio ( 1903-1906 ) ; and the Colorado State Teachers College , Greeley ( 1906-1914 ) . Halsted was a member of the American Mathematical Society and served as vice president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science . He was elected Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1905 .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "In 1896 Halsted published a chapter on synthetic geometry pertaining to three-dimensional projective geometry in Higher Mathematics distributed by Mansfield Merriman and Robert S . Woodward . In 1906 Synthetic Projective Geometry was published separately in 241 articles and 61 problems . A bibliography referring to Chasles , Steiner , and Clebsch appears on page 24 . There are four pages of index , 58 of text , and a lyrical preface : “Man imprisioned in a little body , with short-arm hands instead of wings , created for his guidance a mole geometry , tactile space , codified by",
"title": "Synthetic projective geometry"
},
{
"text": "Euclid in his immortal Elements , whose basal principle is congruence , measurement . Yet man is no mole . Infinite feelers radiate from the windows of his soul , whose wings touch the fixed stars . The angel of light in him created for the guidance of eye-life an independent system , a radiant geometry , a visual space , codified in 1847 by a new Euclid , by the Erlangen professor , George von Staudt , in his immortal Geometrie der Lage , published in the quaint and ancient Nurnberg of Albrecht Durer.”",
"title": "Synthetic projective geometry"
},
{
"text": "By developing concepts of eject and cut , the text relates abstraction to practice in perspective drawing or a picture plane ( page 10 ) . A line is called a straight and includes a figurative point . Halsted uses the approach of a Steiner conic in article 77 for the definition of a conic : “If two coplanar non-copunctual flat pencils are projective but not perspective , the crosses of correlated straights form a range of the second degree’ or ‘conic range’ . The eject of a conic is a cone , while the cut of a cone is",
"title": "Synthetic projective geometry"
},
{
"text": "a conic’ .",
"title": "Synthetic projective geometry"
},
{
"text": " Since four arbitrary points in a plane have six connectors , there are three more points determined by the crosses of the connectors . Halted calls the original four points dots and the extra three codots . Standard nomenclature refers to the configuration as a complete quadrangle while Halsted says tetrastim . Each codot corresponds to a pair of opposite connectors . Four harmonic points are defined “if the first and third are codots of a tetrastim while the others are on the connectors of the third codot” ( pages 15 , 16 ) .",
"title": "Synthetic projective geometry"
},
{
"text": "For a given conic C , a point Z has a corresponding straight the polar of Z and Z is the pole of this straight : Through Z draw two secants through C crossing at AD and BC . Consider the tetrastim ABCD which has Z as a codot . Then the polar of Z is the straight through the other two codots of ABCD ( page 25 ) . Continuing with conics , conjugate diameters are straights , each of which is the polar of the figurative point of the other ( page 32 ) .",
"title": "Synthetic projective geometry"
},
{
"text": " - Metrical geometry ; An elementary treatise on mensuration ( Boston , Ginn , 1890 ) , link from Internet Archive . - The Elements of Geometry ( New York , Wiley , 1889 ) , @ Internet Archive . - Elementary Synthetic Geometry ( New York , Wiley , 1896 ) @ Internet Archive - ( translation ) : New Principles of Geometry with a Complete Theory of Parallels by Lobachevsky , ( Austin , Neomon , 1897 ) link from Yale University",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": "- Synthetic Projective Geometry ( New York , Wiley , 1906 ) , @ Internet Archive .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " - On the Foundation and Technic of Arithmetic ( Chicago , Open Court , 1912 ) , @ Internet Archive .",
"title": "Publications"
}
] |
/wiki/G._B._Halsted#P108#1
|
Which employer did G. B. Halsted work for between Jan 1885 and Sep 1894?
|
G . B . Halsted George Bruce Halsted ( November 25 , 1853 – March 16 , 1922 ) , usually cited as G . B . Halsted , was an American mathematician who explored foundations of geometry and introduced non-Euclidean geometry into the United States through his own work and his many important translations . Especially noteworthy were his translations and commentaries relating to non-Euclidean geometry , including works by Bolyai , Lobachevski , Saccheri , and Poincaré . He wrote an elementary geometry text , Rational Geometry , based on Hilberts axioms , which was translated into French , German , and Japanese . Life . Halsted was a tutor and instructor at Princeton University . He held a mathematical fellowship while a student at Princeton . Halsted was a fourth generation Princeton graduate , earning his bachelors degree in 1875 and his Masters in 1878 . He went on to Johns Hopkins University where he was J . J . Sylvesters first student , receiving his Ph.D . in 1879 . After graduation , Halsted served as an instructor in mathematics at Princeton until beginning his post at the University of Texas at Austin in 1884 . From 1884 to 1903 , Halsted was a member of the University of Texas at Austin Department of Pure and Applied Mathematics , eventually becoming its chair . He taught mathematicians R . L . Moore and L . E . Dickson , among other students , who frequently joked that his primary criterion for the rationality of a geometric system was the simplicity of the terms in which it could express the closed space figure formed by the contours of his mustache . He explored the foundations of geometry and explored many alternatives to Euclids development , culminating with his Rational Geometry . In the interest of hyperbolic geometry in 1891 he translated the work of Nicolai Lobachevsky on theory of parallels . In 1893 in Chicago , Halsted read a paper Some salient points in the history of non-Euclidean and hyper-spaces at the International Mathematical Congress held in connection with the Worlds Columbian Exposition . Halsted frequently contributed to the early American Mathematical Monthly . In one article he championed the role of J . Bolyai in the development of non-Euclidean geometry and criticized C . F . Gauss . See also on 3 September 1912 . In 1903 , Halsted was fired from UT Austin after having published several articles that criticized the university for having passed over R . L . Moore , at that time a young and promising mathematician whom Halsted hoped to have as an assistant , for an instructor post in favor of a well-connected but less qualified candidate with roots in the area . He completed his teaching career at St . Johns College , Annapolis ; Kenyon College , Gambier , Ohio ( 1903-1906 ) ; and the Colorado State Teachers College , Greeley ( 1906-1914 ) . Halsted was a member of the American Mathematical Society and served as vice president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science . He was elected Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1905 . Synthetic projective geometry . In 1896 Halsted published a chapter on synthetic geometry pertaining to three-dimensional projective geometry in Higher Mathematics distributed by Mansfield Merriman and Robert S . Woodward . In 1906 Synthetic Projective Geometry was published separately in 241 articles and 61 problems . A bibliography referring to Chasles , Steiner , and Clebsch appears on page 24 . There are four pages of index , 58 of text , and a lyrical preface : “Man imprisioned in a little body , with short-arm hands instead of wings , created for his guidance a mole geometry , tactile space , codified by Euclid in his immortal Elements , whose basal principle is congruence , measurement . Yet man is no mole . Infinite feelers radiate from the windows of his soul , whose wings touch the fixed stars . The angel of light in him created for the guidance of eye-life an independent system , a radiant geometry , a visual space , codified in 1847 by a new Euclid , by the Erlangen professor , George von Staudt , in his immortal Geometrie der Lage , published in the quaint and ancient Nurnberg of Albrecht Durer.” By developing concepts of eject and cut , the text relates abstraction to practice in perspective drawing or a picture plane ( page 10 ) . A line is called a straight and includes a figurative point . Halsted uses the approach of a Steiner conic in article 77 for the definition of a conic : “If two coplanar non-copunctual flat pencils are projective but not perspective , the crosses of correlated straights form a range of the second degree’ or ‘conic range’ . The eject of a conic is a cone , while the cut of a cone is a conic’ . Since four arbitrary points in a plane have six connectors , there are three more points determined by the crosses of the connectors . Halted calls the original four points dots and the extra three codots . Standard nomenclature refers to the configuration as a complete quadrangle while Halsted says tetrastim . Each codot corresponds to a pair of opposite connectors . Four harmonic points are defined “if the first and third are codots of a tetrastim while the others are on the connectors of the third codot” ( pages 15 , 16 ) . For a given conic C , a point Z has a corresponding straight the polar of Z and Z is the pole of this straight : Through Z draw two secants through C crossing at AD and BC . Consider the tetrastim ABCD which has Z as a codot . Then the polar of Z is the straight through the other two codots of ABCD ( page 25 ) . Continuing with conics , conjugate diameters are straights , each of which is the polar of the figurative point of the other ( page 32 ) . Publications . - Metrical geometry ; An elementary treatise on mensuration ( Boston , Ginn , 1890 ) , link from Internet Archive . - The Elements of Geometry ( New York , Wiley , 1889 ) , @ Internet Archive . - Elementary Synthetic Geometry ( New York , Wiley , 1896 ) @ Internet Archive - ( translation ) : New Principles of Geometry with a Complete Theory of Parallels by Lobachevsky , ( Austin , Neomon , 1897 ) link from Yale University - Synthetic Projective Geometry ( New York , Wiley , 1906 ) , @ Internet Archive . - On the Foundation and Technic of Arithmetic ( Chicago , Open Court , 1912 ) , @ Internet Archive .
|
[
"University of Texas at Austin"
] |
[
{
"text": "George Bruce Halsted ( November 25 , 1853 – March 16 , 1922 ) , usually cited as G . B . Halsted , was an American mathematician who explored foundations of geometry and introduced non-Euclidean geometry into the United States through his own work and his many important translations . Especially noteworthy were his translations and commentaries relating to non-Euclidean geometry , including works by Bolyai , Lobachevski , Saccheri , and Poincaré . He wrote an elementary geometry text , Rational Geometry , based on Hilberts axioms , which was translated into French , German , and Japanese",
"title": "G . B . Halsted"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "G . B . Halsted"
},
{
"text": " Halsted was a tutor and instructor at Princeton University . He held a mathematical fellowship while a student at Princeton . Halsted was a fourth generation Princeton graduate , earning his bachelors degree in 1875 and his Masters in 1878 . He went on to Johns Hopkins University where he was J . J . Sylvesters first student , receiving his Ph.D . in 1879 . After graduation , Halsted served as an instructor in mathematics at Princeton until beginning his post at the University of Texas at Austin in 1884 .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "From 1884 to 1903 , Halsted was a member of the University of Texas at Austin Department of Pure and Applied Mathematics , eventually becoming its chair . He taught mathematicians R . L . Moore and L . E . Dickson , among other students , who frequently joked that his primary criterion for the rationality of a geometric system was the simplicity of the terms in which it could express the closed space figure formed by the contours of his mustache . He explored the foundations of geometry and explored many alternatives to Euclids development , culminating with",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "his Rational Geometry .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " In the interest of hyperbolic geometry in 1891 he translated the work of Nicolai Lobachevsky on theory of parallels . In 1893 in Chicago , Halsted read a paper Some salient points in the history of non-Euclidean and hyper-spaces at the International Mathematical Congress held in connection with the Worlds Columbian Exposition . Halsted frequently contributed to the early American Mathematical Monthly . In one article he championed the role of J . Bolyai in the development of non-Euclidean geometry and criticized C . F . Gauss . See also on 3 September 1912 .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "In 1903 , Halsted was fired from UT Austin after having published several articles that criticized the university for having passed over R . L . Moore , at that time a young and promising mathematician whom Halsted hoped to have as an assistant , for an instructor post in favor of a well-connected but less qualified candidate with roots in the area .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " He completed his teaching career at St . Johns College , Annapolis ; Kenyon College , Gambier , Ohio ( 1903-1906 ) ; and the Colorado State Teachers College , Greeley ( 1906-1914 ) . Halsted was a member of the American Mathematical Society and served as vice president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science . He was elected Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1905 .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "In 1896 Halsted published a chapter on synthetic geometry pertaining to three-dimensional projective geometry in Higher Mathematics distributed by Mansfield Merriman and Robert S . Woodward . In 1906 Synthetic Projective Geometry was published separately in 241 articles and 61 problems . A bibliography referring to Chasles , Steiner , and Clebsch appears on page 24 . There are four pages of index , 58 of text , and a lyrical preface : “Man imprisioned in a little body , with short-arm hands instead of wings , created for his guidance a mole geometry , tactile space , codified by",
"title": "Synthetic projective geometry"
},
{
"text": "Euclid in his immortal Elements , whose basal principle is congruence , measurement . Yet man is no mole . Infinite feelers radiate from the windows of his soul , whose wings touch the fixed stars . The angel of light in him created for the guidance of eye-life an independent system , a radiant geometry , a visual space , codified in 1847 by a new Euclid , by the Erlangen professor , George von Staudt , in his immortal Geometrie der Lage , published in the quaint and ancient Nurnberg of Albrecht Durer.”",
"title": "Synthetic projective geometry"
},
{
"text": "By developing concepts of eject and cut , the text relates abstraction to practice in perspective drawing or a picture plane ( page 10 ) . A line is called a straight and includes a figurative point . Halsted uses the approach of a Steiner conic in article 77 for the definition of a conic : “If two coplanar non-copunctual flat pencils are projective but not perspective , the crosses of correlated straights form a range of the second degree’ or ‘conic range’ . The eject of a conic is a cone , while the cut of a cone is",
"title": "Synthetic projective geometry"
},
{
"text": "a conic’ .",
"title": "Synthetic projective geometry"
},
{
"text": " Since four arbitrary points in a plane have six connectors , there are three more points determined by the crosses of the connectors . Halted calls the original four points dots and the extra three codots . Standard nomenclature refers to the configuration as a complete quadrangle while Halsted says tetrastim . Each codot corresponds to a pair of opposite connectors . Four harmonic points are defined “if the first and third are codots of a tetrastim while the others are on the connectors of the third codot” ( pages 15 , 16 ) .",
"title": "Synthetic projective geometry"
},
{
"text": "For a given conic C , a point Z has a corresponding straight the polar of Z and Z is the pole of this straight : Through Z draw two secants through C crossing at AD and BC . Consider the tetrastim ABCD which has Z as a codot . Then the polar of Z is the straight through the other two codots of ABCD ( page 25 ) . Continuing with conics , conjugate diameters are straights , each of which is the polar of the figurative point of the other ( page 32 ) .",
"title": "Synthetic projective geometry"
},
{
"text": " - Metrical geometry ; An elementary treatise on mensuration ( Boston , Ginn , 1890 ) , link from Internet Archive . - The Elements of Geometry ( New York , Wiley , 1889 ) , @ Internet Archive . - Elementary Synthetic Geometry ( New York , Wiley , 1896 ) @ Internet Archive - ( translation ) : New Principles of Geometry with a Complete Theory of Parallels by Lobachevsky , ( Austin , Neomon , 1897 ) link from Yale University",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": "- Synthetic Projective Geometry ( New York , Wiley , 1906 ) , @ Internet Archive .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " - On the Foundation and Technic of Arithmetic ( Chicago , Open Court , 1912 ) , @ Internet Archive .",
"title": "Publications"
}
] |
/wiki/G._B._Halsted#P108#2
|
Which employer did G. B. Halsted work for in Nov 1905?
|
G . B . Halsted George Bruce Halsted ( November 25 , 1853 – March 16 , 1922 ) , usually cited as G . B . Halsted , was an American mathematician who explored foundations of geometry and introduced non-Euclidean geometry into the United States through his own work and his many important translations . Especially noteworthy were his translations and commentaries relating to non-Euclidean geometry , including works by Bolyai , Lobachevski , Saccheri , and Poincaré . He wrote an elementary geometry text , Rational Geometry , based on Hilberts axioms , which was translated into French , German , and Japanese . Life . Halsted was a tutor and instructor at Princeton University . He held a mathematical fellowship while a student at Princeton . Halsted was a fourth generation Princeton graduate , earning his bachelors degree in 1875 and his Masters in 1878 . He went on to Johns Hopkins University where he was J . J . Sylvesters first student , receiving his Ph.D . in 1879 . After graduation , Halsted served as an instructor in mathematics at Princeton until beginning his post at the University of Texas at Austin in 1884 . From 1884 to 1903 , Halsted was a member of the University of Texas at Austin Department of Pure and Applied Mathematics , eventually becoming its chair . He taught mathematicians R . L . Moore and L . E . Dickson , among other students , who frequently joked that his primary criterion for the rationality of a geometric system was the simplicity of the terms in which it could express the closed space figure formed by the contours of his mustache . He explored the foundations of geometry and explored many alternatives to Euclids development , culminating with his Rational Geometry . In the interest of hyperbolic geometry in 1891 he translated the work of Nicolai Lobachevsky on theory of parallels . In 1893 in Chicago , Halsted read a paper Some salient points in the history of non-Euclidean and hyper-spaces at the International Mathematical Congress held in connection with the Worlds Columbian Exposition . Halsted frequently contributed to the early American Mathematical Monthly . In one article he championed the role of J . Bolyai in the development of non-Euclidean geometry and criticized C . F . Gauss . See also on 3 September 1912 . In 1903 , Halsted was fired from UT Austin after having published several articles that criticized the university for having passed over R . L . Moore , at that time a young and promising mathematician whom Halsted hoped to have as an assistant , for an instructor post in favor of a well-connected but less qualified candidate with roots in the area . He completed his teaching career at St . Johns College , Annapolis ; Kenyon College , Gambier , Ohio ( 1903-1906 ) ; and the Colorado State Teachers College , Greeley ( 1906-1914 ) . Halsted was a member of the American Mathematical Society and served as vice president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science . He was elected Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1905 . Synthetic projective geometry . In 1896 Halsted published a chapter on synthetic geometry pertaining to three-dimensional projective geometry in Higher Mathematics distributed by Mansfield Merriman and Robert S . Woodward . In 1906 Synthetic Projective Geometry was published separately in 241 articles and 61 problems . A bibliography referring to Chasles , Steiner , and Clebsch appears on page 24 . There are four pages of index , 58 of text , and a lyrical preface : “Man imprisioned in a little body , with short-arm hands instead of wings , created for his guidance a mole geometry , tactile space , codified by Euclid in his immortal Elements , whose basal principle is congruence , measurement . Yet man is no mole . Infinite feelers radiate from the windows of his soul , whose wings touch the fixed stars . The angel of light in him created for the guidance of eye-life an independent system , a radiant geometry , a visual space , codified in 1847 by a new Euclid , by the Erlangen professor , George von Staudt , in his immortal Geometrie der Lage , published in the quaint and ancient Nurnberg of Albrecht Durer.” By developing concepts of eject and cut , the text relates abstraction to practice in perspective drawing or a picture plane ( page 10 ) . A line is called a straight and includes a figurative point . Halsted uses the approach of a Steiner conic in article 77 for the definition of a conic : “If two coplanar non-copunctual flat pencils are projective but not perspective , the crosses of correlated straights form a range of the second degree’ or ‘conic range’ . The eject of a conic is a cone , while the cut of a cone is a conic’ . Since four arbitrary points in a plane have six connectors , there are three more points determined by the crosses of the connectors . Halted calls the original four points dots and the extra three codots . Standard nomenclature refers to the configuration as a complete quadrangle while Halsted says tetrastim . Each codot corresponds to a pair of opposite connectors . Four harmonic points are defined “if the first and third are codots of a tetrastim while the others are on the connectors of the third codot” ( pages 15 , 16 ) . For a given conic C , a point Z has a corresponding straight the polar of Z and Z is the pole of this straight : Through Z draw two secants through C crossing at AD and BC . Consider the tetrastim ABCD which has Z as a codot . Then the polar of Z is the straight through the other two codots of ABCD ( page 25 ) . Continuing with conics , conjugate diameters are straights , each of which is the polar of the figurative point of the other ( page 32 ) . Publications . - Metrical geometry ; An elementary treatise on mensuration ( Boston , Ginn , 1890 ) , link from Internet Archive . - The Elements of Geometry ( New York , Wiley , 1889 ) , @ Internet Archive . - Elementary Synthetic Geometry ( New York , Wiley , 1896 ) @ Internet Archive - ( translation ) : New Principles of Geometry with a Complete Theory of Parallels by Lobachevsky , ( Austin , Neomon , 1897 ) link from Yale University - Synthetic Projective Geometry ( New York , Wiley , 1906 ) , @ Internet Archive . - On the Foundation and Technic of Arithmetic ( Chicago , Open Court , 1912 ) , @ Internet Archive .
|
[
"St . Johns College",
"Kenyon College"
] |
[
{
"text": "George Bruce Halsted ( November 25 , 1853 – March 16 , 1922 ) , usually cited as G . B . Halsted , was an American mathematician who explored foundations of geometry and introduced non-Euclidean geometry into the United States through his own work and his many important translations . Especially noteworthy were his translations and commentaries relating to non-Euclidean geometry , including works by Bolyai , Lobachevski , Saccheri , and Poincaré . He wrote an elementary geometry text , Rational Geometry , based on Hilberts axioms , which was translated into French , German , and Japanese",
"title": "G . B . Halsted"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "G . B . Halsted"
},
{
"text": " Halsted was a tutor and instructor at Princeton University . He held a mathematical fellowship while a student at Princeton . Halsted was a fourth generation Princeton graduate , earning his bachelors degree in 1875 and his Masters in 1878 . He went on to Johns Hopkins University where he was J . J . Sylvesters first student , receiving his Ph.D . in 1879 . After graduation , Halsted served as an instructor in mathematics at Princeton until beginning his post at the University of Texas at Austin in 1884 .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "From 1884 to 1903 , Halsted was a member of the University of Texas at Austin Department of Pure and Applied Mathematics , eventually becoming its chair . He taught mathematicians R . L . Moore and L . E . Dickson , among other students , who frequently joked that his primary criterion for the rationality of a geometric system was the simplicity of the terms in which it could express the closed space figure formed by the contours of his mustache . He explored the foundations of geometry and explored many alternatives to Euclids development , culminating with",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "his Rational Geometry .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " In the interest of hyperbolic geometry in 1891 he translated the work of Nicolai Lobachevsky on theory of parallels . In 1893 in Chicago , Halsted read a paper Some salient points in the history of non-Euclidean and hyper-spaces at the International Mathematical Congress held in connection with the Worlds Columbian Exposition . Halsted frequently contributed to the early American Mathematical Monthly . In one article he championed the role of J . Bolyai in the development of non-Euclidean geometry and criticized C . F . Gauss . See also on 3 September 1912 .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "In 1903 , Halsted was fired from UT Austin after having published several articles that criticized the university for having passed over R . L . Moore , at that time a young and promising mathematician whom Halsted hoped to have as an assistant , for an instructor post in favor of a well-connected but less qualified candidate with roots in the area .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " He completed his teaching career at St . Johns College , Annapolis ; Kenyon College , Gambier , Ohio ( 1903-1906 ) ; and the Colorado State Teachers College , Greeley ( 1906-1914 ) . Halsted was a member of the American Mathematical Society and served as vice president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science . He was elected Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1905 .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "In 1896 Halsted published a chapter on synthetic geometry pertaining to three-dimensional projective geometry in Higher Mathematics distributed by Mansfield Merriman and Robert S . Woodward . In 1906 Synthetic Projective Geometry was published separately in 241 articles and 61 problems . A bibliography referring to Chasles , Steiner , and Clebsch appears on page 24 . There are four pages of index , 58 of text , and a lyrical preface : “Man imprisioned in a little body , with short-arm hands instead of wings , created for his guidance a mole geometry , tactile space , codified by",
"title": "Synthetic projective geometry"
},
{
"text": "Euclid in his immortal Elements , whose basal principle is congruence , measurement . Yet man is no mole . Infinite feelers radiate from the windows of his soul , whose wings touch the fixed stars . The angel of light in him created for the guidance of eye-life an independent system , a radiant geometry , a visual space , codified in 1847 by a new Euclid , by the Erlangen professor , George von Staudt , in his immortal Geometrie der Lage , published in the quaint and ancient Nurnberg of Albrecht Durer.”",
"title": "Synthetic projective geometry"
},
{
"text": "By developing concepts of eject and cut , the text relates abstraction to practice in perspective drawing or a picture plane ( page 10 ) . A line is called a straight and includes a figurative point . Halsted uses the approach of a Steiner conic in article 77 for the definition of a conic : “If two coplanar non-copunctual flat pencils are projective but not perspective , the crosses of correlated straights form a range of the second degree’ or ‘conic range’ . The eject of a conic is a cone , while the cut of a cone is",
"title": "Synthetic projective geometry"
},
{
"text": "a conic’ .",
"title": "Synthetic projective geometry"
},
{
"text": " Since four arbitrary points in a plane have six connectors , there are three more points determined by the crosses of the connectors . Halted calls the original four points dots and the extra three codots . Standard nomenclature refers to the configuration as a complete quadrangle while Halsted says tetrastim . Each codot corresponds to a pair of opposite connectors . Four harmonic points are defined “if the first and third are codots of a tetrastim while the others are on the connectors of the third codot” ( pages 15 , 16 ) .",
"title": "Synthetic projective geometry"
},
{
"text": "For a given conic C , a point Z has a corresponding straight the polar of Z and Z is the pole of this straight : Through Z draw two secants through C crossing at AD and BC . Consider the tetrastim ABCD which has Z as a codot . Then the polar of Z is the straight through the other two codots of ABCD ( page 25 ) . Continuing with conics , conjugate diameters are straights , each of which is the polar of the figurative point of the other ( page 32 ) .",
"title": "Synthetic projective geometry"
},
{
"text": " - Metrical geometry ; An elementary treatise on mensuration ( Boston , Ginn , 1890 ) , link from Internet Archive . - The Elements of Geometry ( New York , Wiley , 1889 ) , @ Internet Archive . - Elementary Synthetic Geometry ( New York , Wiley , 1896 ) @ Internet Archive - ( translation ) : New Principles of Geometry with a Complete Theory of Parallels by Lobachevsky , ( Austin , Neomon , 1897 ) link from Yale University",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": "- Synthetic Projective Geometry ( New York , Wiley , 1906 ) , @ Internet Archive .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " - On the Foundation and Technic of Arithmetic ( Chicago , Open Court , 1912 ) , @ Internet Archive .",
"title": "Publications"
}
] |
/wiki/G._B._Halsted#P108#3
|
Which employer did G. B. Halsted work for after Aug 1906?
|
G . B . Halsted George Bruce Halsted ( November 25 , 1853 – March 16 , 1922 ) , usually cited as G . B . Halsted , was an American mathematician who explored foundations of geometry and introduced non-Euclidean geometry into the United States through his own work and his many important translations . Especially noteworthy were his translations and commentaries relating to non-Euclidean geometry , including works by Bolyai , Lobachevski , Saccheri , and Poincaré . He wrote an elementary geometry text , Rational Geometry , based on Hilberts axioms , which was translated into French , German , and Japanese . Life . Halsted was a tutor and instructor at Princeton University . He held a mathematical fellowship while a student at Princeton . Halsted was a fourth generation Princeton graduate , earning his bachelors degree in 1875 and his Masters in 1878 . He went on to Johns Hopkins University where he was J . J . Sylvesters first student , receiving his Ph.D . in 1879 . After graduation , Halsted served as an instructor in mathematics at Princeton until beginning his post at the University of Texas at Austin in 1884 . From 1884 to 1903 , Halsted was a member of the University of Texas at Austin Department of Pure and Applied Mathematics , eventually becoming its chair . He taught mathematicians R . L . Moore and L . E . Dickson , among other students , who frequently joked that his primary criterion for the rationality of a geometric system was the simplicity of the terms in which it could express the closed space figure formed by the contours of his mustache . He explored the foundations of geometry and explored many alternatives to Euclids development , culminating with his Rational Geometry . In the interest of hyperbolic geometry in 1891 he translated the work of Nicolai Lobachevsky on theory of parallels . In 1893 in Chicago , Halsted read a paper Some salient points in the history of non-Euclidean and hyper-spaces at the International Mathematical Congress held in connection with the Worlds Columbian Exposition . Halsted frequently contributed to the early American Mathematical Monthly . In one article he championed the role of J . Bolyai in the development of non-Euclidean geometry and criticized C . F . Gauss . See also on 3 September 1912 . In 1903 , Halsted was fired from UT Austin after having published several articles that criticized the university for having passed over R . L . Moore , at that time a young and promising mathematician whom Halsted hoped to have as an assistant , for an instructor post in favor of a well-connected but less qualified candidate with roots in the area . He completed his teaching career at St . Johns College , Annapolis ; Kenyon College , Gambier , Ohio ( 1903-1906 ) ; and the Colorado State Teachers College , Greeley ( 1906-1914 ) . Halsted was a member of the American Mathematical Society and served as vice president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science . He was elected Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1905 . Synthetic projective geometry . In 1896 Halsted published a chapter on synthetic geometry pertaining to three-dimensional projective geometry in Higher Mathematics distributed by Mansfield Merriman and Robert S . Woodward . In 1906 Synthetic Projective Geometry was published separately in 241 articles and 61 problems . A bibliography referring to Chasles , Steiner , and Clebsch appears on page 24 . There are four pages of index , 58 of text , and a lyrical preface : “Man imprisioned in a little body , with short-arm hands instead of wings , created for his guidance a mole geometry , tactile space , codified by Euclid in his immortal Elements , whose basal principle is congruence , measurement . Yet man is no mole . Infinite feelers radiate from the windows of his soul , whose wings touch the fixed stars . The angel of light in him created for the guidance of eye-life an independent system , a radiant geometry , a visual space , codified in 1847 by a new Euclid , by the Erlangen professor , George von Staudt , in his immortal Geometrie der Lage , published in the quaint and ancient Nurnberg of Albrecht Durer.” By developing concepts of eject and cut , the text relates abstraction to practice in perspective drawing or a picture plane ( page 10 ) . A line is called a straight and includes a figurative point . Halsted uses the approach of a Steiner conic in article 77 for the definition of a conic : “If two coplanar non-copunctual flat pencils are projective but not perspective , the crosses of correlated straights form a range of the second degree’ or ‘conic range’ . The eject of a conic is a cone , while the cut of a cone is a conic’ . Since four arbitrary points in a plane have six connectors , there are three more points determined by the crosses of the connectors . Halted calls the original four points dots and the extra three codots . Standard nomenclature refers to the configuration as a complete quadrangle while Halsted says tetrastim . Each codot corresponds to a pair of opposite connectors . Four harmonic points are defined “if the first and third are codots of a tetrastim while the others are on the connectors of the third codot” ( pages 15 , 16 ) . For a given conic C , a point Z has a corresponding straight the polar of Z and Z is the pole of this straight : Through Z draw two secants through C crossing at AD and BC . Consider the tetrastim ABCD which has Z as a codot . Then the polar of Z is the straight through the other two codots of ABCD ( page 25 ) . Continuing with conics , conjugate diameters are straights , each of which is the polar of the figurative point of the other ( page 32 ) . Publications . - Metrical geometry ; An elementary treatise on mensuration ( Boston , Ginn , 1890 ) , link from Internet Archive . - The Elements of Geometry ( New York , Wiley , 1889 ) , @ Internet Archive . - Elementary Synthetic Geometry ( New York , Wiley , 1896 ) @ Internet Archive - ( translation ) : New Principles of Geometry with a Complete Theory of Parallels by Lobachevsky , ( Austin , Neomon , 1897 ) link from Yale University - Synthetic Projective Geometry ( New York , Wiley , 1906 ) , @ Internet Archive . - On the Foundation and Technic of Arithmetic ( Chicago , Open Court , 1912 ) , @ Internet Archive .
|
[
"Colorado State Teachers College"
] |
[
{
"text": "George Bruce Halsted ( November 25 , 1853 – March 16 , 1922 ) , usually cited as G . B . Halsted , was an American mathematician who explored foundations of geometry and introduced non-Euclidean geometry into the United States through his own work and his many important translations . Especially noteworthy were his translations and commentaries relating to non-Euclidean geometry , including works by Bolyai , Lobachevski , Saccheri , and Poincaré . He wrote an elementary geometry text , Rational Geometry , based on Hilberts axioms , which was translated into French , German , and Japanese",
"title": "G . B . Halsted"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "G . B . Halsted"
},
{
"text": " Halsted was a tutor and instructor at Princeton University . He held a mathematical fellowship while a student at Princeton . Halsted was a fourth generation Princeton graduate , earning his bachelors degree in 1875 and his Masters in 1878 . He went on to Johns Hopkins University where he was J . J . Sylvesters first student , receiving his Ph.D . in 1879 . After graduation , Halsted served as an instructor in mathematics at Princeton until beginning his post at the University of Texas at Austin in 1884 .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "From 1884 to 1903 , Halsted was a member of the University of Texas at Austin Department of Pure and Applied Mathematics , eventually becoming its chair . He taught mathematicians R . L . Moore and L . E . Dickson , among other students , who frequently joked that his primary criterion for the rationality of a geometric system was the simplicity of the terms in which it could express the closed space figure formed by the contours of his mustache . He explored the foundations of geometry and explored many alternatives to Euclids development , culminating with",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "his Rational Geometry .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " In the interest of hyperbolic geometry in 1891 he translated the work of Nicolai Lobachevsky on theory of parallels . In 1893 in Chicago , Halsted read a paper Some salient points in the history of non-Euclidean and hyper-spaces at the International Mathematical Congress held in connection with the Worlds Columbian Exposition . Halsted frequently contributed to the early American Mathematical Monthly . In one article he championed the role of J . Bolyai in the development of non-Euclidean geometry and criticized C . F . Gauss . See also on 3 September 1912 .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "In 1903 , Halsted was fired from UT Austin after having published several articles that criticized the university for having passed over R . L . Moore , at that time a young and promising mathematician whom Halsted hoped to have as an assistant , for an instructor post in favor of a well-connected but less qualified candidate with roots in the area .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " He completed his teaching career at St . Johns College , Annapolis ; Kenyon College , Gambier , Ohio ( 1903-1906 ) ; and the Colorado State Teachers College , Greeley ( 1906-1914 ) . Halsted was a member of the American Mathematical Society and served as vice president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science . He was elected Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1905 .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "In 1896 Halsted published a chapter on synthetic geometry pertaining to three-dimensional projective geometry in Higher Mathematics distributed by Mansfield Merriman and Robert S . Woodward . In 1906 Synthetic Projective Geometry was published separately in 241 articles and 61 problems . A bibliography referring to Chasles , Steiner , and Clebsch appears on page 24 . There are four pages of index , 58 of text , and a lyrical preface : “Man imprisioned in a little body , with short-arm hands instead of wings , created for his guidance a mole geometry , tactile space , codified by",
"title": "Synthetic projective geometry"
},
{
"text": "Euclid in his immortal Elements , whose basal principle is congruence , measurement . Yet man is no mole . Infinite feelers radiate from the windows of his soul , whose wings touch the fixed stars . The angel of light in him created for the guidance of eye-life an independent system , a radiant geometry , a visual space , codified in 1847 by a new Euclid , by the Erlangen professor , George von Staudt , in his immortal Geometrie der Lage , published in the quaint and ancient Nurnberg of Albrecht Durer.”",
"title": "Synthetic projective geometry"
},
{
"text": "By developing concepts of eject and cut , the text relates abstraction to practice in perspective drawing or a picture plane ( page 10 ) . A line is called a straight and includes a figurative point . Halsted uses the approach of a Steiner conic in article 77 for the definition of a conic : “If two coplanar non-copunctual flat pencils are projective but not perspective , the crosses of correlated straights form a range of the second degree’ or ‘conic range’ . The eject of a conic is a cone , while the cut of a cone is",
"title": "Synthetic projective geometry"
},
{
"text": "a conic’ .",
"title": "Synthetic projective geometry"
},
{
"text": " Since four arbitrary points in a plane have six connectors , there are three more points determined by the crosses of the connectors . Halted calls the original four points dots and the extra three codots . Standard nomenclature refers to the configuration as a complete quadrangle while Halsted says tetrastim . Each codot corresponds to a pair of opposite connectors . Four harmonic points are defined “if the first and third are codots of a tetrastim while the others are on the connectors of the third codot” ( pages 15 , 16 ) .",
"title": "Synthetic projective geometry"
},
{
"text": "For a given conic C , a point Z has a corresponding straight the polar of Z and Z is the pole of this straight : Through Z draw two secants through C crossing at AD and BC . Consider the tetrastim ABCD which has Z as a codot . Then the polar of Z is the straight through the other two codots of ABCD ( page 25 ) . Continuing with conics , conjugate diameters are straights , each of which is the polar of the figurative point of the other ( page 32 ) .",
"title": "Synthetic projective geometry"
},
{
"text": " - Metrical geometry ; An elementary treatise on mensuration ( Boston , Ginn , 1890 ) , link from Internet Archive . - The Elements of Geometry ( New York , Wiley , 1889 ) , @ Internet Archive . - Elementary Synthetic Geometry ( New York , Wiley , 1896 ) @ Internet Archive - ( translation ) : New Principles of Geometry with a Complete Theory of Parallels by Lobachevsky , ( Austin , Neomon , 1897 ) link from Yale University",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": "- Synthetic Projective Geometry ( New York , Wiley , 1906 ) , @ Internet Archive .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " - On the Foundation and Technic of Arithmetic ( Chicago , Open Court , 1912 ) , @ Internet Archive .",
"title": "Publications"
}
] |
/wiki/Charles_W._Lyons#P39#0
|
What was the position of Charles W. Lyons in Dec 1908?
|
Charles W . Lyons Charles William Lyons ( January 31 , 1868 – January 31 , 1939 ) was an American Catholic priest who became the only Jesuit and likely the only educator in the United States to have served as the president of four colleges . Born in Boston , Massachusetts , he attended the local public schools before entering the wool industry . He abandoned his career in industry to enter the Society of Jesus . While a novice in Maryland , he suffered a nervous breakdown and was sent to Georgetown University as prefect . He then resumed his studies at Woodstock College , teaching intermittently at Gonzaga College in Washington , D.C . and Loyola College in Baltimore . After his ordination , he became a professor at St . Francis Xavier College in New York City and at Boston College . In 1908 , Lyons became the rector of Gonzaga College , where he remained for a year before being appointed the president of Saint Josephs College in Philadelphia . While there , he had constructed a new building for the faculty , and his tenure came to an end when he became the president of Boston College in 1914 . He continued the major construction plan of his predecessor , overseeing the completion of St . Marys Hall and Alumni Field . He also dealt with the severe downturn in enrollment due to World War I . His term came to an end in 1919 , and for the next several years , he taught at Boston College , was a priest at the Church of St . Ignatius Loyola in New York , oversaw the construction of Weston College , and led retreats around the country . He was finally appointed president of Georgetown University in 1923 . While he managed construction of the New North building , he was regarded as a poor leader , and his term ended in 1928 . Lyons spent his final years as a missionary , and was awarded the Order of the Star of Romania . Early life and education . Charles William Lyons was born on January 31 , 1868 , in Boston , Massachusetts . He was one of seven children , and his brother George also became a priest . As a young boy , he moved to South Boston and became a parishioner of the Church of Saints Peter and Paul . He attended the Boston public schools , including Bigelow Grammar School , and The English High School . Upon graduating from high school , he went to work in the wool industry , where he advanced quickly . During this time , he studied Latin on his own , and joined the Young Mens Catholic Association , which was founded by the Church of the Immaculate Conception . He eventually became a member of the associations board of directors . Jesuit formation . Following his exposure to the Jesuits at Immaculate Conception Church , Lyons joined the Society of Jesus , and his application was accepted by the provincial superior , Thomas J . Campbell . He proceeded to the Jesuit novitiate in Frederick , Maryland , on August 14 , 1890 . He found his formation at Frederick difficult , and suffered a nervous breakdown during his juniorate , which affected his eyesight . As a result , he was sent to Georgetown University , where he was appointed prefect of the young students , who were fond of him . He remained in this position for one year , before resuming his studies in Frederick . Lyons completed his juniorate in 1895 and commenced his study of philosophy at Woodstock College . There , he gained a reputation as being a good tenor singer , and he assisted with the annual plays . During this time , he was also a catechist at St . Alphonsus Church in Woodstock , Maryland . Following his philosophical studies , Lyons was sent to Gonzaga College in Washington , D.C. , were he taught chemistry to the high school students . He was then sent to Loyola College in Baltimore , Maryland in 1901 to teach grammar and mathematics . The following year , Lyons returned to Woodstock for his theological studies . At Woodstock , he was ordained a priest in 1904 . In 1906 , he returned to Georgetown as the prefect of discipline . Lyons then spent his tertianship year at St . Andrew-on-Hudson in Hyde Park , New York . Following his tertianship , Lyons was appointed a professor of philosophy and political economy at St . Francis Xavier College in New York City . He then transferred to Boston College as a professor of psychology . Gonzaga College . Lyons was at Boston College for only a short while , before being appointed the rector of Gonzaga College . He assumed the position on December 27 , 1908 , succeeding Joseph J . Himmel . Shortly after he took office , an earthquake struck Messina , Italy , and the school offered a solemn high requiem mass for the victims , which was celebrated by Bishop Diomede Falconio and sung by Bonaventura Cerretti . In attendance were Bishop Denis J . OConnell , Attorney General Charles Joseph Bonaparte , the Italian ambassador to the United States , Joseph Himmel , and priests from the Dominican , Franciscan , and Paulist orders . A banquet was held to honor the new president on February 10 , which was attended by Congressman William Bourke Cockran . Lyons term came to an end on July 8 , 1909 , when he was succeeded by Eugene DeL . McDonnell . Saint Josephs College . Following his tenure at Gonzaga College , Lyons was appointed the rector and president of Saint Josephs College in Philadelphia in July 1909 , where he succeeded Cornelius Gillespie . Upon his assumption of the presidency , he simultaneously became pastor of the Church of the Gesú . He maintained good relations with the two successive Archbishops of Philadelphia , Patrick John Ryan and Edmond Francis Prendergast throughout his term , and the Church of the Gesú prospered during this time . Lyons oversaw the construction of a new building for the college faculty on 18th and Thompson Streets . Its ground was broken in the fall of 1910 , and the building was complete by September 1911 . Lyons presidency ended in 1914 , when he was succeeded by J . Charles Davey . Boston College . On January 11 , 1914 , Lyons became the rector and president of Boston College . His selection was praised by many due to his experience in managing building projects . He continued the work of his predecessor , Thomas I . Gasson , to expand the colleges campus . With construction already underway , he had architects modify the plan for St . Marys Hall to add a fourth floor , as well as expand the size of the chapel to accommodate 250 people . St . Marys Hall was completed on January 4 , 1917 . A permanent athletic field was built during his term , and Lyons christened the new Alumni Field on October 30 , 1915 . With respect to the curriculum , Lyons terminated the granting of graduate degrees to students in the newly established adult night education department in 1914 , upon the request of the faculty , who argued that the program would strain the faculty and facilities . The Philomatheia Club was also established , which was a group of Catholic women from Boston who would support the college . Boston College High School was physically separated from the rest of the college for the first time in 1917 , but Lyons continued as rector of both . He also began discussions to create the School of Education , which were not realized until 1919 . In 1918 , he was made a member of the Massachusetts Board of Education . His presidency was largely influenced by World War I . Lyons believed that it was his duty to support President Woodrow Wilson during time of war , and he was appointed to the Military Commission of Massachusetts during 1915 and 1916 . Enrollment at the school dropped by 81% and 15 students and alumni of the school were killed in the war . Boston College hosted a unit of the Student Army Training Corps . Following the end of the war , a Reserve Officers Training Corps unit was established . Lyons term as president ended on July 20 , 1919 , and he was succeeded by William J . Devlin . Pastoral work in New York . Upon the end of his presidency in 1919 , Lyons was transferred to the Church of St . Ignatius Loyola in New York City , where he did pastoral work , including leading retreats for the priests in Boston , Providence , Portland , New York , Saint Paul , and Chicago . He was also especially active in hearing confessions . After three years , Lyons returned to Boston College as a professor of metaphysics , and as the head of the department of philosophy . He also gave lectures on philosophy to various groups in Boston . He was also tasked with overseeing the construction of the Weston College . Georgetown University . Lyons was appointed the president of Georgetown University in October 1924 , succeeding John B . Creeden . Upon his appointment , he became the only Jesuit and likely the only educator in the United States to have been president of four different colleges . Lyons showed little interest in leading Georgetown , and his presidency was considered unsuccessful . The fundraising campaign begun by Creeden floundered during his presidency and ended far short of its goal . He was frequently away from the university , as he preferred to preach and lead retreats . Seeing insufficient dormitory space as the most pressing need on campus , he oversaw the construction of the New North building in 1925 , which was completed in June 1926 in the Colonial Revival style . The interior of Old North was then gutted and redesigned to house classrooms and student services . New North doubled the amount of housing on campus . He also oversaw construction of a new wing of the Georgetown University Hospital . Lyons modernized the curriculum , introducing an alternate course of study to the classical one , and allowing majors for upperclassmen . This coincided with a significant increase in the number of students , and Lyons responded by enlarging the faculty . By 1927 , there were more lay faculty than Jesuits . As a result , the tuition increased substantially to pay for the salaries of the lay professors . Lyons was invited by Calvin Coolidge to his 1925 presidential inauguration , and sat among the cabinet . President Coolidge also appointed him to a federal commission that would plan the 150th anniversary of the Battle of Bunker Hill . During this time , he was awarded the Order of the Star of Romania , with the rank of commander . Lyons presidency came to an end in 1928 , and he was succeeded by W . Coleman Nevils . Later years . Upon the end of his leadership of Georgetown , Lyons joined the Jesuit mission band in Boston , with which he traveled throughout New England , New York , and Maryland for eight years . His health began to deteriorate in 1936 , so the Jesuit superiors stationed him at Weston College as the spiritual father of the theology students . He was transferred to the Church of the Immaculate Conception in Boston in July 1937 . The following year , he suffered a major heart attack , from which doctors did not expect him to recover . In 1938 , having seemingly recovered , he went to Boston College High School , but proved unable to continue working . While residing there , he suffered another heart attack , and was sent to St . Margarets Hospital in Dorchester , where he died on January 31 , 1939 . He was buried in the Jesuit cemetery at the College of the Holy Cross . Lyons Hall at Boston College , which opened 1951 , was named in his honor .
|
[
"rector of Gonzaga College"
] |
[
{
"text": "Charles William Lyons ( January 31 , 1868 – January 31 , 1939 ) was an American Catholic priest who became the only Jesuit and likely the only educator in the United States to have served as the president of four colleges . Born in Boston , Massachusetts , he attended the local public schools before entering the wool industry . He abandoned his career in industry to enter the Society of Jesus . While a novice in Maryland , he suffered a nervous breakdown and was sent to Georgetown University as prefect . He then resumed his studies at",
"title": "Charles W . Lyons"
},
{
"text": "Woodstock College , teaching intermittently at Gonzaga College in Washington , D.C . and Loyola College in Baltimore . After his ordination , he became a professor at St . Francis Xavier College in New York City and at Boston College .",
"title": "Charles W . Lyons"
},
{
"text": "In 1908 , Lyons became the rector of Gonzaga College , where he remained for a year before being appointed the president of Saint Josephs College in Philadelphia . While there , he had constructed a new building for the faculty , and his tenure came to an end when he became the president of Boston College in 1914 . He continued the major construction plan of his predecessor , overseeing the completion of St . Marys Hall and Alumni Field . He also dealt with the severe downturn in enrollment due to World War I . His term came",
"title": "Charles W . Lyons"
},
{
"text": "to an end in 1919 , and for the next several years , he taught at Boston College , was a priest at the Church of St . Ignatius Loyola in New York , oversaw the construction of Weston College , and led retreats around the country .",
"title": "Charles W . Lyons"
},
{
"text": " He was finally appointed president of Georgetown University in 1923 . While he managed construction of the New North building , he was regarded as a poor leader , and his term ended in 1928 . Lyons spent his final years as a missionary , and was awarded the Order of the Star of Romania . Early life and education .",
"title": "Charles W . Lyons"
},
{
"text": "Charles William Lyons was born on January 31 , 1868 , in Boston , Massachusetts . He was one of seven children , and his brother George also became a priest . As a young boy , he moved to South Boston and became a parishioner of the Church of Saints Peter and Paul . He attended the Boston public schools , including Bigelow Grammar School , and The English High School . Upon graduating from high school , he went to work in the wool industry , where he advanced quickly . During this time , he studied Latin",
"title": "Charles W . Lyons"
},
{
"text": "on his own , and joined the Young Mens Catholic Association , which was founded by the Church of the Immaculate Conception . He eventually became a member of the associations board of directors .",
"title": "Charles W . Lyons"
},
{
"text": "Following his exposure to the Jesuits at Immaculate Conception Church , Lyons joined the Society of Jesus , and his application was accepted by the provincial superior , Thomas J . Campbell . He proceeded to the Jesuit novitiate in Frederick , Maryland , on August 14 , 1890 . He found his formation at Frederick difficult , and suffered a nervous breakdown during his juniorate , which affected his eyesight . As a result , he was sent to Georgetown University , where he was appointed prefect of the young students , who were fond of him . He",
"title": "Jesuit formation"
},
{
"text": "remained in this position for one year , before resuming his studies in Frederick . Lyons completed his juniorate in 1895 and commenced his study of philosophy at Woodstock College . There , he gained a reputation as being a good tenor singer , and he assisted with the annual plays . During this time , he was also a catechist at St . Alphonsus Church in Woodstock , Maryland .",
"title": "Jesuit formation"
},
{
"text": " Following his philosophical studies , Lyons was sent to Gonzaga College in Washington , D.C. , were he taught chemistry to the high school students . He was then sent to Loyola College in Baltimore , Maryland in 1901 to teach grammar and mathematics . The following year , Lyons returned to Woodstock for his theological studies . At Woodstock , he was ordained a priest in 1904 . In 1906 , he returned to Georgetown as the prefect of discipline . Lyons then spent his tertianship year at St . Andrew-on-Hudson in Hyde Park , New York .",
"title": "Jesuit formation"
},
{
"text": "Following his tertianship , Lyons was appointed a professor of philosophy and political economy at St . Francis Xavier College in New York City . He then transferred to Boston College as a professor of psychology .",
"title": "Jesuit formation"
},
{
"text": "Lyons was at Boston College for only a short while , before being appointed the rector of Gonzaga College . He assumed the position on December 27 , 1908 , succeeding Joseph J . Himmel . Shortly after he took office , an earthquake struck Messina , Italy , and the school offered a solemn high requiem mass for the victims , which was celebrated by Bishop Diomede Falconio and sung by Bonaventura Cerretti . In attendance were Bishop Denis J . OConnell , Attorney General Charles Joseph Bonaparte , the Italian ambassador to the United States , Joseph Himmel",
"title": "Gonzaga College"
},
{
"text": ", and priests from the Dominican , Franciscan , and Paulist orders . A banquet was held to honor the new president on February 10 , which was attended by Congressman William Bourke Cockran . Lyons term came to an end on July 8 , 1909 , when he was succeeded by Eugene DeL . McDonnell .",
"title": "Gonzaga College"
},
{
"text": " Following his tenure at Gonzaga College , Lyons was appointed the rector and president of Saint Josephs College in Philadelphia in July 1909 , where he succeeded Cornelius Gillespie . Upon his assumption of the presidency , he simultaneously became pastor of the Church of the Gesú . He maintained good relations with the two successive Archbishops of Philadelphia , Patrick John Ryan and Edmond Francis Prendergast throughout his term , and the Church of the Gesú prospered during this time .",
"title": "Saint Josephs College"
},
{
"text": "Lyons oversaw the construction of a new building for the college faculty on 18th and Thompson Streets . Its ground was broken in the fall of 1910 , and the building was complete by September 1911 . Lyons presidency ended in 1914 , when he was succeeded by J . Charles Davey .",
"title": "Saint Josephs College"
},
{
"text": "On January 11 , 1914 , Lyons became the rector and president of Boston College . His selection was praised by many due to his experience in managing building projects . He continued the work of his predecessor , Thomas I . Gasson , to expand the colleges campus . With construction already underway , he had architects modify the plan for St . Marys Hall to add a fourth floor , as well as expand the size of the chapel to accommodate 250 people . St . Marys Hall was completed on January 4 , 1917 . A permanent",
"title": "Boston College"
},
{
"text": "athletic field was built during his term , and Lyons christened the new Alumni Field on October 30 , 1915 .",
"title": "Boston College"
},
{
"text": "With respect to the curriculum , Lyons terminated the granting of graduate degrees to students in the newly established adult night education department in 1914 , upon the request of the faculty , who argued that the program would strain the faculty and facilities . The Philomatheia Club was also established , which was a group of Catholic women from Boston who would support the college . Boston College High School was physically separated from the rest of the college for the first time in 1917 , but Lyons continued as rector of both . He also began discussions to",
"title": "Boston College"
},
{
"text": "create the School of Education , which were not realized until 1919 . In 1918 , he was made a member of the Massachusetts Board of Education .",
"title": "Boston College"
},
{
"text": "His presidency was largely influenced by World War I . Lyons believed that it was his duty to support President Woodrow Wilson during time of war , and he was appointed to the Military Commission of Massachusetts during 1915 and 1916 . Enrollment at the school dropped by 81% and 15 students and alumni of the school were killed in the war . Boston College hosted a unit of the Student Army Training Corps . Following the end of the war , a Reserve Officers Training Corps unit was established . Lyons term as president ended on July 20 ,",
"title": "Boston College"
},
{
"text": "1919 , and he was succeeded by William J . Devlin .",
"title": "Boston College"
},
{
"text": "Upon the end of his presidency in 1919 , Lyons was transferred to the Church of St . Ignatius Loyola in New York City , where he did pastoral work , including leading retreats for the priests in Boston , Providence , Portland , New York , Saint Paul , and Chicago . He was also especially active in hearing confessions . After three years , Lyons returned to Boston College as a professor of metaphysics , and as the head of the department of philosophy . He also gave lectures on philosophy to various groups in Boston . He",
"title": "Boston College"
},
{
"text": "was also tasked with overseeing the construction of the Weston College .",
"title": "Boston College"
},
{
"text": "Lyons was appointed the president of Georgetown University in October 1924 , succeeding John B . Creeden . Upon his appointment , he became the only Jesuit and likely the only educator in the United States to have been president of four different colleges . Lyons showed little interest in leading Georgetown , and his presidency was considered unsuccessful . The fundraising campaign begun by Creeden floundered during his presidency and ended far short of its goal . He was frequently away from the university , as he preferred to preach and lead retreats . Seeing insufficient dormitory space as",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "the most pressing need on campus , he oversaw the construction of the New North building in 1925 , which was completed in June 1926 in the Colonial Revival style . The interior of Old North was then gutted and redesigned to house classrooms and student services . New North doubled the amount of housing on campus . He also oversaw construction of a new wing of the Georgetown University Hospital .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "Lyons modernized the curriculum , introducing an alternate course of study to the classical one , and allowing majors for upperclassmen . This coincided with a significant increase in the number of students , and Lyons responded by enlarging the faculty . By 1927 , there were more lay faculty than Jesuits . As a result , the tuition increased substantially to pay for the salaries of the lay professors . Lyons was invited by Calvin Coolidge to his 1925 presidential inauguration , and sat among the cabinet . President Coolidge also appointed him to a federal commission that would",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "plan the 150th anniversary of the Battle of Bunker Hill . During this time , he was awarded the Order of the Star of Romania , with the rank of commander . Lyons presidency came to an end in 1928 , and he was succeeded by W . Coleman Nevils .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": " Upon the end of his leadership of Georgetown , Lyons joined the Jesuit mission band in Boston , with which he traveled throughout New England , New York , and Maryland for eight years . His health began to deteriorate in 1936 , so the Jesuit superiors stationed him at Weston College as the spiritual father of the theology students . He was transferred to the Church of the Immaculate Conception in Boston in July 1937 . The following year , he suffered a major heart attack , from which doctors did not expect him to recover .",
"title": "Later years"
},
{
"text": "In 1938 , having seemingly recovered , he went to Boston College High School , but proved unable to continue working . While residing there , he suffered another heart attack , and was sent to St . Margarets Hospital in Dorchester , where he died on January 31 , 1939 . He was buried in the Jesuit cemetery at the College of the Holy Cross . Lyons Hall at Boston College , which opened 1951 , was named in his honor .",
"title": "Later years"
}
] |
/wiki/Charles_W._Lyons#P39#1
|
What was the position of Charles W. Lyons in Jul 1910?
|
Charles W . Lyons Charles William Lyons ( January 31 , 1868 – January 31 , 1939 ) was an American Catholic priest who became the only Jesuit and likely the only educator in the United States to have served as the president of four colleges . Born in Boston , Massachusetts , he attended the local public schools before entering the wool industry . He abandoned his career in industry to enter the Society of Jesus . While a novice in Maryland , he suffered a nervous breakdown and was sent to Georgetown University as prefect . He then resumed his studies at Woodstock College , teaching intermittently at Gonzaga College in Washington , D.C . and Loyola College in Baltimore . After his ordination , he became a professor at St . Francis Xavier College in New York City and at Boston College . In 1908 , Lyons became the rector of Gonzaga College , where he remained for a year before being appointed the president of Saint Josephs College in Philadelphia . While there , he had constructed a new building for the faculty , and his tenure came to an end when he became the president of Boston College in 1914 . He continued the major construction plan of his predecessor , overseeing the completion of St . Marys Hall and Alumni Field . He also dealt with the severe downturn in enrollment due to World War I . His term came to an end in 1919 , and for the next several years , he taught at Boston College , was a priest at the Church of St . Ignatius Loyola in New York , oversaw the construction of Weston College , and led retreats around the country . He was finally appointed president of Georgetown University in 1923 . While he managed construction of the New North building , he was regarded as a poor leader , and his term ended in 1928 . Lyons spent his final years as a missionary , and was awarded the Order of the Star of Romania . Early life and education . Charles William Lyons was born on January 31 , 1868 , in Boston , Massachusetts . He was one of seven children , and his brother George also became a priest . As a young boy , he moved to South Boston and became a parishioner of the Church of Saints Peter and Paul . He attended the Boston public schools , including Bigelow Grammar School , and The English High School . Upon graduating from high school , he went to work in the wool industry , where he advanced quickly . During this time , he studied Latin on his own , and joined the Young Mens Catholic Association , which was founded by the Church of the Immaculate Conception . He eventually became a member of the associations board of directors . Jesuit formation . Following his exposure to the Jesuits at Immaculate Conception Church , Lyons joined the Society of Jesus , and his application was accepted by the provincial superior , Thomas J . Campbell . He proceeded to the Jesuit novitiate in Frederick , Maryland , on August 14 , 1890 . He found his formation at Frederick difficult , and suffered a nervous breakdown during his juniorate , which affected his eyesight . As a result , he was sent to Georgetown University , where he was appointed prefect of the young students , who were fond of him . He remained in this position for one year , before resuming his studies in Frederick . Lyons completed his juniorate in 1895 and commenced his study of philosophy at Woodstock College . There , he gained a reputation as being a good tenor singer , and he assisted with the annual plays . During this time , he was also a catechist at St . Alphonsus Church in Woodstock , Maryland . Following his philosophical studies , Lyons was sent to Gonzaga College in Washington , D.C. , were he taught chemistry to the high school students . He was then sent to Loyola College in Baltimore , Maryland in 1901 to teach grammar and mathematics . The following year , Lyons returned to Woodstock for his theological studies . At Woodstock , he was ordained a priest in 1904 . In 1906 , he returned to Georgetown as the prefect of discipline . Lyons then spent his tertianship year at St . Andrew-on-Hudson in Hyde Park , New York . Following his tertianship , Lyons was appointed a professor of philosophy and political economy at St . Francis Xavier College in New York City . He then transferred to Boston College as a professor of psychology . Gonzaga College . Lyons was at Boston College for only a short while , before being appointed the rector of Gonzaga College . He assumed the position on December 27 , 1908 , succeeding Joseph J . Himmel . Shortly after he took office , an earthquake struck Messina , Italy , and the school offered a solemn high requiem mass for the victims , which was celebrated by Bishop Diomede Falconio and sung by Bonaventura Cerretti . In attendance were Bishop Denis J . OConnell , Attorney General Charles Joseph Bonaparte , the Italian ambassador to the United States , Joseph Himmel , and priests from the Dominican , Franciscan , and Paulist orders . A banquet was held to honor the new president on February 10 , which was attended by Congressman William Bourke Cockran . Lyons term came to an end on July 8 , 1909 , when he was succeeded by Eugene DeL . McDonnell . Saint Josephs College . Following his tenure at Gonzaga College , Lyons was appointed the rector and president of Saint Josephs College in Philadelphia in July 1909 , where he succeeded Cornelius Gillespie . Upon his assumption of the presidency , he simultaneously became pastor of the Church of the Gesú . He maintained good relations with the two successive Archbishops of Philadelphia , Patrick John Ryan and Edmond Francis Prendergast throughout his term , and the Church of the Gesú prospered during this time . Lyons oversaw the construction of a new building for the college faculty on 18th and Thompson Streets . Its ground was broken in the fall of 1910 , and the building was complete by September 1911 . Lyons presidency ended in 1914 , when he was succeeded by J . Charles Davey . Boston College . On January 11 , 1914 , Lyons became the rector and president of Boston College . His selection was praised by many due to his experience in managing building projects . He continued the work of his predecessor , Thomas I . Gasson , to expand the colleges campus . With construction already underway , he had architects modify the plan for St . Marys Hall to add a fourth floor , as well as expand the size of the chapel to accommodate 250 people . St . Marys Hall was completed on January 4 , 1917 . A permanent athletic field was built during his term , and Lyons christened the new Alumni Field on October 30 , 1915 . With respect to the curriculum , Lyons terminated the granting of graduate degrees to students in the newly established adult night education department in 1914 , upon the request of the faculty , who argued that the program would strain the faculty and facilities . The Philomatheia Club was also established , which was a group of Catholic women from Boston who would support the college . Boston College High School was physically separated from the rest of the college for the first time in 1917 , but Lyons continued as rector of both . He also began discussions to create the School of Education , which were not realized until 1919 . In 1918 , he was made a member of the Massachusetts Board of Education . His presidency was largely influenced by World War I . Lyons believed that it was his duty to support President Woodrow Wilson during time of war , and he was appointed to the Military Commission of Massachusetts during 1915 and 1916 . Enrollment at the school dropped by 81% and 15 students and alumni of the school were killed in the war . Boston College hosted a unit of the Student Army Training Corps . Following the end of the war , a Reserve Officers Training Corps unit was established . Lyons term as president ended on July 20 , 1919 , and he was succeeded by William J . Devlin . Pastoral work in New York . Upon the end of his presidency in 1919 , Lyons was transferred to the Church of St . Ignatius Loyola in New York City , where he did pastoral work , including leading retreats for the priests in Boston , Providence , Portland , New York , Saint Paul , and Chicago . He was also especially active in hearing confessions . After three years , Lyons returned to Boston College as a professor of metaphysics , and as the head of the department of philosophy . He also gave lectures on philosophy to various groups in Boston . He was also tasked with overseeing the construction of the Weston College . Georgetown University . Lyons was appointed the president of Georgetown University in October 1924 , succeeding John B . Creeden . Upon his appointment , he became the only Jesuit and likely the only educator in the United States to have been president of four different colleges . Lyons showed little interest in leading Georgetown , and his presidency was considered unsuccessful . The fundraising campaign begun by Creeden floundered during his presidency and ended far short of its goal . He was frequently away from the university , as he preferred to preach and lead retreats . Seeing insufficient dormitory space as the most pressing need on campus , he oversaw the construction of the New North building in 1925 , which was completed in June 1926 in the Colonial Revival style . The interior of Old North was then gutted and redesigned to house classrooms and student services . New North doubled the amount of housing on campus . He also oversaw construction of a new wing of the Georgetown University Hospital . Lyons modernized the curriculum , introducing an alternate course of study to the classical one , and allowing majors for upperclassmen . This coincided with a significant increase in the number of students , and Lyons responded by enlarging the faculty . By 1927 , there were more lay faculty than Jesuits . As a result , the tuition increased substantially to pay for the salaries of the lay professors . Lyons was invited by Calvin Coolidge to his 1925 presidential inauguration , and sat among the cabinet . President Coolidge also appointed him to a federal commission that would plan the 150th anniversary of the Battle of Bunker Hill . During this time , he was awarded the Order of the Star of Romania , with the rank of commander . Lyons presidency came to an end in 1928 , and he was succeeded by W . Coleman Nevils . Later years . Upon the end of his leadership of Georgetown , Lyons joined the Jesuit mission band in Boston , with which he traveled throughout New England , New York , and Maryland for eight years . His health began to deteriorate in 1936 , so the Jesuit superiors stationed him at Weston College as the spiritual father of the theology students . He was transferred to the Church of the Immaculate Conception in Boston in July 1937 . The following year , he suffered a major heart attack , from which doctors did not expect him to recover . In 1938 , having seemingly recovered , he went to Boston College High School , but proved unable to continue working . While residing there , he suffered another heart attack , and was sent to St . Margarets Hospital in Dorchester , where he died on January 31 , 1939 . He was buried in the Jesuit cemetery at the College of the Holy Cross . Lyons Hall at Boston College , which opened 1951 , was named in his honor .
|
[
"rector and president of Saint Josephs College",
"pastor of the Church of the Gesú"
] |
[
{
"text": "Charles William Lyons ( January 31 , 1868 – January 31 , 1939 ) was an American Catholic priest who became the only Jesuit and likely the only educator in the United States to have served as the president of four colleges . Born in Boston , Massachusetts , he attended the local public schools before entering the wool industry . He abandoned his career in industry to enter the Society of Jesus . While a novice in Maryland , he suffered a nervous breakdown and was sent to Georgetown University as prefect . He then resumed his studies at",
"title": "Charles W . Lyons"
},
{
"text": "Woodstock College , teaching intermittently at Gonzaga College in Washington , D.C . and Loyola College in Baltimore . After his ordination , he became a professor at St . Francis Xavier College in New York City and at Boston College .",
"title": "Charles W . Lyons"
},
{
"text": "In 1908 , Lyons became the rector of Gonzaga College , where he remained for a year before being appointed the president of Saint Josephs College in Philadelphia . While there , he had constructed a new building for the faculty , and his tenure came to an end when he became the president of Boston College in 1914 . He continued the major construction plan of his predecessor , overseeing the completion of St . Marys Hall and Alumni Field . He also dealt with the severe downturn in enrollment due to World War I . His term came",
"title": "Charles W . Lyons"
},
{
"text": "to an end in 1919 , and for the next several years , he taught at Boston College , was a priest at the Church of St . Ignatius Loyola in New York , oversaw the construction of Weston College , and led retreats around the country .",
"title": "Charles W . Lyons"
},
{
"text": " He was finally appointed president of Georgetown University in 1923 . While he managed construction of the New North building , he was regarded as a poor leader , and his term ended in 1928 . Lyons spent his final years as a missionary , and was awarded the Order of the Star of Romania . Early life and education .",
"title": "Charles W . Lyons"
},
{
"text": "Charles William Lyons was born on January 31 , 1868 , in Boston , Massachusetts . He was one of seven children , and his brother George also became a priest . As a young boy , he moved to South Boston and became a parishioner of the Church of Saints Peter and Paul . He attended the Boston public schools , including Bigelow Grammar School , and The English High School . Upon graduating from high school , he went to work in the wool industry , where he advanced quickly . During this time , he studied Latin",
"title": "Charles W . Lyons"
},
{
"text": "on his own , and joined the Young Mens Catholic Association , which was founded by the Church of the Immaculate Conception . He eventually became a member of the associations board of directors .",
"title": "Charles W . Lyons"
},
{
"text": "Following his exposure to the Jesuits at Immaculate Conception Church , Lyons joined the Society of Jesus , and his application was accepted by the provincial superior , Thomas J . Campbell . He proceeded to the Jesuit novitiate in Frederick , Maryland , on August 14 , 1890 . He found his formation at Frederick difficult , and suffered a nervous breakdown during his juniorate , which affected his eyesight . As a result , he was sent to Georgetown University , where he was appointed prefect of the young students , who were fond of him . He",
"title": "Jesuit formation"
},
{
"text": "remained in this position for one year , before resuming his studies in Frederick . Lyons completed his juniorate in 1895 and commenced his study of philosophy at Woodstock College . There , he gained a reputation as being a good tenor singer , and he assisted with the annual plays . During this time , he was also a catechist at St . Alphonsus Church in Woodstock , Maryland .",
"title": "Jesuit formation"
},
{
"text": " Following his philosophical studies , Lyons was sent to Gonzaga College in Washington , D.C. , were he taught chemistry to the high school students . He was then sent to Loyola College in Baltimore , Maryland in 1901 to teach grammar and mathematics . The following year , Lyons returned to Woodstock for his theological studies . At Woodstock , he was ordained a priest in 1904 . In 1906 , he returned to Georgetown as the prefect of discipline . Lyons then spent his tertianship year at St . Andrew-on-Hudson in Hyde Park , New York .",
"title": "Jesuit formation"
},
{
"text": "Following his tertianship , Lyons was appointed a professor of philosophy and political economy at St . Francis Xavier College in New York City . He then transferred to Boston College as a professor of psychology .",
"title": "Jesuit formation"
},
{
"text": "Lyons was at Boston College for only a short while , before being appointed the rector of Gonzaga College . He assumed the position on December 27 , 1908 , succeeding Joseph J . Himmel . Shortly after he took office , an earthquake struck Messina , Italy , and the school offered a solemn high requiem mass for the victims , which was celebrated by Bishop Diomede Falconio and sung by Bonaventura Cerretti . In attendance were Bishop Denis J . OConnell , Attorney General Charles Joseph Bonaparte , the Italian ambassador to the United States , Joseph Himmel",
"title": "Gonzaga College"
},
{
"text": ", and priests from the Dominican , Franciscan , and Paulist orders . A banquet was held to honor the new president on February 10 , which was attended by Congressman William Bourke Cockran . Lyons term came to an end on July 8 , 1909 , when he was succeeded by Eugene DeL . McDonnell .",
"title": "Gonzaga College"
},
{
"text": " Following his tenure at Gonzaga College , Lyons was appointed the rector and president of Saint Josephs College in Philadelphia in July 1909 , where he succeeded Cornelius Gillespie . Upon his assumption of the presidency , he simultaneously became pastor of the Church of the Gesú . He maintained good relations with the two successive Archbishops of Philadelphia , Patrick John Ryan and Edmond Francis Prendergast throughout his term , and the Church of the Gesú prospered during this time .",
"title": "Saint Josephs College"
},
{
"text": "Lyons oversaw the construction of a new building for the college faculty on 18th and Thompson Streets . Its ground was broken in the fall of 1910 , and the building was complete by September 1911 . Lyons presidency ended in 1914 , when he was succeeded by J . Charles Davey .",
"title": "Saint Josephs College"
},
{
"text": "On January 11 , 1914 , Lyons became the rector and president of Boston College . His selection was praised by many due to his experience in managing building projects . He continued the work of his predecessor , Thomas I . Gasson , to expand the colleges campus . With construction already underway , he had architects modify the plan for St . Marys Hall to add a fourth floor , as well as expand the size of the chapel to accommodate 250 people . St . Marys Hall was completed on January 4 , 1917 . A permanent",
"title": "Boston College"
},
{
"text": "athletic field was built during his term , and Lyons christened the new Alumni Field on October 30 , 1915 .",
"title": "Boston College"
},
{
"text": "With respect to the curriculum , Lyons terminated the granting of graduate degrees to students in the newly established adult night education department in 1914 , upon the request of the faculty , who argued that the program would strain the faculty and facilities . The Philomatheia Club was also established , which was a group of Catholic women from Boston who would support the college . Boston College High School was physically separated from the rest of the college for the first time in 1917 , but Lyons continued as rector of both . He also began discussions to",
"title": "Boston College"
},
{
"text": "create the School of Education , which were not realized until 1919 . In 1918 , he was made a member of the Massachusetts Board of Education .",
"title": "Boston College"
},
{
"text": "His presidency was largely influenced by World War I . Lyons believed that it was his duty to support President Woodrow Wilson during time of war , and he was appointed to the Military Commission of Massachusetts during 1915 and 1916 . Enrollment at the school dropped by 81% and 15 students and alumni of the school were killed in the war . Boston College hosted a unit of the Student Army Training Corps . Following the end of the war , a Reserve Officers Training Corps unit was established . Lyons term as president ended on July 20 ,",
"title": "Boston College"
},
{
"text": "1919 , and he was succeeded by William J . Devlin .",
"title": "Boston College"
},
{
"text": "Upon the end of his presidency in 1919 , Lyons was transferred to the Church of St . Ignatius Loyola in New York City , where he did pastoral work , including leading retreats for the priests in Boston , Providence , Portland , New York , Saint Paul , and Chicago . He was also especially active in hearing confessions . After three years , Lyons returned to Boston College as a professor of metaphysics , and as the head of the department of philosophy . He also gave lectures on philosophy to various groups in Boston . He",
"title": "Boston College"
},
{
"text": "was also tasked with overseeing the construction of the Weston College .",
"title": "Boston College"
},
{
"text": "Lyons was appointed the president of Georgetown University in October 1924 , succeeding John B . Creeden . Upon his appointment , he became the only Jesuit and likely the only educator in the United States to have been president of four different colleges . Lyons showed little interest in leading Georgetown , and his presidency was considered unsuccessful . The fundraising campaign begun by Creeden floundered during his presidency and ended far short of its goal . He was frequently away from the university , as he preferred to preach and lead retreats . Seeing insufficient dormitory space as",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "the most pressing need on campus , he oversaw the construction of the New North building in 1925 , which was completed in June 1926 in the Colonial Revival style . The interior of Old North was then gutted and redesigned to house classrooms and student services . New North doubled the amount of housing on campus . He also oversaw construction of a new wing of the Georgetown University Hospital .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "Lyons modernized the curriculum , introducing an alternate course of study to the classical one , and allowing majors for upperclassmen . This coincided with a significant increase in the number of students , and Lyons responded by enlarging the faculty . By 1927 , there were more lay faculty than Jesuits . As a result , the tuition increased substantially to pay for the salaries of the lay professors . Lyons was invited by Calvin Coolidge to his 1925 presidential inauguration , and sat among the cabinet . President Coolidge also appointed him to a federal commission that would",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "plan the 150th anniversary of the Battle of Bunker Hill . During this time , he was awarded the Order of the Star of Romania , with the rank of commander . Lyons presidency came to an end in 1928 , and he was succeeded by W . Coleman Nevils .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": " Upon the end of his leadership of Georgetown , Lyons joined the Jesuit mission band in Boston , with which he traveled throughout New England , New York , and Maryland for eight years . His health began to deteriorate in 1936 , so the Jesuit superiors stationed him at Weston College as the spiritual father of the theology students . He was transferred to the Church of the Immaculate Conception in Boston in July 1937 . The following year , he suffered a major heart attack , from which doctors did not expect him to recover .",
"title": "Later years"
},
{
"text": "In 1938 , having seemingly recovered , he went to Boston College High School , but proved unable to continue working . While residing there , he suffered another heart attack , and was sent to St . Margarets Hospital in Dorchester , where he died on January 31 , 1939 . He was buried in the Jesuit cemetery at the College of the Holy Cross . Lyons Hall at Boston College , which opened 1951 , was named in his honor .",
"title": "Later years"
}
] |
/wiki/Charles_W._Lyons#P39#2
|
What was the position of Charles W. Lyons between Oct 1915 and Jul 1917?
|
Charles W . Lyons Charles William Lyons ( January 31 , 1868 – January 31 , 1939 ) was an American Catholic priest who became the only Jesuit and likely the only educator in the United States to have served as the president of four colleges . Born in Boston , Massachusetts , he attended the local public schools before entering the wool industry . He abandoned his career in industry to enter the Society of Jesus . While a novice in Maryland , he suffered a nervous breakdown and was sent to Georgetown University as prefect . He then resumed his studies at Woodstock College , teaching intermittently at Gonzaga College in Washington , D.C . and Loyola College in Baltimore . After his ordination , he became a professor at St . Francis Xavier College in New York City and at Boston College . In 1908 , Lyons became the rector of Gonzaga College , where he remained for a year before being appointed the president of Saint Josephs College in Philadelphia . While there , he had constructed a new building for the faculty , and his tenure came to an end when he became the president of Boston College in 1914 . He continued the major construction plan of his predecessor , overseeing the completion of St . Marys Hall and Alumni Field . He also dealt with the severe downturn in enrollment due to World War I . His term came to an end in 1919 , and for the next several years , he taught at Boston College , was a priest at the Church of St . Ignatius Loyola in New York , oversaw the construction of Weston College , and led retreats around the country . He was finally appointed president of Georgetown University in 1923 . While he managed construction of the New North building , he was regarded as a poor leader , and his term ended in 1928 . Lyons spent his final years as a missionary , and was awarded the Order of the Star of Romania . Early life and education . Charles William Lyons was born on January 31 , 1868 , in Boston , Massachusetts . He was one of seven children , and his brother George also became a priest . As a young boy , he moved to South Boston and became a parishioner of the Church of Saints Peter and Paul . He attended the Boston public schools , including Bigelow Grammar School , and The English High School . Upon graduating from high school , he went to work in the wool industry , where he advanced quickly . During this time , he studied Latin on his own , and joined the Young Mens Catholic Association , which was founded by the Church of the Immaculate Conception . He eventually became a member of the associations board of directors . Jesuit formation . Following his exposure to the Jesuits at Immaculate Conception Church , Lyons joined the Society of Jesus , and his application was accepted by the provincial superior , Thomas J . Campbell . He proceeded to the Jesuit novitiate in Frederick , Maryland , on August 14 , 1890 . He found his formation at Frederick difficult , and suffered a nervous breakdown during his juniorate , which affected his eyesight . As a result , he was sent to Georgetown University , where he was appointed prefect of the young students , who were fond of him . He remained in this position for one year , before resuming his studies in Frederick . Lyons completed his juniorate in 1895 and commenced his study of philosophy at Woodstock College . There , he gained a reputation as being a good tenor singer , and he assisted with the annual plays . During this time , he was also a catechist at St . Alphonsus Church in Woodstock , Maryland . Following his philosophical studies , Lyons was sent to Gonzaga College in Washington , D.C. , were he taught chemistry to the high school students . He was then sent to Loyola College in Baltimore , Maryland in 1901 to teach grammar and mathematics . The following year , Lyons returned to Woodstock for his theological studies . At Woodstock , he was ordained a priest in 1904 . In 1906 , he returned to Georgetown as the prefect of discipline . Lyons then spent his tertianship year at St . Andrew-on-Hudson in Hyde Park , New York . Following his tertianship , Lyons was appointed a professor of philosophy and political economy at St . Francis Xavier College in New York City . He then transferred to Boston College as a professor of psychology . Gonzaga College . Lyons was at Boston College for only a short while , before being appointed the rector of Gonzaga College . He assumed the position on December 27 , 1908 , succeeding Joseph J . Himmel . Shortly after he took office , an earthquake struck Messina , Italy , and the school offered a solemn high requiem mass for the victims , which was celebrated by Bishop Diomede Falconio and sung by Bonaventura Cerretti . In attendance were Bishop Denis J . OConnell , Attorney General Charles Joseph Bonaparte , the Italian ambassador to the United States , Joseph Himmel , and priests from the Dominican , Franciscan , and Paulist orders . A banquet was held to honor the new president on February 10 , which was attended by Congressman William Bourke Cockran . Lyons term came to an end on July 8 , 1909 , when he was succeeded by Eugene DeL . McDonnell . Saint Josephs College . Following his tenure at Gonzaga College , Lyons was appointed the rector and president of Saint Josephs College in Philadelphia in July 1909 , where he succeeded Cornelius Gillespie . Upon his assumption of the presidency , he simultaneously became pastor of the Church of the Gesú . He maintained good relations with the two successive Archbishops of Philadelphia , Patrick John Ryan and Edmond Francis Prendergast throughout his term , and the Church of the Gesú prospered during this time . Lyons oversaw the construction of a new building for the college faculty on 18th and Thompson Streets . Its ground was broken in the fall of 1910 , and the building was complete by September 1911 . Lyons presidency ended in 1914 , when he was succeeded by J . Charles Davey . Boston College . On January 11 , 1914 , Lyons became the rector and president of Boston College . His selection was praised by many due to his experience in managing building projects . He continued the work of his predecessor , Thomas I . Gasson , to expand the colleges campus . With construction already underway , he had architects modify the plan for St . Marys Hall to add a fourth floor , as well as expand the size of the chapel to accommodate 250 people . St . Marys Hall was completed on January 4 , 1917 . A permanent athletic field was built during his term , and Lyons christened the new Alumni Field on October 30 , 1915 . With respect to the curriculum , Lyons terminated the granting of graduate degrees to students in the newly established adult night education department in 1914 , upon the request of the faculty , who argued that the program would strain the faculty and facilities . The Philomatheia Club was also established , which was a group of Catholic women from Boston who would support the college . Boston College High School was physically separated from the rest of the college for the first time in 1917 , but Lyons continued as rector of both . He also began discussions to create the School of Education , which were not realized until 1919 . In 1918 , he was made a member of the Massachusetts Board of Education . His presidency was largely influenced by World War I . Lyons believed that it was his duty to support President Woodrow Wilson during time of war , and he was appointed to the Military Commission of Massachusetts during 1915 and 1916 . Enrollment at the school dropped by 81% and 15 students and alumni of the school were killed in the war . Boston College hosted a unit of the Student Army Training Corps . Following the end of the war , a Reserve Officers Training Corps unit was established . Lyons term as president ended on July 20 , 1919 , and he was succeeded by William J . Devlin . Pastoral work in New York . Upon the end of his presidency in 1919 , Lyons was transferred to the Church of St . Ignatius Loyola in New York City , where he did pastoral work , including leading retreats for the priests in Boston , Providence , Portland , New York , Saint Paul , and Chicago . He was also especially active in hearing confessions . After three years , Lyons returned to Boston College as a professor of metaphysics , and as the head of the department of philosophy . He also gave lectures on philosophy to various groups in Boston . He was also tasked with overseeing the construction of the Weston College . Georgetown University . Lyons was appointed the president of Georgetown University in October 1924 , succeeding John B . Creeden . Upon his appointment , he became the only Jesuit and likely the only educator in the United States to have been president of four different colleges . Lyons showed little interest in leading Georgetown , and his presidency was considered unsuccessful . The fundraising campaign begun by Creeden floundered during his presidency and ended far short of its goal . He was frequently away from the university , as he preferred to preach and lead retreats . Seeing insufficient dormitory space as the most pressing need on campus , he oversaw the construction of the New North building in 1925 , which was completed in June 1926 in the Colonial Revival style . The interior of Old North was then gutted and redesigned to house classrooms and student services . New North doubled the amount of housing on campus . He also oversaw construction of a new wing of the Georgetown University Hospital . Lyons modernized the curriculum , introducing an alternate course of study to the classical one , and allowing majors for upperclassmen . This coincided with a significant increase in the number of students , and Lyons responded by enlarging the faculty . By 1927 , there were more lay faculty than Jesuits . As a result , the tuition increased substantially to pay for the salaries of the lay professors . Lyons was invited by Calvin Coolidge to his 1925 presidential inauguration , and sat among the cabinet . President Coolidge also appointed him to a federal commission that would plan the 150th anniversary of the Battle of Bunker Hill . During this time , he was awarded the Order of the Star of Romania , with the rank of commander . Lyons presidency came to an end in 1928 , and he was succeeded by W . Coleman Nevils . Later years . Upon the end of his leadership of Georgetown , Lyons joined the Jesuit mission band in Boston , with which he traveled throughout New England , New York , and Maryland for eight years . His health began to deteriorate in 1936 , so the Jesuit superiors stationed him at Weston College as the spiritual father of the theology students . He was transferred to the Church of the Immaculate Conception in Boston in July 1937 . The following year , he suffered a major heart attack , from which doctors did not expect him to recover . In 1938 , having seemingly recovered , he went to Boston College High School , but proved unable to continue working . While residing there , he suffered another heart attack , and was sent to St . Margarets Hospital in Dorchester , where he died on January 31 , 1939 . He was buried in the Jesuit cemetery at the College of the Holy Cross . Lyons Hall at Boston College , which opened 1951 , was named in his honor .
|
[
"rector and president of Boston College"
] |
[
{
"text": "Charles William Lyons ( January 31 , 1868 – January 31 , 1939 ) was an American Catholic priest who became the only Jesuit and likely the only educator in the United States to have served as the president of four colleges . Born in Boston , Massachusetts , he attended the local public schools before entering the wool industry . He abandoned his career in industry to enter the Society of Jesus . While a novice in Maryland , he suffered a nervous breakdown and was sent to Georgetown University as prefect . He then resumed his studies at",
"title": "Charles W . Lyons"
},
{
"text": "Woodstock College , teaching intermittently at Gonzaga College in Washington , D.C . and Loyola College in Baltimore . After his ordination , he became a professor at St . Francis Xavier College in New York City and at Boston College .",
"title": "Charles W . Lyons"
},
{
"text": "In 1908 , Lyons became the rector of Gonzaga College , where he remained for a year before being appointed the president of Saint Josephs College in Philadelphia . While there , he had constructed a new building for the faculty , and his tenure came to an end when he became the president of Boston College in 1914 . He continued the major construction plan of his predecessor , overseeing the completion of St . Marys Hall and Alumni Field . He also dealt with the severe downturn in enrollment due to World War I . His term came",
"title": "Charles W . Lyons"
},
{
"text": "to an end in 1919 , and for the next several years , he taught at Boston College , was a priest at the Church of St . Ignatius Loyola in New York , oversaw the construction of Weston College , and led retreats around the country .",
"title": "Charles W . Lyons"
},
{
"text": " He was finally appointed president of Georgetown University in 1923 . While he managed construction of the New North building , he was regarded as a poor leader , and his term ended in 1928 . Lyons spent his final years as a missionary , and was awarded the Order of the Star of Romania . Early life and education .",
"title": "Charles W . Lyons"
},
{
"text": "Charles William Lyons was born on January 31 , 1868 , in Boston , Massachusetts . He was one of seven children , and his brother George also became a priest . As a young boy , he moved to South Boston and became a parishioner of the Church of Saints Peter and Paul . He attended the Boston public schools , including Bigelow Grammar School , and The English High School . Upon graduating from high school , he went to work in the wool industry , where he advanced quickly . During this time , he studied Latin",
"title": "Charles W . Lyons"
},
{
"text": "on his own , and joined the Young Mens Catholic Association , which was founded by the Church of the Immaculate Conception . He eventually became a member of the associations board of directors .",
"title": "Charles W . Lyons"
},
{
"text": "Following his exposure to the Jesuits at Immaculate Conception Church , Lyons joined the Society of Jesus , and his application was accepted by the provincial superior , Thomas J . Campbell . He proceeded to the Jesuit novitiate in Frederick , Maryland , on August 14 , 1890 . He found his formation at Frederick difficult , and suffered a nervous breakdown during his juniorate , which affected his eyesight . As a result , he was sent to Georgetown University , where he was appointed prefect of the young students , who were fond of him . He",
"title": "Jesuit formation"
},
{
"text": "remained in this position for one year , before resuming his studies in Frederick . Lyons completed his juniorate in 1895 and commenced his study of philosophy at Woodstock College . There , he gained a reputation as being a good tenor singer , and he assisted with the annual plays . During this time , he was also a catechist at St . Alphonsus Church in Woodstock , Maryland .",
"title": "Jesuit formation"
},
{
"text": " Following his philosophical studies , Lyons was sent to Gonzaga College in Washington , D.C. , were he taught chemistry to the high school students . He was then sent to Loyola College in Baltimore , Maryland in 1901 to teach grammar and mathematics . The following year , Lyons returned to Woodstock for his theological studies . At Woodstock , he was ordained a priest in 1904 . In 1906 , he returned to Georgetown as the prefect of discipline . Lyons then spent his tertianship year at St . Andrew-on-Hudson in Hyde Park , New York .",
"title": "Jesuit formation"
},
{
"text": "Following his tertianship , Lyons was appointed a professor of philosophy and political economy at St . Francis Xavier College in New York City . He then transferred to Boston College as a professor of psychology .",
"title": "Jesuit formation"
},
{
"text": "Lyons was at Boston College for only a short while , before being appointed the rector of Gonzaga College . He assumed the position on December 27 , 1908 , succeeding Joseph J . Himmel . Shortly after he took office , an earthquake struck Messina , Italy , and the school offered a solemn high requiem mass for the victims , which was celebrated by Bishop Diomede Falconio and sung by Bonaventura Cerretti . In attendance were Bishop Denis J . OConnell , Attorney General Charles Joseph Bonaparte , the Italian ambassador to the United States , Joseph Himmel",
"title": "Gonzaga College"
},
{
"text": ", and priests from the Dominican , Franciscan , and Paulist orders . A banquet was held to honor the new president on February 10 , which was attended by Congressman William Bourke Cockran . Lyons term came to an end on July 8 , 1909 , when he was succeeded by Eugene DeL . McDonnell .",
"title": "Gonzaga College"
},
{
"text": " Following his tenure at Gonzaga College , Lyons was appointed the rector and president of Saint Josephs College in Philadelphia in July 1909 , where he succeeded Cornelius Gillespie . Upon his assumption of the presidency , he simultaneously became pastor of the Church of the Gesú . He maintained good relations with the two successive Archbishops of Philadelphia , Patrick John Ryan and Edmond Francis Prendergast throughout his term , and the Church of the Gesú prospered during this time .",
"title": "Saint Josephs College"
},
{
"text": "Lyons oversaw the construction of a new building for the college faculty on 18th and Thompson Streets . Its ground was broken in the fall of 1910 , and the building was complete by September 1911 . Lyons presidency ended in 1914 , when he was succeeded by J . Charles Davey .",
"title": "Saint Josephs College"
},
{
"text": "On January 11 , 1914 , Lyons became the rector and president of Boston College . His selection was praised by many due to his experience in managing building projects . He continued the work of his predecessor , Thomas I . Gasson , to expand the colleges campus . With construction already underway , he had architects modify the plan for St . Marys Hall to add a fourth floor , as well as expand the size of the chapel to accommodate 250 people . St . Marys Hall was completed on January 4 , 1917 . A permanent",
"title": "Boston College"
},
{
"text": "athletic field was built during his term , and Lyons christened the new Alumni Field on October 30 , 1915 .",
"title": "Boston College"
},
{
"text": "With respect to the curriculum , Lyons terminated the granting of graduate degrees to students in the newly established adult night education department in 1914 , upon the request of the faculty , who argued that the program would strain the faculty and facilities . The Philomatheia Club was also established , which was a group of Catholic women from Boston who would support the college . Boston College High School was physically separated from the rest of the college for the first time in 1917 , but Lyons continued as rector of both . He also began discussions to",
"title": "Boston College"
},
{
"text": "create the School of Education , which were not realized until 1919 . In 1918 , he was made a member of the Massachusetts Board of Education .",
"title": "Boston College"
},
{
"text": "His presidency was largely influenced by World War I . Lyons believed that it was his duty to support President Woodrow Wilson during time of war , and he was appointed to the Military Commission of Massachusetts during 1915 and 1916 . Enrollment at the school dropped by 81% and 15 students and alumni of the school were killed in the war . Boston College hosted a unit of the Student Army Training Corps . Following the end of the war , a Reserve Officers Training Corps unit was established . Lyons term as president ended on July 20 ,",
"title": "Boston College"
},
{
"text": "1919 , and he was succeeded by William J . Devlin .",
"title": "Boston College"
},
{
"text": "Upon the end of his presidency in 1919 , Lyons was transferred to the Church of St . Ignatius Loyola in New York City , where he did pastoral work , including leading retreats for the priests in Boston , Providence , Portland , New York , Saint Paul , and Chicago . He was also especially active in hearing confessions . After three years , Lyons returned to Boston College as a professor of metaphysics , and as the head of the department of philosophy . He also gave lectures on philosophy to various groups in Boston . He",
"title": "Boston College"
},
{
"text": "was also tasked with overseeing the construction of the Weston College .",
"title": "Boston College"
},
{
"text": "Lyons was appointed the president of Georgetown University in October 1924 , succeeding John B . Creeden . Upon his appointment , he became the only Jesuit and likely the only educator in the United States to have been president of four different colleges . Lyons showed little interest in leading Georgetown , and his presidency was considered unsuccessful . The fundraising campaign begun by Creeden floundered during his presidency and ended far short of its goal . He was frequently away from the university , as he preferred to preach and lead retreats . Seeing insufficient dormitory space as",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "the most pressing need on campus , he oversaw the construction of the New North building in 1925 , which was completed in June 1926 in the Colonial Revival style . The interior of Old North was then gutted and redesigned to house classrooms and student services . New North doubled the amount of housing on campus . He also oversaw construction of a new wing of the Georgetown University Hospital .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "Lyons modernized the curriculum , introducing an alternate course of study to the classical one , and allowing majors for upperclassmen . This coincided with a significant increase in the number of students , and Lyons responded by enlarging the faculty . By 1927 , there were more lay faculty than Jesuits . As a result , the tuition increased substantially to pay for the salaries of the lay professors . Lyons was invited by Calvin Coolidge to his 1925 presidential inauguration , and sat among the cabinet . President Coolidge also appointed him to a federal commission that would",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "plan the 150th anniversary of the Battle of Bunker Hill . During this time , he was awarded the Order of the Star of Romania , with the rank of commander . Lyons presidency came to an end in 1928 , and he was succeeded by W . Coleman Nevils .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": " Upon the end of his leadership of Georgetown , Lyons joined the Jesuit mission band in Boston , with which he traveled throughout New England , New York , and Maryland for eight years . His health began to deteriorate in 1936 , so the Jesuit superiors stationed him at Weston College as the spiritual father of the theology students . He was transferred to the Church of the Immaculate Conception in Boston in July 1937 . The following year , he suffered a major heart attack , from which doctors did not expect him to recover .",
"title": "Later years"
},
{
"text": "In 1938 , having seemingly recovered , he went to Boston College High School , but proved unable to continue working . While residing there , he suffered another heart attack , and was sent to St . Margarets Hospital in Dorchester , where he died on January 31 , 1939 . He was buried in the Jesuit cemetery at the College of the Holy Cross . Lyons Hall at Boston College , which opened 1951 , was named in his honor .",
"title": "Later years"
}
] |
/wiki/Charles_W._Lyons#P39#3
|
What was the position of Charles W. Lyons after Mar 1925?
|
Charles W . Lyons Charles William Lyons ( January 31 , 1868 – January 31 , 1939 ) was an American Catholic priest who became the only Jesuit and likely the only educator in the United States to have served as the president of four colleges . Born in Boston , Massachusetts , he attended the local public schools before entering the wool industry . He abandoned his career in industry to enter the Society of Jesus . While a novice in Maryland , he suffered a nervous breakdown and was sent to Georgetown University as prefect . He then resumed his studies at Woodstock College , teaching intermittently at Gonzaga College in Washington , D.C . and Loyola College in Baltimore . After his ordination , he became a professor at St . Francis Xavier College in New York City and at Boston College . In 1908 , Lyons became the rector of Gonzaga College , where he remained for a year before being appointed the president of Saint Josephs College in Philadelphia . While there , he had constructed a new building for the faculty , and his tenure came to an end when he became the president of Boston College in 1914 . He continued the major construction plan of his predecessor , overseeing the completion of St . Marys Hall and Alumni Field . He also dealt with the severe downturn in enrollment due to World War I . His term came to an end in 1919 , and for the next several years , he taught at Boston College , was a priest at the Church of St . Ignatius Loyola in New York , oversaw the construction of Weston College , and led retreats around the country . He was finally appointed president of Georgetown University in 1923 . While he managed construction of the New North building , he was regarded as a poor leader , and his term ended in 1928 . Lyons spent his final years as a missionary , and was awarded the Order of the Star of Romania . Early life and education . Charles William Lyons was born on January 31 , 1868 , in Boston , Massachusetts . He was one of seven children , and his brother George also became a priest . As a young boy , he moved to South Boston and became a parishioner of the Church of Saints Peter and Paul . He attended the Boston public schools , including Bigelow Grammar School , and The English High School . Upon graduating from high school , he went to work in the wool industry , where he advanced quickly . During this time , he studied Latin on his own , and joined the Young Mens Catholic Association , which was founded by the Church of the Immaculate Conception . He eventually became a member of the associations board of directors . Jesuit formation . Following his exposure to the Jesuits at Immaculate Conception Church , Lyons joined the Society of Jesus , and his application was accepted by the provincial superior , Thomas J . Campbell . He proceeded to the Jesuit novitiate in Frederick , Maryland , on August 14 , 1890 . He found his formation at Frederick difficult , and suffered a nervous breakdown during his juniorate , which affected his eyesight . As a result , he was sent to Georgetown University , where he was appointed prefect of the young students , who were fond of him . He remained in this position for one year , before resuming his studies in Frederick . Lyons completed his juniorate in 1895 and commenced his study of philosophy at Woodstock College . There , he gained a reputation as being a good tenor singer , and he assisted with the annual plays . During this time , he was also a catechist at St . Alphonsus Church in Woodstock , Maryland . Following his philosophical studies , Lyons was sent to Gonzaga College in Washington , D.C. , were he taught chemistry to the high school students . He was then sent to Loyola College in Baltimore , Maryland in 1901 to teach grammar and mathematics . The following year , Lyons returned to Woodstock for his theological studies . At Woodstock , he was ordained a priest in 1904 . In 1906 , he returned to Georgetown as the prefect of discipline . Lyons then spent his tertianship year at St . Andrew-on-Hudson in Hyde Park , New York . Following his tertianship , Lyons was appointed a professor of philosophy and political economy at St . Francis Xavier College in New York City . He then transferred to Boston College as a professor of psychology . Gonzaga College . Lyons was at Boston College for only a short while , before being appointed the rector of Gonzaga College . He assumed the position on December 27 , 1908 , succeeding Joseph J . Himmel . Shortly after he took office , an earthquake struck Messina , Italy , and the school offered a solemn high requiem mass for the victims , which was celebrated by Bishop Diomede Falconio and sung by Bonaventura Cerretti . In attendance were Bishop Denis J . OConnell , Attorney General Charles Joseph Bonaparte , the Italian ambassador to the United States , Joseph Himmel , and priests from the Dominican , Franciscan , and Paulist orders . A banquet was held to honor the new president on February 10 , which was attended by Congressman William Bourke Cockran . Lyons term came to an end on July 8 , 1909 , when he was succeeded by Eugene DeL . McDonnell . Saint Josephs College . Following his tenure at Gonzaga College , Lyons was appointed the rector and president of Saint Josephs College in Philadelphia in July 1909 , where he succeeded Cornelius Gillespie . Upon his assumption of the presidency , he simultaneously became pastor of the Church of the Gesú . He maintained good relations with the two successive Archbishops of Philadelphia , Patrick John Ryan and Edmond Francis Prendergast throughout his term , and the Church of the Gesú prospered during this time . Lyons oversaw the construction of a new building for the college faculty on 18th and Thompson Streets . Its ground was broken in the fall of 1910 , and the building was complete by September 1911 . Lyons presidency ended in 1914 , when he was succeeded by J . Charles Davey . Boston College . On January 11 , 1914 , Lyons became the rector and president of Boston College . His selection was praised by many due to his experience in managing building projects . He continued the work of his predecessor , Thomas I . Gasson , to expand the colleges campus . With construction already underway , he had architects modify the plan for St . Marys Hall to add a fourth floor , as well as expand the size of the chapel to accommodate 250 people . St . Marys Hall was completed on January 4 , 1917 . A permanent athletic field was built during his term , and Lyons christened the new Alumni Field on October 30 , 1915 . With respect to the curriculum , Lyons terminated the granting of graduate degrees to students in the newly established adult night education department in 1914 , upon the request of the faculty , who argued that the program would strain the faculty and facilities . The Philomatheia Club was also established , which was a group of Catholic women from Boston who would support the college . Boston College High School was physically separated from the rest of the college for the first time in 1917 , but Lyons continued as rector of both . He also began discussions to create the School of Education , which were not realized until 1919 . In 1918 , he was made a member of the Massachusetts Board of Education . His presidency was largely influenced by World War I . Lyons believed that it was his duty to support President Woodrow Wilson during time of war , and he was appointed to the Military Commission of Massachusetts during 1915 and 1916 . Enrollment at the school dropped by 81% and 15 students and alumni of the school were killed in the war . Boston College hosted a unit of the Student Army Training Corps . Following the end of the war , a Reserve Officers Training Corps unit was established . Lyons term as president ended on July 20 , 1919 , and he was succeeded by William J . Devlin . Pastoral work in New York . Upon the end of his presidency in 1919 , Lyons was transferred to the Church of St . Ignatius Loyola in New York City , where he did pastoral work , including leading retreats for the priests in Boston , Providence , Portland , New York , Saint Paul , and Chicago . He was also especially active in hearing confessions . After three years , Lyons returned to Boston College as a professor of metaphysics , and as the head of the department of philosophy . He also gave lectures on philosophy to various groups in Boston . He was also tasked with overseeing the construction of the Weston College . Georgetown University . Lyons was appointed the president of Georgetown University in October 1924 , succeeding John B . Creeden . Upon his appointment , he became the only Jesuit and likely the only educator in the United States to have been president of four different colleges . Lyons showed little interest in leading Georgetown , and his presidency was considered unsuccessful . The fundraising campaign begun by Creeden floundered during his presidency and ended far short of its goal . He was frequently away from the university , as he preferred to preach and lead retreats . Seeing insufficient dormitory space as the most pressing need on campus , he oversaw the construction of the New North building in 1925 , which was completed in June 1926 in the Colonial Revival style . The interior of Old North was then gutted and redesigned to house classrooms and student services . New North doubled the amount of housing on campus . He also oversaw construction of a new wing of the Georgetown University Hospital . Lyons modernized the curriculum , introducing an alternate course of study to the classical one , and allowing majors for upperclassmen . This coincided with a significant increase in the number of students , and Lyons responded by enlarging the faculty . By 1927 , there were more lay faculty than Jesuits . As a result , the tuition increased substantially to pay for the salaries of the lay professors . Lyons was invited by Calvin Coolidge to his 1925 presidential inauguration , and sat among the cabinet . President Coolidge also appointed him to a federal commission that would plan the 150th anniversary of the Battle of Bunker Hill . During this time , he was awarded the Order of the Star of Romania , with the rank of commander . Lyons presidency came to an end in 1928 , and he was succeeded by W . Coleman Nevils . Later years . Upon the end of his leadership of Georgetown , Lyons joined the Jesuit mission band in Boston , with which he traveled throughout New England , New York , and Maryland for eight years . His health began to deteriorate in 1936 , so the Jesuit superiors stationed him at Weston College as the spiritual father of the theology students . He was transferred to the Church of the Immaculate Conception in Boston in July 1937 . The following year , he suffered a major heart attack , from which doctors did not expect him to recover . In 1938 , having seemingly recovered , he went to Boston College High School , but proved unable to continue working . While residing there , he suffered another heart attack , and was sent to St . Margarets Hospital in Dorchester , where he died on January 31 , 1939 . He was buried in the Jesuit cemetery at the College of the Holy Cross . Lyons Hall at Boston College , which opened 1951 , was named in his honor .
|
[
"president of Georgetown University"
] |
[
{
"text": "Charles William Lyons ( January 31 , 1868 – January 31 , 1939 ) was an American Catholic priest who became the only Jesuit and likely the only educator in the United States to have served as the president of four colleges . Born in Boston , Massachusetts , he attended the local public schools before entering the wool industry . He abandoned his career in industry to enter the Society of Jesus . While a novice in Maryland , he suffered a nervous breakdown and was sent to Georgetown University as prefect . He then resumed his studies at",
"title": "Charles W . Lyons"
},
{
"text": "Woodstock College , teaching intermittently at Gonzaga College in Washington , D.C . and Loyola College in Baltimore . After his ordination , he became a professor at St . Francis Xavier College in New York City and at Boston College .",
"title": "Charles W . Lyons"
},
{
"text": "In 1908 , Lyons became the rector of Gonzaga College , where he remained for a year before being appointed the president of Saint Josephs College in Philadelphia . While there , he had constructed a new building for the faculty , and his tenure came to an end when he became the president of Boston College in 1914 . He continued the major construction plan of his predecessor , overseeing the completion of St . Marys Hall and Alumni Field . He also dealt with the severe downturn in enrollment due to World War I . His term came",
"title": "Charles W . Lyons"
},
{
"text": "to an end in 1919 , and for the next several years , he taught at Boston College , was a priest at the Church of St . Ignatius Loyola in New York , oversaw the construction of Weston College , and led retreats around the country .",
"title": "Charles W . Lyons"
},
{
"text": " He was finally appointed president of Georgetown University in 1923 . While he managed construction of the New North building , he was regarded as a poor leader , and his term ended in 1928 . Lyons spent his final years as a missionary , and was awarded the Order of the Star of Romania . Early life and education .",
"title": "Charles W . Lyons"
},
{
"text": "Charles William Lyons was born on January 31 , 1868 , in Boston , Massachusetts . He was one of seven children , and his brother George also became a priest . As a young boy , he moved to South Boston and became a parishioner of the Church of Saints Peter and Paul . He attended the Boston public schools , including Bigelow Grammar School , and The English High School . Upon graduating from high school , he went to work in the wool industry , where he advanced quickly . During this time , he studied Latin",
"title": "Charles W . Lyons"
},
{
"text": "on his own , and joined the Young Mens Catholic Association , which was founded by the Church of the Immaculate Conception . He eventually became a member of the associations board of directors .",
"title": "Charles W . Lyons"
},
{
"text": "Following his exposure to the Jesuits at Immaculate Conception Church , Lyons joined the Society of Jesus , and his application was accepted by the provincial superior , Thomas J . Campbell . He proceeded to the Jesuit novitiate in Frederick , Maryland , on August 14 , 1890 . He found his formation at Frederick difficult , and suffered a nervous breakdown during his juniorate , which affected his eyesight . As a result , he was sent to Georgetown University , where he was appointed prefect of the young students , who were fond of him . He",
"title": "Jesuit formation"
},
{
"text": "remained in this position for one year , before resuming his studies in Frederick . Lyons completed his juniorate in 1895 and commenced his study of philosophy at Woodstock College . There , he gained a reputation as being a good tenor singer , and he assisted with the annual plays . During this time , he was also a catechist at St . Alphonsus Church in Woodstock , Maryland .",
"title": "Jesuit formation"
},
{
"text": " Following his philosophical studies , Lyons was sent to Gonzaga College in Washington , D.C. , were he taught chemistry to the high school students . He was then sent to Loyola College in Baltimore , Maryland in 1901 to teach grammar and mathematics . The following year , Lyons returned to Woodstock for his theological studies . At Woodstock , he was ordained a priest in 1904 . In 1906 , he returned to Georgetown as the prefect of discipline . Lyons then spent his tertianship year at St . Andrew-on-Hudson in Hyde Park , New York .",
"title": "Jesuit formation"
},
{
"text": "Following his tertianship , Lyons was appointed a professor of philosophy and political economy at St . Francis Xavier College in New York City . He then transferred to Boston College as a professor of psychology .",
"title": "Jesuit formation"
},
{
"text": "Lyons was at Boston College for only a short while , before being appointed the rector of Gonzaga College . He assumed the position on December 27 , 1908 , succeeding Joseph J . Himmel . Shortly after he took office , an earthquake struck Messina , Italy , and the school offered a solemn high requiem mass for the victims , which was celebrated by Bishop Diomede Falconio and sung by Bonaventura Cerretti . In attendance were Bishop Denis J . OConnell , Attorney General Charles Joseph Bonaparte , the Italian ambassador to the United States , Joseph Himmel",
"title": "Gonzaga College"
},
{
"text": ", and priests from the Dominican , Franciscan , and Paulist orders . A banquet was held to honor the new president on February 10 , which was attended by Congressman William Bourke Cockran . Lyons term came to an end on July 8 , 1909 , when he was succeeded by Eugene DeL . McDonnell .",
"title": "Gonzaga College"
},
{
"text": " Following his tenure at Gonzaga College , Lyons was appointed the rector and president of Saint Josephs College in Philadelphia in July 1909 , where he succeeded Cornelius Gillespie . Upon his assumption of the presidency , he simultaneously became pastor of the Church of the Gesú . He maintained good relations with the two successive Archbishops of Philadelphia , Patrick John Ryan and Edmond Francis Prendergast throughout his term , and the Church of the Gesú prospered during this time .",
"title": "Saint Josephs College"
},
{
"text": "Lyons oversaw the construction of a new building for the college faculty on 18th and Thompson Streets . Its ground was broken in the fall of 1910 , and the building was complete by September 1911 . Lyons presidency ended in 1914 , when he was succeeded by J . Charles Davey .",
"title": "Saint Josephs College"
},
{
"text": "On January 11 , 1914 , Lyons became the rector and president of Boston College . His selection was praised by many due to his experience in managing building projects . He continued the work of his predecessor , Thomas I . Gasson , to expand the colleges campus . With construction already underway , he had architects modify the plan for St . Marys Hall to add a fourth floor , as well as expand the size of the chapel to accommodate 250 people . St . Marys Hall was completed on January 4 , 1917 . A permanent",
"title": "Boston College"
},
{
"text": "athletic field was built during his term , and Lyons christened the new Alumni Field on October 30 , 1915 .",
"title": "Boston College"
},
{
"text": "With respect to the curriculum , Lyons terminated the granting of graduate degrees to students in the newly established adult night education department in 1914 , upon the request of the faculty , who argued that the program would strain the faculty and facilities . The Philomatheia Club was also established , which was a group of Catholic women from Boston who would support the college . Boston College High School was physically separated from the rest of the college for the first time in 1917 , but Lyons continued as rector of both . He also began discussions to",
"title": "Boston College"
},
{
"text": "create the School of Education , which were not realized until 1919 . In 1918 , he was made a member of the Massachusetts Board of Education .",
"title": "Boston College"
},
{
"text": "His presidency was largely influenced by World War I . Lyons believed that it was his duty to support President Woodrow Wilson during time of war , and he was appointed to the Military Commission of Massachusetts during 1915 and 1916 . Enrollment at the school dropped by 81% and 15 students and alumni of the school were killed in the war . Boston College hosted a unit of the Student Army Training Corps . Following the end of the war , a Reserve Officers Training Corps unit was established . Lyons term as president ended on July 20 ,",
"title": "Boston College"
},
{
"text": "1919 , and he was succeeded by William J . Devlin .",
"title": "Boston College"
},
{
"text": "Upon the end of his presidency in 1919 , Lyons was transferred to the Church of St . Ignatius Loyola in New York City , where he did pastoral work , including leading retreats for the priests in Boston , Providence , Portland , New York , Saint Paul , and Chicago . He was also especially active in hearing confessions . After three years , Lyons returned to Boston College as a professor of metaphysics , and as the head of the department of philosophy . He also gave lectures on philosophy to various groups in Boston . He",
"title": "Boston College"
},
{
"text": "was also tasked with overseeing the construction of the Weston College .",
"title": "Boston College"
},
{
"text": "Lyons was appointed the president of Georgetown University in October 1924 , succeeding John B . Creeden . Upon his appointment , he became the only Jesuit and likely the only educator in the United States to have been president of four different colleges . Lyons showed little interest in leading Georgetown , and his presidency was considered unsuccessful . The fundraising campaign begun by Creeden floundered during his presidency and ended far short of its goal . He was frequently away from the university , as he preferred to preach and lead retreats . Seeing insufficient dormitory space as",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "the most pressing need on campus , he oversaw the construction of the New North building in 1925 , which was completed in June 1926 in the Colonial Revival style . The interior of Old North was then gutted and redesigned to house classrooms and student services . New North doubled the amount of housing on campus . He also oversaw construction of a new wing of the Georgetown University Hospital .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "Lyons modernized the curriculum , introducing an alternate course of study to the classical one , and allowing majors for upperclassmen . This coincided with a significant increase in the number of students , and Lyons responded by enlarging the faculty . By 1927 , there were more lay faculty than Jesuits . As a result , the tuition increased substantially to pay for the salaries of the lay professors . Lyons was invited by Calvin Coolidge to his 1925 presidential inauguration , and sat among the cabinet . President Coolidge also appointed him to a federal commission that would",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "plan the 150th anniversary of the Battle of Bunker Hill . During this time , he was awarded the Order of the Star of Romania , with the rank of commander . Lyons presidency came to an end in 1928 , and he was succeeded by W . Coleman Nevils .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": " Upon the end of his leadership of Georgetown , Lyons joined the Jesuit mission band in Boston , with which he traveled throughout New England , New York , and Maryland for eight years . His health began to deteriorate in 1936 , so the Jesuit superiors stationed him at Weston College as the spiritual father of the theology students . He was transferred to the Church of the Immaculate Conception in Boston in July 1937 . The following year , he suffered a major heart attack , from which doctors did not expect him to recover .",
"title": "Later years"
},
{
"text": "In 1938 , having seemingly recovered , he went to Boston College High School , but proved unable to continue working . While residing there , he suffered another heart attack , and was sent to St . Margarets Hospital in Dorchester , where he died on January 31 , 1939 . He was buried in the Jesuit cemetery at the College of the Holy Cross . Lyons Hall at Boston College , which opened 1951 , was named in his honor .",
"title": "Later years"
}
] |
/wiki/Chaka_Fattah#P69#0
|
Which school did Chaka Fattah go to before Oct 1976?
|
Chaka Fattah Chaka Fattah ( born Arthur Davenport ; November 21 , 1956 ) is a convicted felon and American politician from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania who served as a Democratic member of the U.S . House for from 1995 to 2016 , and he was succeeded by fellow Democrat Dwight Evans . He previously served in the Pennsylvania Senate and the Pennsylvania House of Representatives . The district included portions of North Philadelphia , South Philadelphia , and West Philadelphia along with Lower Merion Township in Montgomery County . On July 29 , 2015 , Fattah and a group of associates were indicted on federal charges related to their alleged roles in a racketeering and influence peddling conspiracy . He was convicted on 23 counts of racketeering , fraud , and other corruption charges on June 21 , 2016 , and resigned two days later . On December 12 , 2016 , Fattah was sentenced to 10 years in prison . On August 9 , 2018 , the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit in Philadelphia overturned Fattahs bribery convictions . On July 12 , 2019 , a Philadelphia judge re-sentenced Fattah to 10 years in federal prison for public corruption . He was freed one year afterwards and returned to Philadelphia . Early life and education . Fattah grew up in Philadelphia , attending Overbrook High School and the Community College of Philadelphia . He is a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity . In 1984 , Fattah completed the Program for Senior Executives in State and Local Government at Harvard Universitys John F . Kennedy School of Government . He earned a Bachelor of Arts in business and economics from the University of Pennsylvania . In May 1986 , he received his masters degree in Governmental Administration from the University of Pennsylvanias Fels Institute of Government . Fattah was the recipient of numerous honors and awards including 10 honorary doctorates and the University of Pennsylvanias Fels Institute of Government Distinguished Alumni Achievement Award . Time Magazine named Fattah one of the 50 most promising leaders in the country . His parents divorced when he was young , and his mother soon remarried to a man she met at a national conference on black power in 1968 . Following this conference , his mother and her new husband decided to change their family name to Fattah and the boys name to Chaka Fattah , His adoptive father , David Fattah , and mother , Falaka Fattah ( born Frances Brown , also known as Queen Mother Falaka Fattah ) , are community activists in West Philadelphia , where they are building an urban Boys Town through their organization , the House of Umoja . He has five brothers . Pennsylvania Legislature . Fattah served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives for the 192nd district from 1983 to 1988 , and as a State Senator for the 7th district from 1988 to 1994 . In 1987 , Fattah founded the Graduate Opportunity Initiative Conference , an annual three-day informational and scholarship conference which aims to significantly increase the enrollment of under-represented graduate students studying Science , Technology , Engineering and Math ( STEM fields ) . The conference was designed to encourage minority students’ interest in STEM graduate and professional schools . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . In 1991 , State Senator Fattah decided to run for Pennsylvanias 2nd congressional district in the special election that was held after Democratic U.S . Congressman William Gray decided to resign . On November 5 , 1991 , City Councilman Lucien Edward Blackwell won the election with a plurality of 39% of the vote defeating Fattah ( 28% ) , John F . White ( 28% ) , and Nadine Smith-Bulford ( 5% ) . In 1994 , Fattah decided to challenge Blackwell in the Democratic primary . He defeated the incumbent 58%–42% . He won the general election with 86% of the vote . After that , he was re-elected every two years with at least 86% of the vote . He was never challenged in the Democratic primary until 2016 , when he lost to Dwight E . Evans . Tenure . Fattah represented the 2nd district in Pennsylvania , an overwhelmingly Democratic district , in the United States House of Representatives from 1995 to 2016 . Fattah endorsed Barack Obama for President in 2008 . GEAR Up and education . He is the architect of the Gaining Early Awareness and Readiness for Undergraduate Programs . In his first years in the U.S . House of Representatives , Fattah introduced and passed into law Gaining Early Awareness and Readiness for Undergraduate Programs ( GEAR UP ) , a college awareness and preparedness program . Since its inception , more than $4 billion in federal funds have been distributed to assist 12million students in 50 states , Puerto Rico , the District of Columbia , and U.S . territories . Fattah sponsored H.R . 4207 , American Dream Accounts Act which would authorize the Department of Education to award three-year competitive grants to support partnerships that provide financial support and preparation for low-income students as they plan for their college education . The bill is co-sponsored in the U . S . Senate by Senator Chris Coons of Delaware , Senator Marco Rubio of Florida and Senator Jeff Bingaman of New Mexico . Specifically the legislation creates personal online accounts for students that monitor higher education readiness and includes a college savings account . The accounts follow students from school to school and through college . Parents can grant vested stakeholders ( including counselors , teachers , coaches , mentors , and others ) access to the account to update student information , monitor progress , and provide college preparatory support . Fattah has introduced a few bills targeting the equity of resource allocation within and between school districts . In 2002 , he introduced the Student Bill of Rights , H.R . 2451 . The measure calls for States to provide highly effective teachers , early childhood education , college prep curricula and equitable instructional resources to all students who attend public schools . Current law requires that schools within the same district provide comparable educational services ; this bill would extend that basic protection to the State level by requiring comparability across school districts . The ESEA Fiscal Fairness Act , H.R . 5071 – amends the Elementary and Secondary Education Act to requires school districts to equalize the real dollars spent among all schools within its jurisdiction – with the imperative to raise the resources allotted to schools in the poorest neighborhoods to meet those in well-off schools – before receiving federal aid . Fattah introduced Communities Committed to College , H.R . 1579 . The legislation provides a 50% tax credit to donors who contribute to qualifying scholarship trusts that are recognized and registered with the Secretary of the Treasury . He also wrote the legislation for the American Opportunity Tax Credit ( AOTC ) . The tax credit assists any full-time college or university student or their families that claim the credit . Since 2011 , it has assisted 4.5million students and their families . AOTC provides up to $2500 tax credit for families to assist them with the cost of college . The credit is unique in that families under a set income without a tax liability are eligible for a tax rebate . President Obama has called for making the tax credit permanent . Outside of legislative work Fattah has created a few local education initiatives for Philadelphia and Pennsylvania families as a state legislator and in cooperation with state and municipal governments , including the CORE scholars program and the annual Grad Conference . College Opportunity Resources for Education ( CORE ) is an initiative providing almost $27 million in last-dollar scholarships to over 18,000 students . The program encourages the students to participate in service to the local community and provides technical assistance to the families of program participants ensuring that they apply for educational assistance programs ( Pell Grants , PHEAA grants , etc. ) offered by the state and federal government . A report issued by the National Student Clearinghouse concludes that participants in CORE are more likely than their fellow non-CORE classmates to complete their college education in four years . Youth mentoring . Fattah was the lead Democrat responsible for the funding of the United States Department of Justice and the United States Attorney General . Since 2011 , the Congressman was able to negotiate an increase of $30M to investment in DOJ programs that fund groups including the Boys & Girls Clubs of America and Big Brothers Big Sisters of America . In 2012 , Fattah negotiated a partnership between FIRST and Boys & Girls Clubs of America to provide robotics programs to 4million youth by 2015 . Neuroscience . Fattah was the lead Democrat responsible for funding some of the largest science agencies in the federal system ( NASA , NSF , Office of Science and Technology Policy ( OSTP ) . In December 2011 , Fattah through his role on the Appropriations Committee , directed the OSTP to establish an Interagency Working Group on Neuroscience ( IWGN ) . Housed within the White House and chartered on June 20 , 2012 , the IWGN convenes representatives across the Federal government to make recommendations about the future of neuroscience research . The Fattah Neuroscience Initiative is a policy initiative designed to make major progress understanding the human brain by intensifying , in a collaborative fashion , federal research efforts across brain disease , disorder , injury , cognition and development . The initiative aims to coordinate Federal research across agencies and draw upon public-private partnerships and the world of academia . The initiative promotes research and discovery across brain cognition , development , disease and injury . Manufacturing . Fattah states that his priority is ensuring that small and medium businesses have the tools they need to prosper in an increasingly competitive global marketplace . He is the lead Democrat responsible for funding the Department of Commerce and the Office of the U.S . Trade Representative . In his role on the Appropriations Committee , Fattah has advocated to $128 million in funding for the Manufacturing Extension Partnership , a program that assists small and mid-sized manufacturers create and retain jobs , increase profits , and save time and money . He is also an advocate for the SelectUSA program , an initiative that encourages U.S . businesses operating off-shore to return to the U.S . and promote the U.S . marketplace . Cooperative development . Fattah was considered a “true champion” of the co-op movement by the American Co-op Association . In May 2013 , Fattah introduced the Creating Jobs through Cooperatives Act ( HR 2437 ) . This legislation will provide means to catalyze cooperative development , provide tools to entrepreneurs to bring cooperative to their communities , partner with financial institutions to provide grants a loans to developing businesses , offer technical training and professional development . His bill calls for $25million federal investment and technical assistance to cooperatives through a new National Cooperative Development Center . The bill has national support from co-op and EOB advocates and members . Co-ops have a broad base and connection to community in the Philadelphia area . In November 2013 , Fattah was invited to attend as Keynote speaker at the Annual Cooperatives Conference , hosted by the NCBA . The conference brought together national leaders in cooperative development to share best practices to create powerful change for their organizations . Sponsored legislation . As a member of Pennsylvanias state House Fattah wrote and passed into law Pennsylvanias Homeowners Emergency Mortgage Assistance Program ( HEMAP ) . HEMAP is a loan program designed to protect Pennsylvanians who , through no fault of their own , are financially unable to make their mortgage payments and are in danger of losing their homes to foreclosure . Started in 1983 by Pennsylvanias Act 91 of 1983 , it was only one of its kind until 2010 when Fattah added language to the Dodd Frank bill to provide similar assistance , to homeowners nationwide . The Emergency Homeowners Loan Program provides up to 24 months of assistance , through bridge loans , for distressed homeowners and is a scaled-up version of the HEMAP program . In 2013 , Fattah served as a vice chair on the House Gun and Violence Taskforce , a taskforce created under the direction of House Democratic Leader Nancy Pelosi . The taskforce included both liberal and conservative Democrats , gun owners and Representatives from various cities . Fattah received an F rating from the National Rifle Association and an A+ rating from the Coalition on Gun Violence and the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence for his positions on gun control . Since 2006 , Fattah has pioneered gun-buyback programs in Philadelphia with the Philadelphia Police . The program offers Philadelphians the chance to exchange firearms for vouchers for groceries or other goods . In 2004 , Fattah introduced a bill titled the Transform America Transaction Fee , ( H.R . 3759 ) which proposed to have the U.S . Treasury conduct a one-year feasibility study of a 1 percent transaction fee imposed on transactions made at any financial institution . He touted the possibility that such a system would bring in so much money it would allow for greatly increased federal spending , saying the excess funds would provide universal health care , support an equitable public school finance system , and fund economic development in urban and rural areas , in addition to extinguishing the national debt and eliminating all other federal taxes . The bill died without attracting any co-sponsor . In 2005 , Fattah introduced the bill again with H.R . 1601 , and again in 2007 with H.R . 2130 which had a single cosponsor , Democratic Rep . Brian Baird of Washington . Both bills died without any action being taken . In 2009 , Fattah introduced a fourth bill to require having a study conducted , H.R . 1703 , which attracted no cosponsors . On February 23 , 2010 , Fattah reintroduced the bill as the Debt Free America Act , ( H.R . 4646 ) which proposed to repeal the federal income tax and replace it with a 1 percent transaction tax on every financial transaction – whether paid by cash , credit card or any form of financial transfer , the only exception being transactions involving the purchase or sale of stock . The latest bill places more focus on eliminating the federal debt . Fattah has also added a 1 percent tax credit designed to eliminate the impact of the measure on couples making less than $250,000 a year . As of September 5 , 2010 , none of the House committees have scheduled any action on the latest bill . In 2005 , Fattah opposed the War in Iraq and supported Congressman John Murthas call for troop withdrawal . He publicly supported the Bring Our Troops Home and Iraq Sovereignty Act a bill that called for bringing the troops home within six months and transitioning the Iraqis to self-government . Committee assignments . - Committee on Appropriations - Subcommittee on Commerce , Justice , Science , and Related Agencies ( Ranking Member ) - Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development Later career . 2007 mayoral election . In November 2006 , he declared his candidacy for Mayor of Philadelphia , where two-term incumbent Mayor John F . Street was barred from re-election by term limits , amid pressure from Democratic voters to keep his Congressional seat to maintain a Philadelphia representative on the powerful Appropriations Committee in the House . His candidacy announcement took place next to the recently completed Microsoft School of the Future in the citys Parkside neighborhood to emphasize his campaign platform of better educational opportunities for city youth . After emerging as a mayoral candidate , Fattah came under fire from the Philadelphia Fraternal Order of Police for his repeated calls to grant a new trial to Mumia Abu-Jamal , who was convicted of murdering police officer Daniel Faulkner in 1981 ; he also was criticized for possibly unethical campaign spending , based on new campaign finance rules adopted by the city of Philadelphia . The Fattah campaign defended itself , claiming that it had followed less restrictive federal rules in spending the money , but eventually returned a portion of the excess contributions to the exploratory committee following a settlement with the citys Board of Ethics . Fattah eventually came in fourth in the Democratic primary , close behind fellow Congressman Bob Brady but well behind former city councilman Michael Nutter , who went on to win the fall general election handily . 2016 indictment and conviction . In August 2014 , Fattahs longtime aide and close confidant Gregory Naylor pled guilty to federal charges in a complex money laundering scheme used to hide an illegal million-dollar loan that a candidate , unnamed in that indictment , received for his failed mayoral campaign in 2007 . The loan was paid back using federal grant money intended for nonprofit organizations affiliated with Fattah . A subsequent Philadelphia Daily News investigation revealed that nonprofits receiving federal funding and connected to Fattah paid out over $5.8 million to Fattah allies and alleged that many of these payments were ethically dubious . On July 29 , 2015 , Fattah and four of his associates , Bonnie Bowser , Karen Nicholas , Herbert Verderman and Robert Brand were indicted for their alleged roles in a racketeering conspiracy involving several schemes that were intended to further the political and financial interests of the defendants and others by , among other tactics , misappropriating hundreds of thousands of dollars of federal , charitable and campaign funds . The FBI further alleged that Fattah accepted an $18,000 bribe from a man seeking an ambassadorship . The trial was originally scheduled for May 2 , 2016 , but in April a judge had the date pushed back to May 16 to give the defendants time to review the excess of more than 100,000 documents accrued by the prosecution . On June 21 , 2016 , Fattah was convicted of all charges , including racketeering conspiracy , bribery , bank fraud , mail fraud , money laundering , making false statements to a financial institution , and falsification of records . He announced his immediate resignation from Congress two days later , on June 23 . Just days later , the U.S . Supreme Court issued its decision in McDonnell v . United States which altered the legal definition of bribery to exclude pay for access . On the basis of this ruling , Fattah appealed his conviction in October 2016 , placing his sentencing on hold . On December 12 , 2016 , Fattah was sentenced to 10 years in prison . He reported for prison at Federal Correctional Institution , McKean near Lewis Run , Pennsylvania on January 25 , 2017 . On August 9 , 2018 , the U.S . Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit in Philadelphia overturned Fattahs bribery convictions . The Court of Appeals remanded for a new trial as to certain bribery and money laundering counts , concluding that the jury had not been properly instructed regarding official acts in a bribery context . ( The government thereafter announced its intention not to retry those counts. ) With regard to the governments cross-appeal , the Court of Appeals reinstated certain counts that had been dismissed by the District Court post-trial . The case was then remanded for resentencing . For these additional counts , Fattah was again sentenced to 10 years of incarceration on July 12 , 2019 . Electoral history . In the 2016 election , Fattah was ousted in the Democratic primary–the real contest in his heavily Democratic , black-majority district–by state representative Dwight Evans . In the 2014 election , Fattah received 181,141 votes , or 87.7% of the vote , to 25,397 , or 12.3% , to his Republican opponent , Armond James , a school teacher with no prior political experience . This was a significant decrease from the 2012 election , when Fattah received 302,746 votes , more votes than any other member of the House of Representatives for that election . Fattah was challenged by Republican nominee Robert Allen Mansfield , Jr . and Independent candidate and publisher of the Germantown Newspapers , Jim Foster . - 2010 Race for U.S . House Fattah was challenged by Republican nominee Rick Hellberg , the CEO of a small financial firm . - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 89% - Rick Hellberg ( R ) , 11% See also : United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania , 2010#District 2 - 2008 Race for U.S . House - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 89% - Adam Lang ( R ) , 11% - 2007 Democratic Primary for Mayor of Philadelphia - Michael Nutter 106,805 36.64% - Tom Knox 71,731 24.61% - Bob Brady 44,474 15.26% - Chaka Fattah 44,301 15.20% - Dwight Evans 22,782 7.82% - Totals 291,492 100% - 2006 Race for U.S . House - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 89% - Michael Gessner ( R ) , 9% - 2004 Race for U.S . House - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 88% - Stewart Bolno ( R ) , 12% - 2002 Race for U.S . House - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 88% - Tom Dougherty ( R ) , 12% - 2000 Race for U.S . House - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 98% - Ken Krawchuk ( L ) , 2% - 1998 Race for U.S . House - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 86% - Anne Marie Mulligan ( R ) , 14% - 1996 Race for U.S . House - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 88% - Larry Murphy ( R ) , 12% - 1994 Race for U.S . House - Chaka Fattah ( D ) , 86% - Lawrence Watson ( R ) , 14% Personal life . Fattah is married to his third wife , Renee Chenault-Fattah , a former Philadelphia television news broadcaster on WCAU-TV ( NBC 10 ) . They have one daughter , Chandler Fattah . He is stepfather to her daughter Cameron Chenault . With other women , he is the father of another daughter , Frances ( Fran ) , and one son , Chaka Fattah Jr. , known as Chip , who was convicted of felony bank and tax fraud in February 2016 . In 2002 , he was named to the PoliticsPA list of Best Dressed Legislators , noting his excellence in haberdashery .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Chaka Fattah ( born Arthur Davenport ; November 21 , 1956 ) is a convicted felon and American politician from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania who served as a Democratic member of the U.S . House for from 1995 to 2016 , and he was succeeded by fellow Democrat Dwight Evans . He previously served in the Pennsylvania Senate and the Pennsylvania House of Representatives . The district included portions of North Philadelphia , South Philadelphia , and West Philadelphia along with Lower Merion Township in Montgomery County .",
"title": "Chaka Fattah"
},
{
"text": "On July 29 , 2015 , Fattah and a group of associates were indicted on federal charges related to their alleged roles in a racketeering and influence peddling conspiracy . He was convicted on 23 counts of racketeering , fraud , and other corruption charges on June 21 , 2016 , and resigned two days later . On December 12 , 2016 , Fattah was sentenced to 10 years in prison . On August 9 , 2018 , the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit in Philadelphia overturned Fattahs bribery convictions .",
"title": "Chaka Fattah"
},
{
"text": " On July 12 , 2019 , a Philadelphia judge re-sentenced Fattah to 10 years in federal prison for public corruption . He was freed one year afterwards and returned to Philadelphia . Early life and education .",
"title": "Chaka Fattah"
},
{
"text": "Fattah grew up in Philadelphia , attending Overbrook High School and the Community College of Philadelphia . He is a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity . In 1984 , Fattah completed the Program for Senior Executives in State and Local Government at Harvard Universitys John F . Kennedy School of Government . He earned a Bachelor of Arts in business and economics from the University of Pennsylvania . In May 1986 , he received his masters degree in Governmental Administration from the University of Pennsylvanias Fels Institute of Government .",
"title": "Chaka Fattah"
},
{
"text": " Fattah was the recipient of numerous honors and awards including 10 honorary doctorates and the University of Pennsylvanias Fels Institute of Government Distinguished Alumni Achievement Award . Time Magazine named Fattah one of the 50 most promising leaders in the country . His parents divorced when he was young , and his mother soon remarried to a man she met at a national conference on black power in 1968 . Following this conference , his mother and her new husband decided to change their family name to Fattah and the boys name to Chaka Fattah ,",
"title": "Chaka Fattah"
},
{
"text": "His adoptive father , David Fattah , and mother , Falaka Fattah ( born Frances Brown , also known as Queen Mother Falaka Fattah ) , are community activists in West Philadelphia , where they are building an urban Boys Town through their organization , the House of Umoja . He has five brothers .",
"title": "Chaka Fattah"
},
{
"text": " Fattah served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives for the 192nd district from 1983 to 1988 , and as a State Senator for the 7th district from 1988 to 1994 . In 1987 , Fattah founded the Graduate Opportunity Initiative Conference , an annual three-day informational and scholarship conference which aims to significantly increase the enrollment of under-represented graduate students studying Science , Technology , Engineering and Math ( STEM fields ) . The conference was designed to encourage minority students’ interest in STEM graduate and professional schools . U.S . House of Representatives .",
"title": "Pennsylvania Legislature"
},
{
"text": " In 1991 , State Senator Fattah decided to run for Pennsylvanias 2nd congressional district in the special election that was held after Democratic U.S . Congressman William Gray decided to resign . On November 5 , 1991 , City Councilman Lucien Edward Blackwell won the election with a plurality of 39% of the vote defeating Fattah ( 28% ) , John F . White ( 28% ) , and Nadine Smith-Bulford ( 5% ) .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "In 1994 , Fattah decided to challenge Blackwell in the Democratic primary . He defeated the incumbent 58%–42% . He won the general election with 86% of the vote . After that , he was re-elected every two years with at least 86% of the vote . He was never challenged in the Democratic primary until 2016 , when he lost to Dwight E . Evans .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": " Fattah represented the 2nd district in Pennsylvania , an overwhelmingly Democratic district , in the United States House of Representatives from 1995 to 2016 . Fattah endorsed Barack Obama for President in 2008 . GEAR Up and education . He is the architect of the Gaining Early Awareness and Readiness for Undergraduate Programs .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "In his first years in the U.S . House of Representatives , Fattah introduced and passed into law Gaining Early Awareness and Readiness for Undergraduate Programs ( GEAR UP ) , a college awareness and preparedness program . Since its inception , more than $4 billion in federal funds have been distributed to assist 12million students in 50 states , Puerto Rico , the District of Columbia , and U.S . territories . Fattah sponsored H.R . 4207 , American Dream Accounts Act which would authorize the Department of Education to award three-year competitive grants to support partnerships that provide",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "financial support and preparation for low-income students as they plan for their college education . The bill is co-sponsored in the U . S . Senate by Senator Chris Coons of Delaware , Senator Marco Rubio of Florida and Senator Jeff Bingaman of New Mexico . Specifically the legislation creates personal online accounts for students that monitor higher education readiness and includes a college savings account . The accounts follow students from school to school and through college . Parents can grant vested stakeholders ( including counselors , teachers , coaches , mentors , and others ) access to the",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "account to update student information , monitor progress , and provide college preparatory support .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " Fattah has introduced a few bills targeting the equity of resource allocation within and between school districts . In 2002 , he introduced the Student Bill of Rights , H.R . 2451 . The measure calls for States to provide highly effective teachers , early childhood education , college prep curricula and equitable instructional resources to all students who attend public schools . Current law requires that schools within the same district provide comparable educational services ; this bill would extend that basic protection to the State level by requiring comparability across school districts .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "The ESEA Fiscal Fairness Act , H.R . 5071 – amends the Elementary and Secondary Education Act to requires school districts to equalize the real dollars spent among all schools within its jurisdiction – with the imperative to raise the resources allotted to schools in the poorest neighborhoods to meet those in well-off schools – before receiving federal aid .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " Fattah introduced Communities Committed to College , H.R . 1579 . The legislation provides a 50% tax credit to donors who contribute to qualifying scholarship trusts that are recognized and registered with the Secretary of the Treasury .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "He also wrote the legislation for the American Opportunity Tax Credit ( AOTC ) . The tax credit assists any full-time college or university student or their families that claim the credit . Since 2011 , it has assisted 4.5million students and their families . AOTC provides up to $2500 tax credit for families to assist them with the cost of college . The credit is unique in that families under a set income without a tax liability are eligible for a tax rebate . President Obama has called for making the tax credit permanent .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " Outside of legislative work Fattah has created a few local education initiatives for Philadelphia and Pennsylvania families as a state legislator and in cooperation with state and municipal governments , including the CORE scholars program and the annual Grad Conference .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "College Opportunity Resources for Education ( CORE ) is an initiative providing almost $27 million in last-dollar scholarships to over 18,000 students . The program encourages the students to participate in service to the local community and provides technical assistance to the families of program participants ensuring that they apply for educational assistance programs ( Pell Grants , PHEAA grants , etc. ) offered by the state and federal government .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " A report issued by the National Student Clearinghouse concludes that participants in CORE are more likely than their fellow non-CORE classmates to complete their college education in four years .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " Fattah was the lead Democrat responsible for the funding of the United States Department of Justice and the United States Attorney General . Since 2011 , the Congressman was able to negotiate an increase of $30M to investment in DOJ programs that fund groups including the Boys & Girls Clubs of America and Big Brothers Big Sisters of America . In 2012 , Fattah negotiated a partnership between FIRST and Boys & Girls Clubs of America to provide robotics programs to 4million youth by 2015 .",
"title": "Youth mentoring"
},
{
"text": " Fattah was the lead Democrat responsible for funding some of the largest science agencies in the federal system ( NASA , NSF , Office of Science and Technology Policy ( OSTP ) . In December 2011 , Fattah through his role on the Appropriations Committee , directed the OSTP to establish an Interagency Working Group on Neuroscience ( IWGN ) . Housed within the White House and chartered on June 20 , 2012 , the IWGN convenes representatives across the Federal government to make recommendations about the future of neuroscience research .",
"title": "Neuroscience"
},
{
"text": "The Fattah Neuroscience Initiative is a policy initiative designed to make major progress understanding the human brain by intensifying , in a collaborative fashion , federal research efforts across brain disease , disorder , injury , cognition and development . The initiative aims to coordinate Federal research across agencies and draw upon public-private partnerships and the world of academia . The initiative promotes research and discovery across brain cognition , development , disease and injury .",
"title": "Neuroscience"
},
{
"text": "Fattah states that his priority is ensuring that small and medium businesses have the tools they need to prosper in an increasingly competitive global marketplace . He is the lead Democrat responsible for funding the Department of Commerce and the Office of the U.S . Trade Representative . In his role on the Appropriations Committee , Fattah has advocated to $128 million in funding for the Manufacturing Extension Partnership , a program that assists small and mid-sized manufacturers create and retain jobs , increase profits , and save time and money . He is also an advocate for the SelectUSA",
"title": "Manufacturing"
},
{
"text": "program , an initiative that encourages U.S . businesses operating off-shore to return to the U.S . and promote the U.S . marketplace .",
"title": "Manufacturing"
},
{
"text": " Fattah was considered a “true champion” of the co-op movement by the American Co-op Association .",
"title": "Cooperative development"
},
{
"text": "In May 2013 , Fattah introduced the Creating Jobs through Cooperatives Act ( HR 2437 ) . This legislation will provide means to catalyze cooperative development , provide tools to entrepreneurs to bring cooperative to their communities , partner with financial institutions to provide grants a loans to developing businesses , offer technical training and professional development . His bill calls for $25million federal investment and technical assistance to cooperatives through a new National Cooperative Development Center . The bill has national support from co-op and EOB advocates and members . Co-ops have a broad base and connection to community",
"title": "Cooperative development"
},
{
"text": "in the Philadelphia area .",
"title": "Cooperative development"
},
{
"text": " In November 2013 , Fattah was invited to attend as Keynote speaker at the Annual Cooperatives Conference , hosted by the NCBA . The conference brought together national leaders in cooperative development to share best practices to create powerful change for their organizations .",
"title": "Cooperative development"
},
{
"text": "As a member of Pennsylvanias state House Fattah wrote and passed into law Pennsylvanias Homeowners Emergency Mortgage Assistance Program ( HEMAP ) . HEMAP is a loan program designed to protect Pennsylvanians who , through no fault of their own , are financially unable to make their mortgage payments and are in danger of losing their homes to foreclosure . Started in 1983 by Pennsylvanias Act 91 of 1983 , it was only one of its kind until 2010 when Fattah added language to the Dodd Frank bill to provide similar assistance , to homeowners nationwide . The Emergency Homeowners",
"title": "Sponsored legislation"
},
{
"text": "Loan Program provides up to 24 months of assistance , through bridge loans , for distressed homeowners and is a scaled-up version of the HEMAP program .",
"title": "Sponsored legislation"
},
{
"text": " In 2013 , Fattah served as a vice chair on the House Gun and Violence Taskforce , a taskforce created under the direction of House Democratic Leader Nancy Pelosi . The taskforce included both liberal and conservative Democrats , gun owners and Representatives from various cities . Fattah received an F rating from the National Rifle Association and an A+ rating from the Coalition on Gun Violence and the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence for his positions on gun control .",
"title": "Sponsored legislation"
},
{
"text": "Since 2006 , Fattah has pioneered gun-buyback programs in Philadelphia with the Philadelphia Police . The program offers Philadelphians the chance to exchange firearms for vouchers for groceries or other goods .",
"title": "Sponsored legislation"
},
{
"text": "In 2004 , Fattah introduced a bill titled the Transform America Transaction Fee , ( H.R . 3759 ) which proposed to have the U.S . Treasury conduct a one-year feasibility study of a 1 percent transaction fee imposed on transactions made at any financial institution . He touted the possibility that such a system would bring in so much money it would allow for greatly increased federal spending , saying the excess funds would provide universal health care , support an equitable public school finance system , and fund economic development in urban and rural areas , in addition",
"title": "Sponsored legislation"
},
{
"text": "to extinguishing the national debt and eliminating all other federal taxes . The bill died without attracting any co-sponsor . In 2005 , Fattah introduced the bill again with H.R . 1601 , and again in 2007 with H.R . 2130 which had a single cosponsor , Democratic Rep . Brian Baird of Washington . Both bills died without any action being taken . In 2009 , Fattah introduced a fourth bill to require having a study conducted , H.R . 1703 , which attracted no cosponsors . On February 23 , 2010 , Fattah reintroduced the bill as the",
"title": "Sponsored legislation"
},
{
"text": "Debt Free America Act , ( H.R . 4646 ) which proposed to repeal the federal income tax and replace it with a 1 percent transaction tax on every financial transaction – whether paid by cash , credit card or any form of financial transfer , the only exception being transactions involving the purchase or sale of stock . The latest bill places more focus on eliminating the federal debt . Fattah has also added a 1 percent tax credit designed to eliminate the impact of the measure on couples making less than $250,000 a year . As of September",
"title": "Sponsored legislation"
},
{
"text": "5 , 2010 , none of the House committees have scheduled any action on the latest bill .",
"title": "Sponsored legislation"
},
{
"text": " In 2005 , Fattah opposed the War in Iraq and supported Congressman John Murthas call for troop withdrawal . He publicly supported the Bring Our Troops Home and Iraq Sovereignty Act a bill that called for bringing the troops home within six months and transitioning the Iraqis to self-government .",
"title": "Sponsored legislation"
},
{
"text": " - Committee on Appropriations - Subcommittee on Commerce , Justice , Science , and Related Agencies ( Ranking Member ) - Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development",
"title": "Committee assignments"
},
{
"text": " 2007 mayoral election . In November 2006 , he declared his candidacy for Mayor of Philadelphia , where two-term incumbent Mayor John F . Street was barred from re-election by term limits , amid pressure from Democratic voters to keep his Congressional seat to maintain a Philadelphia representative on the powerful Appropriations Committee in the House . His candidacy announcement took place next to the recently completed Microsoft School of the Future in the citys Parkside neighborhood to emphasize his campaign platform of better educational opportunities for city youth .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "After emerging as a mayoral candidate , Fattah came under fire from the Philadelphia Fraternal Order of Police for his repeated calls to grant a new trial to Mumia Abu-Jamal , who was convicted of murdering police officer Daniel Faulkner in 1981 ; he also was criticized for possibly unethical campaign spending , based on new campaign finance rules adopted by the city of Philadelphia . The Fattah campaign defended itself , claiming that it had followed less restrictive federal rules in spending the money , but eventually returned a portion of the excess contributions to the exploratory committee following",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "a settlement with the citys Board of Ethics . Fattah eventually came in fourth in the Democratic primary , close behind fellow Congressman Bob Brady but well behind former city councilman Michael Nutter , who went on to win the fall general election handily .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "In August 2014 , Fattahs longtime aide and close confidant Gregory Naylor pled guilty to federal charges in a complex money laundering scheme used to hide an illegal million-dollar loan that a candidate , unnamed in that indictment , received for his failed mayoral campaign in 2007 . The loan was paid back using federal grant money intended for nonprofit organizations affiliated with Fattah . A subsequent Philadelphia Daily News investigation revealed that nonprofits receiving federal funding and connected to Fattah paid out over $5.8 million to Fattah allies and alleged that many of these payments were ethically dubious .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " On July 29 , 2015 , Fattah and four of his associates , Bonnie Bowser , Karen Nicholas , Herbert Verderman and Robert Brand were indicted for their alleged roles in a racketeering conspiracy involving several schemes that were intended to further the political and financial interests of the defendants and others by , among other tactics , misappropriating hundreds of thousands of dollars of federal , charitable and campaign funds . The FBI further alleged that Fattah accepted an $18,000 bribe from a man seeking an ambassadorship .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "The trial was originally scheduled for May 2 , 2016 , but in April a judge had the date pushed back to May 16 to give the defendants time to review the excess of more than 100,000 documents accrued by the prosecution .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "On June 21 , 2016 , Fattah was convicted of all charges , including racketeering conspiracy , bribery , bank fraud , mail fraud , money laundering , making false statements to a financial institution , and falsification of records . He announced his immediate resignation from Congress two days later , on June 23 . Just days later , the U.S . Supreme Court issued its decision in McDonnell v . United States which altered the legal definition of bribery to exclude pay for access . On the basis of this ruling , Fattah appealed his conviction in October",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "2016 , placing his sentencing on hold .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " On December 12 , 2016 , Fattah was sentenced to 10 years in prison . He reported for prison at Federal Correctional Institution , McKean near Lewis Run , Pennsylvania on January 25 , 2017 . On August 9 , 2018 , the U.S . Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit in Philadelphia overturned Fattahs bribery convictions .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "The Court of Appeals remanded for a new trial as to certain bribery and money laundering counts , concluding that the jury had not been properly instructed regarding official acts in a bribery context . ( The government thereafter announced its intention not to retry those counts. ) With regard to the governments cross-appeal , the Court of Appeals reinstated certain counts that had been dismissed by the District Court post-trial . The case was then remanded for resentencing .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " For these additional counts , Fattah was again sentenced to 10 years of incarceration on July 12 , 2019 .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " In the 2016 election , Fattah was ousted in the Democratic primary–the real contest in his heavily Democratic , black-majority district–by state representative Dwight Evans . In the 2014 election , Fattah received 181,141 votes , or 87.7% of the vote , to 25,397 , or 12.3% , to his Republican opponent , Armond James , a school teacher with no prior political experience . This was a significant decrease from the 2012 election , when Fattah received 302,746 votes , more votes than any other member of the House of Representatives for that election .",
"title": "Electoral history"
},
{
"text": "Fattah was challenged by Republican nominee Robert Allen Mansfield , Jr . and Independent candidate and publisher of the Germantown Newspapers , Jim Foster .",
"title": "Electoral history"
},
{
"text": " - 2010 Race for U.S . House Fattah was challenged by Republican nominee Rick Hellberg , the CEO of a small financial firm . - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 89% - Rick Hellberg ( R ) , 11% See also : United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania , 2010#District 2 - 2008 Race for U.S . House - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 89% - Adam Lang ( R ) , 11% - 2007 Democratic Primary for Mayor of Philadelphia - Michael Nutter 106,805 36.64%",
"title": "Electoral history"
},
{
"text": "- Tom Knox 71,731 24.61%",
"title": "Electoral history"
},
{
"text": " - Bob Brady 44,474 15.26% - Chaka Fattah 44,301 15.20% - Dwight Evans 22,782 7.82% - Totals 291,492 100% - 2006 Race for U.S . House - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 89% - Michael Gessner ( R ) , 9% - 2004 Race for U.S . House - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 88% - Stewart Bolno ( R ) , 12% - 2002 Race for U.S . House - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 88% - Tom Dougherty ( R ) , 12%",
"title": "Electoral history"
},
{
"text": "- 2000 Race for U.S . House",
"title": "Electoral history"
},
{
"text": " - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 98% - Ken Krawchuk ( L ) , 2% - 1998 Race for U.S . House - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 86% - Anne Marie Mulligan ( R ) , 14% - 1996 Race for U.S . House - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 88% - Larry Murphy ( R ) , 12% - 1994 Race for U.S . House - Chaka Fattah ( D ) , 86% - Lawrence Watson ( R ) , 14%",
"title": "Electoral history"
},
{
"text": " Fattah is married to his third wife , Renee Chenault-Fattah , a former Philadelphia television news broadcaster on WCAU-TV ( NBC 10 ) . They have one daughter , Chandler Fattah . He is stepfather to her daughter Cameron Chenault . With other women , he is the father of another daughter , Frances ( Fran ) , and one son , Chaka Fattah Jr. , known as Chip , who was convicted of felony bank and tax fraud in February 2016 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "In 2002 , he was named to the PoliticsPA list of Best Dressed Legislators , noting his excellence in haberdashery .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Chaka_Fattah#P69#1
|
Which school did Chaka Fattah go to between Aug 1978 and Jun 1982?
|
Chaka Fattah Chaka Fattah ( born Arthur Davenport ; November 21 , 1956 ) is a convicted felon and American politician from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania who served as a Democratic member of the U.S . House for from 1995 to 2016 , and he was succeeded by fellow Democrat Dwight Evans . He previously served in the Pennsylvania Senate and the Pennsylvania House of Representatives . The district included portions of North Philadelphia , South Philadelphia , and West Philadelphia along with Lower Merion Township in Montgomery County . On July 29 , 2015 , Fattah and a group of associates were indicted on federal charges related to their alleged roles in a racketeering and influence peddling conspiracy . He was convicted on 23 counts of racketeering , fraud , and other corruption charges on June 21 , 2016 , and resigned two days later . On December 12 , 2016 , Fattah was sentenced to 10 years in prison . On August 9 , 2018 , the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit in Philadelphia overturned Fattahs bribery convictions . On July 12 , 2019 , a Philadelphia judge re-sentenced Fattah to 10 years in federal prison for public corruption . He was freed one year afterwards and returned to Philadelphia . Early life and education . Fattah grew up in Philadelphia , attending Overbrook High School and the Community College of Philadelphia . He is a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity . In 1984 , Fattah completed the Program for Senior Executives in State and Local Government at Harvard Universitys John F . Kennedy School of Government . He earned a Bachelor of Arts in business and economics from the University of Pennsylvania . In May 1986 , he received his masters degree in Governmental Administration from the University of Pennsylvanias Fels Institute of Government . Fattah was the recipient of numerous honors and awards including 10 honorary doctorates and the University of Pennsylvanias Fels Institute of Government Distinguished Alumni Achievement Award . Time Magazine named Fattah one of the 50 most promising leaders in the country . His parents divorced when he was young , and his mother soon remarried to a man she met at a national conference on black power in 1968 . Following this conference , his mother and her new husband decided to change their family name to Fattah and the boys name to Chaka Fattah , His adoptive father , David Fattah , and mother , Falaka Fattah ( born Frances Brown , also known as Queen Mother Falaka Fattah ) , are community activists in West Philadelphia , where they are building an urban Boys Town through their organization , the House of Umoja . He has five brothers . Pennsylvania Legislature . Fattah served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives for the 192nd district from 1983 to 1988 , and as a State Senator for the 7th district from 1988 to 1994 . In 1987 , Fattah founded the Graduate Opportunity Initiative Conference , an annual three-day informational and scholarship conference which aims to significantly increase the enrollment of under-represented graduate students studying Science , Technology , Engineering and Math ( STEM fields ) . The conference was designed to encourage minority students’ interest in STEM graduate and professional schools . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . In 1991 , State Senator Fattah decided to run for Pennsylvanias 2nd congressional district in the special election that was held after Democratic U.S . Congressman William Gray decided to resign . On November 5 , 1991 , City Councilman Lucien Edward Blackwell won the election with a plurality of 39% of the vote defeating Fattah ( 28% ) , John F . White ( 28% ) , and Nadine Smith-Bulford ( 5% ) . In 1994 , Fattah decided to challenge Blackwell in the Democratic primary . He defeated the incumbent 58%–42% . He won the general election with 86% of the vote . After that , he was re-elected every two years with at least 86% of the vote . He was never challenged in the Democratic primary until 2016 , when he lost to Dwight E . Evans . Tenure . Fattah represented the 2nd district in Pennsylvania , an overwhelmingly Democratic district , in the United States House of Representatives from 1995 to 2016 . Fattah endorsed Barack Obama for President in 2008 . GEAR Up and education . He is the architect of the Gaining Early Awareness and Readiness for Undergraduate Programs . In his first years in the U.S . House of Representatives , Fattah introduced and passed into law Gaining Early Awareness and Readiness for Undergraduate Programs ( GEAR UP ) , a college awareness and preparedness program . Since its inception , more than $4 billion in federal funds have been distributed to assist 12million students in 50 states , Puerto Rico , the District of Columbia , and U.S . territories . Fattah sponsored H.R . 4207 , American Dream Accounts Act which would authorize the Department of Education to award three-year competitive grants to support partnerships that provide financial support and preparation for low-income students as they plan for their college education . The bill is co-sponsored in the U . S . Senate by Senator Chris Coons of Delaware , Senator Marco Rubio of Florida and Senator Jeff Bingaman of New Mexico . Specifically the legislation creates personal online accounts for students that monitor higher education readiness and includes a college savings account . The accounts follow students from school to school and through college . Parents can grant vested stakeholders ( including counselors , teachers , coaches , mentors , and others ) access to the account to update student information , monitor progress , and provide college preparatory support . Fattah has introduced a few bills targeting the equity of resource allocation within and between school districts . In 2002 , he introduced the Student Bill of Rights , H.R . 2451 . The measure calls for States to provide highly effective teachers , early childhood education , college prep curricula and equitable instructional resources to all students who attend public schools . Current law requires that schools within the same district provide comparable educational services ; this bill would extend that basic protection to the State level by requiring comparability across school districts . The ESEA Fiscal Fairness Act , H.R . 5071 – amends the Elementary and Secondary Education Act to requires school districts to equalize the real dollars spent among all schools within its jurisdiction – with the imperative to raise the resources allotted to schools in the poorest neighborhoods to meet those in well-off schools – before receiving federal aid . Fattah introduced Communities Committed to College , H.R . 1579 . The legislation provides a 50% tax credit to donors who contribute to qualifying scholarship trusts that are recognized and registered with the Secretary of the Treasury . He also wrote the legislation for the American Opportunity Tax Credit ( AOTC ) . The tax credit assists any full-time college or university student or their families that claim the credit . Since 2011 , it has assisted 4.5million students and their families . AOTC provides up to $2500 tax credit for families to assist them with the cost of college . The credit is unique in that families under a set income without a tax liability are eligible for a tax rebate . President Obama has called for making the tax credit permanent . Outside of legislative work Fattah has created a few local education initiatives for Philadelphia and Pennsylvania families as a state legislator and in cooperation with state and municipal governments , including the CORE scholars program and the annual Grad Conference . College Opportunity Resources for Education ( CORE ) is an initiative providing almost $27 million in last-dollar scholarships to over 18,000 students . The program encourages the students to participate in service to the local community and provides technical assistance to the families of program participants ensuring that they apply for educational assistance programs ( Pell Grants , PHEAA grants , etc. ) offered by the state and federal government . A report issued by the National Student Clearinghouse concludes that participants in CORE are more likely than their fellow non-CORE classmates to complete their college education in four years . Youth mentoring . Fattah was the lead Democrat responsible for the funding of the United States Department of Justice and the United States Attorney General . Since 2011 , the Congressman was able to negotiate an increase of $30M to investment in DOJ programs that fund groups including the Boys & Girls Clubs of America and Big Brothers Big Sisters of America . In 2012 , Fattah negotiated a partnership between FIRST and Boys & Girls Clubs of America to provide robotics programs to 4million youth by 2015 . Neuroscience . Fattah was the lead Democrat responsible for funding some of the largest science agencies in the federal system ( NASA , NSF , Office of Science and Technology Policy ( OSTP ) . In December 2011 , Fattah through his role on the Appropriations Committee , directed the OSTP to establish an Interagency Working Group on Neuroscience ( IWGN ) . Housed within the White House and chartered on June 20 , 2012 , the IWGN convenes representatives across the Federal government to make recommendations about the future of neuroscience research . The Fattah Neuroscience Initiative is a policy initiative designed to make major progress understanding the human brain by intensifying , in a collaborative fashion , federal research efforts across brain disease , disorder , injury , cognition and development . The initiative aims to coordinate Federal research across agencies and draw upon public-private partnerships and the world of academia . The initiative promotes research and discovery across brain cognition , development , disease and injury . Manufacturing . Fattah states that his priority is ensuring that small and medium businesses have the tools they need to prosper in an increasingly competitive global marketplace . He is the lead Democrat responsible for funding the Department of Commerce and the Office of the U.S . Trade Representative . In his role on the Appropriations Committee , Fattah has advocated to $128 million in funding for the Manufacturing Extension Partnership , a program that assists small and mid-sized manufacturers create and retain jobs , increase profits , and save time and money . He is also an advocate for the SelectUSA program , an initiative that encourages U.S . businesses operating off-shore to return to the U.S . and promote the U.S . marketplace . Cooperative development . Fattah was considered a “true champion” of the co-op movement by the American Co-op Association . In May 2013 , Fattah introduced the Creating Jobs through Cooperatives Act ( HR 2437 ) . This legislation will provide means to catalyze cooperative development , provide tools to entrepreneurs to bring cooperative to their communities , partner with financial institutions to provide grants a loans to developing businesses , offer technical training and professional development . His bill calls for $25million federal investment and technical assistance to cooperatives through a new National Cooperative Development Center . The bill has national support from co-op and EOB advocates and members . Co-ops have a broad base and connection to community in the Philadelphia area . In November 2013 , Fattah was invited to attend as Keynote speaker at the Annual Cooperatives Conference , hosted by the NCBA . The conference brought together national leaders in cooperative development to share best practices to create powerful change for their organizations . Sponsored legislation . As a member of Pennsylvanias state House Fattah wrote and passed into law Pennsylvanias Homeowners Emergency Mortgage Assistance Program ( HEMAP ) . HEMAP is a loan program designed to protect Pennsylvanians who , through no fault of their own , are financially unable to make their mortgage payments and are in danger of losing their homes to foreclosure . Started in 1983 by Pennsylvanias Act 91 of 1983 , it was only one of its kind until 2010 when Fattah added language to the Dodd Frank bill to provide similar assistance , to homeowners nationwide . The Emergency Homeowners Loan Program provides up to 24 months of assistance , through bridge loans , for distressed homeowners and is a scaled-up version of the HEMAP program . In 2013 , Fattah served as a vice chair on the House Gun and Violence Taskforce , a taskforce created under the direction of House Democratic Leader Nancy Pelosi . The taskforce included both liberal and conservative Democrats , gun owners and Representatives from various cities . Fattah received an F rating from the National Rifle Association and an A+ rating from the Coalition on Gun Violence and the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence for his positions on gun control . Since 2006 , Fattah has pioneered gun-buyback programs in Philadelphia with the Philadelphia Police . The program offers Philadelphians the chance to exchange firearms for vouchers for groceries or other goods . In 2004 , Fattah introduced a bill titled the Transform America Transaction Fee , ( H.R . 3759 ) which proposed to have the U.S . Treasury conduct a one-year feasibility study of a 1 percent transaction fee imposed on transactions made at any financial institution . He touted the possibility that such a system would bring in so much money it would allow for greatly increased federal spending , saying the excess funds would provide universal health care , support an equitable public school finance system , and fund economic development in urban and rural areas , in addition to extinguishing the national debt and eliminating all other federal taxes . The bill died without attracting any co-sponsor . In 2005 , Fattah introduced the bill again with H.R . 1601 , and again in 2007 with H.R . 2130 which had a single cosponsor , Democratic Rep . Brian Baird of Washington . Both bills died without any action being taken . In 2009 , Fattah introduced a fourth bill to require having a study conducted , H.R . 1703 , which attracted no cosponsors . On February 23 , 2010 , Fattah reintroduced the bill as the Debt Free America Act , ( H.R . 4646 ) which proposed to repeal the federal income tax and replace it with a 1 percent transaction tax on every financial transaction – whether paid by cash , credit card or any form of financial transfer , the only exception being transactions involving the purchase or sale of stock . The latest bill places more focus on eliminating the federal debt . Fattah has also added a 1 percent tax credit designed to eliminate the impact of the measure on couples making less than $250,000 a year . As of September 5 , 2010 , none of the House committees have scheduled any action on the latest bill . In 2005 , Fattah opposed the War in Iraq and supported Congressman John Murthas call for troop withdrawal . He publicly supported the Bring Our Troops Home and Iraq Sovereignty Act a bill that called for bringing the troops home within six months and transitioning the Iraqis to self-government . Committee assignments . - Committee on Appropriations - Subcommittee on Commerce , Justice , Science , and Related Agencies ( Ranking Member ) - Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development Later career . 2007 mayoral election . In November 2006 , he declared his candidacy for Mayor of Philadelphia , where two-term incumbent Mayor John F . Street was barred from re-election by term limits , amid pressure from Democratic voters to keep his Congressional seat to maintain a Philadelphia representative on the powerful Appropriations Committee in the House . His candidacy announcement took place next to the recently completed Microsoft School of the Future in the citys Parkside neighborhood to emphasize his campaign platform of better educational opportunities for city youth . After emerging as a mayoral candidate , Fattah came under fire from the Philadelphia Fraternal Order of Police for his repeated calls to grant a new trial to Mumia Abu-Jamal , who was convicted of murdering police officer Daniel Faulkner in 1981 ; he also was criticized for possibly unethical campaign spending , based on new campaign finance rules adopted by the city of Philadelphia . The Fattah campaign defended itself , claiming that it had followed less restrictive federal rules in spending the money , but eventually returned a portion of the excess contributions to the exploratory committee following a settlement with the citys Board of Ethics . Fattah eventually came in fourth in the Democratic primary , close behind fellow Congressman Bob Brady but well behind former city councilman Michael Nutter , who went on to win the fall general election handily . 2016 indictment and conviction . In August 2014 , Fattahs longtime aide and close confidant Gregory Naylor pled guilty to federal charges in a complex money laundering scheme used to hide an illegal million-dollar loan that a candidate , unnamed in that indictment , received for his failed mayoral campaign in 2007 . The loan was paid back using federal grant money intended for nonprofit organizations affiliated with Fattah . A subsequent Philadelphia Daily News investigation revealed that nonprofits receiving federal funding and connected to Fattah paid out over $5.8 million to Fattah allies and alleged that many of these payments were ethically dubious . On July 29 , 2015 , Fattah and four of his associates , Bonnie Bowser , Karen Nicholas , Herbert Verderman and Robert Brand were indicted for their alleged roles in a racketeering conspiracy involving several schemes that were intended to further the political and financial interests of the defendants and others by , among other tactics , misappropriating hundreds of thousands of dollars of federal , charitable and campaign funds . The FBI further alleged that Fattah accepted an $18,000 bribe from a man seeking an ambassadorship . The trial was originally scheduled for May 2 , 2016 , but in April a judge had the date pushed back to May 16 to give the defendants time to review the excess of more than 100,000 documents accrued by the prosecution . On June 21 , 2016 , Fattah was convicted of all charges , including racketeering conspiracy , bribery , bank fraud , mail fraud , money laundering , making false statements to a financial institution , and falsification of records . He announced his immediate resignation from Congress two days later , on June 23 . Just days later , the U.S . Supreme Court issued its decision in McDonnell v . United States which altered the legal definition of bribery to exclude pay for access . On the basis of this ruling , Fattah appealed his conviction in October 2016 , placing his sentencing on hold . On December 12 , 2016 , Fattah was sentenced to 10 years in prison . He reported for prison at Federal Correctional Institution , McKean near Lewis Run , Pennsylvania on January 25 , 2017 . On August 9 , 2018 , the U.S . Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit in Philadelphia overturned Fattahs bribery convictions . The Court of Appeals remanded for a new trial as to certain bribery and money laundering counts , concluding that the jury had not been properly instructed regarding official acts in a bribery context . ( The government thereafter announced its intention not to retry those counts. ) With regard to the governments cross-appeal , the Court of Appeals reinstated certain counts that had been dismissed by the District Court post-trial . The case was then remanded for resentencing . For these additional counts , Fattah was again sentenced to 10 years of incarceration on July 12 , 2019 . Electoral history . In the 2016 election , Fattah was ousted in the Democratic primary–the real contest in his heavily Democratic , black-majority district–by state representative Dwight Evans . In the 2014 election , Fattah received 181,141 votes , or 87.7% of the vote , to 25,397 , or 12.3% , to his Republican opponent , Armond James , a school teacher with no prior political experience . This was a significant decrease from the 2012 election , when Fattah received 302,746 votes , more votes than any other member of the House of Representatives for that election . Fattah was challenged by Republican nominee Robert Allen Mansfield , Jr . and Independent candidate and publisher of the Germantown Newspapers , Jim Foster . - 2010 Race for U.S . House Fattah was challenged by Republican nominee Rick Hellberg , the CEO of a small financial firm . - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 89% - Rick Hellberg ( R ) , 11% See also : United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania , 2010#District 2 - 2008 Race for U.S . House - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 89% - Adam Lang ( R ) , 11% - 2007 Democratic Primary for Mayor of Philadelphia - Michael Nutter 106,805 36.64% - Tom Knox 71,731 24.61% - Bob Brady 44,474 15.26% - Chaka Fattah 44,301 15.20% - Dwight Evans 22,782 7.82% - Totals 291,492 100% - 2006 Race for U.S . House - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 89% - Michael Gessner ( R ) , 9% - 2004 Race for U.S . House - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 88% - Stewart Bolno ( R ) , 12% - 2002 Race for U.S . House - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 88% - Tom Dougherty ( R ) , 12% - 2000 Race for U.S . House - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 98% - Ken Krawchuk ( L ) , 2% - 1998 Race for U.S . House - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 86% - Anne Marie Mulligan ( R ) , 14% - 1996 Race for U.S . House - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 88% - Larry Murphy ( R ) , 12% - 1994 Race for U.S . House - Chaka Fattah ( D ) , 86% - Lawrence Watson ( R ) , 14% Personal life . Fattah is married to his third wife , Renee Chenault-Fattah , a former Philadelphia television news broadcaster on WCAU-TV ( NBC 10 ) . They have one daughter , Chandler Fattah . He is stepfather to her daughter Cameron Chenault . With other women , he is the father of another daughter , Frances ( Fran ) , and one son , Chaka Fattah Jr. , known as Chip , who was convicted of felony bank and tax fraud in February 2016 . In 2002 , he was named to the PoliticsPA list of Best Dressed Legislators , noting his excellence in haberdashery .
|
[
"masters degree in Governmental Administration from the University of Pennsylvanias Fels Institute of Government ."
] |
[
{
"text": " Chaka Fattah ( born Arthur Davenport ; November 21 , 1956 ) is a convicted felon and American politician from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania who served as a Democratic member of the U.S . House for from 1995 to 2016 , and he was succeeded by fellow Democrat Dwight Evans . He previously served in the Pennsylvania Senate and the Pennsylvania House of Representatives . The district included portions of North Philadelphia , South Philadelphia , and West Philadelphia along with Lower Merion Township in Montgomery County .",
"title": "Chaka Fattah"
},
{
"text": "On July 29 , 2015 , Fattah and a group of associates were indicted on federal charges related to their alleged roles in a racketeering and influence peddling conspiracy . He was convicted on 23 counts of racketeering , fraud , and other corruption charges on June 21 , 2016 , and resigned two days later . On December 12 , 2016 , Fattah was sentenced to 10 years in prison . On August 9 , 2018 , the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit in Philadelphia overturned Fattahs bribery convictions .",
"title": "Chaka Fattah"
},
{
"text": " On July 12 , 2019 , a Philadelphia judge re-sentenced Fattah to 10 years in federal prison for public corruption . He was freed one year afterwards and returned to Philadelphia . Early life and education .",
"title": "Chaka Fattah"
},
{
"text": "Fattah grew up in Philadelphia , attending Overbrook High School and the Community College of Philadelphia . He is a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity . In 1984 , Fattah completed the Program for Senior Executives in State and Local Government at Harvard Universitys John F . Kennedy School of Government . He earned a Bachelor of Arts in business and economics from the University of Pennsylvania . In May 1986 , he received his masters degree in Governmental Administration from the University of Pennsylvanias Fels Institute of Government .",
"title": "Chaka Fattah"
},
{
"text": " Fattah was the recipient of numerous honors and awards including 10 honorary doctorates and the University of Pennsylvanias Fels Institute of Government Distinguished Alumni Achievement Award . Time Magazine named Fattah one of the 50 most promising leaders in the country . His parents divorced when he was young , and his mother soon remarried to a man she met at a national conference on black power in 1968 . Following this conference , his mother and her new husband decided to change their family name to Fattah and the boys name to Chaka Fattah ,",
"title": "Chaka Fattah"
},
{
"text": "His adoptive father , David Fattah , and mother , Falaka Fattah ( born Frances Brown , also known as Queen Mother Falaka Fattah ) , are community activists in West Philadelphia , where they are building an urban Boys Town through their organization , the House of Umoja . He has five brothers .",
"title": "Chaka Fattah"
},
{
"text": " Fattah served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives for the 192nd district from 1983 to 1988 , and as a State Senator for the 7th district from 1988 to 1994 . In 1987 , Fattah founded the Graduate Opportunity Initiative Conference , an annual three-day informational and scholarship conference which aims to significantly increase the enrollment of under-represented graduate students studying Science , Technology , Engineering and Math ( STEM fields ) . The conference was designed to encourage minority students’ interest in STEM graduate and professional schools . U.S . House of Representatives .",
"title": "Pennsylvania Legislature"
},
{
"text": " In 1991 , State Senator Fattah decided to run for Pennsylvanias 2nd congressional district in the special election that was held after Democratic U.S . Congressman William Gray decided to resign . On November 5 , 1991 , City Councilman Lucien Edward Blackwell won the election with a plurality of 39% of the vote defeating Fattah ( 28% ) , John F . White ( 28% ) , and Nadine Smith-Bulford ( 5% ) .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "In 1994 , Fattah decided to challenge Blackwell in the Democratic primary . He defeated the incumbent 58%–42% . He won the general election with 86% of the vote . After that , he was re-elected every two years with at least 86% of the vote . He was never challenged in the Democratic primary until 2016 , when he lost to Dwight E . Evans .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": " Fattah represented the 2nd district in Pennsylvania , an overwhelmingly Democratic district , in the United States House of Representatives from 1995 to 2016 . Fattah endorsed Barack Obama for President in 2008 . GEAR Up and education . He is the architect of the Gaining Early Awareness and Readiness for Undergraduate Programs .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "In his first years in the U.S . House of Representatives , Fattah introduced and passed into law Gaining Early Awareness and Readiness for Undergraduate Programs ( GEAR UP ) , a college awareness and preparedness program . Since its inception , more than $4 billion in federal funds have been distributed to assist 12million students in 50 states , Puerto Rico , the District of Columbia , and U.S . territories . Fattah sponsored H.R . 4207 , American Dream Accounts Act which would authorize the Department of Education to award three-year competitive grants to support partnerships that provide",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "financial support and preparation for low-income students as they plan for their college education . The bill is co-sponsored in the U . S . Senate by Senator Chris Coons of Delaware , Senator Marco Rubio of Florida and Senator Jeff Bingaman of New Mexico . Specifically the legislation creates personal online accounts for students that monitor higher education readiness and includes a college savings account . The accounts follow students from school to school and through college . Parents can grant vested stakeholders ( including counselors , teachers , coaches , mentors , and others ) access to the",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "account to update student information , monitor progress , and provide college preparatory support .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " Fattah has introduced a few bills targeting the equity of resource allocation within and between school districts . In 2002 , he introduced the Student Bill of Rights , H.R . 2451 . The measure calls for States to provide highly effective teachers , early childhood education , college prep curricula and equitable instructional resources to all students who attend public schools . Current law requires that schools within the same district provide comparable educational services ; this bill would extend that basic protection to the State level by requiring comparability across school districts .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "The ESEA Fiscal Fairness Act , H.R . 5071 – amends the Elementary and Secondary Education Act to requires school districts to equalize the real dollars spent among all schools within its jurisdiction – with the imperative to raise the resources allotted to schools in the poorest neighborhoods to meet those in well-off schools – before receiving federal aid .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " Fattah introduced Communities Committed to College , H.R . 1579 . The legislation provides a 50% tax credit to donors who contribute to qualifying scholarship trusts that are recognized and registered with the Secretary of the Treasury .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "He also wrote the legislation for the American Opportunity Tax Credit ( AOTC ) . The tax credit assists any full-time college or university student or their families that claim the credit . Since 2011 , it has assisted 4.5million students and their families . AOTC provides up to $2500 tax credit for families to assist them with the cost of college . The credit is unique in that families under a set income without a tax liability are eligible for a tax rebate . President Obama has called for making the tax credit permanent .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " Outside of legislative work Fattah has created a few local education initiatives for Philadelphia and Pennsylvania families as a state legislator and in cooperation with state and municipal governments , including the CORE scholars program and the annual Grad Conference .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "College Opportunity Resources for Education ( CORE ) is an initiative providing almost $27 million in last-dollar scholarships to over 18,000 students . The program encourages the students to participate in service to the local community and provides technical assistance to the families of program participants ensuring that they apply for educational assistance programs ( Pell Grants , PHEAA grants , etc. ) offered by the state and federal government .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " A report issued by the National Student Clearinghouse concludes that participants in CORE are more likely than their fellow non-CORE classmates to complete their college education in four years .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " Fattah was the lead Democrat responsible for the funding of the United States Department of Justice and the United States Attorney General . Since 2011 , the Congressman was able to negotiate an increase of $30M to investment in DOJ programs that fund groups including the Boys & Girls Clubs of America and Big Brothers Big Sisters of America . In 2012 , Fattah negotiated a partnership between FIRST and Boys & Girls Clubs of America to provide robotics programs to 4million youth by 2015 .",
"title": "Youth mentoring"
},
{
"text": " Fattah was the lead Democrat responsible for funding some of the largest science agencies in the federal system ( NASA , NSF , Office of Science and Technology Policy ( OSTP ) . In December 2011 , Fattah through his role on the Appropriations Committee , directed the OSTP to establish an Interagency Working Group on Neuroscience ( IWGN ) . Housed within the White House and chartered on June 20 , 2012 , the IWGN convenes representatives across the Federal government to make recommendations about the future of neuroscience research .",
"title": "Neuroscience"
},
{
"text": "The Fattah Neuroscience Initiative is a policy initiative designed to make major progress understanding the human brain by intensifying , in a collaborative fashion , federal research efforts across brain disease , disorder , injury , cognition and development . The initiative aims to coordinate Federal research across agencies and draw upon public-private partnerships and the world of academia . The initiative promotes research and discovery across brain cognition , development , disease and injury .",
"title": "Neuroscience"
},
{
"text": "Fattah states that his priority is ensuring that small and medium businesses have the tools they need to prosper in an increasingly competitive global marketplace . He is the lead Democrat responsible for funding the Department of Commerce and the Office of the U.S . Trade Representative . In his role on the Appropriations Committee , Fattah has advocated to $128 million in funding for the Manufacturing Extension Partnership , a program that assists small and mid-sized manufacturers create and retain jobs , increase profits , and save time and money . He is also an advocate for the SelectUSA",
"title": "Manufacturing"
},
{
"text": "program , an initiative that encourages U.S . businesses operating off-shore to return to the U.S . and promote the U.S . marketplace .",
"title": "Manufacturing"
},
{
"text": " Fattah was considered a “true champion” of the co-op movement by the American Co-op Association .",
"title": "Cooperative development"
},
{
"text": "In May 2013 , Fattah introduced the Creating Jobs through Cooperatives Act ( HR 2437 ) . This legislation will provide means to catalyze cooperative development , provide tools to entrepreneurs to bring cooperative to their communities , partner with financial institutions to provide grants a loans to developing businesses , offer technical training and professional development . His bill calls for $25million federal investment and technical assistance to cooperatives through a new National Cooperative Development Center . The bill has national support from co-op and EOB advocates and members . Co-ops have a broad base and connection to community",
"title": "Cooperative development"
},
{
"text": "in the Philadelphia area .",
"title": "Cooperative development"
},
{
"text": " In November 2013 , Fattah was invited to attend as Keynote speaker at the Annual Cooperatives Conference , hosted by the NCBA . The conference brought together national leaders in cooperative development to share best practices to create powerful change for their organizations .",
"title": "Cooperative development"
},
{
"text": "As a member of Pennsylvanias state House Fattah wrote and passed into law Pennsylvanias Homeowners Emergency Mortgage Assistance Program ( HEMAP ) . HEMAP is a loan program designed to protect Pennsylvanians who , through no fault of their own , are financially unable to make their mortgage payments and are in danger of losing their homes to foreclosure . Started in 1983 by Pennsylvanias Act 91 of 1983 , it was only one of its kind until 2010 when Fattah added language to the Dodd Frank bill to provide similar assistance , to homeowners nationwide . The Emergency Homeowners",
"title": "Sponsored legislation"
},
{
"text": "Loan Program provides up to 24 months of assistance , through bridge loans , for distressed homeowners and is a scaled-up version of the HEMAP program .",
"title": "Sponsored legislation"
},
{
"text": " In 2013 , Fattah served as a vice chair on the House Gun and Violence Taskforce , a taskforce created under the direction of House Democratic Leader Nancy Pelosi . The taskforce included both liberal and conservative Democrats , gun owners and Representatives from various cities . Fattah received an F rating from the National Rifle Association and an A+ rating from the Coalition on Gun Violence and the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence for his positions on gun control .",
"title": "Sponsored legislation"
},
{
"text": "Since 2006 , Fattah has pioneered gun-buyback programs in Philadelphia with the Philadelphia Police . The program offers Philadelphians the chance to exchange firearms for vouchers for groceries or other goods .",
"title": "Sponsored legislation"
},
{
"text": "In 2004 , Fattah introduced a bill titled the Transform America Transaction Fee , ( H.R . 3759 ) which proposed to have the U.S . Treasury conduct a one-year feasibility study of a 1 percent transaction fee imposed on transactions made at any financial institution . He touted the possibility that such a system would bring in so much money it would allow for greatly increased federal spending , saying the excess funds would provide universal health care , support an equitable public school finance system , and fund economic development in urban and rural areas , in addition",
"title": "Sponsored legislation"
},
{
"text": "to extinguishing the national debt and eliminating all other federal taxes . The bill died without attracting any co-sponsor . In 2005 , Fattah introduced the bill again with H.R . 1601 , and again in 2007 with H.R . 2130 which had a single cosponsor , Democratic Rep . Brian Baird of Washington . Both bills died without any action being taken . In 2009 , Fattah introduced a fourth bill to require having a study conducted , H.R . 1703 , which attracted no cosponsors . On February 23 , 2010 , Fattah reintroduced the bill as the",
"title": "Sponsored legislation"
},
{
"text": "Debt Free America Act , ( H.R . 4646 ) which proposed to repeal the federal income tax and replace it with a 1 percent transaction tax on every financial transaction – whether paid by cash , credit card or any form of financial transfer , the only exception being transactions involving the purchase or sale of stock . The latest bill places more focus on eliminating the federal debt . Fattah has also added a 1 percent tax credit designed to eliminate the impact of the measure on couples making less than $250,000 a year . As of September",
"title": "Sponsored legislation"
},
{
"text": "5 , 2010 , none of the House committees have scheduled any action on the latest bill .",
"title": "Sponsored legislation"
},
{
"text": " In 2005 , Fattah opposed the War in Iraq and supported Congressman John Murthas call for troop withdrawal . He publicly supported the Bring Our Troops Home and Iraq Sovereignty Act a bill that called for bringing the troops home within six months and transitioning the Iraqis to self-government .",
"title": "Sponsored legislation"
},
{
"text": " - Committee on Appropriations - Subcommittee on Commerce , Justice , Science , and Related Agencies ( Ranking Member ) - Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development",
"title": "Committee assignments"
},
{
"text": " 2007 mayoral election . In November 2006 , he declared his candidacy for Mayor of Philadelphia , where two-term incumbent Mayor John F . Street was barred from re-election by term limits , amid pressure from Democratic voters to keep his Congressional seat to maintain a Philadelphia representative on the powerful Appropriations Committee in the House . His candidacy announcement took place next to the recently completed Microsoft School of the Future in the citys Parkside neighborhood to emphasize his campaign platform of better educational opportunities for city youth .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "After emerging as a mayoral candidate , Fattah came under fire from the Philadelphia Fraternal Order of Police for his repeated calls to grant a new trial to Mumia Abu-Jamal , who was convicted of murdering police officer Daniel Faulkner in 1981 ; he also was criticized for possibly unethical campaign spending , based on new campaign finance rules adopted by the city of Philadelphia . The Fattah campaign defended itself , claiming that it had followed less restrictive federal rules in spending the money , but eventually returned a portion of the excess contributions to the exploratory committee following",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "a settlement with the citys Board of Ethics . Fattah eventually came in fourth in the Democratic primary , close behind fellow Congressman Bob Brady but well behind former city councilman Michael Nutter , who went on to win the fall general election handily .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "In August 2014 , Fattahs longtime aide and close confidant Gregory Naylor pled guilty to federal charges in a complex money laundering scheme used to hide an illegal million-dollar loan that a candidate , unnamed in that indictment , received for his failed mayoral campaign in 2007 . The loan was paid back using federal grant money intended for nonprofit organizations affiliated with Fattah . A subsequent Philadelphia Daily News investigation revealed that nonprofits receiving federal funding and connected to Fattah paid out over $5.8 million to Fattah allies and alleged that many of these payments were ethically dubious .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " On July 29 , 2015 , Fattah and four of his associates , Bonnie Bowser , Karen Nicholas , Herbert Verderman and Robert Brand were indicted for their alleged roles in a racketeering conspiracy involving several schemes that were intended to further the political and financial interests of the defendants and others by , among other tactics , misappropriating hundreds of thousands of dollars of federal , charitable and campaign funds . The FBI further alleged that Fattah accepted an $18,000 bribe from a man seeking an ambassadorship .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "The trial was originally scheduled for May 2 , 2016 , but in April a judge had the date pushed back to May 16 to give the defendants time to review the excess of more than 100,000 documents accrued by the prosecution .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "On June 21 , 2016 , Fattah was convicted of all charges , including racketeering conspiracy , bribery , bank fraud , mail fraud , money laundering , making false statements to a financial institution , and falsification of records . He announced his immediate resignation from Congress two days later , on June 23 . Just days later , the U.S . Supreme Court issued its decision in McDonnell v . United States which altered the legal definition of bribery to exclude pay for access . On the basis of this ruling , Fattah appealed his conviction in October",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "2016 , placing his sentencing on hold .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " On December 12 , 2016 , Fattah was sentenced to 10 years in prison . He reported for prison at Federal Correctional Institution , McKean near Lewis Run , Pennsylvania on January 25 , 2017 . On August 9 , 2018 , the U.S . Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit in Philadelphia overturned Fattahs bribery convictions .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "The Court of Appeals remanded for a new trial as to certain bribery and money laundering counts , concluding that the jury had not been properly instructed regarding official acts in a bribery context . ( The government thereafter announced its intention not to retry those counts. ) With regard to the governments cross-appeal , the Court of Appeals reinstated certain counts that had been dismissed by the District Court post-trial . The case was then remanded for resentencing .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " For these additional counts , Fattah was again sentenced to 10 years of incarceration on July 12 , 2019 .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " In the 2016 election , Fattah was ousted in the Democratic primary–the real contest in his heavily Democratic , black-majority district–by state representative Dwight Evans . In the 2014 election , Fattah received 181,141 votes , or 87.7% of the vote , to 25,397 , or 12.3% , to his Republican opponent , Armond James , a school teacher with no prior political experience . This was a significant decrease from the 2012 election , when Fattah received 302,746 votes , more votes than any other member of the House of Representatives for that election .",
"title": "Electoral history"
},
{
"text": "Fattah was challenged by Republican nominee Robert Allen Mansfield , Jr . and Independent candidate and publisher of the Germantown Newspapers , Jim Foster .",
"title": "Electoral history"
},
{
"text": " - 2010 Race for U.S . House Fattah was challenged by Republican nominee Rick Hellberg , the CEO of a small financial firm . - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 89% - Rick Hellberg ( R ) , 11% See also : United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania , 2010#District 2 - 2008 Race for U.S . House - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 89% - Adam Lang ( R ) , 11% - 2007 Democratic Primary for Mayor of Philadelphia - Michael Nutter 106,805 36.64%",
"title": "Electoral history"
},
{
"text": "- Tom Knox 71,731 24.61%",
"title": "Electoral history"
},
{
"text": " - Bob Brady 44,474 15.26% - Chaka Fattah 44,301 15.20% - Dwight Evans 22,782 7.82% - Totals 291,492 100% - 2006 Race for U.S . House - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 89% - Michael Gessner ( R ) , 9% - 2004 Race for U.S . House - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 88% - Stewart Bolno ( R ) , 12% - 2002 Race for U.S . House - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 88% - Tom Dougherty ( R ) , 12%",
"title": "Electoral history"
},
{
"text": "- 2000 Race for U.S . House",
"title": "Electoral history"
},
{
"text": " - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 98% - Ken Krawchuk ( L ) , 2% - 1998 Race for U.S . House - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 86% - Anne Marie Mulligan ( R ) , 14% - 1996 Race for U.S . House - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 88% - Larry Murphy ( R ) , 12% - 1994 Race for U.S . House - Chaka Fattah ( D ) , 86% - Lawrence Watson ( R ) , 14%",
"title": "Electoral history"
},
{
"text": " Fattah is married to his third wife , Renee Chenault-Fattah , a former Philadelphia television news broadcaster on WCAU-TV ( NBC 10 ) . They have one daughter , Chandler Fattah . He is stepfather to her daughter Cameron Chenault . With other women , he is the father of another daughter , Frances ( Fran ) , and one son , Chaka Fattah Jr. , known as Chip , who was convicted of felony bank and tax fraud in February 2016 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "In 2002 , he was named to the PoliticsPA list of Best Dressed Legislators , noting his excellence in haberdashery .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Chaka_Fattah#P69#2
|
Which school did Chaka Fattah go to before Dec 1967?
|
Chaka Fattah Chaka Fattah ( born Arthur Davenport ; November 21 , 1956 ) is a convicted felon and American politician from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania who served as a Democratic member of the U.S . House for from 1995 to 2016 , and he was succeeded by fellow Democrat Dwight Evans . He previously served in the Pennsylvania Senate and the Pennsylvania House of Representatives . The district included portions of North Philadelphia , South Philadelphia , and West Philadelphia along with Lower Merion Township in Montgomery County . On July 29 , 2015 , Fattah and a group of associates were indicted on federal charges related to their alleged roles in a racketeering and influence peddling conspiracy . He was convicted on 23 counts of racketeering , fraud , and other corruption charges on June 21 , 2016 , and resigned two days later . On December 12 , 2016 , Fattah was sentenced to 10 years in prison . On August 9 , 2018 , the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit in Philadelphia overturned Fattahs bribery convictions . On July 12 , 2019 , a Philadelphia judge re-sentenced Fattah to 10 years in federal prison for public corruption . He was freed one year afterwards and returned to Philadelphia . Early life and education . Fattah grew up in Philadelphia , attending Overbrook High School and the Community College of Philadelphia . He is a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity . In 1984 , Fattah completed the Program for Senior Executives in State and Local Government at Harvard Universitys John F . Kennedy School of Government . He earned a Bachelor of Arts in business and economics from the University of Pennsylvania . In May 1986 , he received his masters degree in Governmental Administration from the University of Pennsylvanias Fels Institute of Government . Fattah was the recipient of numerous honors and awards including 10 honorary doctorates and the University of Pennsylvanias Fels Institute of Government Distinguished Alumni Achievement Award . Time Magazine named Fattah one of the 50 most promising leaders in the country . His parents divorced when he was young , and his mother soon remarried to a man she met at a national conference on black power in 1968 . Following this conference , his mother and her new husband decided to change their family name to Fattah and the boys name to Chaka Fattah , His adoptive father , David Fattah , and mother , Falaka Fattah ( born Frances Brown , also known as Queen Mother Falaka Fattah ) , are community activists in West Philadelphia , where they are building an urban Boys Town through their organization , the House of Umoja . He has five brothers . Pennsylvania Legislature . Fattah served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives for the 192nd district from 1983 to 1988 , and as a State Senator for the 7th district from 1988 to 1994 . In 1987 , Fattah founded the Graduate Opportunity Initiative Conference , an annual three-day informational and scholarship conference which aims to significantly increase the enrollment of under-represented graduate students studying Science , Technology , Engineering and Math ( STEM fields ) . The conference was designed to encourage minority students’ interest in STEM graduate and professional schools . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . In 1991 , State Senator Fattah decided to run for Pennsylvanias 2nd congressional district in the special election that was held after Democratic U.S . Congressman William Gray decided to resign . On November 5 , 1991 , City Councilman Lucien Edward Blackwell won the election with a plurality of 39% of the vote defeating Fattah ( 28% ) , John F . White ( 28% ) , and Nadine Smith-Bulford ( 5% ) . In 1994 , Fattah decided to challenge Blackwell in the Democratic primary . He defeated the incumbent 58%–42% . He won the general election with 86% of the vote . After that , he was re-elected every two years with at least 86% of the vote . He was never challenged in the Democratic primary until 2016 , when he lost to Dwight E . Evans . Tenure . Fattah represented the 2nd district in Pennsylvania , an overwhelmingly Democratic district , in the United States House of Representatives from 1995 to 2016 . Fattah endorsed Barack Obama for President in 2008 . GEAR Up and education . He is the architect of the Gaining Early Awareness and Readiness for Undergraduate Programs . In his first years in the U.S . House of Representatives , Fattah introduced and passed into law Gaining Early Awareness and Readiness for Undergraduate Programs ( GEAR UP ) , a college awareness and preparedness program . Since its inception , more than $4 billion in federal funds have been distributed to assist 12million students in 50 states , Puerto Rico , the District of Columbia , and U.S . territories . Fattah sponsored H.R . 4207 , American Dream Accounts Act which would authorize the Department of Education to award three-year competitive grants to support partnerships that provide financial support and preparation for low-income students as they plan for their college education . The bill is co-sponsored in the U . S . Senate by Senator Chris Coons of Delaware , Senator Marco Rubio of Florida and Senator Jeff Bingaman of New Mexico . Specifically the legislation creates personal online accounts for students that monitor higher education readiness and includes a college savings account . The accounts follow students from school to school and through college . Parents can grant vested stakeholders ( including counselors , teachers , coaches , mentors , and others ) access to the account to update student information , monitor progress , and provide college preparatory support . Fattah has introduced a few bills targeting the equity of resource allocation within and between school districts . In 2002 , he introduced the Student Bill of Rights , H.R . 2451 . The measure calls for States to provide highly effective teachers , early childhood education , college prep curricula and equitable instructional resources to all students who attend public schools . Current law requires that schools within the same district provide comparable educational services ; this bill would extend that basic protection to the State level by requiring comparability across school districts . The ESEA Fiscal Fairness Act , H.R . 5071 – amends the Elementary and Secondary Education Act to requires school districts to equalize the real dollars spent among all schools within its jurisdiction – with the imperative to raise the resources allotted to schools in the poorest neighborhoods to meet those in well-off schools – before receiving federal aid . Fattah introduced Communities Committed to College , H.R . 1579 . The legislation provides a 50% tax credit to donors who contribute to qualifying scholarship trusts that are recognized and registered with the Secretary of the Treasury . He also wrote the legislation for the American Opportunity Tax Credit ( AOTC ) . The tax credit assists any full-time college or university student or their families that claim the credit . Since 2011 , it has assisted 4.5million students and their families . AOTC provides up to $2500 tax credit for families to assist them with the cost of college . The credit is unique in that families under a set income without a tax liability are eligible for a tax rebate . President Obama has called for making the tax credit permanent . Outside of legislative work Fattah has created a few local education initiatives for Philadelphia and Pennsylvania families as a state legislator and in cooperation with state and municipal governments , including the CORE scholars program and the annual Grad Conference . College Opportunity Resources for Education ( CORE ) is an initiative providing almost $27 million in last-dollar scholarships to over 18,000 students . The program encourages the students to participate in service to the local community and provides technical assistance to the families of program participants ensuring that they apply for educational assistance programs ( Pell Grants , PHEAA grants , etc. ) offered by the state and federal government . A report issued by the National Student Clearinghouse concludes that participants in CORE are more likely than their fellow non-CORE classmates to complete their college education in four years . Youth mentoring . Fattah was the lead Democrat responsible for the funding of the United States Department of Justice and the United States Attorney General . Since 2011 , the Congressman was able to negotiate an increase of $30M to investment in DOJ programs that fund groups including the Boys & Girls Clubs of America and Big Brothers Big Sisters of America . In 2012 , Fattah negotiated a partnership between FIRST and Boys & Girls Clubs of America to provide robotics programs to 4million youth by 2015 . Neuroscience . Fattah was the lead Democrat responsible for funding some of the largest science agencies in the federal system ( NASA , NSF , Office of Science and Technology Policy ( OSTP ) . In December 2011 , Fattah through his role on the Appropriations Committee , directed the OSTP to establish an Interagency Working Group on Neuroscience ( IWGN ) . Housed within the White House and chartered on June 20 , 2012 , the IWGN convenes representatives across the Federal government to make recommendations about the future of neuroscience research . The Fattah Neuroscience Initiative is a policy initiative designed to make major progress understanding the human brain by intensifying , in a collaborative fashion , federal research efforts across brain disease , disorder , injury , cognition and development . The initiative aims to coordinate Federal research across agencies and draw upon public-private partnerships and the world of academia . The initiative promotes research and discovery across brain cognition , development , disease and injury . Manufacturing . Fattah states that his priority is ensuring that small and medium businesses have the tools they need to prosper in an increasingly competitive global marketplace . He is the lead Democrat responsible for funding the Department of Commerce and the Office of the U.S . Trade Representative . In his role on the Appropriations Committee , Fattah has advocated to $128 million in funding for the Manufacturing Extension Partnership , a program that assists small and mid-sized manufacturers create and retain jobs , increase profits , and save time and money . He is also an advocate for the SelectUSA program , an initiative that encourages U.S . businesses operating off-shore to return to the U.S . and promote the U.S . marketplace . Cooperative development . Fattah was considered a “true champion” of the co-op movement by the American Co-op Association . In May 2013 , Fattah introduced the Creating Jobs through Cooperatives Act ( HR 2437 ) . This legislation will provide means to catalyze cooperative development , provide tools to entrepreneurs to bring cooperative to their communities , partner with financial institutions to provide grants a loans to developing businesses , offer technical training and professional development . His bill calls for $25million federal investment and technical assistance to cooperatives through a new National Cooperative Development Center . The bill has national support from co-op and EOB advocates and members . Co-ops have a broad base and connection to community in the Philadelphia area . In November 2013 , Fattah was invited to attend as Keynote speaker at the Annual Cooperatives Conference , hosted by the NCBA . The conference brought together national leaders in cooperative development to share best practices to create powerful change for their organizations . Sponsored legislation . As a member of Pennsylvanias state House Fattah wrote and passed into law Pennsylvanias Homeowners Emergency Mortgage Assistance Program ( HEMAP ) . HEMAP is a loan program designed to protect Pennsylvanians who , through no fault of their own , are financially unable to make their mortgage payments and are in danger of losing their homes to foreclosure . Started in 1983 by Pennsylvanias Act 91 of 1983 , it was only one of its kind until 2010 when Fattah added language to the Dodd Frank bill to provide similar assistance , to homeowners nationwide . The Emergency Homeowners Loan Program provides up to 24 months of assistance , through bridge loans , for distressed homeowners and is a scaled-up version of the HEMAP program . In 2013 , Fattah served as a vice chair on the House Gun and Violence Taskforce , a taskforce created under the direction of House Democratic Leader Nancy Pelosi . The taskforce included both liberal and conservative Democrats , gun owners and Representatives from various cities . Fattah received an F rating from the National Rifle Association and an A+ rating from the Coalition on Gun Violence and the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence for his positions on gun control . Since 2006 , Fattah has pioneered gun-buyback programs in Philadelphia with the Philadelphia Police . The program offers Philadelphians the chance to exchange firearms for vouchers for groceries or other goods . In 2004 , Fattah introduced a bill titled the Transform America Transaction Fee , ( H.R . 3759 ) which proposed to have the U.S . Treasury conduct a one-year feasibility study of a 1 percent transaction fee imposed on transactions made at any financial institution . He touted the possibility that such a system would bring in so much money it would allow for greatly increased federal spending , saying the excess funds would provide universal health care , support an equitable public school finance system , and fund economic development in urban and rural areas , in addition to extinguishing the national debt and eliminating all other federal taxes . The bill died without attracting any co-sponsor . In 2005 , Fattah introduced the bill again with H.R . 1601 , and again in 2007 with H.R . 2130 which had a single cosponsor , Democratic Rep . Brian Baird of Washington . Both bills died without any action being taken . In 2009 , Fattah introduced a fourth bill to require having a study conducted , H.R . 1703 , which attracted no cosponsors . On February 23 , 2010 , Fattah reintroduced the bill as the Debt Free America Act , ( H.R . 4646 ) which proposed to repeal the federal income tax and replace it with a 1 percent transaction tax on every financial transaction – whether paid by cash , credit card or any form of financial transfer , the only exception being transactions involving the purchase or sale of stock . The latest bill places more focus on eliminating the federal debt . Fattah has also added a 1 percent tax credit designed to eliminate the impact of the measure on couples making less than $250,000 a year . As of September 5 , 2010 , none of the House committees have scheduled any action on the latest bill . In 2005 , Fattah opposed the War in Iraq and supported Congressman John Murthas call for troop withdrawal . He publicly supported the Bring Our Troops Home and Iraq Sovereignty Act a bill that called for bringing the troops home within six months and transitioning the Iraqis to self-government . Committee assignments . - Committee on Appropriations - Subcommittee on Commerce , Justice , Science , and Related Agencies ( Ranking Member ) - Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development Later career . 2007 mayoral election . In November 2006 , he declared his candidacy for Mayor of Philadelphia , where two-term incumbent Mayor John F . Street was barred from re-election by term limits , amid pressure from Democratic voters to keep his Congressional seat to maintain a Philadelphia representative on the powerful Appropriations Committee in the House . His candidacy announcement took place next to the recently completed Microsoft School of the Future in the citys Parkside neighborhood to emphasize his campaign platform of better educational opportunities for city youth . After emerging as a mayoral candidate , Fattah came under fire from the Philadelphia Fraternal Order of Police for his repeated calls to grant a new trial to Mumia Abu-Jamal , who was convicted of murdering police officer Daniel Faulkner in 1981 ; he also was criticized for possibly unethical campaign spending , based on new campaign finance rules adopted by the city of Philadelphia . The Fattah campaign defended itself , claiming that it had followed less restrictive federal rules in spending the money , but eventually returned a portion of the excess contributions to the exploratory committee following a settlement with the citys Board of Ethics . Fattah eventually came in fourth in the Democratic primary , close behind fellow Congressman Bob Brady but well behind former city councilman Michael Nutter , who went on to win the fall general election handily . 2016 indictment and conviction . In August 2014 , Fattahs longtime aide and close confidant Gregory Naylor pled guilty to federal charges in a complex money laundering scheme used to hide an illegal million-dollar loan that a candidate , unnamed in that indictment , received for his failed mayoral campaign in 2007 . The loan was paid back using federal grant money intended for nonprofit organizations affiliated with Fattah . A subsequent Philadelphia Daily News investigation revealed that nonprofits receiving federal funding and connected to Fattah paid out over $5.8 million to Fattah allies and alleged that many of these payments were ethically dubious . On July 29 , 2015 , Fattah and four of his associates , Bonnie Bowser , Karen Nicholas , Herbert Verderman and Robert Brand were indicted for their alleged roles in a racketeering conspiracy involving several schemes that were intended to further the political and financial interests of the defendants and others by , among other tactics , misappropriating hundreds of thousands of dollars of federal , charitable and campaign funds . The FBI further alleged that Fattah accepted an $18,000 bribe from a man seeking an ambassadorship . The trial was originally scheduled for May 2 , 2016 , but in April a judge had the date pushed back to May 16 to give the defendants time to review the excess of more than 100,000 documents accrued by the prosecution . On June 21 , 2016 , Fattah was convicted of all charges , including racketeering conspiracy , bribery , bank fraud , mail fraud , money laundering , making false statements to a financial institution , and falsification of records . He announced his immediate resignation from Congress two days later , on June 23 . Just days later , the U.S . Supreme Court issued its decision in McDonnell v . United States which altered the legal definition of bribery to exclude pay for access . On the basis of this ruling , Fattah appealed his conviction in October 2016 , placing his sentencing on hold . On December 12 , 2016 , Fattah was sentenced to 10 years in prison . He reported for prison at Federal Correctional Institution , McKean near Lewis Run , Pennsylvania on January 25 , 2017 . On August 9 , 2018 , the U.S . Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit in Philadelphia overturned Fattahs bribery convictions . The Court of Appeals remanded for a new trial as to certain bribery and money laundering counts , concluding that the jury had not been properly instructed regarding official acts in a bribery context . ( The government thereafter announced its intention not to retry those counts. ) With regard to the governments cross-appeal , the Court of Appeals reinstated certain counts that had been dismissed by the District Court post-trial . The case was then remanded for resentencing . For these additional counts , Fattah was again sentenced to 10 years of incarceration on July 12 , 2019 . Electoral history . In the 2016 election , Fattah was ousted in the Democratic primary–the real contest in his heavily Democratic , black-majority district–by state representative Dwight Evans . In the 2014 election , Fattah received 181,141 votes , or 87.7% of the vote , to 25,397 , or 12.3% , to his Republican opponent , Armond James , a school teacher with no prior political experience . This was a significant decrease from the 2012 election , when Fattah received 302,746 votes , more votes than any other member of the House of Representatives for that election . Fattah was challenged by Republican nominee Robert Allen Mansfield , Jr . and Independent candidate and publisher of the Germantown Newspapers , Jim Foster . - 2010 Race for U.S . House Fattah was challenged by Republican nominee Rick Hellberg , the CEO of a small financial firm . - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 89% - Rick Hellberg ( R ) , 11% See also : United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania , 2010#District 2 - 2008 Race for U.S . House - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 89% - Adam Lang ( R ) , 11% - 2007 Democratic Primary for Mayor of Philadelphia - Michael Nutter 106,805 36.64% - Tom Knox 71,731 24.61% - Bob Brady 44,474 15.26% - Chaka Fattah 44,301 15.20% - Dwight Evans 22,782 7.82% - Totals 291,492 100% - 2006 Race for U.S . House - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 89% - Michael Gessner ( R ) , 9% - 2004 Race for U.S . House - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 88% - Stewart Bolno ( R ) , 12% - 2002 Race for U.S . House - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 88% - Tom Dougherty ( R ) , 12% - 2000 Race for U.S . House - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 98% - Ken Krawchuk ( L ) , 2% - 1998 Race for U.S . House - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 86% - Anne Marie Mulligan ( R ) , 14% - 1996 Race for U.S . House - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 88% - Larry Murphy ( R ) , 12% - 1994 Race for U.S . House - Chaka Fattah ( D ) , 86% - Lawrence Watson ( R ) , 14% Personal life . Fattah is married to his third wife , Renee Chenault-Fattah , a former Philadelphia television news broadcaster on WCAU-TV ( NBC 10 ) . They have one daughter , Chandler Fattah . He is stepfather to her daughter Cameron Chenault . With other women , he is the father of another daughter , Frances ( Fran ) , and one son , Chaka Fattah Jr. , known as Chip , who was convicted of felony bank and tax fraud in February 2016 . In 2002 , he was named to the PoliticsPA list of Best Dressed Legislators , noting his excellence in haberdashery .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Chaka Fattah ( born Arthur Davenport ; November 21 , 1956 ) is a convicted felon and American politician from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania who served as a Democratic member of the U.S . House for from 1995 to 2016 , and he was succeeded by fellow Democrat Dwight Evans . He previously served in the Pennsylvania Senate and the Pennsylvania House of Representatives . The district included portions of North Philadelphia , South Philadelphia , and West Philadelphia along with Lower Merion Township in Montgomery County .",
"title": "Chaka Fattah"
},
{
"text": "On July 29 , 2015 , Fattah and a group of associates were indicted on federal charges related to their alleged roles in a racketeering and influence peddling conspiracy . He was convicted on 23 counts of racketeering , fraud , and other corruption charges on June 21 , 2016 , and resigned two days later . On December 12 , 2016 , Fattah was sentenced to 10 years in prison . On August 9 , 2018 , the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit in Philadelphia overturned Fattahs bribery convictions .",
"title": "Chaka Fattah"
},
{
"text": " On July 12 , 2019 , a Philadelphia judge re-sentenced Fattah to 10 years in federal prison for public corruption . He was freed one year afterwards and returned to Philadelphia . Early life and education .",
"title": "Chaka Fattah"
},
{
"text": "Fattah grew up in Philadelphia , attending Overbrook High School and the Community College of Philadelphia . He is a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity . In 1984 , Fattah completed the Program for Senior Executives in State and Local Government at Harvard Universitys John F . Kennedy School of Government . He earned a Bachelor of Arts in business and economics from the University of Pennsylvania . In May 1986 , he received his masters degree in Governmental Administration from the University of Pennsylvanias Fels Institute of Government .",
"title": "Chaka Fattah"
},
{
"text": " Fattah was the recipient of numerous honors and awards including 10 honorary doctorates and the University of Pennsylvanias Fels Institute of Government Distinguished Alumni Achievement Award . Time Magazine named Fattah one of the 50 most promising leaders in the country . His parents divorced when he was young , and his mother soon remarried to a man she met at a national conference on black power in 1968 . Following this conference , his mother and her new husband decided to change their family name to Fattah and the boys name to Chaka Fattah ,",
"title": "Chaka Fattah"
},
{
"text": "His adoptive father , David Fattah , and mother , Falaka Fattah ( born Frances Brown , also known as Queen Mother Falaka Fattah ) , are community activists in West Philadelphia , where they are building an urban Boys Town through their organization , the House of Umoja . He has five brothers .",
"title": "Chaka Fattah"
},
{
"text": " Fattah served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives for the 192nd district from 1983 to 1988 , and as a State Senator for the 7th district from 1988 to 1994 . In 1987 , Fattah founded the Graduate Opportunity Initiative Conference , an annual three-day informational and scholarship conference which aims to significantly increase the enrollment of under-represented graduate students studying Science , Technology , Engineering and Math ( STEM fields ) . The conference was designed to encourage minority students’ interest in STEM graduate and professional schools . U.S . House of Representatives .",
"title": "Pennsylvania Legislature"
},
{
"text": " In 1991 , State Senator Fattah decided to run for Pennsylvanias 2nd congressional district in the special election that was held after Democratic U.S . Congressman William Gray decided to resign . On November 5 , 1991 , City Councilman Lucien Edward Blackwell won the election with a plurality of 39% of the vote defeating Fattah ( 28% ) , John F . White ( 28% ) , and Nadine Smith-Bulford ( 5% ) .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "In 1994 , Fattah decided to challenge Blackwell in the Democratic primary . He defeated the incumbent 58%–42% . He won the general election with 86% of the vote . After that , he was re-elected every two years with at least 86% of the vote . He was never challenged in the Democratic primary until 2016 , when he lost to Dwight E . Evans .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": " Fattah represented the 2nd district in Pennsylvania , an overwhelmingly Democratic district , in the United States House of Representatives from 1995 to 2016 . Fattah endorsed Barack Obama for President in 2008 . GEAR Up and education . He is the architect of the Gaining Early Awareness and Readiness for Undergraduate Programs .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "In his first years in the U.S . House of Representatives , Fattah introduced and passed into law Gaining Early Awareness and Readiness for Undergraduate Programs ( GEAR UP ) , a college awareness and preparedness program . Since its inception , more than $4 billion in federal funds have been distributed to assist 12million students in 50 states , Puerto Rico , the District of Columbia , and U.S . territories . Fattah sponsored H.R . 4207 , American Dream Accounts Act which would authorize the Department of Education to award three-year competitive grants to support partnerships that provide",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "financial support and preparation for low-income students as they plan for their college education . The bill is co-sponsored in the U . S . Senate by Senator Chris Coons of Delaware , Senator Marco Rubio of Florida and Senator Jeff Bingaman of New Mexico . Specifically the legislation creates personal online accounts for students that monitor higher education readiness and includes a college savings account . The accounts follow students from school to school and through college . Parents can grant vested stakeholders ( including counselors , teachers , coaches , mentors , and others ) access to the",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "account to update student information , monitor progress , and provide college preparatory support .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " Fattah has introduced a few bills targeting the equity of resource allocation within and between school districts . In 2002 , he introduced the Student Bill of Rights , H.R . 2451 . The measure calls for States to provide highly effective teachers , early childhood education , college prep curricula and equitable instructional resources to all students who attend public schools . Current law requires that schools within the same district provide comparable educational services ; this bill would extend that basic protection to the State level by requiring comparability across school districts .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "The ESEA Fiscal Fairness Act , H.R . 5071 – amends the Elementary and Secondary Education Act to requires school districts to equalize the real dollars spent among all schools within its jurisdiction – with the imperative to raise the resources allotted to schools in the poorest neighborhoods to meet those in well-off schools – before receiving federal aid .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " Fattah introduced Communities Committed to College , H.R . 1579 . The legislation provides a 50% tax credit to donors who contribute to qualifying scholarship trusts that are recognized and registered with the Secretary of the Treasury .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "He also wrote the legislation for the American Opportunity Tax Credit ( AOTC ) . The tax credit assists any full-time college or university student or their families that claim the credit . Since 2011 , it has assisted 4.5million students and their families . AOTC provides up to $2500 tax credit for families to assist them with the cost of college . The credit is unique in that families under a set income without a tax liability are eligible for a tax rebate . President Obama has called for making the tax credit permanent .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " Outside of legislative work Fattah has created a few local education initiatives for Philadelphia and Pennsylvania families as a state legislator and in cooperation with state and municipal governments , including the CORE scholars program and the annual Grad Conference .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "College Opportunity Resources for Education ( CORE ) is an initiative providing almost $27 million in last-dollar scholarships to over 18,000 students . The program encourages the students to participate in service to the local community and provides technical assistance to the families of program participants ensuring that they apply for educational assistance programs ( Pell Grants , PHEAA grants , etc. ) offered by the state and federal government .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " A report issued by the National Student Clearinghouse concludes that participants in CORE are more likely than their fellow non-CORE classmates to complete their college education in four years .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " Fattah was the lead Democrat responsible for the funding of the United States Department of Justice and the United States Attorney General . Since 2011 , the Congressman was able to negotiate an increase of $30M to investment in DOJ programs that fund groups including the Boys & Girls Clubs of America and Big Brothers Big Sisters of America . In 2012 , Fattah negotiated a partnership between FIRST and Boys & Girls Clubs of America to provide robotics programs to 4million youth by 2015 .",
"title": "Youth mentoring"
},
{
"text": " Fattah was the lead Democrat responsible for funding some of the largest science agencies in the federal system ( NASA , NSF , Office of Science and Technology Policy ( OSTP ) . In December 2011 , Fattah through his role on the Appropriations Committee , directed the OSTP to establish an Interagency Working Group on Neuroscience ( IWGN ) . Housed within the White House and chartered on June 20 , 2012 , the IWGN convenes representatives across the Federal government to make recommendations about the future of neuroscience research .",
"title": "Neuroscience"
},
{
"text": "The Fattah Neuroscience Initiative is a policy initiative designed to make major progress understanding the human brain by intensifying , in a collaborative fashion , federal research efforts across brain disease , disorder , injury , cognition and development . The initiative aims to coordinate Federal research across agencies and draw upon public-private partnerships and the world of academia . The initiative promotes research and discovery across brain cognition , development , disease and injury .",
"title": "Neuroscience"
},
{
"text": "Fattah states that his priority is ensuring that small and medium businesses have the tools they need to prosper in an increasingly competitive global marketplace . He is the lead Democrat responsible for funding the Department of Commerce and the Office of the U.S . Trade Representative . In his role on the Appropriations Committee , Fattah has advocated to $128 million in funding for the Manufacturing Extension Partnership , a program that assists small and mid-sized manufacturers create and retain jobs , increase profits , and save time and money . He is also an advocate for the SelectUSA",
"title": "Manufacturing"
},
{
"text": "program , an initiative that encourages U.S . businesses operating off-shore to return to the U.S . and promote the U.S . marketplace .",
"title": "Manufacturing"
},
{
"text": " Fattah was considered a “true champion” of the co-op movement by the American Co-op Association .",
"title": "Cooperative development"
},
{
"text": "In May 2013 , Fattah introduced the Creating Jobs through Cooperatives Act ( HR 2437 ) . This legislation will provide means to catalyze cooperative development , provide tools to entrepreneurs to bring cooperative to their communities , partner with financial institutions to provide grants a loans to developing businesses , offer technical training and professional development . His bill calls for $25million federal investment and technical assistance to cooperatives through a new National Cooperative Development Center . The bill has national support from co-op and EOB advocates and members . Co-ops have a broad base and connection to community",
"title": "Cooperative development"
},
{
"text": "in the Philadelphia area .",
"title": "Cooperative development"
},
{
"text": " In November 2013 , Fattah was invited to attend as Keynote speaker at the Annual Cooperatives Conference , hosted by the NCBA . The conference brought together national leaders in cooperative development to share best practices to create powerful change for their organizations .",
"title": "Cooperative development"
},
{
"text": "As a member of Pennsylvanias state House Fattah wrote and passed into law Pennsylvanias Homeowners Emergency Mortgage Assistance Program ( HEMAP ) . HEMAP is a loan program designed to protect Pennsylvanians who , through no fault of their own , are financially unable to make their mortgage payments and are in danger of losing their homes to foreclosure . Started in 1983 by Pennsylvanias Act 91 of 1983 , it was only one of its kind until 2010 when Fattah added language to the Dodd Frank bill to provide similar assistance , to homeowners nationwide . The Emergency Homeowners",
"title": "Sponsored legislation"
},
{
"text": "Loan Program provides up to 24 months of assistance , through bridge loans , for distressed homeowners and is a scaled-up version of the HEMAP program .",
"title": "Sponsored legislation"
},
{
"text": " In 2013 , Fattah served as a vice chair on the House Gun and Violence Taskforce , a taskforce created under the direction of House Democratic Leader Nancy Pelosi . The taskforce included both liberal and conservative Democrats , gun owners and Representatives from various cities . Fattah received an F rating from the National Rifle Association and an A+ rating from the Coalition on Gun Violence and the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence for his positions on gun control .",
"title": "Sponsored legislation"
},
{
"text": "Since 2006 , Fattah has pioneered gun-buyback programs in Philadelphia with the Philadelphia Police . The program offers Philadelphians the chance to exchange firearms for vouchers for groceries or other goods .",
"title": "Sponsored legislation"
},
{
"text": "In 2004 , Fattah introduced a bill titled the Transform America Transaction Fee , ( H.R . 3759 ) which proposed to have the U.S . Treasury conduct a one-year feasibility study of a 1 percent transaction fee imposed on transactions made at any financial institution . He touted the possibility that such a system would bring in so much money it would allow for greatly increased federal spending , saying the excess funds would provide universal health care , support an equitable public school finance system , and fund economic development in urban and rural areas , in addition",
"title": "Sponsored legislation"
},
{
"text": "to extinguishing the national debt and eliminating all other federal taxes . The bill died without attracting any co-sponsor . In 2005 , Fattah introduced the bill again with H.R . 1601 , and again in 2007 with H.R . 2130 which had a single cosponsor , Democratic Rep . Brian Baird of Washington . Both bills died without any action being taken . In 2009 , Fattah introduced a fourth bill to require having a study conducted , H.R . 1703 , which attracted no cosponsors . On February 23 , 2010 , Fattah reintroduced the bill as the",
"title": "Sponsored legislation"
},
{
"text": "Debt Free America Act , ( H.R . 4646 ) which proposed to repeal the federal income tax and replace it with a 1 percent transaction tax on every financial transaction – whether paid by cash , credit card or any form of financial transfer , the only exception being transactions involving the purchase or sale of stock . The latest bill places more focus on eliminating the federal debt . Fattah has also added a 1 percent tax credit designed to eliminate the impact of the measure on couples making less than $250,000 a year . As of September",
"title": "Sponsored legislation"
},
{
"text": "5 , 2010 , none of the House committees have scheduled any action on the latest bill .",
"title": "Sponsored legislation"
},
{
"text": " In 2005 , Fattah opposed the War in Iraq and supported Congressman John Murthas call for troop withdrawal . He publicly supported the Bring Our Troops Home and Iraq Sovereignty Act a bill that called for bringing the troops home within six months and transitioning the Iraqis to self-government .",
"title": "Sponsored legislation"
},
{
"text": " - Committee on Appropriations - Subcommittee on Commerce , Justice , Science , and Related Agencies ( Ranking Member ) - Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development",
"title": "Committee assignments"
},
{
"text": " 2007 mayoral election . In November 2006 , he declared his candidacy for Mayor of Philadelphia , where two-term incumbent Mayor John F . Street was barred from re-election by term limits , amid pressure from Democratic voters to keep his Congressional seat to maintain a Philadelphia representative on the powerful Appropriations Committee in the House . His candidacy announcement took place next to the recently completed Microsoft School of the Future in the citys Parkside neighborhood to emphasize his campaign platform of better educational opportunities for city youth .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "After emerging as a mayoral candidate , Fattah came under fire from the Philadelphia Fraternal Order of Police for his repeated calls to grant a new trial to Mumia Abu-Jamal , who was convicted of murdering police officer Daniel Faulkner in 1981 ; he also was criticized for possibly unethical campaign spending , based on new campaign finance rules adopted by the city of Philadelphia . The Fattah campaign defended itself , claiming that it had followed less restrictive federal rules in spending the money , but eventually returned a portion of the excess contributions to the exploratory committee following",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "a settlement with the citys Board of Ethics . Fattah eventually came in fourth in the Democratic primary , close behind fellow Congressman Bob Brady but well behind former city councilman Michael Nutter , who went on to win the fall general election handily .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "In August 2014 , Fattahs longtime aide and close confidant Gregory Naylor pled guilty to federal charges in a complex money laundering scheme used to hide an illegal million-dollar loan that a candidate , unnamed in that indictment , received for his failed mayoral campaign in 2007 . The loan was paid back using federal grant money intended for nonprofit organizations affiliated with Fattah . A subsequent Philadelphia Daily News investigation revealed that nonprofits receiving federal funding and connected to Fattah paid out over $5.8 million to Fattah allies and alleged that many of these payments were ethically dubious .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " On July 29 , 2015 , Fattah and four of his associates , Bonnie Bowser , Karen Nicholas , Herbert Verderman and Robert Brand were indicted for their alleged roles in a racketeering conspiracy involving several schemes that were intended to further the political and financial interests of the defendants and others by , among other tactics , misappropriating hundreds of thousands of dollars of federal , charitable and campaign funds . The FBI further alleged that Fattah accepted an $18,000 bribe from a man seeking an ambassadorship .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "The trial was originally scheduled for May 2 , 2016 , but in April a judge had the date pushed back to May 16 to give the defendants time to review the excess of more than 100,000 documents accrued by the prosecution .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "On June 21 , 2016 , Fattah was convicted of all charges , including racketeering conspiracy , bribery , bank fraud , mail fraud , money laundering , making false statements to a financial institution , and falsification of records . He announced his immediate resignation from Congress two days later , on June 23 . Just days later , the U.S . Supreme Court issued its decision in McDonnell v . United States which altered the legal definition of bribery to exclude pay for access . On the basis of this ruling , Fattah appealed his conviction in October",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "2016 , placing his sentencing on hold .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " On December 12 , 2016 , Fattah was sentenced to 10 years in prison . He reported for prison at Federal Correctional Institution , McKean near Lewis Run , Pennsylvania on January 25 , 2017 . On August 9 , 2018 , the U.S . Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit in Philadelphia overturned Fattahs bribery convictions .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "The Court of Appeals remanded for a new trial as to certain bribery and money laundering counts , concluding that the jury had not been properly instructed regarding official acts in a bribery context . ( The government thereafter announced its intention not to retry those counts. ) With regard to the governments cross-appeal , the Court of Appeals reinstated certain counts that had been dismissed by the District Court post-trial . The case was then remanded for resentencing .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " For these additional counts , Fattah was again sentenced to 10 years of incarceration on July 12 , 2019 .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " In the 2016 election , Fattah was ousted in the Democratic primary–the real contest in his heavily Democratic , black-majority district–by state representative Dwight Evans . In the 2014 election , Fattah received 181,141 votes , or 87.7% of the vote , to 25,397 , or 12.3% , to his Republican opponent , Armond James , a school teacher with no prior political experience . This was a significant decrease from the 2012 election , when Fattah received 302,746 votes , more votes than any other member of the House of Representatives for that election .",
"title": "Electoral history"
},
{
"text": "Fattah was challenged by Republican nominee Robert Allen Mansfield , Jr . and Independent candidate and publisher of the Germantown Newspapers , Jim Foster .",
"title": "Electoral history"
},
{
"text": " - 2010 Race for U.S . House Fattah was challenged by Republican nominee Rick Hellberg , the CEO of a small financial firm . - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 89% - Rick Hellberg ( R ) , 11% See also : United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania , 2010#District 2 - 2008 Race for U.S . House - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 89% - Adam Lang ( R ) , 11% - 2007 Democratic Primary for Mayor of Philadelphia - Michael Nutter 106,805 36.64%",
"title": "Electoral history"
},
{
"text": "- Tom Knox 71,731 24.61%",
"title": "Electoral history"
},
{
"text": " - Bob Brady 44,474 15.26% - Chaka Fattah 44,301 15.20% - Dwight Evans 22,782 7.82% - Totals 291,492 100% - 2006 Race for U.S . House - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 89% - Michael Gessner ( R ) , 9% - 2004 Race for U.S . House - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 88% - Stewart Bolno ( R ) , 12% - 2002 Race for U.S . House - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 88% - Tom Dougherty ( R ) , 12%",
"title": "Electoral history"
},
{
"text": "- 2000 Race for U.S . House",
"title": "Electoral history"
},
{
"text": " - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 98% - Ken Krawchuk ( L ) , 2% - 1998 Race for U.S . House - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 86% - Anne Marie Mulligan ( R ) , 14% - 1996 Race for U.S . House - Chaka Fattah ( D ) ( inc. ) , 88% - Larry Murphy ( R ) , 12% - 1994 Race for U.S . House - Chaka Fattah ( D ) , 86% - Lawrence Watson ( R ) , 14%",
"title": "Electoral history"
},
{
"text": " Fattah is married to his third wife , Renee Chenault-Fattah , a former Philadelphia television news broadcaster on WCAU-TV ( NBC 10 ) . They have one daughter , Chandler Fattah . He is stepfather to her daughter Cameron Chenault . With other women , he is the father of another daughter , Frances ( Fran ) , and one son , Chaka Fattah Jr. , known as Chip , who was convicted of felony bank and tax fraud in February 2016 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "In 2002 , he was named to the PoliticsPA list of Best Dressed Legislators , noting his excellence in haberdashery .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Arturo_Tolentino#P39#0
|
What was the position of Arturo Tolentino in early 1950s?
|
Arturo Tolentino Arturo Ka Turing Modesto Tolentino ( September 19 , 1910 – August 2 , 2004 ) was a prominent Filipino politician and diplomat who previously served as the President of the Senate of the Philippines and the Secretary of Foreign Affairs . He is also regarded as the father of the Philippine archipelagic doctrine and as an expert on the Law of the Sea . Early career . Arturo M . Tolentino was born in Manila of humble parentage . As a student , Tolentino was noted for his scholarship . He was valedictorian of the Manila East High School ( now Victorino Mapa High School ) ( 1928 ) ; valedictorian ( cum laude ) University of the Philippines College of Law ( 1934 ) ; a bar topnotcher ( 1934 ) . He obtained the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy ( cum laude ) with a gold medal award from the UP in 1938 , and received the degrees of Master of Law ( meritissimus ) and Doctor of Civil Law ( meritissimus ) from the University of Santo Tomás . As a debater and orator , he won seven gold medals ( including the Quezon Medal ) and two silver loving cups . He held the title of “Inter-Collegiate Oratorical Champion of the Philippines” in 1934 . He successfully debated with American students from the University of Oregon in 1933 and from the University of Washington in 1934 . In U.P. , he was also editor-in-chief of the Philippine Collegian and a fellow of the Upsilon Sigma Phi . Tolentino engaged in the practice of law after passing the bar in 1934 , and was a recognized legal luminary . He was a law professor in the University of the Philippines , University of Santo Tomás , University of the East , University of Manila , Arellano University , Far Eastern University , Manila Law College , Philippine Law School , San Beda College and Quezon College . Congressional career . House of Representatives . Tolentino was first elected as Representative for Manila in 1949 . He was re-elected in 1953 . Shortly after his re-election , Tolentino was given the position of Majority Floor Leader , which he held until his entry to the Senate four years later and one which , though less glamorous than that of Speaker , he preferred and enjoyed . As it was a very senior position for such a young and inexperienced politician , his son recalls that his father’s reputation of toughness had earned him the respect of President Magsaysay . As he took his seat in the House of Representatives that day he glowered at the assembled members and said , “I warn you gentlemen , I was once a champion wrestler and weightlifter!” The duties and responsibilities of Majority Floor Leader and the reason for Tolentino’s selection was explained in an article by Manuel Martinez in “Tempo” October 7 , 1983 . “Tolentino was often involved in great intellectual battles and feared for his parliamentary prowess . That is why he was elected floor leader at a very young age . In legislation , the majority floor leader , not the Speaker or the presiding officer , is the key man around whom the parliamentary process revolves . He is the lightning rod , the clearing house , the yeoman and work-horse and spark-plug , the whipping boy if he does not watch out , the beast of burden , and center of attention . Only the tough are chosen as floor leaders . And so Tolentino discharged his function with awesome skill . It came to pass that there was born a saying , given as wise advice to newcomers to the House and later the Senate , where he was floor leader : ‘Neophytes should observe two things above all . First they should learn parliamentary rules by heart . Second , they should pray not to tangle with Tolentino in a floor debate!” It was not Tolentinos intention to run for the Senate . He was confident of re-election as Congressman , having been nominated by his party and already started his campaign when he was nominated for the Senate . He left the decision to his party leaders because he was unsure of which route to choose . The leaders allowed him to accept the Senate nomination . Many of the candidates were asked to make financial contributions for their campaign expense . Tolentino did not have sufficient funds . He remembered being asked him how he managed this financial difficulties . He said : I have never forgotten the generosity of Senator Oscar Ledesma who paid my contribution and will always be grateful to him . As a sign of my appreciation , I saw to it that I was with him during the division of candidates into campaign teams and strongly endorsed his policies in my speeches.” The Nacionalista Party had a strong Senatorial slate . In fact , the only casualty that might occur was thought by some leaders to be Tolentino . Their concern turned out to be unnecessary for when the returns came in , he was second behind Gil Puyat . “Where did you get all these votes?” Amang Rodriguez , the party president would ask . “I have a secret army,” Tolentino replied laughingly . “All over the country there are thousands of lawyers who were once my students and thousands of high school graduates who studied my text books.” Senate . On March 17 , 1957 , then President Magsaysay took off from the airport in Cebu . He was at the height of his popularity . A few minutes later , his plane crashed into the side of the mountain . All on board , with the exception of one newspaperman were killed . Tolentino said : I had been going with the President on Provincial trips because the President wanted to introduce me to party leaders and rural electorate for possible candidacy as a senator in 1957 . Normally he would go to series of towns briefly speaking in one before proceeding to the next . I would start my speech immediately after he had finished , then follow him as soon as mine was over . On this occasion however I was committed to a speaking engagement in Manila even though I had been scheduled to accompany Magsaysay . I explained my predicament to the President who was very understanding , who gave my seat to the Education Secretary then , who perished with the others on that ill fated flight . Tolentino was elected in the Senate that year . He was re-elected in 1963 and in 1969 . Senate Presidency . In 1966 , shortly after Ferdinand Marcos was elected President , Tolentino was elected Senate President . A year later , however , he was ousted from his position . Tolentino said : I seem to have a lot of frustrations that come along in my life without invitation . When I was Senate President , my term was for two years . But somehow I understood later that President Marcos had made an agreement with another Senator , - Senator Puyat , that after one year he ( Puyat ) would take my place . In other words we would split the two year term between us . I was not aware of that arrangement . President Marcos never informed me . So , after twelve months of my term as Senate President , Puyat insisted that he take over . Naturally , I resisted and pointed out that my term had not yet expired . He kept citing an agreement , but I pointed out there was no such agreement . At the next session of the Senate , Marcos maneuvered the other Senators to comply with this “commitment” , and voted for Puyat . As a result , I got ousted as Senate President halfway through my term of office . Vice-presidential candidate ( 1986 ) . He was chosen by Ferdinand Marcos as his vice-presidential running mate for the February 7 , 1986 snap election . They were against the united opposition of Corazon Aquino and Salvador Laurel . According to the National Movement for Free Elections ( NAMFREL ) final tally , Aquino and Laurel were consistently in the lead . The final tally showed Laurel winning by over 800,000 votes—roughly the same margin by which it showed Aquino defeating Marcos . However , according to the COMELEC tally , Tolentino won over Laurel with a margin of approximately one million votes . He was ceremonially sworn-in as Vice President of the Philippines on February 16 , 1986 , but functionally never took office . The disputed outcome would eventually lead to the People Power Revolution which ousted Marcos and installed Aquino as a revolutionary president . Later life . 1986 coup . Tolentino then would launch a coup on July 6 , 1986 , declaring that since Marcos was in exile , he was constitutionally the acting President of the Philippines . Marcos allies and about 100 soldiers marched to the luxurious Manila Hotel , barricading it with trucks . He was expecting massive support , but only several thousands of Marcos loyalists supported his cause . On July 8 , he agreed to disperse his thousands of civilian supporters and about a hundred military backers , ending the failed coup attempt . When the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines was overwhelmingly approved in a plebiscite , Tolentino announced he would respect the will of the people . Return to the Senate . In 1992 , he successfully ran for the Senate placing 18th under the Nationalist Peoples Coalition . However , his bid for re-election in 1995 was not successful and he retired from politics . Death . He died of a heart attack on the night of August 2 , 2004 , at the age of 93 . He is buried at the Libingan ng mga Bayani . He had seven children , as acknowledged in his last will and testament ( 1971 ) : Arturo Jr. , Evelyn and Annabella with Consuelo David ; Bernadette , Salvador and Victorio with Constancia Conde ; and Ma . Elenita with Rosita Robles . External links . - Arturo M . Tolentino Memorial Website - Senate of the Philippines
|
[
"Representative for Manila"
] |
[
{
"text": " Arturo Ka Turing Modesto Tolentino ( September 19 , 1910 – August 2 , 2004 ) was a prominent Filipino politician and diplomat who previously served as the President of the Senate of the Philippines and the Secretary of Foreign Affairs . He is also regarded as the father of the Philippine archipelagic doctrine and as an expert on the Law of the Sea .",
"title": "Arturo Tolentino"
},
{
"text": "As a student , Tolentino was noted for his scholarship . He was valedictorian of the Manila East High School ( now Victorino Mapa High School ) ( 1928 ) ; valedictorian ( cum laude ) University of the Philippines College of Law ( 1934 ) ; a bar topnotcher ( 1934 ) . He obtained the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy ( cum laude ) with a gold medal award from the UP in 1938 , and received the degrees of Master of Law ( meritissimus ) and Doctor of Civil Law ( meritissimus ) from the University of",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Santo Tomás .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " As a debater and orator , he won seven gold medals ( including the Quezon Medal ) and two silver loving cups . He held the title of “Inter-Collegiate Oratorical Champion of the Philippines” in 1934 . He successfully debated with American students from the University of Oregon in 1933 and from the University of Washington in 1934 . In U.P. , he was also editor-in-chief of the Philippine Collegian and a fellow of the Upsilon Sigma Phi .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Tolentino engaged in the practice of law after passing the bar in 1934 , and was a recognized legal luminary .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " He was a law professor in the University of the Philippines , University of Santo Tomás , University of the East , University of Manila , Arellano University , Far Eastern University , Manila Law College , Philippine Law School , San Beda College and Quezon College .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Tolentino was first elected as Representative for Manila in 1949 . He was re-elected in 1953 . Shortly after his re-election , Tolentino was given the position of Majority Floor Leader , which he held until his entry to the Senate four years later and one which , though less glamorous than that of Speaker , he preferred and enjoyed .",
"title": "House of Representatives"
},
{
"text": "As it was a very senior position for such a young and inexperienced politician , his son recalls that his father’s reputation of toughness had earned him the respect of President Magsaysay . As he took his seat in the House of Representatives that day he glowered at the assembled members and said , “I warn you gentlemen , I was once a champion wrestler and weightlifter!”",
"title": "House of Representatives"
},
{
"text": " The duties and responsibilities of Majority Floor Leader and the reason for Tolentino’s selection was explained in an article by Manuel Martinez in “Tempo” October 7 , 1983 . “Tolentino was often involved in great intellectual battles and feared for his parliamentary prowess . That is why he was elected floor leader at a very young age .",
"title": "House of Representatives"
},
{
"text": "In legislation , the majority floor leader , not the Speaker or the presiding officer , is the key man around whom the parliamentary process revolves . He is the lightning rod , the clearing house , the yeoman and work-horse and spark-plug , the whipping boy if he does not watch out , the beast of burden , and center of attention . Only the tough are chosen as floor leaders .",
"title": "House of Representatives"
},
{
"text": " And so Tolentino discharged his function with awesome skill . It came to pass that there was born a saying , given as wise advice to newcomers to the House and later the Senate , where he was floor leader : ‘Neophytes should observe two things above all . First they should learn parliamentary rules by heart . Second , they should pray not to tangle with Tolentino in a floor debate!”",
"title": "House of Representatives"
},
{
"text": "It was not Tolentinos intention to run for the Senate . He was confident of re-election as Congressman , having been nominated by his party and already started his campaign when he was nominated for the Senate . He left the decision to his party leaders because he was unsure of which route to choose . The leaders allowed him to accept the Senate nomination .",
"title": "House of Representatives"
},
{
"text": " Many of the candidates were asked to make financial contributions for their campaign expense . Tolentino did not have sufficient funds . He remembered being asked him how he managed this financial difficulties .",
"title": "House of Representatives"
},
{
"text": " I have never forgotten the generosity of Senator Oscar Ledesma who paid my contribution and will always be grateful to him . As a sign of my appreciation , I saw to it that I was with him during the division of candidates into campaign teams and strongly endorsed his policies in my speeches.”",
"title": "He said :"
},
{
"text": "The Nacionalista Party had a strong Senatorial slate . In fact , the only casualty that might occur was thought by some leaders to be Tolentino . Their concern turned out to be unnecessary for when the returns came in , he was second behind Gil Puyat .",
"title": "He said :"
},
{
"text": " “Where did you get all these votes?” Amang Rodriguez , the party president would ask . “I have a secret army,” Tolentino replied laughingly . “All over the country there are thousands of lawyers who were once my students and thousands of high school graduates who studied my text books.”",
"title": "He said :"
},
{
"text": " On March 17 , 1957 , then President Magsaysay took off from the airport in Cebu . He was at the height of his popularity . A few minutes later , his plane crashed into the side of the mountain . All on board , with the exception of one newspaperman were killed .",
"title": "Senate"
},
{
"text": " I had been going with the President on Provincial trips because the President wanted to introduce me to party leaders and rural electorate for possible candidacy as a senator in 1957 . Normally he would go to series of towns briefly speaking in one before proceeding to the next . I would start my speech immediately after he had finished , then follow him as soon as mine was over .",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": "On this occasion however I was committed to a speaking engagement in Manila even though I had been scheduled to accompany Magsaysay . I explained my predicament to the President who was very understanding , who gave my seat to the Education Secretary then , who perished with the others on that ill fated flight .",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": " Tolentino was elected in the Senate that year . He was re-elected in 1963 and in 1969 .",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": " In 1966 , shortly after Ferdinand Marcos was elected President , Tolentino was elected Senate President . A year later , however , he was ousted from his position .",
"title": "Senate Presidency"
},
{
"text": " I seem to have a lot of frustrations that come along in my life without invitation . When I was Senate President , my term was for two years . But somehow I understood later that President Marcos had made an agreement with another Senator , - Senator Puyat , that after one year he ( Puyat ) would take my place . In other words we would split the two year term between us .",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": "I was not aware of that arrangement . President Marcos never informed me . So , after twelve months of my term as Senate President , Puyat insisted that he take over . Naturally , I resisted and pointed out that my term had not yet expired . He kept citing an agreement , but I pointed out there was no such agreement .",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": " At the next session of the Senate , Marcos maneuvered the other Senators to comply with this “commitment” , and voted for Puyat . As a result , I got ousted as Senate President halfway through my term of office . Vice-presidential candidate ( 1986 ) .",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": "He was chosen by Ferdinand Marcos as his vice-presidential running mate for the February 7 , 1986 snap election . They were against the united opposition of Corazon Aquino and Salvador Laurel . According to the National Movement for Free Elections ( NAMFREL ) final tally , Aquino and Laurel were consistently in the lead . The final tally showed Laurel winning by over 800,000 votes—roughly the same margin by which it showed Aquino defeating Marcos . However , according to the COMELEC tally , Tolentino won over Laurel with a margin of approximately one million votes . He was",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": "ceremonially sworn-in as Vice President of the Philippines on February 16 , 1986 , but functionally never took office . The disputed outcome would eventually lead to the People Power Revolution which ousted Marcos and installed Aquino as a revolutionary president .",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": " 1986 coup . Tolentino then would launch a coup on July 6 , 1986 , declaring that since Marcos was in exile , he was constitutionally the acting President of the Philippines . Marcos allies and about 100 soldiers marched to the luxurious Manila Hotel , barricading it with trucks . He was expecting massive support , but only several thousands of Marcos loyalists supported his cause . On July 8 , he agreed to disperse his thousands of civilian supporters and about a hundred military backers , ending the failed coup attempt .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": "When the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines was overwhelmingly approved in a plebiscite , Tolentino announced he would respect the will of the people .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " Return to the Senate . In 1992 , he successfully ran for the Senate placing 18th under the Nationalist Peoples Coalition . However , his bid for re-election in 1995 was not successful and he retired from politics .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " He died of a heart attack on the night of August 2 , 2004 , at the age of 93 . He is buried at the Libingan ng mga Bayani . He had seven children , as acknowledged in his last will and testament ( 1971 ) : Arturo Jr. , Evelyn and Annabella with Consuelo David ; Bernadette , Salvador and Victorio with Constancia Conde ; and Ma . Elenita with Rosita Robles .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " - Arturo M . Tolentino Memorial Website - Senate of the Philippines",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Arturo_Tolentino#P39#1
|
What was the position of Arturo Tolentino between Dec 1966 and Dec 1966?
|
Arturo Tolentino Arturo Ka Turing Modesto Tolentino ( September 19 , 1910 – August 2 , 2004 ) was a prominent Filipino politician and diplomat who previously served as the President of the Senate of the Philippines and the Secretary of Foreign Affairs . He is also regarded as the father of the Philippine archipelagic doctrine and as an expert on the Law of the Sea . Early career . Arturo M . Tolentino was born in Manila of humble parentage . As a student , Tolentino was noted for his scholarship . He was valedictorian of the Manila East High School ( now Victorino Mapa High School ) ( 1928 ) ; valedictorian ( cum laude ) University of the Philippines College of Law ( 1934 ) ; a bar topnotcher ( 1934 ) . He obtained the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy ( cum laude ) with a gold medal award from the UP in 1938 , and received the degrees of Master of Law ( meritissimus ) and Doctor of Civil Law ( meritissimus ) from the University of Santo Tomás . As a debater and orator , he won seven gold medals ( including the Quezon Medal ) and two silver loving cups . He held the title of “Inter-Collegiate Oratorical Champion of the Philippines” in 1934 . He successfully debated with American students from the University of Oregon in 1933 and from the University of Washington in 1934 . In U.P. , he was also editor-in-chief of the Philippine Collegian and a fellow of the Upsilon Sigma Phi . Tolentino engaged in the practice of law after passing the bar in 1934 , and was a recognized legal luminary . He was a law professor in the University of the Philippines , University of Santo Tomás , University of the East , University of Manila , Arellano University , Far Eastern University , Manila Law College , Philippine Law School , San Beda College and Quezon College . Congressional career . House of Representatives . Tolentino was first elected as Representative for Manila in 1949 . He was re-elected in 1953 . Shortly after his re-election , Tolentino was given the position of Majority Floor Leader , which he held until his entry to the Senate four years later and one which , though less glamorous than that of Speaker , he preferred and enjoyed . As it was a very senior position for such a young and inexperienced politician , his son recalls that his father’s reputation of toughness had earned him the respect of President Magsaysay . As he took his seat in the House of Representatives that day he glowered at the assembled members and said , “I warn you gentlemen , I was once a champion wrestler and weightlifter!” The duties and responsibilities of Majority Floor Leader and the reason for Tolentino’s selection was explained in an article by Manuel Martinez in “Tempo” October 7 , 1983 . “Tolentino was often involved in great intellectual battles and feared for his parliamentary prowess . That is why he was elected floor leader at a very young age . In legislation , the majority floor leader , not the Speaker or the presiding officer , is the key man around whom the parliamentary process revolves . He is the lightning rod , the clearing house , the yeoman and work-horse and spark-plug , the whipping boy if he does not watch out , the beast of burden , and center of attention . Only the tough are chosen as floor leaders . And so Tolentino discharged his function with awesome skill . It came to pass that there was born a saying , given as wise advice to newcomers to the House and later the Senate , where he was floor leader : ‘Neophytes should observe two things above all . First they should learn parliamentary rules by heart . Second , they should pray not to tangle with Tolentino in a floor debate!” It was not Tolentinos intention to run for the Senate . He was confident of re-election as Congressman , having been nominated by his party and already started his campaign when he was nominated for the Senate . He left the decision to his party leaders because he was unsure of which route to choose . The leaders allowed him to accept the Senate nomination . Many of the candidates were asked to make financial contributions for their campaign expense . Tolentino did not have sufficient funds . He remembered being asked him how he managed this financial difficulties . He said : I have never forgotten the generosity of Senator Oscar Ledesma who paid my contribution and will always be grateful to him . As a sign of my appreciation , I saw to it that I was with him during the division of candidates into campaign teams and strongly endorsed his policies in my speeches.” The Nacionalista Party had a strong Senatorial slate . In fact , the only casualty that might occur was thought by some leaders to be Tolentino . Their concern turned out to be unnecessary for when the returns came in , he was second behind Gil Puyat . “Where did you get all these votes?” Amang Rodriguez , the party president would ask . “I have a secret army,” Tolentino replied laughingly . “All over the country there are thousands of lawyers who were once my students and thousands of high school graduates who studied my text books.” Senate . On March 17 , 1957 , then President Magsaysay took off from the airport in Cebu . He was at the height of his popularity . A few minutes later , his plane crashed into the side of the mountain . All on board , with the exception of one newspaperman were killed . Tolentino said : I had been going with the President on Provincial trips because the President wanted to introduce me to party leaders and rural electorate for possible candidacy as a senator in 1957 . Normally he would go to series of towns briefly speaking in one before proceeding to the next . I would start my speech immediately after he had finished , then follow him as soon as mine was over . On this occasion however I was committed to a speaking engagement in Manila even though I had been scheduled to accompany Magsaysay . I explained my predicament to the President who was very understanding , who gave my seat to the Education Secretary then , who perished with the others on that ill fated flight . Tolentino was elected in the Senate that year . He was re-elected in 1963 and in 1969 . Senate Presidency . In 1966 , shortly after Ferdinand Marcos was elected President , Tolentino was elected Senate President . A year later , however , he was ousted from his position . Tolentino said : I seem to have a lot of frustrations that come along in my life without invitation . When I was Senate President , my term was for two years . But somehow I understood later that President Marcos had made an agreement with another Senator , - Senator Puyat , that after one year he ( Puyat ) would take my place . In other words we would split the two year term between us . I was not aware of that arrangement . President Marcos never informed me . So , after twelve months of my term as Senate President , Puyat insisted that he take over . Naturally , I resisted and pointed out that my term had not yet expired . He kept citing an agreement , but I pointed out there was no such agreement . At the next session of the Senate , Marcos maneuvered the other Senators to comply with this “commitment” , and voted for Puyat . As a result , I got ousted as Senate President halfway through my term of office . Vice-presidential candidate ( 1986 ) . He was chosen by Ferdinand Marcos as his vice-presidential running mate for the February 7 , 1986 snap election . They were against the united opposition of Corazon Aquino and Salvador Laurel . According to the National Movement for Free Elections ( NAMFREL ) final tally , Aquino and Laurel were consistently in the lead . The final tally showed Laurel winning by over 800,000 votes—roughly the same margin by which it showed Aquino defeating Marcos . However , according to the COMELEC tally , Tolentino won over Laurel with a margin of approximately one million votes . He was ceremonially sworn-in as Vice President of the Philippines on February 16 , 1986 , but functionally never took office . The disputed outcome would eventually lead to the People Power Revolution which ousted Marcos and installed Aquino as a revolutionary president . Later life . 1986 coup . Tolentino then would launch a coup on July 6 , 1986 , declaring that since Marcos was in exile , he was constitutionally the acting President of the Philippines . Marcos allies and about 100 soldiers marched to the luxurious Manila Hotel , barricading it with trucks . He was expecting massive support , but only several thousands of Marcos loyalists supported his cause . On July 8 , he agreed to disperse his thousands of civilian supporters and about a hundred military backers , ending the failed coup attempt . When the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines was overwhelmingly approved in a plebiscite , Tolentino announced he would respect the will of the people . Return to the Senate . In 1992 , he successfully ran for the Senate placing 18th under the Nationalist Peoples Coalition . However , his bid for re-election in 1995 was not successful and he retired from politics . Death . He died of a heart attack on the night of August 2 , 2004 , at the age of 93 . He is buried at the Libingan ng mga Bayani . He had seven children , as acknowledged in his last will and testament ( 1971 ) : Arturo Jr. , Evelyn and Annabella with Consuelo David ; Bernadette , Salvador and Victorio with Constancia Conde ; and Ma . Elenita with Rosita Robles . External links . - Arturo M . Tolentino Memorial Website - Senate of the Philippines
|
[
"Senate President"
] |
[
{
"text": " Arturo Ka Turing Modesto Tolentino ( September 19 , 1910 – August 2 , 2004 ) was a prominent Filipino politician and diplomat who previously served as the President of the Senate of the Philippines and the Secretary of Foreign Affairs . He is also regarded as the father of the Philippine archipelagic doctrine and as an expert on the Law of the Sea .",
"title": "Arturo Tolentino"
},
{
"text": "As a student , Tolentino was noted for his scholarship . He was valedictorian of the Manila East High School ( now Victorino Mapa High School ) ( 1928 ) ; valedictorian ( cum laude ) University of the Philippines College of Law ( 1934 ) ; a bar topnotcher ( 1934 ) . He obtained the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy ( cum laude ) with a gold medal award from the UP in 1938 , and received the degrees of Master of Law ( meritissimus ) and Doctor of Civil Law ( meritissimus ) from the University of",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Santo Tomás .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " As a debater and orator , he won seven gold medals ( including the Quezon Medal ) and two silver loving cups . He held the title of “Inter-Collegiate Oratorical Champion of the Philippines” in 1934 . He successfully debated with American students from the University of Oregon in 1933 and from the University of Washington in 1934 . In U.P. , he was also editor-in-chief of the Philippine Collegian and a fellow of the Upsilon Sigma Phi .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Tolentino engaged in the practice of law after passing the bar in 1934 , and was a recognized legal luminary .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " He was a law professor in the University of the Philippines , University of Santo Tomás , University of the East , University of Manila , Arellano University , Far Eastern University , Manila Law College , Philippine Law School , San Beda College and Quezon College .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Tolentino was first elected as Representative for Manila in 1949 . He was re-elected in 1953 . Shortly after his re-election , Tolentino was given the position of Majority Floor Leader , which he held until his entry to the Senate four years later and one which , though less glamorous than that of Speaker , he preferred and enjoyed .",
"title": "House of Representatives"
},
{
"text": "As it was a very senior position for such a young and inexperienced politician , his son recalls that his father’s reputation of toughness had earned him the respect of President Magsaysay . As he took his seat in the House of Representatives that day he glowered at the assembled members and said , “I warn you gentlemen , I was once a champion wrestler and weightlifter!”",
"title": "House of Representatives"
},
{
"text": " The duties and responsibilities of Majority Floor Leader and the reason for Tolentino’s selection was explained in an article by Manuel Martinez in “Tempo” October 7 , 1983 . “Tolentino was often involved in great intellectual battles and feared for his parliamentary prowess . That is why he was elected floor leader at a very young age .",
"title": "House of Representatives"
},
{
"text": "In legislation , the majority floor leader , not the Speaker or the presiding officer , is the key man around whom the parliamentary process revolves . He is the lightning rod , the clearing house , the yeoman and work-horse and spark-plug , the whipping boy if he does not watch out , the beast of burden , and center of attention . Only the tough are chosen as floor leaders .",
"title": "House of Representatives"
},
{
"text": " And so Tolentino discharged his function with awesome skill . It came to pass that there was born a saying , given as wise advice to newcomers to the House and later the Senate , where he was floor leader : ‘Neophytes should observe two things above all . First they should learn parliamentary rules by heart . Second , they should pray not to tangle with Tolentino in a floor debate!”",
"title": "House of Representatives"
},
{
"text": "It was not Tolentinos intention to run for the Senate . He was confident of re-election as Congressman , having been nominated by his party and already started his campaign when he was nominated for the Senate . He left the decision to his party leaders because he was unsure of which route to choose . The leaders allowed him to accept the Senate nomination .",
"title": "House of Representatives"
},
{
"text": " Many of the candidates were asked to make financial contributions for their campaign expense . Tolentino did not have sufficient funds . He remembered being asked him how he managed this financial difficulties .",
"title": "House of Representatives"
},
{
"text": " I have never forgotten the generosity of Senator Oscar Ledesma who paid my contribution and will always be grateful to him . As a sign of my appreciation , I saw to it that I was with him during the division of candidates into campaign teams and strongly endorsed his policies in my speeches.”",
"title": "He said :"
},
{
"text": "The Nacionalista Party had a strong Senatorial slate . In fact , the only casualty that might occur was thought by some leaders to be Tolentino . Their concern turned out to be unnecessary for when the returns came in , he was second behind Gil Puyat .",
"title": "He said :"
},
{
"text": " “Where did you get all these votes?” Amang Rodriguez , the party president would ask . “I have a secret army,” Tolentino replied laughingly . “All over the country there are thousands of lawyers who were once my students and thousands of high school graduates who studied my text books.”",
"title": "He said :"
},
{
"text": " On March 17 , 1957 , then President Magsaysay took off from the airport in Cebu . He was at the height of his popularity . A few minutes later , his plane crashed into the side of the mountain . All on board , with the exception of one newspaperman were killed .",
"title": "Senate"
},
{
"text": " I had been going with the President on Provincial trips because the President wanted to introduce me to party leaders and rural electorate for possible candidacy as a senator in 1957 . Normally he would go to series of towns briefly speaking in one before proceeding to the next . I would start my speech immediately after he had finished , then follow him as soon as mine was over .",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": "On this occasion however I was committed to a speaking engagement in Manila even though I had been scheduled to accompany Magsaysay . I explained my predicament to the President who was very understanding , who gave my seat to the Education Secretary then , who perished with the others on that ill fated flight .",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": " Tolentino was elected in the Senate that year . He was re-elected in 1963 and in 1969 .",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": " In 1966 , shortly after Ferdinand Marcos was elected President , Tolentino was elected Senate President . A year later , however , he was ousted from his position .",
"title": "Senate Presidency"
},
{
"text": " I seem to have a lot of frustrations that come along in my life without invitation . When I was Senate President , my term was for two years . But somehow I understood later that President Marcos had made an agreement with another Senator , - Senator Puyat , that after one year he ( Puyat ) would take my place . In other words we would split the two year term between us .",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": "I was not aware of that arrangement . President Marcos never informed me . So , after twelve months of my term as Senate President , Puyat insisted that he take over . Naturally , I resisted and pointed out that my term had not yet expired . He kept citing an agreement , but I pointed out there was no such agreement .",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": " At the next session of the Senate , Marcos maneuvered the other Senators to comply with this “commitment” , and voted for Puyat . As a result , I got ousted as Senate President halfway through my term of office . Vice-presidential candidate ( 1986 ) .",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": "He was chosen by Ferdinand Marcos as his vice-presidential running mate for the February 7 , 1986 snap election . They were against the united opposition of Corazon Aquino and Salvador Laurel . According to the National Movement for Free Elections ( NAMFREL ) final tally , Aquino and Laurel were consistently in the lead . The final tally showed Laurel winning by over 800,000 votes—roughly the same margin by which it showed Aquino defeating Marcos . However , according to the COMELEC tally , Tolentino won over Laurel with a margin of approximately one million votes . He was",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": "ceremonially sworn-in as Vice President of the Philippines on February 16 , 1986 , but functionally never took office . The disputed outcome would eventually lead to the People Power Revolution which ousted Marcos and installed Aquino as a revolutionary president .",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": " 1986 coup . Tolentino then would launch a coup on July 6 , 1986 , declaring that since Marcos was in exile , he was constitutionally the acting President of the Philippines . Marcos allies and about 100 soldiers marched to the luxurious Manila Hotel , barricading it with trucks . He was expecting massive support , but only several thousands of Marcos loyalists supported his cause . On July 8 , he agreed to disperse his thousands of civilian supporters and about a hundred military backers , ending the failed coup attempt .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": "When the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines was overwhelmingly approved in a plebiscite , Tolentino announced he would respect the will of the people .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " Return to the Senate . In 1992 , he successfully ran for the Senate placing 18th under the Nationalist Peoples Coalition . However , his bid for re-election in 1995 was not successful and he retired from politics .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " He died of a heart attack on the night of August 2 , 2004 , at the age of 93 . He is buried at the Libingan ng mga Bayani . He had seven children , as acknowledged in his last will and testament ( 1971 ) : Arturo Jr. , Evelyn and Annabella with Consuelo David ; Bernadette , Salvador and Victorio with Constancia Conde ; and Ma . Elenita with Rosita Robles .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " - Arturo M . Tolentino Memorial Website - Senate of the Philippines",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Arturo_Tolentino#P39#2
|
What was the position of Arturo Tolentino in Oct 1971?
|
Arturo Tolentino Arturo Ka Turing Modesto Tolentino ( September 19 , 1910 – August 2 , 2004 ) was a prominent Filipino politician and diplomat who previously served as the President of the Senate of the Philippines and the Secretary of Foreign Affairs . He is also regarded as the father of the Philippine archipelagic doctrine and as an expert on the Law of the Sea . Early career . Arturo M . Tolentino was born in Manila of humble parentage . As a student , Tolentino was noted for his scholarship . He was valedictorian of the Manila East High School ( now Victorino Mapa High School ) ( 1928 ) ; valedictorian ( cum laude ) University of the Philippines College of Law ( 1934 ) ; a bar topnotcher ( 1934 ) . He obtained the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy ( cum laude ) with a gold medal award from the UP in 1938 , and received the degrees of Master of Law ( meritissimus ) and Doctor of Civil Law ( meritissimus ) from the University of Santo Tomás . As a debater and orator , he won seven gold medals ( including the Quezon Medal ) and two silver loving cups . He held the title of “Inter-Collegiate Oratorical Champion of the Philippines” in 1934 . He successfully debated with American students from the University of Oregon in 1933 and from the University of Washington in 1934 . In U.P. , he was also editor-in-chief of the Philippine Collegian and a fellow of the Upsilon Sigma Phi . Tolentino engaged in the practice of law after passing the bar in 1934 , and was a recognized legal luminary . He was a law professor in the University of the Philippines , University of Santo Tomás , University of the East , University of Manila , Arellano University , Far Eastern University , Manila Law College , Philippine Law School , San Beda College and Quezon College . Congressional career . House of Representatives . Tolentino was first elected as Representative for Manila in 1949 . He was re-elected in 1953 . Shortly after his re-election , Tolentino was given the position of Majority Floor Leader , which he held until his entry to the Senate four years later and one which , though less glamorous than that of Speaker , he preferred and enjoyed . As it was a very senior position for such a young and inexperienced politician , his son recalls that his father’s reputation of toughness had earned him the respect of President Magsaysay . As he took his seat in the House of Representatives that day he glowered at the assembled members and said , “I warn you gentlemen , I was once a champion wrestler and weightlifter!” The duties and responsibilities of Majority Floor Leader and the reason for Tolentino’s selection was explained in an article by Manuel Martinez in “Tempo” October 7 , 1983 . “Tolentino was often involved in great intellectual battles and feared for his parliamentary prowess . That is why he was elected floor leader at a very young age . In legislation , the majority floor leader , not the Speaker or the presiding officer , is the key man around whom the parliamentary process revolves . He is the lightning rod , the clearing house , the yeoman and work-horse and spark-plug , the whipping boy if he does not watch out , the beast of burden , and center of attention . Only the tough are chosen as floor leaders . And so Tolentino discharged his function with awesome skill . It came to pass that there was born a saying , given as wise advice to newcomers to the House and later the Senate , where he was floor leader : ‘Neophytes should observe two things above all . First they should learn parliamentary rules by heart . Second , they should pray not to tangle with Tolentino in a floor debate!” It was not Tolentinos intention to run for the Senate . He was confident of re-election as Congressman , having been nominated by his party and already started his campaign when he was nominated for the Senate . He left the decision to his party leaders because he was unsure of which route to choose . The leaders allowed him to accept the Senate nomination . Many of the candidates were asked to make financial contributions for their campaign expense . Tolentino did not have sufficient funds . He remembered being asked him how he managed this financial difficulties . He said : I have never forgotten the generosity of Senator Oscar Ledesma who paid my contribution and will always be grateful to him . As a sign of my appreciation , I saw to it that I was with him during the division of candidates into campaign teams and strongly endorsed his policies in my speeches.” The Nacionalista Party had a strong Senatorial slate . In fact , the only casualty that might occur was thought by some leaders to be Tolentino . Their concern turned out to be unnecessary for when the returns came in , he was second behind Gil Puyat . “Where did you get all these votes?” Amang Rodriguez , the party president would ask . “I have a secret army,” Tolentino replied laughingly . “All over the country there are thousands of lawyers who were once my students and thousands of high school graduates who studied my text books.” Senate . On March 17 , 1957 , then President Magsaysay took off from the airport in Cebu . He was at the height of his popularity . A few minutes later , his plane crashed into the side of the mountain . All on board , with the exception of one newspaperman were killed . Tolentino said : I had been going with the President on Provincial trips because the President wanted to introduce me to party leaders and rural electorate for possible candidacy as a senator in 1957 . Normally he would go to series of towns briefly speaking in one before proceeding to the next . I would start my speech immediately after he had finished , then follow him as soon as mine was over . On this occasion however I was committed to a speaking engagement in Manila even though I had been scheduled to accompany Magsaysay . I explained my predicament to the President who was very understanding , who gave my seat to the Education Secretary then , who perished with the others on that ill fated flight . Tolentino was elected in the Senate that year . He was re-elected in 1963 and in 1969 . Senate Presidency . In 1966 , shortly after Ferdinand Marcos was elected President , Tolentino was elected Senate President . A year later , however , he was ousted from his position . Tolentino said : I seem to have a lot of frustrations that come along in my life without invitation . When I was Senate President , my term was for two years . But somehow I understood later that President Marcos had made an agreement with another Senator , - Senator Puyat , that after one year he ( Puyat ) would take my place . In other words we would split the two year term between us . I was not aware of that arrangement . President Marcos never informed me . So , after twelve months of my term as Senate President , Puyat insisted that he take over . Naturally , I resisted and pointed out that my term had not yet expired . He kept citing an agreement , but I pointed out there was no such agreement . At the next session of the Senate , Marcos maneuvered the other Senators to comply with this “commitment” , and voted for Puyat . As a result , I got ousted as Senate President halfway through my term of office . Vice-presidential candidate ( 1986 ) . He was chosen by Ferdinand Marcos as his vice-presidential running mate for the February 7 , 1986 snap election . They were against the united opposition of Corazon Aquino and Salvador Laurel . According to the National Movement for Free Elections ( NAMFREL ) final tally , Aquino and Laurel were consistently in the lead . The final tally showed Laurel winning by over 800,000 votes—roughly the same margin by which it showed Aquino defeating Marcos . However , according to the COMELEC tally , Tolentino won over Laurel with a margin of approximately one million votes . He was ceremonially sworn-in as Vice President of the Philippines on February 16 , 1986 , but functionally never took office . The disputed outcome would eventually lead to the People Power Revolution which ousted Marcos and installed Aquino as a revolutionary president . Later life . 1986 coup . Tolentino then would launch a coup on July 6 , 1986 , declaring that since Marcos was in exile , he was constitutionally the acting President of the Philippines . Marcos allies and about 100 soldiers marched to the luxurious Manila Hotel , barricading it with trucks . He was expecting massive support , but only several thousands of Marcos loyalists supported his cause . On July 8 , he agreed to disperse his thousands of civilian supporters and about a hundred military backers , ending the failed coup attempt . When the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines was overwhelmingly approved in a plebiscite , Tolentino announced he would respect the will of the people . Return to the Senate . In 1992 , he successfully ran for the Senate placing 18th under the Nationalist Peoples Coalition . However , his bid for re-election in 1995 was not successful and he retired from politics . Death . He died of a heart attack on the night of August 2 , 2004 , at the age of 93 . He is buried at the Libingan ng mga Bayani . He had seven children , as acknowledged in his last will and testament ( 1971 ) : Arturo Jr. , Evelyn and Annabella with Consuelo David ; Bernadette , Salvador and Victorio with Constancia Conde ; and Ma . Elenita with Rosita Robles . External links . - Arturo M . Tolentino Memorial Website - Senate of the Philippines
|
[
"Senate"
] |
[
{
"text": " Arturo Ka Turing Modesto Tolentino ( September 19 , 1910 – August 2 , 2004 ) was a prominent Filipino politician and diplomat who previously served as the President of the Senate of the Philippines and the Secretary of Foreign Affairs . He is also regarded as the father of the Philippine archipelagic doctrine and as an expert on the Law of the Sea .",
"title": "Arturo Tolentino"
},
{
"text": "As a student , Tolentino was noted for his scholarship . He was valedictorian of the Manila East High School ( now Victorino Mapa High School ) ( 1928 ) ; valedictorian ( cum laude ) University of the Philippines College of Law ( 1934 ) ; a bar topnotcher ( 1934 ) . He obtained the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy ( cum laude ) with a gold medal award from the UP in 1938 , and received the degrees of Master of Law ( meritissimus ) and Doctor of Civil Law ( meritissimus ) from the University of",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Santo Tomás .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " As a debater and orator , he won seven gold medals ( including the Quezon Medal ) and two silver loving cups . He held the title of “Inter-Collegiate Oratorical Champion of the Philippines” in 1934 . He successfully debated with American students from the University of Oregon in 1933 and from the University of Washington in 1934 . In U.P. , he was also editor-in-chief of the Philippine Collegian and a fellow of the Upsilon Sigma Phi .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Tolentino engaged in the practice of law after passing the bar in 1934 , and was a recognized legal luminary .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " He was a law professor in the University of the Philippines , University of Santo Tomás , University of the East , University of Manila , Arellano University , Far Eastern University , Manila Law College , Philippine Law School , San Beda College and Quezon College .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Tolentino was first elected as Representative for Manila in 1949 . He was re-elected in 1953 . Shortly after his re-election , Tolentino was given the position of Majority Floor Leader , which he held until his entry to the Senate four years later and one which , though less glamorous than that of Speaker , he preferred and enjoyed .",
"title": "House of Representatives"
},
{
"text": "As it was a very senior position for such a young and inexperienced politician , his son recalls that his father’s reputation of toughness had earned him the respect of President Magsaysay . As he took his seat in the House of Representatives that day he glowered at the assembled members and said , “I warn you gentlemen , I was once a champion wrestler and weightlifter!”",
"title": "House of Representatives"
},
{
"text": " The duties and responsibilities of Majority Floor Leader and the reason for Tolentino’s selection was explained in an article by Manuel Martinez in “Tempo” October 7 , 1983 . “Tolentino was often involved in great intellectual battles and feared for his parliamentary prowess . That is why he was elected floor leader at a very young age .",
"title": "House of Representatives"
},
{
"text": "In legislation , the majority floor leader , not the Speaker or the presiding officer , is the key man around whom the parliamentary process revolves . He is the lightning rod , the clearing house , the yeoman and work-horse and spark-plug , the whipping boy if he does not watch out , the beast of burden , and center of attention . Only the tough are chosen as floor leaders .",
"title": "House of Representatives"
},
{
"text": " And so Tolentino discharged his function with awesome skill . It came to pass that there was born a saying , given as wise advice to newcomers to the House and later the Senate , where he was floor leader : ‘Neophytes should observe two things above all . First they should learn parliamentary rules by heart . Second , they should pray not to tangle with Tolentino in a floor debate!”",
"title": "House of Representatives"
},
{
"text": "It was not Tolentinos intention to run for the Senate . He was confident of re-election as Congressman , having been nominated by his party and already started his campaign when he was nominated for the Senate . He left the decision to his party leaders because he was unsure of which route to choose . The leaders allowed him to accept the Senate nomination .",
"title": "House of Representatives"
},
{
"text": " Many of the candidates were asked to make financial contributions for their campaign expense . Tolentino did not have sufficient funds . He remembered being asked him how he managed this financial difficulties .",
"title": "House of Representatives"
},
{
"text": " I have never forgotten the generosity of Senator Oscar Ledesma who paid my contribution and will always be grateful to him . As a sign of my appreciation , I saw to it that I was with him during the division of candidates into campaign teams and strongly endorsed his policies in my speeches.”",
"title": "He said :"
},
{
"text": "The Nacionalista Party had a strong Senatorial slate . In fact , the only casualty that might occur was thought by some leaders to be Tolentino . Their concern turned out to be unnecessary for when the returns came in , he was second behind Gil Puyat .",
"title": "He said :"
},
{
"text": " “Where did you get all these votes?” Amang Rodriguez , the party president would ask . “I have a secret army,” Tolentino replied laughingly . “All over the country there are thousands of lawyers who were once my students and thousands of high school graduates who studied my text books.”",
"title": "He said :"
},
{
"text": " On March 17 , 1957 , then President Magsaysay took off from the airport in Cebu . He was at the height of his popularity . A few minutes later , his plane crashed into the side of the mountain . All on board , with the exception of one newspaperman were killed .",
"title": "Senate"
},
{
"text": " I had been going with the President on Provincial trips because the President wanted to introduce me to party leaders and rural electorate for possible candidacy as a senator in 1957 . Normally he would go to series of towns briefly speaking in one before proceeding to the next . I would start my speech immediately after he had finished , then follow him as soon as mine was over .",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": "On this occasion however I was committed to a speaking engagement in Manila even though I had been scheduled to accompany Magsaysay . I explained my predicament to the President who was very understanding , who gave my seat to the Education Secretary then , who perished with the others on that ill fated flight .",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": " Tolentino was elected in the Senate that year . He was re-elected in 1963 and in 1969 .",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": " In 1966 , shortly after Ferdinand Marcos was elected President , Tolentino was elected Senate President . A year later , however , he was ousted from his position .",
"title": "Senate Presidency"
},
{
"text": " I seem to have a lot of frustrations that come along in my life without invitation . When I was Senate President , my term was for two years . But somehow I understood later that President Marcos had made an agreement with another Senator , - Senator Puyat , that after one year he ( Puyat ) would take my place . In other words we would split the two year term between us .",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": "I was not aware of that arrangement . President Marcos never informed me . So , after twelve months of my term as Senate President , Puyat insisted that he take over . Naturally , I resisted and pointed out that my term had not yet expired . He kept citing an agreement , but I pointed out there was no such agreement .",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": " At the next session of the Senate , Marcos maneuvered the other Senators to comply with this “commitment” , and voted for Puyat . As a result , I got ousted as Senate President halfway through my term of office . Vice-presidential candidate ( 1986 ) .",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": "He was chosen by Ferdinand Marcos as his vice-presidential running mate for the February 7 , 1986 snap election . They were against the united opposition of Corazon Aquino and Salvador Laurel . According to the National Movement for Free Elections ( NAMFREL ) final tally , Aquino and Laurel were consistently in the lead . The final tally showed Laurel winning by over 800,000 votes—roughly the same margin by which it showed Aquino defeating Marcos . However , according to the COMELEC tally , Tolentino won over Laurel with a margin of approximately one million votes . He was",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": "ceremonially sworn-in as Vice President of the Philippines on February 16 , 1986 , but functionally never took office . The disputed outcome would eventually lead to the People Power Revolution which ousted Marcos and installed Aquino as a revolutionary president .",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": " 1986 coup . Tolentino then would launch a coup on July 6 , 1986 , declaring that since Marcos was in exile , he was constitutionally the acting President of the Philippines . Marcos allies and about 100 soldiers marched to the luxurious Manila Hotel , barricading it with trucks . He was expecting massive support , but only several thousands of Marcos loyalists supported his cause . On July 8 , he agreed to disperse his thousands of civilian supporters and about a hundred military backers , ending the failed coup attempt .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": "When the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines was overwhelmingly approved in a plebiscite , Tolentino announced he would respect the will of the people .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " Return to the Senate . In 1992 , he successfully ran for the Senate placing 18th under the Nationalist Peoples Coalition . However , his bid for re-election in 1995 was not successful and he retired from politics .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " He died of a heart attack on the night of August 2 , 2004 , at the age of 93 . He is buried at the Libingan ng mga Bayani . He had seven children , as acknowledged in his last will and testament ( 1971 ) : Arturo Jr. , Evelyn and Annabella with Consuelo David ; Bernadette , Salvador and Victorio with Constancia Conde ; and Ma . Elenita with Rosita Robles .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " - Arturo M . Tolentino Memorial Website - Senate of the Philippines",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Arturo_Tolentino#P39#3
|
What was the position of Arturo Tolentino in Apr 1984?
|
Arturo Tolentino Arturo Ka Turing Modesto Tolentino ( September 19 , 1910 – August 2 , 2004 ) was a prominent Filipino politician and diplomat who previously served as the President of the Senate of the Philippines and the Secretary of Foreign Affairs . He is also regarded as the father of the Philippine archipelagic doctrine and as an expert on the Law of the Sea . Early career . Arturo M . Tolentino was born in Manila of humble parentage . As a student , Tolentino was noted for his scholarship . He was valedictorian of the Manila East High School ( now Victorino Mapa High School ) ( 1928 ) ; valedictorian ( cum laude ) University of the Philippines College of Law ( 1934 ) ; a bar topnotcher ( 1934 ) . He obtained the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy ( cum laude ) with a gold medal award from the UP in 1938 , and received the degrees of Master of Law ( meritissimus ) and Doctor of Civil Law ( meritissimus ) from the University of Santo Tomás . As a debater and orator , he won seven gold medals ( including the Quezon Medal ) and two silver loving cups . He held the title of “Inter-Collegiate Oratorical Champion of the Philippines” in 1934 . He successfully debated with American students from the University of Oregon in 1933 and from the University of Washington in 1934 . In U.P. , he was also editor-in-chief of the Philippine Collegian and a fellow of the Upsilon Sigma Phi . Tolentino engaged in the practice of law after passing the bar in 1934 , and was a recognized legal luminary . He was a law professor in the University of the Philippines , University of Santo Tomás , University of the East , University of Manila , Arellano University , Far Eastern University , Manila Law College , Philippine Law School , San Beda College and Quezon College . Congressional career . House of Representatives . Tolentino was first elected as Representative for Manila in 1949 . He was re-elected in 1953 . Shortly after his re-election , Tolentino was given the position of Majority Floor Leader , which he held until his entry to the Senate four years later and one which , though less glamorous than that of Speaker , he preferred and enjoyed . As it was a very senior position for such a young and inexperienced politician , his son recalls that his father’s reputation of toughness had earned him the respect of President Magsaysay . As he took his seat in the House of Representatives that day he glowered at the assembled members and said , “I warn you gentlemen , I was once a champion wrestler and weightlifter!” The duties and responsibilities of Majority Floor Leader and the reason for Tolentino’s selection was explained in an article by Manuel Martinez in “Tempo” October 7 , 1983 . “Tolentino was often involved in great intellectual battles and feared for his parliamentary prowess . That is why he was elected floor leader at a very young age . In legislation , the majority floor leader , not the Speaker or the presiding officer , is the key man around whom the parliamentary process revolves . He is the lightning rod , the clearing house , the yeoman and work-horse and spark-plug , the whipping boy if he does not watch out , the beast of burden , and center of attention . Only the tough are chosen as floor leaders . And so Tolentino discharged his function with awesome skill . It came to pass that there was born a saying , given as wise advice to newcomers to the House and later the Senate , where he was floor leader : ‘Neophytes should observe two things above all . First they should learn parliamentary rules by heart . Second , they should pray not to tangle with Tolentino in a floor debate!” It was not Tolentinos intention to run for the Senate . He was confident of re-election as Congressman , having been nominated by his party and already started his campaign when he was nominated for the Senate . He left the decision to his party leaders because he was unsure of which route to choose . The leaders allowed him to accept the Senate nomination . Many of the candidates were asked to make financial contributions for their campaign expense . Tolentino did not have sufficient funds . He remembered being asked him how he managed this financial difficulties . He said : I have never forgotten the generosity of Senator Oscar Ledesma who paid my contribution and will always be grateful to him . As a sign of my appreciation , I saw to it that I was with him during the division of candidates into campaign teams and strongly endorsed his policies in my speeches.” The Nacionalista Party had a strong Senatorial slate . In fact , the only casualty that might occur was thought by some leaders to be Tolentino . Their concern turned out to be unnecessary for when the returns came in , he was second behind Gil Puyat . “Where did you get all these votes?” Amang Rodriguez , the party president would ask . “I have a secret army,” Tolentino replied laughingly . “All over the country there are thousands of lawyers who were once my students and thousands of high school graduates who studied my text books.” Senate . On March 17 , 1957 , then President Magsaysay took off from the airport in Cebu . He was at the height of his popularity . A few minutes later , his plane crashed into the side of the mountain . All on board , with the exception of one newspaperman were killed . Tolentino said : I had been going with the President on Provincial trips because the President wanted to introduce me to party leaders and rural electorate for possible candidacy as a senator in 1957 . Normally he would go to series of towns briefly speaking in one before proceeding to the next . I would start my speech immediately after he had finished , then follow him as soon as mine was over . On this occasion however I was committed to a speaking engagement in Manila even though I had been scheduled to accompany Magsaysay . I explained my predicament to the President who was very understanding , who gave my seat to the Education Secretary then , who perished with the others on that ill fated flight . Tolentino was elected in the Senate that year . He was re-elected in 1963 and in 1969 . Senate Presidency . In 1966 , shortly after Ferdinand Marcos was elected President , Tolentino was elected Senate President . A year later , however , he was ousted from his position . Tolentino said : I seem to have a lot of frustrations that come along in my life without invitation . When I was Senate President , my term was for two years . But somehow I understood later that President Marcos had made an agreement with another Senator , - Senator Puyat , that after one year he ( Puyat ) would take my place . In other words we would split the two year term between us . I was not aware of that arrangement . President Marcos never informed me . So , after twelve months of my term as Senate President , Puyat insisted that he take over . Naturally , I resisted and pointed out that my term had not yet expired . He kept citing an agreement , but I pointed out there was no such agreement . At the next session of the Senate , Marcos maneuvered the other Senators to comply with this “commitment” , and voted for Puyat . As a result , I got ousted as Senate President halfway through my term of office . Vice-presidential candidate ( 1986 ) . He was chosen by Ferdinand Marcos as his vice-presidential running mate for the February 7 , 1986 snap election . They were against the united opposition of Corazon Aquino and Salvador Laurel . According to the National Movement for Free Elections ( NAMFREL ) final tally , Aquino and Laurel were consistently in the lead . The final tally showed Laurel winning by over 800,000 votes—roughly the same margin by which it showed Aquino defeating Marcos . However , according to the COMELEC tally , Tolentino won over Laurel with a margin of approximately one million votes . He was ceremonially sworn-in as Vice President of the Philippines on February 16 , 1986 , but functionally never took office . The disputed outcome would eventually lead to the People Power Revolution which ousted Marcos and installed Aquino as a revolutionary president . Later life . 1986 coup . Tolentino then would launch a coup on July 6 , 1986 , declaring that since Marcos was in exile , he was constitutionally the acting President of the Philippines . Marcos allies and about 100 soldiers marched to the luxurious Manila Hotel , barricading it with trucks . He was expecting massive support , but only several thousands of Marcos loyalists supported his cause . On July 8 , he agreed to disperse his thousands of civilian supporters and about a hundred military backers , ending the failed coup attempt . When the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines was overwhelmingly approved in a plebiscite , Tolentino announced he would respect the will of the people . Return to the Senate . In 1992 , he successfully ran for the Senate placing 18th under the Nationalist Peoples Coalition . However , his bid for re-election in 1995 was not successful and he retired from politics . Death . He died of a heart attack on the night of August 2 , 2004 , at the age of 93 . He is buried at the Libingan ng mga Bayani . He had seven children , as acknowledged in his last will and testament ( 1971 ) : Arturo Jr. , Evelyn and Annabella with Consuelo David ; Bernadette , Salvador and Victorio with Constancia Conde ; and Ma . Elenita with Rosita Robles . External links . - Arturo M . Tolentino Memorial Website - Senate of the Philippines
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Arturo Ka Turing Modesto Tolentino ( September 19 , 1910 – August 2 , 2004 ) was a prominent Filipino politician and diplomat who previously served as the President of the Senate of the Philippines and the Secretary of Foreign Affairs . He is also regarded as the father of the Philippine archipelagic doctrine and as an expert on the Law of the Sea .",
"title": "Arturo Tolentino"
},
{
"text": "As a student , Tolentino was noted for his scholarship . He was valedictorian of the Manila East High School ( now Victorino Mapa High School ) ( 1928 ) ; valedictorian ( cum laude ) University of the Philippines College of Law ( 1934 ) ; a bar topnotcher ( 1934 ) . He obtained the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy ( cum laude ) with a gold medal award from the UP in 1938 , and received the degrees of Master of Law ( meritissimus ) and Doctor of Civil Law ( meritissimus ) from the University of",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Santo Tomás .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " As a debater and orator , he won seven gold medals ( including the Quezon Medal ) and two silver loving cups . He held the title of “Inter-Collegiate Oratorical Champion of the Philippines” in 1934 . He successfully debated with American students from the University of Oregon in 1933 and from the University of Washington in 1934 . In U.P. , he was also editor-in-chief of the Philippine Collegian and a fellow of the Upsilon Sigma Phi .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Tolentino engaged in the practice of law after passing the bar in 1934 , and was a recognized legal luminary .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " He was a law professor in the University of the Philippines , University of Santo Tomás , University of the East , University of Manila , Arellano University , Far Eastern University , Manila Law College , Philippine Law School , San Beda College and Quezon College .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Tolentino was first elected as Representative for Manila in 1949 . He was re-elected in 1953 . Shortly after his re-election , Tolentino was given the position of Majority Floor Leader , which he held until his entry to the Senate four years later and one which , though less glamorous than that of Speaker , he preferred and enjoyed .",
"title": "House of Representatives"
},
{
"text": "As it was a very senior position for such a young and inexperienced politician , his son recalls that his father’s reputation of toughness had earned him the respect of President Magsaysay . As he took his seat in the House of Representatives that day he glowered at the assembled members and said , “I warn you gentlemen , I was once a champion wrestler and weightlifter!”",
"title": "House of Representatives"
},
{
"text": " The duties and responsibilities of Majority Floor Leader and the reason for Tolentino’s selection was explained in an article by Manuel Martinez in “Tempo” October 7 , 1983 . “Tolentino was often involved in great intellectual battles and feared for his parliamentary prowess . That is why he was elected floor leader at a very young age .",
"title": "House of Representatives"
},
{
"text": "In legislation , the majority floor leader , not the Speaker or the presiding officer , is the key man around whom the parliamentary process revolves . He is the lightning rod , the clearing house , the yeoman and work-horse and spark-plug , the whipping boy if he does not watch out , the beast of burden , and center of attention . Only the tough are chosen as floor leaders .",
"title": "House of Representatives"
},
{
"text": " And so Tolentino discharged his function with awesome skill . It came to pass that there was born a saying , given as wise advice to newcomers to the House and later the Senate , where he was floor leader : ‘Neophytes should observe two things above all . First they should learn parliamentary rules by heart . Second , they should pray not to tangle with Tolentino in a floor debate!”",
"title": "House of Representatives"
},
{
"text": "It was not Tolentinos intention to run for the Senate . He was confident of re-election as Congressman , having been nominated by his party and already started his campaign when he was nominated for the Senate . He left the decision to his party leaders because he was unsure of which route to choose . The leaders allowed him to accept the Senate nomination .",
"title": "House of Representatives"
},
{
"text": " Many of the candidates were asked to make financial contributions for their campaign expense . Tolentino did not have sufficient funds . He remembered being asked him how he managed this financial difficulties .",
"title": "House of Representatives"
},
{
"text": " I have never forgotten the generosity of Senator Oscar Ledesma who paid my contribution and will always be grateful to him . As a sign of my appreciation , I saw to it that I was with him during the division of candidates into campaign teams and strongly endorsed his policies in my speeches.”",
"title": "He said :"
},
{
"text": "The Nacionalista Party had a strong Senatorial slate . In fact , the only casualty that might occur was thought by some leaders to be Tolentino . Their concern turned out to be unnecessary for when the returns came in , he was second behind Gil Puyat .",
"title": "He said :"
},
{
"text": " “Where did you get all these votes?” Amang Rodriguez , the party president would ask . “I have a secret army,” Tolentino replied laughingly . “All over the country there are thousands of lawyers who were once my students and thousands of high school graduates who studied my text books.”",
"title": "He said :"
},
{
"text": " On March 17 , 1957 , then President Magsaysay took off from the airport in Cebu . He was at the height of his popularity . A few minutes later , his plane crashed into the side of the mountain . All on board , with the exception of one newspaperman were killed .",
"title": "Senate"
},
{
"text": " I had been going with the President on Provincial trips because the President wanted to introduce me to party leaders and rural electorate for possible candidacy as a senator in 1957 . Normally he would go to series of towns briefly speaking in one before proceeding to the next . I would start my speech immediately after he had finished , then follow him as soon as mine was over .",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": "On this occasion however I was committed to a speaking engagement in Manila even though I had been scheduled to accompany Magsaysay . I explained my predicament to the President who was very understanding , who gave my seat to the Education Secretary then , who perished with the others on that ill fated flight .",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": " Tolentino was elected in the Senate that year . He was re-elected in 1963 and in 1969 .",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": " In 1966 , shortly after Ferdinand Marcos was elected President , Tolentino was elected Senate President . A year later , however , he was ousted from his position .",
"title": "Senate Presidency"
},
{
"text": " I seem to have a lot of frustrations that come along in my life without invitation . When I was Senate President , my term was for two years . But somehow I understood later that President Marcos had made an agreement with another Senator , - Senator Puyat , that after one year he ( Puyat ) would take my place . In other words we would split the two year term between us .",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": "I was not aware of that arrangement . President Marcos never informed me . So , after twelve months of my term as Senate President , Puyat insisted that he take over . Naturally , I resisted and pointed out that my term had not yet expired . He kept citing an agreement , but I pointed out there was no such agreement .",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": " At the next session of the Senate , Marcos maneuvered the other Senators to comply with this “commitment” , and voted for Puyat . As a result , I got ousted as Senate President halfway through my term of office . Vice-presidential candidate ( 1986 ) .",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": "He was chosen by Ferdinand Marcos as his vice-presidential running mate for the February 7 , 1986 snap election . They were against the united opposition of Corazon Aquino and Salvador Laurel . According to the National Movement for Free Elections ( NAMFREL ) final tally , Aquino and Laurel were consistently in the lead . The final tally showed Laurel winning by over 800,000 votes—roughly the same margin by which it showed Aquino defeating Marcos . However , according to the COMELEC tally , Tolentino won over Laurel with a margin of approximately one million votes . He was",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": "ceremonially sworn-in as Vice President of the Philippines on February 16 , 1986 , but functionally never took office . The disputed outcome would eventually lead to the People Power Revolution which ousted Marcos and installed Aquino as a revolutionary president .",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": " 1986 coup . Tolentino then would launch a coup on July 6 , 1986 , declaring that since Marcos was in exile , he was constitutionally the acting President of the Philippines . Marcos allies and about 100 soldiers marched to the luxurious Manila Hotel , barricading it with trucks . He was expecting massive support , but only several thousands of Marcos loyalists supported his cause . On July 8 , he agreed to disperse his thousands of civilian supporters and about a hundred military backers , ending the failed coup attempt .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": "When the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines was overwhelmingly approved in a plebiscite , Tolentino announced he would respect the will of the people .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " Return to the Senate . In 1992 , he successfully ran for the Senate placing 18th under the Nationalist Peoples Coalition . However , his bid for re-election in 1995 was not successful and he retired from politics .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " He died of a heart attack on the night of August 2 , 2004 , at the age of 93 . He is buried at the Libingan ng mga Bayani . He had seven children , as acknowledged in his last will and testament ( 1971 ) : Arturo Jr. , Evelyn and Annabella with Consuelo David ; Bernadette , Salvador and Victorio with Constancia Conde ; and Ma . Elenita with Rosita Robles .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " - Arturo M . Tolentino Memorial Website - Senate of the Philippines",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Arturo_Tolentino#P39#4
|
What was the position of Arturo Tolentino in Feb 1986?
|
Arturo Tolentino Arturo Ka Turing Modesto Tolentino ( September 19 , 1910 – August 2 , 2004 ) was a prominent Filipino politician and diplomat who previously served as the President of the Senate of the Philippines and the Secretary of Foreign Affairs . He is also regarded as the father of the Philippine archipelagic doctrine and as an expert on the Law of the Sea . Early career . Arturo M . Tolentino was born in Manila of humble parentage . As a student , Tolentino was noted for his scholarship . He was valedictorian of the Manila East High School ( now Victorino Mapa High School ) ( 1928 ) ; valedictorian ( cum laude ) University of the Philippines College of Law ( 1934 ) ; a bar topnotcher ( 1934 ) . He obtained the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy ( cum laude ) with a gold medal award from the UP in 1938 , and received the degrees of Master of Law ( meritissimus ) and Doctor of Civil Law ( meritissimus ) from the University of Santo Tomás . As a debater and orator , he won seven gold medals ( including the Quezon Medal ) and two silver loving cups . He held the title of “Inter-Collegiate Oratorical Champion of the Philippines” in 1934 . He successfully debated with American students from the University of Oregon in 1933 and from the University of Washington in 1934 . In U.P. , he was also editor-in-chief of the Philippine Collegian and a fellow of the Upsilon Sigma Phi . Tolentino engaged in the practice of law after passing the bar in 1934 , and was a recognized legal luminary . He was a law professor in the University of the Philippines , University of Santo Tomás , University of the East , University of Manila , Arellano University , Far Eastern University , Manila Law College , Philippine Law School , San Beda College and Quezon College . Congressional career . House of Representatives . Tolentino was first elected as Representative for Manila in 1949 . He was re-elected in 1953 . Shortly after his re-election , Tolentino was given the position of Majority Floor Leader , which he held until his entry to the Senate four years later and one which , though less glamorous than that of Speaker , he preferred and enjoyed . As it was a very senior position for such a young and inexperienced politician , his son recalls that his father’s reputation of toughness had earned him the respect of President Magsaysay . As he took his seat in the House of Representatives that day he glowered at the assembled members and said , “I warn you gentlemen , I was once a champion wrestler and weightlifter!” The duties and responsibilities of Majority Floor Leader and the reason for Tolentino’s selection was explained in an article by Manuel Martinez in “Tempo” October 7 , 1983 . “Tolentino was often involved in great intellectual battles and feared for his parliamentary prowess . That is why he was elected floor leader at a very young age . In legislation , the majority floor leader , not the Speaker or the presiding officer , is the key man around whom the parliamentary process revolves . He is the lightning rod , the clearing house , the yeoman and work-horse and spark-plug , the whipping boy if he does not watch out , the beast of burden , and center of attention . Only the tough are chosen as floor leaders . And so Tolentino discharged his function with awesome skill . It came to pass that there was born a saying , given as wise advice to newcomers to the House and later the Senate , where he was floor leader : ‘Neophytes should observe two things above all . First they should learn parliamentary rules by heart . Second , they should pray not to tangle with Tolentino in a floor debate!” It was not Tolentinos intention to run for the Senate . He was confident of re-election as Congressman , having been nominated by his party and already started his campaign when he was nominated for the Senate . He left the decision to his party leaders because he was unsure of which route to choose . The leaders allowed him to accept the Senate nomination . Many of the candidates were asked to make financial contributions for their campaign expense . Tolentino did not have sufficient funds . He remembered being asked him how he managed this financial difficulties . He said : I have never forgotten the generosity of Senator Oscar Ledesma who paid my contribution and will always be grateful to him . As a sign of my appreciation , I saw to it that I was with him during the division of candidates into campaign teams and strongly endorsed his policies in my speeches.” The Nacionalista Party had a strong Senatorial slate . In fact , the only casualty that might occur was thought by some leaders to be Tolentino . Their concern turned out to be unnecessary for when the returns came in , he was second behind Gil Puyat . “Where did you get all these votes?” Amang Rodriguez , the party president would ask . “I have a secret army,” Tolentino replied laughingly . “All over the country there are thousands of lawyers who were once my students and thousands of high school graduates who studied my text books.” Senate . On March 17 , 1957 , then President Magsaysay took off from the airport in Cebu . He was at the height of his popularity . A few minutes later , his plane crashed into the side of the mountain . All on board , with the exception of one newspaperman were killed . Tolentino said : I had been going with the President on Provincial trips because the President wanted to introduce me to party leaders and rural electorate for possible candidacy as a senator in 1957 . Normally he would go to series of towns briefly speaking in one before proceeding to the next . I would start my speech immediately after he had finished , then follow him as soon as mine was over . On this occasion however I was committed to a speaking engagement in Manila even though I had been scheduled to accompany Magsaysay . I explained my predicament to the President who was very understanding , who gave my seat to the Education Secretary then , who perished with the others on that ill fated flight . Tolentino was elected in the Senate that year . He was re-elected in 1963 and in 1969 . Senate Presidency . In 1966 , shortly after Ferdinand Marcos was elected President , Tolentino was elected Senate President . A year later , however , he was ousted from his position . Tolentino said : I seem to have a lot of frustrations that come along in my life without invitation . When I was Senate President , my term was for two years . But somehow I understood later that President Marcos had made an agreement with another Senator , - Senator Puyat , that after one year he ( Puyat ) would take my place . In other words we would split the two year term between us . I was not aware of that arrangement . President Marcos never informed me . So , after twelve months of my term as Senate President , Puyat insisted that he take over . Naturally , I resisted and pointed out that my term had not yet expired . He kept citing an agreement , but I pointed out there was no such agreement . At the next session of the Senate , Marcos maneuvered the other Senators to comply with this “commitment” , and voted for Puyat . As a result , I got ousted as Senate President halfway through my term of office . Vice-presidential candidate ( 1986 ) . He was chosen by Ferdinand Marcos as his vice-presidential running mate for the February 7 , 1986 snap election . They were against the united opposition of Corazon Aquino and Salvador Laurel . According to the National Movement for Free Elections ( NAMFREL ) final tally , Aquino and Laurel were consistently in the lead . The final tally showed Laurel winning by over 800,000 votes—roughly the same margin by which it showed Aquino defeating Marcos . However , according to the COMELEC tally , Tolentino won over Laurel with a margin of approximately one million votes . He was ceremonially sworn-in as Vice President of the Philippines on February 16 , 1986 , but functionally never took office . The disputed outcome would eventually lead to the People Power Revolution which ousted Marcos and installed Aquino as a revolutionary president . Later life . 1986 coup . Tolentino then would launch a coup on July 6 , 1986 , declaring that since Marcos was in exile , he was constitutionally the acting President of the Philippines . Marcos allies and about 100 soldiers marched to the luxurious Manila Hotel , barricading it with trucks . He was expecting massive support , but only several thousands of Marcos loyalists supported his cause . On July 8 , he agreed to disperse his thousands of civilian supporters and about a hundred military backers , ending the failed coup attempt . When the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines was overwhelmingly approved in a plebiscite , Tolentino announced he would respect the will of the people . Return to the Senate . In 1992 , he successfully ran for the Senate placing 18th under the Nationalist Peoples Coalition . However , his bid for re-election in 1995 was not successful and he retired from politics . Death . He died of a heart attack on the night of August 2 , 2004 , at the age of 93 . He is buried at the Libingan ng mga Bayani . He had seven children , as acknowledged in his last will and testament ( 1971 ) : Arturo Jr. , Evelyn and Annabella with Consuelo David ; Bernadette , Salvador and Victorio with Constancia Conde ; and Ma . Elenita with Rosita Robles . External links . - Arturo M . Tolentino Memorial Website - Senate of the Philippines
|
[
"Vice President of the Philippines"
] |
[
{
"text": " Arturo Ka Turing Modesto Tolentino ( September 19 , 1910 – August 2 , 2004 ) was a prominent Filipino politician and diplomat who previously served as the President of the Senate of the Philippines and the Secretary of Foreign Affairs . He is also regarded as the father of the Philippine archipelagic doctrine and as an expert on the Law of the Sea .",
"title": "Arturo Tolentino"
},
{
"text": "As a student , Tolentino was noted for his scholarship . He was valedictorian of the Manila East High School ( now Victorino Mapa High School ) ( 1928 ) ; valedictorian ( cum laude ) University of the Philippines College of Law ( 1934 ) ; a bar topnotcher ( 1934 ) . He obtained the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy ( cum laude ) with a gold medal award from the UP in 1938 , and received the degrees of Master of Law ( meritissimus ) and Doctor of Civil Law ( meritissimus ) from the University of",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Santo Tomás .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " As a debater and orator , he won seven gold medals ( including the Quezon Medal ) and two silver loving cups . He held the title of “Inter-Collegiate Oratorical Champion of the Philippines” in 1934 . He successfully debated with American students from the University of Oregon in 1933 and from the University of Washington in 1934 . In U.P. , he was also editor-in-chief of the Philippine Collegian and a fellow of the Upsilon Sigma Phi .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Tolentino engaged in the practice of law after passing the bar in 1934 , and was a recognized legal luminary .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " He was a law professor in the University of the Philippines , University of Santo Tomás , University of the East , University of Manila , Arellano University , Far Eastern University , Manila Law College , Philippine Law School , San Beda College and Quezon College .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Tolentino was first elected as Representative for Manila in 1949 . He was re-elected in 1953 . Shortly after his re-election , Tolentino was given the position of Majority Floor Leader , which he held until his entry to the Senate four years later and one which , though less glamorous than that of Speaker , he preferred and enjoyed .",
"title": "House of Representatives"
},
{
"text": "As it was a very senior position for such a young and inexperienced politician , his son recalls that his father’s reputation of toughness had earned him the respect of President Magsaysay . As he took his seat in the House of Representatives that day he glowered at the assembled members and said , “I warn you gentlemen , I was once a champion wrestler and weightlifter!”",
"title": "House of Representatives"
},
{
"text": " The duties and responsibilities of Majority Floor Leader and the reason for Tolentino’s selection was explained in an article by Manuel Martinez in “Tempo” October 7 , 1983 . “Tolentino was often involved in great intellectual battles and feared for his parliamentary prowess . That is why he was elected floor leader at a very young age .",
"title": "House of Representatives"
},
{
"text": "In legislation , the majority floor leader , not the Speaker or the presiding officer , is the key man around whom the parliamentary process revolves . He is the lightning rod , the clearing house , the yeoman and work-horse and spark-plug , the whipping boy if he does not watch out , the beast of burden , and center of attention . Only the tough are chosen as floor leaders .",
"title": "House of Representatives"
},
{
"text": " And so Tolentino discharged his function with awesome skill . It came to pass that there was born a saying , given as wise advice to newcomers to the House and later the Senate , where he was floor leader : ‘Neophytes should observe two things above all . First they should learn parliamentary rules by heart . Second , they should pray not to tangle with Tolentino in a floor debate!”",
"title": "House of Representatives"
},
{
"text": "It was not Tolentinos intention to run for the Senate . He was confident of re-election as Congressman , having been nominated by his party and already started his campaign when he was nominated for the Senate . He left the decision to his party leaders because he was unsure of which route to choose . The leaders allowed him to accept the Senate nomination .",
"title": "House of Representatives"
},
{
"text": " Many of the candidates were asked to make financial contributions for their campaign expense . Tolentino did not have sufficient funds . He remembered being asked him how he managed this financial difficulties .",
"title": "House of Representatives"
},
{
"text": " I have never forgotten the generosity of Senator Oscar Ledesma who paid my contribution and will always be grateful to him . As a sign of my appreciation , I saw to it that I was with him during the division of candidates into campaign teams and strongly endorsed his policies in my speeches.”",
"title": "He said :"
},
{
"text": "The Nacionalista Party had a strong Senatorial slate . In fact , the only casualty that might occur was thought by some leaders to be Tolentino . Their concern turned out to be unnecessary for when the returns came in , he was second behind Gil Puyat .",
"title": "He said :"
},
{
"text": " “Where did you get all these votes?” Amang Rodriguez , the party president would ask . “I have a secret army,” Tolentino replied laughingly . “All over the country there are thousands of lawyers who were once my students and thousands of high school graduates who studied my text books.”",
"title": "He said :"
},
{
"text": " On March 17 , 1957 , then President Magsaysay took off from the airport in Cebu . He was at the height of his popularity . A few minutes later , his plane crashed into the side of the mountain . All on board , with the exception of one newspaperman were killed .",
"title": "Senate"
},
{
"text": " I had been going with the President on Provincial trips because the President wanted to introduce me to party leaders and rural electorate for possible candidacy as a senator in 1957 . Normally he would go to series of towns briefly speaking in one before proceeding to the next . I would start my speech immediately after he had finished , then follow him as soon as mine was over .",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": "On this occasion however I was committed to a speaking engagement in Manila even though I had been scheduled to accompany Magsaysay . I explained my predicament to the President who was very understanding , who gave my seat to the Education Secretary then , who perished with the others on that ill fated flight .",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": " Tolentino was elected in the Senate that year . He was re-elected in 1963 and in 1969 .",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": " In 1966 , shortly after Ferdinand Marcos was elected President , Tolentino was elected Senate President . A year later , however , he was ousted from his position .",
"title": "Senate Presidency"
},
{
"text": " I seem to have a lot of frustrations that come along in my life without invitation . When I was Senate President , my term was for two years . But somehow I understood later that President Marcos had made an agreement with another Senator , - Senator Puyat , that after one year he ( Puyat ) would take my place . In other words we would split the two year term between us .",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": "I was not aware of that arrangement . President Marcos never informed me . So , after twelve months of my term as Senate President , Puyat insisted that he take over . Naturally , I resisted and pointed out that my term had not yet expired . He kept citing an agreement , but I pointed out there was no such agreement .",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": " At the next session of the Senate , Marcos maneuvered the other Senators to comply with this “commitment” , and voted for Puyat . As a result , I got ousted as Senate President halfway through my term of office . Vice-presidential candidate ( 1986 ) .",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": "He was chosen by Ferdinand Marcos as his vice-presidential running mate for the February 7 , 1986 snap election . They were against the united opposition of Corazon Aquino and Salvador Laurel . According to the National Movement for Free Elections ( NAMFREL ) final tally , Aquino and Laurel were consistently in the lead . The final tally showed Laurel winning by over 800,000 votes—roughly the same margin by which it showed Aquino defeating Marcos . However , according to the COMELEC tally , Tolentino won over Laurel with a margin of approximately one million votes . He was",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": "ceremonially sworn-in as Vice President of the Philippines on February 16 , 1986 , but functionally never took office . The disputed outcome would eventually lead to the People Power Revolution which ousted Marcos and installed Aquino as a revolutionary president .",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": " 1986 coup . Tolentino then would launch a coup on July 6 , 1986 , declaring that since Marcos was in exile , he was constitutionally the acting President of the Philippines . Marcos allies and about 100 soldiers marched to the luxurious Manila Hotel , barricading it with trucks . He was expecting massive support , but only several thousands of Marcos loyalists supported his cause . On July 8 , he agreed to disperse his thousands of civilian supporters and about a hundred military backers , ending the failed coup attempt .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": "When the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines was overwhelmingly approved in a plebiscite , Tolentino announced he would respect the will of the people .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " Return to the Senate . In 1992 , he successfully ran for the Senate placing 18th under the Nationalist Peoples Coalition . However , his bid for re-election in 1995 was not successful and he retired from politics .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " He died of a heart attack on the night of August 2 , 2004 , at the age of 93 . He is buried at the Libingan ng mga Bayani . He had seven children , as acknowledged in his last will and testament ( 1971 ) : Arturo Jr. , Evelyn and Annabella with Consuelo David ; Bernadette , Salvador and Victorio with Constancia Conde ; and Ma . Elenita with Rosita Robles .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " - Arturo M . Tolentino Memorial Website - Senate of the Philippines",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Arturo_Tolentino#P39#5
|
What was the position of Arturo Tolentino in Sep 1992?
|
Arturo Tolentino Arturo Ka Turing Modesto Tolentino ( September 19 , 1910 – August 2 , 2004 ) was a prominent Filipino politician and diplomat who previously served as the President of the Senate of the Philippines and the Secretary of Foreign Affairs . He is also regarded as the father of the Philippine archipelagic doctrine and as an expert on the Law of the Sea . Early career . Arturo M . Tolentino was born in Manila of humble parentage . As a student , Tolentino was noted for his scholarship . He was valedictorian of the Manila East High School ( now Victorino Mapa High School ) ( 1928 ) ; valedictorian ( cum laude ) University of the Philippines College of Law ( 1934 ) ; a bar topnotcher ( 1934 ) . He obtained the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy ( cum laude ) with a gold medal award from the UP in 1938 , and received the degrees of Master of Law ( meritissimus ) and Doctor of Civil Law ( meritissimus ) from the University of Santo Tomás . As a debater and orator , he won seven gold medals ( including the Quezon Medal ) and two silver loving cups . He held the title of “Inter-Collegiate Oratorical Champion of the Philippines” in 1934 . He successfully debated with American students from the University of Oregon in 1933 and from the University of Washington in 1934 . In U.P. , he was also editor-in-chief of the Philippine Collegian and a fellow of the Upsilon Sigma Phi . Tolentino engaged in the practice of law after passing the bar in 1934 , and was a recognized legal luminary . He was a law professor in the University of the Philippines , University of Santo Tomás , University of the East , University of Manila , Arellano University , Far Eastern University , Manila Law College , Philippine Law School , San Beda College and Quezon College . Congressional career . House of Representatives . Tolentino was first elected as Representative for Manila in 1949 . He was re-elected in 1953 . Shortly after his re-election , Tolentino was given the position of Majority Floor Leader , which he held until his entry to the Senate four years later and one which , though less glamorous than that of Speaker , he preferred and enjoyed . As it was a very senior position for such a young and inexperienced politician , his son recalls that his father’s reputation of toughness had earned him the respect of President Magsaysay . As he took his seat in the House of Representatives that day he glowered at the assembled members and said , “I warn you gentlemen , I was once a champion wrestler and weightlifter!” The duties and responsibilities of Majority Floor Leader and the reason for Tolentino’s selection was explained in an article by Manuel Martinez in “Tempo” October 7 , 1983 . “Tolentino was often involved in great intellectual battles and feared for his parliamentary prowess . That is why he was elected floor leader at a very young age . In legislation , the majority floor leader , not the Speaker or the presiding officer , is the key man around whom the parliamentary process revolves . He is the lightning rod , the clearing house , the yeoman and work-horse and spark-plug , the whipping boy if he does not watch out , the beast of burden , and center of attention . Only the tough are chosen as floor leaders . And so Tolentino discharged his function with awesome skill . It came to pass that there was born a saying , given as wise advice to newcomers to the House and later the Senate , where he was floor leader : ‘Neophytes should observe two things above all . First they should learn parliamentary rules by heart . Second , they should pray not to tangle with Tolentino in a floor debate!” It was not Tolentinos intention to run for the Senate . He was confident of re-election as Congressman , having been nominated by his party and already started his campaign when he was nominated for the Senate . He left the decision to his party leaders because he was unsure of which route to choose . The leaders allowed him to accept the Senate nomination . Many of the candidates were asked to make financial contributions for their campaign expense . Tolentino did not have sufficient funds . He remembered being asked him how he managed this financial difficulties . He said : I have never forgotten the generosity of Senator Oscar Ledesma who paid my contribution and will always be grateful to him . As a sign of my appreciation , I saw to it that I was with him during the division of candidates into campaign teams and strongly endorsed his policies in my speeches.” The Nacionalista Party had a strong Senatorial slate . In fact , the only casualty that might occur was thought by some leaders to be Tolentino . Their concern turned out to be unnecessary for when the returns came in , he was second behind Gil Puyat . “Where did you get all these votes?” Amang Rodriguez , the party president would ask . “I have a secret army,” Tolentino replied laughingly . “All over the country there are thousands of lawyers who were once my students and thousands of high school graduates who studied my text books.” Senate . On March 17 , 1957 , then President Magsaysay took off from the airport in Cebu . He was at the height of his popularity . A few minutes later , his plane crashed into the side of the mountain . All on board , with the exception of one newspaperman were killed . Tolentino said : I had been going with the President on Provincial trips because the President wanted to introduce me to party leaders and rural electorate for possible candidacy as a senator in 1957 . Normally he would go to series of towns briefly speaking in one before proceeding to the next . I would start my speech immediately after he had finished , then follow him as soon as mine was over . On this occasion however I was committed to a speaking engagement in Manila even though I had been scheduled to accompany Magsaysay . I explained my predicament to the President who was very understanding , who gave my seat to the Education Secretary then , who perished with the others on that ill fated flight . Tolentino was elected in the Senate that year . He was re-elected in 1963 and in 1969 . Senate Presidency . In 1966 , shortly after Ferdinand Marcos was elected President , Tolentino was elected Senate President . A year later , however , he was ousted from his position . Tolentino said : I seem to have a lot of frustrations that come along in my life without invitation . When I was Senate President , my term was for two years . But somehow I understood later that President Marcos had made an agreement with another Senator , - Senator Puyat , that after one year he ( Puyat ) would take my place . In other words we would split the two year term between us . I was not aware of that arrangement . President Marcos never informed me . So , after twelve months of my term as Senate President , Puyat insisted that he take over . Naturally , I resisted and pointed out that my term had not yet expired . He kept citing an agreement , but I pointed out there was no such agreement . At the next session of the Senate , Marcos maneuvered the other Senators to comply with this “commitment” , and voted for Puyat . As a result , I got ousted as Senate President halfway through my term of office . Vice-presidential candidate ( 1986 ) . He was chosen by Ferdinand Marcos as his vice-presidential running mate for the February 7 , 1986 snap election . They were against the united opposition of Corazon Aquino and Salvador Laurel . According to the National Movement for Free Elections ( NAMFREL ) final tally , Aquino and Laurel were consistently in the lead . The final tally showed Laurel winning by over 800,000 votes—roughly the same margin by which it showed Aquino defeating Marcos . However , according to the COMELEC tally , Tolentino won over Laurel with a margin of approximately one million votes . He was ceremonially sworn-in as Vice President of the Philippines on February 16 , 1986 , but functionally never took office . The disputed outcome would eventually lead to the People Power Revolution which ousted Marcos and installed Aquino as a revolutionary president . Later life . 1986 coup . Tolentino then would launch a coup on July 6 , 1986 , declaring that since Marcos was in exile , he was constitutionally the acting President of the Philippines . Marcos allies and about 100 soldiers marched to the luxurious Manila Hotel , barricading it with trucks . He was expecting massive support , but only several thousands of Marcos loyalists supported his cause . On July 8 , he agreed to disperse his thousands of civilian supporters and about a hundred military backers , ending the failed coup attempt . When the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines was overwhelmingly approved in a plebiscite , Tolentino announced he would respect the will of the people . Return to the Senate . In 1992 , he successfully ran for the Senate placing 18th under the Nationalist Peoples Coalition . However , his bid for re-election in 1995 was not successful and he retired from politics . Death . He died of a heart attack on the night of August 2 , 2004 , at the age of 93 . He is buried at the Libingan ng mga Bayani . He had seven children , as acknowledged in his last will and testament ( 1971 ) : Arturo Jr. , Evelyn and Annabella with Consuelo David ; Bernadette , Salvador and Victorio with Constancia Conde ; and Ma . Elenita with Rosita Robles . External links . - Arturo M . Tolentino Memorial Website - Senate of the Philippines
|
[
"Senate"
] |
[
{
"text": " Arturo Ka Turing Modesto Tolentino ( September 19 , 1910 – August 2 , 2004 ) was a prominent Filipino politician and diplomat who previously served as the President of the Senate of the Philippines and the Secretary of Foreign Affairs . He is also regarded as the father of the Philippine archipelagic doctrine and as an expert on the Law of the Sea .",
"title": "Arturo Tolentino"
},
{
"text": "As a student , Tolentino was noted for his scholarship . He was valedictorian of the Manila East High School ( now Victorino Mapa High School ) ( 1928 ) ; valedictorian ( cum laude ) University of the Philippines College of Law ( 1934 ) ; a bar topnotcher ( 1934 ) . He obtained the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy ( cum laude ) with a gold medal award from the UP in 1938 , and received the degrees of Master of Law ( meritissimus ) and Doctor of Civil Law ( meritissimus ) from the University of",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Santo Tomás .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " As a debater and orator , he won seven gold medals ( including the Quezon Medal ) and two silver loving cups . He held the title of “Inter-Collegiate Oratorical Champion of the Philippines” in 1934 . He successfully debated with American students from the University of Oregon in 1933 and from the University of Washington in 1934 . In U.P. , he was also editor-in-chief of the Philippine Collegian and a fellow of the Upsilon Sigma Phi .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Tolentino engaged in the practice of law after passing the bar in 1934 , and was a recognized legal luminary .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " He was a law professor in the University of the Philippines , University of Santo Tomás , University of the East , University of Manila , Arellano University , Far Eastern University , Manila Law College , Philippine Law School , San Beda College and Quezon College .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Tolentino was first elected as Representative for Manila in 1949 . He was re-elected in 1953 . Shortly after his re-election , Tolentino was given the position of Majority Floor Leader , which he held until his entry to the Senate four years later and one which , though less glamorous than that of Speaker , he preferred and enjoyed .",
"title": "House of Representatives"
},
{
"text": "As it was a very senior position for such a young and inexperienced politician , his son recalls that his father’s reputation of toughness had earned him the respect of President Magsaysay . As he took his seat in the House of Representatives that day he glowered at the assembled members and said , “I warn you gentlemen , I was once a champion wrestler and weightlifter!”",
"title": "House of Representatives"
},
{
"text": " The duties and responsibilities of Majority Floor Leader and the reason for Tolentino’s selection was explained in an article by Manuel Martinez in “Tempo” October 7 , 1983 . “Tolentino was often involved in great intellectual battles and feared for his parliamentary prowess . That is why he was elected floor leader at a very young age .",
"title": "House of Representatives"
},
{
"text": "In legislation , the majority floor leader , not the Speaker or the presiding officer , is the key man around whom the parliamentary process revolves . He is the lightning rod , the clearing house , the yeoman and work-horse and spark-plug , the whipping boy if he does not watch out , the beast of burden , and center of attention . Only the tough are chosen as floor leaders .",
"title": "House of Representatives"
},
{
"text": " And so Tolentino discharged his function with awesome skill . It came to pass that there was born a saying , given as wise advice to newcomers to the House and later the Senate , where he was floor leader : ‘Neophytes should observe two things above all . First they should learn parliamentary rules by heart . Second , they should pray not to tangle with Tolentino in a floor debate!”",
"title": "House of Representatives"
},
{
"text": "It was not Tolentinos intention to run for the Senate . He was confident of re-election as Congressman , having been nominated by his party and already started his campaign when he was nominated for the Senate . He left the decision to his party leaders because he was unsure of which route to choose . The leaders allowed him to accept the Senate nomination .",
"title": "House of Representatives"
},
{
"text": " Many of the candidates were asked to make financial contributions for their campaign expense . Tolentino did not have sufficient funds . He remembered being asked him how he managed this financial difficulties .",
"title": "House of Representatives"
},
{
"text": " I have never forgotten the generosity of Senator Oscar Ledesma who paid my contribution and will always be grateful to him . As a sign of my appreciation , I saw to it that I was with him during the division of candidates into campaign teams and strongly endorsed his policies in my speeches.”",
"title": "He said :"
},
{
"text": "The Nacionalista Party had a strong Senatorial slate . In fact , the only casualty that might occur was thought by some leaders to be Tolentino . Their concern turned out to be unnecessary for when the returns came in , he was second behind Gil Puyat .",
"title": "He said :"
},
{
"text": " “Where did you get all these votes?” Amang Rodriguez , the party president would ask . “I have a secret army,” Tolentino replied laughingly . “All over the country there are thousands of lawyers who were once my students and thousands of high school graduates who studied my text books.”",
"title": "He said :"
},
{
"text": " On March 17 , 1957 , then President Magsaysay took off from the airport in Cebu . He was at the height of his popularity . A few minutes later , his plane crashed into the side of the mountain . All on board , with the exception of one newspaperman were killed .",
"title": "Senate"
},
{
"text": " I had been going with the President on Provincial trips because the President wanted to introduce me to party leaders and rural electorate for possible candidacy as a senator in 1957 . Normally he would go to series of towns briefly speaking in one before proceeding to the next . I would start my speech immediately after he had finished , then follow him as soon as mine was over .",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": "On this occasion however I was committed to a speaking engagement in Manila even though I had been scheduled to accompany Magsaysay . I explained my predicament to the President who was very understanding , who gave my seat to the Education Secretary then , who perished with the others on that ill fated flight .",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": " Tolentino was elected in the Senate that year . He was re-elected in 1963 and in 1969 .",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": " In 1966 , shortly after Ferdinand Marcos was elected President , Tolentino was elected Senate President . A year later , however , he was ousted from his position .",
"title": "Senate Presidency"
},
{
"text": " I seem to have a lot of frustrations that come along in my life without invitation . When I was Senate President , my term was for two years . But somehow I understood later that President Marcos had made an agreement with another Senator , - Senator Puyat , that after one year he ( Puyat ) would take my place . In other words we would split the two year term between us .",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": "I was not aware of that arrangement . President Marcos never informed me . So , after twelve months of my term as Senate President , Puyat insisted that he take over . Naturally , I resisted and pointed out that my term had not yet expired . He kept citing an agreement , but I pointed out there was no such agreement .",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": " At the next session of the Senate , Marcos maneuvered the other Senators to comply with this “commitment” , and voted for Puyat . As a result , I got ousted as Senate President halfway through my term of office . Vice-presidential candidate ( 1986 ) .",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": "He was chosen by Ferdinand Marcos as his vice-presidential running mate for the February 7 , 1986 snap election . They were against the united opposition of Corazon Aquino and Salvador Laurel . According to the National Movement for Free Elections ( NAMFREL ) final tally , Aquino and Laurel were consistently in the lead . The final tally showed Laurel winning by over 800,000 votes—roughly the same margin by which it showed Aquino defeating Marcos . However , according to the COMELEC tally , Tolentino won over Laurel with a margin of approximately one million votes . He was",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": "ceremonially sworn-in as Vice President of the Philippines on February 16 , 1986 , but functionally never took office . The disputed outcome would eventually lead to the People Power Revolution which ousted Marcos and installed Aquino as a revolutionary president .",
"title": "Tolentino said :"
},
{
"text": " 1986 coup . Tolentino then would launch a coup on July 6 , 1986 , declaring that since Marcos was in exile , he was constitutionally the acting President of the Philippines . Marcos allies and about 100 soldiers marched to the luxurious Manila Hotel , barricading it with trucks . He was expecting massive support , but only several thousands of Marcos loyalists supported his cause . On July 8 , he agreed to disperse his thousands of civilian supporters and about a hundred military backers , ending the failed coup attempt .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": "When the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines was overwhelmingly approved in a plebiscite , Tolentino announced he would respect the will of the people .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " Return to the Senate . In 1992 , he successfully ran for the Senate placing 18th under the Nationalist Peoples Coalition . However , his bid for re-election in 1995 was not successful and he retired from politics .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " He died of a heart attack on the night of August 2 , 2004 , at the age of 93 . He is buried at the Libingan ng mga Bayani . He had seven children , as acknowledged in his last will and testament ( 1971 ) : Arturo Jr. , Evelyn and Annabella with Consuelo David ; Bernadette , Salvador and Victorio with Constancia Conde ; and Ma . Elenita with Rosita Robles .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " - Arturo M . Tolentino Memorial Website - Senate of the Philippines",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Thomas_Burgoyne_(Australian_politician)#P39#0
|
Thomas Burgoyne (Australian politician) took which position before Jun 1883?
|
Thomas Burgoyne ( Australian politician ) Thomas Burgoyne ( 10 June 1827 – 23 March 1920 ) was a builder and politician in the early days of the colony of South Australia . History . Burgoyne was born at Goab Farm ( now , The Gobe ) , in the parish of Glaestrae ( now , Gladestry ) , Radnorshire , Wales . He emigrated to South Australia , arriving on the Royal Sovereign in 1849 . He set up business as a builder in Grote Street , but in 1852 joined the gold rush to Victoria . He returned around 1856 and moved to Port Augusta , which was then being settled by pastoralists . He soon had a thriving business as architect , surveyor , and builder , employing around a hundred workers . He erected the first permanent building in the township as well as numerous head stations , woolsheds and the like . In 1868 he became surveyor to the Northern Road Board , and in 1875 was appointed town clerk of the Corporate Town of Port Augusta , a position he held until 1879 . He founded the Port Augusta Dispatch and edited that paper for three years . He was elected councillor and in 1881 was elected mayor of Port Augusta . He was a member of the South Australian House of Assembly from 1884 to 1915 , representing Newcastle until 1902 and Flinders thereafter . In 1887 he was a member of the Railway Commission and the Defence Select Committee ; he was Commissioner of Crown Lands and Immigration ( 1889–1890 ) , Commissioner of Public Works in 1890 , and Minister of Agriculture and Education for seven days in 1899 . He had a reputation in Parliament as a logical , sound and persuasive debater , with great faith in the future of South Australia . He retired to his home at George Street Norwood , later moved to 83 Fullarton Road , Fullarton . Family . His first marriage was to Jane Lewis ( c . 1827 ) in England , on 19 August 1848 , which resulted in eleven children and ended in divorce in 1871 . - Twin sons , William and Arthur Burgoyne ( c . 1849–1849 ) were born aboard Royal Sovereign . - Mary Jane Burgoyne ( 1850–1854 ) . - Emma Burgoyne ( 1852 – 19 April 1884 ) married James Loudon , of Booboorowie , on 6 February 1883 . - Frederick Lewis Burgoyne ( 1853–1854 ) married Ellen Gardiner on 15 September 1883 - William Ferrier Burgoyne ( 1855–1858 ) . - Frederick George Burgoyne ( 1856–1890 ) . - Mary Elizabeth Burgoyne ( 1857–1857 ) . - Florence Jane Burgoyne ( 1858 ) married James Fabian Phillips on 3 July 1880 . - Frank Herbert Lewis Burgoyne ( 1860– ) married Ellen Gardiner ( –1929 ) in 1883 - Thomas Harold Burgoyne ( 1862–1862 ) . He married again , to Julia Frances Cotter ( c . 1847 – 20 September 1909 ) on 30 September 1871 . They had four sons : - George Cotter Thomas Burgoyne ( 25 February 1875 – 1901 ) - Geoffrey Lauderdale Burgoyne ( 30 April 1877 – ) , editor of the Adelaide Daily Herald , The West Australian , then in 1924 the founding editor of the Hobart News , daughter publication of the Adelaide News . He married Aimee Louise Oldham in 1908 - Alfred William Burgoyne M.M . ( 3 June 1879 – 7 May 1918 ) died of wounds received in action . - Hugh Vivian Burgoyne ( 12 April 1887 – 1966 )
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Thomas Burgoyne ( 10 June 1827 – 23 March 1920 ) was a builder and politician in the early days of the colony of South Australia .",
"title": "Thomas Burgoyne ( Australian politician )"
},
{
"text": "Burgoyne was born at Goab Farm ( now , The Gobe ) , in the parish of Glaestrae ( now , Gladestry ) , Radnorshire , Wales . He emigrated to South Australia , arriving on the Royal Sovereign in 1849 . He set up business as a builder in Grote Street , but in 1852 joined the gold rush to Victoria . He returned around 1856 and moved to Port Augusta , which was then being settled by pastoralists . He soon had a thriving business as architect , surveyor , and builder , employing around a hundred workers",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ". He erected the first permanent building in the township as well as numerous head stations , woolsheds and the like . In 1868 he became surveyor to the Northern Road Board , and in 1875 was appointed town clerk of the Corporate Town of Port Augusta , a position he held until 1879 . He founded the Port Augusta Dispatch and edited that paper for three years . He was elected councillor and in 1881 was elected mayor of Port Augusta .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "He was a member of the South Australian House of Assembly from 1884 to 1915 , representing Newcastle until 1902 and Flinders thereafter . In 1887 he was a member of the Railway Commission and the Defence Select Committee ; he was Commissioner of Crown Lands and Immigration ( 1889–1890 ) , Commissioner of Public Works in 1890 , and Minister of Agriculture and Education for seven days in 1899 . He had a reputation in Parliament as a logical , sound and persuasive debater , with great faith in the future of South Australia . He retired to his",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "home at George Street Norwood , later moved to 83 Fullarton Road , Fullarton .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " His first marriage was to Jane Lewis ( c . 1827 ) in England , on 19 August 1848 , which resulted in eleven children and ended in divorce in 1871 . - Twin sons , William and Arthur Burgoyne ( c . 1849–1849 ) were born aboard Royal Sovereign . - Mary Jane Burgoyne ( 1850–1854 ) . - Emma Burgoyne ( 1852 – 19 April 1884 ) married James Loudon , of Booboorowie , on 6 February 1883 . - Frederick Lewis Burgoyne ( 1853–1854 ) married Ellen Gardiner on 15 September 1883",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": "- William Ferrier Burgoyne ( 1855–1858 ) .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Frederick George Burgoyne ( 1856–1890 ) . - Mary Elizabeth Burgoyne ( 1857–1857 ) . - Florence Jane Burgoyne ( 1858 ) married James Fabian Phillips on 3 July 1880 . - Frank Herbert Lewis Burgoyne ( 1860– ) married Ellen Gardiner ( –1929 ) in 1883 - Thomas Harold Burgoyne ( 1862–1862 ) . He married again , to Julia Frances Cotter ( c . 1847 – 20 September 1909 ) on 30 September 1871 . They had four sons : - George Cotter Thomas Burgoyne ( 25 February 1875 – 1901 )",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": "- Geoffrey Lauderdale Burgoyne ( 30 April 1877 – ) , editor of the Adelaide Daily Herald , The West Australian , then in 1924 the founding editor of the Hobart News , daughter publication of the Adelaide News . He married Aimee Louise Oldham in 1908",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Alfred William Burgoyne M.M . ( 3 June 1879 – 7 May 1918 ) died of wounds received in action . - Hugh Vivian Burgoyne ( 12 April 1887 – 1966 )",
"title": "Family"
}
] |
/wiki/Thomas_Burgoyne_(Australian_politician)#P39#1
|
Thomas Burgoyne (Australian politician) took which position in late 1880s?
|
Thomas Burgoyne ( Australian politician ) Thomas Burgoyne ( 10 June 1827 – 23 March 1920 ) was a builder and politician in the early days of the colony of South Australia . History . Burgoyne was born at Goab Farm ( now , The Gobe ) , in the parish of Glaestrae ( now , Gladestry ) , Radnorshire , Wales . He emigrated to South Australia , arriving on the Royal Sovereign in 1849 . He set up business as a builder in Grote Street , but in 1852 joined the gold rush to Victoria . He returned around 1856 and moved to Port Augusta , which was then being settled by pastoralists . He soon had a thriving business as architect , surveyor , and builder , employing around a hundred workers . He erected the first permanent building in the township as well as numerous head stations , woolsheds and the like . In 1868 he became surveyor to the Northern Road Board , and in 1875 was appointed town clerk of the Corporate Town of Port Augusta , a position he held until 1879 . He founded the Port Augusta Dispatch and edited that paper for three years . He was elected councillor and in 1881 was elected mayor of Port Augusta . He was a member of the South Australian House of Assembly from 1884 to 1915 , representing Newcastle until 1902 and Flinders thereafter . In 1887 he was a member of the Railway Commission and the Defence Select Committee ; he was Commissioner of Crown Lands and Immigration ( 1889–1890 ) , Commissioner of Public Works in 1890 , and Minister of Agriculture and Education for seven days in 1899 . He had a reputation in Parliament as a logical , sound and persuasive debater , with great faith in the future of South Australia . He retired to his home at George Street Norwood , later moved to 83 Fullarton Road , Fullarton . Family . His first marriage was to Jane Lewis ( c . 1827 ) in England , on 19 August 1848 , which resulted in eleven children and ended in divorce in 1871 . - Twin sons , William and Arthur Burgoyne ( c . 1849–1849 ) were born aboard Royal Sovereign . - Mary Jane Burgoyne ( 1850–1854 ) . - Emma Burgoyne ( 1852 – 19 April 1884 ) married James Loudon , of Booboorowie , on 6 February 1883 . - Frederick Lewis Burgoyne ( 1853–1854 ) married Ellen Gardiner on 15 September 1883 - William Ferrier Burgoyne ( 1855–1858 ) . - Frederick George Burgoyne ( 1856–1890 ) . - Mary Elizabeth Burgoyne ( 1857–1857 ) . - Florence Jane Burgoyne ( 1858 ) married James Fabian Phillips on 3 July 1880 . - Frank Herbert Lewis Burgoyne ( 1860– ) married Ellen Gardiner ( –1929 ) in 1883 - Thomas Harold Burgoyne ( 1862–1862 ) . He married again , to Julia Frances Cotter ( c . 1847 – 20 September 1909 ) on 30 September 1871 . They had four sons : - George Cotter Thomas Burgoyne ( 25 February 1875 – 1901 ) - Geoffrey Lauderdale Burgoyne ( 30 April 1877 – ) , editor of the Adelaide Daily Herald , The West Australian , then in 1924 the founding editor of the Hobart News , daughter publication of the Adelaide News . He married Aimee Louise Oldham in 1908 - Alfred William Burgoyne M.M . ( 3 June 1879 – 7 May 1918 ) died of wounds received in action . - Hugh Vivian Burgoyne ( 12 April 1887 – 1966 )
|
[
"member of the South Australian House of Assembly"
] |
[
{
"text": " Thomas Burgoyne ( 10 June 1827 – 23 March 1920 ) was a builder and politician in the early days of the colony of South Australia .",
"title": "Thomas Burgoyne ( Australian politician )"
},
{
"text": "Burgoyne was born at Goab Farm ( now , The Gobe ) , in the parish of Glaestrae ( now , Gladestry ) , Radnorshire , Wales . He emigrated to South Australia , arriving on the Royal Sovereign in 1849 . He set up business as a builder in Grote Street , but in 1852 joined the gold rush to Victoria . He returned around 1856 and moved to Port Augusta , which was then being settled by pastoralists . He soon had a thriving business as architect , surveyor , and builder , employing around a hundred workers",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ". He erected the first permanent building in the township as well as numerous head stations , woolsheds and the like . In 1868 he became surveyor to the Northern Road Board , and in 1875 was appointed town clerk of the Corporate Town of Port Augusta , a position he held until 1879 . He founded the Port Augusta Dispatch and edited that paper for three years . He was elected councillor and in 1881 was elected mayor of Port Augusta .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "He was a member of the South Australian House of Assembly from 1884 to 1915 , representing Newcastle until 1902 and Flinders thereafter . In 1887 he was a member of the Railway Commission and the Defence Select Committee ; he was Commissioner of Crown Lands and Immigration ( 1889–1890 ) , Commissioner of Public Works in 1890 , and Minister of Agriculture and Education for seven days in 1899 . He had a reputation in Parliament as a logical , sound and persuasive debater , with great faith in the future of South Australia . He retired to his",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "home at George Street Norwood , later moved to 83 Fullarton Road , Fullarton .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " His first marriage was to Jane Lewis ( c . 1827 ) in England , on 19 August 1848 , which resulted in eleven children and ended in divorce in 1871 . - Twin sons , William and Arthur Burgoyne ( c . 1849–1849 ) were born aboard Royal Sovereign . - Mary Jane Burgoyne ( 1850–1854 ) . - Emma Burgoyne ( 1852 – 19 April 1884 ) married James Loudon , of Booboorowie , on 6 February 1883 . - Frederick Lewis Burgoyne ( 1853–1854 ) married Ellen Gardiner on 15 September 1883",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": "- William Ferrier Burgoyne ( 1855–1858 ) .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Frederick George Burgoyne ( 1856–1890 ) . - Mary Elizabeth Burgoyne ( 1857–1857 ) . - Florence Jane Burgoyne ( 1858 ) married James Fabian Phillips on 3 July 1880 . - Frank Herbert Lewis Burgoyne ( 1860– ) married Ellen Gardiner ( –1929 ) in 1883 - Thomas Harold Burgoyne ( 1862–1862 ) . He married again , to Julia Frances Cotter ( c . 1847 – 20 September 1909 ) on 30 September 1871 . They had four sons : - George Cotter Thomas Burgoyne ( 25 February 1875 – 1901 )",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": "- Geoffrey Lauderdale Burgoyne ( 30 April 1877 – ) , editor of the Adelaide Daily Herald , The West Australian , then in 1924 the founding editor of the Hobart News , daughter publication of the Adelaide News . He married Aimee Louise Oldham in 1908",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Alfred William Burgoyne M.M . ( 3 June 1879 – 7 May 1918 ) died of wounds received in action . - Hugh Vivian Burgoyne ( 12 April 1887 – 1966 )",
"title": "Family"
}
] |
/wiki/Thomas_Burgoyne_(Australian_politician)#P39#2
|
Thomas Burgoyne (Australian politician) took which position in May 1902?
|
Thomas Burgoyne ( Australian politician ) Thomas Burgoyne ( 10 June 1827 – 23 March 1920 ) was a builder and politician in the early days of the colony of South Australia . History . Burgoyne was born at Goab Farm ( now , The Gobe ) , in the parish of Glaestrae ( now , Gladestry ) , Radnorshire , Wales . He emigrated to South Australia , arriving on the Royal Sovereign in 1849 . He set up business as a builder in Grote Street , but in 1852 joined the gold rush to Victoria . He returned around 1856 and moved to Port Augusta , which was then being settled by pastoralists . He soon had a thriving business as architect , surveyor , and builder , employing around a hundred workers . He erected the first permanent building in the township as well as numerous head stations , woolsheds and the like . In 1868 he became surveyor to the Northern Road Board , and in 1875 was appointed town clerk of the Corporate Town of Port Augusta , a position he held until 1879 . He founded the Port Augusta Dispatch and edited that paper for three years . He was elected councillor and in 1881 was elected mayor of Port Augusta . He was a member of the South Australian House of Assembly from 1884 to 1915 , representing Newcastle until 1902 and Flinders thereafter . In 1887 he was a member of the Railway Commission and the Defence Select Committee ; he was Commissioner of Crown Lands and Immigration ( 1889–1890 ) , Commissioner of Public Works in 1890 , and Minister of Agriculture and Education for seven days in 1899 . He had a reputation in Parliament as a logical , sound and persuasive debater , with great faith in the future of South Australia . He retired to his home at George Street Norwood , later moved to 83 Fullarton Road , Fullarton . Family . His first marriage was to Jane Lewis ( c . 1827 ) in England , on 19 August 1848 , which resulted in eleven children and ended in divorce in 1871 . - Twin sons , William and Arthur Burgoyne ( c . 1849–1849 ) were born aboard Royal Sovereign . - Mary Jane Burgoyne ( 1850–1854 ) . - Emma Burgoyne ( 1852 – 19 April 1884 ) married James Loudon , of Booboorowie , on 6 February 1883 . - Frederick Lewis Burgoyne ( 1853–1854 ) married Ellen Gardiner on 15 September 1883 - William Ferrier Burgoyne ( 1855–1858 ) . - Frederick George Burgoyne ( 1856–1890 ) . - Mary Elizabeth Burgoyne ( 1857–1857 ) . - Florence Jane Burgoyne ( 1858 ) married James Fabian Phillips on 3 July 1880 . - Frank Herbert Lewis Burgoyne ( 1860– ) married Ellen Gardiner ( –1929 ) in 1883 - Thomas Harold Burgoyne ( 1862–1862 ) . He married again , to Julia Frances Cotter ( c . 1847 – 20 September 1909 ) on 30 September 1871 . They had four sons : - George Cotter Thomas Burgoyne ( 25 February 1875 – 1901 ) - Geoffrey Lauderdale Burgoyne ( 30 April 1877 – ) , editor of the Adelaide Daily Herald , The West Australian , then in 1924 the founding editor of the Hobart News , daughter publication of the Adelaide News . He married Aimee Louise Oldham in 1908 - Alfred William Burgoyne M.M . ( 3 June 1879 – 7 May 1918 ) died of wounds received in action . - Hugh Vivian Burgoyne ( 12 April 1887 – 1966 )
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Thomas Burgoyne ( 10 June 1827 – 23 March 1920 ) was a builder and politician in the early days of the colony of South Australia .",
"title": "Thomas Burgoyne ( Australian politician )"
},
{
"text": "Burgoyne was born at Goab Farm ( now , The Gobe ) , in the parish of Glaestrae ( now , Gladestry ) , Radnorshire , Wales . He emigrated to South Australia , arriving on the Royal Sovereign in 1849 . He set up business as a builder in Grote Street , but in 1852 joined the gold rush to Victoria . He returned around 1856 and moved to Port Augusta , which was then being settled by pastoralists . He soon had a thriving business as architect , surveyor , and builder , employing around a hundred workers",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ". He erected the first permanent building in the township as well as numerous head stations , woolsheds and the like . In 1868 he became surveyor to the Northern Road Board , and in 1875 was appointed town clerk of the Corporate Town of Port Augusta , a position he held until 1879 . He founded the Port Augusta Dispatch and edited that paper for three years . He was elected councillor and in 1881 was elected mayor of Port Augusta .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "He was a member of the South Australian House of Assembly from 1884 to 1915 , representing Newcastle until 1902 and Flinders thereafter . In 1887 he was a member of the Railway Commission and the Defence Select Committee ; he was Commissioner of Crown Lands and Immigration ( 1889–1890 ) , Commissioner of Public Works in 1890 , and Minister of Agriculture and Education for seven days in 1899 . He had a reputation in Parliament as a logical , sound and persuasive debater , with great faith in the future of South Australia . He retired to his",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "home at George Street Norwood , later moved to 83 Fullarton Road , Fullarton .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " His first marriage was to Jane Lewis ( c . 1827 ) in England , on 19 August 1848 , which resulted in eleven children and ended in divorce in 1871 . - Twin sons , William and Arthur Burgoyne ( c . 1849–1849 ) were born aboard Royal Sovereign . - Mary Jane Burgoyne ( 1850–1854 ) . - Emma Burgoyne ( 1852 – 19 April 1884 ) married James Loudon , of Booboorowie , on 6 February 1883 . - Frederick Lewis Burgoyne ( 1853–1854 ) married Ellen Gardiner on 15 September 1883",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": "- William Ferrier Burgoyne ( 1855–1858 ) .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Frederick George Burgoyne ( 1856–1890 ) . - Mary Elizabeth Burgoyne ( 1857–1857 ) . - Florence Jane Burgoyne ( 1858 ) married James Fabian Phillips on 3 July 1880 . - Frank Herbert Lewis Burgoyne ( 1860– ) married Ellen Gardiner ( –1929 ) in 1883 - Thomas Harold Burgoyne ( 1862–1862 ) . He married again , to Julia Frances Cotter ( c . 1847 – 20 September 1909 ) on 30 September 1871 . They had four sons : - George Cotter Thomas Burgoyne ( 25 February 1875 – 1901 )",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": "- Geoffrey Lauderdale Burgoyne ( 30 April 1877 – ) , editor of the Adelaide Daily Herald , The West Australian , then in 1924 the founding editor of the Hobart News , daughter publication of the Adelaide News . He married Aimee Louise Oldham in 1908",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Alfred William Burgoyne M.M . ( 3 June 1879 – 7 May 1918 ) died of wounds received in action . - Hugh Vivian Burgoyne ( 12 April 1887 – 1966 )",
"title": "Family"
}
] |
/wiki/Thomas_Burgoyne_(Australian_politician)#P39#3
|
Thomas Burgoyne (Australian politician) took which position between Mar 1903 and Jul 1910?
|
Thomas Burgoyne ( Australian politician ) Thomas Burgoyne ( 10 June 1827 – 23 March 1920 ) was a builder and politician in the early days of the colony of South Australia . History . Burgoyne was born at Goab Farm ( now , The Gobe ) , in the parish of Glaestrae ( now , Gladestry ) , Radnorshire , Wales . He emigrated to South Australia , arriving on the Royal Sovereign in 1849 . He set up business as a builder in Grote Street , but in 1852 joined the gold rush to Victoria . He returned around 1856 and moved to Port Augusta , which was then being settled by pastoralists . He soon had a thriving business as architect , surveyor , and builder , employing around a hundred workers . He erected the first permanent building in the township as well as numerous head stations , woolsheds and the like . In 1868 he became surveyor to the Northern Road Board , and in 1875 was appointed town clerk of the Corporate Town of Port Augusta , a position he held until 1879 . He founded the Port Augusta Dispatch and edited that paper for three years . He was elected councillor and in 1881 was elected mayor of Port Augusta . He was a member of the South Australian House of Assembly from 1884 to 1915 , representing Newcastle until 1902 and Flinders thereafter . In 1887 he was a member of the Railway Commission and the Defence Select Committee ; he was Commissioner of Crown Lands and Immigration ( 1889–1890 ) , Commissioner of Public Works in 1890 , and Minister of Agriculture and Education for seven days in 1899 . He had a reputation in Parliament as a logical , sound and persuasive debater , with great faith in the future of South Australia . He retired to his home at George Street Norwood , later moved to 83 Fullarton Road , Fullarton . Family . His first marriage was to Jane Lewis ( c . 1827 ) in England , on 19 August 1848 , which resulted in eleven children and ended in divorce in 1871 . - Twin sons , William and Arthur Burgoyne ( c . 1849–1849 ) were born aboard Royal Sovereign . - Mary Jane Burgoyne ( 1850–1854 ) . - Emma Burgoyne ( 1852 – 19 April 1884 ) married James Loudon , of Booboorowie , on 6 February 1883 . - Frederick Lewis Burgoyne ( 1853–1854 ) married Ellen Gardiner on 15 September 1883 - William Ferrier Burgoyne ( 1855–1858 ) . - Frederick George Burgoyne ( 1856–1890 ) . - Mary Elizabeth Burgoyne ( 1857–1857 ) . - Florence Jane Burgoyne ( 1858 ) married James Fabian Phillips on 3 July 1880 . - Frank Herbert Lewis Burgoyne ( 1860– ) married Ellen Gardiner ( –1929 ) in 1883 - Thomas Harold Burgoyne ( 1862–1862 ) . He married again , to Julia Frances Cotter ( c . 1847 – 20 September 1909 ) on 30 September 1871 . They had four sons : - George Cotter Thomas Burgoyne ( 25 February 1875 – 1901 ) - Geoffrey Lauderdale Burgoyne ( 30 April 1877 – ) , editor of the Adelaide Daily Herald , The West Australian , then in 1924 the founding editor of the Hobart News , daughter publication of the Adelaide News . He married Aimee Louise Oldham in 1908 - Alfred William Burgoyne M.M . ( 3 June 1879 – 7 May 1918 ) died of wounds received in action . - Hugh Vivian Burgoyne ( 12 April 1887 – 1966 )
|
[
"member of the South Australian House of Assembly"
] |
[
{
"text": " Thomas Burgoyne ( 10 June 1827 – 23 March 1920 ) was a builder and politician in the early days of the colony of South Australia .",
"title": "Thomas Burgoyne ( Australian politician )"
},
{
"text": "Burgoyne was born at Goab Farm ( now , The Gobe ) , in the parish of Glaestrae ( now , Gladestry ) , Radnorshire , Wales . He emigrated to South Australia , arriving on the Royal Sovereign in 1849 . He set up business as a builder in Grote Street , but in 1852 joined the gold rush to Victoria . He returned around 1856 and moved to Port Augusta , which was then being settled by pastoralists . He soon had a thriving business as architect , surveyor , and builder , employing around a hundred workers",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ". He erected the first permanent building in the township as well as numerous head stations , woolsheds and the like . In 1868 he became surveyor to the Northern Road Board , and in 1875 was appointed town clerk of the Corporate Town of Port Augusta , a position he held until 1879 . He founded the Port Augusta Dispatch and edited that paper for three years . He was elected councillor and in 1881 was elected mayor of Port Augusta .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "He was a member of the South Australian House of Assembly from 1884 to 1915 , representing Newcastle until 1902 and Flinders thereafter . In 1887 he was a member of the Railway Commission and the Defence Select Committee ; he was Commissioner of Crown Lands and Immigration ( 1889–1890 ) , Commissioner of Public Works in 1890 , and Minister of Agriculture and Education for seven days in 1899 . He had a reputation in Parliament as a logical , sound and persuasive debater , with great faith in the future of South Australia . He retired to his",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "home at George Street Norwood , later moved to 83 Fullarton Road , Fullarton .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " His first marriage was to Jane Lewis ( c . 1827 ) in England , on 19 August 1848 , which resulted in eleven children and ended in divorce in 1871 . - Twin sons , William and Arthur Burgoyne ( c . 1849–1849 ) were born aboard Royal Sovereign . - Mary Jane Burgoyne ( 1850–1854 ) . - Emma Burgoyne ( 1852 – 19 April 1884 ) married James Loudon , of Booboorowie , on 6 February 1883 . - Frederick Lewis Burgoyne ( 1853–1854 ) married Ellen Gardiner on 15 September 1883",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": "- William Ferrier Burgoyne ( 1855–1858 ) .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Frederick George Burgoyne ( 1856–1890 ) . - Mary Elizabeth Burgoyne ( 1857–1857 ) . - Florence Jane Burgoyne ( 1858 ) married James Fabian Phillips on 3 July 1880 . - Frank Herbert Lewis Burgoyne ( 1860– ) married Ellen Gardiner ( –1929 ) in 1883 - Thomas Harold Burgoyne ( 1862–1862 ) . He married again , to Julia Frances Cotter ( c . 1847 – 20 September 1909 ) on 30 September 1871 . They had four sons : - George Cotter Thomas Burgoyne ( 25 February 1875 – 1901 )",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": "- Geoffrey Lauderdale Burgoyne ( 30 April 1877 – ) , editor of the Adelaide Daily Herald , The West Australian , then in 1924 the founding editor of the Hobart News , daughter publication of the Adelaide News . He married Aimee Louise Oldham in 1908",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Alfred William Burgoyne M.M . ( 3 June 1879 – 7 May 1918 ) died of wounds received in action . - Hugh Vivian Burgoyne ( 12 April 1887 – 1966 )",
"title": "Family"
}
] |
/wiki/Thomas_Burgoyne_(Australian_politician)#P39#4
|
Thomas Burgoyne (Australian politician) took which position after Nov 1915?
|
Thomas Burgoyne ( Australian politician ) Thomas Burgoyne ( 10 June 1827 – 23 March 1920 ) was a builder and politician in the early days of the colony of South Australia . History . Burgoyne was born at Goab Farm ( now , The Gobe ) , in the parish of Glaestrae ( now , Gladestry ) , Radnorshire , Wales . He emigrated to South Australia , arriving on the Royal Sovereign in 1849 . He set up business as a builder in Grote Street , but in 1852 joined the gold rush to Victoria . He returned around 1856 and moved to Port Augusta , which was then being settled by pastoralists . He soon had a thriving business as architect , surveyor , and builder , employing around a hundred workers . He erected the first permanent building in the township as well as numerous head stations , woolsheds and the like . In 1868 he became surveyor to the Northern Road Board , and in 1875 was appointed town clerk of the Corporate Town of Port Augusta , a position he held until 1879 . He founded the Port Augusta Dispatch and edited that paper for three years . He was elected councillor and in 1881 was elected mayor of Port Augusta . He was a member of the South Australian House of Assembly from 1884 to 1915 , representing Newcastle until 1902 and Flinders thereafter . In 1887 he was a member of the Railway Commission and the Defence Select Committee ; he was Commissioner of Crown Lands and Immigration ( 1889–1890 ) , Commissioner of Public Works in 1890 , and Minister of Agriculture and Education for seven days in 1899 . He had a reputation in Parliament as a logical , sound and persuasive debater , with great faith in the future of South Australia . He retired to his home at George Street Norwood , later moved to 83 Fullarton Road , Fullarton . Family . His first marriage was to Jane Lewis ( c . 1827 ) in England , on 19 August 1848 , which resulted in eleven children and ended in divorce in 1871 . - Twin sons , William and Arthur Burgoyne ( c . 1849–1849 ) were born aboard Royal Sovereign . - Mary Jane Burgoyne ( 1850–1854 ) . - Emma Burgoyne ( 1852 – 19 April 1884 ) married James Loudon , of Booboorowie , on 6 February 1883 . - Frederick Lewis Burgoyne ( 1853–1854 ) married Ellen Gardiner on 15 September 1883 - William Ferrier Burgoyne ( 1855–1858 ) . - Frederick George Burgoyne ( 1856–1890 ) . - Mary Elizabeth Burgoyne ( 1857–1857 ) . - Florence Jane Burgoyne ( 1858 ) married James Fabian Phillips on 3 July 1880 . - Frank Herbert Lewis Burgoyne ( 1860– ) married Ellen Gardiner ( –1929 ) in 1883 - Thomas Harold Burgoyne ( 1862–1862 ) . He married again , to Julia Frances Cotter ( c . 1847 – 20 September 1909 ) on 30 September 1871 . They had four sons : - George Cotter Thomas Burgoyne ( 25 February 1875 – 1901 ) - Geoffrey Lauderdale Burgoyne ( 30 April 1877 – ) , editor of the Adelaide Daily Herald , The West Australian , then in 1924 the founding editor of the Hobart News , daughter publication of the Adelaide News . He married Aimee Louise Oldham in 1908 - Alfred William Burgoyne M.M . ( 3 June 1879 – 7 May 1918 ) died of wounds received in action . - Hugh Vivian Burgoyne ( 12 April 1887 – 1966 )
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Thomas Burgoyne ( 10 June 1827 – 23 March 1920 ) was a builder and politician in the early days of the colony of South Australia .",
"title": "Thomas Burgoyne ( Australian politician )"
},
{
"text": "Burgoyne was born at Goab Farm ( now , The Gobe ) , in the parish of Glaestrae ( now , Gladestry ) , Radnorshire , Wales . He emigrated to South Australia , arriving on the Royal Sovereign in 1849 . He set up business as a builder in Grote Street , but in 1852 joined the gold rush to Victoria . He returned around 1856 and moved to Port Augusta , which was then being settled by pastoralists . He soon had a thriving business as architect , surveyor , and builder , employing around a hundred workers",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ". He erected the first permanent building in the township as well as numerous head stations , woolsheds and the like . In 1868 he became surveyor to the Northern Road Board , and in 1875 was appointed town clerk of the Corporate Town of Port Augusta , a position he held until 1879 . He founded the Port Augusta Dispatch and edited that paper for three years . He was elected councillor and in 1881 was elected mayor of Port Augusta .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "He was a member of the South Australian House of Assembly from 1884 to 1915 , representing Newcastle until 1902 and Flinders thereafter . In 1887 he was a member of the Railway Commission and the Defence Select Committee ; he was Commissioner of Crown Lands and Immigration ( 1889–1890 ) , Commissioner of Public Works in 1890 , and Minister of Agriculture and Education for seven days in 1899 . He had a reputation in Parliament as a logical , sound and persuasive debater , with great faith in the future of South Australia . He retired to his",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "home at George Street Norwood , later moved to 83 Fullarton Road , Fullarton .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " His first marriage was to Jane Lewis ( c . 1827 ) in England , on 19 August 1848 , which resulted in eleven children and ended in divorce in 1871 . - Twin sons , William and Arthur Burgoyne ( c . 1849–1849 ) were born aboard Royal Sovereign . - Mary Jane Burgoyne ( 1850–1854 ) . - Emma Burgoyne ( 1852 – 19 April 1884 ) married James Loudon , of Booboorowie , on 6 February 1883 . - Frederick Lewis Burgoyne ( 1853–1854 ) married Ellen Gardiner on 15 September 1883",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": "- William Ferrier Burgoyne ( 1855–1858 ) .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Frederick George Burgoyne ( 1856–1890 ) . - Mary Elizabeth Burgoyne ( 1857–1857 ) . - Florence Jane Burgoyne ( 1858 ) married James Fabian Phillips on 3 July 1880 . - Frank Herbert Lewis Burgoyne ( 1860– ) married Ellen Gardiner ( –1929 ) in 1883 - Thomas Harold Burgoyne ( 1862–1862 ) . He married again , to Julia Frances Cotter ( c . 1847 – 20 September 1909 ) on 30 September 1871 . They had four sons : - George Cotter Thomas Burgoyne ( 25 February 1875 – 1901 )",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": "- Geoffrey Lauderdale Burgoyne ( 30 April 1877 – ) , editor of the Adelaide Daily Herald , The West Australian , then in 1924 the founding editor of the Hobart News , daughter publication of the Adelaide News . He married Aimee Louise Oldham in 1908",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Alfred William Burgoyne M.M . ( 3 June 1879 – 7 May 1918 ) died of wounds received in action . - Hugh Vivian Burgoyne ( 12 April 1887 – 1966 )",
"title": "Family"
}
] |
/wiki/Werner_Hartmann#P241#0
|
What was the military branch of Werner Hartmann before Jun 1929?
|
Werner Hartmann Werner Hartmann ( 11 December 1902 – 26 April 1963 ) was a German U-boat commander in World War II . He was credited with sinking 26 ships , amounting to over sunk , purportedly making him the 25th most successful U-boat commander of the war . He was a recipient of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany . Early life and career . Hartmann was born on 11 December 1902 in Silstedt near Wernigerode in the Province of Saxony , a province of the Kingdom of Prussia in the German Empire . He was the third child of Albert Hartmann , an evangelic pastor in Wernigerode , and Helene Hartmann , née Wernicke . Hartmann had one older brother , Rudolf , and an older sister , Edith . From 1909 to 1914 , he attended the Volksschule , a primary school , in Silstedt and later the Gymnasium , a secondary school , in the district of Magdeburg . On 1 April 1914 , Hartmann joined the Königlich Preußischen Kadettenkorps ( Royal Prussian Cadet Corps ) in Oranienstein near Diez . He initially served in the Vorkorps ( pre corps ) before he transferred to the Hauptkadettenanstalt ( Main Military Academy ) in Berlin-Lichterfelde on 1 April 1917 . There he graduated with his Abitur ( diploma ) in 1921 . Following his graduation he began his naval career with the Reichsmarine of the Weimar Republic on 1 April 1921 as a member of Crew 21 ( the incoming class of 1921 ) . Until 30 September 1925 , he underwent a number of military and naval training courses . It began with basic military training ( 1 April – 30 September 1921 ) in Stralsund at the Baltic Sea and weapons courses at the Naval Academy at Mürwik . Hartmann was then transferred to the ( 1 October 1921 – April 1922 ) for onboard training and then to the training ship Niobe ( April – 30 June 1922 ) . During this timeframe , he advanced in rank to Fähnrich zur See ( officer cadet ) on 1 April 1923 and to Oberfähnrich zur See ( Senior Ensign ) on 4 April 1925 . He went on to serve as commander of the torpedo boats and , before transferring to the U-boat arm in 1935 . During the Spanish civil war , he commanded that patrolled Spanish waters during the Civil War in 1937–38 with Günther Prien as his first watch officer . World War II . From January–May 1940 Hartmann was commander of both and 2nd U-boat Flotilla , but directing U-boats while at sea proved inefficient , and the Befehlshaber der U-Boote ( U-boat High Command ) decided henceforth to direct the U-boats from land . After three patrols , and sinking 19 ships totalling , Hartmann received the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross . His senior officers on his four patrols on U-37 were future Knights Cross winners , first watch officer Oberleutnant zur See Ernst Bauer ( two patrols ) and later Oberleutnant zur See Nicolai Clausen ( two patrols ) , second watch officer Leutnant zur See Gustav Poel and chief engineer Oberleutnant ( Ing. ) Gerd Suhren . First patrol . Hartmanns first patrol ( 19 August 1939 – 15 September 1939 ) on U-37 left Wilhelmshaven almost two weeks before the outbreak of World War II on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland . Commander of U-37 on this patrol was Kapitänleutnant Heinrich Schuch . Ashore . Hartmann then moved to the BdU as a staff officer , and in November 1940 became commander of the 2nd ULD ( U-boat Training Division ) . A year later he took command of the 27th U-boat Flotilla in Gotenhafen . In November 1942 he took command of the large Type IXD for a patrol to the Indian Ocean lasting 200 days , the third longest patrol ever undertaken , and sank 7 ships totalling . Chief engineer was Johann-Friedrich Wessels who received the Knights Cross for his services on this patrol . In 1944 Hartmann became Führer der Unterseeboote Mittelmeer ( Commander of U-boats in the Mediterranean ) and in this post received the Knights Cross with Oak Leaves . Bundesmarine and later life . After the war he joined the Bundesmarine on 1 July 1956 , commanding the 1 . Schiffsstammregiment ( 1st Naval training regiment ) in Glückstadt , retiring on 1 April 1962 . He died on 26 April 1963 in Usseln/Waldeck of pulmonary embolism . He was buried in a family grave in Glückstadt . Summary of career . Ships attacked . As commander of and Werner Hartmann is credited with the sinking of 26 ships for a total of . Awards . - Wehrmacht Long Service Award 4th and 3rd Class ( 2 October 1936 ) - Wehrmacht Long Service Award 2nd Class ( 1 April 1939 ) - Spanish Naval Merit Cross in White 2nd Class ( Cruz blanca del merito naval ) ( 21 August 1939 ) - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) - 2nd Class ( 8 November 1939 ) - 1st Class ( 8 November 1939 ) - U-boat War Badge ( 1939 ) ( 7 December 1939 ) - with Diamonds ( 5 November 1944 ) - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves - Knights Cross on 9 May 1940 as Korvettenkapitän and commander of U-37 - 645th Oak Leaves on 5 November 1944 as Kapitän zur See and leader of the U-Boote in the Mediterranean Sea , before commander of U-198
|
[
"Reichsmarine"
] |
[
{
"text": " Werner Hartmann ( 11 December 1902 – 26 April 1963 ) was a German U-boat commander in World War II . He was credited with sinking 26 ships , amounting to over sunk , purportedly making him the 25th most successful U-boat commander of the war . He was a recipient of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany . Early life and career .",
"title": "Werner Hartmann"
},
{
"text": "Hartmann was born on 11 December 1902 in Silstedt near Wernigerode in the Province of Saxony , a province of the Kingdom of Prussia in the German Empire . He was the third child of Albert Hartmann , an evangelic pastor in Wernigerode , and Helene Hartmann , née Wernicke . Hartmann had one older brother , Rudolf , and an older sister , Edith . From 1909 to 1914 , he attended the Volksschule , a primary school , in Silstedt and later the Gymnasium , a secondary school , in the district of Magdeburg .",
"title": "Werner Hartmann"
},
{
"text": " On 1 April 1914 , Hartmann joined the Königlich Preußischen Kadettenkorps ( Royal Prussian Cadet Corps ) in Oranienstein near Diez . He initially served in the Vorkorps ( pre corps ) before he transferred to the Hauptkadettenanstalt ( Main Military Academy ) in Berlin-Lichterfelde on 1 April 1917 . There he graduated with his Abitur ( diploma ) in 1921 . Following his graduation he began his naval career with the Reichsmarine of the Weimar Republic on 1 April 1921 as a member of Crew 21 ( the incoming class of 1921 ) .",
"title": "Werner Hartmann"
},
{
"text": "Until 30 September 1925 , he underwent a number of military and naval training courses . It began with basic military training ( 1 April – 30 September 1921 ) in Stralsund at the Baltic Sea and weapons courses at the Naval Academy at Mürwik . Hartmann was then transferred to the ( 1 October 1921 – April 1922 ) for onboard training and then to the training ship Niobe ( April – 30 June 1922 ) . During this timeframe , he advanced in rank to Fähnrich zur See ( officer cadet ) on 1 April 1923 and to",
"title": "Werner Hartmann"
},
{
"text": "Oberfähnrich zur See ( Senior Ensign ) on 4 April 1925 .",
"title": "Werner Hartmann"
},
{
"text": " He went on to serve as commander of the torpedo boats and , before transferring to the U-boat arm in 1935 . During the Spanish civil war , he commanded that patrolled Spanish waters during the Civil War in 1937–38 with Günther Prien as his first watch officer .",
"title": "Werner Hartmann"
},
{
"text": "From January–May 1940 Hartmann was commander of both and 2nd U-boat Flotilla , but directing U-boats while at sea proved inefficient , and the Befehlshaber der U-Boote ( U-boat High Command ) decided henceforth to direct the U-boats from land . After three patrols , and sinking 19 ships totalling , Hartmann received the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross . His senior officers on his four patrols on U-37 were future Knights Cross winners , first watch officer Oberleutnant zur See Ernst Bauer ( two patrols ) and later Oberleutnant zur See Nicolai Clausen ( two patrols ) ,",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "second watch officer Leutnant zur See Gustav Poel and chief engineer Oberleutnant ( Ing. ) Gerd Suhren .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " Hartmanns first patrol ( 19 August 1939 – 15 September 1939 ) on U-37 left Wilhelmshaven almost two weeks before the outbreak of World War II on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland . Commander of U-37 on this patrol was Kapitänleutnant Heinrich Schuch .",
"title": "First patrol"
},
{
"text": "Hartmann then moved to the BdU as a staff officer , and in November 1940 became commander of the 2nd ULD ( U-boat Training Division ) . A year later he took command of the 27th U-boat Flotilla in Gotenhafen . In November 1942 he took command of the large Type IXD for a patrol to the Indian Ocean lasting 200 days , the third longest patrol ever undertaken , and sank 7 ships totalling . Chief engineer was Johann-Friedrich Wessels who received the Knights Cross for his services on this patrol . In 1944 Hartmann became Führer der Unterseeboote",
"title": "Ashore"
},
{
"text": "Mittelmeer ( Commander of U-boats in the Mediterranean ) and in this post received the Knights Cross with Oak Leaves .",
"title": "Ashore"
},
{
"text": " Bundesmarine and later life . After the war he joined the Bundesmarine on 1 July 1956 , commanding the 1 . Schiffsstammregiment ( 1st Naval training regiment ) in Glückstadt , retiring on 1 April 1962 . He died on 26 April 1963 in Usseln/Waldeck of pulmonary embolism . He was buried in a family grave in Glückstadt .",
"title": "Ashore"
},
{
"text": " As commander of and Werner Hartmann is credited with the sinking of 26 ships for a total of .",
"title": "Ships attacked"
},
{
"text": " - Wehrmacht Long Service Award 4th and 3rd Class ( 2 October 1936 ) - Wehrmacht Long Service Award 2nd Class ( 1 April 1939 ) - Spanish Naval Merit Cross in White 2nd Class ( Cruz blanca del merito naval ) ( 21 August 1939 ) - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) - 2nd Class ( 8 November 1939 ) - 1st Class ( 8 November 1939 ) - U-boat War Badge ( 1939 ) ( 7 December 1939 ) - with Diamonds ( 5 November 1944 ) - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": "- Knights Cross on 9 May 1940 as Korvettenkapitän and commander of U-37",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": " - 645th Oak Leaves on 5 November 1944 as Kapitän zur See and leader of the U-Boote in the Mediterranean Sea , before commander of U-198",
"title": "Awards"
}
] |
/wiki/Werner_Hartmann#P241#1
|
What was the military branch of Werner Hartmann in Jun 1944?
|
Werner Hartmann Werner Hartmann ( 11 December 1902 – 26 April 1963 ) was a German U-boat commander in World War II . He was credited with sinking 26 ships , amounting to over sunk , purportedly making him the 25th most successful U-boat commander of the war . He was a recipient of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany . Early life and career . Hartmann was born on 11 December 1902 in Silstedt near Wernigerode in the Province of Saxony , a province of the Kingdom of Prussia in the German Empire . He was the third child of Albert Hartmann , an evangelic pastor in Wernigerode , and Helene Hartmann , née Wernicke . Hartmann had one older brother , Rudolf , and an older sister , Edith . From 1909 to 1914 , he attended the Volksschule , a primary school , in Silstedt and later the Gymnasium , a secondary school , in the district of Magdeburg . On 1 April 1914 , Hartmann joined the Königlich Preußischen Kadettenkorps ( Royal Prussian Cadet Corps ) in Oranienstein near Diez . He initially served in the Vorkorps ( pre corps ) before he transferred to the Hauptkadettenanstalt ( Main Military Academy ) in Berlin-Lichterfelde on 1 April 1917 . There he graduated with his Abitur ( diploma ) in 1921 . Following his graduation he began his naval career with the Reichsmarine of the Weimar Republic on 1 April 1921 as a member of Crew 21 ( the incoming class of 1921 ) . Until 30 September 1925 , he underwent a number of military and naval training courses . It began with basic military training ( 1 April – 30 September 1921 ) in Stralsund at the Baltic Sea and weapons courses at the Naval Academy at Mürwik . Hartmann was then transferred to the ( 1 October 1921 – April 1922 ) for onboard training and then to the training ship Niobe ( April – 30 June 1922 ) . During this timeframe , he advanced in rank to Fähnrich zur See ( officer cadet ) on 1 April 1923 and to Oberfähnrich zur See ( Senior Ensign ) on 4 April 1925 . He went on to serve as commander of the torpedo boats and , before transferring to the U-boat arm in 1935 . During the Spanish civil war , he commanded that patrolled Spanish waters during the Civil War in 1937–38 with Günther Prien as his first watch officer . World War II . From January–May 1940 Hartmann was commander of both and 2nd U-boat Flotilla , but directing U-boats while at sea proved inefficient , and the Befehlshaber der U-Boote ( U-boat High Command ) decided henceforth to direct the U-boats from land . After three patrols , and sinking 19 ships totalling , Hartmann received the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross . His senior officers on his four patrols on U-37 were future Knights Cross winners , first watch officer Oberleutnant zur See Ernst Bauer ( two patrols ) and later Oberleutnant zur See Nicolai Clausen ( two patrols ) , second watch officer Leutnant zur See Gustav Poel and chief engineer Oberleutnant ( Ing. ) Gerd Suhren . First patrol . Hartmanns first patrol ( 19 August 1939 – 15 September 1939 ) on U-37 left Wilhelmshaven almost two weeks before the outbreak of World War II on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland . Commander of U-37 on this patrol was Kapitänleutnant Heinrich Schuch . Ashore . Hartmann then moved to the BdU as a staff officer , and in November 1940 became commander of the 2nd ULD ( U-boat Training Division ) . A year later he took command of the 27th U-boat Flotilla in Gotenhafen . In November 1942 he took command of the large Type IXD for a patrol to the Indian Ocean lasting 200 days , the third longest patrol ever undertaken , and sank 7 ships totalling . Chief engineer was Johann-Friedrich Wessels who received the Knights Cross for his services on this patrol . In 1944 Hartmann became Führer der Unterseeboote Mittelmeer ( Commander of U-boats in the Mediterranean ) and in this post received the Knights Cross with Oak Leaves . Bundesmarine and later life . After the war he joined the Bundesmarine on 1 July 1956 , commanding the 1 . Schiffsstammregiment ( 1st Naval training regiment ) in Glückstadt , retiring on 1 April 1962 . He died on 26 April 1963 in Usseln/Waldeck of pulmonary embolism . He was buried in a family grave in Glückstadt . Summary of career . Ships attacked . As commander of and Werner Hartmann is credited with the sinking of 26 ships for a total of . Awards . - Wehrmacht Long Service Award 4th and 3rd Class ( 2 October 1936 ) - Wehrmacht Long Service Award 2nd Class ( 1 April 1939 ) - Spanish Naval Merit Cross in White 2nd Class ( Cruz blanca del merito naval ) ( 21 August 1939 ) - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) - 2nd Class ( 8 November 1939 ) - 1st Class ( 8 November 1939 ) - U-boat War Badge ( 1939 ) ( 7 December 1939 ) - with Diamonds ( 5 November 1944 ) - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves - Knights Cross on 9 May 1940 as Korvettenkapitän and commander of U-37 - 645th Oak Leaves on 5 November 1944 as Kapitän zur See and leader of the U-Boote in the Mediterranean Sea , before commander of U-198
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[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Werner Hartmann ( 11 December 1902 – 26 April 1963 ) was a German U-boat commander in World War II . He was credited with sinking 26 ships , amounting to over sunk , purportedly making him the 25th most successful U-boat commander of the war . He was a recipient of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany . Early life and career .",
"title": "Werner Hartmann"
},
{
"text": "Hartmann was born on 11 December 1902 in Silstedt near Wernigerode in the Province of Saxony , a province of the Kingdom of Prussia in the German Empire . He was the third child of Albert Hartmann , an evangelic pastor in Wernigerode , and Helene Hartmann , née Wernicke . Hartmann had one older brother , Rudolf , and an older sister , Edith . From 1909 to 1914 , he attended the Volksschule , a primary school , in Silstedt and later the Gymnasium , a secondary school , in the district of Magdeburg .",
"title": "Werner Hartmann"
},
{
"text": " On 1 April 1914 , Hartmann joined the Königlich Preußischen Kadettenkorps ( Royal Prussian Cadet Corps ) in Oranienstein near Diez . He initially served in the Vorkorps ( pre corps ) before he transferred to the Hauptkadettenanstalt ( Main Military Academy ) in Berlin-Lichterfelde on 1 April 1917 . There he graduated with his Abitur ( diploma ) in 1921 . Following his graduation he began his naval career with the Reichsmarine of the Weimar Republic on 1 April 1921 as a member of Crew 21 ( the incoming class of 1921 ) .",
"title": "Werner Hartmann"
},
{
"text": "Until 30 September 1925 , he underwent a number of military and naval training courses . It began with basic military training ( 1 April – 30 September 1921 ) in Stralsund at the Baltic Sea and weapons courses at the Naval Academy at Mürwik . Hartmann was then transferred to the ( 1 October 1921 – April 1922 ) for onboard training and then to the training ship Niobe ( April – 30 June 1922 ) . During this timeframe , he advanced in rank to Fähnrich zur See ( officer cadet ) on 1 April 1923 and to",
"title": "Werner Hartmann"
},
{
"text": "Oberfähnrich zur See ( Senior Ensign ) on 4 April 1925 .",
"title": "Werner Hartmann"
},
{
"text": " He went on to serve as commander of the torpedo boats and , before transferring to the U-boat arm in 1935 . During the Spanish civil war , he commanded that patrolled Spanish waters during the Civil War in 1937–38 with Günther Prien as his first watch officer .",
"title": "Werner Hartmann"
},
{
"text": "From January–May 1940 Hartmann was commander of both and 2nd U-boat Flotilla , but directing U-boats while at sea proved inefficient , and the Befehlshaber der U-Boote ( U-boat High Command ) decided henceforth to direct the U-boats from land . After three patrols , and sinking 19 ships totalling , Hartmann received the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross . His senior officers on his four patrols on U-37 were future Knights Cross winners , first watch officer Oberleutnant zur See Ernst Bauer ( two patrols ) and later Oberleutnant zur See Nicolai Clausen ( two patrols ) ,",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "second watch officer Leutnant zur See Gustav Poel and chief engineer Oberleutnant ( Ing. ) Gerd Suhren .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " Hartmanns first patrol ( 19 August 1939 – 15 September 1939 ) on U-37 left Wilhelmshaven almost two weeks before the outbreak of World War II on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland . Commander of U-37 on this patrol was Kapitänleutnant Heinrich Schuch .",
"title": "First patrol"
},
{
"text": "Hartmann then moved to the BdU as a staff officer , and in November 1940 became commander of the 2nd ULD ( U-boat Training Division ) . A year later he took command of the 27th U-boat Flotilla in Gotenhafen . In November 1942 he took command of the large Type IXD for a patrol to the Indian Ocean lasting 200 days , the third longest patrol ever undertaken , and sank 7 ships totalling . Chief engineer was Johann-Friedrich Wessels who received the Knights Cross for his services on this patrol . In 1944 Hartmann became Führer der Unterseeboote",
"title": "Ashore"
},
{
"text": "Mittelmeer ( Commander of U-boats in the Mediterranean ) and in this post received the Knights Cross with Oak Leaves .",
"title": "Ashore"
},
{
"text": " Bundesmarine and later life . After the war he joined the Bundesmarine on 1 July 1956 , commanding the 1 . Schiffsstammregiment ( 1st Naval training regiment ) in Glückstadt , retiring on 1 April 1962 . He died on 26 April 1963 in Usseln/Waldeck of pulmonary embolism . He was buried in a family grave in Glückstadt .",
"title": "Ashore"
},
{
"text": " As commander of and Werner Hartmann is credited with the sinking of 26 ships for a total of .",
"title": "Ships attacked"
},
{
"text": " - Wehrmacht Long Service Award 4th and 3rd Class ( 2 October 1936 ) - Wehrmacht Long Service Award 2nd Class ( 1 April 1939 ) - Spanish Naval Merit Cross in White 2nd Class ( Cruz blanca del merito naval ) ( 21 August 1939 ) - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) - 2nd Class ( 8 November 1939 ) - 1st Class ( 8 November 1939 ) - U-boat War Badge ( 1939 ) ( 7 December 1939 ) - with Diamonds ( 5 November 1944 ) - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": "- Knights Cross on 9 May 1940 as Korvettenkapitän and commander of U-37",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": " - 645th Oak Leaves on 5 November 1944 as Kapitän zur See and leader of the U-Boote in the Mediterranean Sea , before commander of U-198",
"title": "Awards"
}
] |
/wiki/Werner_Hartmann#P241#2
|
What was the military branch of Werner Hartmann in late 1950s?
|
Werner Hartmann Werner Hartmann ( 11 December 1902 – 26 April 1963 ) was a German U-boat commander in World War II . He was credited with sinking 26 ships , amounting to over sunk , purportedly making him the 25th most successful U-boat commander of the war . He was a recipient of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany . Early life and career . Hartmann was born on 11 December 1902 in Silstedt near Wernigerode in the Province of Saxony , a province of the Kingdom of Prussia in the German Empire . He was the third child of Albert Hartmann , an evangelic pastor in Wernigerode , and Helene Hartmann , née Wernicke . Hartmann had one older brother , Rudolf , and an older sister , Edith . From 1909 to 1914 , he attended the Volksschule , a primary school , in Silstedt and later the Gymnasium , a secondary school , in the district of Magdeburg . On 1 April 1914 , Hartmann joined the Königlich Preußischen Kadettenkorps ( Royal Prussian Cadet Corps ) in Oranienstein near Diez . He initially served in the Vorkorps ( pre corps ) before he transferred to the Hauptkadettenanstalt ( Main Military Academy ) in Berlin-Lichterfelde on 1 April 1917 . There he graduated with his Abitur ( diploma ) in 1921 . Following his graduation he began his naval career with the Reichsmarine of the Weimar Republic on 1 April 1921 as a member of Crew 21 ( the incoming class of 1921 ) . Until 30 September 1925 , he underwent a number of military and naval training courses . It began with basic military training ( 1 April – 30 September 1921 ) in Stralsund at the Baltic Sea and weapons courses at the Naval Academy at Mürwik . Hartmann was then transferred to the ( 1 October 1921 – April 1922 ) for onboard training and then to the training ship Niobe ( April – 30 June 1922 ) . During this timeframe , he advanced in rank to Fähnrich zur See ( officer cadet ) on 1 April 1923 and to Oberfähnrich zur See ( Senior Ensign ) on 4 April 1925 . He went on to serve as commander of the torpedo boats and , before transferring to the U-boat arm in 1935 . During the Spanish civil war , he commanded that patrolled Spanish waters during the Civil War in 1937–38 with Günther Prien as his first watch officer . World War II . From January–May 1940 Hartmann was commander of both and 2nd U-boat Flotilla , but directing U-boats while at sea proved inefficient , and the Befehlshaber der U-Boote ( U-boat High Command ) decided henceforth to direct the U-boats from land . After three patrols , and sinking 19 ships totalling , Hartmann received the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross . His senior officers on his four patrols on U-37 were future Knights Cross winners , first watch officer Oberleutnant zur See Ernst Bauer ( two patrols ) and later Oberleutnant zur See Nicolai Clausen ( two patrols ) , second watch officer Leutnant zur See Gustav Poel and chief engineer Oberleutnant ( Ing. ) Gerd Suhren . First patrol . Hartmanns first patrol ( 19 August 1939 – 15 September 1939 ) on U-37 left Wilhelmshaven almost two weeks before the outbreak of World War II on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland . Commander of U-37 on this patrol was Kapitänleutnant Heinrich Schuch . Ashore . Hartmann then moved to the BdU as a staff officer , and in November 1940 became commander of the 2nd ULD ( U-boat Training Division ) . A year later he took command of the 27th U-boat Flotilla in Gotenhafen . In November 1942 he took command of the large Type IXD for a patrol to the Indian Ocean lasting 200 days , the third longest patrol ever undertaken , and sank 7 ships totalling . Chief engineer was Johann-Friedrich Wessels who received the Knights Cross for his services on this patrol . In 1944 Hartmann became Führer der Unterseeboote Mittelmeer ( Commander of U-boats in the Mediterranean ) and in this post received the Knights Cross with Oak Leaves . Bundesmarine and later life . After the war he joined the Bundesmarine on 1 July 1956 , commanding the 1 . Schiffsstammregiment ( 1st Naval training regiment ) in Glückstadt , retiring on 1 April 1962 . He died on 26 April 1963 in Usseln/Waldeck of pulmonary embolism . He was buried in a family grave in Glückstadt . Summary of career . Ships attacked . As commander of and Werner Hartmann is credited with the sinking of 26 ships for a total of . Awards . - Wehrmacht Long Service Award 4th and 3rd Class ( 2 October 1936 ) - Wehrmacht Long Service Award 2nd Class ( 1 April 1939 ) - Spanish Naval Merit Cross in White 2nd Class ( Cruz blanca del merito naval ) ( 21 August 1939 ) - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) - 2nd Class ( 8 November 1939 ) - 1st Class ( 8 November 1939 ) - U-boat War Badge ( 1939 ) ( 7 December 1939 ) - with Diamonds ( 5 November 1944 ) - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves - Knights Cross on 9 May 1940 as Korvettenkapitän and commander of U-37 - 645th Oak Leaves on 5 November 1944 as Kapitän zur See and leader of the U-Boote in the Mediterranean Sea , before commander of U-198
|
[
"Bundesmarine"
] |
[
{
"text": " Werner Hartmann ( 11 December 1902 – 26 April 1963 ) was a German U-boat commander in World War II . He was credited with sinking 26 ships , amounting to over sunk , purportedly making him the 25th most successful U-boat commander of the war . He was a recipient of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany . Early life and career .",
"title": "Werner Hartmann"
},
{
"text": "Hartmann was born on 11 December 1902 in Silstedt near Wernigerode in the Province of Saxony , a province of the Kingdom of Prussia in the German Empire . He was the third child of Albert Hartmann , an evangelic pastor in Wernigerode , and Helene Hartmann , née Wernicke . Hartmann had one older brother , Rudolf , and an older sister , Edith . From 1909 to 1914 , he attended the Volksschule , a primary school , in Silstedt and later the Gymnasium , a secondary school , in the district of Magdeburg .",
"title": "Werner Hartmann"
},
{
"text": " On 1 April 1914 , Hartmann joined the Königlich Preußischen Kadettenkorps ( Royal Prussian Cadet Corps ) in Oranienstein near Diez . He initially served in the Vorkorps ( pre corps ) before he transferred to the Hauptkadettenanstalt ( Main Military Academy ) in Berlin-Lichterfelde on 1 April 1917 . There he graduated with his Abitur ( diploma ) in 1921 . Following his graduation he began his naval career with the Reichsmarine of the Weimar Republic on 1 April 1921 as a member of Crew 21 ( the incoming class of 1921 ) .",
"title": "Werner Hartmann"
},
{
"text": "Until 30 September 1925 , he underwent a number of military and naval training courses . It began with basic military training ( 1 April – 30 September 1921 ) in Stralsund at the Baltic Sea and weapons courses at the Naval Academy at Mürwik . Hartmann was then transferred to the ( 1 October 1921 – April 1922 ) for onboard training and then to the training ship Niobe ( April – 30 June 1922 ) . During this timeframe , he advanced in rank to Fähnrich zur See ( officer cadet ) on 1 April 1923 and to",
"title": "Werner Hartmann"
},
{
"text": "Oberfähnrich zur See ( Senior Ensign ) on 4 April 1925 .",
"title": "Werner Hartmann"
},
{
"text": " He went on to serve as commander of the torpedo boats and , before transferring to the U-boat arm in 1935 . During the Spanish civil war , he commanded that patrolled Spanish waters during the Civil War in 1937–38 with Günther Prien as his first watch officer .",
"title": "Werner Hartmann"
},
{
"text": "From January–May 1940 Hartmann was commander of both and 2nd U-boat Flotilla , but directing U-boats while at sea proved inefficient , and the Befehlshaber der U-Boote ( U-boat High Command ) decided henceforth to direct the U-boats from land . After three patrols , and sinking 19 ships totalling , Hartmann received the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross . His senior officers on his four patrols on U-37 were future Knights Cross winners , first watch officer Oberleutnant zur See Ernst Bauer ( two patrols ) and later Oberleutnant zur See Nicolai Clausen ( two patrols ) ,",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "second watch officer Leutnant zur See Gustav Poel and chief engineer Oberleutnant ( Ing. ) Gerd Suhren .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " Hartmanns first patrol ( 19 August 1939 – 15 September 1939 ) on U-37 left Wilhelmshaven almost two weeks before the outbreak of World War II on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland . Commander of U-37 on this patrol was Kapitänleutnant Heinrich Schuch .",
"title": "First patrol"
},
{
"text": "Hartmann then moved to the BdU as a staff officer , and in November 1940 became commander of the 2nd ULD ( U-boat Training Division ) . A year later he took command of the 27th U-boat Flotilla in Gotenhafen . In November 1942 he took command of the large Type IXD for a patrol to the Indian Ocean lasting 200 days , the third longest patrol ever undertaken , and sank 7 ships totalling . Chief engineer was Johann-Friedrich Wessels who received the Knights Cross for his services on this patrol . In 1944 Hartmann became Führer der Unterseeboote",
"title": "Ashore"
},
{
"text": "Mittelmeer ( Commander of U-boats in the Mediterranean ) and in this post received the Knights Cross with Oak Leaves .",
"title": "Ashore"
},
{
"text": " Bundesmarine and later life . After the war he joined the Bundesmarine on 1 July 1956 , commanding the 1 . Schiffsstammregiment ( 1st Naval training regiment ) in Glückstadt , retiring on 1 April 1962 . He died on 26 April 1963 in Usseln/Waldeck of pulmonary embolism . He was buried in a family grave in Glückstadt .",
"title": "Ashore"
},
{
"text": " As commander of and Werner Hartmann is credited with the sinking of 26 ships for a total of .",
"title": "Ships attacked"
},
{
"text": " - Wehrmacht Long Service Award 4th and 3rd Class ( 2 October 1936 ) - Wehrmacht Long Service Award 2nd Class ( 1 April 1939 ) - Spanish Naval Merit Cross in White 2nd Class ( Cruz blanca del merito naval ) ( 21 August 1939 ) - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) - 2nd Class ( 8 November 1939 ) - 1st Class ( 8 November 1939 ) - U-boat War Badge ( 1939 ) ( 7 December 1939 ) - with Diamonds ( 5 November 1944 ) - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": "- Knights Cross on 9 May 1940 as Korvettenkapitän and commander of U-37",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": " - 645th Oak Leaves on 5 November 1944 as Kapitän zur See and leader of the U-Boote in the Mediterranean Sea , before commander of U-198",
"title": "Awards"
}
] |
/wiki/Emma_Watson#P69#0
|
Where was Emma Watson educated before Jan 2002?
|
Emma Watson Emma Charlotte Duerre Watson ( born 15 April 1990 ) is an English actress and activist . She has gained recognition for her roles in both blockbusters and independent films , as well as her womens rights work . Watson has been ranked among the worlds highest-paid actresses by Forbes and Vanity Fair , and was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by Time magazine in 2015 . Born in Paris and raised in Oxfordshire , Watson attended the Dragon School and trained in acting at the Oxford branch of Stagecoach Theatre Arts . As a child , she rose to stardom after landing her first professional acting role as Hermione Granger in the Harry Potter film series , having acted only in school plays previously . Watson also starred in the 2007 television adaptation of the novel Ballet Shoes and lent her voice to The Tale of Despereaux ( 2008 ) . After the final Harry Potter film , she took on a supporting role in My Week with Marilyn ( 2011 ) , before starring as a flirtatious , free-spirited student in The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2012 ) to critical success . Further acclaim came from portraying Alexis Neiers in Sofia Coppolas The Bling Ring ( 2013 ) and the titular characters adoptive daughter in the biblical epic Noah . That same year , Watson was honoured by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts , winning British Artist of the Year . She starred as Belle in the musical romantic fantasy Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) , which ranks among the highest-grossing films of all time , and Meg March in the coming-of-age drama Little Women ( 2019 ) . From 2011 to 2014 , Watson split her time between working on films and continuing her education , graduating from Brown University with a bachelors degree in English literature in May 2014 . In the same year , she was appointed a UN Women Goodwill ambassador and helped launch the UN Women campaign HeForShe , which advocates for gender equality . In 2018 , she helped launch Times Up UK as a founding member . Watson was appointed to a G7 advisory body for womens rights in 2019 , consulting with leaders on foreign policy . Her modelling work has included campaigns for Burberry and Lancôme . She also lent her name to a line of clothing for sustainable brand People Tree . In 2020 , she joined the board of directors of Kering , a luxury brand group , in her capacity as an advocate for sustainable fashion . Early life and education . Emma Charlotte Duerre Watson was born on 15 April 1990 in Paris , to English lawyers Chris Watson and Jacqueline Luesby . Watson lived in Maisons-Laffitte near Paris until age five . Her parents divorced when she was young , and Watson moved to England to live with her mother in Oxfordshire while spending weekends at her fathers house in London . Watson has said she speaks some French , though not as well as she used to . After moving to Oxford with her mother and brother , she attended the Dragon School , remaining there until 2003 . From age six , she wanted to become an actress , and trained at the Oxford branch of Stagecoach Theatre Arts , a part-time theatre school where she studied singing , dancing , and acting . By age ten , Watson had performed in Stagecoach productions and school plays including Arthur : The Young Years and The Happy Prince , but she had never acted professionally prior to the Harry Potter series . After the Dragon School , Watson moved on to Headington School , Oxford . While on film sets , she and her castmates were tutored for up to five hours a day . In June 2006 , she took GCSE school examinations in ten subjects , achieving eight A* and two A grades . In May 2007 , she took AS levels in English , Geography , Art , and History of Art . The following year , she dropped History of Art to pursue the three A levels , receiving an A grade in each subject . Watson took a gap year after finishing secondary school , to film Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Parts 1 & 2 beginning in February 2009 , but asserted that she intended to continue her studies and later confirmed she had chosen Brown University in Providence , Rhode Island . In March 2011 , after 18 months at the university , Watson announced she was deferring her course for a semester or two , though she attended Worcester College , Oxford during the 2011–12 academic year as part of the Visiting Student Programme . In a 2014 interview on The Ellen DeGeneres Show , Watson said just before graduation that it took five years to finish her degree instead of four because , owing to her acting work , she ended up taking two full semesters off . On 25 May , she graduated from Brown University with a bachelors degree in English literature . Career . 1999–2009 : Beginnings and breakthrough with Harry Potter . In 1999 , casting began for Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone , the film adaptation of British author J . K . Rowlings best-selling novel . Casting agents found Watson through her Oxford theatre teacher , and producers were impressed by her confidence . After eight auditions , producer David Heyman told Watson and fellow applicants Daniel Radcliffe and Rupert Grint that they had been cast in the roles of the school friends Hermione Granger , Harry Potter and Ron Weasley , respectively . Rowling supported Watson from her first screen test . The release of Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone in 2001 was Watsons debut screen performance . The film broke records for opening-day sales and opening-weekend takings and was the highest-grossing film of 2001 . Critics singled out Watson for particular acclaim ; The Daily Telegraph called her performance admirable , and IGN said she stole the show . Watson was nominated for five awards for her performance in Philosophers Stone , winning the Young Artist Award for Leading Young Actress . A year later , Watson reprised her role as Hermione in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , the second instalment of the series . Reviewers praised the lead actors performances . The Los Angeles Times said Watson and her co-stars had matured between films , while The Times criticised director Chris Columbus for under-employing Watsons hugely popular character . Watson received an Otto Award from the German magazine Bravo for her performance . In 2004 , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was released . Watson was appreciative of the more assertive role Hermione played , calling her charismatic and a fantastic role to play . Critics lauded Watsons performance ; A . O . Scott of The New York Times remarked : Luckily Mr . Radcliffes blandness is offset by Ms . Watsons spiky impatience . Harry may show off his expanding wizardly skills .. . but Hermione .. . earns the loudest applause with a decidedly unmagical punch to Draco Malfoys deserving nose . Although Prisoner of Azkaban proved to be the lowest-grossing Harry Potter film in the entire series , Watsons personal performance won her two Otto Awards and the Child Performance of the Year award from Total Film . With Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) , both Watson and the Harry Potter film series reached new milestones . The film set records for a Harry Potter opening weekend and opening weekend in the UK . Critics praised the increasing maturity of Watson and her teenage co-stars ; The New York Times called her performance touchingly earnest , and Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian wrote that Watsons gutsy , confident performance nicely shows that inside and outside the world of magic there is a growing discrepancy between a teenage girls status and her accelerating emotional and intellectual development . For Watson , much of the films humour sprang from the tension among the three lead characters as they matured . She said , I loved all the arguing . .. . I think its much more realistic that they would argue and that there would be problems . Nominated for three awards for Goblet of Fire , Watson won a bronze Otto Award . In 2006 , Watson played Hermione in The Queens Handbag , a special mini-episode of Harry Potter in celebration of Queen Elizabeth IIs 80th birthday . The fifth film in the Harry Potter series , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , was released in 2007 . A huge financial success , the film set a record worldwide opening-weekend gross of $332.7 million . Watson won the inaugural National Movie Award for Best Female Performance . As the fame of the actress and the series continued to rise , Watson and her Harry Potter co-stars Daniel Radcliffe and Rupert Grint left imprints of their hands , feet and wands in front of Graumans Chinese Theatre in Hollywood on 9 July 2007 . That month , Watsons work on the Harry Potter series was said to have earned her more than £10 million , and she acknowledged she would never have to work for money again . Following the success of Order of the Phoenix , the future of the Harry Potter series was in jeopardy , as all three lead actors were hesitant to sign on to continue their roles for the final instalments . Watson was considerably more ambivalent then her co-stars during renegotiations . She explained that the decision was significant , as the films represented a further four-year commitment to the role , but eventually conceded that she could never let [ the role of ] Hermione go , signing for the role on 23 March 2007 . Watsons first non-Potter role was the 2007 BBC film Ballet Shoes , an adaptation of the novel of the same title by Noel Streatfeild . The films director , Sandra Goldbacher , commented that Watson was perfect for the starring role of aspiring actress Pauline Fossil : She has a piercing , delicate aura that makes you want to gaze and gaze at her . Ballet Shoes was broadcast in the UK on Boxing Day to 5.7 million viewers , to mixed reviews . The following year , she voiced the character Princess Pea in the animation The Tale of Despereaux , a childrens comedy starring Matthew Broderick , with Harry Potter co-star Robbie Coltrane also starring in the film . The Tale of Despereaux was released in December 2008 and grossed $87 million worldwide . Principal photography for the sixth Harry Potter film began in late 2007 , with Watsons part being filmed from 18 December to 17 May 2008 . Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince premiered on 15 July 2009 , having been delayed from November 2008 . With the lead actors in their late teens , critics were increasingly willing to review them on the same level as the rest of the franchises all-star cast , which the Los Angeles Times described as a comprehensive guide to contemporary UK acting . The Washington Post felt Watson had given [ her ] most charming performance to date , while The Daily Telegraph described the lead actors as newly liberated and energised , eager to give all they have to whats left of the series . 2010–present : Mainstream work and worldwide recognition . Watsons filming for the final instalment , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , began on 18 February 2009 and ended on 12 June 2010 . For financial and scripting reasons , the original book was divided into two films which were shot consecutively . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 was released in November 2010 while the second film was released in July 2011 . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 became a commercial and critical success . The highest-grossing film in the franchise , it grossed more than $1.3 billion worldwide and proved to be Watsons most commercially successful film to date . She also appeared in a music video for One Night Only , after meeting lead singer George Craig at the 2010 Winter/Summer Burberry advertising campaign . The video , Say You Dont Want It , was screened on Channel 4 on 26 June 2010 and released on 16 August . In her first post-Harry Potter film , Watson appeared in My Week with Marilyn ( 2011 ) as Lucy , a wardrobe assistant who briefly dates protagonist Colin Clark , portrayed by Eddie Redmayne . In May 2010 , Watson was reported to be in talks to star in Stephen Chboskys The Perks of Being a Wallflower , based on the 1999 novel of the same name . Filming began in summer of 2011 , and the film was released in September 2012 . Watson starred opposite Logan Lerman as Sam , a high school senior who befriends a fellow student called Charlie ( Lerman ) , and helps him through his freshman year . The film opened to favourable reviews ; David Sexton of the Evening Standard opined that Watsons performance was plausible and touching while Ian Buckwalter of The Atlantic stated that Watson sheds the memory of a decade playing Hermione in the Harry Potter series with an about-face as a flirtatious but insecure free spirit . In 2013 , Watson starred in the satirical crime film The Bling Ring . The Sofia Coppola-directed film is based on the real-life Bling Ring robberies , with Watson playing a fictionalised version of Alexis Neiers , a television personality who was one of seven teenagers involved in the robberies . While the film mostly received mixed reviews , critics gave almost unanimous praise for Watsons performance . Adam White of The Independent later stated that She prove [ d ] remarkable.. . Watson oozes casual disdain . Her sticky American vocal fry is clipped and monotone , as if shes swallowed a Kardashian for breakfast . Watson also had a supporting role in the apocalyptic comedy This Is the End ( 2013 ) , in which she , Seth Rogen , James Franco and many others played exaggerated versions of themselves and Watson memorably dropped the f-bomb . She said she could not pass up the opportunity to make her first comedy and work with some of the best comedians .. . in the world right now . In June 2012 , Watson was confirmed for the role as Ila , Shems wife , in Darren Aronofskys Noah , which began filming the following month , and was released in March 2014 . Watson referred to the role as physically very demanding given the usage of special effects and did extensive research on childbirth to effectively portray a scene in the film . The film , a box office success , received mixed reviews for its direction and casting ; Vanity Fair wrote that Watson anchors the films rawest emotional scenes.. . Sitting on an Icelandic beach with Russell Crowe , her hair wild and eyes burning , Watson is quiet but ferocious . In March 2013 , it was reported that Watson was in negotiations to star as the title character in a live-action Disney adaptation of Cinderella . Watson was offered the role , but turned it down because she did not connect with the character . The role ultimately went to Lily James . Watson joined Judi Dench , Robert Downey Jr. , Mike Leigh , Julia Louis-Dreyfus , and Mark Ruffalo as recipients of the 2014 Britannia Awards , presented on 30 October in Los Angeles . Watson was awarded British Artist of the Year and she dedicated the prize to Millie , her pet hamster who died as Watson was filming Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone . Watson starred in two 2015 releases , the thrillers Colonia , opposite Daniel Brühl and Michael Nyqvist ; and Regression by Alejandro Amenábar , alongside Ethan Hawke and her Harry Potter co-star David Thewlis . Both of these films received generally negative reviews ; The Daily Telegraph critic blamed Regressions script for her pure dramatic cardboard role . She also appeared in an episode of BBCs The Vicar of Dibley , in which she played Reverend Iris . In February 2016 , Watson announced she was taking a year-long break from acting . She planned to spend the time on her personal development and her womens rights work . Watson starred as Belle in the 2017 live-action Disney adaptation of Beauty and the Beast directed by Bill Condon , and starring opposite Dan Stevens as the Beast . She was given autonomy within Belles portrayal ; she re-characterised her as an assistant to her inventor father and incorporated bloomers and boots into her wardrobe . The film grossed over $1.2 billion at the worldwide box office and emerged as the second-highest-grossing film of 2017 and the 17th-highest-grossing film of all time . Her reported fee was $3 million upfront with profit participation , bringing her salary up to $15 million . The film garnered positive reviews ; Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times thought her performance was all pluck and spunk and sass and smarts and fierce independence as Belle . Watson later said When I finished the film , it kind of felt like I had made that transition into being a woman on-screen . In the same year , she starred opposite Tom Hanks in the film adaptation of Dave Eggers novel The Circle as Mae Holland , who begins working at a powerful tech corporation and enters a perilous situation concerning surveillance and freedom . The film received negative reviews but was a moderate box office success . In 2019 , Watson starred as Meg March in Greta Gerwigs adaptation of Louisa May Alcotts novel Little Women , co-starring with Saoirse Ronan , Florence Pugh , Laura Dern , Timothée Chalamet , and Meryl Streep . On the premise , Watson has stated I think [ Little Women ] was good literary device to explain that theres not one way to be a feminist.. . [ Megs ] way of being a feminist is making the choice – because thats really , for me anyway , what feminism is about . Her choice is that she wants to be a full-time mother and wife . Forbes stated that Watson has perhaps the most challenging [ ... ] role , as the proverbial straight woman of the sisters who is put on the defensive when her dreams end up being the most conventional of the lot . The film was released to critical acclaim and grossed over $218 million against its $40 million budget . In 2020 , Watson discussed her future career plans , stating : Having been so public in making films and being so active on social [ media ] in my activism , I am curious to embrace a role where I work to amplify more voices , to continue to learn from those with different experiences , adding that her work would include fewer red carpets and more conference meetings . In 2021 , various reports surfaced stating that Watson was engaged or retiring . Watson and her representatives refuted these reports ; she later labelled the speculation as clickbait and cited her relative public absence to continued social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic . Other ventures . Modelling and fashion . In 2005 , Watson began her modelling career with a photo shoot for Teen Vogue , which made her the youngest person to cover the magazine . Three years later , the British press reported that Watson was to replace Keira Knightley as the face of Chanel , but this was denied by both parties . In June 2009 , following several months of rumours , Watson confirmed she would be partnering with Burberry as the face of their Autumn/Winter 2009 campaign , for which she received an estimated six-figure fee . She also appeared in Burberrys 2010 Spring/Summer campaign alongside her brother Alex , musicians George Craig and Matt Gilmour , and model Max Hurd . In February 2011 , Watson was awarded the Style Icon award from British Elle by Dame Vivienne Westwood . Watson continued her involvement in fashion advertising when she announced she had been chosen as the face of Lancôme in March 2011 . In September 2009 , Watson announced her involvement with People Tree , a fair trade fashion brand . Watson worked as a creative adviser for the company to create a spring line of clothing , which was released in February 2010 ; the range featured styles inspired by southern France and London . The collection , described by The Times as very clever despite their quiet hope that [ she ] would become tangled at the first hemp-woven hurdle , was widely publicised in magazines such as Teen Vogue , Cosmopolitan , and People . Watson , who was not paid for the collaboration , admitted that competition for the range was minimal , but argued that Fashion is a great way to empower people and give them skills ; rather than give cash to charity you can help people by buying the clothes they make and supporting things they take pride in ; adding , I think young people like me are becoming increasingly aware of the humanitarian issues surrounding fast fashion and want to make good choices but there arent many options out there . Watson continued her involvement with People Tree , resulting in the release of a 2010 Autumn/Winter collection . In 2013 , Madame Tussauds in London unveiled a wax statue of Watson wearing an Elie Saab haute couture design donated to the museum by the designer . A spokesperson for the museum said stated , [ Watson ] is one of the most requested personalities by our guests . Shes a true English rose known and loved by millions of film and fashion fans around the world . Watson was awarded Best British Style at the 2014 British Fashion Awards . The competition included David Beckham , Amal Clooney , Kate Moss , and Keira Knightley . Watson has been described as an early adopter of sustainable fashion and is noted for dressing ethically on the red carpet . She wore a Calvin Klein gown to the 2016 Met Gala made out of recycled plastic bottles . Watson has supported Good On You , an app that acts as a directory for the sustainability level of fashion brands . In 2017 , she began updating an Instagram account entitled The Press Tour , detailing the ethical brands she wore during the press tours for films such as Beauty and the Beast and The Circle . Watson guest-edited the March 2018 issue of Vogue Australia focusing on fashion sustainability , and was photographed by Peter Lindbergh for the magazine . In January 2020 , she partnered with consignment website ThredUP to launch a Fashion Footprint Calculator , which allows website visitors to calculate the carbon impact of their wardrobes and ways to reduce it . In June 2020 , Watson was appointed the youngest member of the board of directors of Kering , the owner of various fashion brands such as Gucci and Yves Saint Laurent . Watson will chair Kerings sustainability committee . Kering chairman François-Henri Pinault praised the new board members knowledge and competences , and the multiplicity of their backgrounds and perspectives . Watson stated she hope [ d ] to influence decisions that will impact future generations and the world that we leave them and was extremely excited to collaborate with the Kering Foundation as part of their womens rights work and looked forward to making a difference behind the scenes . Activism and advocacy . Watson is an outspoken feminist . She has promoted education for girls , travelling to Bangladesh and Zambia to do so . In July 2014 , she was appointed a UN Women Goodwill ambassador . That September , an admittedly nervous Watson delivered an address at UN Headquarters in New York City to launch the UN Women campaign HeForShe , which aims to urge men to advocate for gender equality . In that speech she said she began questioning gender-based assumptions at age eight when she was called bossy ( a trait she has attributed to her being a perfectionist ) whilst boys were not , and at 14 when she was sexualised by certain elements of the media . Further , Watsons speech described feminism as the belief that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities and declared that the perception of man-hating is something that has to stop . The speech made worldwide headlines from both major news outlets and fashion blogs ; the organisations website crashed after press coverage of the event . Watson later said she received threats within less than twelve hours of making the speech , which left her raging . [ ... ] If they were trying to put me off [ womens rights work ] , it did the opposite . Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka , the Executive Director of UN Women , stated , For a time , there was a conversation about whether feminism was a good thing or a bad thing.. . [ Her speech ] gave us the word back . In 2015 , Malala Yousafzai told Watson she decided to call herself a feminist after hearing her speech . Also in September , Watson made her first country visit as a UN Women Goodwill ambassador to Uruguay where she gave a speech highlighting the need for womens political participation . In December , the Ms . Foundation for Women named Watson its Feminist Celebrity of 2014 , following an online poll . Watson also gave a speech about gender equality in January 2015 , at the World Economic Forums annual winter meeting . Watson took the top spot on the AskMen Top 99 Outstanding Women 2015 list on the strength of having thrown her back into womens rights issues . In the same year , Watson was included on the Time 100 list of the worlds most influential people , her first-ever appearance on the list . For its recap , former New York Times editor Jill Abramson noted Watsons gutsy , smart take on feminism and called her effort to get men involved refreshing . Watson has cited Gloria Steinem and Maya Angelou as influences . In January 2016 , Watson started a feminist Goodreads book club : Our Shared Shelf . The goal of the club is to share feminist ideas and encourage discussion on the topic . One book is selected per month and is discussed in the last week of that month . The first book to be selected was My Life on the Road by Gloria Steinem , whom Watson would later interview that February at the How to : Academy in London . Our Shared Shelf ceased updates in January 2020 , but continues to be open as a discussion board for recommendations . Watson has partnered with organisations such as Book Fairies and Books on the Underground to leave literature on public transit for consumption . In March 2017 , Watson received backlash for a Vanity Fair photo shoot in which one of the shots had her breasts partly visible ; some in the news media accused her of hypocrisy . Bemused by the controversy , she argued that feminism is not a stick with which to beat other women but is instead about freedom , liberation and equality , adding , I really dont know what my tits have to do with it . Watson has discussed her white privilege in feminist spaces ; in an interview with British Vogue , she commented , I saw white feminism coming up again and again , and I was like , Hey , this is clearly something that I have to meaningfully engage with . I have to understand this better . She has written about intersectionality for Our Shared Shelf , discussing her self-reflection on What are the ways I have benefited from being white ? In what ways do I support and uphold a system that is structurally racist ? Watson is a founding member of Times Up UK and coordinated its launch at the 71st British Academy Film Awards . Watson also assisted in the establishment of nationwide industry guidelines on bullying and harassment , implemented by the British Film Institute and British Academy of Film and Television Arts . She donated £1 million to Times Up UK in February 2018 and later helped set up the organisations Justice and Equality Fund in October , which donated to womens groups across the country . In July 2019 , Watson helped launch a legal helpline for people who have suffered sexual harassment in the workplace . Legal advice is provided by Rights of Women , a charity which works to help women through the law . In the same year , she joined a G7 gender equality advisory group convened by the president of France , Emmanuel Macron , to call on G7 to make political and economic advances for women within their own countries as well as a centerpiece of foreign policy . She attended their first meeting at the Élysée Palace in Paris in February and attended the 45th G7 summit in August as part of the committee . In an interview with Paris Lees , she voiced her support for transgender rights , reiterating this on Twitter amidst controversy concerning J . K . Rowlings remarks on gender identity . Watson has spoken out in support of the Black Lives Matter movement ; in June 2020 , she shared anti-racism educational resources on social media in support of the George Floyd protests after initially participating in Blackout Tuesday , and uploaded a podcast episode onto Spotify interviewing Reni Eddo-Lodge about her book Why Im No Longer Talking to White People About Race . In July 2020 , she partnered with Lodge and the WOW Foundation to spearhead a project reimagining the London Underground Map , renaming the 270 stops to spotlight women and non-binary people who have shaped the citys history . The initiative will consult writers , museums , and librarians and is set to be published by Haymarket Books on International Womens Day 2021 . Watson was among the 400 signatories in a letter calling for the UK government to include women in decision-making roles at the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Glasgow . Public image . Watson has often been cited as a role model , though she shies away from the term , stating that it puts the fear of god into [ her ] . Her impact on teenage girls view of womens rights has been referred to as the Emma Watson effect , with respondents from a National Citizen Service survey stating that her work in activism had inspired them to label themselves feminists . She has been called an exception to the rule regarding the dissolution of child stars careers . In her initial post-Harry Potter career , she was noted to focus on smaller films rather than big-budget studio films . Adam White of The Independent states that Watsons acting style possesses a very human sensitivity and quiet strength . Her work as a feminist contributes to her media image and career perception . Describing Watsons off-screen persona , Derek Blasberg of Vanity Fair has called her shy , friendly , intelligent , and down to earth . Activist Gloria Steinem has described her as way more like a real person than a movie star , while author Bell Hooks considers her to be part of a very different , new breed [ of actors ] who are interested in being whole and having a holistic life , as opposed to being identified with just wealth and fame . Watsons character in Harry Potter has had a significant impact on pop culture ; the actress has commented , I have met fans [ with ] my face tattooed on their bod [ ies ] . Ive met people who used the Harry Potter books to get through cancer . I dont know how to explain it , but the Harry Potter phenomenon steps into a different zone . Watson has been the subject of substantial media attention since the beginning of her career ; on her eighteenth birthday she was photographed by paparazzi attempting to take pictures up her skirt , and she has been victim of numerous stalking threats . She refuses to publicly discuss her romantic relationships , stating , I cant talk about my boyfriend in an interview and then expect people not to take paparazzi pictures of me walking around outside my home . You cant have it both ways . Watson does not take selfies with fans , citing security concerns , and instead prefers to talk one-on-one during interactions . On coping with intense fame from a young age , she has said that remaining rooted in her own identity helped her eventually find peace . In March 2009 , she was ranked sixth on the Forbes list of Most Valuable Young Stars and in February 2010 , she was named Hollywoods highest-paid female star , having earned an estimated £19 million in 2009 . In 2017 , Forbes ranked her among the worlds highest-paid actresses , with annual earnings of $14 million . In 2013 , Watson was named British GQs Woman of the Year and topped Empires list of the 100 Sexiest Movie Stars . Watson was found to be the sixth most admired woman in the world in global surveys conducted by YouGov in 2020 . Personal life . When asked about her faith in 2014 , Watson described herself as a spiritual universalist . She has been in a relationship with American businessman Leo Robinton since 2019 . In February 2016 , Watson was appointed visiting fellow at Lady Margaret Hall , Oxford University . Marai Larasi , an activist on the issue of violence against women , was her guest to the 2018 Golden Globe Awards . In a 2019 interview , Watson stated she divides her time between London and New York City . In 2013 , she had become certified to teach yoga and meditation . As part of this certification , she attended a week-long meditation course at a Canadian facility , in which residents are not allowed to speak , in order to figure out how to be at home with myself . Regarding her meditation training , she stated in an interview with Elle Australia that an uncertain future meant finding a way to always feel safe and at home within myself . Because I can never rely on a physical place . Awards and nominations . Watson has received several accolades across her career , particularly for her work in the Harry Potter franchise . This includes a Young Artist Award , eight Teen Choice Awards , three MTV Movie Awards , and nominations for four Empire Awards and two Saturn Awards . External links . - Emma Watson at UN Womens official website - Emma Watson at Kerings official website - Emma Watsons 2014 Speech at United Nations Headquarters – Official UN Video
|
[
"Dragon School"
] |
[
{
"text": " Emma Charlotte Duerre Watson ( born 15 April 1990 ) is an English actress and activist . She has gained recognition for her roles in both blockbusters and independent films , as well as her womens rights work . Watson has been ranked among the worlds highest-paid actresses by Forbes and Vanity Fair , and was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by Time magazine in 2015 .",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "Born in Paris and raised in Oxfordshire , Watson attended the Dragon School and trained in acting at the Oxford branch of Stagecoach Theatre Arts . As a child , she rose to stardom after landing her first professional acting role as Hermione Granger in the Harry Potter film series , having acted only in school plays previously . Watson also starred in the 2007 television adaptation of the novel Ballet Shoes and lent her voice to The Tale of Despereaux ( 2008 ) . After the final Harry Potter film , she took on a supporting role in My",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "Week with Marilyn ( 2011 ) , before starring as a flirtatious , free-spirited student in The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2012 ) to critical success . Further acclaim came from portraying Alexis Neiers in Sofia Coppolas The Bling Ring ( 2013 ) and the titular characters adoptive daughter in the biblical epic Noah . That same year , Watson was honoured by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts , winning British Artist of the Year . She starred as Belle in the musical romantic fantasy Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) , which ranks",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "among the highest-grossing films of all time , and Meg March in the coming-of-age drama Little Women ( 2019 ) .",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "From 2011 to 2014 , Watson split her time between working on films and continuing her education , graduating from Brown University with a bachelors degree in English literature in May 2014 . In the same year , she was appointed a UN Women Goodwill ambassador and helped launch the UN Women campaign HeForShe , which advocates for gender equality . In 2018 , she helped launch Times Up UK as a founding member . Watson was appointed to a G7 advisory body for womens rights in 2019 , consulting with leaders on foreign policy . Her modelling work has",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "included campaigns for Burberry and Lancôme . She also lent her name to a line of clothing for sustainable brand People Tree . In 2020 , she joined the board of directors of Kering , a luxury brand group , in her capacity as an advocate for sustainable fashion .",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "Emma Charlotte Duerre Watson was born on 15 April 1990 in Paris , to English lawyers Chris Watson and Jacqueline Luesby . Watson lived in Maisons-Laffitte near Paris until age five . Her parents divorced when she was young , and Watson moved to England to live with her mother in Oxfordshire while spending weekends at her fathers house in London . Watson has said she speaks some French , though not as well as she used to . After moving to Oxford with her mother and brother , she attended the Dragon School , remaining there until 2003 .",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "From age six , she wanted to become an actress , and trained at the Oxford branch of Stagecoach Theatre Arts , a part-time theatre school where she studied singing , dancing , and acting .",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "By age ten , Watson had performed in Stagecoach productions and school plays including Arthur : The Young Years and The Happy Prince , but she had never acted professionally prior to the Harry Potter series . After the Dragon School , Watson moved on to Headington School , Oxford . While on film sets , she and her castmates were tutored for up to five hours a day . In June 2006 , she took GCSE school examinations in ten subjects , achieving eight A* and two A grades . In May 2007 , she took AS levels in",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "English , Geography , Art , and History of Art . The following year , she dropped History of Art to pursue the three A levels , receiving an A grade in each subject .",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "Watson took a gap year after finishing secondary school , to film Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Parts 1 & 2 beginning in February 2009 , but asserted that she intended to continue her studies and later confirmed she had chosen Brown University in Providence , Rhode Island . In March 2011 , after 18 months at the university , Watson announced she was deferring her course for a semester or two , though she attended Worcester College , Oxford during the 2011–12 academic year as part of the Visiting Student Programme . In a 2014 interview on",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "The Ellen DeGeneres Show , Watson said just before graduation that it took five years to finish her degree instead of four because , owing to her acting work , she ended up taking two full semesters off . On 25 May , she graduated from Brown University with a bachelors degree in English literature .",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "In 1999 , casting began for Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone , the film adaptation of British author J . K . Rowlings best-selling novel . Casting agents found Watson through her Oxford theatre teacher , and producers were impressed by her confidence . After eight auditions , producer David Heyman told Watson and fellow applicants Daniel Radcliffe and Rupert Grint that they had been cast in the roles of the school friends Hermione Granger , Harry Potter and Ron Weasley , respectively . Rowling supported Watson from her first screen test .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "The release of Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone in 2001 was Watsons debut screen performance . The film broke records for opening-day sales and opening-weekend takings and was the highest-grossing film of 2001 . Critics singled out Watson for particular acclaim ; The Daily Telegraph called her performance admirable , and IGN said she stole the show . Watson was nominated for five awards for her performance in Philosophers Stone , winning the Young Artist Award for Leading Young Actress . A year later , Watson reprised her role as Hermione in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": ", the second instalment of the series . Reviewers praised the lead actors performances . The Los Angeles Times said Watson and her co-stars had matured between films , while The Times criticised director Chris Columbus for under-employing Watsons hugely popular character . Watson received an Otto Award from the German magazine Bravo for her performance .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 2004 , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was released . Watson was appreciative of the more assertive role Hermione played , calling her charismatic and a fantastic role to play . Critics lauded Watsons performance ; A . O . Scott of The New York Times remarked : Luckily Mr . Radcliffes blandness is offset by Ms . Watsons spiky impatience . Harry may show off his expanding wizardly skills .. . but Hermione .. . earns the loudest applause with a decidedly unmagical punch to Draco Malfoys deserving nose . Although Prisoner of Azkaban proved to",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "be the lowest-grossing Harry Potter film in the entire series , Watsons personal performance won her two Otto Awards and the Child Performance of the Year award from Total Film .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "With Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) , both Watson and the Harry Potter film series reached new milestones . The film set records for a Harry Potter opening weekend and opening weekend in the UK . Critics praised the increasing maturity of Watson and her teenage co-stars ; The New York Times called her performance touchingly earnest , and Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian wrote that Watsons gutsy , confident performance nicely shows that inside and outside the world of magic there is a growing discrepancy between a teenage girls status and her accelerating emotional",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "and intellectual development . For Watson , much of the films humour sprang from the tension among the three lead characters as they matured . She said , I loved all the arguing . .. . I think its much more realistic that they would argue and that there would be problems . Nominated for three awards for Goblet of Fire , Watson won a bronze Otto Award .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 2006 , Watson played Hermione in The Queens Handbag , a special mini-episode of Harry Potter in celebration of Queen Elizabeth IIs 80th birthday . The fifth film in the Harry Potter series , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , was released in 2007 . A huge financial success , the film set a record worldwide opening-weekend gross of $332.7 million . Watson won the inaugural National Movie Award for Best Female Performance . As the fame of the actress and the series continued to rise , Watson and her Harry Potter co-stars Daniel Radcliffe and",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Rupert Grint left imprints of their hands , feet and wands in front of Graumans Chinese Theatre in Hollywood on 9 July 2007 . That month , Watsons work on the Harry Potter series was said to have earned her more than £10 million , and she acknowledged she would never have to work for money again .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Following the success of Order of the Phoenix , the future of the Harry Potter series was in jeopardy , as all three lead actors were hesitant to sign on to continue their roles for the final instalments . Watson was considerably more ambivalent then her co-stars during renegotiations . She explained that the decision was significant , as the films represented a further four-year commitment to the role , but eventually conceded that she could never let [ the role of ] Hermione go , signing for the role on 23 March 2007 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Watsons first non-Potter role was the 2007 BBC film Ballet Shoes , an adaptation of the novel of the same title by Noel Streatfeild . The films director , Sandra Goldbacher , commented that Watson was perfect for the starring role of aspiring actress Pauline Fossil : She has a piercing , delicate aura that makes you want to gaze and gaze at her . Ballet Shoes was broadcast in the UK on Boxing Day to 5.7 million viewers , to mixed reviews . The following year , she voiced the character Princess Pea in the animation The Tale of",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Despereaux , a childrens comedy starring Matthew Broderick , with Harry Potter co-star Robbie Coltrane also starring in the film . The Tale of Despereaux was released in December 2008 and grossed $87 million worldwide .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Principal photography for the sixth Harry Potter film began in late 2007 , with Watsons part being filmed from 18 December to 17 May 2008 . Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince premiered on 15 July 2009 , having been delayed from November 2008 . With the lead actors in their late teens , critics were increasingly willing to review them on the same level as the rest of the franchises all-star cast , which the Los Angeles Times described as a comprehensive guide to contemporary UK acting . The Washington Post felt Watson had given [ her ] most",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "charming performance to date , while The Daily Telegraph described the lead actors as newly liberated and energised , eager to give all they have to whats left of the series .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Watsons filming for the final instalment , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , began on 18 February 2009 and ended on 12 June 2010 . For financial and scripting reasons , the original book was divided into two films which were shot consecutively . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 was released in November 2010 while the second film was released in July 2011 . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 became a commercial and critical success . The highest-grossing film in the franchise , it grossed more than $1.3 billion worldwide and",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "proved to be Watsons most commercially successful film to date .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " She also appeared in a music video for One Night Only , after meeting lead singer George Craig at the 2010 Winter/Summer Burberry advertising campaign . The video , Say You Dont Want It , was screened on Channel 4 on 26 June 2010 and released on 16 August . In her first post-Harry Potter film , Watson appeared in My Week with Marilyn ( 2011 ) as Lucy , a wardrobe assistant who briefly dates protagonist Colin Clark , portrayed by Eddie Redmayne .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In May 2010 , Watson was reported to be in talks to star in Stephen Chboskys The Perks of Being a Wallflower , based on the 1999 novel of the same name . Filming began in summer of 2011 , and the film was released in September 2012 . Watson starred opposite Logan Lerman as Sam , a high school senior who befriends a fellow student called Charlie ( Lerman ) , and helps him through his freshman year . The film opened to favourable reviews ; David Sexton of the Evening Standard opined that Watsons performance was plausible and",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "touching while Ian Buckwalter of The Atlantic stated that Watson sheds the memory of a decade playing Hermione in the Harry Potter series with an about-face as a flirtatious but insecure free spirit .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 2013 , Watson starred in the satirical crime film The Bling Ring . The Sofia Coppola-directed film is based on the real-life Bling Ring robberies , with Watson playing a fictionalised version of Alexis Neiers , a television personality who was one of seven teenagers involved in the robberies . While the film mostly received mixed reviews , critics gave almost unanimous praise for Watsons performance . Adam White of The Independent later stated that She prove [ d ] remarkable.. . Watson oozes casual disdain . Her sticky American vocal fry is clipped and monotone , as if",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "shes swallowed a Kardashian for breakfast . Watson also had a supporting role in the apocalyptic comedy This Is the End ( 2013 ) , in which she , Seth Rogen , James Franco and many others played exaggerated versions of themselves and Watson memorably dropped the f-bomb . She said she could not pass up the opportunity to make her first comedy and work with some of the best comedians .. . in the world right now .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In June 2012 , Watson was confirmed for the role as Ila , Shems wife , in Darren Aronofskys Noah , which began filming the following month , and was released in March 2014 . Watson referred to the role as physically very demanding given the usage of special effects and did extensive research on childbirth to effectively portray a scene in the film . The film , a box office success , received mixed reviews for its direction and casting ; Vanity Fair wrote that Watson anchors the films rawest emotional scenes.. . Sitting on an Icelandic beach with",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Russell Crowe , her hair wild and eyes burning , Watson is quiet but ferocious . In March 2013 , it was reported that Watson was in negotiations to star as the title character in a live-action Disney adaptation of Cinderella . Watson was offered the role , but turned it down because she did not connect with the character . The role ultimately went to Lily James .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Watson joined Judi Dench , Robert Downey Jr. , Mike Leigh , Julia Louis-Dreyfus , and Mark Ruffalo as recipients of the 2014 Britannia Awards , presented on 30 October in Los Angeles . Watson was awarded British Artist of the Year and she dedicated the prize to Millie , her pet hamster who died as Watson was filming Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone . Watson starred in two 2015 releases , the thrillers Colonia , opposite Daniel Brühl and Michael Nyqvist ; and Regression by Alejandro Amenábar , alongside Ethan Hawke and her Harry Potter co-star David Thewlis",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": ". Both of these films received generally negative reviews ; The Daily Telegraph critic blamed Regressions script for her pure dramatic cardboard role . She also appeared in an episode of BBCs The Vicar of Dibley , in which she played Reverend Iris . In February 2016 , Watson announced she was taking a year-long break from acting . She planned to spend the time on her personal development and her womens rights work .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Watson starred as Belle in the 2017 live-action Disney adaptation of Beauty and the Beast directed by Bill Condon , and starring opposite Dan Stevens as the Beast . She was given autonomy within Belles portrayal ; she re-characterised her as an assistant to her inventor father and incorporated bloomers and boots into her wardrobe . The film grossed over $1.2 billion at the worldwide box office and emerged as the second-highest-grossing film of 2017 and the 17th-highest-grossing film of all time . Her reported fee was $3 million upfront with profit participation , bringing her salary up to $15",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "million . The film garnered positive reviews ; Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times thought her performance was all pluck and spunk and sass and smarts and fierce independence as Belle . Watson later said When I finished the film , it kind of felt like I had made that transition into being a woman on-screen .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In the same year , she starred opposite Tom Hanks in the film adaptation of Dave Eggers novel The Circle as Mae Holland , who begins working at a powerful tech corporation and enters a perilous situation concerning surveillance and freedom . The film received negative reviews but was a moderate box office success . In 2019 , Watson starred as Meg March in Greta Gerwigs adaptation of Louisa May Alcotts novel Little Women , co-starring with Saoirse Ronan , Florence Pugh , Laura Dern , Timothée Chalamet , and Meryl Streep . On the premise , Watson has stated",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "I think [ Little Women ] was good literary device to explain that theres not one way to be a feminist.. . [ Megs ] way of being a feminist is making the choice – because thats really , for me anyway , what feminism is about . Her choice is that she wants to be a full-time mother and wife . Forbes stated that Watson has perhaps the most challenging [ ... ] role , as the proverbial straight woman of the sisters who is put on the defensive when her dreams end up being the most conventional of",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "the lot . The film was released to critical acclaim and grossed over $218 million against its $40 million budget .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 2020 , Watson discussed her future career plans , stating : Having been so public in making films and being so active on social [ media ] in my activism , I am curious to embrace a role where I work to amplify more voices , to continue to learn from those with different experiences , adding that her work would include fewer red carpets and more conference meetings . In 2021 , various reports surfaced stating that Watson was engaged or retiring . Watson and her representatives refuted these reports ; she later labelled the speculation as clickbait",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "and cited her relative public absence to continued social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 2005 , Watson began her modelling career with a photo shoot for Teen Vogue , which made her the youngest person to cover the magazine . Three years later , the British press reported that Watson was to replace Keira Knightley as the face of Chanel , but this was denied by both parties . In June 2009 , following several months of rumours , Watson confirmed she would be partnering with Burberry as the face of their Autumn/Winter 2009 campaign , for which she received an estimated six-figure fee . She also appeared in Burberrys 2010 Spring/Summer campaign",
"title": "Modelling and fashion"
},
{
"text": "alongside her brother Alex , musicians George Craig and Matt Gilmour , and model Max Hurd . In February 2011 , Watson was awarded the Style Icon award from British Elle by Dame Vivienne Westwood . Watson continued her involvement in fashion advertising when she announced she had been chosen as the face of Lancôme in March 2011 .",
"title": "Modelling and fashion"
},
{
"text": "In September 2009 , Watson announced her involvement with People Tree , a fair trade fashion brand . Watson worked as a creative adviser for the company to create a spring line of clothing , which was released in February 2010 ; the range featured styles inspired by southern France and London . The collection , described by The Times as very clever despite their quiet hope that [ she ] would become tangled at the first hemp-woven hurdle , was widely publicised in magazines such as Teen Vogue , Cosmopolitan , and People . Watson , who was not",
"title": "Modelling and fashion"
},
{
"text": "paid for the collaboration , admitted that competition for the range was minimal , but argued that Fashion is a great way to empower people and give them skills ; rather than give cash to charity you can help people by buying the clothes they make and supporting things they take pride in ; adding , I think young people like me are becoming increasingly aware of the humanitarian issues surrounding fast fashion and want to make good choices but there arent many options out there . Watson continued her involvement with People Tree , resulting in the release of",
"title": "Modelling and fashion"
},
{
"text": "a 2010 Autumn/Winter collection .",
"title": "Modelling and fashion"
},
{
"text": " In 2013 , Madame Tussauds in London unveiled a wax statue of Watson wearing an Elie Saab haute couture design donated to the museum by the designer . A spokesperson for the museum said stated , [ Watson ] is one of the most requested personalities by our guests . Shes a true English rose known and loved by millions of film and fashion fans around the world . Watson was awarded Best British Style at the 2014 British Fashion Awards . The competition included David Beckham , Amal Clooney , Kate Moss , and Keira Knightley .",
"title": "Modelling and fashion"
},
{
"text": "Watson has been described as an early adopter of sustainable fashion and is noted for dressing ethically on the red carpet . She wore a Calvin Klein gown to the 2016 Met Gala made out of recycled plastic bottles . Watson has supported Good On You , an app that acts as a directory for the sustainability level of fashion brands . In 2017 , she began updating an Instagram account entitled The Press Tour , detailing the ethical brands she wore during the press tours for films such as Beauty and the Beast and The Circle . Watson guest-edited",
"title": "Modelling and fashion"
},
{
"text": "the March 2018 issue of Vogue Australia focusing on fashion sustainability , and was photographed by Peter Lindbergh for the magazine . In January 2020 , she partnered with consignment website ThredUP to launch a Fashion Footprint Calculator , which allows website visitors to calculate the carbon impact of their wardrobes and ways to reduce it .",
"title": "Modelling and fashion"
},
{
"text": "In June 2020 , Watson was appointed the youngest member of the board of directors of Kering , the owner of various fashion brands such as Gucci and Yves Saint Laurent . Watson will chair Kerings sustainability committee . Kering chairman François-Henri Pinault praised the new board members knowledge and competences , and the multiplicity of their backgrounds and perspectives . Watson stated she hope [ d ] to influence decisions that will impact future generations and the world that we leave them and was extremely excited to collaborate with the Kering Foundation as part of their womens rights work",
"title": "Modelling and fashion"
},
{
"text": "and looked forward to making a difference behind the scenes .",
"title": "Modelling and fashion"
},
{
"text": "Watson is an outspoken feminist . She has promoted education for girls , travelling to Bangladesh and Zambia to do so . In July 2014 , she was appointed a UN Women Goodwill ambassador . That September , an admittedly nervous Watson delivered an address at UN Headquarters in New York City to launch the UN Women campaign HeForShe , which aims to urge men to advocate for gender equality . In that speech she said she began questioning gender-based assumptions at age eight when she was called bossy ( a trait she has attributed to her being a perfectionist",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": ") whilst boys were not , and at 14 when she was sexualised by certain elements of the media . Further , Watsons speech described feminism as the belief that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities and declared that the perception of man-hating is something that has to stop . The speech made worldwide headlines from both major news outlets and fashion blogs ; the organisations website crashed after press coverage of the event . Watson later said she received threats within less than twelve hours of making the speech , which left her raging . [",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": "... ] If they were trying to put me off [ womens rights work ] , it did the opposite . Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka , the Executive Director of UN Women , stated , For a time , there was a conversation about whether feminism was a good thing or a bad thing.. . [ Her speech ] gave us the word back . In 2015 , Malala Yousafzai told Watson she decided to call herself a feminist after hearing her speech .",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": "Also in September , Watson made her first country visit as a UN Women Goodwill ambassador to Uruguay where she gave a speech highlighting the need for womens political participation . In December , the Ms . Foundation for Women named Watson its Feminist Celebrity of 2014 , following an online poll . Watson also gave a speech about gender equality in January 2015 , at the World Economic Forums annual winter meeting . Watson took the top spot on the AskMen Top 99 Outstanding Women 2015 list on the strength of having thrown her back into womens rights issues",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": ". In the same year , Watson was included on the Time 100 list of the worlds most influential people , her first-ever appearance on the list . For its recap , former New York Times editor Jill Abramson noted Watsons gutsy , smart take on feminism and called her effort to get men involved refreshing . Watson has cited Gloria Steinem and Maya Angelou as influences . In January 2016 , Watson started a feminist Goodreads book club : Our Shared Shelf . The goal of the club is to share feminist ideas and encourage discussion on the topic",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": ". One book is selected per month and is discussed in the last week of that month . The first book to be selected was My Life on the Road by Gloria Steinem , whom Watson would later interview that February at the How to : Academy in London . Our Shared Shelf ceased updates in January 2020 , but continues to be open as a discussion board for recommendations . Watson has partnered with organisations such as Book Fairies and Books on the Underground to leave literature on public transit for consumption .",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": "In March 2017 , Watson received backlash for a Vanity Fair photo shoot in which one of the shots had her breasts partly visible ; some in the news media accused her of hypocrisy . Bemused by the controversy , she argued that feminism is not a stick with which to beat other women but is instead about freedom , liberation and equality , adding , I really dont know what my tits have to do with it . Watson has discussed her white privilege in feminist spaces ; in an interview with British Vogue , she commented , I",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": "saw white feminism coming up again and again , and I was like , Hey , this is clearly something that I have to meaningfully engage with . I have to understand this better . She has written about intersectionality for Our Shared Shelf , discussing her self-reflection on What are the ways I have benefited from being white ? In what ways do I support and uphold a system that is structurally racist ? Watson is a founding member of Times Up UK and coordinated its launch at the 71st British Academy Film Awards . Watson also assisted in",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": "the establishment of nationwide industry guidelines on bullying and harassment , implemented by the British Film Institute and British Academy of Film and Television Arts . She donated £1 million to Times Up UK in February 2018 and later helped set up the organisations Justice and Equality Fund in October , which donated to womens groups across the country .",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": "In July 2019 , Watson helped launch a legal helpline for people who have suffered sexual harassment in the workplace . Legal advice is provided by Rights of Women , a charity which works to help women through the law . In the same year , she joined a G7 gender equality advisory group convened by the president of France , Emmanuel Macron , to call on G7 to make political and economic advances for women within their own countries as well as a centerpiece of foreign policy . She attended their first meeting at the Élysée Palace in Paris",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": "in February and attended the 45th G7 summit in August as part of the committee . In an interview with Paris Lees , she voiced her support for transgender rights , reiterating this on Twitter amidst controversy concerning J . K . Rowlings remarks on gender identity . Watson has spoken out in support of the Black Lives Matter movement ; in June 2020 , she shared anti-racism educational resources on social media in support of the George Floyd protests after initially participating in Blackout Tuesday , and uploaded a podcast episode onto Spotify interviewing Reni Eddo-Lodge about her book",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": "Why Im No Longer Talking to White People About Race . In July 2020 , she partnered with Lodge and the WOW Foundation to spearhead a project reimagining the London Underground Map , renaming the 270 stops to spotlight women and non-binary people who have shaped the citys history . The initiative will consult writers , museums , and librarians and is set to be published by Haymarket Books on International Womens Day 2021 . Watson was among the 400 signatories in a letter calling for the UK government to include women in decision-making roles at the 2021 United Nations",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": "Climate Change Conference in Glasgow .",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": "Watson has often been cited as a role model , though she shies away from the term , stating that it puts the fear of god into [ her ] . Her impact on teenage girls view of womens rights has been referred to as the Emma Watson effect , with respondents from a National Citizen Service survey stating that her work in activism had inspired them to label themselves feminists . She has been called an exception to the rule regarding the dissolution of child stars careers . In her initial post-Harry Potter career , she was noted to",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "focus on smaller films rather than big-budget studio films . Adam White of The Independent states that Watsons acting style possesses a very human sensitivity and quiet strength . Her work as a feminist contributes to her media image and career perception . Describing Watsons off-screen persona , Derek Blasberg of Vanity Fair has called her shy , friendly , intelligent , and down to earth . Activist Gloria Steinem has described her as way more like a real person than a movie star , while author Bell Hooks considers her to be part of a very different , new",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "breed [ of actors ] who are interested in being whole and having a holistic life , as opposed to being identified with just wealth and fame .",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "Watsons character in Harry Potter has had a significant impact on pop culture ; the actress has commented , I have met fans [ with ] my face tattooed on their bod [ ies ] . Ive met people who used the Harry Potter books to get through cancer . I dont know how to explain it , but the Harry Potter phenomenon steps into a different zone . Watson has been the subject of substantial media attention since the beginning of her career ; on her eighteenth birthday she was photographed by paparazzi attempting to take pictures up her",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "skirt , and she has been victim of numerous stalking threats . She refuses to publicly discuss her romantic relationships , stating , I cant talk about my boyfriend in an interview and then expect people not to take paparazzi pictures of me walking around outside my home . You cant have it both ways . Watson does not take selfies with fans , citing security concerns , and instead prefers to talk one-on-one during interactions . On coping with intense fame from a young age , she has said that remaining rooted in her own identity helped her eventually",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "find peace .",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "In March 2009 , she was ranked sixth on the Forbes list of Most Valuable Young Stars and in February 2010 , she was named Hollywoods highest-paid female star , having earned an estimated £19 million in 2009 . In 2017 , Forbes ranked her among the worlds highest-paid actresses , with annual earnings of $14 million . In 2013 , Watson was named British GQs Woman of the Year and topped Empires list of the 100 Sexiest Movie Stars . Watson was found to be the sixth most admired woman in the world in global surveys conducted by YouGov",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "in 2020 .",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": " When asked about her faith in 2014 , Watson described herself as a spiritual universalist . She has been in a relationship with American businessman Leo Robinton since 2019 . In February 2016 , Watson was appointed visiting fellow at Lady Margaret Hall , Oxford University . Marai Larasi , an activist on the issue of violence against women , was her guest to the 2018 Golden Globe Awards .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "In a 2019 interview , Watson stated she divides her time between London and New York City . In 2013 , she had become certified to teach yoga and meditation . As part of this certification , she attended a week-long meditation course at a Canadian facility , in which residents are not allowed to speak , in order to figure out how to be at home with myself . Regarding her meditation training , she stated in an interview with Elle Australia that an uncertain future meant finding a way to always feel safe and at home within myself",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": ". Because I can never rely on a physical place .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Watson has received several accolades across her career , particularly for her work in the Harry Potter franchise . This includes a Young Artist Award , eight Teen Choice Awards , three MTV Movie Awards , and nominations for four Empire Awards and two Saturn Awards .",
"title": "Awards and nominations"
},
{
"text": " - Emma Watson at UN Womens official website - Emma Watson at Kerings official website - Emma Watsons 2014 Speech at United Nations Headquarters – Official UN Video",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Emma_Watson#P69#1
|
Where was Emma Watson educated in Aug 2010?
|
Emma Watson Emma Charlotte Duerre Watson ( born 15 April 1990 ) is an English actress and activist . She has gained recognition for her roles in both blockbusters and independent films , as well as her womens rights work . Watson has been ranked among the worlds highest-paid actresses by Forbes and Vanity Fair , and was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by Time magazine in 2015 . Born in Paris and raised in Oxfordshire , Watson attended the Dragon School and trained in acting at the Oxford branch of Stagecoach Theatre Arts . As a child , she rose to stardom after landing her first professional acting role as Hermione Granger in the Harry Potter film series , having acted only in school plays previously . Watson also starred in the 2007 television adaptation of the novel Ballet Shoes and lent her voice to The Tale of Despereaux ( 2008 ) . After the final Harry Potter film , she took on a supporting role in My Week with Marilyn ( 2011 ) , before starring as a flirtatious , free-spirited student in The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2012 ) to critical success . Further acclaim came from portraying Alexis Neiers in Sofia Coppolas The Bling Ring ( 2013 ) and the titular characters adoptive daughter in the biblical epic Noah . That same year , Watson was honoured by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts , winning British Artist of the Year . She starred as Belle in the musical romantic fantasy Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) , which ranks among the highest-grossing films of all time , and Meg March in the coming-of-age drama Little Women ( 2019 ) . From 2011 to 2014 , Watson split her time between working on films and continuing her education , graduating from Brown University with a bachelors degree in English literature in May 2014 . In the same year , she was appointed a UN Women Goodwill ambassador and helped launch the UN Women campaign HeForShe , which advocates for gender equality . In 2018 , she helped launch Times Up UK as a founding member . Watson was appointed to a G7 advisory body for womens rights in 2019 , consulting with leaders on foreign policy . Her modelling work has included campaigns for Burberry and Lancôme . She also lent her name to a line of clothing for sustainable brand People Tree . In 2020 , she joined the board of directors of Kering , a luxury brand group , in her capacity as an advocate for sustainable fashion . Early life and education . Emma Charlotte Duerre Watson was born on 15 April 1990 in Paris , to English lawyers Chris Watson and Jacqueline Luesby . Watson lived in Maisons-Laffitte near Paris until age five . Her parents divorced when she was young , and Watson moved to England to live with her mother in Oxfordshire while spending weekends at her fathers house in London . Watson has said she speaks some French , though not as well as she used to . After moving to Oxford with her mother and brother , she attended the Dragon School , remaining there until 2003 . From age six , she wanted to become an actress , and trained at the Oxford branch of Stagecoach Theatre Arts , a part-time theatre school where she studied singing , dancing , and acting . By age ten , Watson had performed in Stagecoach productions and school plays including Arthur : The Young Years and The Happy Prince , but she had never acted professionally prior to the Harry Potter series . After the Dragon School , Watson moved on to Headington School , Oxford . While on film sets , she and her castmates were tutored for up to five hours a day . In June 2006 , she took GCSE school examinations in ten subjects , achieving eight A* and two A grades . In May 2007 , she took AS levels in English , Geography , Art , and History of Art . The following year , she dropped History of Art to pursue the three A levels , receiving an A grade in each subject . Watson took a gap year after finishing secondary school , to film Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Parts 1 & 2 beginning in February 2009 , but asserted that she intended to continue her studies and later confirmed she had chosen Brown University in Providence , Rhode Island . In March 2011 , after 18 months at the university , Watson announced she was deferring her course for a semester or two , though she attended Worcester College , Oxford during the 2011–12 academic year as part of the Visiting Student Programme . In a 2014 interview on The Ellen DeGeneres Show , Watson said just before graduation that it took five years to finish her degree instead of four because , owing to her acting work , she ended up taking two full semesters off . On 25 May , she graduated from Brown University with a bachelors degree in English literature . Career . 1999–2009 : Beginnings and breakthrough with Harry Potter . In 1999 , casting began for Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone , the film adaptation of British author J . K . Rowlings best-selling novel . Casting agents found Watson through her Oxford theatre teacher , and producers were impressed by her confidence . After eight auditions , producer David Heyman told Watson and fellow applicants Daniel Radcliffe and Rupert Grint that they had been cast in the roles of the school friends Hermione Granger , Harry Potter and Ron Weasley , respectively . Rowling supported Watson from her first screen test . The release of Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone in 2001 was Watsons debut screen performance . The film broke records for opening-day sales and opening-weekend takings and was the highest-grossing film of 2001 . Critics singled out Watson for particular acclaim ; The Daily Telegraph called her performance admirable , and IGN said she stole the show . Watson was nominated for five awards for her performance in Philosophers Stone , winning the Young Artist Award for Leading Young Actress . A year later , Watson reprised her role as Hermione in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , the second instalment of the series . Reviewers praised the lead actors performances . The Los Angeles Times said Watson and her co-stars had matured between films , while The Times criticised director Chris Columbus for under-employing Watsons hugely popular character . Watson received an Otto Award from the German magazine Bravo for her performance . In 2004 , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was released . Watson was appreciative of the more assertive role Hermione played , calling her charismatic and a fantastic role to play . Critics lauded Watsons performance ; A . O . Scott of The New York Times remarked : Luckily Mr . Radcliffes blandness is offset by Ms . Watsons spiky impatience . Harry may show off his expanding wizardly skills .. . but Hermione .. . earns the loudest applause with a decidedly unmagical punch to Draco Malfoys deserving nose . Although Prisoner of Azkaban proved to be the lowest-grossing Harry Potter film in the entire series , Watsons personal performance won her two Otto Awards and the Child Performance of the Year award from Total Film . With Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) , both Watson and the Harry Potter film series reached new milestones . The film set records for a Harry Potter opening weekend and opening weekend in the UK . Critics praised the increasing maturity of Watson and her teenage co-stars ; The New York Times called her performance touchingly earnest , and Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian wrote that Watsons gutsy , confident performance nicely shows that inside and outside the world of magic there is a growing discrepancy between a teenage girls status and her accelerating emotional and intellectual development . For Watson , much of the films humour sprang from the tension among the three lead characters as they matured . She said , I loved all the arguing . .. . I think its much more realistic that they would argue and that there would be problems . Nominated for three awards for Goblet of Fire , Watson won a bronze Otto Award . In 2006 , Watson played Hermione in The Queens Handbag , a special mini-episode of Harry Potter in celebration of Queen Elizabeth IIs 80th birthday . The fifth film in the Harry Potter series , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , was released in 2007 . A huge financial success , the film set a record worldwide opening-weekend gross of $332.7 million . Watson won the inaugural National Movie Award for Best Female Performance . As the fame of the actress and the series continued to rise , Watson and her Harry Potter co-stars Daniel Radcliffe and Rupert Grint left imprints of their hands , feet and wands in front of Graumans Chinese Theatre in Hollywood on 9 July 2007 . That month , Watsons work on the Harry Potter series was said to have earned her more than £10 million , and she acknowledged she would never have to work for money again . Following the success of Order of the Phoenix , the future of the Harry Potter series was in jeopardy , as all three lead actors were hesitant to sign on to continue their roles for the final instalments . Watson was considerably more ambivalent then her co-stars during renegotiations . She explained that the decision was significant , as the films represented a further four-year commitment to the role , but eventually conceded that she could never let [ the role of ] Hermione go , signing for the role on 23 March 2007 . Watsons first non-Potter role was the 2007 BBC film Ballet Shoes , an adaptation of the novel of the same title by Noel Streatfeild . The films director , Sandra Goldbacher , commented that Watson was perfect for the starring role of aspiring actress Pauline Fossil : She has a piercing , delicate aura that makes you want to gaze and gaze at her . Ballet Shoes was broadcast in the UK on Boxing Day to 5.7 million viewers , to mixed reviews . The following year , she voiced the character Princess Pea in the animation The Tale of Despereaux , a childrens comedy starring Matthew Broderick , with Harry Potter co-star Robbie Coltrane also starring in the film . The Tale of Despereaux was released in December 2008 and grossed $87 million worldwide . Principal photography for the sixth Harry Potter film began in late 2007 , with Watsons part being filmed from 18 December to 17 May 2008 . Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince premiered on 15 July 2009 , having been delayed from November 2008 . With the lead actors in their late teens , critics were increasingly willing to review them on the same level as the rest of the franchises all-star cast , which the Los Angeles Times described as a comprehensive guide to contemporary UK acting . The Washington Post felt Watson had given [ her ] most charming performance to date , while The Daily Telegraph described the lead actors as newly liberated and energised , eager to give all they have to whats left of the series . 2010–present : Mainstream work and worldwide recognition . Watsons filming for the final instalment , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , began on 18 February 2009 and ended on 12 June 2010 . For financial and scripting reasons , the original book was divided into two films which were shot consecutively . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 was released in November 2010 while the second film was released in July 2011 . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 became a commercial and critical success . The highest-grossing film in the franchise , it grossed more than $1.3 billion worldwide and proved to be Watsons most commercially successful film to date . She also appeared in a music video for One Night Only , after meeting lead singer George Craig at the 2010 Winter/Summer Burberry advertising campaign . The video , Say You Dont Want It , was screened on Channel 4 on 26 June 2010 and released on 16 August . In her first post-Harry Potter film , Watson appeared in My Week with Marilyn ( 2011 ) as Lucy , a wardrobe assistant who briefly dates protagonist Colin Clark , portrayed by Eddie Redmayne . In May 2010 , Watson was reported to be in talks to star in Stephen Chboskys The Perks of Being a Wallflower , based on the 1999 novel of the same name . Filming began in summer of 2011 , and the film was released in September 2012 . Watson starred opposite Logan Lerman as Sam , a high school senior who befriends a fellow student called Charlie ( Lerman ) , and helps him through his freshman year . The film opened to favourable reviews ; David Sexton of the Evening Standard opined that Watsons performance was plausible and touching while Ian Buckwalter of The Atlantic stated that Watson sheds the memory of a decade playing Hermione in the Harry Potter series with an about-face as a flirtatious but insecure free spirit . In 2013 , Watson starred in the satirical crime film The Bling Ring . The Sofia Coppola-directed film is based on the real-life Bling Ring robberies , with Watson playing a fictionalised version of Alexis Neiers , a television personality who was one of seven teenagers involved in the robberies . While the film mostly received mixed reviews , critics gave almost unanimous praise for Watsons performance . Adam White of The Independent later stated that She prove [ d ] remarkable.. . Watson oozes casual disdain . Her sticky American vocal fry is clipped and monotone , as if shes swallowed a Kardashian for breakfast . Watson also had a supporting role in the apocalyptic comedy This Is the End ( 2013 ) , in which she , Seth Rogen , James Franco and many others played exaggerated versions of themselves and Watson memorably dropped the f-bomb . She said she could not pass up the opportunity to make her first comedy and work with some of the best comedians .. . in the world right now . In June 2012 , Watson was confirmed for the role as Ila , Shems wife , in Darren Aronofskys Noah , which began filming the following month , and was released in March 2014 . Watson referred to the role as physically very demanding given the usage of special effects and did extensive research on childbirth to effectively portray a scene in the film . The film , a box office success , received mixed reviews for its direction and casting ; Vanity Fair wrote that Watson anchors the films rawest emotional scenes.. . Sitting on an Icelandic beach with Russell Crowe , her hair wild and eyes burning , Watson is quiet but ferocious . In March 2013 , it was reported that Watson was in negotiations to star as the title character in a live-action Disney adaptation of Cinderella . Watson was offered the role , but turned it down because she did not connect with the character . The role ultimately went to Lily James . Watson joined Judi Dench , Robert Downey Jr. , Mike Leigh , Julia Louis-Dreyfus , and Mark Ruffalo as recipients of the 2014 Britannia Awards , presented on 30 October in Los Angeles . Watson was awarded British Artist of the Year and she dedicated the prize to Millie , her pet hamster who died as Watson was filming Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone . Watson starred in two 2015 releases , the thrillers Colonia , opposite Daniel Brühl and Michael Nyqvist ; and Regression by Alejandro Amenábar , alongside Ethan Hawke and her Harry Potter co-star David Thewlis . Both of these films received generally negative reviews ; The Daily Telegraph critic blamed Regressions script for her pure dramatic cardboard role . She also appeared in an episode of BBCs The Vicar of Dibley , in which she played Reverend Iris . In February 2016 , Watson announced she was taking a year-long break from acting . She planned to spend the time on her personal development and her womens rights work . Watson starred as Belle in the 2017 live-action Disney adaptation of Beauty and the Beast directed by Bill Condon , and starring opposite Dan Stevens as the Beast . She was given autonomy within Belles portrayal ; she re-characterised her as an assistant to her inventor father and incorporated bloomers and boots into her wardrobe . The film grossed over $1.2 billion at the worldwide box office and emerged as the second-highest-grossing film of 2017 and the 17th-highest-grossing film of all time . Her reported fee was $3 million upfront with profit participation , bringing her salary up to $15 million . The film garnered positive reviews ; Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times thought her performance was all pluck and spunk and sass and smarts and fierce independence as Belle . Watson later said When I finished the film , it kind of felt like I had made that transition into being a woman on-screen . In the same year , she starred opposite Tom Hanks in the film adaptation of Dave Eggers novel The Circle as Mae Holland , who begins working at a powerful tech corporation and enters a perilous situation concerning surveillance and freedom . The film received negative reviews but was a moderate box office success . In 2019 , Watson starred as Meg March in Greta Gerwigs adaptation of Louisa May Alcotts novel Little Women , co-starring with Saoirse Ronan , Florence Pugh , Laura Dern , Timothée Chalamet , and Meryl Streep . On the premise , Watson has stated I think [ Little Women ] was good literary device to explain that theres not one way to be a feminist.. . [ Megs ] way of being a feminist is making the choice – because thats really , for me anyway , what feminism is about . Her choice is that she wants to be a full-time mother and wife . Forbes stated that Watson has perhaps the most challenging [ ... ] role , as the proverbial straight woman of the sisters who is put on the defensive when her dreams end up being the most conventional of the lot . The film was released to critical acclaim and grossed over $218 million against its $40 million budget . In 2020 , Watson discussed her future career plans , stating : Having been so public in making films and being so active on social [ media ] in my activism , I am curious to embrace a role where I work to amplify more voices , to continue to learn from those with different experiences , adding that her work would include fewer red carpets and more conference meetings . In 2021 , various reports surfaced stating that Watson was engaged or retiring . Watson and her representatives refuted these reports ; she later labelled the speculation as clickbait and cited her relative public absence to continued social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic . Other ventures . Modelling and fashion . In 2005 , Watson began her modelling career with a photo shoot for Teen Vogue , which made her the youngest person to cover the magazine . Three years later , the British press reported that Watson was to replace Keira Knightley as the face of Chanel , but this was denied by both parties . In June 2009 , following several months of rumours , Watson confirmed she would be partnering with Burberry as the face of their Autumn/Winter 2009 campaign , for which she received an estimated six-figure fee . She also appeared in Burberrys 2010 Spring/Summer campaign alongside her brother Alex , musicians George Craig and Matt Gilmour , and model Max Hurd . In February 2011 , Watson was awarded the Style Icon award from British Elle by Dame Vivienne Westwood . Watson continued her involvement in fashion advertising when she announced she had been chosen as the face of Lancôme in March 2011 . In September 2009 , Watson announced her involvement with People Tree , a fair trade fashion brand . Watson worked as a creative adviser for the company to create a spring line of clothing , which was released in February 2010 ; the range featured styles inspired by southern France and London . The collection , described by The Times as very clever despite their quiet hope that [ she ] would become tangled at the first hemp-woven hurdle , was widely publicised in magazines such as Teen Vogue , Cosmopolitan , and People . Watson , who was not paid for the collaboration , admitted that competition for the range was minimal , but argued that Fashion is a great way to empower people and give them skills ; rather than give cash to charity you can help people by buying the clothes they make and supporting things they take pride in ; adding , I think young people like me are becoming increasingly aware of the humanitarian issues surrounding fast fashion and want to make good choices but there arent many options out there . Watson continued her involvement with People Tree , resulting in the release of a 2010 Autumn/Winter collection . In 2013 , Madame Tussauds in London unveiled a wax statue of Watson wearing an Elie Saab haute couture design donated to the museum by the designer . A spokesperson for the museum said stated , [ Watson ] is one of the most requested personalities by our guests . Shes a true English rose known and loved by millions of film and fashion fans around the world . Watson was awarded Best British Style at the 2014 British Fashion Awards . The competition included David Beckham , Amal Clooney , Kate Moss , and Keira Knightley . Watson has been described as an early adopter of sustainable fashion and is noted for dressing ethically on the red carpet . She wore a Calvin Klein gown to the 2016 Met Gala made out of recycled plastic bottles . Watson has supported Good On You , an app that acts as a directory for the sustainability level of fashion brands . In 2017 , she began updating an Instagram account entitled The Press Tour , detailing the ethical brands she wore during the press tours for films such as Beauty and the Beast and The Circle . Watson guest-edited the March 2018 issue of Vogue Australia focusing on fashion sustainability , and was photographed by Peter Lindbergh for the magazine . In January 2020 , she partnered with consignment website ThredUP to launch a Fashion Footprint Calculator , which allows website visitors to calculate the carbon impact of their wardrobes and ways to reduce it . In June 2020 , Watson was appointed the youngest member of the board of directors of Kering , the owner of various fashion brands such as Gucci and Yves Saint Laurent . Watson will chair Kerings sustainability committee . Kering chairman François-Henri Pinault praised the new board members knowledge and competences , and the multiplicity of their backgrounds and perspectives . Watson stated she hope [ d ] to influence decisions that will impact future generations and the world that we leave them and was extremely excited to collaborate with the Kering Foundation as part of their womens rights work and looked forward to making a difference behind the scenes . Activism and advocacy . Watson is an outspoken feminist . She has promoted education for girls , travelling to Bangladesh and Zambia to do so . In July 2014 , she was appointed a UN Women Goodwill ambassador . That September , an admittedly nervous Watson delivered an address at UN Headquarters in New York City to launch the UN Women campaign HeForShe , which aims to urge men to advocate for gender equality . In that speech she said she began questioning gender-based assumptions at age eight when she was called bossy ( a trait she has attributed to her being a perfectionist ) whilst boys were not , and at 14 when she was sexualised by certain elements of the media . Further , Watsons speech described feminism as the belief that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities and declared that the perception of man-hating is something that has to stop . The speech made worldwide headlines from both major news outlets and fashion blogs ; the organisations website crashed after press coverage of the event . Watson later said she received threats within less than twelve hours of making the speech , which left her raging . [ ... ] If they were trying to put me off [ womens rights work ] , it did the opposite . Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka , the Executive Director of UN Women , stated , For a time , there was a conversation about whether feminism was a good thing or a bad thing.. . [ Her speech ] gave us the word back . In 2015 , Malala Yousafzai told Watson she decided to call herself a feminist after hearing her speech . Also in September , Watson made her first country visit as a UN Women Goodwill ambassador to Uruguay where she gave a speech highlighting the need for womens political participation . In December , the Ms . Foundation for Women named Watson its Feminist Celebrity of 2014 , following an online poll . Watson also gave a speech about gender equality in January 2015 , at the World Economic Forums annual winter meeting . Watson took the top spot on the AskMen Top 99 Outstanding Women 2015 list on the strength of having thrown her back into womens rights issues . In the same year , Watson was included on the Time 100 list of the worlds most influential people , her first-ever appearance on the list . For its recap , former New York Times editor Jill Abramson noted Watsons gutsy , smart take on feminism and called her effort to get men involved refreshing . Watson has cited Gloria Steinem and Maya Angelou as influences . In January 2016 , Watson started a feminist Goodreads book club : Our Shared Shelf . The goal of the club is to share feminist ideas and encourage discussion on the topic . One book is selected per month and is discussed in the last week of that month . The first book to be selected was My Life on the Road by Gloria Steinem , whom Watson would later interview that February at the How to : Academy in London . Our Shared Shelf ceased updates in January 2020 , but continues to be open as a discussion board for recommendations . Watson has partnered with organisations such as Book Fairies and Books on the Underground to leave literature on public transit for consumption . In March 2017 , Watson received backlash for a Vanity Fair photo shoot in which one of the shots had her breasts partly visible ; some in the news media accused her of hypocrisy . Bemused by the controversy , she argued that feminism is not a stick with which to beat other women but is instead about freedom , liberation and equality , adding , I really dont know what my tits have to do with it . Watson has discussed her white privilege in feminist spaces ; in an interview with British Vogue , she commented , I saw white feminism coming up again and again , and I was like , Hey , this is clearly something that I have to meaningfully engage with . I have to understand this better . She has written about intersectionality for Our Shared Shelf , discussing her self-reflection on What are the ways I have benefited from being white ? In what ways do I support and uphold a system that is structurally racist ? Watson is a founding member of Times Up UK and coordinated its launch at the 71st British Academy Film Awards . Watson also assisted in the establishment of nationwide industry guidelines on bullying and harassment , implemented by the British Film Institute and British Academy of Film and Television Arts . She donated £1 million to Times Up UK in February 2018 and later helped set up the organisations Justice and Equality Fund in October , which donated to womens groups across the country . In July 2019 , Watson helped launch a legal helpline for people who have suffered sexual harassment in the workplace . Legal advice is provided by Rights of Women , a charity which works to help women through the law . In the same year , she joined a G7 gender equality advisory group convened by the president of France , Emmanuel Macron , to call on G7 to make political and economic advances for women within their own countries as well as a centerpiece of foreign policy . She attended their first meeting at the Élysée Palace in Paris in February and attended the 45th G7 summit in August as part of the committee . In an interview with Paris Lees , she voiced her support for transgender rights , reiterating this on Twitter amidst controversy concerning J . K . Rowlings remarks on gender identity . Watson has spoken out in support of the Black Lives Matter movement ; in June 2020 , she shared anti-racism educational resources on social media in support of the George Floyd protests after initially participating in Blackout Tuesday , and uploaded a podcast episode onto Spotify interviewing Reni Eddo-Lodge about her book Why Im No Longer Talking to White People About Race . In July 2020 , she partnered with Lodge and the WOW Foundation to spearhead a project reimagining the London Underground Map , renaming the 270 stops to spotlight women and non-binary people who have shaped the citys history . The initiative will consult writers , museums , and librarians and is set to be published by Haymarket Books on International Womens Day 2021 . Watson was among the 400 signatories in a letter calling for the UK government to include women in decision-making roles at the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Glasgow . Public image . Watson has often been cited as a role model , though she shies away from the term , stating that it puts the fear of god into [ her ] . Her impact on teenage girls view of womens rights has been referred to as the Emma Watson effect , with respondents from a National Citizen Service survey stating that her work in activism had inspired them to label themselves feminists . She has been called an exception to the rule regarding the dissolution of child stars careers . In her initial post-Harry Potter career , she was noted to focus on smaller films rather than big-budget studio films . Adam White of The Independent states that Watsons acting style possesses a very human sensitivity and quiet strength . Her work as a feminist contributes to her media image and career perception . Describing Watsons off-screen persona , Derek Blasberg of Vanity Fair has called her shy , friendly , intelligent , and down to earth . Activist Gloria Steinem has described her as way more like a real person than a movie star , while author Bell Hooks considers her to be part of a very different , new breed [ of actors ] who are interested in being whole and having a holistic life , as opposed to being identified with just wealth and fame . Watsons character in Harry Potter has had a significant impact on pop culture ; the actress has commented , I have met fans [ with ] my face tattooed on their bod [ ies ] . Ive met people who used the Harry Potter books to get through cancer . I dont know how to explain it , but the Harry Potter phenomenon steps into a different zone . Watson has been the subject of substantial media attention since the beginning of her career ; on her eighteenth birthday she was photographed by paparazzi attempting to take pictures up her skirt , and she has been victim of numerous stalking threats . She refuses to publicly discuss her romantic relationships , stating , I cant talk about my boyfriend in an interview and then expect people not to take paparazzi pictures of me walking around outside my home . You cant have it both ways . Watson does not take selfies with fans , citing security concerns , and instead prefers to talk one-on-one during interactions . On coping with intense fame from a young age , she has said that remaining rooted in her own identity helped her eventually find peace . In March 2009 , she was ranked sixth on the Forbes list of Most Valuable Young Stars and in February 2010 , she was named Hollywoods highest-paid female star , having earned an estimated £19 million in 2009 . In 2017 , Forbes ranked her among the worlds highest-paid actresses , with annual earnings of $14 million . In 2013 , Watson was named British GQs Woman of the Year and topped Empires list of the 100 Sexiest Movie Stars . Watson was found to be the sixth most admired woman in the world in global surveys conducted by YouGov in 2020 . Personal life . When asked about her faith in 2014 , Watson described herself as a spiritual universalist . She has been in a relationship with American businessman Leo Robinton since 2019 . In February 2016 , Watson was appointed visiting fellow at Lady Margaret Hall , Oxford University . Marai Larasi , an activist on the issue of violence against women , was her guest to the 2018 Golden Globe Awards . In a 2019 interview , Watson stated she divides her time between London and New York City . In 2013 , she had become certified to teach yoga and meditation . As part of this certification , she attended a week-long meditation course at a Canadian facility , in which residents are not allowed to speak , in order to figure out how to be at home with myself . Regarding her meditation training , she stated in an interview with Elle Australia that an uncertain future meant finding a way to always feel safe and at home within myself . Because I can never rely on a physical place . Awards and nominations . Watson has received several accolades across her career , particularly for her work in the Harry Potter franchise . This includes a Young Artist Award , eight Teen Choice Awards , three MTV Movie Awards , and nominations for four Empire Awards and two Saturn Awards . External links . - Emma Watson at UN Womens official website - Emma Watson at Kerings official website - Emma Watsons 2014 Speech at United Nations Headquarters – Official UN Video
|
[
"Brown University"
] |
[
{
"text": " Emma Charlotte Duerre Watson ( born 15 April 1990 ) is an English actress and activist . She has gained recognition for her roles in both blockbusters and independent films , as well as her womens rights work . Watson has been ranked among the worlds highest-paid actresses by Forbes and Vanity Fair , and was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by Time magazine in 2015 .",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "Born in Paris and raised in Oxfordshire , Watson attended the Dragon School and trained in acting at the Oxford branch of Stagecoach Theatre Arts . As a child , she rose to stardom after landing her first professional acting role as Hermione Granger in the Harry Potter film series , having acted only in school plays previously . Watson also starred in the 2007 television adaptation of the novel Ballet Shoes and lent her voice to The Tale of Despereaux ( 2008 ) . After the final Harry Potter film , she took on a supporting role in My",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "Week with Marilyn ( 2011 ) , before starring as a flirtatious , free-spirited student in The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2012 ) to critical success . Further acclaim came from portraying Alexis Neiers in Sofia Coppolas The Bling Ring ( 2013 ) and the titular characters adoptive daughter in the biblical epic Noah . That same year , Watson was honoured by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts , winning British Artist of the Year . She starred as Belle in the musical romantic fantasy Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) , which ranks",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "among the highest-grossing films of all time , and Meg March in the coming-of-age drama Little Women ( 2019 ) .",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "From 2011 to 2014 , Watson split her time between working on films and continuing her education , graduating from Brown University with a bachelors degree in English literature in May 2014 . In the same year , she was appointed a UN Women Goodwill ambassador and helped launch the UN Women campaign HeForShe , which advocates for gender equality . In 2018 , she helped launch Times Up UK as a founding member . Watson was appointed to a G7 advisory body for womens rights in 2019 , consulting with leaders on foreign policy . Her modelling work has",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "included campaigns for Burberry and Lancôme . She also lent her name to a line of clothing for sustainable brand People Tree . In 2020 , she joined the board of directors of Kering , a luxury brand group , in her capacity as an advocate for sustainable fashion .",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "Emma Charlotte Duerre Watson was born on 15 April 1990 in Paris , to English lawyers Chris Watson and Jacqueline Luesby . Watson lived in Maisons-Laffitte near Paris until age five . Her parents divorced when she was young , and Watson moved to England to live with her mother in Oxfordshire while spending weekends at her fathers house in London . Watson has said she speaks some French , though not as well as she used to . After moving to Oxford with her mother and brother , she attended the Dragon School , remaining there until 2003 .",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "From age six , she wanted to become an actress , and trained at the Oxford branch of Stagecoach Theatre Arts , a part-time theatre school where she studied singing , dancing , and acting .",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "By age ten , Watson had performed in Stagecoach productions and school plays including Arthur : The Young Years and The Happy Prince , but she had never acted professionally prior to the Harry Potter series . After the Dragon School , Watson moved on to Headington School , Oxford . While on film sets , she and her castmates were tutored for up to five hours a day . In June 2006 , she took GCSE school examinations in ten subjects , achieving eight A* and two A grades . In May 2007 , she took AS levels in",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "English , Geography , Art , and History of Art . The following year , she dropped History of Art to pursue the three A levels , receiving an A grade in each subject .",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "Watson took a gap year after finishing secondary school , to film Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Parts 1 & 2 beginning in February 2009 , but asserted that she intended to continue her studies and later confirmed she had chosen Brown University in Providence , Rhode Island . In March 2011 , after 18 months at the university , Watson announced she was deferring her course for a semester or two , though she attended Worcester College , Oxford during the 2011–12 academic year as part of the Visiting Student Programme . In a 2014 interview on",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "The Ellen DeGeneres Show , Watson said just before graduation that it took five years to finish her degree instead of four because , owing to her acting work , she ended up taking two full semesters off . On 25 May , she graduated from Brown University with a bachelors degree in English literature .",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "In 1999 , casting began for Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone , the film adaptation of British author J . K . Rowlings best-selling novel . Casting agents found Watson through her Oxford theatre teacher , and producers were impressed by her confidence . After eight auditions , producer David Heyman told Watson and fellow applicants Daniel Radcliffe and Rupert Grint that they had been cast in the roles of the school friends Hermione Granger , Harry Potter and Ron Weasley , respectively . Rowling supported Watson from her first screen test .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "The release of Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone in 2001 was Watsons debut screen performance . The film broke records for opening-day sales and opening-weekend takings and was the highest-grossing film of 2001 . Critics singled out Watson for particular acclaim ; The Daily Telegraph called her performance admirable , and IGN said she stole the show . Watson was nominated for five awards for her performance in Philosophers Stone , winning the Young Artist Award for Leading Young Actress . A year later , Watson reprised her role as Hermione in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": ", the second instalment of the series . Reviewers praised the lead actors performances . The Los Angeles Times said Watson and her co-stars had matured between films , while The Times criticised director Chris Columbus for under-employing Watsons hugely popular character . Watson received an Otto Award from the German magazine Bravo for her performance .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 2004 , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was released . Watson was appreciative of the more assertive role Hermione played , calling her charismatic and a fantastic role to play . Critics lauded Watsons performance ; A . O . Scott of The New York Times remarked : Luckily Mr . Radcliffes blandness is offset by Ms . Watsons spiky impatience . Harry may show off his expanding wizardly skills .. . but Hermione .. . earns the loudest applause with a decidedly unmagical punch to Draco Malfoys deserving nose . Although Prisoner of Azkaban proved to",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "be the lowest-grossing Harry Potter film in the entire series , Watsons personal performance won her two Otto Awards and the Child Performance of the Year award from Total Film .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "With Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) , both Watson and the Harry Potter film series reached new milestones . The film set records for a Harry Potter opening weekend and opening weekend in the UK . Critics praised the increasing maturity of Watson and her teenage co-stars ; The New York Times called her performance touchingly earnest , and Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian wrote that Watsons gutsy , confident performance nicely shows that inside and outside the world of magic there is a growing discrepancy between a teenage girls status and her accelerating emotional",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "and intellectual development . For Watson , much of the films humour sprang from the tension among the three lead characters as they matured . She said , I loved all the arguing . .. . I think its much more realistic that they would argue and that there would be problems . Nominated for three awards for Goblet of Fire , Watson won a bronze Otto Award .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 2006 , Watson played Hermione in The Queens Handbag , a special mini-episode of Harry Potter in celebration of Queen Elizabeth IIs 80th birthday . The fifth film in the Harry Potter series , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , was released in 2007 . A huge financial success , the film set a record worldwide opening-weekend gross of $332.7 million . Watson won the inaugural National Movie Award for Best Female Performance . As the fame of the actress and the series continued to rise , Watson and her Harry Potter co-stars Daniel Radcliffe and",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Rupert Grint left imprints of their hands , feet and wands in front of Graumans Chinese Theatre in Hollywood on 9 July 2007 . That month , Watsons work on the Harry Potter series was said to have earned her more than £10 million , and she acknowledged she would never have to work for money again .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Following the success of Order of the Phoenix , the future of the Harry Potter series was in jeopardy , as all three lead actors were hesitant to sign on to continue their roles for the final instalments . Watson was considerably more ambivalent then her co-stars during renegotiations . She explained that the decision was significant , as the films represented a further four-year commitment to the role , but eventually conceded that she could never let [ the role of ] Hermione go , signing for the role on 23 March 2007 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Watsons first non-Potter role was the 2007 BBC film Ballet Shoes , an adaptation of the novel of the same title by Noel Streatfeild . The films director , Sandra Goldbacher , commented that Watson was perfect for the starring role of aspiring actress Pauline Fossil : She has a piercing , delicate aura that makes you want to gaze and gaze at her . Ballet Shoes was broadcast in the UK on Boxing Day to 5.7 million viewers , to mixed reviews . The following year , she voiced the character Princess Pea in the animation The Tale of",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Despereaux , a childrens comedy starring Matthew Broderick , with Harry Potter co-star Robbie Coltrane also starring in the film . The Tale of Despereaux was released in December 2008 and grossed $87 million worldwide .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Principal photography for the sixth Harry Potter film began in late 2007 , with Watsons part being filmed from 18 December to 17 May 2008 . Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince premiered on 15 July 2009 , having been delayed from November 2008 . With the lead actors in their late teens , critics were increasingly willing to review them on the same level as the rest of the franchises all-star cast , which the Los Angeles Times described as a comprehensive guide to contemporary UK acting . The Washington Post felt Watson had given [ her ] most",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "charming performance to date , while The Daily Telegraph described the lead actors as newly liberated and energised , eager to give all they have to whats left of the series .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Watsons filming for the final instalment , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , began on 18 February 2009 and ended on 12 June 2010 . For financial and scripting reasons , the original book was divided into two films which were shot consecutively . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 was released in November 2010 while the second film was released in July 2011 . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 became a commercial and critical success . The highest-grossing film in the franchise , it grossed more than $1.3 billion worldwide and",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "proved to be Watsons most commercially successful film to date .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " She also appeared in a music video for One Night Only , after meeting lead singer George Craig at the 2010 Winter/Summer Burberry advertising campaign . The video , Say You Dont Want It , was screened on Channel 4 on 26 June 2010 and released on 16 August . In her first post-Harry Potter film , Watson appeared in My Week with Marilyn ( 2011 ) as Lucy , a wardrobe assistant who briefly dates protagonist Colin Clark , portrayed by Eddie Redmayne .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In May 2010 , Watson was reported to be in talks to star in Stephen Chboskys The Perks of Being a Wallflower , based on the 1999 novel of the same name . Filming began in summer of 2011 , and the film was released in September 2012 . Watson starred opposite Logan Lerman as Sam , a high school senior who befriends a fellow student called Charlie ( Lerman ) , and helps him through his freshman year . The film opened to favourable reviews ; David Sexton of the Evening Standard opined that Watsons performance was plausible and",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "touching while Ian Buckwalter of The Atlantic stated that Watson sheds the memory of a decade playing Hermione in the Harry Potter series with an about-face as a flirtatious but insecure free spirit .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 2013 , Watson starred in the satirical crime film The Bling Ring . The Sofia Coppola-directed film is based on the real-life Bling Ring robberies , with Watson playing a fictionalised version of Alexis Neiers , a television personality who was one of seven teenagers involved in the robberies . While the film mostly received mixed reviews , critics gave almost unanimous praise for Watsons performance . Adam White of The Independent later stated that She prove [ d ] remarkable.. . Watson oozes casual disdain . Her sticky American vocal fry is clipped and monotone , as if",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "shes swallowed a Kardashian for breakfast . Watson also had a supporting role in the apocalyptic comedy This Is the End ( 2013 ) , in which she , Seth Rogen , James Franco and many others played exaggerated versions of themselves and Watson memorably dropped the f-bomb . She said she could not pass up the opportunity to make her first comedy and work with some of the best comedians .. . in the world right now .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In June 2012 , Watson was confirmed for the role as Ila , Shems wife , in Darren Aronofskys Noah , which began filming the following month , and was released in March 2014 . Watson referred to the role as physically very demanding given the usage of special effects and did extensive research on childbirth to effectively portray a scene in the film . The film , a box office success , received mixed reviews for its direction and casting ; Vanity Fair wrote that Watson anchors the films rawest emotional scenes.. . Sitting on an Icelandic beach with",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Russell Crowe , her hair wild and eyes burning , Watson is quiet but ferocious . In March 2013 , it was reported that Watson was in negotiations to star as the title character in a live-action Disney adaptation of Cinderella . Watson was offered the role , but turned it down because she did not connect with the character . The role ultimately went to Lily James .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Watson joined Judi Dench , Robert Downey Jr. , Mike Leigh , Julia Louis-Dreyfus , and Mark Ruffalo as recipients of the 2014 Britannia Awards , presented on 30 October in Los Angeles . Watson was awarded British Artist of the Year and she dedicated the prize to Millie , her pet hamster who died as Watson was filming Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone . Watson starred in two 2015 releases , the thrillers Colonia , opposite Daniel Brühl and Michael Nyqvist ; and Regression by Alejandro Amenábar , alongside Ethan Hawke and her Harry Potter co-star David Thewlis",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": ". Both of these films received generally negative reviews ; The Daily Telegraph critic blamed Regressions script for her pure dramatic cardboard role . She also appeared in an episode of BBCs The Vicar of Dibley , in which she played Reverend Iris . In February 2016 , Watson announced she was taking a year-long break from acting . She planned to spend the time on her personal development and her womens rights work .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Watson starred as Belle in the 2017 live-action Disney adaptation of Beauty and the Beast directed by Bill Condon , and starring opposite Dan Stevens as the Beast . She was given autonomy within Belles portrayal ; she re-characterised her as an assistant to her inventor father and incorporated bloomers and boots into her wardrobe . The film grossed over $1.2 billion at the worldwide box office and emerged as the second-highest-grossing film of 2017 and the 17th-highest-grossing film of all time . Her reported fee was $3 million upfront with profit participation , bringing her salary up to $15",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "million . The film garnered positive reviews ; Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times thought her performance was all pluck and spunk and sass and smarts and fierce independence as Belle . Watson later said When I finished the film , it kind of felt like I had made that transition into being a woman on-screen .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In the same year , she starred opposite Tom Hanks in the film adaptation of Dave Eggers novel The Circle as Mae Holland , who begins working at a powerful tech corporation and enters a perilous situation concerning surveillance and freedom . The film received negative reviews but was a moderate box office success . In 2019 , Watson starred as Meg March in Greta Gerwigs adaptation of Louisa May Alcotts novel Little Women , co-starring with Saoirse Ronan , Florence Pugh , Laura Dern , Timothée Chalamet , and Meryl Streep . On the premise , Watson has stated",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "I think [ Little Women ] was good literary device to explain that theres not one way to be a feminist.. . [ Megs ] way of being a feminist is making the choice – because thats really , for me anyway , what feminism is about . Her choice is that she wants to be a full-time mother and wife . Forbes stated that Watson has perhaps the most challenging [ ... ] role , as the proverbial straight woman of the sisters who is put on the defensive when her dreams end up being the most conventional of",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "the lot . The film was released to critical acclaim and grossed over $218 million against its $40 million budget .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 2020 , Watson discussed her future career plans , stating : Having been so public in making films and being so active on social [ media ] in my activism , I am curious to embrace a role where I work to amplify more voices , to continue to learn from those with different experiences , adding that her work would include fewer red carpets and more conference meetings . In 2021 , various reports surfaced stating that Watson was engaged or retiring . Watson and her representatives refuted these reports ; she later labelled the speculation as clickbait",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "and cited her relative public absence to continued social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 2005 , Watson began her modelling career with a photo shoot for Teen Vogue , which made her the youngest person to cover the magazine . Three years later , the British press reported that Watson was to replace Keira Knightley as the face of Chanel , but this was denied by both parties . In June 2009 , following several months of rumours , Watson confirmed she would be partnering with Burberry as the face of their Autumn/Winter 2009 campaign , for which she received an estimated six-figure fee . She also appeared in Burberrys 2010 Spring/Summer campaign",
"title": "Modelling and fashion"
},
{
"text": "alongside her brother Alex , musicians George Craig and Matt Gilmour , and model Max Hurd . In February 2011 , Watson was awarded the Style Icon award from British Elle by Dame Vivienne Westwood . Watson continued her involvement in fashion advertising when she announced she had been chosen as the face of Lancôme in March 2011 .",
"title": "Modelling and fashion"
},
{
"text": "In September 2009 , Watson announced her involvement with People Tree , a fair trade fashion brand . Watson worked as a creative adviser for the company to create a spring line of clothing , which was released in February 2010 ; the range featured styles inspired by southern France and London . The collection , described by The Times as very clever despite their quiet hope that [ she ] would become tangled at the first hemp-woven hurdle , was widely publicised in magazines such as Teen Vogue , Cosmopolitan , and People . Watson , who was not",
"title": "Modelling and fashion"
},
{
"text": "paid for the collaboration , admitted that competition for the range was minimal , but argued that Fashion is a great way to empower people and give them skills ; rather than give cash to charity you can help people by buying the clothes they make and supporting things they take pride in ; adding , I think young people like me are becoming increasingly aware of the humanitarian issues surrounding fast fashion and want to make good choices but there arent many options out there . Watson continued her involvement with People Tree , resulting in the release of",
"title": "Modelling and fashion"
},
{
"text": "a 2010 Autumn/Winter collection .",
"title": "Modelling and fashion"
},
{
"text": " In 2013 , Madame Tussauds in London unveiled a wax statue of Watson wearing an Elie Saab haute couture design donated to the museum by the designer . A spokesperson for the museum said stated , [ Watson ] is one of the most requested personalities by our guests . Shes a true English rose known and loved by millions of film and fashion fans around the world . Watson was awarded Best British Style at the 2014 British Fashion Awards . The competition included David Beckham , Amal Clooney , Kate Moss , and Keira Knightley .",
"title": "Modelling and fashion"
},
{
"text": "Watson has been described as an early adopter of sustainable fashion and is noted for dressing ethically on the red carpet . She wore a Calvin Klein gown to the 2016 Met Gala made out of recycled plastic bottles . Watson has supported Good On You , an app that acts as a directory for the sustainability level of fashion brands . In 2017 , she began updating an Instagram account entitled The Press Tour , detailing the ethical brands she wore during the press tours for films such as Beauty and the Beast and The Circle . Watson guest-edited",
"title": "Modelling and fashion"
},
{
"text": "the March 2018 issue of Vogue Australia focusing on fashion sustainability , and was photographed by Peter Lindbergh for the magazine . In January 2020 , she partnered with consignment website ThredUP to launch a Fashion Footprint Calculator , which allows website visitors to calculate the carbon impact of their wardrobes and ways to reduce it .",
"title": "Modelling and fashion"
},
{
"text": "In June 2020 , Watson was appointed the youngest member of the board of directors of Kering , the owner of various fashion brands such as Gucci and Yves Saint Laurent . Watson will chair Kerings sustainability committee . Kering chairman François-Henri Pinault praised the new board members knowledge and competences , and the multiplicity of their backgrounds and perspectives . Watson stated she hope [ d ] to influence decisions that will impact future generations and the world that we leave them and was extremely excited to collaborate with the Kering Foundation as part of their womens rights work",
"title": "Modelling and fashion"
},
{
"text": "and looked forward to making a difference behind the scenes .",
"title": "Modelling and fashion"
},
{
"text": "Watson is an outspoken feminist . She has promoted education for girls , travelling to Bangladesh and Zambia to do so . In July 2014 , she was appointed a UN Women Goodwill ambassador . That September , an admittedly nervous Watson delivered an address at UN Headquarters in New York City to launch the UN Women campaign HeForShe , which aims to urge men to advocate for gender equality . In that speech she said she began questioning gender-based assumptions at age eight when she was called bossy ( a trait she has attributed to her being a perfectionist",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": ") whilst boys were not , and at 14 when she was sexualised by certain elements of the media . Further , Watsons speech described feminism as the belief that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities and declared that the perception of man-hating is something that has to stop . The speech made worldwide headlines from both major news outlets and fashion blogs ; the organisations website crashed after press coverage of the event . Watson later said she received threats within less than twelve hours of making the speech , which left her raging . [",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": "... ] If they were trying to put me off [ womens rights work ] , it did the opposite . Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka , the Executive Director of UN Women , stated , For a time , there was a conversation about whether feminism was a good thing or a bad thing.. . [ Her speech ] gave us the word back . In 2015 , Malala Yousafzai told Watson she decided to call herself a feminist after hearing her speech .",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": "Also in September , Watson made her first country visit as a UN Women Goodwill ambassador to Uruguay where she gave a speech highlighting the need for womens political participation . In December , the Ms . Foundation for Women named Watson its Feminist Celebrity of 2014 , following an online poll . Watson also gave a speech about gender equality in January 2015 , at the World Economic Forums annual winter meeting . Watson took the top spot on the AskMen Top 99 Outstanding Women 2015 list on the strength of having thrown her back into womens rights issues",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": ". In the same year , Watson was included on the Time 100 list of the worlds most influential people , her first-ever appearance on the list . For its recap , former New York Times editor Jill Abramson noted Watsons gutsy , smart take on feminism and called her effort to get men involved refreshing . Watson has cited Gloria Steinem and Maya Angelou as influences . In January 2016 , Watson started a feminist Goodreads book club : Our Shared Shelf . The goal of the club is to share feminist ideas and encourage discussion on the topic",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": ". One book is selected per month and is discussed in the last week of that month . The first book to be selected was My Life on the Road by Gloria Steinem , whom Watson would later interview that February at the How to : Academy in London . Our Shared Shelf ceased updates in January 2020 , but continues to be open as a discussion board for recommendations . Watson has partnered with organisations such as Book Fairies and Books on the Underground to leave literature on public transit for consumption .",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": "In March 2017 , Watson received backlash for a Vanity Fair photo shoot in which one of the shots had her breasts partly visible ; some in the news media accused her of hypocrisy . Bemused by the controversy , she argued that feminism is not a stick with which to beat other women but is instead about freedom , liberation and equality , adding , I really dont know what my tits have to do with it . Watson has discussed her white privilege in feminist spaces ; in an interview with British Vogue , she commented , I",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": "saw white feminism coming up again and again , and I was like , Hey , this is clearly something that I have to meaningfully engage with . I have to understand this better . She has written about intersectionality for Our Shared Shelf , discussing her self-reflection on What are the ways I have benefited from being white ? In what ways do I support and uphold a system that is structurally racist ? Watson is a founding member of Times Up UK and coordinated its launch at the 71st British Academy Film Awards . Watson also assisted in",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": "the establishment of nationwide industry guidelines on bullying and harassment , implemented by the British Film Institute and British Academy of Film and Television Arts . She donated £1 million to Times Up UK in February 2018 and later helped set up the organisations Justice and Equality Fund in October , which donated to womens groups across the country .",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": "In July 2019 , Watson helped launch a legal helpline for people who have suffered sexual harassment in the workplace . Legal advice is provided by Rights of Women , a charity which works to help women through the law . In the same year , she joined a G7 gender equality advisory group convened by the president of France , Emmanuel Macron , to call on G7 to make political and economic advances for women within their own countries as well as a centerpiece of foreign policy . She attended their first meeting at the Élysée Palace in Paris",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": "in February and attended the 45th G7 summit in August as part of the committee . In an interview with Paris Lees , she voiced her support for transgender rights , reiterating this on Twitter amidst controversy concerning J . K . Rowlings remarks on gender identity . Watson has spoken out in support of the Black Lives Matter movement ; in June 2020 , she shared anti-racism educational resources on social media in support of the George Floyd protests after initially participating in Blackout Tuesday , and uploaded a podcast episode onto Spotify interviewing Reni Eddo-Lodge about her book",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": "Why Im No Longer Talking to White People About Race . In July 2020 , she partnered with Lodge and the WOW Foundation to spearhead a project reimagining the London Underground Map , renaming the 270 stops to spotlight women and non-binary people who have shaped the citys history . The initiative will consult writers , museums , and librarians and is set to be published by Haymarket Books on International Womens Day 2021 . Watson was among the 400 signatories in a letter calling for the UK government to include women in decision-making roles at the 2021 United Nations",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": "Climate Change Conference in Glasgow .",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": "Watson has often been cited as a role model , though she shies away from the term , stating that it puts the fear of god into [ her ] . Her impact on teenage girls view of womens rights has been referred to as the Emma Watson effect , with respondents from a National Citizen Service survey stating that her work in activism had inspired them to label themselves feminists . She has been called an exception to the rule regarding the dissolution of child stars careers . In her initial post-Harry Potter career , she was noted to",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "focus on smaller films rather than big-budget studio films . Adam White of The Independent states that Watsons acting style possesses a very human sensitivity and quiet strength . Her work as a feminist contributes to her media image and career perception . Describing Watsons off-screen persona , Derek Blasberg of Vanity Fair has called her shy , friendly , intelligent , and down to earth . Activist Gloria Steinem has described her as way more like a real person than a movie star , while author Bell Hooks considers her to be part of a very different , new",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "breed [ of actors ] who are interested in being whole and having a holistic life , as opposed to being identified with just wealth and fame .",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "Watsons character in Harry Potter has had a significant impact on pop culture ; the actress has commented , I have met fans [ with ] my face tattooed on their bod [ ies ] . Ive met people who used the Harry Potter books to get through cancer . I dont know how to explain it , but the Harry Potter phenomenon steps into a different zone . Watson has been the subject of substantial media attention since the beginning of her career ; on her eighteenth birthday she was photographed by paparazzi attempting to take pictures up her",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "skirt , and she has been victim of numerous stalking threats . She refuses to publicly discuss her romantic relationships , stating , I cant talk about my boyfriend in an interview and then expect people not to take paparazzi pictures of me walking around outside my home . You cant have it both ways . Watson does not take selfies with fans , citing security concerns , and instead prefers to talk one-on-one during interactions . On coping with intense fame from a young age , she has said that remaining rooted in her own identity helped her eventually",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "find peace .",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "In March 2009 , she was ranked sixth on the Forbes list of Most Valuable Young Stars and in February 2010 , she was named Hollywoods highest-paid female star , having earned an estimated £19 million in 2009 . In 2017 , Forbes ranked her among the worlds highest-paid actresses , with annual earnings of $14 million . In 2013 , Watson was named British GQs Woman of the Year and topped Empires list of the 100 Sexiest Movie Stars . Watson was found to be the sixth most admired woman in the world in global surveys conducted by YouGov",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "in 2020 .",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": " When asked about her faith in 2014 , Watson described herself as a spiritual universalist . She has been in a relationship with American businessman Leo Robinton since 2019 . In February 2016 , Watson was appointed visiting fellow at Lady Margaret Hall , Oxford University . Marai Larasi , an activist on the issue of violence against women , was her guest to the 2018 Golden Globe Awards .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "In a 2019 interview , Watson stated she divides her time between London and New York City . In 2013 , she had become certified to teach yoga and meditation . As part of this certification , she attended a week-long meditation course at a Canadian facility , in which residents are not allowed to speak , in order to figure out how to be at home with myself . Regarding her meditation training , she stated in an interview with Elle Australia that an uncertain future meant finding a way to always feel safe and at home within myself",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": ". Because I can never rely on a physical place .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Watson has received several accolades across her career , particularly for her work in the Harry Potter franchise . This includes a Young Artist Award , eight Teen Choice Awards , three MTV Movie Awards , and nominations for four Empire Awards and two Saturn Awards .",
"title": "Awards and nominations"
},
{
"text": " - Emma Watson at UN Womens official website - Emma Watson at Kerings official website - Emma Watsons 2014 Speech at United Nations Headquarters – Official UN Video",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Emma_Watson#P69#2
|
Where was Emma Watson educated between May 2011 and Aug 2011?
|
Emma Watson Emma Charlotte Duerre Watson ( born 15 April 1990 ) is an English actress and activist . She has gained recognition for her roles in both blockbusters and independent films , as well as her womens rights work . Watson has been ranked among the worlds highest-paid actresses by Forbes and Vanity Fair , and was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by Time magazine in 2015 . Born in Paris and raised in Oxfordshire , Watson attended the Dragon School and trained in acting at the Oxford branch of Stagecoach Theatre Arts . As a child , she rose to stardom after landing her first professional acting role as Hermione Granger in the Harry Potter film series , having acted only in school plays previously . Watson also starred in the 2007 television adaptation of the novel Ballet Shoes and lent her voice to The Tale of Despereaux ( 2008 ) . After the final Harry Potter film , she took on a supporting role in My Week with Marilyn ( 2011 ) , before starring as a flirtatious , free-spirited student in The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2012 ) to critical success . Further acclaim came from portraying Alexis Neiers in Sofia Coppolas The Bling Ring ( 2013 ) and the titular characters adoptive daughter in the biblical epic Noah . That same year , Watson was honoured by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts , winning British Artist of the Year . She starred as Belle in the musical romantic fantasy Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) , which ranks among the highest-grossing films of all time , and Meg March in the coming-of-age drama Little Women ( 2019 ) . From 2011 to 2014 , Watson split her time between working on films and continuing her education , graduating from Brown University with a bachelors degree in English literature in May 2014 . In the same year , she was appointed a UN Women Goodwill ambassador and helped launch the UN Women campaign HeForShe , which advocates for gender equality . In 2018 , she helped launch Times Up UK as a founding member . Watson was appointed to a G7 advisory body for womens rights in 2019 , consulting with leaders on foreign policy . Her modelling work has included campaigns for Burberry and Lancôme . She also lent her name to a line of clothing for sustainable brand People Tree . In 2020 , she joined the board of directors of Kering , a luxury brand group , in her capacity as an advocate for sustainable fashion . Early life and education . Emma Charlotte Duerre Watson was born on 15 April 1990 in Paris , to English lawyers Chris Watson and Jacqueline Luesby . Watson lived in Maisons-Laffitte near Paris until age five . Her parents divorced when she was young , and Watson moved to England to live with her mother in Oxfordshire while spending weekends at her fathers house in London . Watson has said she speaks some French , though not as well as she used to . After moving to Oxford with her mother and brother , she attended the Dragon School , remaining there until 2003 . From age six , she wanted to become an actress , and trained at the Oxford branch of Stagecoach Theatre Arts , a part-time theatre school where she studied singing , dancing , and acting . By age ten , Watson had performed in Stagecoach productions and school plays including Arthur : The Young Years and The Happy Prince , but she had never acted professionally prior to the Harry Potter series . After the Dragon School , Watson moved on to Headington School , Oxford . While on film sets , she and her castmates were tutored for up to five hours a day . In June 2006 , she took GCSE school examinations in ten subjects , achieving eight A* and two A grades . In May 2007 , she took AS levels in English , Geography , Art , and History of Art . The following year , she dropped History of Art to pursue the three A levels , receiving an A grade in each subject . Watson took a gap year after finishing secondary school , to film Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Parts 1 & 2 beginning in February 2009 , but asserted that she intended to continue her studies and later confirmed she had chosen Brown University in Providence , Rhode Island . In March 2011 , after 18 months at the university , Watson announced she was deferring her course for a semester or two , though she attended Worcester College , Oxford during the 2011–12 academic year as part of the Visiting Student Programme . In a 2014 interview on The Ellen DeGeneres Show , Watson said just before graduation that it took five years to finish her degree instead of four because , owing to her acting work , she ended up taking two full semesters off . On 25 May , she graduated from Brown University with a bachelors degree in English literature . Career . 1999–2009 : Beginnings and breakthrough with Harry Potter . In 1999 , casting began for Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone , the film adaptation of British author J . K . Rowlings best-selling novel . Casting agents found Watson through her Oxford theatre teacher , and producers were impressed by her confidence . After eight auditions , producer David Heyman told Watson and fellow applicants Daniel Radcliffe and Rupert Grint that they had been cast in the roles of the school friends Hermione Granger , Harry Potter and Ron Weasley , respectively . Rowling supported Watson from her first screen test . The release of Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone in 2001 was Watsons debut screen performance . The film broke records for opening-day sales and opening-weekend takings and was the highest-grossing film of 2001 . Critics singled out Watson for particular acclaim ; The Daily Telegraph called her performance admirable , and IGN said she stole the show . Watson was nominated for five awards for her performance in Philosophers Stone , winning the Young Artist Award for Leading Young Actress . A year later , Watson reprised her role as Hermione in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , the second instalment of the series . Reviewers praised the lead actors performances . The Los Angeles Times said Watson and her co-stars had matured between films , while The Times criticised director Chris Columbus for under-employing Watsons hugely popular character . Watson received an Otto Award from the German magazine Bravo for her performance . In 2004 , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was released . Watson was appreciative of the more assertive role Hermione played , calling her charismatic and a fantastic role to play . Critics lauded Watsons performance ; A . O . Scott of The New York Times remarked : Luckily Mr . Radcliffes blandness is offset by Ms . Watsons spiky impatience . Harry may show off his expanding wizardly skills .. . but Hermione .. . earns the loudest applause with a decidedly unmagical punch to Draco Malfoys deserving nose . Although Prisoner of Azkaban proved to be the lowest-grossing Harry Potter film in the entire series , Watsons personal performance won her two Otto Awards and the Child Performance of the Year award from Total Film . With Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) , both Watson and the Harry Potter film series reached new milestones . The film set records for a Harry Potter opening weekend and opening weekend in the UK . Critics praised the increasing maturity of Watson and her teenage co-stars ; The New York Times called her performance touchingly earnest , and Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian wrote that Watsons gutsy , confident performance nicely shows that inside and outside the world of magic there is a growing discrepancy between a teenage girls status and her accelerating emotional and intellectual development . For Watson , much of the films humour sprang from the tension among the three lead characters as they matured . She said , I loved all the arguing . .. . I think its much more realistic that they would argue and that there would be problems . Nominated for three awards for Goblet of Fire , Watson won a bronze Otto Award . In 2006 , Watson played Hermione in The Queens Handbag , a special mini-episode of Harry Potter in celebration of Queen Elizabeth IIs 80th birthday . The fifth film in the Harry Potter series , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , was released in 2007 . A huge financial success , the film set a record worldwide opening-weekend gross of $332.7 million . Watson won the inaugural National Movie Award for Best Female Performance . As the fame of the actress and the series continued to rise , Watson and her Harry Potter co-stars Daniel Radcliffe and Rupert Grint left imprints of their hands , feet and wands in front of Graumans Chinese Theatre in Hollywood on 9 July 2007 . That month , Watsons work on the Harry Potter series was said to have earned her more than £10 million , and she acknowledged she would never have to work for money again . Following the success of Order of the Phoenix , the future of the Harry Potter series was in jeopardy , as all three lead actors were hesitant to sign on to continue their roles for the final instalments . Watson was considerably more ambivalent then her co-stars during renegotiations . She explained that the decision was significant , as the films represented a further four-year commitment to the role , but eventually conceded that she could never let [ the role of ] Hermione go , signing for the role on 23 March 2007 . Watsons first non-Potter role was the 2007 BBC film Ballet Shoes , an adaptation of the novel of the same title by Noel Streatfeild . The films director , Sandra Goldbacher , commented that Watson was perfect for the starring role of aspiring actress Pauline Fossil : She has a piercing , delicate aura that makes you want to gaze and gaze at her . Ballet Shoes was broadcast in the UK on Boxing Day to 5.7 million viewers , to mixed reviews . The following year , she voiced the character Princess Pea in the animation The Tale of Despereaux , a childrens comedy starring Matthew Broderick , with Harry Potter co-star Robbie Coltrane also starring in the film . The Tale of Despereaux was released in December 2008 and grossed $87 million worldwide . Principal photography for the sixth Harry Potter film began in late 2007 , with Watsons part being filmed from 18 December to 17 May 2008 . Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince premiered on 15 July 2009 , having been delayed from November 2008 . With the lead actors in their late teens , critics were increasingly willing to review them on the same level as the rest of the franchises all-star cast , which the Los Angeles Times described as a comprehensive guide to contemporary UK acting . The Washington Post felt Watson had given [ her ] most charming performance to date , while The Daily Telegraph described the lead actors as newly liberated and energised , eager to give all they have to whats left of the series . 2010–present : Mainstream work and worldwide recognition . Watsons filming for the final instalment , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , began on 18 February 2009 and ended on 12 June 2010 . For financial and scripting reasons , the original book was divided into two films which were shot consecutively . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 was released in November 2010 while the second film was released in July 2011 . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 became a commercial and critical success . The highest-grossing film in the franchise , it grossed more than $1.3 billion worldwide and proved to be Watsons most commercially successful film to date . She also appeared in a music video for One Night Only , after meeting lead singer George Craig at the 2010 Winter/Summer Burberry advertising campaign . The video , Say You Dont Want It , was screened on Channel 4 on 26 June 2010 and released on 16 August . In her first post-Harry Potter film , Watson appeared in My Week with Marilyn ( 2011 ) as Lucy , a wardrobe assistant who briefly dates protagonist Colin Clark , portrayed by Eddie Redmayne . In May 2010 , Watson was reported to be in talks to star in Stephen Chboskys The Perks of Being a Wallflower , based on the 1999 novel of the same name . Filming began in summer of 2011 , and the film was released in September 2012 . Watson starred opposite Logan Lerman as Sam , a high school senior who befriends a fellow student called Charlie ( Lerman ) , and helps him through his freshman year . The film opened to favourable reviews ; David Sexton of the Evening Standard opined that Watsons performance was plausible and touching while Ian Buckwalter of The Atlantic stated that Watson sheds the memory of a decade playing Hermione in the Harry Potter series with an about-face as a flirtatious but insecure free spirit . In 2013 , Watson starred in the satirical crime film The Bling Ring . The Sofia Coppola-directed film is based on the real-life Bling Ring robberies , with Watson playing a fictionalised version of Alexis Neiers , a television personality who was one of seven teenagers involved in the robberies . While the film mostly received mixed reviews , critics gave almost unanimous praise for Watsons performance . Adam White of The Independent later stated that She prove [ d ] remarkable.. . Watson oozes casual disdain . Her sticky American vocal fry is clipped and monotone , as if shes swallowed a Kardashian for breakfast . Watson also had a supporting role in the apocalyptic comedy This Is the End ( 2013 ) , in which she , Seth Rogen , James Franco and many others played exaggerated versions of themselves and Watson memorably dropped the f-bomb . She said she could not pass up the opportunity to make her first comedy and work with some of the best comedians .. . in the world right now . In June 2012 , Watson was confirmed for the role as Ila , Shems wife , in Darren Aronofskys Noah , which began filming the following month , and was released in March 2014 . Watson referred to the role as physically very demanding given the usage of special effects and did extensive research on childbirth to effectively portray a scene in the film . The film , a box office success , received mixed reviews for its direction and casting ; Vanity Fair wrote that Watson anchors the films rawest emotional scenes.. . Sitting on an Icelandic beach with Russell Crowe , her hair wild and eyes burning , Watson is quiet but ferocious . In March 2013 , it was reported that Watson was in negotiations to star as the title character in a live-action Disney adaptation of Cinderella . Watson was offered the role , but turned it down because she did not connect with the character . The role ultimately went to Lily James . Watson joined Judi Dench , Robert Downey Jr. , Mike Leigh , Julia Louis-Dreyfus , and Mark Ruffalo as recipients of the 2014 Britannia Awards , presented on 30 October in Los Angeles . Watson was awarded British Artist of the Year and she dedicated the prize to Millie , her pet hamster who died as Watson was filming Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone . Watson starred in two 2015 releases , the thrillers Colonia , opposite Daniel Brühl and Michael Nyqvist ; and Regression by Alejandro Amenábar , alongside Ethan Hawke and her Harry Potter co-star David Thewlis . Both of these films received generally negative reviews ; The Daily Telegraph critic blamed Regressions script for her pure dramatic cardboard role . She also appeared in an episode of BBCs The Vicar of Dibley , in which she played Reverend Iris . In February 2016 , Watson announced she was taking a year-long break from acting . She planned to spend the time on her personal development and her womens rights work . Watson starred as Belle in the 2017 live-action Disney adaptation of Beauty and the Beast directed by Bill Condon , and starring opposite Dan Stevens as the Beast . She was given autonomy within Belles portrayal ; she re-characterised her as an assistant to her inventor father and incorporated bloomers and boots into her wardrobe . The film grossed over $1.2 billion at the worldwide box office and emerged as the second-highest-grossing film of 2017 and the 17th-highest-grossing film of all time . Her reported fee was $3 million upfront with profit participation , bringing her salary up to $15 million . The film garnered positive reviews ; Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times thought her performance was all pluck and spunk and sass and smarts and fierce independence as Belle . Watson later said When I finished the film , it kind of felt like I had made that transition into being a woman on-screen . In the same year , she starred opposite Tom Hanks in the film adaptation of Dave Eggers novel The Circle as Mae Holland , who begins working at a powerful tech corporation and enters a perilous situation concerning surveillance and freedom . The film received negative reviews but was a moderate box office success . In 2019 , Watson starred as Meg March in Greta Gerwigs adaptation of Louisa May Alcotts novel Little Women , co-starring with Saoirse Ronan , Florence Pugh , Laura Dern , Timothée Chalamet , and Meryl Streep . On the premise , Watson has stated I think [ Little Women ] was good literary device to explain that theres not one way to be a feminist.. . [ Megs ] way of being a feminist is making the choice – because thats really , for me anyway , what feminism is about . Her choice is that she wants to be a full-time mother and wife . Forbes stated that Watson has perhaps the most challenging [ ... ] role , as the proverbial straight woman of the sisters who is put on the defensive when her dreams end up being the most conventional of the lot . The film was released to critical acclaim and grossed over $218 million against its $40 million budget . In 2020 , Watson discussed her future career plans , stating : Having been so public in making films and being so active on social [ media ] in my activism , I am curious to embrace a role where I work to amplify more voices , to continue to learn from those with different experiences , adding that her work would include fewer red carpets and more conference meetings . In 2021 , various reports surfaced stating that Watson was engaged or retiring . Watson and her representatives refuted these reports ; she later labelled the speculation as clickbait and cited her relative public absence to continued social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic . Other ventures . Modelling and fashion . In 2005 , Watson began her modelling career with a photo shoot for Teen Vogue , which made her the youngest person to cover the magazine . Three years later , the British press reported that Watson was to replace Keira Knightley as the face of Chanel , but this was denied by both parties . In June 2009 , following several months of rumours , Watson confirmed she would be partnering with Burberry as the face of their Autumn/Winter 2009 campaign , for which she received an estimated six-figure fee . She also appeared in Burberrys 2010 Spring/Summer campaign alongside her brother Alex , musicians George Craig and Matt Gilmour , and model Max Hurd . In February 2011 , Watson was awarded the Style Icon award from British Elle by Dame Vivienne Westwood . Watson continued her involvement in fashion advertising when she announced she had been chosen as the face of Lancôme in March 2011 . In September 2009 , Watson announced her involvement with People Tree , a fair trade fashion brand . Watson worked as a creative adviser for the company to create a spring line of clothing , which was released in February 2010 ; the range featured styles inspired by southern France and London . The collection , described by The Times as very clever despite their quiet hope that [ she ] would become tangled at the first hemp-woven hurdle , was widely publicised in magazines such as Teen Vogue , Cosmopolitan , and People . Watson , who was not paid for the collaboration , admitted that competition for the range was minimal , but argued that Fashion is a great way to empower people and give them skills ; rather than give cash to charity you can help people by buying the clothes they make and supporting things they take pride in ; adding , I think young people like me are becoming increasingly aware of the humanitarian issues surrounding fast fashion and want to make good choices but there arent many options out there . Watson continued her involvement with People Tree , resulting in the release of a 2010 Autumn/Winter collection . In 2013 , Madame Tussauds in London unveiled a wax statue of Watson wearing an Elie Saab haute couture design donated to the museum by the designer . A spokesperson for the museum said stated , [ Watson ] is one of the most requested personalities by our guests . Shes a true English rose known and loved by millions of film and fashion fans around the world . Watson was awarded Best British Style at the 2014 British Fashion Awards . The competition included David Beckham , Amal Clooney , Kate Moss , and Keira Knightley . Watson has been described as an early adopter of sustainable fashion and is noted for dressing ethically on the red carpet . She wore a Calvin Klein gown to the 2016 Met Gala made out of recycled plastic bottles . Watson has supported Good On You , an app that acts as a directory for the sustainability level of fashion brands . In 2017 , she began updating an Instagram account entitled The Press Tour , detailing the ethical brands she wore during the press tours for films such as Beauty and the Beast and The Circle . Watson guest-edited the March 2018 issue of Vogue Australia focusing on fashion sustainability , and was photographed by Peter Lindbergh for the magazine . In January 2020 , she partnered with consignment website ThredUP to launch a Fashion Footprint Calculator , which allows website visitors to calculate the carbon impact of their wardrobes and ways to reduce it . In June 2020 , Watson was appointed the youngest member of the board of directors of Kering , the owner of various fashion brands such as Gucci and Yves Saint Laurent . Watson will chair Kerings sustainability committee . Kering chairman François-Henri Pinault praised the new board members knowledge and competences , and the multiplicity of their backgrounds and perspectives . Watson stated she hope [ d ] to influence decisions that will impact future generations and the world that we leave them and was extremely excited to collaborate with the Kering Foundation as part of their womens rights work and looked forward to making a difference behind the scenes . Activism and advocacy . Watson is an outspoken feminist . She has promoted education for girls , travelling to Bangladesh and Zambia to do so . In July 2014 , she was appointed a UN Women Goodwill ambassador . That September , an admittedly nervous Watson delivered an address at UN Headquarters in New York City to launch the UN Women campaign HeForShe , which aims to urge men to advocate for gender equality . In that speech she said she began questioning gender-based assumptions at age eight when she was called bossy ( a trait she has attributed to her being a perfectionist ) whilst boys were not , and at 14 when she was sexualised by certain elements of the media . Further , Watsons speech described feminism as the belief that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities and declared that the perception of man-hating is something that has to stop . The speech made worldwide headlines from both major news outlets and fashion blogs ; the organisations website crashed after press coverage of the event . Watson later said she received threats within less than twelve hours of making the speech , which left her raging . [ ... ] If they were trying to put me off [ womens rights work ] , it did the opposite . Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka , the Executive Director of UN Women , stated , For a time , there was a conversation about whether feminism was a good thing or a bad thing.. . [ Her speech ] gave us the word back . In 2015 , Malala Yousafzai told Watson she decided to call herself a feminist after hearing her speech . Also in September , Watson made her first country visit as a UN Women Goodwill ambassador to Uruguay where she gave a speech highlighting the need for womens political participation . In December , the Ms . Foundation for Women named Watson its Feminist Celebrity of 2014 , following an online poll . Watson also gave a speech about gender equality in January 2015 , at the World Economic Forums annual winter meeting . Watson took the top spot on the AskMen Top 99 Outstanding Women 2015 list on the strength of having thrown her back into womens rights issues . In the same year , Watson was included on the Time 100 list of the worlds most influential people , her first-ever appearance on the list . For its recap , former New York Times editor Jill Abramson noted Watsons gutsy , smart take on feminism and called her effort to get men involved refreshing . Watson has cited Gloria Steinem and Maya Angelou as influences . In January 2016 , Watson started a feminist Goodreads book club : Our Shared Shelf . The goal of the club is to share feminist ideas and encourage discussion on the topic . One book is selected per month and is discussed in the last week of that month . The first book to be selected was My Life on the Road by Gloria Steinem , whom Watson would later interview that February at the How to : Academy in London . Our Shared Shelf ceased updates in January 2020 , but continues to be open as a discussion board for recommendations . Watson has partnered with organisations such as Book Fairies and Books on the Underground to leave literature on public transit for consumption . In March 2017 , Watson received backlash for a Vanity Fair photo shoot in which one of the shots had her breasts partly visible ; some in the news media accused her of hypocrisy . Bemused by the controversy , she argued that feminism is not a stick with which to beat other women but is instead about freedom , liberation and equality , adding , I really dont know what my tits have to do with it . Watson has discussed her white privilege in feminist spaces ; in an interview with British Vogue , she commented , I saw white feminism coming up again and again , and I was like , Hey , this is clearly something that I have to meaningfully engage with . I have to understand this better . She has written about intersectionality for Our Shared Shelf , discussing her self-reflection on What are the ways I have benefited from being white ? In what ways do I support and uphold a system that is structurally racist ? Watson is a founding member of Times Up UK and coordinated its launch at the 71st British Academy Film Awards . Watson also assisted in the establishment of nationwide industry guidelines on bullying and harassment , implemented by the British Film Institute and British Academy of Film and Television Arts . She donated £1 million to Times Up UK in February 2018 and later helped set up the organisations Justice and Equality Fund in October , which donated to womens groups across the country . In July 2019 , Watson helped launch a legal helpline for people who have suffered sexual harassment in the workplace . Legal advice is provided by Rights of Women , a charity which works to help women through the law . In the same year , she joined a G7 gender equality advisory group convened by the president of France , Emmanuel Macron , to call on G7 to make political and economic advances for women within their own countries as well as a centerpiece of foreign policy . She attended their first meeting at the Élysée Palace in Paris in February and attended the 45th G7 summit in August as part of the committee . In an interview with Paris Lees , she voiced her support for transgender rights , reiterating this on Twitter amidst controversy concerning J . K . Rowlings remarks on gender identity . Watson has spoken out in support of the Black Lives Matter movement ; in June 2020 , she shared anti-racism educational resources on social media in support of the George Floyd protests after initially participating in Blackout Tuesday , and uploaded a podcast episode onto Spotify interviewing Reni Eddo-Lodge about her book Why Im No Longer Talking to White People About Race . In July 2020 , she partnered with Lodge and the WOW Foundation to spearhead a project reimagining the London Underground Map , renaming the 270 stops to spotlight women and non-binary people who have shaped the citys history . The initiative will consult writers , museums , and librarians and is set to be published by Haymarket Books on International Womens Day 2021 . Watson was among the 400 signatories in a letter calling for the UK government to include women in decision-making roles at the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Glasgow . Public image . Watson has often been cited as a role model , though she shies away from the term , stating that it puts the fear of god into [ her ] . Her impact on teenage girls view of womens rights has been referred to as the Emma Watson effect , with respondents from a National Citizen Service survey stating that her work in activism had inspired them to label themselves feminists . She has been called an exception to the rule regarding the dissolution of child stars careers . In her initial post-Harry Potter career , she was noted to focus on smaller films rather than big-budget studio films . Adam White of The Independent states that Watsons acting style possesses a very human sensitivity and quiet strength . Her work as a feminist contributes to her media image and career perception . Describing Watsons off-screen persona , Derek Blasberg of Vanity Fair has called her shy , friendly , intelligent , and down to earth . Activist Gloria Steinem has described her as way more like a real person than a movie star , while author Bell Hooks considers her to be part of a very different , new breed [ of actors ] who are interested in being whole and having a holistic life , as opposed to being identified with just wealth and fame . Watsons character in Harry Potter has had a significant impact on pop culture ; the actress has commented , I have met fans [ with ] my face tattooed on their bod [ ies ] . Ive met people who used the Harry Potter books to get through cancer . I dont know how to explain it , but the Harry Potter phenomenon steps into a different zone . Watson has been the subject of substantial media attention since the beginning of her career ; on her eighteenth birthday she was photographed by paparazzi attempting to take pictures up her skirt , and she has been victim of numerous stalking threats . She refuses to publicly discuss her romantic relationships , stating , I cant talk about my boyfriend in an interview and then expect people not to take paparazzi pictures of me walking around outside my home . You cant have it both ways . Watson does not take selfies with fans , citing security concerns , and instead prefers to talk one-on-one during interactions . On coping with intense fame from a young age , she has said that remaining rooted in her own identity helped her eventually find peace . In March 2009 , she was ranked sixth on the Forbes list of Most Valuable Young Stars and in February 2010 , she was named Hollywoods highest-paid female star , having earned an estimated £19 million in 2009 . In 2017 , Forbes ranked her among the worlds highest-paid actresses , with annual earnings of $14 million . In 2013 , Watson was named British GQs Woman of the Year and topped Empires list of the 100 Sexiest Movie Stars . Watson was found to be the sixth most admired woman in the world in global surveys conducted by YouGov in 2020 . Personal life . When asked about her faith in 2014 , Watson described herself as a spiritual universalist . She has been in a relationship with American businessman Leo Robinton since 2019 . In February 2016 , Watson was appointed visiting fellow at Lady Margaret Hall , Oxford University . Marai Larasi , an activist on the issue of violence against women , was her guest to the 2018 Golden Globe Awards . In a 2019 interview , Watson stated she divides her time between London and New York City . In 2013 , she had become certified to teach yoga and meditation . As part of this certification , she attended a week-long meditation course at a Canadian facility , in which residents are not allowed to speak , in order to figure out how to be at home with myself . Regarding her meditation training , she stated in an interview with Elle Australia that an uncertain future meant finding a way to always feel safe and at home within myself . Because I can never rely on a physical place . Awards and nominations . Watson has received several accolades across her career , particularly for her work in the Harry Potter franchise . This includes a Young Artist Award , eight Teen Choice Awards , three MTV Movie Awards , and nominations for four Empire Awards and two Saturn Awards . External links . - Emma Watson at UN Womens official website - Emma Watson at Kerings official website - Emma Watsons 2014 Speech at United Nations Headquarters – Official UN Video
|
[
"Brown University",
"Worcester College"
] |
[
{
"text": " Emma Charlotte Duerre Watson ( born 15 April 1990 ) is an English actress and activist . She has gained recognition for her roles in both blockbusters and independent films , as well as her womens rights work . Watson has been ranked among the worlds highest-paid actresses by Forbes and Vanity Fair , and was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by Time magazine in 2015 .",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "Born in Paris and raised in Oxfordshire , Watson attended the Dragon School and trained in acting at the Oxford branch of Stagecoach Theatre Arts . As a child , she rose to stardom after landing her first professional acting role as Hermione Granger in the Harry Potter film series , having acted only in school plays previously . Watson also starred in the 2007 television adaptation of the novel Ballet Shoes and lent her voice to The Tale of Despereaux ( 2008 ) . After the final Harry Potter film , she took on a supporting role in My",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "Week with Marilyn ( 2011 ) , before starring as a flirtatious , free-spirited student in The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2012 ) to critical success . Further acclaim came from portraying Alexis Neiers in Sofia Coppolas The Bling Ring ( 2013 ) and the titular characters adoptive daughter in the biblical epic Noah . That same year , Watson was honoured by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts , winning British Artist of the Year . She starred as Belle in the musical romantic fantasy Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) , which ranks",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "among the highest-grossing films of all time , and Meg March in the coming-of-age drama Little Women ( 2019 ) .",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "From 2011 to 2014 , Watson split her time between working on films and continuing her education , graduating from Brown University with a bachelors degree in English literature in May 2014 . In the same year , she was appointed a UN Women Goodwill ambassador and helped launch the UN Women campaign HeForShe , which advocates for gender equality . In 2018 , she helped launch Times Up UK as a founding member . Watson was appointed to a G7 advisory body for womens rights in 2019 , consulting with leaders on foreign policy . Her modelling work has",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "included campaigns for Burberry and Lancôme . She also lent her name to a line of clothing for sustainable brand People Tree . In 2020 , she joined the board of directors of Kering , a luxury brand group , in her capacity as an advocate for sustainable fashion .",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "Emma Charlotte Duerre Watson was born on 15 April 1990 in Paris , to English lawyers Chris Watson and Jacqueline Luesby . Watson lived in Maisons-Laffitte near Paris until age five . Her parents divorced when she was young , and Watson moved to England to live with her mother in Oxfordshire while spending weekends at her fathers house in London . Watson has said she speaks some French , though not as well as she used to . After moving to Oxford with her mother and brother , she attended the Dragon School , remaining there until 2003 .",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "From age six , she wanted to become an actress , and trained at the Oxford branch of Stagecoach Theatre Arts , a part-time theatre school where she studied singing , dancing , and acting .",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "By age ten , Watson had performed in Stagecoach productions and school plays including Arthur : The Young Years and The Happy Prince , but she had never acted professionally prior to the Harry Potter series . After the Dragon School , Watson moved on to Headington School , Oxford . While on film sets , she and her castmates were tutored for up to five hours a day . In June 2006 , she took GCSE school examinations in ten subjects , achieving eight A* and two A grades . In May 2007 , she took AS levels in",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "English , Geography , Art , and History of Art . The following year , she dropped History of Art to pursue the three A levels , receiving an A grade in each subject .",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "Watson took a gap year after finishing secondary school , to film Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Parts 1 & 2 beginning in February 2009 , but asserted that she intended to continue her studies and later confirmed she had chosen Brown University in Providence , Rhode Island . In March 2011 , after 18 months at the university , Watson announced she was deferring her course for a semester or two , though she attended Worcester College , Oxford during the 2011–12 academic year as part of the Visiting Student Programme . In a 2014 interview on",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "The Ellen DeGeneres Show , Watson said just before graduation that it took five years to finish her degree instead of four because , owing to her acting work , she ended up taking two full semesters off . On 25 May , she graduated from Brown University with a bachelors degree in English literature .",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "In 1999 , casting began for Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone , the film adaptation of British author J . K . Rowlings best-selling novel . Casting agents found Watson through her Oxford theatre teacher , and producers were impressed by her confidence . After eight auditions , producer David Heyman told Watson and fellow applicants Daniel Radcliffe and Rupert Grint that they had been cast in the roles of the school friends Hermione Granger , Harry Potter and Ron Weasley , respectively . Rowling supported Watson from her first screen test .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "The release of Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone in 2001 was Watsons debut screen performance . The film broke records for opening-day sales and opening-weekend takings and was the highest-grossing film of 2001 . Critics singled out Watson for particular acclaim ; The Daily Telegraph called her performance admirable , and IGN said she stole the show . Watson was nominated for five awards for her performance in Philosophers Stone , winning the Young Artist Award for Leading Young Actress . A year later , Watson reprised her role as Hermione in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": ", the second instalment of the series . Reviewers praised the lead actors performances . The Los Angeles Times said Watson and her co-stars had matured between films , while The Times criticised director Chris Columbus for under-employing Watsons hugely popular character . Watson received an Otto Award from the German magazine Bravo for her performance .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 2004 , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was released . Watson was appreciative of the more assertive role Hermione played , calling her charismatic and a fantastic role to play . Critics lauded Watsons performance ; A . O . Scott of The New York Times remarked : Luckily Mr . Radcliffes blandness is offset by Ms . Watsons spiky impatience . Harry may show off his expanding wizardly skills .. . but Hermione .. . earns the loudest applause with a decidedly unmagical punch to Draco Malfoys deserving nose . Although Prisoner of Azkaban proved to",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "be the lowest-grossing Harry Potter film in the entire series , Watsons personal performance won her two Otto Awards and the Child Performance of the Year award from Total Film .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "With Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) , both Watson and the Harry Potter film series reached new milestones . The film set records for a Harry Potter opening weekend and opening weekend in the UK . Critics praised the increasing maturity of Watson and her teenage co-stars ; The New York Times called her performance touchingly earnest , and Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian wrote that Watsons gutsy , confident performance nicely shows that inside and outside the world of magic there is a growing discrepancy between a teenage girls status and her accelerating emotional",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "and intellectual development . For Watson , much of the films humour sprang from the tension among the three lead characters as they matured . She said , I loved all the arguing . .. . I think its much more realistic that they would argue and that there would be problems . Nominated for three awards for Goblet of Fire , Watson won a bronze Otto Award .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 2006 , Watson played Hermione in The Queens Handbag , a special mini-episode of Harry Potter in celebration of Queen Elizabeth IIs 80th birthday . The fifth film in the Harry Potter series , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , was released in 2007 . A huge financial success , the film set a record worldwide opening-weekend gross of $332.7 million . Watson won the inaugural National Movie Award for Best Female Performance . As the fame of the actress and the series continued to rise , Watson and her Harry Potter co-stars Daniel Radcliffe and",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Rupert Grint left imprints of their hands , feet and wands in front of Graumans Chinese Theatre in Hollywood on 9 July 2007 . That month , Watsons work on the Harry Potter series was said to have earned her more than £10 million , and she acknowledged she would never have to work for money again .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Following the success of Order of the Phoenix , the future of the Harry Potter series was in jeopardy , as all three lead actors were hesitant to sign on to continue their roles for the final instalments . Watson was considerably more ambivalent then her co-stars during renegotiations . She explained that the decision was significant , as the films represented a further four-year commitment to the role , but eventually conceded that she could never let [ the role of ] Hermione go , signing for the role on 23 March 2007 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Watsons first non-Potter role was the 2007 BBC film Ballet Shoes , an adaptation of the novel of the same title by Noel Streatfeild . The films director , Sandra Goldbacher , commented that Watson was perfect for the starring role of aspiring actress Pauline Fossil : She has a piercing , delicate aura that makes you want to gaze and gaze at her . Ballet Shoes was broadcast in the UK on Boxing Day to 5.7 million viewers , to mixed reviews . The following year , she voiced the character Princess Pea in the animation The Tale of",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Despereaux , a childrens comedy starring Matthew Broderick , with Harry Potter co-star Robbie Coltrane also starring in the film . The Tale of Despereaux was released in December 2008 and grossed $87 million worldwide .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Principal photography for the sixth Harry Potter film began in late 2007 , with Watsons part being filmed from 18 December to 17 May 2008 . Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince premiered on 15 July 2009 , having been delayed from November 2008 . With the lead actors in their late teens , critics were increasingly willing to review them on the same level as the rest of the franchises all-star cast , which the Los Angeles Times described as a comprehensive guide to contemporary UK acting . The Washington Post felt Watson had given [ her ] most",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "charming performance to date , while The Daily Telegraph described the lead actors as newly liberated and energised , eager to give all they have to whats left of the series .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Watsons filming for the final instalment , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , began on 18 February 2009 and ended on 12 June 2010 . For financial and scripting reasons , the original book was divided into two films which were shot consecutively . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 was released in November 2010 while the second film was released in July 2011 . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 became a commercial and critical success . The highest-grossing film in the franchise , it grossed more than $1.3 billion worldwide and",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "proved to be Watsons most commercially successful film to date .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " She also appeared in a music video for One Night Only , after meeting lead singer George Craig at the 2010 Winter/Summer Burberry advertising campaign . The video , Say You Dont Want It , was screened on Channel 4 on 26 June 2010 and released on 16 August . In her first post-Harry Potter film , Watson appeared in My Week with Marilyn ( 2011 ) as Lucy , a wardrobe assistant who briefly dates protagonist Colin Clark , portrayed by Eddie Redmayne .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In May 2010 , Watson was reported to be in talks to star in Stephen Chboskys The Perks of Being a Wallflower , based on the 1999 novel of the same name . Filming began in summer of 2011 , and the film was released in September 2012 . Watson starred opposite Logan Lerman as Sam , a high school senior who befriends a fellow student called Charlie ( Lerman ) , and helps him through his freshman year . The film opened to favourable reviews ; David Sexton of the Evening Standard opined that Watsons performance was plausible and",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "touching while Ian Buckwalter of The Atlantic stated that Watson sheds the memory of a decade playing Hermione in the Harry Potter series with an about-face as a flirtatious but insecure free spirit .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 2013 , Watson starred in the satirical crime film The Bling Ring . The Sofia Coppola-directed film is based on the real-life Bling Ring robberies , with Watson playing a fictionalised version of Alexis Neiers , a television personality who was one of seven teenagers involved in the robberies . While the film mostly received mixed reviews , critics gave almost unanimous praise for Watsons performance . Adam White of The Independent later stated that She prove [ d ] remarkable.. . Watson oozes casual disdain . Her sticky American vocal fry is clipped and monotone , as if",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "shes swallowed a Kardashian for breakfast . Watson also had a supporting role in the apocalyptic comedy This Is the End ( 2013 ) , in which she , Seth Rogen , James Franco and many others played exaggerated versions of themselves and Watson memorably dropped the f-bomb . She said she could not pass up the opportunity to make her first comedy and work with some of the best comedians .. . in the world right now .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In June 2012 , Watson was confirmed for the role as Ila , Shems wife , in Darren Aronofskys Noah , which began filming the following month , and was released in March 2014 . Watson referred to the role as physically very demanding given the usage of special effects and did extensive research on childbirth to effectively portray a scene in the film . The film , a box office success , received mixed reviews for its direction and casting ; Vanity Fair wrote that Watson anchors the films rawest emotional scenes.. . Sitting on an Icelandic beach with",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Russell Crowe , her hair wild and eyes burning , Watson is quiet but ferocious . In March 2013 , it was reported that Watson was in negotiations to star as the title character in a live-action Disney adaptation of Cinderella . Watson was offered the role , but turned it down because she did not connect with the character . The role ultimately went to Lily James .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Watson joined Judi Dench , Robert Downey Jr. , Mike Leigh , Julia Louis-Dreyfus , and Mark Ruffalo as recipients of the 2014 Britannia Awards , presented on 30 October in Los Angeles . Watson was awarded British Artist of the Year and she dedicated the prize to Millie , her pet hamster who died as Watson was filming Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone . Watson starred in two 2015 releases , the thrillers Colonia , opposite Daniel Brühl and Michael Nyqvist ; and Regression by Alejandro Amenábar , alongside Ethan Hawke and her Harry Potter co-star David Thewlis",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": ". Both of these films received generally negative reviews ; The Daily Telegraph critic blamed Regressions script for her pure dramatic cardboard role . She also appeared in an episode of BBCs The Vicar of Dibley , in which she played Reverend Iris . In February 2016 , Watson announced she was taking a year-long break from acting . She planned to spend the time on her personal development and her womens rights work .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Watson starred as Belle in the 2017 live-action Disney adaptation of Beauty and the Beast directed by Bill Condon , and starring opposite Dan Stevens as the Beast . She was given autonomy within Belles portrayal ; she re-characterised her as an assistant to her inventor father and incorporated bloomers and boots into her wardrobe . The film grossed over $1.2 billion at the worldwide box office and emerged as the second-highest-grossing film of 2017 and the 17th-highest-grossing film of all time . Her reported fee was $3 million upfront with profit participation , bringing her salary up to $15",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "million . The film garnered positive reviews ; Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times thought her performance was all pluck and spunk and sass and smarts and fierce independence as Belle . Watson later said When I finished the film , it kind of felt like I had made that transition into being a woman on-screen .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In the same year , she starred opposite Tom Hanks in the film adaptation of Dave Eggers novel The Circle as Mae Holland , who begins working at a powerful tech corporation and enters a perilous situation concerning surveillance and freedom . The film received negative reviews but was a moderate box office success . In 2019 , Watson starred as Meg March in Greta Gerwigs adaptation of Louisa May Alcotts novel Little Women , co-starring with Saoirse Ronan , Florence Pugh , Laura Dern , Timothée Chalamet , and Meryl Streep . On the premise , Watson has stated",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "I think [ Little Women ] was good literary device to explain that theres not one way to be a feminist.. . [ Megs ] way of being a feminist is making the choice – because thats really , for me anyway , what feminism is about . Her choice is that she wants to be a full-time mother and wife . Forbes stated that Watson has perhaps the most challenging [ ... ] role , as the proverbial straight woman of the sisters who is put on the defensive when her dreams end up being the most conventional of",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "the lot . The film was released to critical acclaim and grossed over $218 million against its $40 million budget .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 2020 , Watson discussed her future career plans , stating : Having been so public in making films and being so active on social [ media ] in my activism , I am curious to embrace a role where I work to amplify more voices , to continue to learn from those with different experiences , adding that her work would include fewer red carpets and more conference meetings . In 2021 , various reports surfaced stating that Watson was engaged or retiring . Watson and her representatives refuted these reports ; she later labelled the speculation as clickbait",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "and cited her relative public absence to continued social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 2005 , Watson began her modelling career with a photo shoot for Teen Vogue , which made her the youngest person to cover the magazine . Three years later , the British press reported that Watson was to replace Keira Knightley as the face of Chanel , but this was denied by both parties . In June 2009 , following several months of rumours , Watson confirmed she would be partnering with Burberry as the face of their Autumn/Winter 2009 campaign , for which she received an estimated six-figure fee . She also appeared in Burberrys 2010 Spring/Summer campaign",
"title": "Modelling and fashion"
},
{
"text": "alongside her brother Alex , musicians George Craig and Matt Gilmour , and model Max Hurd . In February 2011 , Watson was awarded the Style Icon award from British Elle by Dame Vivienne Westwood . Watson continued her involvement in fashion advertising when she announced she had been chosen as the face of Lancôme in March 2011 .",
"title": "Modelling and fashion"
},
{
"text": "In September 2009 , Watson announced her involvement with People Tree , a fair trade fashion brand . Watson worked as a creative adviser for the company to create a spring line of clothing , which was released in February 2010 ; the range featured styles inspired by southern France and London . The collection , described by The Times as very clever despite their quiet hope that [ she ] would become tangled at the first hemp-woven hurdle , was widely publicised in magazines such as Teen Vogue , Cosmopolitan , and People . Watson , who was not",
"title": "Modelling and fashion"
},
{
"text": "paid for the collaboration , admitted that competition for the range was minimal , but argued that Fashion is a great way to empower people and give them skills ; rather than give cash to charity you can help people by buying the clothes they make and supporting things they take pride in ; adding , I think young people like me are becoming increasingly aware of the humanitarian issues surrounding fast fashion and want to make good choices but there arent many options out there . Watson continued her involvement with People Tree , resulting in the release of",
"title": "Modelling and fashion"
},
{
"text": "a 2010 Autumn/Winter collection .",
"title": "Modelling and fashion"
},
{
"text": " In 2013 , Madame Tussauds in London unveiled a wax statue of Watson wearing an Elie Saab haute couture design donated to the museum by the designer . A spokesperson for the museum said stated , [ Watson ] is one of the most requested personalities by our guests . Shes a true English rose known and loved by millions of film and fashion fans around the world . Watson was awarded Best British Style at the 2014 British Fashion Awards . The competition included David Beckham , Amal Clooney , Kate Moss , and Keira Knightley .",
"title": "Modelling and fashion"
},
{
"text": "Watson has been described as an early adopter of sustainable fashion and is noted for dressing ethically on the red carpet . She wore a Calvin Klein gown to the 2016 Met Gala made out of recycled plastic bottles . Watson has supported Good On You , an app that acts as a directory for the sustainability level of fashion brands . In 2017 , she began updating an Instagram account entitled The Press Tour , detailing the ethical brands she wore during the press tours for films such as Beauty and the Beast and The Circle . Watson guest-edited",
"title": "Modelling and fashion"
},
{
"text": "the March 2018 issue of Vogue Australia focusing on fashion sustainability , and was photographed by Peter Lindbergh for the magazine . In January 2020 , she partnered with consignment website ThredUP to launch a Fashion Footprint Calculator , which allows website visitors to calculate the carbon impact of their wardrobes and ways to reduce it .",
"title": "Modelling and fashion"
},
{
"text": "In June 2020 , Watson was appointed the youngest member of the board of directors of Kering , the owner of various fashion brands such as Gucci and Yves Saint Laurent . Watson will chair Kerings sustainability committee . Kering chairman François-Henri Pinault praised the new board members knowledge and competences , and the multiplicity of their backgrounds and perspectives . Watson stated she hope [ d ] to influence decisions that will impact future generations and the world that we leave them and was extremely excited to collaborate with the Kering Foundation as part of their womens rights work",
"title": "Modelling and fashion"
},
{
"text": "and looked forward to making a difference behind the scenes .",
"title": "Modelling and fashion"
},
{
"text": "Watson is an outspoken feminist . She has promoted education for girls , travelling to Bangladesh and Zambia to do so . In July 2014 , she was appointed a UN Women Goodwill ambassador . That September , an admittedly nervous Watson delivered an address at UN Headquarters in New York City to launch the UN Women campaign HeForShe , which aims to urge men to advocate for gender equality . In that speech she said she began questioning gender-based assumptions at age eight when she was called bossy ( a trait she has attributed to her being a perfectionist",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": ") whilst boys were not , and at 14 when she was sexualised by certain elements of the media . Further , Watsons speech described feminism as the belief that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities and declared that the perception of man-hating is something that has to stop . The speech made worldwide headlines from both major news outlets and fashion blogs ; the organisations website crashed after press coverage of the event . Watson later said she received threats within less than twelve hours of making the speech , which left her raging . [",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": "... ] If they were trying to put me off [ womens rights work ] , it did the opposite . Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka , the Executive Director of UN Women , stated , For a time , there was a conversation about whether feminism was a good thing or a bad thing.. . [ Her speech ] gave us the word back . In 2015 , Malala Yousafzai told Watson she decided to call herself a feminist after hearing her speech .",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": "Also in September , Watson made her first country visit as a UN Women Goodwill ambassador to Uruguay where she gave a speech highlighting the need for womens political participation . In December , the Ms . Foundation for Women named Watson its Feminist Celebrity of 2014 , following an online poll . Watson also gave a speech about gender equality in January 2015 , at the World Economic Forums annual winter meeting . Watson took the top spot on the AskMen Top 99 Outstanding Women 2015 list on the strength of having thrown her back into womens rights issues",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": ". In the same year , Watson was included on the Time 100 list of the worlds most influential people , her first-ever appearance on the list . For its recap , former New York Times editor Jill Abramson noted Watsons gutsy , smart take on feminism and called her effort to get men involved refreshing . Watson has cited Gloria Steinem and Maya Angelou as influences . In January 2016 , Watson started a feminist Goodreads book club : Our Shared Shelf . The goal of the club is to share feminist ideas and encourage discussion on the topic",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": ". One book is selected per month and is discussed in the last week of that month . The first book to be selected was My Life on the Road by Gloria Steinem , whom Watson would later interview that February at the How to : Academy in London . Our Shared Shelf ceased updates in January 2020 , but continues to be open as a discussion board for recommendations . Watson has partnered with organisations such as Book Fairies and Books on the Underground to leave literature on public transit for consumption .",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": "In March 2017 , Watson received backlash for a Vanity Fair photo shoot in which one of the shots had her breasts partly visible ; some in the news media accused her of hypocrisy . Bemused by the controversy , she argued that feminism is not a stick with which to beat other women but is instead about freedom , liberation and equality , adding , I really dont know what my tits have to do with it . Watson has discussed her white privilege in feminist spaces ; in an interview with British Vogue , she commented , I",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": "saw white feminism coming up again and again , and I was like , Hey , this is clearly something that I have to meaningfully engage with . I have to understand this better . She has written about intersectionality for Our Shared Shelf , discussing her self-reflection on What are the ways I have benefited from being white ? In what ways do I support and uphold a system that is structurally racist ? Watson is a founding member of Times Up UK and coordinated its launch at the 71st British Academy Film Awards . Watson also assisted in",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": "the establishment of nationwide industry guidelines on bullying and harassment , implemented by the British Film Institute and British Academy of Film and Television Arts . She donated £1 million to Times Up UK in February 2018 and later helped set up the organisations Justice and Equality Fund in October , which donated to womens groups across the country .",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": "In July 2019 , Watson helped launch a legal helpline for people who have suffered sexual harassment in the workplace . Legal advice is provided by Rights of Women , a charity which works to help women through the law . In the same year , she joined a G7 gender equality advisory group convened by the president of France , Emmanuel Macron , to call on G7 to make political and economic advances for women within their own countries as well as a centerpiece of foreign policy . She attended their first meeting at the Élysée Palace in Paris",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": "in February and attended the 45th G7 summit in August as part of the committee . In an interview with Paris Lees , she voiced her support for transgender rights , reiterating this on Twitter amidst controversy concerning J . K . Rowlings remarks on gender identity . Watson has spoken out in support of the Black Lives Matter movement ; in June 2020 , she shared anti-racism educational resources on social media in support of the George Floyd protests after initially participating in Blackout Tuesday , and uploaded a podcast episode onto Spotify interviewing Reni Eddo-Lodge about her book",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": "Why Im No Longer Talking to White People About Race . In July 2020 , she partnered with Lodge and the WOW Foundation to spearhead a project reimagining the London Underground Map , renaming the 270 stops to spotlight women and non-binary people who have shaped the citys history . The initiative will consult writers , museums , and librarians and is set to be published by Haymarket Books on International Womens Day 2021 . Watson was among the 400 signatories in a letter calling for the UK government to include women in decision-making roles at the 2021 United Nations",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": "Climate Change Conference in Glasgow .",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": "Watson has often been cited as a role model , though she shies away from the term , stating that it puts the fear of god into [ her ] . Her impact on teenage girls view of womens rights has been referred to as the Emma Watson effect , with respondents from a National Citizen Service survey stating that her work in activism had inspired them to label themselves feminists . She has been called an exception to the rule regarding the dissolution of child stars careers . In her initial post-Harry Potter career , she was noted to",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "focus on smaller films rather than big-budget studio films . Adam White of The Independent states that Watsons acting style possesses a very human sensitivity and quiet strength . Her work as a feminist contributes to her media image and career perception . Describing Watsons off-screen persona , Derek Blasberg of Vanity Fair has called her shy , friendly , intelligent , and down to earth . Activist Gloria Steinem has described her as way more like a real person than a movie star , while author Bell Hooks considers her to be part of a very different , new",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "breed [ of actors ] who are interested in being whole and having a holistic life , as opposed to being identified with just wealth and fame .",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "Watsons character in Harry Potter has had a significant impact on pop culture ; the actress has commented , I have met fans [ with ] my face tattooed on their bod [ ies ] . Ive met people who used the Harry Potter books to get through cancer . I dont know how to explain it , but the Harry Potter phenomenon steps into a different zone . Watson has been the subject of substantial media attention since the beginning of her career ; on her eighteenth birthday she was photographed by paparazzi attempting to take pictures up her",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "skirt , and she has been victim of numerous stalking threats . She refuses to publicly discuss her romantic relationships , stating , I cant talk about my boyfriend in an interview and then expect people not to take paparazzi pictures of me walking around outside my home . You cant have it both ways . Watson does not take selfies with fans , citing security concerns , and instead prefers to talk one-on-one during interactions . On coping with intense fame from a young age , she has said that remaining rooted in her own identity helped her eventually",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "find peace .",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "In March 2009 , she was ranked sixth on the Forbes list of Most Valuable Young Stars and in February 2010 , she was named Hollywoods highest-paid female star , having earned an estimated £19 million in 2009 . In 2017 , Forbes ranked her among the worlds highest-paid actresses , with annual earnings of $14 million . In 2013 , Watson was named British GQs Woman of the Year and topped Empires list of the 100 Sexiest Movie Stars . Watson was found to be the sixth most admired woman in the world in global surveys conducted by YouGov",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "in 2020 .",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": " When asked about her faith in 2014 , Watson described herself as a spiritual universalist . She has been in a relationship with American businessman Leo Robinton since 2019 . In February 2016 , Watson was appointed visiting fellow at Lady Margaret Hall , Oxford University . Marai Larasi , an activist on the issue of violence against women , was her guest to the 2018 Golden Globe Awards .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "In a 2019 interview , Watson stated she divides her time between London and New York City . In 2013 , she had become certified to teach yoga and meditation . As part of this certification , she attended a week-long meditation course at a Canadian facility , in which residents are not allowed to speak , in order to figure out how to be at home with myself . Regarding her meditation training , she stated in an interview with Elle Australia that an uncertain future meant finding a way to always feel safe and at home within myself",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": ". Because I can never rely on a physical place .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Watson has received several accolades across her career , particularly for her work in the Harry Potter franchise . This includes a Young Artist Award , eight Teen Choice Awards , three MTV Movie Awards , and nominations for four Empire Awards and two Saturn Awards .",
"title": "Awards and nominations"
},
{
"text": " - Emma Watson at UN Womens official website - Emma Watson at Kerings official website - Emma Watsons 2014 Speech at United Nations Headquarters – Official UN Video",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Emma_Watson#P69#3
|
Where was Emma Watson educated in Oct 2013?
|
Emma Watson Emma Charlotte Duerre Watson ( born 15 April 1990 ) is an English actress and activist . She has gained recognition for her roles in both blockbusters and independent films , as well as her womens rights work . Watson has been ranked among the worlds highest-paid actresses by Forbes and Vanity Fair , and was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by Time magazine in 2015 . Born in Paris and raised in Oxfordshire , Watson attended the Dragon School and trained in acting at the Oxford branch of Stagecoach Theatre Arts . As a child , she rose to stardom after landing her first professional acting role as Hermione Granger in the Harry Potter film series , having acted only in school plays previously . Watson also starred in the 2007 television adaptation of the novel Ballet Shoes and lent her voice to The Tale of Despereaux ( 2008 ) . After the final Harry Potter film , she took on a supporting role in My Week with Marilyn ( 2011 ) , before starring as a flirtatious , free-spirited student in The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2012 ) to critical success . Further acclaim came from portraying Alexis Neiers in Sofia Coppolas The Bling Ring ( 2013 ) and the titular characters adoptive daughter in the biblical epic Noah . That same year , Watson was honoured by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts , winning British Artist of the Year . She starred as Belle in the musical romantic fantasy Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) , which ranks among the highest-grossing films of all time , and Meg March in the coming-of-age drama Little Women ( 2019 ) . From 2011 to 2014 , Watson split her time between working on films and continuing her education , graduating from Brown University with a bachelors degree in English literature in May 2014 . In the same year , she was appointed a UN Women Goodwill ambassador and helped launch the UN Women campaign HeForShe , which advocates for gender equality . In 2018 , she helped launch Times Up UK as a founding member . Watson was appointed to a G7 advisory body for womens rights in 2019 , consulting with leaders on foreign policy . Her modelling work has included campaigns for Burberry and Lancôme . She also lent her name to a line of clothing for sustainable brand People Tree . In 2020 , she joined the board of directors of Kering , a luxury brand group , in her capacity as an advocate for sustainable fashion . Early life and education . Emma Charlotte Duerre Watson was born on 15 April 1990 in Paris , to English lawyers Chris Watson and Jacqueline Luesby . Watson lived in Maisons-Laffitte near Paris until age five . Her parents divorced when she was young , and Watson moved to England to live with her mother in Oxfordshire while spending weekends at her fathers house in London . Watson has said she speaks some French , though not as well as she used to . After moving to Oxford with her mother and brother , she attended the Dragon School , remaining there until 2003 . From age six , she wanted to become an actress , and trained at the Oxford branch of Stagecoach Theatre Arts , a part-time theatre school where she studied singing , dancing , and acting . By age ten , Watson had performed in Stagecoach productions and school plays including Arthur : The Young Years and The Happy Prince , but she had never acted professionally prior to the Harry Potter series . After the Dragon School , Watson moved on to Headington School , Oxford . While on film sets , she and her castmates were tutored for up to five hours a day . In June 2006 , she took GCSE school examinations in ten subjects , achieving eight A* and two A grades . In May 2007 , she took AS levels in English , Geography , Art , and History of Art . The following year , she dropped History of Art to pursue the three A levels , receiving an A grade in each subject . Watson took a gap year after finishing secondary school , to film Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Parts 1 & 2 beginning in February 2009 , but asserted that she intended to continue her studies and later confirmed she had chosen Brown University in Providence , Rhode Island . In March 2011 , after 18 months at the university , Watson announced she was deferring her course for a semester or two , though she attended Worcester College , Oxford during the 2011–12 academic year as part of the Visiting Student Programme . In a 2014 interview on The Ellen DeGeneres Show , Watson said just before graduation that it took five years to finish her degree instead of four because , owing to her acting work , she ended up taking two full semesters off . On 25 May , she graduated from Brown University with a bachelors degree in English literature . Career . 1999–2009 : Beginnings and breakthrough with Harry Potter . In 1999 , casting began for Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone , the film adaptation of British author J . K . Rowlings best-selling novel . Casting agents found Watson through her Oxford theatre teacher , and producers were impressed by her confidence . After eight auditions , producer David Heyman told Watson and fellow applicants Daniel Radcliffe and Rupert Grint that they had been cast in the roles of the school friends Hermione Granger , Harry Potter and Ron Weasley , respectively . Rowling supported Watson from her first screen test . The release of Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone in 2001 was Watsons debut screen performance . The film broke records for opening-day sales and opening-weekend takings and was the highest-grossing film of 2001 . Critics singled out Watson for particular acclaim ; The Daily Telegraph called her performance admirable , and IGN said she stole the show . Watson was nominated for five awards for her performance in Philosophers Stone , winning the Young Artist Award for Leading Young Actress . A year later , Watson reprised her role as Hermione in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , the second instalment of the series . Reviewers praised the lead actors performances . The Los Angeles Times said Watson and her co-stars had matured between films , while The Times criticised director Chris Columbus for under-employing Watsons hugely popular character . Watson received an Otto Award from the German magazine Bravo for her performance . In 2004 , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was released . Watson was appreciative of the more assertive role Hermione played , calling her charismatic and a fantastic role to play . Critics lauded Watsons performance ; A . O . Scott of The New York Times remarked : Luckily Mr . Radcliffes blandness is offset by Ms . Watsons spiky impatience . Harry may show off his expanding wizardly skills .. . but Hermione .. . earns the loudest applause with a decidedly unmagical punch to Draco Malfoys deserving nose . Although Prisoner of Azkaban proved to be the lowest-grossing Harry Potter film in the entire series , Watsons personal performance won her two Otto Awards and the Child Performance of the Year award from Total Film . With Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) , both Watson and the Harry Potter film series reached new milestones . The film set records for a Harry Potter opening weekend and opening weekend in the UK . Critics praised the increasing maturity of Watson and her teenage co-stars ; The New York Times called her performance touchingly earnest , and Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian wrote that Watsons gutsy , confident performance nicely shows that inside and outside the world of magic there is a growing discrepancy between a teenage girls status and her accelerating emotional and intellectual development . For Watson , much of the films humour sprang from the tension among the three lead characters as they matured . She said , I loved all the arguing . .. . I think its much more realistic that they would argue and that there would be problems . Nominated for three awards for Goblet of Fire , Watson won a bronze Otto Award . In 2006 , Watson played Hermione in The Queens Handbag , a special mini-episode of Harry Potter in celebration of Queen Elizabeth IIs 80th birthday . The fifth film in the Harry Potter series , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , was released in 2007 . A huge financial success , the film set a record worldwide opening-weekend gross of $332.7 million . Watson won the inaugural National Movie Award for Best Female Performance . As the fame of the actress and the series continued to rise , Watson and her Harry Potter co-stars Daniel Radcliffe and Rupert Grint left imprints of their hands , feet and wands in front of Graumans Chinese Theatre in Hollywood on 9 July 2007 . That month , Watsons work on the Harry Potter series was said to have earned her more than £10 million , and she acknowledged she would never have to work for money again . Following the success of Order of the Phoenix , the future of the Harry Potter series was in jeopardy , as all three lead actors were hesitant to sign on to continue their roles for the final instalments . Watson was considerably more ambivalent then her co-stars during renegotiations . She explained that the decision was significant , as the films represented a further four-year commitment to the role , but eventually conceded that she could never let [ the role of ] Hermione go , signing for the role on 23 March 2007 . Watsons first non-Potter role was the 2007 BBC film Ballet Shoes , an adaptation of the novel of the same title by Noel Streatfeild . The films director , Sandra Goldbacher , commented that Watson was perfect for the starring role of aspiring actress Pauline Fossil : She has a piercing , delicate aura that makes you want to gaze and gaze at her . Ballet Shoes was broadcast in the UK on Boxing Day to 5.7 million viewers , to mixed reviews . The following year , she voiced the character Princess Pea in the animation The Tale of Despereaux , a childrens comedy starring Matthew Broderick , with Harry Potter co-star Robbie Coltrane also starring in the film . The Tale of Despereaux was released in December 2008 and grossed $87 million worldwide . Principal photography for the sixth Harry Potter film began in late 2007 , with Watsons part being filmed from 18 December to 17 May 2008 . Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince premiered on 15 July 2009 , having been delayed from November 2008 . With the lead actors in their late teens , critics were increasingly willing to review them on the same level as the rest of the franchises all-star cast , which the Los Angeles Times described as a comprehensive guide to contemporary UK acting . The Washington Post felt Watson had given [ her ] most charming performance to date , while The Daily Telegraph described the lead actors as newly liberated and energised , eager to give all they have to whats left of the series . 2010–present : Mainstream work and worldwide recognition . Watsons filming for the final instalment , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , began on 18 February 2009 and ended on 12 June 2010 . For financial and scripting reasons , the original book was divided into two films which were shot consecutively . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 was released in November 2010 while the second film was released in July 2011 . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 became a commercial and critical success . The highest-grossing film in the franchise , it grossed more than $1.3 billion worldwide and proved to be Watsons most commercially successful film to date . She also appeared in a music video for One Night Only , after meeting lead singer George Craig at the 2010 Winter/Summer Burberry advertising campaign . The video , Say You Dont Want It , was screened on Channel 4 on 26 June 2010 and released on 16 August . In her first post-Harry Potter film , Watson appeared in My Week with Marilyn ( 2011 ) as Lucy , a wardrobe assistant who briefly dates protagonist Colin Clark , portrayed by Eddie Redmayne . In May 2010 , Watson was reported to be in talks to star in Stephen Chboskys The Perks of Being a Wallflower , based on the 1999 novel of the same name . Filming began in summer of 2011 , and the film was released in September 2012 . Watson starred opposite Logan Lerman as Sam , a high school senior who befriends a fellow student called Charlie ( Lerman ) , and helps him through his freshman year . The film opened to favourable reviews ; David Sexton of the Evening Standard opined that Watsons performance was plausible and touching while Ian Buckwalter of The Atlantic stated that Watson sheds the memory of a decade playing Hermione in the Harry Potter series with an about-face as a flirtatious but insecure free spirit . In 2013 , Watson starred in the satirical crime film The Bling Ring . The Sofia Coppola-directed film is based on the real-life Bling Ring robberies , with Watson playing a fictionalised version of Alexis Neiers , a television personality who was one of seven teenagers involved in the robberies . While the film mostly received mixed reviews , critics gave almost unanimous praise for Watsons performance . Adam White of The Independent later stated that She prove [ d ] remarkable.. . Watson oozes casual disdain . Her sticky American vocal fry is clipped and monotone , as if shes swallowed a Kardashian for breakfast . Watson also had a supporting role in the apocalyptic comedy This Is the End ( 2013 ) , in which she , Seth Rogen , James Franco and many others played exaggerated versions of themselves and Watson memorably dropped the f-bomb . She said she could not pass up the opportunity to make her first comedy and work with some of the best comedians .. . in the world right now . In June 2012 , Watson was confirmed for the role as Ila , Shems wife , in Darren Aronofskys Noah , which began filming the following month , and was released in March 2014 . Watson referred to the role as physically very demanding given the usage of special effects and did extensive research on childbirth to effectively portray a scene in the film . The film , a box office success , received mixed reviews for its direction and casting ; Vanity Fair wrote that Watson anchors the films rawest emotional scenes.. . Sitting on an Icelandic beach with Russell Crowe , her hair wild and eyes burning , Watson is quiet but ferocious . In March 2013 , it was reported that Watson was in negotiations to star as the title character in a live-action Disney adaptation of Cinderella . Watson was offered the role , but turned it down because she did not connect with the character . The role ultimately went to Lily James . Watson joined Judi Dench , Robert Downey Jr. , Mike Leigh , Julia Louis-Dreyfus , and Mark Ruffalo as recipients of the 2014 Britannia Awards , presented on 30 October in Los Angeles . Watson was awarded British Artist of the Year and she dedicated the prize to Millie , her pet hamster who died as Watson was filming Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone . Watson starred in two 2015 releases , the thrillers Colonia , opposite Daniel Brühl and Michael Nyqvist ; and Regression by Alejandro Amenábar , alongside Ethan Hawke and her Harry Potter co-star David Thewlis . Both of these films received generally negative reviews ; The Daily Telegraph critic blamed Regressions script for her pure dramatic cardboard role . She also appeared in an episode of BBCs The Vicar of Dibley , in which she played Reverend Iris . In February 2016 , Watson announced she was taking a year-long break from acting . She planned to spend the time on her personal development and her womens rights work . Watson starred as Belle in the 2017 live-action Disney adaptation of Beauty and the Beast directed by Bill Condon , and starring opposite Dan Stevens as the Beast . She was given autonomy within Belles portrayal ; she re-characterised her as an assistant to her inventor father and incorporated bloomers and boots into her wardrobe . The film grossed over $1.2 billion at the worldwide box office and emerged as the second-highest-grossing film of 2017 and the 17th-highest-grossing film of all time . Her reported fee was $3 million upfront with profit participation , bringing her salary up to $15 million . The film garnered positive reviews ; Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times thought her performance was all pluck and spunk and sass and smarts and fierce independence as Belle . Watson later said When I finished the film , it kind of felt like I had made that transition into being a woman on-screen . In the same year , she starred opposite Tom Hanks in the film adaptation of Dave Eggers novel The Circle as Mae Holland , who begins working at a powerful tech corporation and enters a perilous situation concerning surveillance and freedom . The film received negative reviews but was a moderate box office success . In 2019 , Watson starred as Meg March in Greta Gerwigs adaptation of Louisa May Alcotts novel Little Women , co-starring with Saoirse Ronan , Florence Pugh , Laura Dern , Timothée Chalamet , and Meryl Streep . On the premise , Watson has stated I think [ Little Women ] was good literary device to explain that theres not one way to be a feminist.. . [ Megs ] way of being a feminist is making the choice – because thats really , for me anyway , what feminism is about . Her choice is that she wants to be a full-time mother and wife . Forbes stated that Watson has perhaps the most challenging [ ... ] role , as the proverbial straight woman of the sisters who is put on the defensive when her dreams end up being the most conventional of the lot . The film was released to critical acclaim and grossed over $218 million against its $40 million budget . In 2020 , Watson discussed her future career plans , stating : Having been so public in making films and being so active on social [ media ] in my activism , I am curious to embrace a role where I work to amplify more voices , to continue to learn from those with different experiences , adding that her work would include fewer red carpets and more conference meetings . In 2021 , various reports surfaced stating that Watson was engaged or retiring . Watson and her representatives refuted these reports ; she later labelled the speculation as clickbait and cited her relative public absence to continued social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic . Other ventures . Modelling and fashion . In 2005 , Watson began her modelling career with a photo shoot for Teen Vogue , which made her the youngest person to cover the magazine . Three years later , the British press reported that Watson was to replace Keira Knightley as the face of Chanel , but this was denied by both parties . In June 2009 , following several months of rumours , Watson confirmed she would be partnering with Burberry as the face of their Autumn/Winter 2009 campaign , for which she received an estimated six-figure fee . She also appeared in Burberrys 2010 Spring/Summer campaign alongside her brother Alex , musicians George Craig and Matt Gilmour , and model Max Hurd . In February 2011 , Watson was awarded the Style Icon award from British Elle by Dame Vivienne Westwood . Watson continued her involvement in fashion advertising when she announced she had been chosen as the face of Lancôme in March 2011 . In September 2009 , Watson announced her involvement with People Tree , a fair trade fashion brand . Watson worked as a creative adviser for the company to create a spring line of clothing , which was released in February 2010 ; the range featured styles inspired by southern France and London . The collection , described by The Times as very clever despite their quiet hope that [ she ] would become tangled at the first hemp-woven hurdle , was widely publicised in magazines such as Teen Vogue , Cosmopolitan , and People . Watson , who was not paid for the collaboration , admitted that competition for the range was minimal , but argued that Fashion is a great way to empower people and give them skills ; rather than give cash to charity you can help people by buying the clothes they make and supporting things they take pride in ; adding , I think young people like me are becoming increasingly aware of the humanitarian issues surrounding fast fashion and want to make good choices but there arent many options out there . Watson continued her involvement with People Tree , resulting in the release of a 2010 Autumn/Winter collection . In 2013 , Madame Tussauds in London unveiled a wax statue of Watson wearing an Elie Saab haute couture design donated to the museum by the designer . A spokesperson for the museum said stated , [ Watson ] is one of the most requested personalities by our guests . Shes a true English rose known and loved by millions of film and fashion fans around the world . Watson was awarded Best British Style at the 2014 British Fashion Awards . The competition included David Beckham , Amal Clooney , Kate Moss , and Keira Knightley . Watson has been described as an early adopter of sustainable fashion and is noted for dressing ethically on the red carpet . She wore a Calvin Klein gown to the 2016 Met Gala made out of recycled plastic bottles . Watson has supported Good On You , an app that acts as a directory for the sustainability level of fashion brands . In 2017 , she began updating an Instagram account entitled The Press Tour , detailing the ethical brands she wore during the press tours for films such as Beauty and the Beast and The Circle . Watson guest-edited the March 2018 issue of Vogue Australia focusing on fashion sustainability , and was photographed by Peter Lindbergh for the magazine . In January 2020 , she partnered with consignment website ThredUP to launch a Fashion Footprint Calculator , which allows website visitors to calculate the carbon impact of their wardrobes and ways to reduce it . In June 2020 , Watson was appointed the youngest member of the board of directors of Kering , the owner of various fashion brands such as Gucci and Yves Saint Laurent . Watson will chair Kerings sustainability committee . Kering chairman François-Henri Pinault praised the new board members knowledge and competences , and the multiplicity of their backgrounds and perspectives . Watson stated she hope [ d ] to influence decisions that will impact future generations and the world that we leave them and was extremely excited to collaborate with the Kering Foundation as part of their womens rights work and looked forward to making a difference behind the scenes . Activism and advocacy . Watson is an outspoken feminist . She has promoted education for girls , travelling to Bangladesh and Zambia to do so . In July 2014 , she was appointed a UN Women Goodwill ambassador . That September , an admittedly nervous Watson delivered an address at UN Headquarters in New York City to launch the UN Women campaign HeForShe , which aims to urge men to advocate for gender equality . In that speech she said she began questioning gender-based assumptions at age eight when she was called bossy ( a trait she has attributed to her being a perfectionist ) whilst boys were not , and at 14 when she was sexualised by certain elements of the media . Further , Watsons speech described feminism as the belief that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities and declared that the perception of man-hating is something that has to stop . The speech made worldwide headlines from both major news outlets and fashion blogs ; the organisations website crashed after press coverage of the event . Watson later said she received threats within less than twelve hours of making the speech , which left her raging . [ ... ] If they were trying to put me off [ womens rights work ] , it did the opposite . Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka , the Executive Director of UN Women , stated , For a time , there was a conversation about whether feminism was a good thing or a bad thing.. . [ Her speech ] gave us the word back . In 2015 , Malala Yousafzai told Watson she decided to call herself a feminist after hearing her speech . Also in September , Watson made her first country visit as a UN Women Goodwill ambassador to Uruguay where she gave a speech highlighting the need for womens political participation . In December , the Ms . Foundation for Women named Watson its Feminist Celebrity of 2014 , following an online poll . Watson also gave a speech about gender equality in January 2015 , at the World Economic Forums annual winter meeting . Watson took the top spot on the AskMen Top 99 Outstanding Women 2015 list on the strength of having thrown her back into womens rights issues . In the same year , Watson was included on the Time 100 list of the worlds most influential people , her first-ever appearance on the list . For its recap , former New York Times editor Jill Abramson noted Watsons gutsy , smart take on feminism and called her effort to get men involved refreshing . Watson has cited Gloria Steinem and Maya Angelou as influences . In January 2016 , Watson started a feminist Goodreads book club : Our Shared Shelf . The goal of the club is to share feminist ideas and encourage discussion on the topic . One book is selected per month and is discussed in the last week of that month . The first book to be selected was My Life on the Road by Gloria Steinem , whom Watson would later interview that February at the How to : Academy in London . Our Shared Shelf ceased updates in January 2020 , but continues to be open as a discussion board for recommendations . Watson has partnered with organisations such as Book Fairies and Books on the Underground to leave literature on public transit for consumption . In March 2017 , Watson received backlash for a Vanity Fair photo shoot in which one of the shots had her breasts partly visible ; some in the news media accused her of hypocrisy . Bemused by the controversy , she argued that feminism is not a stick with which to beat other women but is instead about freedom , liberation and equality , adding , I really dont know what my tits have to do with it . Watson has discussed her white privilege in feminist spaces ; in an interview with British Vogue , she commented , I saw white feminism coming up again and again , and I was like , Hey , this is clearly something that I have to meaningfully engage with . I have to understand this better . She has written about intersectionality for Our Shared Shelf , discussing her self-reflection on What are the ways I have benefited from being white ? In what ways do I support and uphold a system that is structurally racist ? Watson is a founding member of Times Up UK and coordinated its launch at the 71st British Academy Film Awards . Watson also assisted in the establishment of nationwide industry guidelines on bullying and harassment , implemented by the British Film Institute and British Academy of Film and Television Arts . She donated £1 million to Times Up UK in February 2018 and later helped set up the organisations Justice and Equality Fund in October , which donated to womens groups across the country . In July 2019 , Watson helped launch a legal helpline for people who have suffered sexual harassment in the workplace . Legal advice is provided by Rights of Women , a charity which works to help women through the law . In the same year , she joined a G7 gender equality advisory group convened by the president of France , Emmanuel Macron , to call on G7 to make political and economic advances for women within their own countries as well as a centerpiece of foreign policy . She attended their first meeting at the Élysée Palace in Paris in February and attended the 45th G7 summit in August as part of the committee . In an interview with Paris Lees , she voiced her support for transgender rights , reiterating this on Twitter amidst controversy concerning J . K . Rowlings remarks on gender identity . Watson has spoken out in support of the Black Lives Matter movement ; in June 2020 , she shared anti-racism educational resources on social media in support of the George Floyd protests after initially participating in Blackout Tuesday , and uploaded a podcast episode onto Spotify interviewing Reni Eddo-Lodge about her book Why Im No Longer Talking to White People About Race . In July 2020 , she partnered with Lodge and the WOW Foundation to spearhead a project reimagining the London Underground Map , renaming the 270 stops to spotlight women and non-binary people who have shaped the citys history . The initiative will consult writers , museums , and librarians and is set to be published by Haymarket Books on International Womens Day 2021 . Watson was among the 400 signatories in a letter calling for the UK government to include women in decision-making roles at the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Glasgow . Public image . Watson has often been cited as a role model , though she shies away from the term , stating that it puts the fear of god into [ her ] . Her impact on teenage girls view of womens rights has been referred to as the Emma Watson effect , with respondents from a National Citizen Service survey stating that her work in activism had inspired them to label themselves feminists . She has been called an exception to the rule regarding the dissolution of child stars careers . In her initial post-Harry Potter career , she was noted to focus on smaller films rather than big-budget studio films . Adam White of The Independent states that Watsons acting style possesses a very human sensitivity and quiet strength . Her work as a feminist contributes to her media image and career perception . Describing Watsons off-screen persona , Derek Blasberg of Vanity Fair has called her shy , friendly , intelligent , and down to earth . Activist Gloria Steinem has described her as way more like a real person than a movie star , while author Bell Hooks considers her to be part of a very different , new breed [ of actors ] who are interested in being whole and having a holistic life , as opposed to being identified with just wealth and fame . Watsons character in Harry Potter has had a significant impact on pop culture ; the actress has commented , I have met fans [ with ] my face tattooed on their bod [ ies ] . Ive met people who used the Harry Potter books to get through cancer . I dont know how to explain it , but the Harry Potter phenomenon steps into a different zone . Watson has been the subject of substantial media attention since the beginning of her career ; on her eighteenth birthday she was photographed by paparazzi attempting to take pictures up her skirt , and she has been victim of numerous stalking threats . She refuses to publicly discuss her romantic relationships , stating , I cant talk about my boyfriend in an interview and then expect people not to take paparazzi pictures of me walking around outside my home . You cant have it both ways . Watson does not take selfies with fans , citing security concerns , and instead prefers to talk one-on-one during interactions . On coping with intense fame from a young age , she has said that remaining rooted in her own identity helped her eventually find peace . In March 2009 , she was ranked sixth on the Forbes list of Most Valuable Young Stars and in February 2010 , she was named Hollywoods highest-paid female star , having earned an estimated £19 million in 2009 . In 2017 , Forbes ranked her among the worlds highest-paid actresses , with annual earnings of $14 million . In 2013 , Watson was named British GQs Woman of the Year and topped Empires list of the 100 Sexiest Movie Stars . Watson was found to be the sixth most admired woman in the world in global surveys conducted by YouGov in 2020 . Personal life . When asked about her faith in 2014 , Watson described herself as a spiritual universalist . She has been in a relationship with American businessman Leo Robinton since 2019 . In February 2016 , Watson was appointed visiting fellow at Lady Margaret Hall , Oxford University . Marai Larasi , an activist on the issue of violence against women , was her guest to the 2018 Golden Globe Awards . In a 2019 interview , Watson stated she divides her time between London and New York City . In 2013 , she had become certified to teach yoga and meditation . As part of this certification , she attended a week-long meditation course at a Canadian facility , in which residents are not allowed to speak , in order to figure out how to be at home with myself . Regarding her meditation training , she stated in an interview with Elle Australia that an uncertain future meant finding a way to always feel safe and at home within myself . Because I can never rely on a physical place . Awards and nominations . Watson has received several accolades across her career , particularly for her work in the Harry Potter franchise . This includes a Young Artist Award , eight Teen Choice Awards , three MTV Movie Awards , and nominations for four Empire Awards and two Saturn Awards . External links . - Emma Watson at UN Womens official website - Emma Watson at Kerings official website - Emma Watsons 2014 Speech at United Nations Headquarters – Official UN Video
|
[
"Brown University"
] |
[
{
"text": " Emma Charlotte Duerre Watson ( born 15 April 1990 ) is an English actress and activist . She has gained recognition for her roles in both blockbusters and independent films , as well as her womens rights work . Watson has been ranked among the worlds highest-paid actresses by Forbes and Vanity Fair , and was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by Time magazine in 2015 .",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "Born in Paris and raised in Oxfordshire , Watson attended the Dragon School and trained in acting at the Oxford branch of Stagecoach Theatre Arts . As a child , she rose to stardom after landing her first professional acting role as Hermione Granger in the Harry Potter film series , having acted only in school plays previously . Watson also starred in the 2007 television adaptation of the novel Ballet Shoes and lent her voice to The Tale of Despereaux ( 2008 ) . After the final Harry Potter film , she took on a supporting role in My",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "Week with Marilyn ( 2011 ) , before starring as a flirtatious , free-spirited student in The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2012 ) to critical success . Further acclaim came from portraying Alexis Neiers in Sofia Coppolas The Bling Ring ( 2013 ) and the titular characters adoptive daughter in the biblical epic Noah . That same year , Watson was honoured by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts , winning British Artist of the Year . She starred as Belle in the musical romantic fantasy Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) , which ranks",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "among the highest-grossing films of all time , and Meg March in the coming-of-age drama Little Women ( 2019 ) .",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "From 2011 to 2014 , Watson split her time between working on films and continuing her education , graduating from Brown University with a bachelors degree in English literature in May 2014 . In the same year , she was appointed a UN Women Goodwill ambassador and helped launch the UN Women campaign HeForShe , which advocates for gender equality . In 2018 , she helped launch Times Up UK as a founding member . Watson was appointed to a G7 advisory body for womens rights in 2019 , consulting with leaders on foreign policy . Her modelling work has",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "included campaigns for Burberry and Lancôme . She also lent her name to a line of clothing for sustainable brand People Tree . In 2020 , she joined the board of directors of Kering , a luxury brand group , in her capacity as an advocate for sustainable fashion .",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "Emma Charlotte Duerre Watson was born on 15 April 1990 in Paris , to English lawyers Chris Watson and Jacqueline Luesby . Watson lived in Maisons-Laffitte near Paris until age five . Her parents divorced when she was young , and Watson moved to England to live with her mother in Oxfordshire while spending weekends at her fathers house in London . Watson has said she speaks some French , though not as well as she used to . After moving to Oxford with her mother and brother , she attended the Dragon School , remaining there until 2003 .",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "From age six , she wanted to become an actress , and trained at the Oxford branch of Stagecoach Theatre Arts , a part-time theatre school where she studied singing , dancing , and acting .",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "By age ten , Watson had performed in Stagecoach productions and school plays including Arthur : The Young Years and The Happy Prince , but she had never acted professionally prior to the Harry Potter series . After the Dragon School , Watson moved on to Headington School , Oxford . While on film sets , she and her castmates were tutored for up to five hours a day . In June 2006 , she took GCSE school examinations in ten subjects , achieving eight A* and two A grades . In May 2007 , she took AS levels in",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "English , Geography , Art , and History of Art . The following year , she dropped History of Art to pursue the three A levels , receiving an A grade in each subject .",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "Watson took a gap year after finishing secondary school , to film Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Parts 1 & 2 beginning in February 2009 , but asserted that she intended to continue her studies and later confirmed she had chosen Brown University in Providence , Rhode Island . In March 2011 , after 18 months at the university , Watson announced she was deferring her course for a semester or two , though she attended Worcester College , Oxford during the 2011–12 academic year as part of the Visiting Student Programme . In a 2014 interview on",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "The Ellen DeGeneres Show , Watson said just before graduation that it took five years to finish her degree instead of four because , owing to her acting work , she ended up taking two full semesters off . On 25 May , she graduated from Brown University with a bachelors degree in English literature .",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"text": "In 1999 , casting began for Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone , the film adaptation of British author J . K . Rowlings best-selling novel . Casting agents found Watson through her Oxford theatre teacher , and producers were impressed by her confidence . After eight auditions , producer David Heyman told Watson and fellow applicants Daniel Radcliffe and Rupert Grint that they had been cast in the roles of the school friends Hermione Granger , Harry Potter and Ron Weasley , respectively . Rowling supported Watson from her first screen test .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "The release of Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone in 2001 was Watsons debut screen performance . The film broke records for opening-day sales and opening-weekend takings and was the highest-grossing film of 2001 . Critics singled out Watson for particular acclaim ; The Daily Telegraph called her performance admirable , and IGN said she stole the show . Watson was nominated for five awards for her performance in Philosophers Stone , winning the Young Artist Award for Leading Young Actress . A year later , Watson reprised her role as Hermione in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": ", the second instalment of the series . Reviewers praised the lead actors performances . The Los Angeles Times said Watson and her co-stars had matured between films , while The Times criticised director Chris Columbus for under-employing Watsons hugely popular character . Watson received an Otto Award from the German magazine Bravo for her performance .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 2004 , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was released . Watson was appreciative of the more assertive role Hermione played , calling her charismatic and a fantastic role to play . Critics lauded Watsons performance ; A . O . Scott of The New York Times remarked : Luckily Mr . Radcliffes blandness is offset by Ms . Watsons spiky impatience . Harry may show off his expanding wizardly skills .. . but Hermione .. . earns the loudest applause with a decidedly unmagical punch to Draco Malfoys deserving nose . Although Prisoner of Azkaban proved to",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "be the lowest-grossing Harry Potter film in the entire series , Watsons personal performance won her two Otto Awards and the Child Performance of the Year award from Total Film .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "With Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) , both Watson and the Harry Potter film series reached new milestones . The film set records for a Harry Potter opening weekend and opening weekend in the UK . Critics praised the increasing maturity of Watson and her teenage co-stars ; The New York Times called her performance touchingly earnest , and Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian wrote that Watsons gutsy , confident performance nicely shows that inside and outside the world of magic there is a growing discrepancy between a teenage girls status and her accelerating emotional",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "and intellectual development . For Watson , much of the films humour sprang from the tension among the three lead characters as they matured . She said , I loved all the arguing . .. . I think its much more realistic that they would argue and that there would be problems . Nominated for three awards for Goblet of Fire , Watson won a bronze Otto Award .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 2006 , Watson played Hermione in The Queens Handbag , a special mini-episode of Harry Potter in celebration of Queen Elizabeth IIs 80th birthday . The fifth film in the Harry Potter series , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , was released in 2007 . A huge financial success , the film set a record worldwide opening-weekend gross of $332.7 million . Watson won the inaugural National Movie Award for Best Female Performance . As the fame of the actress and the series continued to rise , Watson and her Harry Potter co-stars Daniel Radcliffe and",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Rupert Grint left imprints of their hands , feet and wands in front of Graumans Chinese Theatre in Hollywood on 9 July 2007 . That month , Watsons work on the Harry Potter series was said to have earned her more than £10 million , and she acknowledged she would never have to work for money again .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Following the success of Order of the Phoenix , the future of the Harry Potter series was in jeopardy , as all three lead actors were hesitant to sign on to continue their roles for the final instalments . Watson was considerably more ambivalent then her co-stars during renegotiations . She explained that the decision was significant , as the films represented a further four-year commitment to the role , but eventually conceded that she could never let [ the role of ] Hermione go , signing for the role on 23 March 2007 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Watsons first non-Potter role was the 2007 BBC film Ballet Shoes , an adaptation of the novel of the same title by Noel Streatfeild . The films director , Sandra Goldbacher , commented that Watson was perfect for the starring role of aspiring actress Pauline Fossil : She has a piercing , delicate aura that makes you want to gaze and gaze at her . Ballet Shoes was broadcast in the UK on Boxing Day to 5.7 million viewers , to mixed reviews . The following year , she voiced the character Princess Pea in the animation The Tale of",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Despereaux , a childrens comedy starring Matthew Broderick , with Harry Potter co-star Robbie Coltrane also starring in the film . The Tale of Despereaux was released in December 2008 and grossed $87 million worldwide .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Principal photography for the sixth Harry Potter film began in late 2007 , with Watsons part being filmed from 18 December to 17 May 2008 . Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince premiered on 15 July 2009 , having been delayed from November 2008 . With the lead actors in their late teens , critics were increasingly willing to review them on the same level as the rest of the franchises all-star cast , which the Los Angeles Times described as a comprehensive guide to contemporary UK acting . The Washington Post felt Watson had given [ her ] most",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "charming performance to date , while The Daily Telegraph described the lead actors as newly liberated and energised , eager to give all they have to whats left of the series .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Watsons filming for the final instalment , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , began on 18 February 2009 and ended on 12 June 2010 . For financial and scripting reasons , the original book was divided into two films which were shot consecutively . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 was released in November 2010 while the second film was released in July 2011 . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 became a commercial and critical success . The highest-grossing film in the franchise , it grossed more than $1.3 billion worldwide and",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "proved to be Watsons most commercially successful film to date .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " She also appeared in a music video for One Night Only , after meeting lead singer George Craig at the 2010 Winter/Summer Burberry advertising campaign . The video , Say You Dont Want It , was screened on Channel 4 on 26 June 2010 and released on 16 August . In her first post-Harry Potter film , Watson appeared in My Week with Marilyn ( 2011 ) as Lucy , a wardrobe assistant who briefly dates protagonist Colin Clark , portrayed by Eddie Redmayne .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In May 2010 , Watson was reported to be in talks to star in Stephen Chboskys The Perks of Being a Wallflower , based on the 1999 novel of the same name . Filming began in summer of 2011 , and the film was released in September 2012 . Watson starred opposite Logan Lerman as Sam , a high school senior who befriends a fellow student called Charlie ( Lerman ) , and helps him through his freshman year . The film opened to favourable reviews ; David Sexton of the Evening Standard opined that Watsons performance was plausible and",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "touching while Ian Buckwalter of The Atlantic stated that Watson sheds the memory of a decade playing Hermione in the Harry Potter series with an about-face as a flirtatious but insecure free spirit .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 2013 , Watson starred in the satirical crime film The Bling Ring . The Sofia Coppola-directed film is based on the real-life Bling Ring robberies , with Watson playing a fictionalised version of Alexis Neiers , a television personality who was one of seven teenagers involved in the robberies . While the film mostly received mixed reviews , critics gave almost unanimous praise for Watsons performance . Adam White of The Independent later stated that She prove [ d ] remarkable.. . Watson oozes casual disdain . Her sticky American vocal fry is clipped and monotone , as if",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "shes swallowed a Kardashian for breakfast . Watson also had a supporting role in the apocalyptic comedy This Is the End ( 2013 ) , in which she , Seth Rogen , James Franco and many others played exaggerated versions of themselves and Watson memorably dropped the f-bomb . She said she could not pass up the opportunity to make her first comedy and work with some of the best comedians .. . in the world right now .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In June 2012 , Watson was confirmed for the role as Ila , Shems wife , in Darren Aronofskys Noah , which began filming the following month , and was released in March 2014 . Watson referred to the role as physically very demanding given the usage of special effects and did extensive research on childbirth to effectively portray a scene in the film . The film , a box office success , received mixed reviews for its direction and casting ; Vanity Fair wrote that Watson anchors the films rawest emotional scenes.. . Sitting on an Icelandic beach with",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Russell Crowe , her hair wild and eyes burning , Watson is quiet but ferocious . In March 2013 , it was reported that Watson was in negotiations to star as the title character in a live-action Disney adaptation of Cinderella . Watson was offered the role , but turned it down because she did not connect with the character . The role ultimately went to Lily James .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Watson joined Judi Dench , Robert Downey Jr. , Mike Leigh , Julia Louis-Dreyfus , and Mark Ruffalo as recipients of the 2014 Britannia Awards , presented on 30 October in Los Angeles . Watson was awarded British Artist of the Year and she dedicated the prize to Millie , her pet hamster who died as Watson was filming Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone . Watson starred in two 2015 releases , the thrillers Colonia , opposite Daniel Brühl and Michael Nyqvist ; and Regression by Alejandro Amenábar , alongside Ethan Hawke and her Harry Potter co-star David Thewlis",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": ". Both of these films received generally negative reviews ; The Daily Telegraph critic blamed Regressions script for her pure dramatic cardboard role . She also appeared in an episode of BBCs The Vicar of Dibley , in which she played Reverend Iris . In February 2016 , Watson announced she was taking a year-long break from acting . She planned to spend the time on her personal development and her womens rights work .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Watson starred as Belle in the 2017 live-action Disney adaptation of Beauty and the Beast directed by Bill Condon , and starring opposite Dan Stevens as the Beast . She was given autonomy within Belles portrayal ; she re-characterised her as an assistant to her inventor father and incorporated bloomers and boots into her wardrobe . The film grossed over $1.2 billion at the worldwide box office and emerged as the second-highest-grossing film of 2017 and the 17th-highest-grossing film of all time . Her reported fee was $3 million upfront with profit participation , bringing her salary up to $15",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "million . The film garnered positive reviews ; Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times thought her performance was all pluck and spunk and sass and smarts and fierce independence as Belle . Watson later said When I finished the film , it kind of felt like I had made that transition into being a woman on-screen .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In the same year , she starred opposite Tom Hanks in the film adaptation of Dave Eggers novel The Circle as Mae Holland , who begins working at a powerful tech corporation and enters a perilous situation concerning surveillance and freedom . The film received negative reviews but was a moderate box office success . In 2019 , Watson starred as Meg March in Greta Gerwigs adaptation of Louisa May Alcotts novel Little Women , co-starring with Saoirse Ronan , Florence Pugh , Laura Dern , Timothée Chalamet , and Meryl Streep . On the premise , Watson has stated",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "I think [ Little Women ] was good literary device to explain that theres not one way to be a feminist.. . [ Megs ] way of being a feminist is making the choice – because thats really , for me anyway , what feminism is about . Her choice is that she wants to be a full-time mother and wife . Forbes stated that Watson has perhaps the most challenging [ ... ] role , as the proverbial straight woman of the sisters who is put on the defensive when her dreams end up being the most conventional of",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "the lot . The film was released to critical acclaim and grossed over $218 million against its $40 million budget .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 2020 , Watson discussed her future career plans , stating : Having been so public in making films and being so active on social [ media ] in my activism , I am curious to embrace a role where I work to amplify more voices , to continue to learn from those with different experiences , adding that her work would include fewer red carpets and more conference meetings . In 2021 , various reports surfaced stating that Watson was engaged or retiring . Watson and her representatives refuted these reports ; she later labelled the speculation as clickbait",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "and cited her relative public absence to continued social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 2005 , Watson began her modelling career with a photo shoot for Teen Vogue , which made her the youngest person to cover the magazine . Three years later , the British press reported that Watson was to replace Keira Knightley as the face of Chanel , but this was denied by both parties . In June 2009 , following several months of rumours , Watson confirmed she would be partnering with Burberry as the face of their Autumn/Winter 2009 campaign , for which she received an estimated six-figure fee . She also appeared in Burberrys 2010 Spring/Summer campaign",
"title": "Modelling and fashion"
},
{
"text": "alongside her brother Alex , musicians George Craig and Matt Gilmour , and model Max Hurd . In February 2011 , Watson was awarded the Style Icon award from British Elle by Dame Vivienne Westwood . Watson continued her involvement in fashion advertising when she announced she had been chosen as the face of Lancôme in March 2011 .",
"title": "Modelling and fashion"
},
{
"text": "In September 2009 , Watson announced her involvement with People Tree , a fair trade fashion brand . Watson worked as a creative adviser for the company to create a spring line of clothing , which was released in February 2010 ; the range featured styles inspired by southern France and London . The collection , described by The Times as very clever despite their quiet hope that [ she ] would become tangled at the first hemp-woven hurdle , was widely publicised in magazines such as Teen Vogue , Cosmopolitan , and People . Watson , who was not",
"title": "Modelling and fashion"
},
{
"text": "paid for the collaboration , admitted that competition for the range was minimal , but argued that Fashion is a great way to empower people and give them skills ; rather than give cash to charity you can help people by buying the clothes they make and supporting things they take pride in ; adding , I think young people like me are becoming increasingly aware of the humanitarian issues surrounding fast fashion and want to make good choices but there arent many options out there . Watson continued her involvement with People Tree , resulting in the release of",
"title": "Modelling and fashion"
},
{
"text": "a 2010 Autumn/Winter collection .",
"title": "Modelling and fashion"
},
{
"text": " In 2013 , Madame Tussauds in London unveiled a wax statue of Watson wearing an Elie Saab haute couture design donated to the museum by the designer . A spokesperson for the museum said stated , [ Watson ] is one of the most requested personalities by our guests . Shes a true English rose known and loved by millions of film and fashion fans around the world . Watson was awarded Best British Style at the 2014 British Fashion Awards . The competition included David Beckham , Amal Clooney , Kate Moss , and Keira Knightley .",
"title": "Modelling and fashion"
},
{
"text": "Watson has been described as an early adopter of sustainable fashion and is noted for dressing ethically on the red carpet . She wore a Calvin Klein gown to the 2016 Met Gala made out of recycled plastic bottles . Watson has supported Good On You , an app that acts as a directory for the sustainability level of fashion brands . In 2017 , she began updating an Instagram account entitled The Press Tour , detailing the ethical brands she wore during the press tours for films such as Beauty and the Beast and The Circle . Watson guest-edited",
"title": "Modelling and fashion"
},
{
"text": "the March 2018 issue of Vogue Australia focusing on fashion sustainability , and was photographed by Peter Lindbergh for the magazine . In January 2020 , she partnered with consignment website ThredUP to launch a Fashion Footprint Calculator , which allows website visitors to calculate the carbon impact of their wardrobes and ways to reduce it .",
"title": "Modelling and fashion"
},
{
"text": "In June 2020 , Watson was appointed the youngest member of the board of directors of Kering , the owner of various fashion brands such as Gucci and Yves Saint Laurent . Watson will chair Kerings sustainability committee . Kering chairman François-Henri Pinault praised the new board members knowledge and competences , and the multiplicity of their backgrounds and perspectives . Watson stated she hope [ d ] to influence decisions that will impact future generations and the world that we leave them and was extremely excited to collaborate with the Kering Foundation as part of their womens rights work",
"title": "Modelling and fashion"
},
{
"text": "and looked forward to making a difference behind the scenes .",
"title": "Modelling and fashion"
},
{
"text": "Watson is an outspoken feminist . She has promoted education for girls , travelling to Bangladesh and Zambia to do so . In July 2014 , she was appointed a UN Women Goodwill ambassador . That September , an admittedly nervous Watson delivered an address at UN Headquarters in New York City to launch the UN Women campaign HeForShe , which aims to urge men to advocate for gender equality . In that speech she said she began questioning gender-based assumptions at age eight when she was called bossy ( a trait she has attributed to her being a perfectionist",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": ") whilst boys were not , and at 14 when she was sexualised by certain elements of the media . Further , Watsons speech described feminism as the belief that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities and declared that the perception of man-hating is something that has to stop . The speech made worldwide headlines from both major news outlets and fashion blogs ; the organisations website crashed after press coverage of the event . Watson later said she received threats within less than twelve hours of making the speech , which left her raging . [",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": "... ] If they were trying to put me off [ womens rights work ] , it did the opposite . Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka , the Executive Director of UN Women , stated , For a time , there was a conversation about whether feminism was a good thing or a bad thing.. . [ Her speech ] gave us the word back . In 2015 , Malala Yousafzai told Watson she decided to call herself a feminist after hearing her speech .",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": "Also in September , Watson made her first country visit as a UN Women Goodwill ambassador to Uruguay where she gave a speech highlighting the need for womens political participation . In December , the Ms . Foundation for Women named Watson its Feminist Celebrity of 2014 , following an online poll . Watson also gave a speech about gender equality in January 2015 , at the World Economic Forums annual winter meeting . Watson took the top spot on the AskMen Top 99 Outstanding Women 2015 list on the strength of having thrown her back into womens rights issues",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": ". In the same year , Watson was included on the Time 100 list of the worlds most influential people , her first-ever appearance on the list . For its recap , former New York Times editor Jill Abramson noted Watsons gutsy , smart take on feminism and called her effort to get men involved refreshing . Watson has cited Gloria Steinem and Maya Angelou as influences . In January 2016 , Watson started a feminist Goodreads book club : Our Shared Shelf . The goal of the club is to share feminist ideas and encourage discussion on the topic",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": ". One book is selected per month and is discussed in the last week of that month . The first book to be selected was My Life on the Road by Gloria Steinem , whom Watson would later interview that February at the How to : Academy in London . Our Shared Shelf ceased updates in January 2020 , but continues to be open as a discussion board for recommendations . Watson has partnered with organisations such as Book Fairies and Books on the Underground to leave literature on public transit for consumption .",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": "In March 2017 , Watson received backlash for a Vanity Fair photo shoot in which one of the shots had her breasts partly visible ; some in the news media accused her of hypocrisy . Bemused by the controversy , she argued that feminism is not a stick with which to beat other women but is instead about freedom , liberation and equality , adding , I really dont know what my tits have to do with it . Watson has discussed her white privilege in feminist spaces ; in an interview with British Vogue , she commented , I",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": "saw white feminism coming up again and again , and I was like , Hey , this is clearly something that I have to meaningfully engage with . I have to understand this better . She has written about intersectionality for Our Shared Shelf , discussing her self-reflection on What are the ways I have benefited from being white ? In what ways do I support and uphold a system that is structurally racist ? Watson is a founding member of Times Up UK and coordinated its launch at the 71st British Academy Film Awards . Watson also assisted in",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": "the establishment of nationwide industry guidelines on bullying and harassment , implemented by the British Film Institute and British Academy of Film and Television Arts . She donated £1 million to Times Up UK in February 2018 and later helped set up the organisations Justice and Equality Fund in October , which donated to womens groups across the country .",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": "In July 2019 , Watson helped launch a legal helpline for people who have suffered sexual harassment in the workplace . Legal advice is provided by Rights of Women , a charity which works to help women through the law . In the same year , she joined a G7 gender equality advisory group convened by the president of France , Emmanuel Macron , to call on G7 to make political and economic advances for women within their own countries as well as a centerpiece of foreign policy . She attended their first meeting at the Élysée Palace in Paris",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": "in February and attended the 45th G7 summit in August as part of the committee . In an interview with Paris Lees , she voiced her support for transgender rights , reiterating this on Twitter amidst controversy concerning J . K . Rowlings remarks on gender identity . Watson has spoken out in support of the Black Lives Matter movement ; in June 2020 , she shared anti-racism educational resources on social media in support of the George Floyd protests after initially participating in Blackout Tuesday , and uploaded a podcast episode onto Spotify interviewing Reni Eddo-Lodge about her book",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": "Why Im No Longer Talking to White People About Race . In July 2020 , she partnered with Lodge and the WOW Foundation to spearhead a project reimagining the London Underground Map , renaming the 270 stops to spotlight women and non-binary people who have shaped the citys history . The initiative will consult writers , museums , and librarians and is set to be published by Haymarket Books on International Womens Day 2021 . Watson was among the 400 signatories in a letter calling for the UK government to include women in decision-making roles at the 2021 United Nations",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": "Climate Change Conference in Glasgow .",
"title": "Activism and advocacy"
},
{
"text": "Watson has often been cited as a role model , though she shies away from the term , stating that it puts the fear of god into [ her ] . Her impact on teenage girls view of womens rights has been referred to as the Emma Watson effect , with respondents from a National Citizen Service survey stating that her work in activism had inspired them to label themselves feminists . She has been called an exception to the rule regarding the dissolution of child stars careers . In her initial post-Harry Potter career , she was noted to",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "focus on smaller films rather than big-budget studio films . Adam White of The Independent states that Watsons acting style possesses a very human sensitivity and quiet strength . Her work as a feminist contributes to her media image and career perception . Describing Watsons off-screen persona , Derek Blasberg of Vanity Fair has called her shy , friendly , intelligent , and down to earth . Activist Gloria Steinem has described her as way more like a real person than a movie star , while author Bell Hooks considers her to be part of a very different , new",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "breed [ of actors ] who are interested in being whole and having a holistic life , as opposed to being identified with just wealth and fame .",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "Watsons character in Harry Potter has had a significant impact on pop culture ; the actress has commented , I have met fans [ with ] my face tattooed on their bod [ ies ] . Ive met people who used the Harry Potter books to get through cancer . I dont know how to explain it , but the Harry Potter phenomenon steps into a different zone . Watson has been the subject of substantial media attention since the beginning of her career ; on her eighteenth birthday she was photographed by paparazzi attempting to take pictures up her",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "skirt , and she has been victim of numerous stalking threats . She refuses to publicly discuss her romantic relationships , stating , I cant talk about my boyfriend in an interview and then expect people not to take paparazzi pictures of me walking around outside my home . You cant have it both ways . Watson does not take selfies with fans , citing security concerns , and instead prefers to talk one-on-one during interactions . On coping with intense fame from a young age , she has said that remaining rooted in her own identity helped her eventually",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "find peace .",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "In March 2009 , she was ranked sixth on the Forbes list of Most Valuable Young Stars and in February 2010 , she was named Hollywoods highest-paid female star , having earned an estimated £19 million in 2009 . In 2017 , Forbes ranked her among the worlds highest-paid actresses , with annual earnings of $14 million . In 2013 , Watson was named British GQs Woman of the Year and topped Empires list of the 100 Sexiest Movie Stars . Watson was found to be the sixth most admired woman in the world in global surveys conducted by YouGov",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "in 2020 .",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": " When asked about her faith in 2014 , Watson described herself as a spiritual universalist . She has been in a relationship with American businessman Leo Robinton since 2019 . In February 2016 , Watson was appointed visiting fellow at Lady Margaret Hall , Oxford University . Marai Larasi , an activist on the issue of violence against women , was her guest to the 2018 Golden Globe Awards .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "In a 2019 interview , Watson stated she divides her time between London and New York City . In 2013 , she had become certified to teach yoga and meditation . As part of this certification , she attended a week-long meditation course at a Canadian facility , in which residents are not allowed to speak , in order to figure out how to be at home with myself . Regarding her meditation training , she stated in an interview with Elle Australia that an uncertain future meant finding a way to always feel safe and at home within myself",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": ". Because I can never rely on a physical place .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Watson has received several accolades across her career , particularly for her work in the Harry Potter franchise . This includes a Young Artist Award , eight Teen Choice Awards , three MTV Movie Awards , and nominations for four Empire Awards and two Saturn Awards .",
"title": "Awards and nominations"
},
{
"text": " - Emma Watson at UN Womens official website - Emma Watson at Kerings official website - Emma Watsons 2014 Speech at United Nations Headquarters – Official UN Video",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Karl-Johan_Johnsson#P54#0
|
Which team did Karl-Johan Johnsson play for in Feb 2008?
|
Karl-Johan Johnsson Karl-Johan Anton Johnsson ( born 28 January 1990 ) is a Swedish professional footballer who plays for FC Copenhagen as a goalkeeper . Starting off his career in Sweden with Halmstads BK , Johnsson has gone on to play in the Netherlands , Denmark , and France . A full international for the Sweden national team since 2012 , he was a squad player for his country at the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Career . Halmstads BK . In 2005 , at the age of 15 , Johnsson moved to Halmstads BK after beginning his career at Ränneslövs GIF . When goalkeeper Marcus Sahlman was loaned to Trelleborgs FF Johnsson was picked up as third choice goalkeeper on the senior team and he made his game debut on 24 August 2008 against Djurgårdens IF when Magnus Bahne was forced to leave the field during halftime . On 20 November 2008 , it was reported that Johansson would go to Manchester , England , for a week and join Manchester City during training . As Conny Johansson retired and Marcus Sahlman left for Tromsø IL , Karl-Johan was made second choice goalkeeper for the 2009 season . During the 2010 season Johnsson became second choice behind Robin Malmqvist . The 2011 season became turbulent , at first Halmstads BK appointed Josep Clotet Ruiz as new manager of the club , this saw changes among the goalkeepers as Malmqvist was loaned out to Tromsø IL in Norway and Spanish keeper Nauzet Pérez was brought in as first choice , however poor performance and problems with adapting to the Swedish lifestyle saw Pérez depart the club before half the season was played , with his departure Johnsson was appointed first choice as goalkeeper at the club . NEC Nijmegen . On 5 November 2012 , Halmstads BK announced that Johnsson would leave the club as a Bosman for Dutch club NEC when the transfer window opened on 1 January 2013 . Randers FC . On 11 July 2014 , Johnsson signed for the Danish Superliga team Randers FC on a 3-year-contract . Guingamp . On 28 June 2016 , Johnsson signed with the French Ligue 1 team Guingamp . In the 2018–19 Coupe de la Ligue quarter-finals , Johnsson played the full 90 minutes as Guingamp eliminated PSG and thereby ended their 43 games-long unbeaten streak . He was an unused substitute in the 2019 Coupe de la Ligue final . FC Copenhagen . On 12 July 2019 , F.C . Copenhagen confirmed , that they had signed Johnsson on a four-year contract . On 10 August 2020 , Johnsson made 13 saves in a 0–1 loss to Manchester United in the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League quarter-finals – the most amount of saves in a Europa League game by a goalkeeper since 2009 . International career . Johnsson represented Sweden at U19 level before moving up to the Swedish U21 team and debuting against the Slovakian U21 team in 2009 . Over time Johnsson was able to work himself into becoming the first choice goalkeeper in the U21 team . Despite Halmstads BKs poor performance in the 2011 Allsvenskan with ended with Halmstad being relegated , Johnsson was called up to the Swedish national team for the 2012 January tour against Qatar and Bahrain . Missing out on the game against Bahrain , he then came on as a substitute at halftime against Qatar , making his senior team debut . In May 2018 he was named in Swedens 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia . Honours . Individual - Tipsbladet Det Gyldne Bur : 2015 - UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season : 2019–20 External links . - Voetbal International profile
|
[
"Halmstads BK",
"Sweden at U19"
] |
[
{
"text": " Karl-Johan Anton Johnsson ( born 28 January 1990 ) is a Swedish professional footballer who plays for FC Copenhagen as a goalkeeper . Starting off his career in Sweden with Halmstads BK , Johnsson has gone on to play in the Netherlands , Denmark , and France . A full international for the Sweden national team since 2012 , he was a squad player for his country at the 2018 FIFA World Cup .",
"title": "Karl-Johan Johnsson"
},
{
"text": "In 2005 , at the age of 15 , Johnsson moved to Halmstads BK after beginning his career at Ränneslövs GIF . When goalkeeper Marcus Sahlman was loaned to Trelleborgs FF Johnsson was picked up as third choice goalkeeper on the senior team and he made his game debut on 24 August 2008 against Djurgårdens IF when Magnus Bahne was forced to leave the field during halftime . On 20 November 2008 , it was reported that Johansson would go to Manchester , England , for a week and join Manchester City during training . As Conny Johansson retired and",
"title": "Halmstads BK"
},
{
"text": "Marcus Sahlman left for Tromsø IL , Karl-Johan was made second choice goalkeeper for the 2009 season .",
"title": "Halmstads BK"
},
{
"text": " During the 2010 season Johnsson became second choice behind Robin Malmqvist . The 2011 season became turbulent , at first Halmstads BK appointed Josep Clotet Ruiz as new manager of the club , this saw changes among the goalkeepers as Malmqvist was loaned out to Tromsø IL in Norway and Spanish keeper Nauzet Pérez was brought in as first choice , however poor performance and problems with adapting to the Swedish lifestyle saw Pérez depart the club before half the season was played , with his departure Johnsson was appointed first choice as goalkeeper at the club .",
"title": "Halmstads BK"
},
{
"text": " On 5 November 2012 , Halmstads BK announced that Johnsson would leave the club as a Bosman for Dutch club NEC when the transfer window opened on 1 January 2013 .",
"title": "NEC Nijmegen"
},
{
"text": " On 11 July 2014 , Johnsson signed for the Danish Superliga team Randers FC on a 3-year-contract .",
"title": "Randers FC"
},
{
"text": " On 28 June 2016 , Johnsson signed with the French Ligue 1 team Guingamp . In the 2018–19 Coupe de la Ligue quarter-finals , Johnsson played the full 90 minutes as Guingamp eliminated PSG and thereby ended their 43 games-long unbeaten streak . He was an unused substitute in the 2019 Coupe de la Ligue final .",
"title": "Guingamp"
},
{
"text": " On 12 July 2019 , F.C . Copenhagen confirmed , that they had signed Johnsson on a four-year contract . On 10 August 2020 , Johnsson made 13 saves in a 0–1 loss to Manchester United in the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League quarter-finals – the most amount of saves in a Europa League game by a goalkeeper since 2009 .",
"title": "FC Copenhagen"
},
{
"text": " Johnsson represented Sweden at U19 level before moving up to the Swedish U21 team and debuting against the Slovakian U21 team in 2009 . Over time Johnsson was able to work himself into becoming the first choice goalkeeper in the U21 team .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Despite Halmstads BKs poor performance in the 2011 Allsvenskan with ended with Halmstad being relegated , Johnsson was called up to the Swedish national team for the 2012 January tour against Qatar and Bahrain . Missing out on the game against Bahrain , he then came on as a substitute at halftime against Qatar , making his senior team debut .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In May 2018 he was named in Swedens 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Tipsbladet Det Gyldne Bur : 2015 - UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season : 2019–20",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - Voetbal International profile",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Karl-Johan_Johnsson#P54#1
|
Which team did Karl-Johan Johnsson play for between Nov 2009 and Oct 2011?
|
Karl-Johan Johnsson Karl-Johan Anton Johnsson ( born 28 January 1990 ) is a Swedish professional footballer who plays for FC Copenhagen as a goalkeeper . Starting off his career in Sweden with Halmstads BK , Johnsson has gone on to play in the Netherlands , Denmark , and France . A full international for the Sweden national team since 2012 , he was a squad player for his country at the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Career . Halmstads BK . In 2005 , at the age of 15 , Johnsson moved to Halmstads BK after beginning his career at Ränneslövs GIF . When goalkeeper Marcus Sahlman was loaned to Trelleborgs FF Johnsson was picked up as third choice goalkeeper on the senior team and he made his game debut on 24 August 2008 against Djurgårdens IF when Magnus Bahne was forced to leave the field during halftime . On 20 November 2008 , it was reported that Johansson would go to Manchester , England , for a week and join Manchester City during training . As Conny Johansson retired and Marcus Sahlman left for Tromsø IL , Karl-Johan was made second choice goalkeeper for the 2009 season . During the 2010 season Johnsson became second choice behind Robin Malmqvist . The 2011 season became turbulent , at first Halmstads BK appointed Josep Clotet Ruiz as new manager of the club , this saw changes among the goalkeepers as Malmqvist was loaned out to Tromsø IL in Norway and Spanish keeper Nauzet Pérez was brought in as first choice , however poor performance and problems with adapting to the Swedish lifestyle saw Pérez depart the club before half the season was played , with his departure Johnsson was appointed first choice as goalkeeper at the club . NEC Nijmegen . On 5 November 2012 , Halmstads BK announced that Johnsson would leave the club as a Bosman for Dutch club NEC when the transfer window opened on 1 January 2013 . Randers FC . On 11 July 2014 , Johnsson signed for the Danish Superliga team Randers FC on a 3-year-contract . Guingamp . On 28 June 2016 , Johnsson signed with the French Ligue 1 team Guingamp . In the 2018–19 Coupe de la Ligue quarter-finals , Johnsson played the full 90 minutes as Guingamp eliminated PSG and thereby ended their 43 games-long unbeaten streak . He was an unused substitute in the 2019 Coupe de la Ligue final . FC Copenhagen . On 12 July 2019 , F.C . Copenhagen confirmed , that they had signed Johnsson on a four-year contract . On 10 August 2020 , Johnsson made 13 saves in a 0–1 loss to Manchester United in the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League quarter-finals – the most amount of saves in a Europa League game by a goalkeeper since 2009 . International career . Johnsson represented Sweden at U19 level before moving up to the Swedish U21 team and debuting against the Slovakian U21 team in 2009 . Over time Johnsson was able to work himself into becoming the first choice goalkeeper in the U21 team . Despite Halmstads BKs poor performance in the 2011 Allsvenskan with ended with Halmstad being relegated , Johnsson was called up to the Swedish national team for the 2012 January tour against Qatar and Bahrain . Missing out on the game against Bahrain , he then came on as a substitute at halftime against Qatar , making his senior team debut . In May 2018 he was named in Swedens 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia . Honours . Individual - Tipsbladet Det Gyldne Bur : 2015 - UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season : 2019–20 External links . - Voetbal International profile
|
[
"Swedish U21 team",
"Halmstads BK"
] |
[
{
"text": " Karl-Johan Anton Johnsson ( born 28 January 1990 ) is a Swedish professional footballer who plays for FC Copenhagen as a goalkeeper . Starting off his career in Sweden with Halmstads BK , Johnsson has gone on to play in the Netherlands , Denmark , and France . A full international for the Sweden national team since 2012 , he was a squad player for his country at the 2018 FIFA World Cup .",
"title": "Karl-Johan Johnsson"
},
{
"text": "In 2005 , at the age of 15 , Johnsson moved to Halmstads BK after beginning his career at Ränneslövs GIF . When goalkeeper Marcus Sahlman was loaned to Trelleborgs FF Johnsson was picked up as third choice goalkeeper on the senior team and he made his game debut on 24 August 2008 against Djurgårdens IF when Magnus Bahne was forced to leave the field during halftime . On 20 November 2008 , it was reported that Johansson would go to Manchester , England , for a week and join Manchester City during training . As Conny Johansson retired and",
"title": "Halmstads BK"
},
{
"text": "Marcus Sahlman left for Tromsø IL , Karl-Johan was made second choice goalkeeper for the 2009 season .",
"title": "Halmstads BK"
},
{
"text": " During the 2010 season Johnsson became second choice behind Robin Malmqvist . The 2011 season became turbulent , at first Halmstads BK appointed Josep Clotet Ruiz as new manager of the club , this saw changes among the goalkeepers as Malmqvist was loaned out to Tromsø IL in Norway and Spanish keeper Nauzet Pérez was brought in as first choice , however poor performance and problems with adapting to the Swedish lifestyle saw Pérez depart the club before half the season was played , with his departure Johnsson was appointed first choice as goalkeeper at the club .",
"title": "Halmstads BK"
},
{
"text": " On 5 November 2012 , Halmstads BK announced that Johnsson would leave the club as a Bosman for Dutch club NEC when the transfer window opened on 1 January 2013 .",
"title": "NEC Nijmegen"
},
{
"text": " On 11 July 2014 , Johnsson signed for the Danish Superliga team Randers FC on a 3-year-contract .",
"title": "Randers FC"
},
{
"text": " On 28 June 2016 , Johnsson signed with the French Ligue 1 team Guingamp . In the 2018–19 Coupe de la Ligue quarter-finals , Johnsson played the full 90 minutes as Guingamp eliminated PSG and thereby ended their 43 games-long unbeaten streak . He was an unused substitute in the 2019 Coupe de la Ligue final .",
"title": "Guingamp"
},
{
"text": " On 12 July 2019 , F.C . Copenhagen confirmed , that they had signed Johnsson on a four-year contract . On 10 August 2020 , Johnsson made 13 saves in a 0–1 loss to Manchester United in the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League quarter-finals – the most amount of saves in a Europa League game by a goalkeeper since 2009 .",
"title": "FC Copenhagen"
},
{
"text": " Johnsson represented Sweden at U19 level before moving up to the Swedish U21 team and debuting against the Slovakian U21 team in 2009 . Over time Johnsson was able to work himself into becoming the first choice goalkeeper in the U21 team .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Despite Halmstads BKs poor performance in the 2011 Allsvenskan with ended with Halmstad being relegated , Johnsson was called up to the Swedish national team for the 2012 January tour against Qatar and Bahrain . Missing out on the game against Bahrain , he then came on as a substitute at halftime against Qatar , making his senior team debut .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In May 2018 he was named in Swedens 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Tipsbladet Det Gyldne Bur : 2015 - UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season : 2019–20",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - Voetbal International profile",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Karl-Johan_Johnsson#P54#2
|
Which team did Karl-Johan Johnsson play for in Sep 2013?
|
Karl-Johan Johnsson Karl-Johan Anton Johnsson ( born 28 January 1990 ) is a Swedish professional footballer who plays for FC Copenhagen as a goalkeeper . Starting off his career in Sweden with Halmstads BK , Johnsson has gone on to play in the Netherlands , Denmark , and France . A full international for the Sweden national team since 2012 , he was a squad player for his country at the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Career . Halmstads BK . In 2005 , at the age of 15 , Johnsson moved to Halmstads BK after beginning his career at Ränneslövs GIF . When goalkeeper Marcus Sahlman was loaned to Trelleborgs FF Johnsson was picked up as third choice goalkeeper on the senior team and he made his game debut on 24 August 2008 against Djurgårdens IF when Magnus Bahne was forced to leave the field during halftime . On 20 November 2008 , it was reported that Johansson would go to Manchester , England , for a week and join Manchester City during training . As Conny Johansson retired and Marcus Sahlman left for Tromsø IL , Karl-Johan was made second choice goalkeeper for the 2009 season . During the 2010 season Johnsson became second choice behind Robin Malmqvist . The 2011 season became turbulent , at first Halmstads BK appointed Josep Clotet Ruiz as new manager of the club , this saw changes among the goalkeepers as Malmqvist was loaned out to Tromsø IL in Norway and Spanish keeper Nauzet Pérez was brought in as first choice , however poor performance and problems with adapting to the Swedish lifestyle saw Pérez depart the club before half the season was played , with his departure Johnsson was appointed first choice as goalkeeper at the club . NEC Nijmegen . On 5 November 2012 , Halmstads BK announced that Johnsson would leave the club as a Bosman for Dutch club NEC when the transfer window opened on 1 January 2013 . Randers FC . On 11 July 2014 , Johnsson signed for the Danish Superliga team Randers FC on a 3-year-contract . Guingamp . On 28 June 2016 , Johnsson signed with the French Ligue 1 team Guingamp . In the 2018–19 Coupe de la Ligue quarter-finals , Johnsson played the full 90 minutes as Guingamp eliminated PSG and thereby ended their 43 games-long unbeaten streak . He was an unused substitute in the 2019 Coupe de la Ligue final . FC Copenhagen . On 12 July 2019 , F.C . Copenhagen confirmed , that they had signed Johnsson on a four-year contract . On 10 August 2020 , Johnsson made 13 saves in a 0–1 loss to Manchester United in the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League quarter-finals – the most amount of saves in a Europa League game by a goalkeeper since 2009 . International career . Johnsson represented Sweden at U19 level before moving up to the Swedish U21 team and debuting against the Slovakian U21 team in 2009 . Over time Johnsson was able to work himself into becoming the first choice goalkeeper in the U21 team . Despite Halmstads BKs poor performance in the 2011 Allsvenskan with ended with Halmstad being relegated , Johnsson was called up to the Swedish national team for the 2012 January tour against Qatar and Bahrain . Missing out on the game against Bahrain , he then came on as a substitute at halftime against Qatar , making his senior team debut . In May 2018 he was named in Swedens 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia . Honours . Individual - Tipsbladet Det Gyldne Bur : 2015 - UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season : 2019–20 External links . - Voetbal International profile
|
[
"NEC Nijmegen"
] |
[
{
"text": " Karl-Johan Anton Johnsson ( born 28 January 1990 ) is a Swedish professional footballer who plays for FC Copenhagen as a goalkeeper . Starting off his career in Sweden with Halmstads BK , Johnsson has gone on to play in the Netherlands , Denmark , and France . A full international for the Sweden national team since 2012 , he was a squad player for his country at the 2018 FIFA World Cup .",
"title": "Karl-Johan Johnsson"
},
{
"text": "In 2005 , at the age of 15 , Johnsson moved to Halmstads BK after beginning his career at Ränneslövs GIF . When goalkeeper Marcus Sahlman was loaned to Trelleborgs FF Johnsson was picked up as third choice goalkeeper on the senior team and he made his game debut on 24 August 2008 against Djurgårdens IF when Magnus Bahne was forced to leave the field during halftime . On 20 November 2008 , it was reported that Johansson would go to Manchester , England , for a week and join Manchester City during training . As Conny Johansson retired and",
"title": "Halmstads BK"
},
{
"text": "Marcus Sahlman left for Tromsø IL , Karl-Johan was made second choice goalkeeper for the 2009 season .",
"title": "Halmstads BK"
},
{
"text": " During the 2010 season Johnsson became second choice behind Robin Malmqvist . The 2011 season became turbulent , at first Halmstads BK appointed Josep Clotet Ruiz as new manager of the club , this saw changes among the goalkeepers as Malmqvist was loaned out to Tromsø IL in Norway and Spanish keeper Nauzet Pérez was brought in as first choice , however poor performance and problems with adapting to the Swedish lifestyle saw Pérez depart the club before half the season was played , with his departure Johnsson was appointed first choice as goalkeeper at the club .",
"title": "Halmstads BK"
},
{
"text": " On 5 November 2012 , Halmstads BK announced that Johnsson would leave the club as a Bosman for Dutch club NEC when the transfer window opened on 1 January 2013 .",
"title": "NEC Nijmegen"
},
{
"text": " On 11 July 2014 , Johnsson signed for the Danish Superliga team Randers FC on a 3-year-contract .",
"title": "Randers FC"
},
{
"text": " On 28 June 2016 , Johnsson signed with the French Ligue 1 team Guingamp . In the 2018–19 Coupe de la Ligue quarter-finals , Johnsson played the full 90 minutes as Guingamp eliminated PSG and thereby ended their 43 games-long unbeaten streak . He was an unused substitute in the 2019 Coupe de la Ligue final .",
"title": "Guingamp"
},
{
"text": " On 12 July 2019 , F.C . Copenhagen confirmed , that they had signed Johnsson on a four-year contract . On 10 August 2020 , Johnsson made 13 saves in a 0–1 loss to Manchester United in the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League quarter-finals – the most amount of saves in a Europa League game by a goalkeeper since 2009 .",
"title": "FC Copenhagen"
},
{
"text": " Johnsson represented Sweden at U19 level before moving up to the Swedish U21 team and debuting against the Slovakian U21 team in 2009 . Over time Johnsson was able to work himself into becoming the first choice goalkeeper in the U21 team .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Despite Halmstads BKs poor performance in the 2011 Allsvenskan with ended with Halmstad being relegated , Johnsson was called up to the Swedish national team for the 2012 January tour against Qatar and Bahrain . Missing out on the game against Bahrain , he then came on as a substitute at halftime against Qatar , making his senior team debut .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In May 2018 he was named in Swedens 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Tipsbladet Det Gyldne Bur : 2015 - UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season : 2019–20",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - Voetbal International profile",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Karl-Johan_Johnsson#P54#3
|
Which team did Karl-Johan Johnsson play for in Aug 2015?
|
Karl-Johan Johnsson Karl-Johan Anton Johnsson ( born 28 January 1990 ) is a Swedish professional footballer who plays for FC Copenhagen as a goalkeeper . Starting off his career in Sweden with Halmstads BK , Johnsson has gone on to play in the Netherlands , Denmark , and France . A full international for the Sweden national team since 2012 , he was a squad player for his country at the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Career . Halmstads BK . In 2005 , at the age of 15 , Johnsson moved to Halmstads BK after beginning his career at Ränneslövs GIF . When goalkeeper Marcus Sahlman was loaned to Trelleborgs FF Johnsson was picked up as third choice goalkeeper on the senior team and he made his game debut on 24 August 2008 against Djurgårdens IF when Magnus Bahne was forced to leave the field during halftime . On 20 November 2008 , it was reported that Johansson would go to Manchester , England , for a week and join Manchester City during training . As Conny Johansson retired and Marcus Sahlman left for Tromsø IL , Karl-Johan was made second choice goalkeeper for the 2009 season . During the 2010 season Johnsson became second choice behind Robin Malmqvist . The 2011 season became turbulent , at first Halmstads BK appointed Josep Clotet Ruiz as new manager of the club , this saw changes among the goalkeepers as Malmqvist was loaned out to Tromsø IL in Norway and Spanish keeper Nauzet Pérez was brought in as first choice , however poor performance and problems with adapting to the Swedish lifestyle saw Pérez depart the club before half the season was played , with his departure Johnsson was appointed first choice as goalkeeper at the club . NEC Nijmegen . On 5 November 2012 , Halmstads BK announced that Johnsson would leave the club as a Bosman for Dutch club NEC when the transfer window opened on 1 January 2013 . Randers FC . On 11 July 2014 , Johnsson signed for the Danish Superliga team Randers FC on a 3-year-contract . Guingamp . On 28 June 2016 , Johnsson signed with the French Ligue 1 team Guingamp . In the 2018–19 Coupe de la Ligue quarter-finals , Johnsson played the full 90 minutes as Guingamp eliminated PSG and thereby ended their 43 games-long unbeaten streak . He was an unused substitute in the 2019 Coupe de la Ligue final . FC Copenhagen . On 12 July 2019 , F.C . Copenhagen confirmed , that they had signed Johnsson on a four-year contract . On 10 August 2020 , Johnsson made 13 saves in a 0–1 loss to Manchester United in the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League quarter-finals – the most amount of saves in a Europa League game by a goalkeeper since 2009 . International career . Johnsson represented Sweden at U19 level before moving up to the Swedish U21 team and debuting against the Slovakian U21 team in 2009 . Over time Johnsson was able to work himself into becoming the first choice goalkeeper in the U21 team . Despite Halmstads BKs poor performance in the 2011 Allsvenskan with ended with Halmstad being relegated , Johnsson was called up to the Swedish national team for the 2012 January tour against Qatar and Bahrain . Missing out on the game against Bahrain , he then came on as a substitute at halftime against Qatar , making his senior team debut . In May 2018 he was named in Swedens 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia . Honours . Individual - Tipsbladet Det Gyldne Bur : 2015 - UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season : 2019–20 External links . - Voetbal International profile
|
[
"Randers FC"
] |
[
{
"text": " Karl-Johan Anton Johnsson ( born 28 January 1990 ) is a Swedish professional footballer who plays for FC Copenhagen as a goalkeeper . Starting off his career in Sweden with Halmstads BK , Johnsson has gone on to play in the Netherlands , Denmark , and France . A full international for the Sweden national team since 2012 , he was a squad player for his country at the 2018 FIFA World Cup .",
"title": "Karl-Johan Johnsson"
},
{
"text": "In 2005 , at the age of 15 , Johnsson moved to Halmstads BK after beginning his career at Ränneslövs GIF . When goalkeeper Marcus Sahlman was loaned to Trelleborgs FF Johnsson was picked up as third choice goalkeeper on the senior team and he made his game debut on 24 August 2008 against Djurgårdens IF when Magnus Bahne was forced to leave the field during halftime . On 20 November 2008 , it was reported that Johansson would go to Manchester , England , for a week and join Manchester City during training . As Conny Johansson retired and",
"title": "Halmstads BK"
},
{
"text": "Marcus Sahlman left for Tromsø IL , Karl-Johan was made second choice goalkeeper for the 2009 season .",
"title": "Halmstads BK"
},
{
"text": " During the 2010 season Johnsson became second choice behind Robin Malmqvist . The 2011 season became turbulent , at first Halmstads BK appointed Josep Clotet Ruiz as new manager of the club , this saw changes among the goalkeepers as Malmqvist was loaned out to Tromsø IL in Norway and Spanish keeper Nauzet Pérez was brought in as first choice , however poor performance and problems with adapting to the Swedish lifestyle saw Pérez depart the club before half the season was played , with his departure Johnsson was appointed first choice as goalkeeper at the club .",
"title": "Halmstads BK"
},
{
"text": " On 5 November 2012 , Halmstads BK announced that Johnsson would leave the club as a Bosman for Dutch club NEC when the transfer window opened on 1 January 2013 .",
"title": "NEC Nijmegen"
},
{
"text": " On 11 July 2014 , Johnsson signed for the Danish Superliga team Randers FC on a 3-year-contract .",
"title": "Randers FC"
},
{
"text": " On 28 June 2016 , Johnsson signed with the French Ligue 1 team Guingamp . In the 2018–19 Coupe de la Ligue quarter-finals , Johnsson played the full 90 minutes as Guingamp eliminated PSG and thereby ended their 43 games-long unbeaten streak . He was an unused substitute in the 2019 Coupe de la Ligue final .",
"title": "Guingamp"
},
{
"text": " On 12 July 2019 , F.C . Copenhagen confirmed , that they had signed Johnsson on a four-year contract . On 10 August 2020 , Johnsson made 13 saves in a 0–1 loss to Manchester United in the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League quarter-finals – the most amount of saves in a Europa League game by a goalkeeper since 2009 .",
"title": "FC Copenhagen"
},
{
"text": " Johnsson represented Sweden at U19 level before moving up to the Swedish U21 team and debuting against the Slovakian U21 team in 2009 . Over time Johnsson was able to work himself into becoming the first choice goalkeeper in the U21 team .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Despite Halmstads BKs poor performance in the 2011 Allsvenskan with ended with Halmstad being relegated , Johnsson was called up to the Swedish national team for the 2012 January tour against Qatar and Bahrain . Missing out on the game against Bahrain , he then came on as a substitute at halftime against Qatar , making his senior team debut .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In May 2018 he was named in Swedens 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Tipsbladet Det Gyldne Bur : 2015 - UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season : 2019–20",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - Voetbal International profile",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Karl-Johan_Johnsson#P54#4
|
Which team did Karl-Johan Johnsson play for in Dec 2016?
|
Karl-Johan Johnsson Karl-Johan Anton Johnsson ( born 28 January 1990 ) is a Swedish professional footballer who plays for FC Copenhagen as a goalkeeper . Starting off his career in Sweden with Halmstads BK , Johnsson has gone on to play in the Netherlands , Denmark , and France . A full international for the Sweden national team since 2012 , he was a squad player for his country at the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Career . Halmstads BK . In 2005 , at the age of 15 , Johnsson moved to Halmstads BK after beginning his career at Ränneslövs GIF . When goalkeeper Marcus Sahlman was loaned to Trelleborgs FF Johnsson was picked up as third choice goalkeeper on the senior team and he made his game debut on 24 August 2008 against Djurgårdens IF when Magnus Bahne was forced to leave the field during halftime . On 20 November 2008 , it was reported that Johansson would go to Manchester , England , for a week and join Manchester City during training . As Conny Johansson retired and Marcus Sahlman left for Tromsø IL , Karl-Johan was made second choice goalkeeper for the 2009 season . During the 2010 season Johnsson became second choice behind Robin Malmqvist . The 2011 season became turbulent , at first Halmstads BK appointed Josep Clotet Ruiz as new manager of the club , this saw changes among the goalkeepers as Malmqvist was loaned out to Tromsø IL in Norway and Spanish keeper Nauzet Pérez was brought in as first choice , however poor performance and problems with adapting to the Swedish lifestyle saw Pérez depart the club before half the season was played , with his departure Johnsson was appointed first choice as goalkeeper at the club . NEC Nijmegen . On 5 November 2012 , Halmstads BK announced that Johnsson would leave the club as a Bosman for Dutch club NEC when the transfer window opened on 1 January 2013 . Randers FC . On 11 July 2014 , Johnsson signed for the Danish Superliga team Randers FC on a 3-year-contract . Guingamp . On 28 June 2016 , Johnsson signed with the French Ligue 1 team Guingamp . In the 2018–19 Coupe de la Ligue quarter-finals , Johnsson played the full 90 minutes as Guingamp eliminated PSG and thereby ended their 43 games-long unbeaten streak . He was an unused substitute in the 2019 Coupe de la Ligue final . FC Copenhagen . On 12 July 2019 , F.C . Copenhagen confirmed , that they had signed Johnsson on a four-year contract . On 10 August 2020 , Johnsson made 13 saves in a 0–1 loss to Manchester United in the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League quarter-finals – the most amount of saves in a Europa League game by a goalkeeper since 2009 . International career . Johnsson represented Sweden at U19 level before moving up to the Swedish U21 team and debuting against the Slovakian U21 team in 2009 . Over time Johnsson was able to work himself into becoming the first choice goalkeeper in the U21 team . Despite Halmstads BKs poor performance in the 2011 Allsvenskan with ended with Halmstad being relegated , Johnsson was called up to the Swedish national team for the 2012 January tour against Qatar and Bahrain . Missing out on the game against Bahrain , he then came on as a substitute at halftime against Qatar , making his senior team debut . In May 2018 he was named in Swedens 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia . Honours . Individual - Tipsbladet Det Gyldne Bur : 2015 - UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season : 2019–20 External links . - Voetbal International profile
|
[
"Guingamp"
] |
[
{
"text": " Karl-Johan Anton Johnsson ( born 28 January 1990 ) is a Swedish professional footballer who plays for FC Copenhagen as a goalkeeper . Starting off his career in Sweden with Halmstads BK , Johnsson has gone on to play in the Netherlands , Denmark , and France . A full international for the Sweden national team since 2012 , he was a squad player for his country at the 2018 FIFA World Cup .",
"title": "Karl-Johan Johnsson"
},
{
"text": "In 2005 , at the age of 15 , Johnsson moved to Halmstads BK after beginning his career at Ränneslövs GIF . When goalkeeper Marcus Sahlman was loaned to Trelleborgs FF Johnsson was picked up as third choice goalkeeper on the senior team and he made his game debut on 24 August 2008 against Djurgårdens IF when Magnus Bahne was forced to leave the field during halftime . On 20 November 2008 , it was reported that Johansson would go to Manchester , England , for a week and join Manchester City during training . As Conny Johansson retired and",
"title": "Halmstads BK"
},
{
"text": "Marcus Sahlman left for Tromsø IL , Karl-Johan was made second choice goalkeeper for the 2009 season .",
"title": "Halmstads BK"
},
{
"text": " During the 2010 season Johnsson became second choice behind Robin Malmqvist . The 2011 season became turbulent , at first Halmstads BK appointed Josep Clotet Ruiz as new manager of the club , this saw changes among the goalkeepers as Malmqvist was loaned out to Tromsø IL in Norway and Spanish keeper Nauzet Pérez was brought in as first choice , however poor performance and problems with adapting to the Swedish lifestyle saw Pérez depart the club before half the season was played , with his departure Johnsson was appointed first choice as goalkeeper at the club .",
"title": "Halmstads BK"
},
{
"text": " On 5 November 2012 , Halmstads BK announced that Johnsson would leave the club as a Bosman for Dutch club NEC when the transfer window opened on 1 January 2013 .",
"title": "NEC Nijmegen"
},
{
"text": " On 11 July 2014 , Johnsson signed for the Danish Superliga team Randers FC on a 3-year-contract .",
"title": "Randers FC"
},
{
"text": " On 28 June 2016 , Johnsson signed with the French Ligue 1 team Guingamp . In the 2018–19 Coupe de la Ligue quarter-finals , Johnsson played the full 90 minutes as Guingamp eliminated PSG and thereby ended their 43 games-long unbeaten streak . He was an unused substitute in the 2019 Coupe de la Ligue final .",
"title": "Guingamp"
},
{
"text": " On 12 July 2019 , F.C . Copenhagen confirmed , that they had signed Johnsson on a four-year contract . On 10 August 2020 , Johnsson made 13 saves in a 0–1 loss to Manchester United in the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League quarter-finals – the most amount of saves in a Europa League game by a goalkeeper since 2009 .",
"title": "FC Copenhagen"
},
{
"text": " Johnsson represented Sweden at U19 level before moving up to the Swedish U21 team and debuting against the Slovakian U21 team in 2009 . Over time Johnsson was able to work himself into becoming the first choice goalkeeper in the U21 team .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Despite Halmstads BKs poor performance in the 2011 Allsvenskan with ended with Halmstad being relegated , Johnsson was called up to the Swedish national team for the 2012 January tour against Qatar and Bahrain . Missing out on the game against Bahrain , he then came on as a substitute at halftime against Qatar , making his senior team debut .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In May 2018 he was named in Swedens 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Tipsbladet Det Gyldne Bur : 2015 - UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season : 2019–20",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - Voetbal International profile",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Karl-Johan_Johnsson#P54#5
|
Which team did Karl-Johan Johnsson play for in Aug 2019?
|
Karl-Johan Johnsson Karl-Johan Anton Johnsson ( born 28 January 1990 ) is a Swedish professional footballer who plays for FC Copenhagen as a goalkeeper . Starting off his career in Sweden with Halmstads BK , Johnsson has gone on to play in the Netherlands , Denmark , and France . A full international for the Sweden national team since 2012 , he was a squad player for his country at the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Career . Halmstads BK . In 2005 , at the age of 15 , Johnsson moved to Halmstads BK after beginning his career at Ränneslövs GIF . When goalkeeper Marcus Sahlman was loaned to Trelleborgs FF Johnsson was picked up as third choice goalkeeper on the senior team and he made his game debut on 24 August 2008 against Djurgårdens IF when Magnus Bahne was forced to leave the field during halftime . On 20 November 2008 , it was reported that Johansson would go to Manchester , England , for a week and join Manchester City during training . As Conny Johansson retired and Marcus Sahlman left for Tromsø IL , Karl-Johan was made second choice goalkeeper for the 2009 season . During the 2010 season Johnsson became second choice behind Robin Malmqvist . The 2011 season became turbulent , at first Halmstads BK appointed Josep Clotet Ruiz as new manager of the club , this saw changes among the goalkeepers as Malmqvist was loaned out to Tromsø IL in Norway and Spanish keeper Nauzet Pérez was brought in as first choice , however poor performance and problems with adapting to the Swedish lifestyle saw Pérez depart the club before half the season was played , with his departure Johnsson was appointed first choice as goalkeeper at the club . NEC Nijmegen . On 5 November 2012 , Halmstads BK announced that Johnsson would leave the club as a Bosman for Dutch club NEC when the transfer window opened on 1 January 2013 . Randers FC . On 11 July 2014 , Johnsson signed for the Danish Superliga team Randers FC on a 3-year-contract . Guingamp . On 28 June 2016 , Johnsson signed with the French Ligue 1 team Guingamp . In the 2018–19 Coupe de la Ligue quarter-finals , Johnsson played the full 90 minutes as Guingamp eliminated PSG and thereby ended their 43 games-long unbeaten streak . He was an unused substitute in the 2019 Coupe de la Ligue final . FC Copenhagen . On 12 July 2019 , F.C . Copenhagen confirmed , that they had signed Johnsson on a four-year contract . On 10 August 2020 , Johnsson made 13 saves in a 0–1 loss to Manchester United in the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League quarter-finals – the most amount of saves in a Europa League game by a goalkeeper since 2009 . International career . Johnsson represented Sweden at U19 level before moving up to the Swedish U21 team and debuting against the Slovakian U21 team in 2009 . Over time Johnsson was able to work himself into becoming the first choice goalkeeper in the U21 team . Despite Halmstads BKs poor performance in the 2011 Allsvenskan with ended with Halmstad being relegated , Johnsson was called up to the Swedish national team for the 2012 January tour against Qatar and Bahrain . Missing out on the game against Bahrain , he then came on as a substitute at halftime against Qatar , making his senior team debut . In May 2018 he was named in Swedens 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia . Honours . Individual - Tipsbladet Det Gyldne Bur : 2015 - UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season : 2019–20 External links . - Voetbal International profile
|
[
"FC Copenhagen"
] |
[
{
"text": " Karl-Johan Anton Johnsson ( born 28 January 1990 ) is a Swedish professional footballer who plays for FC Copenhagen as a goalkeeper . Starting off his career in Sweden with Halmstads BK , Johnsson has gone on to play in the Netherlands , Denmark , and France . A full international for the Sweden national team since 2012 , he was a squad player for his country at the 2018 FIFA World Cup .",
"title": "Karl-Johan Johnsson"
},
{
"text": "In 2005 , at the age of 15 , Johnsson moved to Halmstads BK after beginning his career at Ränneslövs GIF . When goalkeeper Marcus Sahlman was loaned to Trelleborgs FF Johnsson was picked up as third choice goalkeeper on the senior team and he made his game debut on 24 August 2008 against Djurgårdens IF when Magnus Bahne was forced to leave the field during halftime . On 20 November 2008 , it was reported that Johansson would go to Manchester , England , for a week and join Manchester City during training . As Conny Johansson retired and",
"title": "Halmstads BK"
},
{
"text": "Marcus Sahlman left for Tromsø IL , Karl-Johan was made second choice goalkeeper for the 2009 season .",
"title": "Halmstads BK"
},
{
"text": " During the 2010 season Johnsson became second choice behind Robin Malmqvist . The 2011 season became turbulent , at first Halmstads BK appointed Josep Clotet Ruiz as new manager of the club , this saw changes among the goalkeepers as Malmqvist was loaned out to Tromsø IL in Norway and Spanish keeper Nauzet Pérez was brought in as first choice , however poor performance and problems with adapting to the Swedish lifestyle saw Pérez depart the club before half the season was played , with his departure Johnsson was appointed first choice as goalkeeper at the club .",
"title": "Halmstads BK"
},
{
"text": " On 5 November 2012 , Halmstads BK announced that Johnsson would leave the club as a Bosman for Dutch club NEC when the transfer window opened on 1 January 2013 .",
"title": "NEC Nijmegen"
},
{
"text": " On 11 July 2014 , Johnsson signed for the Danish Superliga team Randers FC on a 3-year-contract .",
"title": "Randers FC"
},
{
"text": " On 28 June 2016 , Johnsson signed with the French Ligue 1 team Guingamp . In the 2018–19 Coupe de la Ligue quarter-finals , Johnsson played the full 90 minutes as Guingamp eliminated PSG and thereby ended their 43 games-long unbeaten streak . He was an unused substitute in the 2019 Coupe de la Ligue final .",
"title": "Guingamp"
},
{
"text": " On 12 July 2019 , F.C . Copenhagen confirmed , that they had signed Johnsson on a four-year contract . On 10 August 2020 , Johnsson made 13 saves in a 0–1 loss to Manchester United in the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League quarter-finals – the most amount of saves in a Europa League game by a goalkeeper since 2009 .",
"title": "FC Copenhagen"
},
{
"text": " Johnsson represented Sweden at U19 level before moving up to the Swedish U21 team and debuting against the Slovakian U21 team in 2009 . Over time Johnsson was able to work himself into becoming the first choice goalkeeper in the U21 team .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Despite Halmstads BKs poor performance in the 2011 Allsvenskan with ended with Halmstad being relegated , Johnsson was called up to the Swedish national team for the 2012 January tour against Qatar and Bahrain . Missing out on the game against Bahrain , he then came on as a substitute at halftime against Qatar , making his senior team debut .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In May 2018 he was named in Swedens 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Tipsbladet Det Gyldne Bur : 2015 - UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season : 2019–20",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - Voetbal International profile",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Lenin_Peak#P138#0
|
Lenin Peak was named after what before Apr 1889?
|
Lenin Peak Lenin Peak ( , Lenin Çoqusu , لەنىن چوقۇسۇ ; , Pik Lenina ; , qulla‘i Lenin/qullaji Lenin , renamed қуллаи Абӯалӣ ибни Сино ( qulla‘i Abûalî ibni Sino ) in July 2006 ) , or Ibn Sina ( Avicenna ) Peak , rises to 7,134 metres ( 23,406 ft ) in Gorno-Badakhshan ( GBAO ) on the border of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan , and is the second-highest point of both countries . It is considered one of the less technical 7000 m peaks in the world to climb and it has by far the most ascents of any 7000 m or higher peak on Earth , with every year seeing hundreds of mountaineers make their way to the summit . Lenin Peak is the highest mountain in the Trans-Alay Range of Central Asia , and in the Pamir Mountains in Tajikistan it is exceeded only by Ismoil Somoni Peak ( 7,495 m ) . It was thought to be the highest point in the Pamirs in Tajikistan until 1933 , when Ismoil Somoni Peak ( known as Stalin Peak at the time ) was climbed and found to be more than 300 metres higher . Two mountains in the Pamirs in China , Kongur Tagh ( 7,649 m ) and Muztagh Ata ( 7,546 m ) , are higher than the Tajik summits . Names . The peak was discovered in 1871 and originally named Mount Kaufmann after Konstantin Kaufman , the first Governor-General of Turkestan . In 1928 , the mountain was renamed Lenin Peak after the Russian revolutionary and first leader of the Soviet Union , Vladimir Lenin . In Tajikistan , the peak was renamed again in July 2006 , and today it is officially called in Tajik Qullai Abuali ibni Sino ( қуллаи Абӯалӣ ибни Сино , Ibn Sina Peak or , alternatively , Avicenna Peak ) after Abu Ali ibn Sina ( Avicenna ) . In Kyrgyzstan , the peak is still officially called Lenin Chokusu ( Ленин Чокусу , Lenin Peak ) . However , in October 2017 , Kyrgyz president Almazbek Atambayev called for renaming the peak Manas Peak , after the hero of the Epic of Manas . A peak named Manas Peak already exists in Kyrgyzstan ; it is a mountain of in the Talas Alatau range in Talas Region . Local Kyrgyz names include Jel-Aidar ( Winds God ) and Achyk-Tash ( Open Rock ) . Achik-Tash , is also the name of a plateau and a base camp at an elevation of 3,600 m on a popular northern climbing route to Lenin Peak , which starts in the southern Kyrgyz city of Osh , a days drive north of the border . Another suggested local name , Pik Kaman ( wild pig , boar ) probably belongs to an officially unnamed peak west of Lenin Peak . Climbing history and routes . Initial exploration of this part of Central Asia occurred in the period 1774–82 . Arguably the first recorded travel through the region is the involuntary journey of the slave Filipp Efremov ( an ethnic Russian ) , who escaped from slavery in Bukhara . He crossed the Fergana valley , then via Osh , the Chigirik Pass and Terekdavan Pass he reached the Kashgar and finally came over the Karakorum . He was the first European who crossed the Alai Mountains . Scientific expeditions to the Alai Mountains began in 1871 , when Alexei Pavlovich Fedchenko discovered the Trans-Alai ( Zaalayskiy ) Range and its main peak . The first geographical expedition which came nearest to the base of the future Lenin Peak in the early 20th century was arguably the expedition of Nikolai Leopoldovich Korzhenevskiy . In September 1928 , three mountaineers -the Germans and Karl Wien , and the Austrian - from the Soviet-German scientific expedition , made the first attempt to reach the highest point of the Trans-Alai Range , which at that time had the name Kaufman Peak . They started climbing upstream of the Saukdara river along the South slope of Trans-Alai Range also Trans-Alay Range . From the river head they continued climbing along the Greater Saukdara Glacier towards a saddle at an elevation of 5820 m ( this saddle is also known as the Krilenko Pass ) . On September 25 , 1928 they started climbing from the saddle along the NE Ridge and at 15.30 they reached the summit . At the time , Kaufman Peak was the highest summit reached by men . The title Lenin Peak was first applied to the highest point of the Trans-Alai Range in the same year ( 1928 ) . When it was renamed after Lenin it was believed to be the highest point in the USSR . On September 8 , 1934 , at 16:20 Kasian Chernuha , Vitaly Abalakov and Ivan Lukin , three members of a Soviet expedition , reached the summit at an elevation of . Their attempt lasted for four days with three camps ( 5700 m , 6500 m and 7000 m ) . The expedition started climbing from the Achik-Tash canyon in the Alai valley . The summit attempt itself was started along the Western ice slope of the Lenin glacier . They continued climbing along the North Face , passing the rocks that were later given the name Lipkins Rocks . At the end of the second day they reached the crest of the NE ridge at an elevation of about 6500 m . During the following day and a half they climbed along the NE Ridge and , utterly exhausted , reached the summit . The third ascent was three years later , in 1937 , when eight Soviet climbers under the direction of Lev Barkhash reached the summit by the same route . This was at the beginning of mass political repressions in the Soviet Union and many of the most prominent Soviet climbers , including Lev Barkhash , were brought to trial . Subsequent attempts to climb Lenin Peak could not begin until 1950 , when the USSR began to recover from the Second World War . On August 14 , 1950 , twelve climbers ( V . Aksenov , K , Zaporojchenko , Y . Izrael , V . Kovalev , A . Kormshikov , Y . Maslov , E . Nagel , V . Narishkin , V . Nikonov , V . Nozdryuhin , I . Rojkov ) under the direction of Vladimir Racek reached the summit for the fourth time . All three Soviet expeditions including Racecs expedition of 1950 were by almost the same route via the NE Ridge . The route which now is known as the classic route , via the Razdelnaya Peak and NW Ridge , was first climbed in 1954 by the team of Soviet climbers under the direction of V . Kovalev ( P . Karpov , E . Nagel , V . Narishkin , V . Nozdryuhin ) . In 1960 , a group of eight Soviet climbers made a successful direct climb along the North Face ( 15.08.1960 ) . There are 16 established routes , nine on the southern side and seven on the northern slopes . The peak is quite popular with climbers due to its easy access and some uncomplicated routes . However , the peak is not without its share of disasters . In 1974 , an entire team of eight female climbers died high on the mountain in a storm . The first high-speed ascent of Lenin Peak was completed in 1987 . The team , led by Valery Khrichtchatyi , included G . Lunyakov , Z . Khalitov , Anatoli Boukreev , V . Suviga , Y . Moiseev and A . Tselischev . The climb beginning from ABC base camp ( 4400 m ) to the summit and return to ABC base camp took 12 hours . Under the leadership of Leonid Troshchinenko the team , composed of 19 mountaineers from Leningrad and three from Kazakhstan , made the first winter ascent of Lenin Peak in 1988 . With temperatures hovering at -45° C , only six men reached the summit : including Valery Khrichtchatyi , Balyberdin , S . Arsentiev , U . Moiseev , I . Tulaiev and V . Dedi . In 1987 The first solo ascent was achieved by the great high altitude mountaineer Anatoli Boukreev . An avalanche triggered by an earthquake killed 43 climbers in 1990 . As it is now , considering the existing infrastructure and BC/ABC locations , there are three most attractive routes from the North ( approximately indicated on the Scheme ) : Lipkins rocks route and NE Ridge ; the classic North Face route ; the route via Razdelnaya Peak and the NW Ridge . External links . - Lenin Peak on summitpost - Description district Lenin Peak , climbing routes on Lenin Peak - Alternative 3D map of climbing routes - Climbing in Kyrgyzstan
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": "Lenin Peak ( , Lenin Çoqusu , لەنىن چوقۇسۇ ; , Pik Lenina ; , qulla‘i Lenin/qullaji Lenin , renamed қуллаи Абӯалӣ ибни Сино ( qulla‘i Abûalî ibni Sino ) in July 2006 ) , or Ibn Sina ( Avicenna ) Peak , rises to 7,134 metres ( 23,406 ft ) in Gorno-Badakhshan ( GBAO ) on the border of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan , and is the second-highest point of both countries . It is considered one of the less technical 7000 m peaks in the world to climb and it has by far the most ascents of any 7000",
"title": "Lenin Peak"
},
{
"text": "m or higher peak on Earth , with every year seeing hundreds of mountaineers make their way to the summit . Lenin Peak is the highest mountain in the Trans-Alay Range of Central Asia , and in the Pamir Mountains in Tajikistan it is exceeded only by Ismoil Somoni Peak ( 7,495 m ) . It was thought to be the highest point in the Pamirs in Tajikistan until 1933 , when Ismoil Somoni Peak ( known as Stalin Peak at the time ) was climbed and found to be more than 300 metres higher . Two mountains in the",
"title": "Lenin Peak"
},
{
"text": "Pamirs in China , Kongur Tagh ( 7,649 m ) and Muztagh Ata ( 7,546 m ) , are higher than the Tajik summits .",
"title": "Lenin Peak"
},
{
"text": " The peak was discovered in 1871 and originally named Mount Kaufmann after Konstantin Kaufman , the first Governor-General of Turkestan . In 1928 , the mountain was renamed Lenin Peak after the Russian revolutionary and first leader of the Soviet Union , Vladimir Lenin . In Tajikistan , the peak was renamed again in July 2006 , and today it is officially called in Tajik Qullai Abuali ibni Sino ( қуллаи Абӯалӣ ибни Сино , Ibn Sina Peak or , alternatively , Avicenna Peak ) after Abu Ali ibn Sina ( Avicenna ) .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": "In Kyrgyzstan , the peak is still officially called Lenin Chokusu ( Ленин Чокусу , Lenin Peak ) . However , in October 2017 , Kyrgyz president Almazbek Atambayev called for renaming the peak Manas Peak , after the hero of the Epic of Manas . A peak named Manas Peak already exists in Kyrgyzstan ; it is a mountain of in the Talas Alatau range in Talas Region .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": " Local Kyrgyz names include Jel-Aidar ( Winds God ) and Achyk-Tash ( Open Rock ) . Achik-Tash , is also the name of a plateau and a base camp at an elevation of 3,600 m on a popular northern climbing route to Lenin Peak , which starts in the southern Kyrgyz city of Osh , a days drive north of the border . Another suggested local name , Pik Kaman ( wild pig , boar ) probably belongs to an officially unnamed peak west of Lenin Peak . Climbing history and routes .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": "Initial exploration of this part of Central Asia occurred in the period 1774–82 . Arguably the first recorded travel through the region is the involuntary journey of the slave Filipp Efremov ( an ethnic Russian ) , who escaped from slavery in Bukhara . He crossed the Fergana valley , then via Osh , the Chigirik Pass and Terekdavan Pass he reached the Kashgar and finally came over the Karakorum . He was the first European who crossed the Alai Mountains .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": " Scientific expeditions to the Alai Mountains began in 1871 , when Alexei Pavlovich Fedchenko discovered the Trans-Alai ( Zaalayskiy ) Range and its main peak . The first geographical expedition which came nearest to the base of the future Lenin Peak in the early 20th century was arguably the expedition of Nikolai Leopoldovich Korzhenevskiy .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": "In September 1928 , three mountaineers -the Germans and Karl Wien , and the Austrian - from the Soviet-German scientific expedition , made the first attempt to reach the highest point of the Trans-Alai Range , which at that time had the name Kaufman Peak .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": " They started climbing upstream of the Saukdara river along the South slope of Trans-Alai Range also Trans-Alay Range . From the river head they continued climbing along the Greater Saukdara Glacier towards a saddle at an elevation of 5820 m ( this saddle is also known as the Krilenko Pass ) . On September 25 , 1928 they started climbing from the saddle along the NE Ridge and at 15.30 they reached the summit . At the time , Kaufman Peak was the highest summit reached by men .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": "The title Lenin Peak was first applied to the highest point of the Trans-Alai Range in the same year ( 1928 ) . When it was renamed after Lenin it was believed to be the highest point in the USSR .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": "On September 8 , 1934 , at 16:20 Kasian Chernuha , Vitaly Abalakov and Ivan Lukin , three members of a Soviet expedition , reached the summit at an elevation of . Their attempt lasted for four days with three camps ( 5700 m , 6500 m and 7000 m ) . The expedition started climbing from the Achik-Tash canyon in the Alai valley . The summit attempt itself was started along the Western ice slope of the Lenin glacier . They continued climbing along the North Face , passing the rocks that were later given the name Lipkins Rocks",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": ". At the end of the second day they reached the crest of the NE ridge at an elevation of about 6500 m . During the following day and a half they climbed along the NE Ridge and , utterly exhausted , reached the summit .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": " The third ascent was three years later , in 1937 , when eight Soviet climbers under the direction of Lev Barkhash reached the summit by the same route . This was at the beginning of mass political repressions in the Soviet Union and many of the most prominent Soviet climbers , including Lev Barkhash , were brought to trial .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": "Subsequent attempts to climb Lenin Peak could not begin until 1950 , when the USSR began to recover from the Second World War . On August 14 , 1950 , twelve climbers ( V . Aksenov , K , Zaporojchenko , Y . Izrael , V . Kovalev , A . Kormshikov , Y . Maslov , E . Nagel , V . Narishkin , V . Nikonov , V . Nozdryuhin , I . Rojkov ) under the direction of Vladimir Racek reached the summit for the fourth time .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": " All three Soviet expeditions including Racecs expedition of 1950 were by almost the same route via the NE Ridge . The route which now is known as the classic route , via the Razdelnaya Peak and NW Ridge , was first climbed in 1954 by the team of Soviet climbers under the direction of V . Kovalev ( P . Karpov , E . Nagel , V . Narishkin , V . Nozdryuhin ) . In 1960 , a group of eight Soviet climbers made a successful direct climb along the North Face ( 15.08.1960 ) .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": "There are 16 established routes , nine on the southern side and seven on the northern slopes . The peak is quite popular with climbers due to its easy access and some uncomplicated routes . However , the peak is not without its share of disasters . In 1974 , an entire team of eight female climbers died high on the mountain in a storm .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": " The first high-speed ascent of Lenin Peak was completed in 1987 . The team , led by Valery Khrichtchatyi , included G . Lunyakov , Z . Khalitov , Anatoli Boukreev , V . Suviga , Y . Moiseev and A . Tselischev . The climb beginning from ABC base camp ( 4400 m ) to the summit and return to ABC base camp took 12 hours .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": "Under the leadership of Leonid Troshchinenko the team , composed of 19 mountaineers from Leningrad and three from Kazakhstan , made the first winter ascent of Lenin Peak in 1988 . With temperatures hovering at -45° C , only six men reached the summit : including Valery Khrichtchatyi , Balyberdin , S . Arsentiev , U . Moiseev , I . Tulaiev and V . Dedi .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": " In 1987 The first solo ascent was achieved by the great high altitude mountaineer Anatoli Boukreev . An avalanche triggered by an earthquake killed 43 climbers in 1990 . As it is now , considering the existing infrastructure and BC/ABC locations , there are three most attractive routes from the North ( approximately indicated on the Scheme ) : Lipkins rocks route and NE Ridge ; the classic North Face route ; the route via Razdelnaya Peak and the NW Ridge .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": " - Lenin Peak on summitpost - Description district Lenin Peak , climbing routes on Lenin Peak - Alternative 3D map of climbing routes - Climbing in Kyrgyzstan",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Lenin_Peak#P138#1
|
Lenin Peak was named after what between Sep 1957 and Aug 1998?
|
Lenin Peak Lenin Peak ( , Lenin Çoqusu , لەنىن چوقۇسۇ ; , Pik Lenina ; , qulla‘i Lenin/qullaji Lenin , renamed қуллаи Абӯалӣ ибни Сино ( qulla‘i Abûalî ibni Sino ) in July 2006 ) , or Ibn Sina ( Avicenna ) Peak , rises to 7,134 metres ( 23,406 ft ) in Gorno-Badakhshan ( GBAO ) on the border of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan , and is the second-highest point of both countries . It is considered one of the less technical 7000 m peaks in the world to climb and it has by far the most ascents of any 7000 m or higher peak on Earth , with every year seeing hundreds of mountaineers make their way to the summit . Lenin Peak is the highest mountain in the Trans-Alay Range of Central Asia , and in the Pamir Mountains in Tajikistan it is exceeded only by Ismoil Somoni Peak ( 7,495 m ) . It was thought to be the highest point in the Pamirs in Tajikistan until 1933 , when Ismoil Somoni Peak ( known as Stalin Peak at the time ) was climbed and found to be more than 300 metres higher . Two mountains in the Pamirs in China , Kongur Tagh ( 7,649 m ) and Muztagh Ata ( 7,546 m ) , are higher than the Tajik summits . Names . The peak was discovered in 1871 and originally named Mount Kaufmann after Konstantin Kaufman , the first Governor-General of Turkestan . In 1928 , the mountain was renamed Lenin Peak after the Russian revolutionary and first leader of the Soviet Union , Vladimir Lenin . In Tajikistan , the peak was renamed again in July 2006 , and today it is officially called in Tajik Qullai Abuali ibni Sino ( қуллаи Абӯалӣ ибни Сино , Ibn Sina Peak or , alternatively , Avicenna Peak ) after Abu Ali ibn Sina ( Avicenna ) . In Kyrgyzstan , the peak is still officially called Lenin Chokusu ( Ленин Чокусу , Lenin Peak ) . However , in October 2017 , Kyrgyz president Almazbek Atambayev called for renaming the peak Manas Peak , after the hero of the Epic of Manas . A peak named Manas Peak already exists in Kyrgyzstan ; it is a mountain of in the Talas Alatau range in Talas Region . Local Kyrgyz names include Jel-Aidar ( Winds God ) and Achyk-Tash ( Open Rock ) . Achik-Tash , is also the name of a plateau and a base camp at an elevation of 3,600 m on a popular northern climbing route to Lenin Peak , which starts in the southern Kyrgyz city of Osh , a days drive north of the border . Another suggested local name , Pik Kaman ( wild pig , boar ) probably belongs to an officially unnamed peak west of Lenin Peak . Climbing history and routes . Initial exploration of this part of Central Asia occurred in the period 1774–82 . Arguably the first recorded travel through the region is the involuntary journey of the slave Filipp Efremov ( an ethnic Russian ) , who escaped from slavery in Bukhara . He crossed the Fergana valley , then via Osh , the Chigirik Pass and Terekdavan Pass he reached the Kashgar and finally came over the Karakorum . He was the first European who crossed the Alai Mountains . Scientific expeditions to the Alai Mountains began in 1871 , when Alexei Pavlovich Fedchenko discovered the Trans-Alai ( Zaalayskiy ) Range and its main peak . The first geographical expedition which came nearest to the base of the future Lenin Peak in the early 20th century was arguably the expedition of Nikolai Leopoldovich Korzhenevskiy . In September 1928 , three mountaineers -the Germans and Karl Wien , and the Austrian - from the Soviet-German scientific expedition , made the first attempt to reach the highest point of the Trans-Alai Range , which at that time had the name Kaufman Peak . They started climbing upstream of the Saukdara river along the South slope of Trans-Alai Range also Trans-Alay Range . From the river head they continued climbing along the Greater Saukdara Glacier towards a saddle at an elevation of 5820 m ( this saddle is also known as the Krilenko Pass ) . On September 25 , 1928 they started climbing from the saddle along the NE Ridge and at 15.30 they reached the summit . At the time , Kaufman Peak was the highest summit reached by men . The title Lenin Peak was first applied to the highest point of the Trans-Alai Range in the same year ( 1928 ) . When it was renamed after Lenin it was believed to be the highest point in the USSR . On September 8 , 1934 , at 16:20 Kasian Chernuha , Vitaly Abalakov and Ivan Lukin , three members of a Soviet expedition , reached the summit at an elevation of . Their attempt lasted for four days with three camps ( 5700 m , 6500 m and 7000 m ) . The expedition started climbing from the Achik-Tash canyon in the Alai valley . The summit attempt itself was started along the Western ice slope of the Lenin glacier . They continued climbing along the North Face , passing the rocks that were later given the name Lipkins Rocks . At the end of the second day they reached the crest of the NE ridge at an elevation of about 6500 m . During the following day and a half they climbed along the NE Ridge and , utterly exhausted , reached the summit . The third ascent was three years later , in 1937 , when eight Soviet climbers under the direction of Lev Barkhash reached the summit by the same route . This was at the beginning of mass political repressions in the Soviet Union and many of the most prominent Soviet climbers , including Lev Barkhash , were brought to trial . Subsequent attempts to climb Lenin Peak could not begin until 1950 , when the USSR began to recover from the Second World War . On August 14 , 1950 , twelve climbers ( V . Aksenov , K , Zaporojchenko , Y . Izrael , V . Kovalev , A . Kormshikov , Y . Maslov , E . Nagel , V . Narishkin , V . Nikonov , V . Nozdryuhin , I . Rojkov ) under the direction of Vladimir Racek reached the summit for the fourth time . All three Soviet expeditions including Racecs expedition of 1950 were by almost the same route via the NE Ridge . The route which now is known as the classic route , via the Razdelnaya Peak and NW Ridge , was first climbed in 1954 by the team of Soviet climbers under the direction of V . Kovalev ( P . Karpov , E . Nagel , V . Narishkin , V . Nozdryuhin ) . In 1960 , a group of eight Soviet climbers made a successful direct climb along the North Face ( 15.08.1960 ) . There are 16 established routes , nine on the southern side and seven on the northern slopes . The peak is quite popular with climbers due to its easy access and some uncomplicated routes . However , the peak is not without its share of disasters . In 1974 , an entire team of eight female climbers died high on the mountain in a storm . The first high-speed ascent of Lenin Peak was completed in 1987 . The team , led by Valery Khrichtchatyi , included G . Lunyakov , Z . Khalitov , Anatoli Boukreev , V . Suviga , Y . Moiseev and A . Tselischev . The climb beginning from ABC base camp ( 4400 m ) to the summit and return to ABC base camp took 12 hours . Under the leadership of Leonid Troshchinenko the team , composed of 19 mountaineers from Leningrad and three from Kazakhstan , made the first winter ascent of Lenin Peak in 1988 . With temperatures hovering at -45° C , only six men reached the summit : including Valery Khrichtchatyi , Balyberdin , S . Arsentiev , U . Moiseev , I . Tulaiev and V . Dedi . In 1987 The first solo ascent was achieved by the great high altitude mountaineer Anatoli Boukreev . An avalanche triggered by an earthquake killed 43 climbers in 1990 . As it is now , considering the existing infrastructure and BC/ABC locations , there are three most attractive routes from the North ( approximately indicated on the Scheme ) : Lipkins rocks route and NE Ridge ; the classic North Face route ; the route via Razdelnaya Peak and the NW Ridge . External links . - Lenin Peak on summitpost - Description district Lenin Peak , climbing routes on Lenin Peak - Alternative 3D map of climbing routes - Climbing in Kyrgyzstan
|
[
"Vladimir Lenin"
] |
[
{
"text": "Lenin Peak ( , Lenin Çoqusu , لەنىن چوقۇسۇ ; , Pik Lenina ; , qulla‘i Lenin/qullaji Lenin , renamed қуллаи Абӯалӣ ибни Сино ( qulla‘i Abûalî ibni Sino ) in July 2006 ) , or Ibn Sina ( Avicenna ) Peak , rises to 7,134 metres ( 23,406 ft ) in Gorno-Badakhshan ( GBAO ) on the border of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan , and is the second-highest point of both countries . It is considered one of the less technical 7000 m peaks in the world to climb and it has by far the most ascents of any 7000",
"title": "Lenin Peak"
},
{
"text": "m or higher peak on Earth , with every year seeing hundreds of mountaineers make their way to the summit . Lenin Peak is the highest mountain in the Trans-Alay Range of Central Asia , and in the Pamir Mountains in Tajikistan it is exceeded only by Ismoil Somoni Peak ( 7,495 m ) . It was thought to be the highest point in the Pamirs in Tajikistan until 1933 , when Ismoil Somoni Peak ( known as Stalin Peak at the time ) was climbed and found to be more than 300 metres higher . Two mountains in the",
"title": "Lenin Peak"
},
{
"text": "Pamirs in China , Kongur Tagh ( 7,649 m ) and Muztagh Ata ( 7,546 m ) , are higher than the Tajik summits .",
"title": "Lenin Peak"
},
{
"text": " The peak was discovered in 1871 and originally named Mount Kaufmann after Konstantin Kaufman , the first Governor-General of Turkestan . In 1928 , the mountain was renamed Lenin Peak after the Russian revolutionary and first leader of the Soviet Union , Vladimir Lenin . In Tajikistan , the peak was renamed again in July 2006 , and today it is officially called in Tajik Qullai Abuali ibni Sino ( қуллаи Абӯалӣ ибни Сино , Ibn Sina Peak or , alternatively , Avicenna Peak ) after Abu Ali ibn Sina ( Avicenna ) .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": "In Kyrgyzstan , the peak is still officially called Lenin Chokusu ( Ленин Чокусу , Lenin Peak ) . However , in October 2017 , Kyrgyz president Almazbek Atambayev called for renaming the peak Manas Peak , after the hero of the Epic of Manas . A peak named Manas Peak already exists in Kyrgyzstan ; it is a mountain of in the Talas Alatau range in Talas Region .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": " Local Kyrgyz names include Jel-Aidar ( Winds God ) and Achyk-Tash ( Open Rock ) . Achik-Tash , is also the name of a plateau and a base camp at an elevation of 3,600 m on a popular northern climbing route to Lenin Peak , which starts in the southern Kyrgyz city of Osh , a days drive north of the border . Another suggested local name , Pik Kaman ( wild pig , boar ) probably belongs to an officially unnamed peak west of Lenin Peak . Climbing history and routes .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": "Initial exploration of this part of Central Asia occurred in the period 1774–82 . Arguably the first recorded travel through the region is the involuntary journey of the slave Filipp Efremov ( an ethnic Russian ) , who escaped from slavery in Bukhara . He crossed the Fergana valley , then via Osh , the Chigirik Pass and Terekdavan Pass he reached the Kashgar and finally came over the Karakorum . He was the first European who crossed the Alai Mountains .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": " Scientific expeditions to the Alai Mountains began in 1871 , when Alexei Pavlovich Fedchenko discovered the Trans-Alai ( Zaalayskiy ) Range and its main peak . The first geographical expedition which came nearest to the base of the future Lenin Peak in the early 20th century was arguably the expedition of Nikolai Leopoldovich Korzhenevskiy .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": "In September 1928 , three mountaineers -the Germans and Karl Wien , and the Austrian - from the Soviet-German scientific expedition , made the first attempt to reach the highest point of the Trans-Alai Range , which at that time had the name Kaufman Peak .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": " They started climbing upstream of the Saukdara river along the South slope of Trans-Alai Range also Trans-Alay Range . From the river head they continued climbing along the Greater Saukdara Glacier towards a saddle at an elevation of 5820 m ( this saddle is also known as the Krilenko Pass ) . On September 25 , 1928 they started climbing from the saddle along the NE Ridge and at 15.30 they reached the summit . At the time , Kaufman Peak was the highest summit reached by men .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": "The title Lenin Peak was first applied to the highest point of the Trans-Alai Range in the same year ( 1928 ) . When it was renamed after Lenin it was believed to be the highest point in the USSR .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": "On September 8 , 1934 , at 16:20 Kasian Chernuha , Vitaly Abalakov and Ivan Lukin , three members of a Soviet expedition , reached the summit at an elevation of . Their attempt lasted for four days with three camps ( 5700 m , 6500 m and 7000 m ) . The expedition started climbing from the Achik-Tash canyon in the Alai valley . The summit attempt itself was started along the Western ice slope of the Lenin glacier . They continued climbing along the North Face , passing the rocks that were later given the name Lipkins Rocks",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": ". At the end of the second day they reached the crest of the NE ridge at an elevation of about 6500 m . During the following day and a half they climbed along the NE Ridge and , utterly exhausted , reached the summit .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": " The third ascent was three years later , in 1937 , when eight Soviet climbers under the direction of Lev Barkhash reached the summit by the same route . This was at the beginning of mass political repressions in the Soviet Union and many of the most prominent Soviet climbers , including Lev Barkhash , were brought to trial .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": "Subsequent attempts to climb Lenin Peak could not begin until 1950 , when the USSR began to recover from the Second World War . On August 14 , 1950 , twelve climbers ( V . Aksenov , K , Zaporojchenko , Y . Izrael , V . Kovalev , A . Kormshikov , Y . Maslov , E . Nagel , V . Narishkin , V . Nikonov , V . Nozdryuhin , I . Rojkov ) under the direction of Vladimir Racek reached the summit for the fourth time .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": " All three Soviet expeditions including Racecs expedition of 1950 were by almost the same route via the NE Ridge . The route which now is known as the classic route , via the Razdelnaya Peak and NW Ridge , was first climbed in 1954 by the team of Soviet climbers under the direction of V . Kovalev ( P . Karpov , E . Nagel , V . Narishkin , V . Nozdryuhin ) . In 1960 , a group of eight Soviet climbers made a successful direct climb along the North Face ( 15.08.1960 ) .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": "There are 16 established routes , nine on the southern side and seven on the northern slopes . The peak is quite popular with climbers due to its easy access and some uncomplicated routes . However , the peak is not without its share of disasters . In 1974 , an entire team of eight female climbers died high on the mountain in a storm .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": " The first high-speed ascent of Lenin Peak was completed in 1987 . The team , led by Valery Khrichtchatyi , included G . Lunyakov , Z . Khalitov , Anatoli Boukreev , V . Suviga , Y . Moiseev and A . Tselischev . The climb beginning from ABC base camp ( 4400 m ) to the summit and return to ABC base camp took 12 hours .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": "Under the leadership of Leonid Troshchinenko the team , composed of 19 mountaineers from Leningrad and three from Kazakhstan , made the first winter ascent of Lenin Peak in 1988 . With temperatures hovering at -45° C , only six men reached the summit : including Valery Khrichtchatyi , Balyberdin , S . Arsentiev , U . Moiseev , I . Tulaiev and V . Dedi .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": " In 1987 The first solo ascent was achieved by the great high altitude mountaineer Anatoli Boukreev . An avalanche triggered by an earthquake killed 43 climbers in 1990 . As it is now , considering the existing infrastructure and BC/ABC locations , there are three most attractive routes from the North ( approximately indicated on the Scheme ) : Lipkins rocks route and NE Ridge ; the classic North Face route ; the route via Razdelnaya Peak and the NW Ridge .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": " - Lenin Peak on summitpost - Description district Lenin Peak , climbing routes on Lenin Peak - Alternative 3D map of climbing routes - Climbing in Kyrgyzstan",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Lenin_Peak#P138#2
|
Lenin Peak was named after what between Jul 2007 and Jul 2007?
|
Lenin Peak Lenin Peak ( , Lenin Çoqusu , لەنىن چوقۇسۇ ; , Pik Lenina ; , qulla‘i Lenin/qullaji Lenin , renamed қуллаи Абӯалӣ ибни Сино ( qulla‘i Abûalî ibni Sino ) in July 2006 ) , or Ibn Sina ( Avicenna ) Peak , rises to 7,134 metres ( 23,406 ft ) in Gorno-Badakhshan ( GBAO ) on the border of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan , and is the second-highest point of both countries . It is considered one of the less technical 7000 m peaks in the world to climb and it has by far the most ascents of any 7000 m or higher peak on Earth , with every year seeing hundreds of mountaineers make their way to the summit . Lenin Peak is the highest mountain in the Trans-Alay Range of Central Asia , and in the Pamir Mountains in Tajikistan it is exceeded only by Ismoil Somoni Peak ( 7,495 m ) . It was thought to be the highest point in the Pamirs in Tajikistan until 1933 , when Ismoil Somoni Peak ( known as Stalin Peak at the time ) was climbed and found to be more than 300 metres higher . Two mountains in the Pamirs in China , Kongur Tagh ( 7,649 m ) and Muztagh Ata ( 7,546 m ) , are higher than the Tajik summits . Names . The peak was discovered in 1871 and originally named Mount Kaufmann after Konstantin Kaufman , the first Governor-General of Turkestan . In 1928 , the mountain was renamed Lenin Peak after the Russian revolutionary and first leader of the Soviet Union , Vladimir Lenin . In Tajikistan , the peak was renamed again in July 2006 , and today it is officially called in Tajik Qullai Abuali ibni Sino ( қуллаи Абӯалӣ ибни Сино , Ibn Sina Peak or , alternatively , Avicenna Peak ) after Abu Ali ibn Sina ( Avicenna ) . In Kyrgyzstan , the peak is still officially called Lenin Chokusu ( Ленин Чокусу , Lenin Peak ) . However , in October 2017 , Kyrgyz president Almazbek Atambayev called for renaming the peak Manas Peak , after the hero of the Epic of Manas . A peak named Manas Peak already exists in Kyrgyzstan ; it is a mountain of in the Talas Alatau range in Talas Region . Local Kyrgyz names include Jel-Aidar ( Winds God ) and Achyk-Tash ( Open Rock ) . Achik-Tash , is also the name of a plateau and a base camp at an elevation of 3,600 m on a popular northern climbing route to Lenin Peak , which starts in the southern Kyrgyz city of Osh , a days drive north of the border . Another suggested local name , Pik Kaman ( wild pig , boar ) probably belongs to an officially unnamed peak west of Lenin Peak . Climbing history and routes . Initial exploration of this part of Central Asia occurred in the period 1774–82 . Arguably the first recorded travel through the region is the involuntary journey of the slave Filipp Efremov ( an ethnic Russian ) , who escaped from slavery in Bukhara . He crossed the Fergana valley , then via Osh , the Chigirik Pass and Terekdavan Pass he reached the Kashgar and finally came over the Karakorum . He was the first European who crossed the Alai Mountains . Scientific expeditions to the Alai Mountains began in 1871 , when Alexei Pavlovich Fedchenko discovered the Trans-Alai ( Zaalayskiy ) Range and its main peak . The first geographical expedition which came nearest to the base of the future Lenin Peak in the early 20th century was arguably the expedition of Nikolai Leopoldovich Korzhenevskiy . In September 1928 , three mountaineers -the Germans and Karl Wien , and the Austrian - from the Soviet-German scientific expedition , made the first attempt to reach the highest point of the Trans-Alai Range , which at that time had the name Kaufman Peak . They started climbing upstream of the Saukdara river along the South slope of Trans-Alai Range also Trans-Alay Range . From the river head they continued climbing along the Greater Saukdara Glacier towards a saddle at an elevation of 5820 m ( this saddle is also known as the Krilenko Pass ) . On September 25 , 1928 they started climbing from the saddle along the NE Ridge and at 15.30 they reached the summit . At the time , Kaufman Peak was the highest summit reached by men . The title Lenin Peak was first applied to the highest point of the Trans-Alai Range in the same year ( 1928 ) . When it was renamed after Lenin it was believed to be the highest point in the USSR . On September 8 , 1934 , at 16:20 Kasian Chernuha , Vitaly Abalakov and Ivan Lukin , three members of a Soviet expedition , reached the summit at an elevation of . Their attempt lasted for four days with three camps ( 5700 m , 6500 m and 7000 m ) . The expedition started climbing from the Achik-Tash canyon in the Alai valley . The summit attempt itself was started along the Western ice slope of the Lenin glacier . They continued climbing along the North Face , passing the rocks that were later given the name Lipkins Rocks . At the end of the second day they reached the crest of the NE ridge at an elevation of about 6500 m . During the following day and a half they climbed along the NE Ridge and , utterly exhausted , reached the summit . The third ascent was three years later , in 1937 , when eight Soviet climbers under the direction of Lev Barkhash reached the summit by the same route . This was at the beginning of mass political repressions in the Soviet Union and many of the most prominent Soviet climbers , including Lev Barkhash , were brought to trial . Subsequent attempts to climb Lenin Peak could not begin until 1950 , when the USSR began to recover from the Second World War . On August 14 , 1950 , twelve climbers ( V . Aksenov , K , Zaporojchenko , Y . Izrael , V . Kovalev , A . Kormshikov , Y . Maslov , E . Nagel , V . Narishkin , V . Nikonov , V . Nozdryuhin , I . Rojkov ) under the direction of Vladimir Racek reached the summit for the fourth time . All three Soviet expeditions including Racecs expedition of 1950 were by almost the same route via the NE Ridge . The route which now is known as the classic route , via the Razdelnaya Peak and NW Ridge , was first climbed in 1954 by the team of Soviet climbers under the direction of V . Kovalev ( P . Karpov , E . Nagel , V . Narishkin , V . Nozdryuhin ) . In 1960 , a group of eight Soviet climbers made a successful direct climb along the North Face ( 15.08.1960 ) . There are 16 established routes , nine on the southern side and seven on the northern slopes . The peak is quite popular with climbers due to its easy access and some uncomplicated routes . However , the peak is not without its share of disasters . In 1974 , an entire team of eight female climbers died high on the mountain in a storm . The first high-speed ascent of Lenin Peak was completed in 1987 . The team , led by Valery Khrichtchatyi , included G . Lunyakov , Z . Khalitov , Anatoli Boukreev , V . Suviga , Y . Moiseev and A . Tselischev . The climb beginning from ABC base camp ( 4400 m ) to the summit and return to ABC base camp took 12 hours . Under the leadership of Leonid Troshchinenko the team , composed of 19 mountaineers from Leningrad and three from Kazakhstan , made the first winter ascent of Lenin Peak in 1988 . With temperatures hovering at -45° C , only six men reached the summit : including Valery Khrichtchatyi , Balyberdin , S . Arsentiev , U . Moiseev , I . Tulaiev and V . Dedi . In 1987 The first solo ascent was achieved by the great high altitude mountaineer Anatoli Boukreev . An avalanche triggered by an earthquake killed 43 climbers in 1990 . As it is now , considering the existing infrastructure and BC/ABC locations , there are three most attractive routes from the North ( approximately indicated on the Scheme ) : Lipkins rocks route and NE Ridge ; the classic North Face route ; the route via Razdelnaya Peak and the NW Ridge . External links . - Lenin Peak on summitpost - Description district Lenin Peak , climbing routes on Lenin Peak - Alternative 3D map of climbing routes - Climbing in Kyrgyzstan
|
[
"Abu Ali ibn Sina"
] |
[
{
"text": "Lenin Peak ( , Lenin Çoqusu , لەنىن چوقۇسۇ ; , Pik Lenina ; , qulla‘i Lenin/qullaji Lenin , renamed қуллаи Абӯалӣ ибни Сино ( qulla‘i Abûalî ibni Sino ) in July 2006 ) , or Ibn Sina ( Avicenna ) Peak , rises to 7,134 metres ( 23,406 ft ) in Gorno-Badakhshan ( GBAO ) on the border of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan , and is the second-highest point of both countries . It is considered one of the less technical 7000 m peaks in the world to climb and it has by far the most ascents of any 7000",
"title": "Lenin Peak"
},
{
"text": "m or higher peak on Earth , with every year seeing hundreds of mountaineers make their way to the summit . Lenin Peak is the highest mountain in the Trans-Alay Range of Central Asia , and in the Pamir Mountains in Tajikistan it is exceeded only by Ismoil Somoni Peak ( 7,495 m ) . It was thought to be the highest point in the Pamirs in Tajikistan until 1933 , when Ismoil Somoni Peak ( known as Stalin Peak at the time ) was climbed and found to be more than 300 metres higher . Two mountains in the",
"title": "Lenin Peak"
},
{
"text": "Pamirs in China , Kongur Tagh ( 7,649 m ) and Muztagh Ata ( 7,546 m ) , are higher than the Tajik summits .",
"title": "Lenin Peak"
},
{
"text": " The peak was discovered in 1871 and originally named Mount Kaufmann after Konstantin Kaufman , the first Governor-General of Turkestan . In 1928 , the mountain was renamed Lenin Peak after the Russian revolutionary and first leader of the Soviet Union , Vladimir Lenin . In Tajikistan , the peak was renamed again in July 2006 , and today it is officially called in Tajik Qullai Abuali ibni Sino ( қуллаи Абӯалӣ ибни Сино , Ibn Sina Peak or , alternatively , Avicenna Peak ) after Abu Ali ibn Sina ( Avicenna ) .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": "In Kyrgyzstan , the peak is still officially called Lenin Chokusu ( Ленин Чокусу , Lenin Peak ) . However , in October 2017 , Kyrgyz president Almazbek Atambayev called for renaming the peak Manas Peak , after the hero of the Epic of Manas . A peak named Manas Peak already exists in Kyrgyzstan ; it is a mountain of in the Talas Alatau range in Talas Region .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": " Local Kyrgyz names include Jel-Aidar ( Winds God ) and Achyk-Tash ( Open Rock ) . Achik-Tash , is also the name of a plateau and a base camp at an elevation of 3,600 m on a popular northern climbing route to Lenin Peak , which starts in the southern Kyrgyz city of Osh , a days drive north of the border . Another suggested local name , Pik Kaman ( wild pig , boar ) probably belongs to an officially unnamed peak west of Lenin Peak . Climbing history and routes .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": "Initial exploration of this part of Central Asia occurred in the period 1774–82 . Arguably the first recorded travel through the region is the involuntary journey of the slave Filipp Efremov ( an ethnic Russian ) , who escaped from slavery in Bukhara . He crossed the Fergana valley , then via Osh , the Chigirik Pass and Terekdavan Pass he reached the Kashgar and finally came over the Karakorum . He was the first European who crossed the Alai Mountains .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": " Scientific expeditions to the Alai Mountains began in 1871 , when Alexei Pavlovich Fedchenko discovered the Trans-Alai ( Zaalayskiy ) Range and its main peak . The first geographical expedition which came nearest to the base of the future Lenin Peak in the early 20th century was arguably the expedition of Nikolai Leopoldovich Korzhenevskiy .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": "In September 1928 , three mountaineers -the Germans and Karl Wien , and the Austrian - from the Soviet-German scientific expedition , made the first attempt to reach the highest point of the Trans-Alai Range , which at that time had the name Kaufman Peak .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": " They started climbing upstream of the Saukdara river along the South slope of Trans-Alai Range also Trans-Alay Range . From the river head they continued climbing along the Greater Saukdara Glacier towards a saddle at an elevation of 5820 m ( this saddle is also known as the Krilenko Pass ) . On September 25 , 1928 they started climbing from the saddle along the NE Ridge and at 15.30 they reached the summit . At the time , Kaufman Peak was the highest summit reached by men .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": "The title Lenin Peak was first applied to the highest point of the Trans-Alai Range in the same year ( 1928 ) . When it was renamed after Lenin it was believed to be the highest point in the USSR .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": "On September 8 , 1934 , at 16:20 Kasian Chernuha , Vitaly Abalakov and Ivan Lukin , three members of a Soviet expedition , reached the summit at an elevation of . Their attempt lasted for four days with three camps ( 5700 m , 6500 m and 7000 m ) . The expedition started climbing from the Achik-Tash canyon in the Alai valley . The summit attempt itself was started along the Western ice slope of the Lenin glacier . They continued climbing along the North Face , passing the rocks that were later given the name Lipkins Rocks",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": ". At the end of the second day they reached the crest of the NE ridge at an elevation of about 6500 m . During the following day and a half they climbed along the NE Ridge and , utterly exhausted , reached the summit .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": " The third ascent was three years later , in 1937 , when eight Soviet climbers under the direction of Lev Barkhash reached the summit by the same route . This was at the beginning of mass political repressions in the Soviet Union and many of the most prominent Soviet climbers , including Lev Barkhash , were brought to trial .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": "Subsequent attempts to climb Lenin Peak could not begin until 1950 , when the USSR began to recover from the Second World War . On August 14 , 1950 , twelve climbers ( V . Aksenov , K , Zaporojchenko , Y . Izrael , V . Kovalev , A . Kormshikov , Y . Maslov , E . Nagel , V . Narishkin , V . Nikonov , V . Nozdryuhin , I . Rojkov ) under the direction of Vladimir Racek reached the summit for the fourth time .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": " All three Soviet expeditions including Racecs expedition of 1950 were by almost the same route via the NE Ridge . The route which now is known as the classic route , via the Razdelnaya Peak and NW Ridge , was first climbed in 1954 by the team of Soviet climbers under the direction of V . Kovalev ( P . Karpov , E . Nagel , V . Narishkin , V . Nozdryuhin ) . In 1960 , a group of eight Soviet climbers made a successful direct climb along the North Face ( 15.08.1960 ) .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": "There are 16 established routes , nine on the southern side and seven on the northern slopes . The peak is quite popular with climbers due to its easy access and some uncomplicated routes . However , the peak is not without its share of disasters . In 1974 , an entire team of eight female climbers died high on the mountain in a storm .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": " The first high-speed ascent of Lenin Peak was completed in 1987 . The team , led by Valery Khrichtchatyi , included G . Lunyakov , Z . Khalitov , Anatoli Boukreev , V . Suviga , Y . Moiseev and A . Tselischev . The climb beginning from ABC base camp ( 4400 m ) to the summit and return to ABC base camp took 12 hours .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": "Under the leadership of Leonid Troshchinenko the team , composed of 19 mountaineers from Leningrad and three from Kazakhstan , made the first winter ascent of Lenin Peak in 1988 . With temperatures hovering at -45° C , only six men reached the summit : including Valery Khrichtchatyi , Balyberdin , S . Arsentiev , U . Moiseev , I . Tulaiev and V . Dedi .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": " In 1987 The first solo ascent was achieved by the great high altitude mountaineer Anatoli Boukreev . An avalanche triggered by an earthquake killed 43 climbers in 1990 . As it is now , considering the existing infrastructure and BC/ABC locations , there are three most attractive routes from the North ( approximately indicated on the Scheme ) : Lipkins rocks route and NE Ridge ; the classic North Face route ; the route via Razdelnaya Peak and the NW Ridge .",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"text": " - Lenin Peak on summitpost - Description district Lenin Peak , climbing routes on Lenin Peak - Alternative 3D map of climbing routes - Climbing in Kyrgyzstan",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Max_Baucus#P69#0
|
Which school did Max Baucus go to before Dec 1958?
|
Max Baucus Maxwell Sieben Baucus ( né Enke ; born December 11 , 1941 ) is an American politician and diplomat who served as a United States Senator from Montana from 1978 to 2014 . A member of the Democratic Party , he was a U.S . Senator for nearly 36 years , making him the longest-serving Senator in Montana history . President Barack Obama appointed Baucus to replace Gary Locke as the 11th U.S . Ambassador to the Peoples Republic of China , a position he held from 2014 until 2017 . As the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Finance , Baucus played an influential role in the debate over health care reform in the United States . He was also chairman of the Joint Committee on Taxation , a member of the Senate Committee on Agriculture , Nutrition and Forestry and the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works , and was chairman of the Subcommittee on Transportation and Infrastructure . Before his election to the Senate , Baucus was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1975 to 1978 , representing Montanas 1st congressional district . He previously served in the Montana House of Representatives from 1973 to 1974 . Early life and education . Max Baucus was born on December 11 , 1941 in Helena , Montana , to Jean Sheriff ( who was from a wealthy ranching family ) , and Stephen Enke , a professor . His father , born in British Columbia , Canada , was of German and Scottish descent , and his mother had English and German ancestry . Baucus lived in California until he was two , when his mother left his father and returned to Helena . She later married John J . Baucus , and she and her son , Max , took his surname . Baucus graduated from Helena High School in 1959 . After attending local public schools in his hometown of Helena , he attended Carleton College in Minnesota for a year before transferring to Stanford University , where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics in 1964 , and was a member of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity . After graduating , he attended Stanford Law School and graduated with a Juris Doctor in 1967 . Early career . After finishing law school , Baucus spent three years as a lawyer at the Securities and Exchange Commission in Washington , D.C . He moved back to his native Montana in 1971 to serve as the executive director of the states Constitutional Convention , opening a law office in Missoula , Montana . In November 1972 , Baucus was elected to the Montana House of Representatives as a state representative from Missoula . In November 1974 he was elected to the United States House of Representatives , and was re-elected in 1976 . U.S . Senate . Baucus was elected to the U.S . Senate on November 7 , 1978 , for the term beginning January 3 , 1979 , but was subsequently appointed to the seat by Montanas Democratic Governor Thomas Lee Judge on December 15 , 1978 , to fill the brief vacancy created by Senator Paul G . Hatfields resignation . On April 23 , 2013 , a Democratic official confirmed that Baucus would not seek a seventh term . Committee assignments . - Committee on Agriculture , Nutrition and Forestry - Subcommittee on Domestic and Foreign Marketing , Inspection , and Plant and Animal Health - Subcommittee on Production , Income Protection and Price Support - Subcommittee on Hunger , Nutrition and Family Farms - Committee on Finance ( Chairman ) - As Chairman of the full committee , Baucus may serve as an ex officio member of all subcommittees of which he is not already a full member . - Subcommittee on Taxation , IRS Oversight , and Long-term Growth - Subcommittee on Fiscal Responsibility and Economic Growth - Committee on Environment and Public Works - Subcommittee on Clean Air and Nuclear Safety - Subcommittee on Superfund , Toxics and Environmental Health - Subcommittee on Transportation and Infrastructure ( Chairman ) - Joint Committee on Taxation ( Chairman ) - Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction Political positions . As a Democratic member of the Senate , Baucus was conservative , and frequently broke with his party on the issues of taxes , the environment , health care , and gun control . The web site Thats My Congress gives him a 23 percent rating on progressive issues it tracks . NARAL Pro-Choice Americas political action committee endorsed Baucus during his 2008 election campaign . Civil rights . The American Civil Liberties Union rated Baucus at 60 percent in December 2002 , indicating a mixed civil rights voting record . Voting rights for Washington , D.C. . Baucus voted against giving voting representation to the District of Columbia . LGBT rights . In 2006 , the Human Rights Campaign ( HRC ) gave Baucus a 67% overall rating indicating having a mixed record on voting for gay rights . In 1996 Baucus voted in favor of the Defense of Marriage Act ( DOMA ) which prohibited marriage between members of the same sex in federal law , and provide that no state is required to recognize same-sex marriages performed in other states and defined marriage as being between a single man and a single woman . However , in 2004 he voted against the proposed constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage and in June 2012 , he definitively spoke out in support for same-sex marriage . He has supported measures to curb job discrimination and hate crimes based on sexual orientation . He voted in favor of the Dont Ask , Dont Tell Repeal Act of 2010 . Extension of tobacco tax . In 2012 , Baucus added to a transportation bill in Congress that extended the regulations covering cigarette manufacturers to roll your own cigarette stores that operate mass cigarette rolling machines . Gun politics . In 1994 , Baucus cast a pivotal vote in favor of Senator Dianne Feinsteins ( D-CA ) Assault Weapons Ban . In 2013 , Baucus was one of four Democrats to vote against the Manchin-Toomey Amendment to expand background checks for potential gun buyers . In 1999 , Baucus was the only Democrat to vote against an amendment by Senator Frank Lautenberg ( D-NJ ) that sought to regulate the sale of firearms at gun shows . Baucus can be frequently found hunting and fishing on public lands around Montana . Economic issues . Baucus has a 74% pro-business voting record as rated by the United States Chamber of Commerce . He twice voted to make filing bankruptcy more difficult for debtors , once in July 2001 to restrict rules on personal bankruptcy , and a second time in March 2005 to include means-testing and restrictions for bankruptcy filers . He has frequently visited places of employment within the state and has personally participated in activities that he calls Work Days . He has also hosted economic development conferences . In March 2005 , Baucus voted against repealing tax subsidies benefiting companies that outsource U.S . jobs offshore . On January 4 , 2007 , he wrote an editorial in the Wall Street Journal calling on Democrats to renew President George W . Bushs fast-track authority for international trade deals . In response , the Montana State Senate passed a resolution , 44-6 , that the U.S . Congress be urged to create a replacement for the outdated fast track system . On October 27 , 2009 , he introduced the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act of 2009 to Congress together with Representative Charles Rangel . On August 9 , 2011 , Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid appointed Baucus to the United States Congress Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction . Environmental issues . Baucuss environmental record in Congress was mixed . He supported Democratic leadership in voting against oil and gas subsidies and Arctic National Wildlife Refuge drilling , as well as by voting in favor of national standards to reduce oil consumption and spur the use of hydrogen-powered cars . But he voted against the corporate average fuel economy standards ( CAFE ) and on increasing federal funds for solar and wind power . He was a leader in the massive Montana Legacy Project conservation project . The League of Conservation Voters ( LCV ) gave Baucus a 79% rating for 2012 ; Baucuss lifetime LCV rating is 68% . Foreign affairs . Cuba . As a senator , Baucus opposed the United States embargo against Cuba and travel restrictions . Iraq War . Baucus voted for the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002 . He voted with a majority of Democrats against Senator John Kerrys amendment stipulating a firm deadline for withdrawal of American combat personnel from Iraq . On July 29 , 2006 , Baucuss nephew Marine Cpl . Phillip E . Baucus was killed in combat in Al Anbar Governorate . Phillip , a 28-year-old resident of Wolf Creek , Montana , had been a member of the 3rd Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion , 1st Marine Division , I Marine Expeditionary Force . On January 10 , 2007 , the day of President Bushs address on his plan to increase troop levels in Iraq , Baucus spoke against the increases and called for a phased withdrawal of U.S . troops . Israel . Baucus was one of the Senates largest career recipients of pro-Israel Political Action Committee ( PAC ) contributions , receiving $550,589 since 1989 . Vietnam . On July 14 , 2009 , The Wall Street Journal published an editorial on Baucuss attitude over Vietnams tra and basa pangasius , saying there was no reason for America to launch a trade war with Vietnam over fish . Hes dead right about a trade issue now percolating in Washington , said the newspaper . The article , entitled Max Baucuss Fish SenseProtectionism often hurts the protectionist , outlined this controversial topic in Washington and underlined the possibility that the U.S . Department of Agriculture could effectively ban imports from Vietnam of pangasius fish , which are similar to U.S.-produced catfish . The ostensible reason for the move would be food safety and the USDA is considering whether Vietnamese fish should be subject to a stricter safety inspection regime . But the article noted that there have been no reported cases of Vietnamese fish making American consumers sick and the proposed inspections would be onerous . It quoted Baucus as telling Congress Daily , If we expect other countries to follow the rules and drop these restrictions , it is critical that we play by the rules and do not block imports for arbitrary or unscientific reasons . Japan . Baucus went on a trade mission in Japan , inspecting the Tesla Motors facility in Tokyo , saying Tesla is a great example of how exports and trade help the U.S . economy and create good-paying jobs at home in America . Our trade ties overseas help Tesla sell a world-class product thats manufactured in the U.S . by top-notch American workers , Baucus said . There are millions of consumers in Japan and across the Pacific ready to buy more American-made goods , and we can continue to open those markets and boost U.S . exports with an aggressive trade agenda . Health care reform . In 2013 , Baucus was criticized for his comments concerning the implementation of Obamacare provisions specifically stating it could turn into a train-wreck . He feared that the changes and their specific implementations would have a negative impact on small business owners stating When I am home , small businesses have no idea what to do , what to expect . They dont know what affordability rules are ; they dont know when penalties may apply . They just dont know . While Baucus was very supportive of the intent of the new legislation saying I spent two years of my life working on the Affordable Care Act . There is nothing I want more than for it to succeed , he was very critical of the resulting rollout . Senate finance committee . As chairman of the Senate Finance Committee , Baucus called the first Senate meeting of interested parties before the committee to discuss health care reform , including representatives from pharmaceutical groups , insurance companies , and HMOs and hospital management companies . Some viewed the meeting as controversial because it did not include representatives from groups calling for single-payer health care . Opposition to single payer health care . Advocate groups attended a Senate Finance Committee meeting in May 2009 to protest their exclusion as well as statements by Baucus that single payer was not an option on the table . Baucus later had eight protesters removed by police who arrested them for disrupting the hearing . Many of the single-payer advocates said it was a pay to play event . A representative of the Business Roundtable , which includes 35 memberships of health maintenance organizations , health insurance and pharmaceutical companies , admitted that other countries , with lower health costs , and higher quality of care , such as those with single-payer systems , have a competitive advantage over the United States with its private system . At the next meeting on health care reform of the Senate Finance Committee , Baucus had five more doctors and nurses removed and arrested . Baucus admitted a few weeks later in June 2009 that it was a mistake to rule out a single payer plan because doing so alienated a large , vocal constituency and left President Barack Obamas proposal of a public health plan to compete with private insurers as the most liberal position . Baucus has used the term uniquely American solution to describe the end point of current health reform and has said he believes America is not ready yet for any form of single payer health care . This is the same term the insurance trade association , Americas Health Insurance Plans ( AHIP ) , is using . AHIP has launched the Campaign for an American Solution , which argues for the use of private health insurance instead of a government backed program . Critics have said Medicare is already effectively a single-payer system . Years after his departure from the Senate , Baucus said it would make sense to seriously consider a single-payer system . Conflict of interest . Baucus has been criticized for his ties to the health insurance and pharmaceutical industries , and was one of the largest beneficiaries in the Senate of campaign contributions from these industries . From 2003-08 , Baucus received $3,973,485 from the health sector , including $852,813 from pharmaceutical companies , $851,141 from health professionals , $784,185 from the insurance industry and $465,750 from HMOs/health services , according to the Center for Responsive Politics . A 2006 study by Public Citizen found that between 1999 and 2005 Baucus , along with former Senate majority leader Bill Frist , took in the most special-interest money of any senator . Only three senators have more former staffers working as lobbyists on K Street , at least two dozen in Baucuss case . Several of Baucuss ex-staffers , including former chief of staff David Castagnetti , are now working for the pharmaceutical and health insurance industries . Castagnetti co-founded the lobbying firm of Mehlman Vogel Castagnetti , which represents Americas Health Insurance Plans Inc , the national trade group of health insurance companies , the Medicare Cost Contractors Alliance , as well as Amgen , AstraZeneca PLC and Merck & Co . Another former chief of staff , Jeff Forbes , opened his own lobbying shop and to represent the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America and the Advanced Medical Technology Association , among other groups . A statistical analysis of the impact of political contributions on individual senators support for the public insurance option conducted by Nate Silver has suggested that Baucus was an unlikely supporter of the public option in the first place . Based on Baucuss political ideology and the per capita health care spending in Montana , Silvers model projects that there would be only a 30.6% probability of Baucus supporting a public insurance option even if he had received no relevant campaign contributions . Silver calculates that the impact on Baucus of the significant campaign contributions that he has received from the health care industry further reduces the probability of his supporting a public insurance option from 30.6% to 0.6% . In response to the questions raised by the large amount of funding he took from the health care industry , Baucus declared a moratorium as of July 1 , 2009 on taking more special interest money from health care political action committees . Baucus , however , refused to return as part of his moratorium any of the millions of dollars he has received from health care industry interests before July 1 , 2009 , or to rule out a resumption of taking the same or greater health care industry contributions in the future . His policy on not taking health care industry money reportedly still allowed him to accept money from lobbyists or corporate executives , who , according to The Washington Post , continued to make donations after July 1 , 2009 . A watchdog group found that in July 2009 Baucus accepted additional money from the health care industry in violation of his own self-defined moratorium terms , reportedly leading Baucus to return those monies . Tax policy . Baucus voted for the Bush tax cuts in 2001 . He has usually voted against repealing portions of that bill and against repealing more recent tax cut bills that benefit upper income taxpayers . In 2008 , he voted in favor of permanently repealing the estate tax . Political campaigns . 2002 . The 2002 Montana elections got national attention when Baucuss opponent , state senator Mike Taylor , accused Baucus of having implied in a campaign ad that Taylor was gay . The ad was paid for by the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee , not by the Baucus campaign . The ad , which alleged that Taylor had embezzled funds from the cosmetology school he once owned , showed footage from the early 1980s of Taylor massaging another mans face while wearing a tight suit with an open shirt . Taylor dropped out of the race and Baucus won with 63 percent of the vote . 2008 . Baucus sought re-election in 2008 in Montana , a state that has seen political change starting in 2004 when it elected Democratic Governor Brian Schweitzer and then in 2006 Democratic Senator Jon Tester by a slim margin . Montana was the only state in the U.S . to turn over a chamber of its legislature to Republican control in 2006 . The legislative chamber had a one-seat Democratic majority that then became a one-seat Republican majority . Baucus raised a record amount of money for his 2008 re-election bid , 91 percent of which came from individuals living outside of Montana . Similarly , according to the Center for Responsive Politics , Baucuss 2008 campaign raised $11.6million , only 13 percent of which came from Montana donors ; the rest included millions from health care and other industries overseen by Finance and Baucuss other committees . So as Baucus and other lawmakers attempt to craft a bill that can smash through a virtual gridlock of interests , the awkward question lingers : to whom are they more attentive , their voting constituencies back home or the dollar constituencies who are at the Capitol every day ? As a result of Baucuss significant fund-raising advantage , in the week he announced his intention to run for re-election he opened eight state officesone more than he had official offices in the state . Baucus also announced that he had hired 35 full-time campaign staff members . Baucus won re-election in a landslide victory , with 73% of the vote , carrying every county in the state . United States Ambassador to China . On December 26 , 2013 , President Obama announced his intent to nominate Baucus to the post of Ambassador to China The President submitted Baucuss nomination to the Senate on January 7 , 2014 . A hearing on his nomination was held by the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations on January 28 , 2014 . His nomination was later reported to the full United States Senate on February 4 , 2014 and a vote for confirmation would later be considered . He was later confirmed by the full Senate on February 6 , 2014 by a vote of 96–0 and Baucus himself voting Present . Max Baucus was later sworn in by Vice President Joe Biden on February 21 , 2014 ; with his swearing ending the ambassadorship of Gary Locke . Baucus ended his ambassadorship in January 2017 , as President Donald Trump nominated Governor Terry Branstad from Iowa as the next Ambassador to China . Later career . Max Baucus served on the Board of Advisors to Alibaba Group until May , 2019 . Personal life . Baucus has one son , Zeno , by his first wife , Ann Geracimos . Baucus and Geracimos divorced in 1982 . Baucus came under fire from critics calling him a beltway insider who no longer really lives in Montana and only occasionally comes to visit . Until 1991 , Baucus owned a house in Missoula , where he practiced law for three years before running for Congress in 1974 . He didnt own a home again in Montana until February 2002 , when he bought half of his mothers house from the Sieben Ranch Company , the ranch started by Baucuss great-grandfather in 1897 . In April 2009 , The Associated Press reported that Baucus and his second wife , the former Wanda Minge , were divorcing after 25 years of marriage and had parted ways amicably and with mutual respect . In 2008 , Baucus had been romantically linked with his state office director , Melodee Hanes , whom he later nominated to the vacant position of U.S . Attorney in Montana . Hanes then withdrew her nomination before the conflict of interest was discovered , because ( according to Baucus ) they wanted to be together in Washington , D.C . Both the Senator and Hanes had ended their marriages within the previous year . Baucus said he was separated from his wife before he began seeing Hanes . On July 2 , 2011 , Baucus married Hanes at the Sieben Ranch in Montana . Baucus has completed a 50-mile ultramarathon and has crewed for winner and Vermont native Nikki Kimball at the 100-mile Western States Endurance Run , which he hopes to run in the future . External links . - Senator Max Baucus official U.S . Senate website ( archived )
|
[
"Helena High School"
] |
[
{
"text": " Maxwell Sieben Baucus ( né Enke ; born December 11 , 1941 ) is an American politician and diplomat who served as a United States Senator from Montana from 1978 to 2014 . A member of the Democratic Party , he was a U.S . Senator for nearly 36 years , making him the longest-serving Senator in Montana history . President Barack Obama appointed Baucus to replace Gary Locke as the 11th U.S . Ambassador to the Peoples Republic of China , a position he held from 2014 until 2017 .",
"title": "Max Baucus"
},
{
"text": "As the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Finance , Baucus played an influential role in the debate over health care reform in the United States . He was also chairman of the Joint Committee on Taxation , a member of the Senate Committee on Agriculture , Nutrition and Forestry and the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works , and was chairman of the Subcommittee on Transportation and Infrastructure . Before his election to the Senate , Baucus was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1975 to 1978 , representing Montanas 1st congressional district .",
"title": "Max Baucus"
},
{
"text": "He previously served in the Montana House of Representatives from 1973 to 1974 .",
"title": "Max Baucus"
},
{
"text": "Max Baucus was born on December 11 , 1941 in Helena , Montana , to Jean Sheriff ( who was from a wealthy ranching family ) , and Stephen Enke , a professor . His father , born in British Columbia , Canada , was of German and Scottish descent , and his mother had English and German ancestry . Baucus lived in California until he was two , when his mother left his father and returned to Helena . She later married John J . Baucus , and she and her son , Max , took his surname .",
"title": "Max Baucus"
},
{
"text": "Baucus graduated from Helena High School in 1959 .",
"title": "Max Baucus"
},
{
"text": " After attending local public schools in his hometown of Helena , he attended Carleton College in Minnesota for a year before transferring to Stanford University , where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics in 1964 , and was a member of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity . After graduating , he attended Stanford Law School and graduated with a Juris Doctor in 1967 .",
"title": "Max Baucus"
},
{
"text": " After finishing law school , Baucus spent three years as a lawyer at the Securities and Exchange Commission in Washington , D.C . He moved back to his native Montana in 1971 to serve as the executive director of the states Constitutional Convention , opening a law office in Missoula , Montana . In November 1972 , Baucus was elected to the Montana House of Representatives as a state representative from Missoula . In November 1974 he was elected to the United States House of Representatives , and was re-elected in 1976 .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Baucus was elected to the U.S . Senate on November 7 , 1978 , for the term beginning January 3 , 1979 , but was subsequently appointed to the seat by Montanas Democratic Governor Thomas Lee Judge on December 15 , 1978 , to fill the brief vacancy created by Senator Paul G . Hatfields resignation . On April 23 , 2013 , a Democratic official confirmed that Baucus would not seek a seventh term .",
"title": "U.S . Senate"
},
{
"text": " - Committee on Agriculture , Nutrition and Forestry - Subcommittee on Domestic and Foreign Marketing , Inspection , and Plant and Animal Health - Subcommittee on Production , Income Protection and Price Support - Subcommittee on Hunger , Nutrition and Family Farms - Committee on Finance ( Chairman ) - As Chairman of the full committee , Baucus may serve as an ex officio member of all subcommittees of which he is not already a full member . - Subcommittee on Taxation , IRS Oversight , and Long-term Growth - Subcommittee on Fiscal Responsibility and Economic Growth",
"title": "Committee assignments"
},
{
"text": "- Committee on Environment and Public Works",
"title": "Committee assignments"
},
{
"text": " - Subcommittee on Clean Air and Nuclear Safety - Subcommittee on Superfund , Toxics and Environmental Health - Subcommittee on Transportation and Infrastructure ( Chairman ) - Joint Committee on Taxation ( Chairman ) - Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction",
"title": "Committee assignments"
},
{
"text": " As a Democratic member of the Senate , Baucus was conservative , and frequently broke with his party on the issues of taxes , the environment , health care , and gun control . The web site Thats My Congress gives him a 23 percent rating on progressive issues it tracks . NARAL Pro-Choice Americas political action committee endorsed Baucus during his 2008 election campaign .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": " The American Civil Liberties Union rated Baucus at 60 percent in December 2002 , indicating a mixed civil rights voting record . Voting rights for Washington , D.C. . Baucus voted against giving voting representation to the District of Columbia .",
"title": "Civil rights"
},
{
"text": "In 2006 , the Human Rights Campaign ( HRC ) gave Baucus a 67% overall rating indicating having a mixed record on voting for gay rights . In 1996 Baucus voted in favor of the Defense of Marriage Act ( DOMA ) which prohibited marriage between members of the same sex in federal law , and provide that no state is required to recognize same-sex marriages performed in other states and defined marriage as being between a single man and a single woman . However , in 2004 he voted against the proposed constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage and in",
"title": "LGBT rights"
},
{
"text": "June 2012 , he definitively spoke out in support for same-sex marriage . He has supported measures to curb job discrimination and hate crimes based on sexual orientation . He voted in favor of the Dont Ask , Dont Tell Repeal Act of 2010 .",
"title": "LGBT rights"
},
{
"text": " Extension of tobacco tax . In 2012 , Baucus added to a transportation bill in Congress that extended the regulations covering cigarette manufacturers to roll your own cigarette stores that operate mass cigarette rolling machines .",
"title": "LGBT rights"
},
{
"text": " In 1994 , Baucus cast a pivotal vote in favor of Senator Dianne Feinsteins ( D-CA ) Assault Weapons Ban . In 2013 , Baucus was one of four Democrats to vote against the Manchin-Toomey Amendment to expand background checks for potential gun buyers . In 1999 , Baucus was the only Democrat to vote against an amendment by Senator Frank Lautenberg ( D-NJ ) that sought to regulate the sale of firearms at gun shows . Baucus can be frequently found hunting and fishing on public lands around Montana .",
"title": "Gun politics"
},
{
"text": " Baucus has a 74% pro-business voting record as rated by the United States Chamber of Commerce . He twice voted to make filing bankruptcy more difficult for debtors , once in July 2001 to restrict rules on personal bankruptcy , and a second time in March 2005 to include means-testing and restrictions for bankruptcy filers . He has frequently visited places of employment within the state and has personally participated in activities that he calls Work Days . He has also hosted economic development conferences .",
"title": "Economic issues"
},
{
"text": "In March 2005 , Baucus voted against repealing tax subsidies benefiting companies that outsource U.S . jobs offshore . On January 4 , 2007 , he wrote an editorial in the Wall Street Journal calling on Democrats to renew President George W . Bushs fast-track authority for international trade deals . In response , the Montana State Senate passed a resolution , 44-6 , that the U.S . Congress be urged to create a replacement for the outdated fast track system .",
"title": "Economic issues"
},
{
"text": " On October 27 , 2009 , he introduced the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act of 2009 to Congress together with Representative Charles Rangel . On August 9 , 2011 , Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid appointed Baucus to the United States Congress Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction .",
"title": "Economic issues"
},
{
"text": "Baucuss environmental record in Congress was mixed . He supported Democratic leadership in voting against oil and gas subsidies and Arctic National Wildlife Refuge drilling , as well as by voting in favor of national standards to reduce oil consumption and spur the use of hydrogen-powered cars . But he voted against the corporate average fuel economy standards ( CAFE ) and on increasing federal funds for solar and wind power . He was a leader in the massive Montana Legacy Project conservation project . The League of Conservation Voters ( LCV ) gave Baucus a 79% rating for 2012",
"title": "Environmental issues"
},
{
"text": "; Baucuss lifetime LCV rating is 68% .",
"title": "Environmental issues"
},
{
"text": " As a senator , Baucus opposed the United States embargo against Cuba and travel restrictions .",
"title": "Cuba"
},
{
"text": " Baucus voted for the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002 . He voted with a majority of Democrats against Senator John Kerrys amendment stipulating a firm deadline for withdrawal of American combat personnel from Iraq . On July 29 , 2006 , Baucuss nephew Marine Cpl . Phillip E . Baucus was killed in combat in Al Anbar Governorate . Phillip , a 28-year-old resident of Wolf Creek , Montana , had been a member of the 3rd Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion , 1st Marine Division , I Marine Expeditionary Force .",
"title": "Iraq War"
},
{
"text": "On January 10 , 2007 , the day of President Bushs address on his plan to increase troop levels in Iraq , Baucus spoke against the increases and called for a phased withdrawal of U.S . troops .",
"title": "Iraq War"
},
{
"text": " Baucus was one of the Senates largest career recipients of pro-Israel Political Action Committee ( PAC ) contributions , receiving $550,589 since 1989 .",
"title": "Israel"
},
{
"text": "On July 14 , 2009 , The Wall Street Journal published an editorial on Baucuss attitude over Vietnams tra and basa pangasius , saying there was no reason for America to launch a trade war with Vietnam over fish . Hes dead right about a trade issue now percolating in Washington , said the newspaper . The article , entitled Max Baucuss Fish SenseProtectionism often hurts the protectionist , outlined this controversial topic in Washington and underlined the possibility that the U.S . Department of Agriculture could effectively ban imports from Vietnam of pangasius fish , which are similar to",
"title": "Vietnam"
},
{
"text": "U.S.-produced catfish .",
"title": "Vietnam"
},
{
"text": " The ostensible reason for the move would be food safety and the USDA is considering whether Vietnamese fish should be subject to a stricter safety inspection regime . But the article noted that there have been no reported cases of Vietnamese fish making American consumers sick and the proposed inspections would be onerous . It quoted Baucus as telling Congress Daily , If we expect other countries to follow the rules and drop these restrictions , it is critical that we play by the rules and do not block imports for arbitrary or unscientific reasons .",
"title": "Vietnam"
},
{
"text": "Baucus went on a trade mission in Japan , inspecting the Tesla Motors facility in Tokyo , saying Tesla is a great example of how exports and trade help the U.S . economy and create good-paying jobs at home in America . Our trade ties overseas help Tesla sell a world-class product thats manufactured in the U.S . by top-notch American workers , Baucus said . There are millions of consumers in Japan and across the Pacific ready to buy more American-made goods , and we can continue to open those markets and boost U.S . exports with an aggressive",
"title": "Japan"
},
{
"text": "trade agenda .",
"title": "Japan"
},
{
"text": "In 2013 , Baucus was criticized for his comments concerning the implementation of Obamacare provisions specifically stating it could turn into a train-wreck . He feared that the changes and their specific implementations would have a negative impact on small business owners stating When I am home , small businesses have no idea what to do , what to expect . They dont know what affordability rules are ; they dont know when penalties may apply . They just dont know . While Baucus was very supportive of the intent of the new legislation saying I spent two years of",
"title": "Health care reform"
},
{
"text": "my life working on the Affordable Care Act . There is nothing I want more than for it to succeed , he was very critical of the resulting rollout .",
"title": "Health care reform"
},
{
"text": " As chairman of the Senate Finance Committee , Baucus called the first Senate meeting of interested parties before the committee to discuss health care reform , including representatives from pharmaceutical groups , insurance companies , and HMOs and hospital management companies . Some viewed the meeting as controversial because it did not include representatives from groups calling for single-payer health care . Opposition to single payer health care .",
"title": "Senate finance committee"
},
{
"text": "Advocate groups attended a Senate Finance Committee meeting in May 2009 to protest their exclusion as well as statements by Baucus that single payer was not an option on the table . Baucus later had eight protesters removed by police who arrested them for disrupting the hearing . Many of the single-payer advocates said it was a pay to play event . A representative of the Business Roundtable , which includes 35 memberships of health maintenance organizations , health insurance and pharmaceutical companies , admitted that other countries , with lower health costs , and higher quality of care ,",
"title": "Senate finance committee"
},
{
"text": "such as those with single-payer systems , have a competitive advantage over the United States with its private system .",
"title": "Senate finance committee"
},
{
"text": " At the next meeting on health care reform of the Senate Finance Committee , Baucus had five more doctors and nurses removed and arrested . Baucus admitted a few weeks later in June 2009 that it was a mistake to rule out a single payer plan because doing so alienated a large , vocal constituency and left President Barack Obamas proposal of a public health plan to compete with private insurers as the most liberal position .",
"title": "Senate finance committee"
},
{
"text": "Baucus has used the term uniquely American solution to describe the end point of current health reform and has said he believes America is not ready yet for any form of single payer health care . This is the same term the insurance trade association , Americas Health Insurance Plans ( AHIP ) , is using . AHIP has launched the Campaign for an American Solution , which argues for the use of private health insurance instead of a government backed program . Critics have said Medicare is already effectively a single-payer system .",
"title": "Senate finance committee"
},
{
"text": " Years after his departure from the Senate , Baucus said it would make sense to seriously consider a single-payer system .",
"title": "Senate finance committee"
},
{
"text": "Baucus has been criticized for his ties to the health insurance and pharmaceutical industries , and was one of the largest beneficiaries in the Senate of campaign contributions from these industries . From 2003-08 , Baucus received $3,973,485 from the health sector , including $852,813 from pharmaceutical companies , $851,141 from health professionals , $784,185 from the insurance industry and $465,750 from HMOs/health services , according to the Center for Responsive Politics . A 2006 study by Public Citizen found that between 1999 and 2005 Baucus , along with former Senate majority leader Bill Frist , took in the most",
"title": "Conflict of interest"
},
{
"text": "special-interest money of any senator .",
"title": "Conflict of interest"
},
{
"text": "Only three senators have more former staffers working as lobbyists on K Street , at least two dozen in Baucuss case . Several of Baucuss ex-staffers , including former chief of staff David Castagnetti , are now working for the pharmaceutical and health insurance industries . Castagnetti co-founded the lobbying firm of Mehlman Vogel Castagnetti , which represents Americas Health Insurance Plans Inc , the national trade group of health insurance companies , the Medicare Cost Contractors Alliance , as well as Amgen , AstraZeneca PLC and Merck & Co . Another former chief of staff , Jeff Forbes ,",
"title": "Conflict of interest"
},
{
"text": "opened his own lobbying shop and to represent the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America and the Advanced Medical Technology Association , among other groups .",
"title": "Conflict of interest"
},
{
"text": "A statistical analysis of the impact of political contributions on individual senators support for the public insurance option conducted by Nate Silver has suggested that Baucus was an unlikely supporter of the public option in the first place . Based on Baucuss political ideology and the per capita health care spending in Montana , Silvers model projects that there would be only a 30.6% probability of Baucus supporting a public insurance option even if he had received no relevant campaign contributions . Silver calculates that the impact on Baucus of the significant campaign contributions that he has received from the",
"title": "Conflict of interest"
},
{
"text": "health care industry further reduces the probability of his supporting a public insurance option from 30.6% to 0.6% .",
"title": "Conflict of interest"
},
{
"text": "In response to the questions raised by the large amount of funding he took from the health care industry , Baucus declared a moratorium as of July 1 , 2009 on taking more special interest money from health care political action committees . Baucus , however , refused to return as part of his moratorium any of the millions of dollars he has received from health care industry interests before July 1 , 2009 , or to rule out a resumption of taking the same or greater health care industry contributions in the future . His policy on not taking",
"title": "Conflict of interest"
},
{
"text": "health care industry money reportedly still allowed him to accept money from lobbyists or corporate executives , who , according to The Washington Post , continued to make donations after July 1 , 2009 . A watchdog group found that in July 2009 Baucus accepted additional money from the health care industry in violation of his own self-defined moratorium terms , reportedly leading Baucus to return those monies .",
"title": "Conflict of interest"
},
{
"text": " Baucus voted for the Bush tax cuts in 2001 . He has usually voted against repealing portions of that bill and against repealing more recent tax cut bills that benefit upper income taxpayers . In 2008 , he voted in favor of permanently repealing the estate tax .",
"title": "Tax policy"
},
{
"text": "The 2002 Montana elections got national attention when Baucuss opponent , state senator Mike Taylor , accused Baucus of having implied in a campaign ad that Taylor was gay . The ad was paid for by the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee , not by the Baucus campaign . The ad , which alleged that Taylor had embezzled funds from the cosmetology school he once owned , showed footage from the early 1980s of Taylor massaging another mans face while wearing a tight suit with an open shirt . Taylor dropped out of the race and Baucus won with 63 percent",
"title": "Political campaigns"
},
{
"text": "of the vote .",
"title": "Political campaigns"
},
{
"text": " 2008 . Baucus sought re-election in 2008 in Montana , a state that has seen political change starting in 2004 when it elected Democratic Governor Brian Schweitzer and then in 2006 Democratic Senator Jon Tester by a slim margin . Montana was the only state in the U.S . to turn over a chamber of its legislature to Republican control in 2006 . The legislative chamber had a one-seat Democratic majority that then became a one-seat Republican majority .",
"title": "Political campaigns"
},
{
"text": "Baucus raised a record amount of money for his 2008 re-election bid , 91 percent of which came from individuals living outside of Montana . Similarly , according to the Center for Responsive Politics , Baucuss 2008 campaign raised $11.6million , only 13 percent of which came from Montana donors ; the rest included millions from health care and other industries overseen by Finance and Baucuss other committees .",
"title": "Political campaigns"
},
{
"text": " So as Baucus and other lawmakers attempt to craft a bill that can smash through a virtual gridlock of interests , the awkward question lingers : to whom are they more attentive , their voting constituencies back home or the dollar constituencies who are at the Capitol every day ?",
"title": "Political campaigns"
},
{
"text": "As a result of Baucuss significant fund-raising advantage , in the week he announced his intention to run for re-election he opened eight state officesone more than he had official offices in the state . Baucus also announced that he had hired 35 full-time campaign staff members . Baucus won re-election in a landslide victory , with 73% of the vote , carrying every county in the state .",
"title": "Political campaigns"
},
{
"text": " United States Ambassador to China . On December 26 , 2013 , President Obama announced his intent to nominate Baucus to the post of Ambassador to China The President submitted Baucuss nomination to the Senate on January 7 , 2014 .",
"title": "Political campaigns"
},
{
"text": "A hearing on his nomination was held by the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations on January 28 , 2014 . His nomination was later reported to the full United States Senate on February 4 , 2014 and a vote for confirmation would later be considered . He was later confirmed by the full Senate on February 6 , 2014 by a vote of 96–0 and Baucus himself voting Present .",
"title": "Political campaigns"
},
{
"text": " Max Baucus was later sworn in by Vice President Joe Biden on February 21 , 2014 ; with his swearing ending the ambassadorship of Gary Locke . Baucus ended his ambassadorship in January 2017 , as President Donald Trump nominated Governor Terry Branstad from Iowa as the next Ambassador to China .",
"title": "Political campaigns"
},
{
"text": " Max Baucus served on the Board of Advisors to Alibaba Group until May , 2019 .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " Baucus has one son , Zeno , by his first wife , Ann Geracimos . Baucus and Geracimos divorced in 1982 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Baucus came under fire from critics calling him a beltway insider who no longer really lives in Montana and only occasionally comes to visit . Until 1991 , Baucus owned a house in Missoula , where he practiced law for three years before running for Congress in 1974 . He didnt own a home again in Montana until February 2002 , when he bought half of his mothers house from the Sieben Ranch Company , the ranch started by Baucuss great-grandfather in 1897 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "In April 2009 , The Associated Press reported that Baucus and his second wife , the former Wanda Minge , were divorcing after 25 years of marriage and had parted ways amicably and with mutual respect . In 2008 , Baucus had been romantically linked with his state office director , Melodee Hanes , whom he later nominated to the vacant position of U.S . Attorney in Montana . Hanes then withdrew her nomination before the conflict of interest was discovered , because ( according to Baucus ) they wanted to be together in Washington , D.C . Both the",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Senator and Hanes had ended their marriages within the previous year . Baucus said he was separated from his wife before he began seeing Hanes .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " On July 2 , 2011 , Baucus married Hanes at the Sieben Ranch in Montana . Baucus has completed a 50-mile ultramarathon and has crewed for winner and Vermont native Nikki Kimball at the 100-mile Western States Endurance Run , which he hopes to run in the future .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Senator Max Baucus official U.S . Senate website ( archived )",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Max_Baucus#P69#1
|
Which school did Max Baucus go to in Dec 1961?
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Max Baucus Maxwell Sieben Baucus ( né Enke ; born December 11 , 1941 ) is an American politician and diplomat who served as a United States Senator from Montana from 1978 to 2014 . A member of the Democratic Party , he was a U.S . Senator for nearly 36 years , making him the longest-serving Senator in Montana history . President Barack Obama appointed Baucus to replace Gary Locke as the 11th U.S . Ambassador to the Peoples Republic of China , a position he held from 2014 until 2017 . As the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Finance , Baucus played an influential role in the debate over health care reform in the United States . He was also chairman of the Joint Committee on Taxation , a member of the Senate Committee on Agriculture , Nutrition and Forestry and the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works , and was chairman of the Subcommittee on Transportation and Infrastructure . Before his election to the Senate , Baucus was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1975 to 1978 , representing Montanas 1st congressional district . He previously served in the Montana House of Representatives from 1973 to 1974 . Early life and education . Max Baucus was born on December 11 , 1941 in Helena , Montana , to Jean Sheriff ( who was from a wealthy ranching family ) , and Stephen Enke , a professor . His father , born in British Columbia , Canada , was of German and Scottish descent , and his mother had English and German ancestry . Baucus lived in California until he was two , when his mother left his father and returned to Helena . She later married John J . Baucus , and she and her son , Max , took his surname . Baucus graduated from Helena High School in 1959 . After attending local public schools in his hometown of Helena , he attended Carleton College in Minnesota for a year before transferring to Stanford University , where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics in 1964 , and was a member of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity . After graduating , he attended Stanford Law School and graduated with a Juris Doctor in 1967 . Early career . After finishing law school , Baucus spent three years as a lawyer at the Securities and Exchange Commission in Washington , D.C . He moved back to his native Montana in 1971 to serve as the executive director of the states Constitutional Convention , opening a law office in Missoula , Montana . In November 1972 , Baucus was elected to the Montana House of Representatives as a state representative from Missoula . In November 1974 he was elected to the United States House of Representatives , and was re-elected in 1976 . U.S . Senate . Baucus was elected to the U.S . Senate on November 7 , 1978 , for the term beginning January 3 , 1979 , but was subsequently appointed to the seat by Montanas Democratic Governor Thomas Lee Judge on December 15 , 1978 , to fill the brief vacancy created by Senator Paul G . Hatfields resignation . On April 23 , 2013 , a Democratic official confirmed that Baucus would not seek a seventh term . Committee assignments . - Committee on Agriculture , Nutrition and Forestry - Subcommittee on Domestic and Foreign Marketing , Inspection , and Plant and Animal Health - Subcommittee on Production , Income Protection and Price Support - Subcommittee on Hunger , Nutrition and Family Farms - Committee on Finance ( Chairman ) - As Chairman of the full committee , Baucus may serve as an ex officio member of all subcommittees of which he is not already a full member . - Subcommittee on Taxation , IRS Oversight , and Long-term Growth - Subcommittee on Fiscal Responsibility and Economic Growth - Committee on Environment and Public Works - Subcommittee on Clean Air and Nuclear Safety - Subcommittee on Superfund , Toxics and Environmental Health - Subcommittee on Transportation and Infrastructure ( Chairman ) - Joint Committee on Taxation ( Chairman ) - Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction Political positions . As a Democratic member of the Senate , Baucus was conservative , and frequently broke with his party on the issues of taxes , the environment , health care , and gun control . The web site Thats My Congress gives him a 23 percent rating on progressive issues it tracks . NARAL Pro-Choice Americas political action committee endorsed Baucus during his 2008 election campaign . Civil rights . The American Civil Liberties Union rated Baucus at 60 percent in December 2002 , indicating a mixed civil rights voting record . Voting rights for Washington , D.C. . Baucus voted against giving voting representation to the District of Columbia . LGBT rights . In 2006 , the Human Rights Campaign ( HRC ) gave Baucus a 67% overall rating indicating having a mixed record on voting for gay rights . In 1996 Baucus voted in favor of the Defense of Marriage Act ( DOMA ) which prohibited marriage between members of the same sex in federal law , and provide that no state is required to recognize same-sex marriages performed in other states and defined marriage as being between a single man and a single woman . However , in 2004 he voted against the proposed constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage and in June 2012 , he definitively spoke out in support for same-sex marriage . He has supported measures to curb job discrimination and hate crimes based on sexual orientation . He voted in favor of the Dont Ask , Dont Tell Repeal Act of 2010 . Extension of tobacco tax . In 2012 , Baucus added to a transportation bill in Congress that extended the regulations covering cigarette manufacturers to roll your own cigarette stores that operate mass cigarette rolling machines . Gun politics . In 1994 , Baucus cast a pivotal vote in favor of Senator Dianne Feinsteins ( D-CA ) Assault Weapons Ban . In 2013 , Baucus was one of four Democrats to vote against the Manchin-Toomey Amendment to expand background checks for potential gun buyers . In 1999 , Baucus was the only Democrat to vote against an amendment by Senator Frank Lautenberg ( D-NJ ) that sought to regulate the sale of firearms at gun shows . Baucus can be frequently found hunting and fishing on public lands around Montana . Economic issues . Baucus has a 74% pro-business voting record as rated by the United States Chamber of Commerce . He twice voted to make filing bankruptcy more difficult for debtors , once in July 2001 to restrict rules on personal bankruptcy , and a second time in March 2005 to include means-testing and restrictions for bankruptcy filers . He has frequently visited places of employment within the state and has personally participated in activities that he calls Work Days . He has also hosted economic development conferences . In March 2005 , Baucus voted against repealing tax subsidies benefiting companies that outsource U.S . jobs offshore . On January 4 , 2007 , he wrote an editorial in the Wall Street Journal calling on Democrats to renew President George W . Bushs fast-track authority for international trade deals . In response , the Montana State Senate passed a resolution , 44-6 , that the U.S . Congress be urged to create a replacement for the outdated fast track system . On October 27 , 2009 , he introduced the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act of 2009 to Congress together with Representative Charles Rangel . On August 9 , 2011 , Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid appointed Baucus to the United States Congress Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction . Environmental issues . Baucuss environmental record in Congress was mixed . He supported Democratic leadership in voting against oil and gas subsidies and Arctic National Wildlife Refuge drilling , as well as by voting in favor of national standards to reduce oil consumption and spur the use of hydrogen-powered cars . But he voted against the corporate average fuel economy standards ( CAFE ) and on increasing federal funds for solar and wind power . He was a leader in the massive Montana Legacy Project conservation project . The League of Conservation Voters ( LCV ) gave Baucus a 79% rating for 2012 ; Baucuss lifetime LCV rating is 68% . Foreign affairs . Cuba . As a senator , Baucus opposed the United States embargo against Cuba and travel restrictions . Iraq War . Baucus voted for the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002 . He voted with a majority of Democrats against Senator John Kerrys amendment stipulating a firm deadline for withdrawal of American combat personnel from Iraq . On July 29 , 2006 , Baucuss nephew Marine Cpl . Phillip E . Baucus was killed in combat in Al Anbar Governorate . Phillip , a 28-year-old resident of Wolf Creek , Montana , had been a member of the 3rd Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion , 1st Marine Division , I Marine Expeditionary Force . On January 10 , 2007 , the day of President Bushs address on his plan to increase troop levels in Iraq , Baucus spoke against the increases and called for a phased withdrawal of U.S . troops . Israel . Baucus was one of the Senates largest career recipients of pro-Israel Political Action Committee ( PAC ) contributions , receiving $550,589 since 1989 . Vietnam . On July 14 , 2009 , The Wall Street Journal published an editorial on Baucuss attitude over Vietnams tra and basa pangasius , saying there was no reason for America to launch a trade war with Vietnam over fish . Hes dead right about a trade issue now percolating in Washington , said the newspaper . The article , entitled Max Baucuss Fish SenseProtectionism often hurts the protectionist , outlined this controversial topic in Washington and underlined the possibility that the U.S . Department of Agriculture could effectively ban imports from Vietnam of pangasius fish , which are similar to U.S.-produced catfish . The ostensible reason for the move would be food safety and the USDA is considering whether Vietnamese fish should be subject to a stricter safety inspection regime . But the article noted that there have been no reported cases of Vietnamese fish making American consumers sick and the proposed inspections would be onerous . It quoted Baucus as telling Congress Daily , If we expect other countries to follow the rules and drop these restrictions , it is critical that we play by the rules and do not block imports for arbitrary or unscientific reasons . Japan . Baucus went on a trade mission in Japan , inspecting the Tesla Motors facility in Tokyo , saying Tesla is a great example of how exports and trade help the U.S . economy and create good-paying jobs at home in America . Our trade ties overseas help Tesla sell a world-class product thats manufactured in the U.S . by top-notch American workers , Baucus said . There are millions of consumers in Japan and across the Pacific ready to buy more American-made goods , and we can continue to open those markets and boost U.S . exports with an aggressive trade agenda . Health care reform . In 2013 , Baucus was criticized for his comments concerning the implementation of Obamacare provisions specifically stating it could turn into a train-wreck . He feared that the changes and their specific implementations would have a negative impact on small business owners stating When I am home , small businesses have no idea what to do , what to expect . They dont know what affordability rules are ; they dont know when penalties may apply . They just dont know . While Baucus was very supportive of the intent of the new legislation saying I spent two years of my life working on the Affordable Care Act . There is nothing I want more than for it to succeed , he was very critical of the resulting rollout . Senate finance committee . As chairman of the Senate Finance Committee , Baucus called the first Senate meeting of interested parties before the committee to discuss health care reform , including representatives from pharmaceutical groups , insurance companies , and HMOs and hospital management companies . Some viewed the meeting as controversial because it did not include representatives from groups calling for single-payer health care . Opposition to single payer health care . Advocate groups attended a Senate Finance Committee meeting in May 2009 to protest their exclusion as well as statements by Baucus that single payer was not an option on the table . Baucus later had eight protesters removed by police who arrested them for disrupting the hearing . Many of the single-payer advocates said it was a pay to play event . A representative of the Business Roundtable , which includes 35 memberships of health maintenance organizations , health insurance and pharmaceutical companies , admitted that other countries , with lower health costs , and higher quality of care , such as those with single-payer systems , have a competitive advantage over the United States with its private system . At the next meeting on health care reform of the Senate Finance Committee , Baucus had five more doctors and nurses removed and arrested . Baucus admitted a few weeks later in June 2009 that it was a mistake to rule out a single payer plan because doing so alienated a large , vocal constituency and left President Barack Obamas proposal of a public health plan to compete with private insurers as the most liberal position . Baucus has used the term uniquely American solution to describe the end point of current health reform and has said he believes America is not ready yet for any form of single payer health care . This is the same term the insurance trade association , Americas Health Insurance Plans ( AHIP ) , is using . AHIP has launched the Campaign for an American Solution , which argues for the use of private health insurance instead of a government backed program . Critics have said Medicare is already effectively a single-payer system . Years after his departure from the Senate , Baucus said it would make sense to seriously consider a single-payer system . Conflict of interest . Baucus has been criticized for his ties to the health insurance and pharmaceutical industries , and was one of the largest beneficiaries in the Senate of campaign contributions from these industries . From 2003-08 , Baucus received $3,973,485 from the health sector , including $852,813 from pharmaceutical companies , $851,141 from health professionals , $784,185 from the insurance industry and $465,750 from HMOs/health services , according to the Center for Responsive Politics . A 2006 study by Public Citizen found that between 1999 and 2005 Baucus , along with former Senate majority leader Bill Frist , took in the most special-interest money of any senator . Only three senators have more former staffers working as lobbyists on K Street , at least two dozen in Baucuss case . Several of Baucuss ex-staffers , including former chief of staff David Castagnetti , are now working for the pharmaceutical and health insurance industries . Castagnetti co-founded the lobbying firm of Mehlman Vogel Castagnetti , which represents Americas Health Insurance Plans Inc , the national trade group of health insurance companies , the Medicare Cost Contractors Alliance , as well as Amgen , AstraZeneca PLC and Merck & Co . Another former chief of staff , Jeff Forbes , opened his own lobbying shop and to represent the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America and the Advanced Medical Technology Association , among other groups . A statistical analysis of the impact of political contributions on individual senators support for the public insurance option conducted by Nate Silver has suggested that Baucus was an unlikely supporter of the public option in the first place . Based on Baucuss political ideology and the per capita health care spending in Montana , Silvers model projects that there would be only a 30.6% probability of Baucus supporting a public insurance option even if he had received no relevant campaign contributions . Silver calculates that the impact on Baucus of the significant campaign contributions that he has received from the health care industry further reduces the probability of his supporting a public insurance option from 30.6% to 0.6% . In response to the questions raised by the large amount of funding he took from the health care industry , Baucus declared a moratorium as of July 1 , 2009 on taking more special interest money from health care political action committees . Baucus , however , refused to return as part of his moratorium any of the millions of dollars he has received from health care industry interests before July 1 , 2009 , or to rule out a resumption of taking the same or greater health care industry contributions in the future . His policy on not taking health care industry money reportedly still allowed him to accept money from lobbyists or corporate executives , who , according to The Washington Post , continued to make donations after July 1 , 2009 . A watchdog group found that in July 2009 Baucus accepted additional money from the health care industry in violation of his own self-defined moratorium terms , reportedly leading Baucus to return those monies . Tax policy . Baucus voted for the Bush tax cuts in 2001 . He has usually voted against repealing portions of that bill and against repealing more recent tax cut bills that benefit upper income taxpayers . In 2008 , he voted in favor of permanently repealing the estate tax . Political campaigns . 2002 . The 2002 Montana elections got national attention when Baucuss opponent , state senator Mike Taylor , accused Baucus of having implied in a campaign ad that Taylor was gay . The ad was paid for by the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee , not by the Baucus campaign . The ad , which alleged that Taylor had embezzled funds from the cosmetology school he once owned , showed footage from the early 1980s of Taylor massaging another mans face while wearing a tight suit with an open shirt . Taylor dropped out of the race and Baucus won with 63 percent of the vote . 2008 . Baucus sought re-election in 2008 in Montana , a state that has seen political change starting in 2004 when it elected Democratic Governor Brian Schweitzer and then in 2006 Democratic Senator Jon Tester by a slim margin . Montana was the only state in the U.S . to turn over a chamber of its legislature to Republican control in 2006 . The legislative chamber had a one-seat Democratic majority that then became a one-seat Republican majority . Baucus raised a record amount of money for his 2008 re-election bid , 91 percent of which came from individuals living outside of Montana . Similarly , according to the Center for Responsive Politics , Baucuss 2008 campaign raised $11.6million , only 13 percent of which came from Montana donors ; the rest included millions from health care and other industries overseen by Finance and Baucuss other committees . So as Baucus and other lawmakers attempt to craft a bill that can smash through a virtual gridlock of interests , the awkward question lingers : to whom are they more attentive , their voting constituencies back home or the dollar constituencies who are at the Capitol every day ? As a result of Baucuss significant fund-raising advantage , in the week he announced his intention to run for re-election he opened eight state officesone more than he had official offices in the state . Baucus also announced that he had hired 35 full-time campaign staff members . Baucus won re-election in a landslide victory , with 73% of the vote , carrying every county in the state . United States Ambassador to China . On December 26 , 2013 , President Obama announced his intent to nominate Baucus to the post of Ambassador to China The President submitted Baucuss nomination to the Senate on January 7 , 2014 . A hearing on his nomination was held by the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations on January 28 , 2014 . His nomination was later reported to the full United States Senate on February 4 , 2014 and a vote for confirmation would later be considered . He was later confirmed by the full Senate on February 6 , 2014 by a vote of 96–0 and Baucus himself voting Present . Max Baucus was later sworn in by Vice President Joe Biden on February 21 , 2014 ; with his swearing ending the ambassadorship of Gary Locke . Baucus ended his ambassadorship in January 2017 , as President Donald Trump nominated Governor Terry Branstad from Iowa as the next Ambassador to China . Later career . Max Baucus served on the Board of Advisors to Alibaba Group until May , 2019 . Personal life . Baucus has one son , Zeno , by his first wife , Ann Geracimos . Baucus and Geracimos divorced in 1982 . Baucus came under fire from critics calling him a beltway insider who no longer really lives in Montana and only occasionally comes to visit . Until 1991 , Baucus owned a house in Missoula , where he practiced law for three years before running for Congress in 1974 . He didnt own a home again in Montana until February 2002 , when he bought half of his mothers house from the Sieben Ranch Company , the ranch started by Baucuss great-grandfather in 1897 . In April 2009 , The Associated Press reported that Baucus and his second wife , the former Wanda Minge , were divorcing after 25 years of marriage and had parted ways amicably and with mutual respect . In 2008 , Baucus had been romantically linked with his state office director , Melodee Hanes , whom he later nominated to the vacant position of U.S . Attorney in Montana . Hanes then withdrew her nomination before the conflict of interest was discovered , because ( according to Baucus ) they wanted to be together in Washington , D.C . Both the Senator and Hanes had ended their marriages within the previous year . Baucus said he was separated from his wife before he began seeing Hanes . On July 2 , 2011 , Baucus married Hanes at the Sieben Ranch in Montana . Baucus has completed a 50-mile ultramarathon and has crewed for winner and Vermont native Nikki Kimball at the 100-mile Western States Endurance Run , which he hopes to run in the future . External links . - Senator Max Baucus official U.S . Senate website ( archived )
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[
{
"text": " Maxwell Sieben Baucus ( né Enke ; born December 11 , 1941 ) is an American politician and diplomat who served as a United States Senator from Montana from 1978 to 2014 . A member of the Democratic Party , he was a U.S . Senator for nearly 36 years , making him the longest-serving Senator in Montana history . President Barack Obama appointed Baucus to replace Gary Locke as the 11th U.S . Ambassador to the Peoples Republic of China , a position he held from 2014 until 2017 .",
"title": "Max Baucus"
},
{
"text": "As the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Finance , Baucus played an influential role in the debate over health care reform in the United States . He was also chairman of the Joint Committee on Taxation , a member of the Senate Committee on Agriculture , Nutrition and Forestry and the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works , and was chairman of the Subcommittee on Transportation and Infrastructure . Before his election to the Senate , Baucus was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1975 to 1978 , representing Montanas 1st congressional district .",
"title": "Max Baucus"
},
{
"text": "He previously served in the Montana House of Representatives from 1973 to 1974 .",
"title": "Max Baucus"
},
{
"text": "Max Baucus was born on December 11 , 1941 in Helena , Montana , to Jean Sheriff ( who was from a wealthy ranching family ) , and Stephen Enke , a professor . His father , born in British Columbia , Canada , was of German and Scottish descent , and his mother had English and German ancestry . Baucus lived in California until he was two , when his mother left his father and returned to Helena . She later married John J . Baucus , and she and her son , Max , took his surname .",
"title": "Max Baucus"
},
{
"text": "Baucus graduated from Helena High School in 1959 .",
"title": "Max Baucus"
},
{
"text": " After attending local public schools in his hometown of Helena , he attended Carleton College in Minnesota for a year before transferring to Stanford University , where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics in 1964 , and was a member of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity . After graduating , he attended Stanford Law School and graduated with a Juris Doctor in 1967 .",
"title": "Max Baucus"
},
{
"text": " After finishing law school , Baucus spent three years as a lawyer at the Securities and Exchange Commission in Washington , D.C . He moved back to his native Montana in 1971 to serve as the executive director of the states Constitutional Convention , opening a law office in Missoula , Montana . In November 1972 , Baucus was elected to the Montana House of Representatives as a state representative from Missoula . In November 1974 he was elected to the United States House of Representatives , and was re-elected in 1976 .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Baucus was elected to the U.S . Senate on November 7 , 1978 , for the term beginning January 3 , 1979 , but was subsequently appointed to the seat by Montanas Democratic Governor Thomas Lee Judge on December 15 , 1978 , to fill the brief vacancy created by Senator Paul G . Hatfields resignation . On April 23 , 2013 , a Democratic official confirmed that Baucus would not seek a seventh term .",
"title": "U.S . Senate"
},
{
"text": " - Committee on Agriculture , Nutrition and Forestry - Subcommittee on Domestic and Foreign Marketing , Inspection , and Plant and Animal Health - Subcommittee on Production , Income Protection and Price Support - Subcommittee on Hunger , Nutrition and Family Farms - Committee on Finance ( Chairman ) - As Chairman of the full committee , Baucus may serve as an ex officio member of all subcommittees of which he is not already a full member . - Subcommittee on Taxation , IRS Oversight , and Long-term Growth - Subcommittee on Fiscal Responsibility and Economic Growth",
"title": "Committee assignments"
},
{
"text": "- Committee on Environment and Public Works",
"title": "Committee assignments"
},
{
"text": " - Subcommittee on Clean Air and Nuclear Safety - Subcommittee on Superfund , Toxics and Environmental Health - Subcommittee on Transportation and Infrastructure ( Chairman ) - Joint Committee on Taxation ( Chairman ) - Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction",
"title": "Committee assignments"
},
{
"text": " As a Democratic member of the Senate , Baucus was conservative , and frequently broke with his party on the issues of taxes , the environment , health care , and gun control . The web site Thats My Congress gives him a 23 percent rating on progressive issues it tracks . NARAL Pro-Choice Americas political action committee endorsed Baucus during his 2008 election campaign .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": " The American Civil Liberties Union rated Baucus at 60 percent in December 2002 , indicating a mixed civil rights voting record . Voting rights for Washington , D.C. . Baucus voted against giving voting representation to the District of Columbia .",
"title": "Civil rights"
},
{
"text": "In 2006 , the Human Rights Campaign ( HRC ) gave Baucus a 67% overall rating indicating having a mixed record on voting for gay rights . In 1996 Baucus voted in favor of the Defense of Marriage Act ( DOMA ) which prohibited marriage between members of the same sex in federal law , and provide that no state is required to recognize same-sex marriages performed in other states and defined marriage as being between a single man and a single woman . However , in 2004 he voted against the proposed constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage and in",
"title": "LGBT rights"
},
{
"text": "June 2012 , he definitively spoke out in support for same-sex marriage . He has supported measures to curb job discrimination and hate crimes based on sexual orientation . He voted in favor of the Dont Ask , Dont Tell Repeal Act of 2010 .",
"title": "LGBT rights"
},
{
"text": " Extension of tobacco tax . In 2012 , Baucus added to a transportation bill in Congress that extended the regulations covering cigarette manufacturers to roll your own cigarette stores that operate mass cigarette rolling machines .",
"title": "LGBT rights"
},
{
"text": " In 1994 , Baucus cast a pivotal vote in favor of Senator Dianne Feinsteins ( D-CA ) Assault Weapons Ban . In 2013 , Baucus was one of four Democrats to vote against the Manchin-Toomey Amendment to expand background checks for potential gun buyers . In 1999 , Baucus was the only Democrat to vote against an amendment by Senator Frank Lautenberg ( D-NJ ) that sought to regulate the sale of firearms at gun shows . Baucus can be frequently found hunting and fishing on public lands around Montana .",
"title": "Gun politics"
},
{
"text": " Baucus has a 74% pro-business voting record as rated by the United States Chamber of Commerce . He twice voted to make filing bankruptcy more difficult for debtors , once in July 2001 to restrict rules on personal bankruptcy , and a second time in March 2005 to include means-testing and restrictions for bankruptcy filers . He has frequently visited places of employment within the state and has personally participated in activities that he calls Work Days . He has also hosted economic development conferences .",
"title": "Economic issues"
},
{
"text": "In March 2005 , Baucus voted against repealing tax subsidies benefiting companies that outsource U.S . jobs offshore . On January 4 , 2007 , he wrote an editorial in the Wall Street Journal calling on Democrats to renew President George W . Bushs fast-track authority for international trade deals . In response , the Montana State Senate passed a resolution , 44-6 , that the U.S . Congress be urged to create a replacement for the outdated fast track system .",
"title": "Economic issues"
},
{
"text": " On October 27 , 2009 , he introduced the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act of 2009 to Congress together with Representative Charles Rangel . On August 9 , 2011 , Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid appointed Baucus to the United States Congress Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction .",
"title": "Economic issues"
},
{
"text": "Baucuss environmental record in Congress was mixed . He supported Democratic leadership in voting against oil and gas subsidies and Arctic National Wildlife Refuge drilling , as well as by voting in favor of national standards to reduce oil consumption and spur the use of hydrogen-powered cars . But he voted against the corporate average fuel economy standards ( CAFE ) and on increasing federal funds for solar and wind power . He was a leader in the massive Montana Legacy Project conservation project . The League of Conservation Voters ( LCV ) gave Baucus a 79% rating for 2012",
"title": "Environmental issues"
},
{
"text": "; Baucuss lifetime LCV rating is 68% .",
"title": "Environmental issues"
},
{
"text": " As a senator , Baucus opposed the United States embargo against Cuba and travel restrictions .",
"title": "Cuba"
},
{
"text": " Baucus voted for the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002 . He voted with a majority of Democrats against Senator John Kerrys amendment stipulating a firm deadline for withdrawal of American combat personnel from Iraq . On July 29 , 2006 , Baucuss nephew Marine Cpl . Phillip E . Baucus was killed in combat in Al Anbar Governorate . Phillip , a 28-year-old resident of Wolf Creek , Montana , had been a member of the 3rd Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion , 1st Marine Division , I Marine Expeditionary Force .",
"title": "Iraq War"
},
{
"text": "On January 10 , 2007 , the day of President Bushs address on his plan to increase troop levels in Iraq , Baucus spoke against the increases and called for a phased withdrawal of U.S . troops .",
"title": "Iraq War"
},
{
"text": " Baucus was one of the Senates largest career recipients of pro-Israel Political Action Committee ( PAC ) contributions , receiving $550,589 since 1989 .",
"title": "Israel"
},
{
"text": "On July 14 , 2009 , The Wall Street Journal published an editorial on Baucuss attitude over Vietnams tra and basa pangasius , saying there was no reason for America to launch a trade war with Vietnam over fish . Hes dead right about a trade issue now percolating in Washington , said the newspaper . The article , entitled Max Baucuss Fish SenseProtectionism often hurts the protectionist , outlined this controversial topic in Washington and underlined the possibility that the U.S . Department of Agriculture could effectively ban imports from Vietnam of pangasius fish , which are similar to",
"title": "Vietnam"
},
{
"text": "U.S.-produced catfish .",
"title": "Vietnam"
},
{
"text": " The ostensible reason for the move would be food safety and the USDA is considering whether Vietnamese fish should be subject to a stricter safety inspection regime . But the article noted that there have been no reported cases of Vietnamese fish making American consumers sick and the proposed inspections would be onerous . It quoted Baucus as telling Congress Daily , If we expect other countries to follow the rules and drop these restrictions , it is critical that we play by the rules and do not block imports for arbitrary or unscientific reasons .",
"title": "Vietnam"
},
{
"text": "Baucus went on a trade mission in Japan , inspecting the Tesla Motors facility in Tokyo , saying Tesla is a great example of how exports and trade help the U.S . economy and create good-paying jobs at home in America . Our trade ties overseas help Tesla sell a world-class product thats manufactured in the U.S . by top-notch American workers , Baucus said . There are millions of consumers in Japan and across the Pacific ready to buy more American-made goods , and we can continue to open those markets and boost U.S . exports with an aggressive",
"title": "Japan"
},
{
"text": "trade agenda .",
"title": "Japan"
},
{
"text": "In 2013 , Baucus was criticized for his comments concerning the implementation of Obamacare provisions specifically stating it could turn into a train-wreck . He feared that the changes and their specific implementations would have a negative impact on small business owners stating When I am home , small businesses have no idea what to do , what to expect . They dont know what affordability rules are ; they dont know when penalties may apply . They just dont know . While Baucus was very supportive of the intent of the new legislation saying I spent two years of",
"title": "Health care reform"
},
{
"text": "my life working on the Affordable Care Act . There is nothing I want more than for it to succeed , he was very critical of the resulting rollout .",
"title": "Health care reform"
},
{
"text": " As chairman of the Senate Finance Committee , Baucus called the first Senate meeting of interested parties before the committee to discuss health care reform , including representatives from pharmaceutical groups , insurance companies , and HMOs and hospital management companies . Some viewed the meeting as controversial because it did not include representatives from groups calling for single-payer health care . Opposition to single payer health care .",
"title": "Senate finance committee"
},
{
"text": "Advocate groups attended a Senate Finance Committee meeting in May 2009 to protest their exclusion as well as statements by Baucus that single payer was not an option on the table . Baucus later had eight protesters removed by police who arrested them for disrupting the hearing . Many of the single-payer advocates said it was a pay to play event . A representative of the Business Roundtable , which includes 35 memberships of health maintenance organizations , health insurance and pharmaceutical companies , admitted that other countries , with lower health costs , and higher quality of care ,",
"title": "Senate finance committee"
},
{
"text": "such as those with single-payer systems , have a competitive advantage over the United States with its private system .",
"title": "Senate finance committee"
},
{
"text": " At the next meeting on health care reform of the Senate Finance Committee , Baucus had five more doctors and nurses removed and arrested . Baucus admitted a few weeks later in June 2009 that it was a mistake to rule out a single payer plan because doing so alienated a large , vocal constituency and left President Barack Obamas proposal of a public health plan to compete with private insurers as the most liberal position .",
"title": "Senate finance committee"
},
{
"text": "Baucus has used the term uniquely American solution to describe the end point of current health reform and has said he believes America is not ready yet for any form of single payer health care . This is the same term the insurance trade association , Americas Health Insurance Plans ( AHIP ) , is using . AHIP has launched the Campaign for an American Solution , which argues for the use of private health insurance instead of a government backed program . Critics have said Medicare is already effectively a single-payer system .",
"title": "Senate finance committee"
},
{
"text": " Years after his departure from the Senate , Baucus said it would make sense to seriously consider a single-payer system .",
"title": "Senate finance committee"
},
{
"text": "Baucus has been criticized for his ties to the health insurance and pharmaceutical industries , and was one of the largest beneficiaries in the Senate of campaign contributions from these industries . From 2003-08 , Baucus received $3,973,485 from the health sector , including $852,813 from pharmaceutical companies , $851,141 from health professionals , $784,185 from the insurance industry and $465,750 from HMOs/health services , according to the Center for Responsive Politics . A 2006 study by Public Citizen found that between 1999 and 2005 Baucus , along with former Senate majority leader Bill Frist , took in the most",
"title": "Conflict of interest"
},
{
"text": "special-interest money of any senator .",
"title": "Conflict of interest"
},
{
"text": "Only three senators have more former staffers working as lobbyists on K Street , at least two dozen in Baucuss case . Several of Baucuss ex-staffers , including former chief of staff David Castagnetti , are now working for the pharmaceutical and health insurance industries . Castagnetti co-founded the lobbying firm of Mehlman Vogel Castagnetti , which represents Americas Health Insurance Plans Inc , the national trade group of health insurance companies , the Medicare Cost Contractors Alliance , as well as Amgen , AstraZeneca PLC and Merck & Co . Another former chief of staff , Jeff Forbes ,",
"title": "Conflict of interest"
},
{
"text": "opened his own lobbying shop and to represent the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America and the Advanced Medical Technology Association , among other groups .",
"title": "Conflict of interest"
},
{
"text": "A statistical analysis of the impact of political contributions on individual senators support for the public insurance option conducted by Nate Silver has suggested that Baucus was an unlikely supporter of the public option in the first place . Based on Baucuss political ideology and the per capita health care spending in Montana , Silvers model projects that there would be only a 30.6% probability of Baucus supporting a public insurance option even if he had received no relevant campaign contributions . Silver calculates that the impact on Baucus of the significant campaign contributions that he has received from the",
"title": "Conflict of interest"
},
{
"text": "health care industry further reduces the probability of his supporting a public insurance option from 30.6% to 0.6% .",
"title": "Conflict of interest"
},
{
"text": "In response to the questions raised by the large amount of funding he took from the health care industry , Baucus declared a moratorium as of July 1 , 2009 on taking more special interest money from health care political action committees . Baucus , however , refused to return as part of his moratorium any of the millions of dollars he has received from health care industry interests before July 1 , 2009 , or to rule out a resumption of taking the same or greater health care industry contributions in the future . His policy on not taking",
"title": "Conflict of interest"
},
{
"text": "health care industry money reportedly still allowed him to accept money from lobbyists or corporate executives , who , according to The Washington Post , continued to make donations after July 1 , 2009 . A watchdog group found that in July 2009 Baucus accepted additional money from the health care industry in violation of his own self-defined moratorium terms , reportedly leading Baucus to return those monies .",
"title": "Conflict of interest"
},
{
"text": " Baucus voted for the Bush tax cuts in 2001 . He has usually voted against repealing portions of that bill and against repealing more recent tax cut bills that benefit upper income taxpayers . In 2008 , he voted in favor of permanently repealing the estate tax .",
"title": "Tax policy"
},
{
"text": "The 2002 Montana elections got national attention when Baucuss opponent , state senator Mike Taylor , accused Baucus of having implied in a campaign ad that Taylor was gay . The ad was paid for by the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee , not by the Baucus campaign . The ad , which alleged that Taylor had embezzled funds from the cosmetology school he once owned , showed footage from the early 1980s of Taylor massaging another mans face while wearing a tight suit with an open shirt . Taylor dropped out of the race and Baucus won with 63 percent",
"title": "Political campaigns"
},
{
"text": "of the vote .",
"title": "Political campaigns"
},
{
"text": " 2008 . Baucus sought re-election in 2008 in Montana , a state that has seen political change starting in 2004 when it elected Democratic Governor Brian Schweitzer and then in 2006 Democratic Senator Jon Tester by a slim margin . Montana was the only state in the U.S . to turn over a chamber of its legislature to Republican control in 2006 . The legislative chamber had a one-seat Democratic majority that then became a one-seat Republican majority .",
"title": "Political campaigns"
},
{
"text": "Baucus raised a record amount of money for his 2008 re-election bid , 91 percent of which came from individuals living outside of Montana . Similarly , according to the Center for Responsive Politics , Baucuss 2008 campaign raised $11.6million , only 13 percent of which came from Montana donors ; the rest included millions from health care and other industries overseen by Finance and Baucuss other committees .",
"title": "Political campaigns"
},
{
"text": " So as Baucus and other lawmakers attempt to craft a bill that can smash through a virtual gridlock of interests , the awkward question lingers : to whom are they more attentive , their voting constituencies back home or the dollar constituencies who are at the Capitol every day ?",
"title": "Political campaigns"
},
{
"text": "As a result of Baucuss significant fund-raising advantage , in the week he announced his intention to run for re-election he opened eight state officesone more than he had official offices in the state . Baucus also announced that he had hired 35 full-time campaign staff members . Baucus won re-election in a landslide victory , with 73% of the vote , carrying every county in the state .",
"title": "Political campaigns"
},
{
"text": " United States Ambassador to China . On December 26 , 2013 , President Obama announced his intent to nominate Baucus to the post of Ambassador to China The President submitted Baucuss nomination to the Senate on January 7 , 2014 .",
"title": "Political campaigns"
},
{
"text": "A hearing on his nomination was held by the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations on January 28 , 2014 . His nomination was later reported to the full United States Senate on February 4 , 2014 and a vote for confirmation would later be considered . He was later confirmed by the full Senate on February 6 , 2014 by a vote of 96–0 and Baucus himself voting Present .",
"title": "Political campaigns"
},
{
"text": " Max Baucus was later sworn in by Vice President Joe Biden on February 21 , 2014 ; with his swearing ending the ambassadorship of Gary Locke . Baucus ended his ambassadorship in January 2017 , as President Donald Trump nominated Governor Terry Branstad from Iowa as the next Ambassador to China .",
"title": "Political campaigns"
},
{
"text": " Max Baucus served on the Board of Advisors to Alibaba Group until May , 2019 .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " Baucus has one son , Zeno , by his first wife , Ann Geracimos . Baucus and Geracimos divorced in 1982 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Baucus came under fire from critics calling him a beltway insider who no longer really lives in Montana and only occasionally comes to visit . Until 1991 , Baucus owned a house in Missoula , where he practiced law for three years before running for Congress in 1974 . He didnt own a home again in Montana until February 2002 , when he bought half of his mothers house from the Sieben Ranch Company , the ranch started by Baucuss great-grandfather in 1897 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "In April 2009 , The Associated Press reported that Baucus and his second wife , the former Wanda Minge , were divorcing after 25 years of marriage and had parted ways amicably and with mutual respect . In 2008 , Baucus had been romantically linked with his state office director , Melodee Hanes , whom he later nominated to the vacant position of U.S . Attorney in Montana . Hanes then withdrew her nomination before the conflict of interest was discovered , because ( according to Baucus ) they wanted to be together in Washington , D.C . Both the",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Senator and Hanes had ended their marriages within the previous year . Baucus said he was separated from his wife before he began seeing Hanes .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " On July 2 , 2011 , Baucus married Hanes at the Sieben Ranch in Montana . Baucus has completed a 50-mile ultramarathon and has crewed for winner and Vermont native Nikki Kimball at the 100-mile Western States Endurance Run , which he hopes to run in the future .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Senator Max Baucus official U.S . Senate website ( archived )",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Max_Baucus#P69#2
|
Which school did Max Baucus go to between Dec 1971 and Jan 1973?
|
Max Baucus Maxwell Sieben Baucus ( né Enke ; born December 11 , 1941 ) is an American politician and diplomat who served as a United States Senator from Montana from 1978 to 2014 . A member of the Democratic Party , he was a U.S . Senator for nearly 36 years , making him the longest-serving Senator in Montana history . President Barack Obama appointed Baucus to replace Gary Locke as the 11th U.S . Ambassador to the Peoples Republic of China , a position he held from 2014 until 2017 . As the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Finance , Baucus played an influential role in the debate over health care reform in the United States . He was also chairman of the Joint Committee on Taxation , a member of the Senate Committee on Agriculture , Nutrition and Forestry and the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works , and was chairman of the Subcommittee on Transportation and Infrastructure . Before his election to the Senate , Baucus was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1975 to 1978 , representing Montanas 1st congressional district . He previously served in the Montana House of Representatives from 1973 to 1974 . Early life and education . Max Baucus was born on December 11 , 1941 in Helena , Montana , to Jean Sheriff ( who was from a wealthy ranching family ) , and Stephen Enke , a professor . His father , born in British Columbia , Canada , was of German and Scottish descent , and his mother had English and German ancestry . Baucus lived in California until he was two , when his mother left his father and returned to Helena . She later married John J . Baucus , and she and her son , Max , took his surname . Baucus graduated from Helena High School in 1959 . After attending local public schools in his hometown of Helena , he attended Carleton College in Minnesota for a year before transferring to Stanford University , where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics in 1964 , and was a member of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity . After graduating , he attended Stanford Law School and graduated with a Juris Doctor in 1967 . Early career . After finishing law school , Baucus spent three years as a lawyer at the Securities and Exchange Commission in Washington , D.C . He moved back to his native Montana in 1971 to serve as the executive director of the states Constitutional Convention , opening a law office in Missoula , Montana . In November 1972 , Baucus was elected to the Montana House of Representatives as a state representative from Missoula . In November 1974 he was elected to the United States House of Representatives , and was re-elected in 1976 . U.S . Senate . Baucus was elected to the U.S . Senate on November 7 , 1978 , for the term beginning January 3 , 1979 , but was subsequently appointed to the seat by Montanas Democratic Governor Thomas Lee Judge on December 15 , 1978 , to fill the brief vacancy created by Senator Paul G . Hatfields resignation . On April 23 , 2013 , a Democratic official confirmed that Baucus would not seek a seventh term . Committee assignments . - Committee on Agriculture , Nutrition and Forestry - Subcommittee on Domestic and Foreign Marketing , Inspection , and Plant and Animal Health - Subcommittee on Production , Income Protection and Price Support - Subcommittee on Hunger , Nutrition and Family Farms - Committee on Finance ( Chairman ) - As Chairman of the full committee , Baucus may serve as an ex officio member of all subcommittees of which he is not already a full member . - Subcommittee on Taxation , IRS Oversight , and Long-term Growth - Subcommittee on Fiscal Responsibility and Economic Growth - Committee on Environment and Public Works - Subcommittee on Clean Air and Nuclear Safety - Subcommittee on Superfund , Toxics and Environmental Health - Subcommittee on Transportation and Infrastructure ( Chairman ) - Joint Committee on Taxation ( Chairman ) - Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction Political positions . As a Democratic member of the Senate , Baucus was conservative , and frequently broke with his party on the issues of taxes , the environment , health care , and gun control . The web site Thats My Congress gives him a 23 percent rating on progressive issues it tracks . NARAL Pro-Choice Americas political action committee endorsed Baucus during his 2008 election campaign . Civil rights . The American Civil Liberties Union rated Baucus at 60 percent in December 2002 , indicating a mixed civil rights voting record . Voting rights for Washington , D.C. . Baucus voted against giving voting representation to the District of Columbia . LGBT rights . In 2006 , the Human Rights Campaign ( HRC ) gave Baucus a 67% overall rating indicating having a mixed record on voting for gay rights . In 1996 Baucus voted in favor of the Defense of Marriage Act ( DOMA ) which prohibited marriage between members of the same sex in federal law , and provide that no state is required to recognize same-sex marriages performed in other states and defined marriage as being between a single man and a single woman . However , in 2004 he voted against the proposed constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage and in June 2012 , he definitively spoke out in support for same-sex marriage . He has supported measures to curb job discrimination and hate crimes based on sexual orientation . He voted in favor of the Dont Ask , Dont Tell Repeal Act of 2010 . Extension of tobacco tax . In 2012 , Baucus added to a transportation bill in Congress that extended the regulations covering cigarette manufacturers to roll your own cigarette stores that operate mass cigarette rolling machines . Gun politics . In 1994 , Baucus cast a pivotal vote in favor of Senator Dianne Feinsteins ( D-CA ) Assault Weapons Ban . In 2013 , Baucus was one of four Democrats to vote against the Manchin-Toomey Amendment to expand background checks for potential gun buyers . In 1999 , Baucus was the only Democrat to vote against an amendment by Senator Frank Lautenberg ( D-NJ ) that sought to regulate the sale of firearms at gun shows . Baucus can be frequently found hunting and fishing on public lands around Montana . Economic issues . Baucus has a 74% pro-business voting record as rated by the United States Chamber of Commerce . He twice voted to make filing bankruptcy more difficult for debtors , once in July 2001 to restrict rules on personal bankruptcy , and a second time in March 2005 to include means-testing and restrictions for bankruptcy filers . He has frequently visited places of employment within the state and has personally participated in activities that he calls Work Days . He has also hosted economic development conferences . In March 2005 , Baucus voted against repealing tax subsidies benefiting companies that outsource U.S . jobs offshore . On January 4 , 2007 , he wrote an editorial in the Wall Street Journal calling on Democrats to renew President George W . Bushs fast-track authority for international trade deals . In response , the Montana State Senate passed a resolution , 44-6 , that the U.S . Congress be urged to create a replacement for the outdated fast track system . On October 27 , 2009 , he introduced the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act of 2009 to Congress together with Representative Charles Rangel . On August 9 , 2011 , Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid appointed Baucus to the United States Congress Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction . Environmental issues . Baucuss environmental record in Congress was mixed . He supported Democratic leadership in voting against oil and gas subsidies and Arctic National Wildlife Refuge drilling , as well as by voting in favor of national standards to reduce oil consumption and spur the use of hydrogen-powered cars . But he voted against the corporate average fuel economy standards ( CAFE ) and on increasing federal funds for solar and wind power . He was a leader in the massive Montana Legacy Project conservation project . The League of Conservation Voters ( LCV ) gave Baucus a 79% rating for 2012 ; Baucuss lifetime LCV rating is 68% . Foreign affairs . Cuba . As a senator , Baucus opposed the United States embargo against Cuba and travel restrictions . Iraq War . Baucus voted for the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002 . He voted with a majority of Democrats against Senator John Kerrys amendment stipulating a firm deadline for withdrawal of American combat personnel from Iraq . On July 29 , 2006 , Baucuss nephew Marine Cpl . Phillip E . Baucus was killed in combat in Al Anbar Governorate . Phillip , a 28-year-old resident of Wolf Creek , Montana , had been a member of the 3rd Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion , 1st Marine Division , I Marine Expeditionary Force . On January 10 , 2007 , the day of President Bushs address on his plan to increase troop levels in Iraq , Baucus spoke against the increases and called for a phased withdrawal of U.S . troops . Israel . Baucus was one of the Senates largest career recipients of pro-Israel Political Action Committee ( PAC ) contributions , receiving $550,589 since 1989 . Vietnam . On July 14 , 2009 , The Wall Street Journal published an editorial on Baucuss attitude over Vietnams tra and basa pangasius , saying there was no reason for America to launch a trade war with Vietnam over fish . Hes dead right about a trade issue now percolating in Washington , said the newspaper . The article , entitled Max Baucuss Fish SenseProtectionism often hurts the protectionist , outlined this controversial topic in Washington and underlined the possibility that the U.S . Department of Agriculture could effectively ban imports from Vietnam of pangasius fish , which are similar to U.S.-produced catfish . The ostensible reason for the move would be food safety and the USDA is considering whether Vietnamese fish should be subject to a stricter safety inspection regime . But the article noted that there have been no reported cases of Vietnamese fish making American consumers sick and the proposed inspections would be onerous . It quoted Baucus as telling Congress Daily , If we expect other countries to follow the rules and drop these restrictions , it is critical that we play by the rules and do not block imports for arbitrary or unscientific reasons . Japan . Baucus went on a trade mission in Japan , inspecting the Tesla Motors facility in Tokyo , saying Tesla is a great example of how exports and trade help the U.S . economy and create good-paying jobs at home in America . Our trade ties overseas help Tesla sell a world-class product thats manufactured in the U.S . by top-notch American workers , Baucus said . There are millions of consumers in Japan and across the Pacific ready to buy more American-made goods , and we can continue to open those markets and boost U.S . exports with an aggressive trade agenda . Health care reform . In 2013 , Baucus was criticized for his comments concerning the implementation of Obamacare provisions specifically stating it could turn into a train-wreck . He feared that the changes and their specific implementations would have a negative impact on small business owners stating When I am home , small businesses have no idea what to do , what to expect . They dont know what affordability rules are ; they dont know when penalties may apply . They just dont know . While Baucus was very supportive of the intent of the new legislation saying I spent two years of my life working on the Affordable Care Act . There is nothing I want more than for it to succeed , he was very critical of the resulting rollout . Senate finance committee . As chairman of the Senate Finance Committee , Baucus called the first Senate meeting of interested parties before the committee to discuss health care reform , including representatives from pharmaceutical groups , insurance companies , and HMOs and hospital management companies . Some viewed the meeting as controversial because it did not include representatives from groups calling for single-payer health care . Opposition to single payer health care . Advocate groups attended a Senate Finance Committee meeting in May 2009 to protest their exclusion as well as statements by Baucus that single payer was not an option on the table . Baucus later had eight protesters removed by police who arrested them for disrupting the hearing . Many of the single-payer advocates said it was a pay to play event . A representative of the Business Roundtable , which includes 35 memberships of health maintenance organizations , health insurance and pharmaceutical companies , admitted that other countries , with lower health costs , and higher quality of care , such as those with single-payer systems , have a competitive advantage over the United States with its private system . At the next meeting on health care reform of the Senate Finance Committee , Baucus had five more doctors and nurses removed and arrested . Baucus admitted a few weeks later in June 2009 that it was a mistake to rule out a single payer plan because doing so alienated a large , vocal constituency and left President Barack Obamas proposal of a public health plan to compete with private insurers as the most liberal position . Baucus has used the term uniquely American solution to describe the end point of current health reform and has said he believes America is not ready yet for any form of single payer health care . This is the same term the insurance trade association , Americas Health Insurance Plans ( AHIP ) , is using . AHIP has launched the Campaign for an American Solution , which argues for the use of private health insurance instead of a government backed program . Critics have said Medicare is already effectively a single-payer system . Years after his departure from the Senate , Baucus said it would make sense to seriously consider a single-payer system . Conflict of interest . Baucus has been criticized for his ties to the health insurance and pharmaceutical industries , and was one of the largest beneficiaries in the Senate of campaign contributions from these industries . From 2003-08 , Baucus received $3,973,485 from the health sector , including $852,813 from pharmaceutical companies , $851,141 from health professionals , $784,185 from the insurance industry and $465,750 from HMOs/health services , according to the Center for Responsive Politics . A 2006 study by Public Citizen found that between 1999 and 2005 Baucus , along with former Senate majority leader Bill Frist , took in the most special-interest money of any senator . Only three senators have more former staffers working as lobbyists on K Street , at least two dozen in Baucuss case . Several of Baucuss ex-staffers , including former chief of staff David Castagnetti , are now working for the pharmaceutical and health insurance industries . Castagnetti co-founded the lobbying firm of Mehlman Vogel Castagnetti , which represents Americas Health Insurance Plans Inc , the national trade group of health insurance companies , the Medicare Cost Contractors Alliance , as well as Amgen , AstraZeneca PLC and Merck & Co . Another former chief of staff , Jeff Forbes , opened his own lobbying shop and to represent the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America and the Advanced Medical Technology Association , among other groups . A statistical analysis of the impact of political contributions on individual senators support for the public insurance option conducted by Nate Silver has suggested that Baucus was an unlikely supporter of the public option in the first place . Based on Baucuss political ideology and the per capita health care spending in Montana , Silvers model projects that there would be only a 30.6% probability of Baucus supporting a public insurance option even if he had received no relevant campaign contributions . Silver calculates that the impact on Baucus of the significant campaign contributions that he has received from the health care industry further reduces the probability of his supporting a public insurance option from 30.6% to 0.6% . In response to the questions raised by the large amount of funding he took from the health care industry , Baucus declared a moratorium as of July 1 , 2009 on taking more special interest money from health care political action committees . Baucus , however , refused to return as part of his moratorium any of the millions of dollars he has received from health care industry interests before July 1 , 2009 , or to rule out a resumption of taking the same or greater health care industry contributions in the future . His policy on not taking health care industry money reportedly still allowed him to accept money from lobbyists or corporate executives , who , according to The Washington Post , continued to make donations after July 1 , 2009 . A watchdog group found that in July 2009 Baucus accepted additional money from the health care industry in violation of his own self-defined moratorium terms , reportedly leading Baucus to return those monies . Tax policy . Baucus voted for the Bush tax cuts in 2001 . He has usually voted against repealing portions of that bill and against repealing more recent tax cut bills that benefit upper income taxpayers . In 2008 , he voted in favor of permanently repealing the estate tax . Political campaigns . 2002 . The 2002 Montana elections got national attention when Baucuss opponent , state senator Mike Taylor , accused Baucus of having implied in a campaign ad that Taylor was gay . The ad was paid for by the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee , not by the Baucus campaign . The ad , which alleged that Taylor had embezzled funds from the cosmetology school he once owned , showed footage from the early 1980s of Taylor massaging another mans face while wearing a tight suit with an open shirt . Taylor dropped out of the race and Baucus won with 63 percent of the vote . 2008 . Baucus sought re-election in 2008 in Montana , a state that has seen political change starting in 2004 when it elected Democratic Governor Brian Schweitzer and then in 2006 Democratic Senator Jon Tester by a slim margin . Montana was the only state in the U.S . to turn over a chamber of its legislature to Republican control in 2006 . The legislative chamber had a one-seat Democratic majority that then became a one-seat Republican majority . Baucus raised a record amount of money for his 2008 re-election bid , 91 percent of which came from individuals living outside of Montana . Similarly , according to the Center for Responsive Politics , Baucuss 2008 campaign raised $11.6million , only 13 percent of which came from Montana donors ; the rest included millions from health care and other industries overseen by Finance and Baucuss other committees . So as Baucus and other lawmakers attempt to craft a bill that can smash through a virtual gridlock of interests , the awkward question lingers : to whom are they more attentive , their voting constituencies back home or the dollar constituencies who are at the Capitol every day ? As a result of Baucuss significant fund-raising advantage , in the week he announced his intention to run for re-election he opened eight state officesone more than he had official offices in the state . Baucus also announced that he had hired 35 full-time campaign staff members . Baucus won re-election in a landslide victory , with 73% of the vote , carrying every county in the state . United States Ambassador to China . On December 26 , 2013 , President Obama announced his intent to nominate Baucus to the post of Ambassador to China The President submitted Baucuss nomination to the Senate on January 7 , 2014 . A hearing on his nomination was held by the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations on January 28 , 2014 . His nomination was later reported to the full United States Senate on February 4 , 2014 and a vote for confirmation would later be considered . He was later confirmed by the full Senate on February 6 , 2014 by a vote of 96–0 and Baucus himself voting Present . Max Baucus was later sworn in by Vice President Joe Biden on February 21 , 2014 ; with his swearing ending the ambassadorship of Gary Locke . Baucus ended his ambassadorship in January 2017 , as President Donald Trump nominated Governor Terry Branstad from Iowa as the next Ambassador to China . Later career . Max Baucus served on the Board of Advisors to Alibaba Group until May , 2019 . Personal life . Baucus has one son , Zeno , by his first wife , Ann Geracimos . Baucus and Geracimos divorced in 1982 . Baucus came under fire from critics calling him a beltway insider who no longer really lives in Montana and only occasionally comes to visit . Until 1991 , Baucus owned a house in Missoula , where he practiced law for three years before running for Congress in 1974 . He didnt own a home again in Montana until February 2002 , when he bought half of his mothers house from the Sieben Ranch Company , the ranch started by Baucuss great-grandfather in 1897 . In April 2009 , The Associated Press reported that Baucus and his second wife , the former Wanda Minge , were divorcing after 25 years of marriage and had parted ways amicably and with mutual respect . In 2008 , Baucus had been romantically linked with his state office director , Melodee Hanes , whom he later nominated to the vacant position of U.S . Attorney in Montana . Hanes then withdrew her nomination before the conflict of interest was discovered , because ( according to Baucus ) they wanted to be together in Washington , D.C . Both the Senator and Hanes had ended their marriages within the previous year . Baucus said he was separated from his wife before he began seeing Hanes . On July 2 , 2011 , Baucus married Hanes at the Sieben Ranch in Montana . Baucus has completed a 50-mile ultramarathon and has crewed for winner and Vermont native Nikki Kimball at the 100-mile Western States Endurance Run , which he hopes to run in the future . External links . - Senator Max Baucus official U.S . Senate website ( archived )
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Maxwell Sieben Baucus ( né Enke ; born December 11 , 1941 ) is an American politician and diplomat who served as a United States Senator from Montana from 1978 to 2014 . A member of the Democratic Party , he was a U.S . Senator for nearly 36 years , making him the longest-serving Senator in Montana history . President Barack Obama appointed Baucus to replace Gary Locke as the 11th U.S . Ambassador to the Peoples Republic of China , a position he held from 2014 until 2017 .",
"title": "Max Baucus"
},
{
"text": "As the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Finance , Baucus played an influential role in the debate over health care reform in the United States . He was also chairman of the Joint Committee on Taxation , a member of the Senate Committee on Agriculture , Nutrition and Forestry and the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works , and was chairman of the Subcommittee on Transportation and Infrastructure . Before his election to the Senate , Baucus was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1975 to 1978 , representing Montanas 1st congressional district .",
"title": "Max Baucus"
},
{
"text": "He previously served in the Montana House of Representatives from 1973 to 1974 .",
"title": "Max Baucus"
},
{
"text": "Max Baucus was born on December 11 , 1941 in Helena , Montana , to Jean Sheriff ( who was from a wealthy ranching family ) , and Stephen Enke , a professor . His father , born in British Columbia , Canada , was of German and Scottish descent , and his mother had English and German ancestry . Baucus lived in California until he was two , when his mother left his father and returned to Helena . She later married John J . Baucus , and she and her son , Max , took his surname .",
"title": "Max Baucus"
},
{
"text": "Baucus graduated from Helena High School in 1959 .",
"title": "Max Baucus"
},
{
"text": " After attending local public schools in his hometown of Helena , he attended Carleton College in Minnesota for a year before transferring to Stanford University , where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics in 1964 , and was a member of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity . After graduating , he attended Stanford Law School and graduated with a Juris Doctor in 1967 .",
"title": "Max Baucus"
},
{
"text": " After finishing law school , Baucus spent three years as a lawyer at the Securities and Exchange Commission in Washington , D.C . He moved back to his native Montana in 1971 to serve as the executive director of the states Constitutional Convention , opening a law office in Missoula , Montana . In November 1972 , Baucus was elected to the Montana House of Representatives as a state representative from Missoula . In November 1974 he was elected to the United States House of Representatives , and was re-elected in 1976 .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Baucus was elected to the U.S . Senate on November 7 , 1978 , for the term beginning January 3 , 1979 , but was subsequently appointed to the seat by Montanas Democratic Governor Thomas Lee Judge on December 15 , 1978 , to fill the brief vacancy created by Senator Paul G . Hatfields resignation . On April 23 , 2013 , a Democratic official confirmed that Baucus would not seek a seventh term .",
"title": "U.S . Senate"
},
{
"text": " - Committee on Agriculture , Nutrition and Forestry - Subcommittee on Domestic and Foreign Marketing , Inspection , and Plant and Animal Health - Subcommittee on Production , Income Protection and Price Support - Subcommittee on Hunger , Nutrition and Family Farms - Committee on Finance ( Chairman ) - As Chairman of the full committee , Baucus may serve as an ex officio member of all subcommittees of which he is not already a full member . - Subcommittee on Taxation , IRS Oversight , and Long-term Growth - Subcommittee on Fiscal Responsibility and Economic Growth",
"title": "Committee assignments"
},
{
"text": "- Committee on Environment and Public Works",
"title": "Committee assignments"
},
{
"text": " - Subcommittee on Clean Air and Nuclear Safety - Subcommittee on Superfund , Toxics and Environmental Health - Subcommittee on Transportation and Infrastructure ( Chairman ) - Joint Committee on Taxation ( Chairman ) - Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction",
"title": "Committee assignments"
},
{
"text": " As a Democratic member of the Senate , Baucus was conservative , and frequently broke with his party on the issues of taxes , the environment , health care , and gun control . The web site Thats My Congress gives him a 23 percent rating on progressive issues it tracks . NARAL Pro-Choice Americas political action committee endorsed Baucus during his 2008 election campaign .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": " The American Civil Liberties Union rated Baucus at 60 percent in December 2002 , indicating a mixed civil rights voting record . Voting rights for Washington , D.C. . Baucus voted against giving voting representation to the District of Columbia .",
"title": "Civil rights"
},
{
"text": "In 2006 , the Human Rights Campaign ( HRC ) gave Baucus a 67% overall rating indicating having a mixed record on voting for gay rights . In 1996 Baucus voted in favor of the Defense of Marriage Act ( DOMA ) which prohibited marriage between members of the same sex in federal law , and provide that no state is required to recognize same-sex marriages performed in other states and defined marriage as being between a single man and a single woman . However , in 2004 he voted against the proposed constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage and in",
"title": "LGBT rights"
},
{
"text": "June 2012 , he definitively spoke out in support for same-sex marriage . He has supported measures to curb job discrimination and hate crimes based on sexual orientation . He voted in favor of the Dont Ask , Dont Tell Repeal Act of 2010 .",
"title": "LGBT rights"
},
{
"text": " Extension of tobacco tax . In 2012 , Baucus added to a transportation bill in Congress that extended the regulations covering cigarette manufacturers to roll your own cigarette stores that operate mass cigarette rolling machines .",
"title": "LGBT rights"
},
{
"text": " In 1994 , Baucus cast a pivotal vote in favor of Senator Dianne Feinsteins ( D-CA ) Assault Weapons Ban . In 2013 , Baucus was one of four Democrats to vote against the Manchin-Toomey Amendment to expand background checks for potential gun buyers . In 1999 , Baucus was the only Democrat to vote against an amendment by Senator Frank Lautenberg ( D-NJ ) that sought to regulate the sale of firearms at gun shows . Baucus can be frequently found hunting and fishing on public lands around Montana .",
"title": "Gun politics"
},
{
"text": " Baucus has a 74% pro-business voting record as rated by the United States Chamber of Commerce . He twice voted to make filing bankruptcy more difficult for debtors , once in July 2001 to restrict rules on personal bankruptcy , and a second time in March 2005 to include means-testing and restrictions for bankruptcy filers . He has frequently visited places of employment within the state and has personally participated in activities that he calls Work Days . He has also hosted economic development conferences .",
"title": "Economic issues"
},
{
"text": "In March 2005 , Baucus voted against repealing tax subsidies benefiting companies that outsource U.S . jobs offshore . On January 4 , 2007 , he wrote an editorial in the Wall Street Journal calling on Democrats to renew President George W . Bushs fast-track authority for international trade deals . In response , the Montana State Senate passed a resolution , 44-6 , that the U.S . Congress be urged to create a replacement for the outdated fast track system .",
"title": "Economic issues"
},
{
"text": " On October 27 , 2009 , he introduced the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act of 2009 to Congress together with Representative Charles Rangel . On August 9 , 2011 , Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid appointed Baucus to the United States Congress Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction .",
"title": "Economic issues"
},
{
"text": "Baucuss environmental record in Congress was mixed . He supported Democratic leadership in voting against oil and gas subsidies and Arctic National Wildlife Refuge drilling , as well as by voting in favor of national standards to reduce oil consumption and spur the use of hydrogen-powered cars . But he voted against the corporate average fuel economy standards ( CAFE ) and on increasing federal funds for solar and wind power . He was a leader in the massive Montana Legacy Project conservation project . The League of Conservation Voters ( LCV ) gave Baucus a 79% rating for 2012",
"title": "Environmental issues"
},
{
"text": "; Baucuss lifetime LCV rating is 68% .",
"title": "Environmental issues"
},
{
"text": " As a senator , Baucus opposed the United States embargo against Cuba and travel restrictions .",
"title": "Cuba"
},
{
"text": " Baucus voted for the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002 . He voted with a majority of Democrats against Senator John Kerrys amendment stipulating a firm deadline for withdrawal of American combat personnel from Iraq . On July 29 , 2006 , Baucuss nephew Marine Cpl . Phillip E . Baucus was killed in combat in Al Anbar Governorate . Phillip , a 28-year-old resident of Wolf Creek , Montana , had been a member of the 3rd Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion , 1st Marine Division , I Marine Expeditionary Force .",
"title": "Iraq War"
},
{
"text": "On January 10 , 2007 , the day of President Bushs address on his plan to increase troop levels in Iraq , Baucus spoke against the increases and called for a phased withdrawal of U.S . troops .",
"title": "Iraq War"
},
{
"text": " Baucus was one of the Senates largest career recipients of pro-Israel Political Action Committee ( PAC ) contributions , receiving $550,589 since 1989 .",
"title": "Israel"
},
{
"text": "On July 14 , 2009 , The Wall Street Journal published an editorial on Baucuss attitude over Vietnams tra and basa pangasius , saying there was no reason for America to launch a trade war with Vietnam over fish . Hes dead right about a trade issue now percolating in Washington , said the newspaper . The article , entitled Max Baucuss Fish SenseProtectionism often hurts the protectionist , outlined this controversial topic in Washington and underlined the possibility that the U.S . Department of Agriculture could effectively ban imports from Vietnam of pangasius fish , which are similar to",
"title": "Vietnam"
},
{
"text": "U.S.-produced catfish .",
"title": "Vietnam"
},
{
"text": " The ostensible reason for the move would be food safety and the USDA is considering whether Vietnamese fish should be subject to a stricter safety inspection regime . But the article noted that there have been no reported cases of Vietnamese fish making American consumers sick and the proposed inspections would be onerous . It quoted Baucus as telling Congress Daily , If we expect other countries to follow the rules and drop these restrictions , it is critical that we play by the rules and do not block imports for arbitrary or unscientific reasons .",
"title": "Vietnam"
},
{
"text": "Baucus went on a trade mission in Japan , inspecting the Tesla Motors facility in Tokyo , saying Tesla is a great example of how exports and trade help the U.S . economy and create good-paying jobs at home in America . Our trade ties overseas help Tesla sell a world-class product thats manufactured in the U.S . by top-notch American workers , Baucus said . There are millions of consumers in Japan and across the Pacific ready to buy more American-made goods , and we can continue to open those markets and boost U.S . exports with an aggressive",
"title": "Japan"
},
{
"text": "trade agenda .",
"title": "Japan"
},
{
"text": "In 2013 , Baucus was criticized for his comments concerning the implementation of Obamacare provisions specifically stating it could turn into a train-wreck . He feared that the changes and their specific implementations would have a negative impact on small business owners stating When I am home , small businesses have no idea what to do , what to expect . They dont know what affordability rules are ; they dont know when penalties may apply . They just dont know . While Baucus was very supportive of the intent of the new legislation saying I spent two years of",
"title": "Health care reform"
},
{
"text": "my life working on the Affordable Care Act . There is nothing I want more than for it to succeed , he was very critical of the resulting rollout .",
"title": "Health care reform"
},
{
"text": " As chairman of the Senate Finance Committee , Baucus called the first Senate meeting of interested parties before the committee to discuss health care reform , including representatives from pharmaceutical groups , insurance companies , and HMOs and hospital management companies . Some viewed the meeting as controversial because it did not include representatives from groups calling for single-payer health care . Opposition to single payer health care .",
"title": "Senate finance committee"
},
{
"text": "Advocate groups attended a Senate Finance Committee meeting in May 2009 to protest their exclusion as well as statements by Baucus that single payer was not an option on the table . Baucus later had eight protesters removed by police who arrested them for disrupting the hearing . Many of the single-payer advocates said it was a pay to play event . A representative of the Business Roundtable , which includes 35 memberships of health maintenance organizations , health insurance and pharmaceutical companies , admitted that other countries , with lower health costs , and higher quality of care ,",
"title": "Senate finance committee"
},
{
"text": "such as those with single-payer systems , have a competitive advantage over the United States with its private system .",
"title": "Senate finance committee"
},
{
"text": " At the next meeting on health care reform of the Senate Finance Committee , Baucus had five more doctors and nurses removed and arrested . Baucus admitted a few weeks later in June 2009 that it was a mistake to rule out a single payer plan because doing so alienated a large , vocal constituency and left President Barack Obamas proposal of a public health plan to compete with private insurers as the most liberal position .",
"title": "Senate finance committee"
},
{
"text": "Baucus has used the term uniquely American solution to describe the end point of current health reform and has said he believes America is not ready yet for any form of single payer health care . This is the same term the insurance trade association , Americas Health Insurance Plans ( AHIP ) , is using . AHIP has launched the Campaign for an American Solution , which argues for the use of private health insurance instead of a government backed program . Critics have said Medicare is already effectively a single-payer system .",
"title": "Senate finance committee"
},
{
"text": " Years after his departure from the Senate , Baucus said it would make sense to seriously consider a single-payer system .",
"title": "Senate finance committee"
},
{
"text": "Baucus has been criticized for his ties to the health insurance and pharmaceutical industries , and was one of the largest beneficiaries in the Senate of campaign contributions from these industries . From 2003-08 , Baucus received $3,973,485 from the health sector , including $852,813 from pharmaceutical companies , $851,141 from health professionals , $784,185 from the insurance industry and $465,750 from HMOs/health services , according to the Center for Responsive Politics . A 2006 study by Public Citizen found that between 1999 and 2005 Baucus , along with former Senate majority leader Bill Frist , took in the most",
"title": "Conflict of interest"
},
{
"text": "special-interest money of any senator .",
"title": "Conflict of interest"
},
{
"text": "Only three senators have more former staffers working as lobbyists on K Street , at least two dozen in Baucuss case . Several of Baucuss ex-staffers , including former chief of staff David Castagnetti , are now working for the pharmaceutical and health insurance industries . Castagnetti co-founded the lobbying firm of Mehlman Vogel Castagnetti , which represents Americas Health Insurance Plans Inc , the national trade group of health insurance companies , the Medicare Cost Contractors Alliance , as well as Amgen , AstraZeneca PLC and Merck & Co . Another former chief of staff , Jeff Forbes ,",
"title": "Conflict of interest"
},
{
"text": "opened his own lobbying shop and to represent the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America and the Advanced Medical Technology Association , among other groups .",
"title": "Conflict of interest"
},
{
"text": "A statistical analysis of the impact of political contributions on individual senators support for the public insurance option conducted by Nate Silver has suggested that Baucus was an unlikely supporter of the public option in the first place . Based on Baucuss political ideology and the per capita health care spending in Montana , Silvers model projects that there would be only a 30.6% probability of Baucus supporting a public insurance option even if he had received no relevant campaign contributions . Silver calculates that the impact on Baucus of the significant campaign contributions that he has received from the",
"title": "Conflict of interest"
},
{
"text": "health care industry further reduces the probability of his supporting a public insurance option from 30.6% to 0.6% .",
"title": "Conflict of interest"
},
{
"text": "In response to the questions raised by the large amount of funding he took from the health care industry , Baucus declared a moratorium as of July 1 , 2009 on taking more special interest money from health care political action committees . Baucus , however , refused to return as part of his moratorium any of the millions of dollars he has received from health care industry interests before July 1 , 2009 , or to rule out a resumption of taking the same or greater health care industry contributions in the future . His policy on not taking",
"title": "Conflict of interest"
},
{
"text": "health care industry money reportedly still allowed him to accept money from lobbyists or corporate executives , who , according to The Washington Post , continued to make donations after July 1 , 2009 . A watchdog group found that in July 2009 Baucus accepted additional money from the health care industry in violation of his own self-defined moratorium terms , reportedly leading Baucus to return those monies .",
"title": "Conflict of interest"
},
{
"text": " Baucus voted for the Bush tax cuts in 2001 . He has usually voted against repealing portions of that bill and against repealing more recent tax cut bills that benefit upper income taxpayers . In 2008 , he voted in favor of permanently repealing the estate tax .",
"title": "Tax policy"
},
{
"text": "The 2002 Montana elections got national attention when Baucuss opponent , state senator Mike Taylor , accused Baucus of having implied in a campaign ad that Taylor was gay . The ad was paid for by the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee , not by the Baucus campaign . The ad , which alleged that Taylor had embezzled funds from the cosmetology school he once owned , showed footage from the early 1980s of Taylor massaging another mans face while wearing a tight suit with an open shirt . Taylor dropped out of the race and Baucus won with 63 percent",
"title": "Political campaigns"
},
{
"text": "of the vote .",
"title": "Political campaigns"
},
{
"text": " 2008 . Baucus sought re-election in 2008 in Montana , a state that has seen political change starting in 2004 when it elected Democratic Governor Brian Schweitzer and then in 2006 Democratic Senator Jon Tester by a slim margin . Montana was the only state in the U.S . to turn over a chamber of its legislature to Republican control in 2006 . The legislative chamber had a one-seat Democratic majority that then became a one-seat Republican majority .",
"title": "Political campaigns"
},
{
"text": "Baucus raised a record amount of money for his 2008 re-election bid , 91 percent of which came from individuals living outside of Montana . Similarly , according to the Center for Responsive Politics , Baucuss 2008 campaign raised $11.6million , only 13 percent of which came from Montana donors ; the rest included millions from health care and other industries overseen by Finance and Baucuss other committees .",
"title": "Political campaigns"
},
{
"text": " So as Baucus and other lawmakers attempt to craft a bill that can smash through a virtual gridlock of interests , the awkward question lingers : to whom are they more attentive , their voting constituencies back home or the dollar constituencies who are at the Capitol every day ?",
"title": "Political campaigns"
},
{
"text": "As a result of Baucuss significant fund-raising advantage , in the week he announced his intention to run for re-election he opened eight state officesone more than he had official offices in the state . Baucus also announced that he had hired 35 full-time campaign staff members . Baucus won re-election in a landslide victory , with 73% of the vote , carrying every county in the state .",
"title": "Political campaigns"
},
{
"text": " United States Ambassador to China . On December 26 , 2013 , President Obama announced his intent to nominate Baucus to the post of Ambassador to China The President submitted Baucuss nomination to the Senate on January 7 , 2014 .",
"title": "Political campaigns"
},
{
"text": "A hearing on his nomination was held by the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations on January 28 , 2014 . His nomination was later reported to the full United States Senate on February 4 , 2014 and a vote for confirmation would later be considered . He was later confirmed by the full Senate on February 6 , 2014 by a vote of 96–0 and Baucus himself voting Present .",
"title": "Political campaigns"
},
{
"text": " Max Baucus was later sworn in by Vice President Joe Biden on February 21 , 2014 ; with his swearing ending the ambassadorship of Gary Locke . Baucus ended his ambassadorship in January 2017 , as President Donald Trump nominated Governor Terry Branstad from Iowa as the next Ambassador to China .",
"title": "Political campaigns"
},
{
"text": " Max Baucus served on the Board of Advisors to Alibaba Group until May , 2019 .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " Baucus has one son , Zeno , by his first wife , Ann Geracimos . Baucus and Geracimos divorced in 1982 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Baucus came under fire from critics calling him a beltway insider who no longer really lives in Montana and only occasionally comes to visit . Until 1991 , Baucus owned a house in Missoula , where he practiced law for three years before running for Congress in 1974 . He didnt own a home again in Montana until February 2002 , when he bought half of his mothers house from the Sieben Ranch Company , the ranch started by Baucuss great-grandfather in 1897 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "In April 2009 , The Associated Press reported that Baucus and his second wife , the former Wanda Minge , were divorcing after 25 years of marriage and had parted ways amicably and with mutual respect . In 2008 , Baucus had been romantically linked with his state office director , Melodee Hanes , whom he later nominated to the vacant position of U.S . Attorney in Montana . Hanes then withdrew her nomination before the conflict of interest was discovered , because ( according to Baucus ) they wanted to be together in Washington , D.C . Both the",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Senator and Hanes had ended their marriages within the previous year . Baucus said he was separated from his wife before he began seeing Hanes .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " On July 2 , 2011 , Baucus married Hanes at the Sieben Ranch in Montana . Baucus has completed a 50-mile ultramarathon and has crewed for winner and Vermont native Nikki Kimball at the 100-mile Western States Endurance Run , which he hopes to run in the future .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Senator Max Baucus official U.S . Senate website ( archived )",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Gilbert_Fite#P108#0
|
Who did Gilbert Fite work for in late 1940s?
|
Gilbert Fite Gilbert C . Fite ( May 14 , 1918 – July 13 , 2010 ) was an American historian best known for his numerous works on American agricultural history . Fites lengthy catalog included works that focused heavily on how farmers affected the political environment and broader American economy , both of which examined the political power that farmers wielded in various eras . Fite was a professor at the University of Oklahoma , held the Richard B . Russell Chair in American History at the University of Georgia , and was president of Eastern Illinois University from 1971 to 1976 . Biography . Early life and education . Born on May 14 , 1918 , to a couple of poor homesteaders , Fite spent his childhood and teenage years in western South Dakota . He graduated from a Free Methodist secondary school in Wessington Springs , South Dakota , and attended junior college in the area . By 1937 , Fite attended Seattle Pacific College until medical issues forced him to attend an institution closer to his familys farm . He enrolled in the University of South Dakota at Vermillion , SD , and graduated with his masters degree in 1941 . In the spring of 1945 , Fite earned his Ph.D . in history from the University of Missouri . Academic career . In 1945 , Fite began teaching at the University of Oklahoma alongside other prominent historians such as Edward Everett Dale and Carl Rister . During his early years at the institution , Fite published numerous articles and monographs , including the first carving records and major study done on the Mount Rushmore National Monument . Fite spent 26 years at the University of Oklahoma as an instructor and a researcher until he took over the position of college president at Eastern Illinois University . Fite was president of the institution until 1976 , at which time he took the Richard B . Russell Chair in American History at the University of Georgia . While at Georgia , Fite authored more monographs on agricultural history , including Cotton Fields No More : Southern Agriculture , 1865-1980 , which won the Theodore Saluoutos Award for the best book in agricultural history in 1985 . Fite retired from teaching in 1986 but continued to research and write on agricultural history . In addition to his teaching and research , Fite held numerous leadership positions in various historical societies . He was president of the Agricultural History Society from 1960-1961 , of the Southern Historical Association in 1974 , of the Western History Association from 1985-1986 , and of Phi Alpha Theta from 1981-1983 . Family . In 1939 , while in a hospital in Mitchell , SD hospital , Fite met Alberta June Goodwin . The two married on July 24 , 1941 , and later had two sons : Jack and Jim . Death and legacy . Fite died on July 13 , 2010 , in Fort Myers , Florida . In 1990 , Fite entered the South Dakota Hall of Fame . Due to his influence in the shaping of American agricultural history , the Agricultural History Society created an annual award in 2000 named after Fite for the best dissertation on agricultural history in honor of him . Writings . In total , Fite authored , co-authored , or edited over eighteen monograph-length works and fifty articles . Political figures . His first work , an expansion of his doctoral thesis , was an investigation into how Peter Norbeck , a South Dakota politician , helped secure federal support for agricultural programs and the Mount Rushmore National Monument . In 1991 , Fite completed a biography of Richard B . Russell , a prominent Georgia politician for whom the chair that Fite occupied at the University of Georgia was named . Agricultural history . Fites greatest impact to American historiography came in the field of agricultural history . Most of his historical analyses focused on either farming impacted the direction of the United States or how farmers and farming communities responded to larger societal changes in American life . The most prominent of these works are The Farmers Frontier , 1865-1900 , American Farmers : The New Minority , and Cotton Fields No More : Southern Agriculture , 1865-1980 . Fites The Farmers Frontier , 1865-1900 focused on the development of the Great Plains region during the latter part of the 19th century . In the work , Fite rebuked the environmental determinism set up in Walter Prescott Webbs The Great Plains and instead argued that it was the people- farmers in this instance- that shaped the culture of the Great Plains environment rather than the other way around . Fites work was one of the first to bring ideas of historical agency to those who chose to live in the Great Plains while also explaining how agriculture became the dominant economic engine of the region due to decisions made by these early American settlers . The two other influential works of Fite in regard to American agricultural history were American Farmers : The New Minority and Cotton Fields No More : Southern Agriculture , 1865-1980 . Both works focused heavily on how the political and economic power of agricultural peoples shrank in the nineteenth and twentieth century . In the former work , Fite argued that those who made their livelihoods on agriculture held less power at the end of the twentieth century than in the early decades of the century due to increased farm consolidation and greater technological innovations , which put more money into the pockets of a select few who were fortunate or smart enough to keep expanding . Additionally , this new economic environment coupled with political changes and a decline in the cultural myth of Jeffersonian agrarianism to shift political attention away from farmers and farming political organizations . Cotton Fields No More continued this sort of analysis , shifting the focus to the southern United States after the Civil War and argued in a similar vein that political and technological changes caused small-scale farmers to leave agriculture . Cotton Fields No More won the 1985 Theodore Saloutos Award for Best Book in Agricultural History . Notable works ( in chronological order ) . - Fite , Gilbert C . Peter Norbeck ; Prairie Statesman . Columbia : University of Missouri Press , 1948 . - Fite , Gilbert C . Mount Rushmore . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1952 . - Fite , Gilbert C . George N . Peek and the Fight for Farm Parity . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1954 - Haystad , Lee and Gilbert C . Fite . The Agricultural Regions of the United States . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1963 . - Fite , Gilbert C . The Farmers’ Frontier . 1865-1900 . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press , 1977 . - Fite , Gilbert C . American Farmers : The New Minority . Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 1981 . - Fite , Gilbert C . Cotton Fields No More : Southern Agriculture , 1865-1980 . Lexington : University Press of Kentucky , 1984 . - Fite , Gilbert C . and Jim E . Reese . An Economic History of the United States . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1973 . - Fite , Gilbert C . Richard B . Russell , Jr. : Senator from Georgia . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1991 .
|
[
"University of Oklahoma"
] |
[
{
"text": "Gilbert C . Fite ( May 14 , 1918 – July 13 , 2010 ) was an American historian best known for his numerous works on American agricultural history . Fites lengthy catalog included works that focused heavily on how farmers affected the political environment and broader American economy , both of which examined the political power that farmers wielded in various eras . Fite was a professor at the University of Oklahoma , held the Richard B . Russell Chair in American History at the University of Georgia , and was president of Eastern Illinois University from 1971 to",
"title": "Gilbert Fite"
},
{
"text": "1976 .",
"title": "Gilbert Fite"
},
{
"text": "Born on May 14 , 1918 , to a couple of poor homesteaders , Fite spent his childhood and teenage years in western South Dakota . He graduated from a Free Methodist secondary school in Wessington Springs , South Dakota , and attended junior college in the area . By 1937 , Fite attended Seattle Pacific College until medical issues forced him to attend an institution closer to his familys farm . He enrolled in the University of South Dakota at Vermillion , SD , and graduated with his masters degree in 1941 . In the spring of 1945 ,",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Fite earned his Ph.D . in history from the University of Missouri .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In 1945 , Fite began teaching at the University of Oklahoma alongside other prominent historians such as Edward Everett Dale and Carl Rister . During his early years at the institution , Fite published numerous articles and monographs , including the first carving records and major study done on the Mount Rushmore National Monument . Fite spent 26 years at the University of Oklahoma as an instructor and a researcher until he took over the position of college president at Eastern Illinois University . Fite was president of the institution until 1976 , at which time he took the Richard",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "B . Russell Chair in American History at the University of Georgia . While at Georgia , Fite authored more monographs on agricultural history , including Cotton Fields No More : Southern Agriculture , 1865-1980 , which won the Theodore Saluoutos Award for the best book in agricultural history in 1985 . Fite retired from teaching in 1986 but continued to research and write on agricultural history .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " In addition to his teaching and research , Fite held numerous leadership positions in various historical societies . He was president of the Agricultural History Society from 1960-1961 , of the Southern Historical Association in 1974 , of the Western History Association from 1985-1986 , and of Phi Alpha Theta from 1981-1983 .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " In 1939 , while in a hospital in Mitchell , SD hospital , Fite met Alberta June Goodwin . The two married on July 24 , 1941 , and later had two sons : Jack and Jim .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " Fite died on July 13 , 2010 , in Fort Myers , Florida . In 1990 , Fite entered the South Dakota Hall of Fame . Due to his influence in the shaping of American agricultural history , the Agricultural History Society created an annual award in 2000 named after Fite for the best dissertation on agricultural history in honor of him .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": " In total , Fite authored , co-authored , or edited over eighteen monograph-length works and fifty articles .",
"title": "Writings"
},
{
"text": " His first work , an expansion of his doctoral thesis , was an investigation into how Peter Norbeck , a South Dakota politician , helped secure federal support for agricultural programs and the Mount Rushmore National Monument . In 1991 , Fite completed a biography of Richard B . Russell , a prominent Georgia politician for whom the chair that Fite occupied at the University of Georgia was named .",
"title": "Political figures"
},
{
"text": " Fites greatest impact to American historiography came in the field of agricultural history . Most of his historical analyses focused on either farming impacted the direction of the United States or how farmers and farming communities responded to larger societal changes in American life . The most prominent of these works are The Farmers Frontier , 1865-1900 , American Farmers : The New Minority , and Cotton Fields No More : Southern Agriculture , 1865-1980 .",
"title": "Agricultural history"
},
{
"text": "Fites The Farmers Frontier , 1865-1900 focused on the development of the Great Plains region during the latter part of the 19th century . In the work , Fite rebuked the environmental determinism set up in Walter Prescott Webbs The Great Plains and instead argued that it was the people- farmers in this instance- that shaped the culture of the Great Plains environment rather than the other way around . Fites work was one of the first to bring ideas of historical agency to those who chose to live in the Great Plains while also explaining how agriculture became the",
"title": "Agricultural history"
},
{
"text": "dominant economic engine of the region due to decisions made by these early American settlers .",
"title": "Agricultural history"
},
{
"text": "The two other influential works of Fite in regard to American agricultural history were American Farmers : The New Minority and Cotton Fields No More : Southern Agriculture , 1865-1980 . Both works focused heavily on how the political and economic power of agricultural peoples shrank in the nineteenth and twentieth century . In the former work , Fite argued that those who made their livelihoods on agriculture held less power at the end of the twentieth century than in the early decades of the century due to increased farm consolidation and greater technological innovations , which put more money",
"title": "Agricultural history"
},
{
"text": "into the pockets of a select few who were fortunate or smart enough to keep expanding . Additionally , this new economic environment coupled with political changes and a decline in the cultural myth of Jeffersonian agrarianism to shift political attention away from farmers and farming political organizations . Cotton Fields No More continued this sort of analysis , shifting the focus to the southern United States after the Civil War and argued in a similar vein that political and technological changes caused small-scale farmers to leave agriculture . Cotton Fields No More won the 1985 Theodore Saloutos Award for",
"title": "Agricultural history"
},
{
"text": "Best Book in Agricultural History .",
"title": "Agricultural history"
},
{
"text": " Notable works ( in chronological order ) . - Fite , Gilbert C . Peter Norbeck ; Prairie Statesman . Columbia : University of Missouri Press , 1948 . - Fite , Gilbert C . Mount Rushmore . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1952 . - Fite , Gilbert C . George N . Peek and the Fight for Farm Parity . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1954 - Haystad , Lee and Gilbert C . Fite . The Agricultural Regions of the United States . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1963 .",
"title": "Agricultural history"
},
{
"text": "- Fite , Gilbert C . The Farmers’ Frontier . 1865-1900 . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press , 1977 .",
"title": "Agricultural history"
},
{
"text": " - Fite , Gilbert C . American Farmers : The New Minority . Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 1981 . - Fite , Gilbert C . Cotton Fields No More : Southern Agriculture , 1865-1980 . Lexington : University Press of Kentucky , 1984 . - Fite , Gilbert C . and Jim E . Reese . An Economic History of the United States . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1973 .",
"title": "Agricultural history"
},
{
"text": "- Fite , Gilbert C . Richard B . Russell , Jr. : Senator from Georgia . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1991 .",
"title": "Agricultural history"
}
] |
/wiki/Gilbert_Fite#P108#1
|
Who did Gilbert Fite work for between May 1973 and Feb 1975?
|
Gilbert Fite Gilbert C . Fite ( May 14 , 1918 – July 13 , 2010 ) was an American historian best known for his numerous works on American agricultural history . Fites lengthy catalog included works that focused heavily on how farmers affected the political environment and broader American economy , both of which examined the political power that farmers wielded in various eras . Fite was a professor at the University of Oklahoma , held the Richard B . Russell Chair in American History at the University of Georgia , and was president of Eastern Illinois University from 1971 to 1976 . Biography . Early life and education . Born on May 14 , 1918 , to a couple of poor homesteaders , Fite spent his childhood and teenage years in western South Dakota . He graduated from a Free Methodist secondary school in Wessington Springs , South Dakota , and attended junior college in the area . By 1937 , Fite attended Seattle Pacific College until medical issues forced him to attend an institution closer to his familys farm . He enrolled in the University of South Dakota at Vermillion , SD , and graduated with his masters degree in 1941 . In the spring of 1945 , Fite earned his Ph.D . in history from the University of Missouri . Academic career . In 1945 , Fite began teaching at the University of Oklahoma alongside other prominent historians such as Edward Everett Dale and Carl Rister . During his early years at the institution , Fite published numerous articles and monographs , including the first carving records and major study done on the Mount Rushmore National Monument . Fite spent 26 years at the University of Oklahoma as an instructor and a researcher until he took over the position of college president at Eastern Illinois University . Fite was president of the institution until 1976 , at which time he took the Richard B . Russell Chair in American History at the University of Georgia . While at Georgia , Fite authored more monographs on agricultural history , including Cotton Fields No More : Southern Agriculture , 1865-1980 , which won the Theodore Saluoutos Award for the best book in agricultural history in 1985 . Fite retired from teaching in 1986 but continued to research and write on agricultural history . In addition to his teaching and research , Fite held numerous leadership positions in various historical societies . He was president of the Agricultural History Society from 1960-1961 , of the Southern Historical Association in 1974 , of the Western History Association from 1985-1986 , and of Phi Alpha Theta from 1981-1983 . Family . In 1939 , while in a hospital in Mitchell , SD hospital , Fite met Alberta June Goodwin . The two married on July 24 , 1941 , and later had two sons : Jack and Jim . Death and legacy . Fite died on July 13 , 2010 , in Fort Myers , Florida . In 1990 , Fite entered the South Dakota Hall of Fame . Due to his influence in the shaping of American agricultural history , the Agricultural History Society created an annual award in 2000 named after Fite for the best dissertation on agricultural history in honor of him . Writings . In total , Fite authored , co-authored , or edited over eighteen monograph-length works and fifty articles . Political figures . His first work , an expansion of his doctoral thesis , was an investigation into how Peter Norbeck , a South Dakota politician , helped secure federal support for agricultural programs and the Mount Rushmore National Monument . In 1991 , Fite completed a biography of Richard B . Russell , a prominent Georgia politician for whom the chair that Fite occupied at the University of Georgia was named . Agricultural history . Fites greatest impact to American historiography came in the field of agricultural history . Most of his historical analyses focused on either farming impacted the direction of the United States or how farmers and farming communities responded to larger societal changes in American life . The most prominent of these works are The Farmers Frontier , 1865-1900 , American Farmers : The New Minority , and Cotton Fields No More : Southern Agriculture , 1865-1980 . Fites The Farmers Frontier , 1865-1900 focused on the development of the Great Plains region during the latter part of the 19th century . In the work , Fite rebuked the environmental determinism set up in Walter Prescott Webbs The Great Plains and instead argued that it was the people- farmers in this instance- that shaped the culture of the Great Plains environment rather than the other way around . Fites work was one of the first to bring ideas of historical agency to those who chose to live in the Great Plains while also explaining how agriculture became the dominant economic engine of the region due to decisions made by these early American settlers . The two other influential works of Fite in regard to American agricultural history were American Farmers : The New Minority and Cotton Fields No More : Southern Agriculture , 1865-1980 . Both works focused heavily on how the political and economic power of agricultural peoples shrank in the nineteenth and twentieth century . In the former work , Fite argued that those who made their livelihoods on agriculture held less power at the end of the twentieth century than in the early decades of the century due to increased farm consolidation and greater technological innovations , which put more money into the pockets of a select few who were fortunate or smart enough to keep expanding . Additionally , this new economic environment coupled with political changes and a decline in the cultural myth of Jeffersonian agrarianism to shift political attention away from farmers and farming political organizations . Cotton Fields No More continued this sort of analysis , shifting the focus to the southern United States after the Civil War and argued in a similar vein that political and technological changes caused small-scale farmers to leave agriculture . Cotton Fields No More won the 1985 Theodore Saloutos Award for Best Book in Agricultural History . Notable works ( in chronological order ) . - Fite , Gilbert C . Peter Norbeck ; Prairie Statesman . Columbia : University of Missouri Press , 1948 . - Fite , Gilbert C . Mount Rushmore . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1952 . - Fite , Gilbert C . George N . Peek and the Fight for Farm Parity . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1954 - Haystad , Lee and Gilbert C . Fite . The Agricultural Regions of the United States . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1963 . - Fite , Gilbert C . The Farmers’ Frontier . 1865-1900 . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press , 1977 . - Fite , Gilbert C . American Farmers : The New Minority . Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 1981 . - Fite , Gilbert C . Cotton Fields No More : Southern Agriculture , 1865-1980 . Lexington : University Press of Kentucky , 1984 . - Fite , Gilbert C . and Jim E . Reese . An Economic History of the United States . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1973 . - Fite , Gilbert C . Richard B . Russell , Jr. : Senator from Georgia . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1991 .
|
[
"Eastern Illinois University"
] |
[
{
"text": "Gilbert C . Fite ( May 14 , 1918 – July 13 , 2010 ) was an American historian best known for his numerous works on American agricultural history . Fites lengthy catalog included works that focused heavily on how farmers affected the political environment and broader American economy , both of which examined the political power that farmers wielded in various eras . Fite was a professor at the University of Oklahoma , held the Richard B . Russell Chair in American History at the University of Georgia , and was president of Eastern Illinois University from 1971 to",
"title": "Gilbert Fite"
},
{
"text": "1976 .",
"title": "Gilbert Fite"
},
{
"text": "Born on May 14 , 1918 , to a couple of poor homesteaders , Fite spent his childhood and teenage years in western South Dakota . He graduated from a Free Methodist secondary school in Wessington Springs , South Dakota , and attended junior college in the area . By 1937 , Fite attended Seattle Pacific College until medical issues forced him to attend an institution closer to his familys farm . He enrolled in the University of South Dakota at Vermillion , SD , and graduated with his masters degree in 1941 . In the spring of 1945 ,",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Fite earned his Ph.D . in history from the University of Missouri .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In 1945 , Fite began teaching at the University of Oklahoma alongside other prominent historians such as Edward Everett Dale and Carl Rister . During his early years at the institution , Fite published numerous articles and monographs , including the first carving records and major study done on the Mount Rushmore National Monument . Fite spent 26 years at the University of Oklahoma as an instructor and a researcher until he took over the position of college president at Eastern Illinois University . Fite was president of the institution until 1976 , at which time he took the Richard",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "B . Russell Chair in American History at the University of Georgia . While at Georgia , Fite authored more monographs on agricultural history , including Cotton Fields No More : Southern Agriculture , 1865-1980 , which won the Theodore Saluoutos Award for the best book in agricultural history in 1985 . Fite retired from teaching in 1986 but continued to research and write on agricultural history .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " In addition to his teaching and research , Fite held numerous leadership positions in various historical societies . He was president of the Agricultural History Society from 1960-1961 , of the Southern Historical Association in 1974 , of the Western History Association from 1985-1986 , and of Phi Alpha Theta from 1981-1983 .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " In 1939 , while in a hospital in Mitchell , SD hospital , Fite met Alberta June Goodwin . The two married on July 24 , 1941 , and later had two sons : Jack and Jim .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " Fite died on July 13 , 2010 , in Fort Myers , Florida . In 1990 , Fite entered the South Dakota Hall of Fame . Due to his influence in the shaping of American agricultural history , the Agricultural History Society created an annual award in 2000 named after Fite for the best dissertation on agricultural history in honor of him .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": " In total , Fite authored , co-authored , or edited over eighteen monograph-length works and fifty articles .",
"title": "Writings"
},
{
"text": " His first work , an expansion of his doctoral thesis , was an investigation into how Peter Norbeck , a South Dakota politician , helped secure federal support for agricultural programs and the Mount Rushmore National Monument . In 1991 , Fite completed a biography of Richard B . Russell , a prominent Georgia politician for whom the chair that Fite occupied at the University of Georgia was named .",
"title": "Political figures"
},
{
"text": " Fites greatest impact to American historiography came in the field of agricultural history . Most of his historical analyses focused on either farming impacted the direction of the United States or how farmers and farming communities responded to larger societal changes in American life . The most prominent of these works are The Farmers Frontier , 1865-1900 , American Farmers : The New Minority , and Cotton Fields No More : Southern Agriculture , 1865-1980 .",
"title": "Agricultural history"
},
{
"text": "Fites The Farmers Frontier , 1865-1900 focused on the development of the Great Plains region during the latter part of the 19th century . In the work , Fite rebuked the environmental determinism set up in Walter Prescott Webbs The Great Plains and instead argued that it was the people- farmers in this instance- that shaped the culture of the Great Plains environment rather than the other way around . Fites work was one of the first to bring ideas of historical agency to those who chose to live in the Great Plains while also explaining how agriculture became the",
"title": "Agricultural history"
},
{
"text": "dominant economic engine of the region due to decisions made by these early American settlers .",
"title": "Agricultural history"
},
{
"text": "The two other influential works of Fite in regard to American agricultural history were American Farmers : The New Minority and Cotton Fields No More : Southern Agriculture , 1865-1980 . Both works focused heavily on how the political and economic power of agricultural peoples shrank in the nineteenth and twentieth century . In the former work , Fite argued that those who made their livelihoods on agriculture held less power at the end of the twentieth century than in the early decades of the century due to increased farm consolidation and greater technological innovations , which put more money",
"title": "Agricultural history"
},
{
"text": "into the pockets of a select few who were fortunate or smart enough to keep expanding . Additionally , this new economic environment coupled with political changes and a decline in the cultural myth of Jeffersonian agrarianism to shift political attention away from farmers and farming political organizations . Cotton Fields No More continued this sort of analysis , shifting the focus to the southern United States after the Civil War and argued in a similar vein that political and technological changes caused small-scale farmers to leave agriculture . Cotton Fields No More won the 1985 Theodore Saloutos Award for",
"title": "Agricultural history"
},
{
"text": "Best Book in Agricultural History .",
"title": "Agricultural history"
},
{
"text": " Notable works ( in chronological order ) . - Fite , Gilbert C . Peter Norbeck ; Prairie Statesman . Columbia : University of Missouri Press , 1948 . - Fite , Gilbert C . Mount Rushmore . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1952 . - Fite , Gilbert C . George N . Peek and the Fight for Farm Parity . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1954 - Haystad , Lee and Gilbert C . Fite . The Agricultural Regions of the United States . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1963 .",
"title": "Agricultural history"
},
{
"text": "- Fite , Gilbert C . The Farmers’ Frontier . 1865-1900 . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press , 1977 .",
"title": "Agricultural history"
},
{
"text": " - Fite , Gilbert C . American Farmers : The New Minority . Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 1981 . - Fite , Gilbert C . Cotton Fields No More : Southern Agriculture , 1865-1980 . Lexington : University Press of Kentucky , 1984 . - Fite , Gilbert C . and Jim E . Reese . An Economic History of the United States . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1973 .",
"title": "Agricultural history"
},
{
"text": "- Fite , Gilbert C . Richard B . Russell , Jr. : Senator from Georgia . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1991 .",
"title": "Agricultural history"
}
] |
/wiki/Gilbert_Fite#P108#2
|
Who did Gilbert Fite work for in late 1970s?
|
Gilbert Fite Gilbert C . Fite ( May 14 , 1918 – July 13 , 2010 ) was an American historian best known for his numerous works on American agricultural history . Fites lengthy catalog included works that focused heavily on how farmers affected the political environment and broader American economy , both of which examined the political power that farmers wielded in various eras . Fite was a professor at the University of Oklahoma , held the Richard B . Russell Chair in American History at the University of Georgia , and was president of Eastern Illinois University from 1971 to 1976 . Biography . Early life and education . Born on May 14 , 1918 , to a couple of poor homesteaders , Fite spent his childhood and teenage years in western South Dakota . He graduated from a Free Methodist secondary school in Wessington Springs , South Dakota , and attended junior college in the area . By 1937 , Fite attended Seattle Pacific College until medical issues forced him to attend an institution closer to his familys farm . He enrolled in the University of South Dakota at Vermillion , SD , and graduated with his masters degree in 1941 . In the spring of 1945 , Fite earned his Ph.D . in history from the University of Missouri . Academic career . In 1945 , Fite began teaching at the University of Oklahoma alongside other prominent historians such as Edward Everett Dale and Carl Rister . During his early years at the institution , Fite published numerous articles and monographs , including the first carving records and major study done on the Mount Rushmore National Monument . Fite spent 26 years at the University of Oklahoma as an instructor and a researcher until he took over the position of college president at Eastern Illinois University . Fite was president of the institution until 1976 , at which time he took the Richard B . Russell Chair in American History at the University of Georgia . While at Georgia , Fite authored more monographs on agricultural history , including Cotton Fields No More : Southern Agriculture , 1865-1980 , which won the Theodore Saluoutos Award for the best book in agricultural history in 1985 . Fite retired from teaching in 1986 but continued to research and write on agricultural history . In addition to his teaching and research , Fite held numerous leadership positions in various historical societies . He was president of the Agricultural History Society from 1960-1961 , of the Southern Historical Association in 1974 , of the Western History Association from 1985-1986 , and of Phi Alpha Theta from 1981-1983 . Family . In 1939 , while in a hospital in Mitchell , SD hospital , Fite met Alberta June Goodwin . The two married on July 24 , 1941 , and later had two sons : Jack and Jim . Death and legacy . Fite died on July 13 , 2010 , in Fort Myers , Florida . In 1990 , Fite entered the South Dakota Hall of Fame . Due to his influence in the shaping of American agricultural history , the Agricultural History Society created an annual award in 2000 named after Fite for the best dissertation on agricultural history in honor of him . Writings . In total , Fite authored , co-authored , or edited over eighteen monograph-length works and fifty articles . Political figures . His first work , an expansion of his doctoral thesis , was an investigation into how Peter Norbeck , a South Dakota politician , helped secure federal support for agricultural programs and the Mount Rushmore National Monument . In 1991 , Fite completed a biography of Richard B . Russell , a prominent Georgia politician for whom the chair that Fite occupied at the University of Georgia was named . Agricultural history . Fites greatest impact to American historiography came in the field of agricultural history . Most of his historical analyses focused on either farming impacted the direction of the United States or how farmers and farming communities responded to larger societal changes in American life . The most prominent of these works are The Farmers Frontier , 1865-1900 , American Farmers : The New Minority , and Cotton Fields No More : Southern Agriculture , 1865-1980 . Fites The Farmers Frontier , 1865-1900 focused on the development of the Great Plains region during the latter part of the 19th century . In the work , Fite rebuked the environmental determinism set up in Walter Prescott Webbs The Great Plains and instead argued that it was the people- farmers in this instance- that shaped the culture of the Great Plains environment rather than the other way around . Fites work was one of the first to bring ideas of historical agency to those who chose to live in the Great Plains while also explaining how agriculture became the dominant economic engine of the region due to decisions made by these early American settlers . The two other influential works of Fite in regard to American agricultural history were American Farmers : The New Minority and Cotton Fields No More : Southern Agriculture , 1865-1980 . Both works focused heavily on how the political and economic power of agricultural peoples shrank in the nineteenth and twentieth century . In the former work , Fite argued that those who made their livelihoods on agriculture held less power at the end of the twentieth century than in the early decades of the century due to increased farm consolidation and greater technological innovations , which put more money into the pockets of a select few who were fortunate or smart enough to keep expanding . Additionally , this new economic environment coupled with political changes and a decline in the cultural myth of Jeffersonian agrarianism to shift political attention away from farmers and farming political organizations . Cotton Fields No More continued this sort of analysis , shifting the focus to the southern United States after the Civil War and argued in a similar vein that political and technological changes caused small-scale farmers to leave agriculture . Cotton Fields No More won the 1985 Theodore Saloutos Award for Best Book in Agricultural History . Notable works ( in chronological order ) . - Fite , Gilbert C . Peter Norbeck ; Prairie Statesman . Columbia : University of Missouri Press , 1948 . - Fite , Gilbert C . Mount Rushmore . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1952 . - Fite , Gilbert C . George N . Peek and the Fight for Farm Parity . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1954 - Haystad , Lee and Gilbert C . Fite . The Agricultural Regions of the United States . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1963 . - Fite , Gilbert C . The Farmers’ Frontier . 1865-1900 . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press , 1977 . - Fite , Gilbert C . American Farmers : The New Minority . Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 1981 . - Fite , Gilbert C . Cotton Fields No More : Southern Agriculture , 1865-1980 . Lexington : University Press of Kentucky , 1984 . - Fite , Gilbert C . and Jim E . Reese . An Economic History of the United States . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1973 . - Fite , Gilbert C . Richard B . Russell , Jr. : Senator from Georgia . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1991 .
|
[
"University of Georgia"
] |
[
{
"text": "Gilbert C . Fite ( May 14 , 1918 – July 13 , 2010 ) was an American historian best known for his numerous works on American agricultural history . Fites lengthy catalog included works that focused heavily on how farmers affected the political environment and broader American economy , both of which examined the political power that farmers wielded in various eras . Fite was a professor at the University of Oklahoma , held the Richard B . Russell Chair in American History at the University of Georgia , and was president of Eastern Illinois University from 1971 to",
"title": "Gilbert Fite"
},
{
"text": "1976 .",
"title": "Gilbert Fite"
},
{
"text": "Born on May 14 , 1918 , to a couple of poor homesteaders , Fite spent his childhood and teenage years in western South Dakota . He graduated from a Free Methodist secondary school in Wessington Springs , South Dakota , and attended junior college in the area . By 1937 , Fite attended Seattle Pacific College until medical issues forced him to attend an institution closer to his familys farm . He enrolled in the University of South Dakota at Vermillion , SD , and graduated with his masters degree in 1941 . In the spring of 1945 ,",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Fite earned his Ph.D . in history from the University of Missouri .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In 1945 , Fite began teaching at the University of Oklahoma alongside other prominent historians such as Edward Everett Dale and Carl Rister . During his early years at the institution , Fite published numerous articles and monographs , including the first carving records and major study done on the Mount Rushmore National Monument . Fite spent 26 years at the University of Oklahoma as an instructor and a researcher until he took over the position of college president at Eastern Illinois University . Fite was president of the institution until 1976 , at which time he took the Richard",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "B . Russell Chair in American History at the University of Georgia . While at Georgia , Fite authored more monographs on agricultural history , including Cotton Fields No More : Southern Agriculture , 1865-1980 , which won the Theodore Saluoutos Award for the best book in agricultural history in 1985 . Fite retired from teaching in 1986 but continued to research and write on agricultural history .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " In addition to his teaching and research , Fite held numerous leadership positions in various historical societies . He was president of the Agricultural History Society from 1960-1961 , of the Southern Historical Association in 1974 , of the Western History Association from 1985-1986 , and of Phi Alpha Theta from 1981-1983 .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " In 1939 , while in a hospital in Mitchell , SD hospital , Fite met Alberta June Goodwin . The two married on July 24 , 1941 , and later had two sons : Jack and Jim .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " Fite died on July 13 , 2010 , in Fort Myers , Florida . In 1990 , Fite entered the South Dakota Hall of Fame . Due to his influence in the shaping of American agricultural history , the Agricultural History Society created an annual award in 2000 named after Fite for the best dissertation on agricultural history in honor of him .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": " In total , Fite authored , co-authored , or edited over eighteen monograph-length works and fifty articles .",
"title": "Writings"
},
{
"text": " His first work , an expansion of his doctoral thesis , was an investigation into how Peter Norbeck , a South Dakota politician , helped secure federal support for agricultural programs and the Mount Rushmore National Monument . In 1991 , Fite completed a biography of Richard B . Russell , a prominent Georgia politician for whom the chair that Fite occupied at the University of Georgia was named .",
"title": "Political figures"
},
{
"text": " Fites greatest impact to American historiography came in the field of agricultural history . Most of his historical analyses focused on either farming impacted the direction of the United States or how farmers and farming communities responded to larger societal changes in American life . The most prominent of these works are The Farmers Frontier , 1865-1900 , American Farmers : The New Minority , and Cotton Fields No More : Southern Agriculture , 1865-1980 .",
"title": "Agricultural history"
},
{
"text": "Fites The Farmers Frontier , 1865-1900 focused on the development of the Great Plains region during the latter part of the 19th century . In the work , Fite rebuked the environmental determinism set up in Walter Prescott Webbs The Great Plains and instead argued that it was the people- farmers in this instance- that shaped the culture of the Great Plains environment rather than the other way around . Fites work was one of the first to bring ideas of historical agency to those who chose to live in the Great Plains while also explaining how agriculture became the",
"title": "Agricultural history"
},
{
"text": "dominant economic engine of the region due to decisions made by these early American settlers .",
"title": "Agricultural history"
},
{
"text": "The two other influential works of Fite in regard to American agricultural history were American Farmers : The New Minority and Cotton Fields No More : Southern Agriculture , 1865-1980 . Both works focused heavily on how the political and economic power of agricultural peoples shrank in the nineteenth and twentieth century . In the former work , Fite argued that those who made their livelihoods on agriculture held less power at the end of the twentieth century than in the early decades of the century due to increased farm consolidation and greater technological innovations , which put more money",
"title": "Agricultural history"
},
{
"text": "into the pockets of a select few who were fortunate or smart enough to keep expanding . Additionally , this new economic environment coupled with political changes and a decline in the cultural myth of Jeffersonian agrarianism to shift political attention away from farmers and farming political organizations . Cotton Fields No More continued this sort of analysis , shifting the focus to the southern United States after the Civil War and argued in a similar vein that political and technological changes caused small-scale farmers to leave agriculture . Cotton Fields No More won the 1985 Theodore Saloutos Award for",
"title": "Agricultural history"
},
{
"text": "Best Book in Agricultural History .",
"title": "Agricultural history"
},
{
"text": " Notable works ( in chronological order ) . - Fite , Gilbert C . Peter Norbeck ; Prairie Statesman . Columbia : University of Missouri Press , 1948 . - Fite , Gilbert C . Mount Rushmore . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1952 . - Fite , Gilbert C . George N . Peek and the Fight for Farm Parity . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1954 - Haystad , Lee and Gilbert C . Fite . The Agricultural Regions of the United States . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1963 .",
"title": "Agricultural history"
},
{
"text": "- Fite , Gilbert C . The Farmers’ Frontier . 1865-1900 . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press , 1977 .",
"title": "Agricultural history"
},
{
"text": " - Fite , Gilbert C . American Farmers : The New Minority . Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 1981 . - Fite , Gilbert C . Cotton Fields No More : Southern Agriculture , 1865-1980 . Lexington : University Press of Kentucky , 1984 . - Fite , Gilbert C . and Jim E . Reese . An Economic History of the United States . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1973 .",
"title": "Agricultural history"
},
{
"text": "- Fite , Gilbert C . Richard B . Russell , Jr. : Senator from Georgia . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1991 .",
"title": "Agricultural history"
}
] |
/wiki/Fermin_Rocker#P551#0
|
What was the residence of Fermin Rocker in Dec 1922?
|
Fermin Rocker Fermin Rocker ( 22 December 1907 – 18 October 2004 ) was a British painter and book illustrator . He was the son of the anarcho-syndicalist theorist and activist Rudolf Rocker , a German , who had moved to London 1895 , and Milly Witkop , a Ukrainian Jew and anarchist and feminist activist , who had fled to London in 1894 . Rocker was born in Stepney , East London in 1907 and named after the Spanish anarchist and mayor of Cádiz Fermín Salvochea . During his youth , he got to know many prominent anarchists such as Errico Malatesta and Peter Kropotkin and often attended anarchist meetings with his father , a prominent activist , whom he fondly recalls in his 1998 memoir . Later he would also meet Augustin Souchy , Emma Goldman , Alexander Berkman , Erich Mühsam , Nestor Makhno , and Buenaventura Durruti . During this period he learned to draw , guided by his half-brother Rudolph , and exhibited a natural aptitude . When World War I broke out , both his parents were interned as enemy aliens , along with many naturalised Germans and Russians , his father in 1914 , his mother in 1916 . In 1918 , they were released and moved to the Netherlands , then rapidly to Berlin where his artistic practice developed . Fermin Rocker trained as a lithographer . His early works consisted of sketches , watercolours , and graphic work . He also started mixing in the artist milieu of Berlin . In 1929 , Rocker followed his father on a lecture tour in the United States . Contrary to his original plans , he remained in New York . After the Machtergreifung in 1933 , his parents joined him there to live in a rural commune in New York State.He worked as draftsman , a cartoon animator , a commercial artist , and as a book illustrator . Among his employers was the Survey Graphic . In 1944 , he had his first one-man exhibition in New York . His works would also be exhibited at the Brooklyn Museum of Art , the Whitney Museum , and the Chicago Art Institute . The Library of Congress bought some works of his . In 1946 , he received a prize from the Philadelphia Print Club for his graphic works . In 1952 , he married Ruth Robins , a dentist from California who he had met in New York . In the same year , his mother died ; three years later his father followed . In 1956 , he visited the United Kingdom for the first time since 1929 . His wife liked the continent so much that she returned to settle in England in 1970 , Fermin following her in 1972 , to escape the crime and expensive rents in New York , and because Rocker thought New York had become ugly . He and Ruth lived in Tufnell Park for the rest of their long lives . Rocker illustrated books for the Oxford University Press and did paintings on the side . Mick Jagger bought a painting for £4,000 from him depicting Basque refugees fleeing Francos allies towards the French border . Aside from his animation work , Rocker worked in the realist tradition , mostly landscape paintings with warm colors up to this point . His images were rarely overtly political and after his move to New York he had mostly concentrated on oil paintings of intimate everyday scenes . Once back in London , his style evolved . He started painting still lifes and even political paintings such as the one he sold to Jagger . His colour palette became darker and more melancholy . Rockers relationship to Anarchism was ambiguous . He was deterred by the endless feuds and factionalism within Anarchism and acknowledged that capitalism had raised the standard of living . After Rocker turned 65 , he quit illustrating and concentrated on painting instead . He had 13 solo exhibitions in the last twenty years of his life , mostly at Stephen Bartley Gallery , in Chelsea , London . In 1989 , Ruth Rocker died and the same year he published an account of his childhood in London . Rocker died peacefully aged 96 on October 18th 2004 . External links . - Fermin Rocker at AskART . The Artists Bluebook .
|
[
"Berlin"
] |
[
{
"text": " Fermin Rocker ( 22 December 1907 – 18 October 2004 ) was a British painter and book illustrator . He was the son of the anarcho-syndicalist theorist and activist Rudolf Rocker , a German , who had moved to London 1895 , and Milly Witkop , a Ukrainian Jew and anarchist and feminist activist , who had fled to London in 1894 .",
"title": "Fermin Rocker"
},
{
"text": "Rocker was born in Stepney , East London in 1907 and named after the Spanish anarchist and mayor of Cádiz Fermín Salvochea . During his youth , he got to know many prominent anarchists such as Errico Malatesta and Peter Kropotkin and often attended anarchist meetings with his father , a prominent activist , whom he fondly recalls in his 1998 memoir . Later he would also meet Augustin Souchy , Emma Goldman , Alexander Berkman , Erich Mühsam , Nestor Makhno , and Buenaventura Durruti . During this period he learned to draw , guided by his half-brother Rudolph",
"title": "Fermin Rocker"
},
{
"text": ", and exhibited a natural aptitude .",
"title": "Fermin Rocker"
},
{
"text": " When World War I broke out , both his parents were interned as enemy aliens , along with many naturalised Germans and Russians , his father in 1914 , his mother in 1916 . In 1918 , they were released and moved to the Netherlands , then rapidly to Berlin where his artistic practice developed . Fermin Rocker trained as a lithographer . His early works consisted of sketches , watercolours , and graphic work . He also started mixing in the artist milieu of Berlin .",
"title": "Fermin Rocker"
},
{
"text": "In 1929 , Rocker followed his father on a lecture tour in the United States . Contrary to his original plans , he remained in New York . After the Machtergreifung in 1933 , his parents joined him there to live in a rural commune in New York State.He worked as draftsman , a cartoon animator , a commercial artist , and as a book illustrator . Among his employers was the Survey Graphic . In 1944 , he had his first one-man exhibition in New York . His works would also be exhibited at the Brooklyn Museum of Art",
"title": "Fermin Rocker"
},
{
"text": ", the Whitney Museum , and the Chicago Art Institute . The Library of Congress bought some works of his . In 1946 , he received a prize from the Philadelphia Print Club for his graphic works . In 1952 , he married Ruth Robins , a dentist from California who he had met in New York . In the same year , his mother died ; three years later his father followed .",
"title": "Fermin Rocker"
},
{
"text": "In 1956 , he visited the United Kingdom for the first time since 1929 . His wife liked the continent so much that she returned to settle in England in 1970 , Fermin following her in 1972 , to escape the crime and expensive rents in New York , and because Rocker thought New York had become ugly . He and Ruth lived in Tufnell Park for the rest of their long lives . Rocker illustrated books for the Oxford University Press and did paintings on the side . Mick Jagger bought a painting for £4,000 from him depicting Basque",
"title": "Fermin Rocker"
},
{
"text": "refugees fleeing Francos allies towards the French border .",
"title": "Fermin Rocker"
},
{
"text": " Aside from his animation work , Rocker worked in the realist tradition , mostly landscape paintings with warm colors up to this point . His images were rarely overtly political and after his move to New York he had mostly concentrated on oil paintings of intimate everyday scenes . Once back in London , his style evolved . He started painting still lifes and even political paintings such as the one he sold to Jagger . His colour palette became darker and more melancholy .",
"title": "Fermin Rocker"
},
{
"text": "Rockers relationship to Anarchism was ambiguous . He was deterred by the endless feuds and factionalism within Anarchism and acknowledged that capitalism had raised the standard of living .",
"title": "Fermin Rocker"
},
{
"text": " After Rocker turned 65 , he quit illustrating and concentrated on painting instead . He had 13 solo exhibitions in the last twenty years of his life , mostly at Stephen Bartley Gallery , in Chelsea , London . In 1989 , Ruth Rocker died and the same year he published an account of his childhood in London . Rocker died peacefully aged 96 on October 18th 2004 .",
"title": "Fermin Rocker"
},
{
"text": " - Fermin Rocker at AskART . The Artists Bluebook .",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Fermin_Rocker#P551#1
|
What was the residence of Fermin Rocker in Feb 1967?
|
Fermin Rocker Fermin Rocker ( 22 December 1907 – 18 October 2004 ) was a British painter and book illustrator . He was the son of the anarcho-syndicalist theorist and activist Rudolf Rocker , a German , who had moved to London 1895 , and Milly Witkop , a Ukrainian Jew and anarchist and feminist activist , who had fled to London in 1894 . Rocker was born in Stepney , East London in 1907 and named after the Spanish anarchist and mayor of Cádiz Fermín Salvochea . During his youth , he got to know many prominent anarchists such as Errico Malatesta and Peter Kropotkin and often attended anarchist meetings with his father , a prominent activist , whom he fondly recalls in his 1998 memoir . Later he would also meet Augustin Souchy , Emma Goldman , Alexander Berkman , Erich Mühsam , Nestor Makhno , and Buenaventura Durruti . During this period he learned to draw , guided by his half-brother Rudolph , and exhibited a natural aptitude . When World War I broke out , both his parents were interned as enemy aliens , along with many naturalised Germans and Russians , his father in 1914 , his mother in 1916 . In 1918 , they were released and moved to the Netherlands , then rapidly to Berlin where his artistic practice developed . Fermin Rocker trained as a lithographer . His early works consisted of sketches , watercolours , and graphic work . He also started mixing in the artist milieu of Berlin . In 1929 , Rocker followed his father on a lecture tour in the United States . Contrary to his original plans , he remained in New York . After the Machtergreifung in 1933 , his parents joined him there to live in a rural commune in New York State.He worked as draftsman , a cartoon animator , a commercial artist , and as a book illustrator . Among his employers was the Survey Graphic . In 1944 , he had his first one-man exhibition in New York . His works would also be exhibited at the Brooklyn Museum of Art , the Whitney Museum , and the Chicago Art Institute . The Library of Congress bought some works of his . In 1946 , he received a prize from the Philadelphia Print Club for his graphic works . In 1952 , he married Ruth Robins , a dentist from California who he had met in New York . In the same year , his mother died ; three years later his father followed . In 1956 , he visited the United Kingdom for the first time since 1929 . His wife liked the continent so much that she returned to settle in England in 1970 , Fermin following her in 1972 , to escape the crime and expensive rents in New York , and because Rocker thought New York had become ugly . He and Ruth lived in Tufnell Park for the rest of their long lives . Rocker illustrated books for the Oxford University Press and did paintings on the side . Mick Jagger bought a painting for £4,000 from him depicting Basque refugees fleeing Francos allies towards the French border . Aside from his animation work , Rocker worked in the realist tradition , mostly landscape paintings with warm colors up to this point . His images were rarely overtly political and after his move to New York he had mostly concentrated on oil paintings of intimate everyday scenes . Once back in London , his style evolved . He started painting still lifes and even political paintings such as the one he sold to Jagger . His colour palette became darker and more melancholy . Rockers relationship to Anarchism was ambiguous . He was deterred by the endless feuds and factionalism within Anarchism and acknowledged that capitalism had raised the standard of living . After Rocker turned 65 , he quit illustrating and concentrated on painting instead . He had 13 solo exhibitions in the last twenty years of his life , mostly at Stephen Bartley Gallery , in Chelsea , London . In 1989 , Ruth Rocker died and the same year he published an account of his childhood in London . Rocker died peacefully aged 96 on October 18th 2004 . External links . - Fermin Rocker at AskART . The Artists Bluebook .
|
[
"England"
] |
[
{
"text": " Fermin Rocker ( 22 December 1907 – 18 October 2004 ) was a British painter and book illustrator . He was the son of the anarcho-syndicalist theorist and activist Rudolf Rocker , a German , who had moved to London 1895 , and Milly Witkop , a Ukrainian Jew and anarchist and feminist activist , who had fled to London in 1894 .",
"title": "Fermin Rocker"
},
{
"text": "Rocker was born in Stepney , East London in 1907 and named after the Spanish anarchist and mayor of Cádiz Fermín Salvochea . During his youth , he got to know many prominent anarchists such as Errico Malatesta and Peter Kropotkin and often attended anarchist meetings with his father , a prominent activist , whom he fondly recalls in his 1998 memoir . Later he would also meet Augustin Souchy , Emma Goldman , Alexander Berkman , Erich Mühsam , Nestor Makhno , and Buenaventura Durruti . During this period he learned to draw , guided by his half-brother Rudolph",
"title": "Fermin Rocker"
},
{
"text": ", and exhibited a natural aptitude .",
"title": "Fermin Rocker"
},
{
"text": " When World War I broke out , both his parents were interned as enemy aliens , along with many naturalised Germans and Russians , his father in 1914 , his mother in 1916 . In 1918 , they were released and moved to the Netherlands , then rapidly to Berlin where his artistic practice developed . Fermin Rocker trained as a lithographer . His early works consisted of sketches , watercolours , and graphic work . He also started mixing in the artist milieu of Berlin .",
"title": "Fermin Rocker"
},
{
"text": "In 1929 , Rocker followed his father on a lecture tour in the United States . Contrary to his original plans , he remained in New York . After the Machtergreifung in 1933 , his parents joined him there to live in a rural commune in New York State.He worked as draftsman , a cartoon animator , a commercial artist , and as a book illustrator . Among his employers was the Survey Graphic . In 1944 , he had his first one-man exhibition in New York . His works would also be exhibited at the Brooklyn Museum of Art",
"title": "Fermin Rocker"
},
{
"text": ", the Whitney Museum , and the Chicago Art Institute . The Library of Congress bought some works of his . In 1946 , he received a prize from the Philadelphia Print Club for his graphic works . In 1952 , he married Ruth Robins , a dentist from California who he had met in New York . In the same year , his mother died ; three years later his father followed .",
"title": "Fermin Rocker"
},
{
"text": "In 1956 , he visited the United Kingdom for the first time since 1929 . His wife liked the continent so much that she returned to settle in England in 1970 , Fermin following her in 1972 , to escape the crime and expensive rents in New York , and because Rocker thought New York had become ugly . He and Ruth lived in Tufnell Park for the rest of their long lives . Rocker illustrated books for the Oxford University Press and did paintings on the side . Mick Jagger bought a painting for £4,000 from him depicting Basque",
"title": "Fermin Rocker"
},
{
"text": "refugees fleeing Francos allies towards the French border .",
"title": "Fermin Rocker"
},
{
"text": " Aside from his animation work , Rocker worked in the realist tradition , mostly landscape paintings with warm colors up to this point . His images were rarely overtly political and after his move to New York he had mostly concentrated on oil paintings of intimate everyday scenes . Once back in London , his style evolved . He started painting still lifes and even political paintings such as the one he sold to Jagger . His colour palette became darker and more melancholy .",
"title": "Fermin Rocker"
},
{
"text": "Rockers relationship to Anarchism was ambiguous . He was deterred by the endless feuds and factionalism within Anarchism and acknowledged that capitalism had raised the standard of living .",
"title": "Fermin Rocker"
},
{
"text": " After Rocker turned 65 , he quit illustrating and concentrated on painting instead . He had 13 solo exhibitions in the last twenty years of his life , mostly at Stephen Bartley Gallery , in Chelsea , London . In 1989 , Ruth Rocker died and the same year he published an account of his childhood in London . Rocker died peacefully aged 96 on October 18th 2004 .",
"title": "Fermin Rocker"
},
{
"text": " - Fermin Rocker at AskART . The Artists Bluebook .",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Fermin_Rocker#P551#2
|
What was the residence of Fermin Rocker between Dec 1993 and Jan 2002?
|
Fermin Rocker Fermin Rocker ( 22 December 1907 – 18 October 2004 ) was a British painter and book illustrator . He was the son of the anarcho-syndicalist theorist and activist Rudolf Rocker , a German , who had moved to London 1895 , and Milly Witkop , a Ukrainian Jew and anarchist and feminist activist , who had fled to London in 1894 . Rocker was born in Stepney , East London in 1907 and named after the Spanish anarchist and mayor of Cádiz Fermín Salvochea . During his youth , he got to know many prominent anarchists such as Errico Malatesta and Peter Kropotkin and often attended anarchist meetings with his father , a prominent activist , whom he fondly recalls in his 1998 memoir . Later he would also meet Augustin Souchy , Emma Goldman , Alexander Berkman , Erich Mühsam , Nestor Makhno , and Buenaventura Durruti . During this period he learned to draw , guided by his half-brother Rudolph , and exhibited a natural aptitude . When World War I broke out , both his parents were interned as enemy aliens , along with many naturalised Germans and Russians , his father in 1914 , his mother in 1916 . In 1918 , they were released and moved to the Netherlands , then rapidly to Berlin where his artistic practice developed . Fermin Rocker trained as a lithographer . His early works consisted of sketches , watercolours , and graphic work . He also started mixing in the artist milieu of Berlin . In 1929 , Rocker followed his father on a lecture tour in the United States . Contrary to his original plans , he remained in New York . After the Machtergreifung in 1933 , his parents joined him there to live in a rural commune in New York State.He worked as draftsman , a cartoon animator , a commercial artist , and as a book illustrator . Among his employers was the Survey Graphic . In 1944 , he had his first one-man exhibition in New York . His works would also be exhibited at the Brooklyn Museum of Art , the Whitney Museum , and the Chicago Art Institute . The Library of Congress bought some works of his . In 1946 , he received a prize from the Philadelphia Print Club for his graphic works . In 1952 , he married Ruth Robins , a dentist from California who he had met in New York . In the same year , his mother died ; three years later his father followed . In 1956 , he visited the United Kingdom for the first time since 1929 . His wife liked the continent so much that she returned to settle in England in 1970 , Fermin following her in 1972 , to escape the crime and expensive rents in New York , and because Rocker thought New York had become ugly . He and Ruth lived in Tufnell Park for the rest of their long lives . Rocker illustrated books for the Oxford University Press and did paintings on the side . Mick Jagger bought a painting for £4,000 from him depicting Basque refugees fleeing Francos allies towards the French border . Aside from his animation work , Rocker worked in the realist tradition , mostly landscape paintings with warm colors up to this point . His images were rarely overtly political and after his move to New York he had mostly concentrated on oil paintings of intimate everyday scenes . Once back in London , his style evolved . He started painting still lifes and even political paintings such as the one he sold to Jagger . His colour palette became darker and more melancholy . Rockers relationship to Anarchism was ambiguous . He was deterred by the endless feuds and factionalism within Anarchism and acknowledged that capitalism had raised the standard of living . After Rocker turned 65 , he quit illustrating and concentrated on painting instead . He had 13 solo exhibitions in the last twenty years of his life , mostly at Stephen Bartley Gallery , in Chelsea , London . In 1989 , Ruth Rocker died and the same year he published an account of his childhood in London . Rocker died peacefully aged 96 on October 18th 2004 . External links . - Fermin Rocker at AskART . The Artists Bluebook .
|
[
"New York"
] |
[
{
"text": " Fermin Rocker ( 22 December 1907 – 18 October 2004 ) was a British painter and book illustrator . He was the son of the anarcho-syndicalist theorist and activist Rudolf Rocker , a German , who had moved to London 1895 , and Milly Witkop , a Ukrainian Jew and anarchist and feminist activist , who had fled to London in 1894 .",
"title": "Fermin Rocker"
},
{
"text": "Rocker was born in Stepney , East London in 1907 and named after the Spanish anarchist and mayor of Cádiz Fermín Salvochea . During his youth , he got to know many prominent anarchists such as Errico Malatesta and Peter Kropotkin and often attended anarchist meetings with his father , a prominent activist , whom he fondly recalls in his 1998 memoir . Later he would also meet Augustin Souchy , Emma Goldman , Alexander Berkman , Erich Mühsam , Nestor Makhno , and Buenaventura Durruti . During this period he learned to draw , guided by his half-brother Rudolph",
"title": "Fermin Rocker"
},
{
"text": ", and exhibited a natural aptitude .",
"title": "Fermin Rocker"
},
{
"text": " When World War I broke out , both his parents were interned as enemy aliens , along with many naturalised Germans and Russians , his father in 1914 , his mother in 1916 . In 1918 , they were released and moved to the Netherlands , then rapidly to Berlin where his artistic practice developed . Fermin Rocker trained as a lithographer . His early works consisted of sketches , watercolours , and graphic work . He also started mixing in the artist milieu of Berlin .",
"title": "Fermin Rocker"
},
{
"text": "In 1929 , Rocker followed his father on a lecture tour in the United States . Contrary to his original plans , he remained in New York . After the Machtergreifung in 1933 , his parents joined him there to live in a rural commune in New York State.He worked as draftsman , a cartoon animator , a commercial artist , and as a book illustrator . Among his employers was the Survey Graphic . In 1944 , he had his first one-man exhibition in New York . His works would also be exhibited at the Brooklyn Museum of Art",
"title": "Fermin Rocker"
},
{
"text": ", the Whitney Museum , and the Chicago Art Institute . The Library of Congress bought some works of his . In 1946 , he received a prize from the Philadelphia Print Club for his graphic works . In 1952 , he married Ruth Robins , a dentist from California who he had met in New York . In the same year , his mother died ; three years later his father followed .",
"title": "Fermin Rocker"
},
{
"text": "In 1956 , he visited the United Kingdom for the first time since 1929 . His wife liked the continent so much that she returned to settle in England in 1970 , Fermin following her in 1972 , to escape the crime and expensive rents in New York , and because Rocker thought New York had become ugly . He and Ruth lived in Tufnell Park for the rest of their long lives . Rocker illustrated books for the Oxford University Press and did paintings on the side . Mick Jagger bought a painting for £4,000 from him depicting Basque",
"title": "Fermin Rocker"
},
{
"text": "refugees fleeing Francos allies towards the French border .",
"title": "Fermin Rocker"
},
{
"text": " Aside from his animation work , Rocker worked in the realist tradition , mostly landscape paintings with warm colors up to this point . His images were rarely overtly political and after his move to New York he had mostly concentrated on oil paintings of intimate everyday scenes . Once back in London , his style evolved . He started painting still lifes and even political paintings such as the one he sold to Jagger . His colour palette became darker and more melancholy .",
"title": "Fermin Rocker"
},
{
"text": "Rockers relationship to Anarchism was ambiguous . He was deterred by the endless feuds and factionalism within Anarchism and acknowledged that capitalism had raised the standard of living .",
"title": "Fermin Rocker"
},
{
"text": " After Rocker turned 65 , he quit illustrating and concentrated on painting instead . He had 13 solo exhibitions in the last twenty years of his life , mostly at Stephen Bartley Gallery , in Chelsea , London . In 1989 , Ruth Rocker died and the same year he published an account of his childhood in London . Rocker died peacefully aged 96 on October 18th 2004 .",
"title": "Fermin Rocker"
},
{
"text": " - Fermin Rocker at AskART . The Artists Bluebook .",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Daniel_Adlung#P54#0
|
Daniel Adlung played for which team in Dec 2005?
|
Daniel Adlung Daniel Adlung ( born 1 October 1987 ) is a German footballer who plays as a midfielder for 1 . FC Schweinfurt 05 on loan from Greuther Fürth II . He is also an assistant coach for Greuther Fürth II . Club career . Greuther Fürth . Born in Fürth , West Germany , Adlung began his football career at SV Hiltpoltstein , joining the club when he was seven years old . When Adlung was nine years old , he moved to 1 . FC Nürnberg . Every two years , Adlung shuttled back and forth between Greuther Fürth and 1 . FC Nürnberg before sticking with Greuther Fürth , where he started his professional football career there . Adlung progressed through the ranks of the clubs youth system . Adlung made his Greuther Fürth debut , coming on as a 78th minute substitute , in a 1–0 win against Alemannia Aachen on 30 September 2005 . He then found himself rotated at playing between the clubs first team and the second team . After three months away from the first team , Adlung made his return to the first team against Rot Weiss Ahlen on 2 December 2005 , coming on as a 70th minute substitute , in a 1–0 win . He then set up Greuther Fürths first goal of the game , in a 2–0 win against Kickers Offenbach on 29 January 2006 . At the end of the 2005–06 season , Adlung made seventeen appearances in all competitions . At the start of the 2006–07 season , Adlung found himself involved in the first team , alternating between a starting and a substitute role . He then set up the clubs second goal of the game , in a 3–0 win against Erzgebirge Aue on 17 September 2006 . It wasnt until on 13 November 2006 when Adlung scored his first goal of the season , in a 2–2 draw against 1 . FC Kaiserslautern . His second goal came on 21 January 2007 against 1860 München and then setting up Greuther Fürths second goal of the game , in a 3–0 win . Two months later on 2 March 2007 , he scored his third goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against FC Augsburg . By the second half of the season , Adlung began playing in unfamiliar right–back position , as well as , rotating in playing the defensive midfield position . He then regained his first team place for the rest of the 2006–07 season . Despite being plagued with injuries , Adlung went on to make thirty–one appearances and scoring three times in all competitions . At the start of the 2007–08 season , Adlung appeared six matches in the first two months of the season before missing one match due to a toe injury . He then returned to the first team from injury , coming on as a 72nd minute substitute , in a 2–2 draw against Carl Zeiss Jena on 30 September 2007 . Following his return , Adlung then set up the clubs first goal of the game for Asen Karaslavov , who went to score twice , in a 3–0 win against 1860 München . However , he suffered a knee injury while training and didnt play for a month . It wasnt until on 16 December 2007 when Adlung returned to the starting line–up against Hoffenheim and scored his first goal of the season , as well as , setting up Greuther Fürths third goal of the game , in a 4–1 win . He followed up by setting up two goals against Erzgebirge Aue and Mainz . Since returning from injury , Adlung continued to regain as a first team regular for Greuther Fürth , rotating in the left or right midfield positions . At the end of the 2007–08 season , he went on to make thirty appearances and scoring two times in all competitions . VfL Wolfsburg . With his contract at Greuther Fürth expire at the end of the 2007–08 season , Adlung was expected to leave after being linked a move away , with clubs , such as , VfL Wolfsburg and Hansa Rostock were interested in signing him . It was announced on 11 May 2008 that he would be joining VfL Wolfsburg . Adlung made his Wolfsburg debut , coming on as a second half substitute , in a 7–0 win against FC Oberneuland in the second round of the DFB–Pokal . However , he found himself playing for the clubs reserve side instead of the first team . Despite this , Adlung was part of Wolfsburgs squad that won the league , saying : Of course we celebrated a lot . My family was very happy for me . And even if I havent got too many assignments yet , it has been a good experience for me that will certainly help me in my career . Alemannia Aachen ( loan ) . It was announced on 5 August 2009 that Adlung was loaned out to Alemannia Aachen for the 2009–10 season and was given a number 24 shirt . It came after when he was told by Wolfsburg that he needs to be loaned out to get first team football . Adlung made his Alemannia Aachen debut , starting a match and played 45 minutes before being substituted , in a 5–0 loss against St . Pauli on 17 August 2009 . However , his first three months at the club saw him placed on the substitute bench . He then regained his place in the first team for Alemannia Aachen . In a match against his former club , Greuther Fürth on 7 December 2009 , Adlung set up the clubs first goal of the game , in a 2–0 win . It wasnt until on 15 January 2010 when he scored his first goal for Alemannia Aachen , in a 3–1 win against Karlsruher SC . Adlung then set up a goal for Benjamin Auer , who scored twice for the club , in a 2–1 win against Arminia Bielefeld on 12 March 2010 . His second goal for Alemannia Aachen came on 28 March 2010 , as well as , setting up the clubs third goal of the game , in a 4–0 win against FC Augsburg . At the end of the 2009–10 season , he went on to make twenty–five appearances in all competitions . Following this , Adlung returned to his parent club . Energie Cottbus . On 3 August 2010 , Adlung joined Energie Cottbus for a transfer fee of 180,000 euros , signing a three–year contract . He made his Energie Cottbus debut , starting a match and set up the clubs second goal of the game , in a 2–1 win against TuS Heeslingen in the first round of the DFB-Pokal . Since making his debut for Energie Cottbus , Adlung quickly established himself in the starting eleven , playing in the left–midfield position . He then set up the clubs first goal of the game , in a 5–5 draw against Karlsruher SC on 13 September 2010 . His first goal for Energie Cottbus came on 17 October 2010 , scoring the clubs first goal of the game , in a 3–1 win against Paderborn . Two weeks later on 31 October 2010 , Adlung scored his second goal for Energie Cottbus , in a 2–1 win against VfL Bochum . However , he was sidelined for the rest of 2010 , due to suspension for picking five yellow cards , followed up by injuries . It wasnt until on 15 January 2011 when Adlung returned to the starting line–up against Fortuna Düsseldorf , as the club lost 3–1 . A month later on 21 February 2011 , he scored his third goal of the season , in a 2–2 draw against Hertha BSC . Two months later on 21 April 2011 , Adlung scored his fourth goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against Erzgebirge Aue . Since returning to the first team from injury , he continued to regain his first team place in the starting line–up for the rest of the 2010–11 season . Despite missing two more matches later in the season , Adlung made thirty–two appearances and scoring four times in all competitions . In the opening game of the 2011–12 season against Dynamo Dresden , Adlung scored his first goal of the season , in a 2–1 win . In a follow–up match against MSV Duisburg , he set up Energie Cottbus’ second goal of the game , in a 2–1 win . Adlung then scored his second goal of the season , as well as , setting up the clubs first goal of the game , in a 3–3 draw against Eintracht Frankfurt on 10 September 2011 . However , he suffered injuries on two occasions that kept him out for several weeks . It wasnt until on 16 October 2011 when Adlung returned to the first team , coming on as a 79th minute substitute , in a 1–0 win against FSV Frankfurt . Since returning from injury , he started in the next six matches , including setting up a goal , in a 2–1 loss against Dynamo Dresden on 11 December 2011 , before serving a one match suspension for picking up five yellow cards . After returning to the first team from suspension , Adlung then captained Energie Cottbus for the first time against Karlsruher SC on 17 February 2012 and helped the club lose 2–0 . In a match against Eintracht Frankfurt on 4 March 2012 , he was sent–off for a second bookable offence , in a 1–0 loss . On the last game of the season against Union Berlin , Adlung scored his third goal of the season , in a 2–1 win , as the result saw the club successfully avoid relegation . Despite the setback he received during the 2011–12 season , Adlung remained as the clubs first team regular , playing in the midfield position . As a result , he went on to make thirty appearances and scoring three times in all competitions . At the start of the 2012–13 season , Adlung scored a brace for Energie Cottbus , as the club won 3–0 against Erzgebirge Aue on 10 August 2012 . He then set up two goals in two matches between 14 September 2012 and 22 September 2012 against FSV Frankfurt and Jahn Regensburg . In a match against Union Berlin on 29 September 2012 , Adlung scored his second goal of the season , but received a straight red card in the 76th minute for insulting the assistant referee . Following this , he served a two match suspension . Up until his sending off , Adlung started in the first eight league matches of the season . After serving a two match suspension , he returned to the starting line–up against 1860 München on 26 October 2012 and helped the club win 1–0 . This was followed up by setting up two goals in two matches between 4 November 2012 and 11 November 2012 against Bochum and Dynamo Dresden . Adlung continued to start in the next six matches , including setting up a goal , in a 1–1 draw against FC Ingolstadt 04 on 9 December 2012 , before being sent–off for a straight red card in the 88th minute , losing 3–0 against Erzgebirge Aue . After serving a three match suspension , he returned to the starting line–up against Jahn Regensburg on 24 February 2013 and set up the equalising goal , in a 1–1 draw . Two weeks later on 9 March 2013 , Adlung played in the striker position for the first time ( and did so again in a follow–up ) , and scored his fourth goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against Union Berlin . However , he found himself out of the first team and was demoted to the clubs reserve side that saw him missed five matches . It wasnt until on 12 May 2013 when he returned to the first team , coming on as a 75th minute substitute against SV Sandhausen and scored his fifth goal of the season , in a 3–0 win . At the end of the 2012–13 season , Adlung went on to make twenty–five appearances and scoring five times in all competitions . TSV 1860 München . With his contract expected to expire at the end of the 2012–13 season , Adlung confirmed his departure from Energie Cottbus . It was announced on 11 April 2013 that he signed for 1860 Munich on a three–year contract , keeping him until 2016 . Adlung made his 1860 München debut , starting the match and played 75 minutes before being substituted , in a 1–1 draw against St . Pauli in the opening game of the season . In the first round of the DFB–Pokal against 1 . FC Heidenheim , he played 120 minutes following a 1–1 draw and successfully converted the penalty in the shootout , as the club won 4–3 . Since making his debut for 1860 München , Adlung quickly became a first team regular , establishing himself in the midfield position . It wasnt until on 1 December 2013 when he scored his first goal for the club , in a 2–1 win against VfL Bochum . Adlung then made his 200th league appearances of his career against Fortuna Düsseldorf , coming on as an 81st minute substitute , in a 1–1 draw on 10 February 2014 . In a match against FC Erzgebirge Aue on 15 March 2014 , he set up the equalising goal for Yuya Osako in the last minute of the game , to make it 2–2 . Two weeks later on 26 March 2014 , Adlung scored his second goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against Energie Cottbus . Since the start of the 2013–14 season , he appeared in every matches until missing one match after being suspended for picking up yellow cards . After serving a one match suspension , Adlung returned to the starting line–up against Karlsruher SC on 6 April 2014 , as 1860 München lost 3–0 . This was followed by scoring two goals in the next two matches against Dynamo Dresden and Arminia Bielefeld . At the end of the 2013–14 season , he made thirty–five appearances and scoring four times in all competitions . At the start of the 2014–15 season , however , Adlung was suspended to the second squad along with his teammates Gábor Király , Vitus Eicher , Yannick Stark and captain Julian Weigl . While Király had assaulted Gary Kagelmacher during a match , the other four players had been out drinking late at night and were overheard talking negatively about the club . Shortly after , he apologised to 1860 München for his action and returned to training with the first team . However , Adlung suffered a back injury that kept him out for weeks . He returned to the first team from injury against SV Sandhausen on 23 September 2014 , coming on as a 75th minute substitute , in a 1–0 loss . In a follow–up match against Greuther Fürth , Adlung set up the clubs first goal of the game , in a 2–0 win . After the match , his performance was praised by Manager Markus von Ahlen , saying : It wouldnt be fair to highlight any player . Adi played a strong game . It wasnt until on 2 November 2014 when he scored his first goal of the season , as well as , setting up 1860 Münchens two other goals , in a 3–0 win against Bochum . Three weeks later on 22 November 2014 , Adlung scored his second goal of the season , as well as setting up the clubs fourth goal of the game , in a 4–1 win . Since returning from suspension and injury , he continued to be a first team regular , playing in different midfield positions . Following the absent of Christopher Schindler , Adlung captained 1860 München for the first time against Karlsruher SC on 13 December 2014 , as the club lost 3–2 . He went on to captain four times of next five matches for the club . His third goal of the season came on 13 March 2015 against Greuther Fürth , in a 3–0 win . Adlung later scored two more goals for 1860 München later in the 2014–15 season against Fortuna Düsseldorf and 1 . FC Nürnberg . Despite this , the club finished sixteenth place in the 2 . Bundesliga , resulting in them participating in the relegation play-offs against Holstein Kiel . He played in both legs in the relegation play-offs against Holstein Kiel and scored in the second leg , as 1860 München won 2–1 on aggregate to retain its league place . At the end of the 2014–15 season , Adlung made thirty–four appearances and scoring six times in all competitions . In the opening game of the 2015–16 season against 1 . FC Heidenheim , Adlung suffered an injury and was substituted in the 63rd minute , as 1860 München lost 1–0 . But he made a quick recovery and returned to the starting line–up against SC Freiburg on 1 August 2015 , as the club lost 1–0 . Adlung then scored his first goal for the club , in a 2–2 draw against 1 . FC Nürnberg on 17 August 2015 . Following this , he continued to establish himself in the first team , playing in different midfield positions . Adlung was also appointed as 1860 Münchens vice captain . He then provided a hat–trick assists ; two of were for Rubin Okotie , who scored a hat–trick , in a 4–4 draw against Paderborn on 28 November 2015 . Since the start of the 2015–16 season , Adlung started in every matches until he suffered ankle injury during a 1–1 draw against Bochum on 21 February 2016 and was substituted at half time . Following this , Adlung was sidelined for six weeks following an operation on his ankle . It wasnt until on 8 April 2016 when he returned to the first team , coming on as a 73rd minute substitute , in a 1–0 loss against Greuther Fürth . In a follow–up match against MSV Duisburg , Adlung captained the club for the first time in the 2015–16 season , as they lost 2–1 . Since returning from injury , he appeared in the last six matches of the season , as 1860 München successfully avoided relegation once again . At the end of the 2015–16 season , Adlung went on to make thirty–one appearances and scoring once in all competitions . Following this , his future at the club became uncertain as he yet to sign a contract . It was announced on 30 June 2016 that Adlung signed a contract extension with 1860 München , keeping him until 2018 . At the start of the 2016–17 season , Adlung continued to establish himself in the first team , playing in different midfield positions . It wasnt until on 28 October 2016 when he scored his first goal of the season , coming on as an 85th minute substitute , in a 6–2 win against Erzgebirge Aue . However by mid–October , Adlung soon found his playing time , mostly coming from the substitute bench . But he did appear in the starting line–up , appearing five times between 21 November 2016 and 3 February 2017 . Following this , Adlung appeared on the substitute bench for the rest of the 2016–17 season , as 1860 München were officially relegated after losing 3–1 against Jahn Regensburg on aggregate . At the end of the 2016–17 season , he went on to make seventeen appearances and scoring once in all competitions . Following the clubs relegation , Adlung was critical of the clubs performance that saw him relegated . Although his contract expires at the end of the 2017–18 season , he was allowed to leave 1860 München after being surplus of requirement . It was announced on 4 September 2017 that Adlung and the club agreed to terminate his contract , making him a free agent . Adelaide United . In September 2017 , Adlung joined Adelaide United , signing a two–year contract . Adlung made his Adelaide United debut , starting the whole game , in a 1–1 draw against Wellington Phoenix in the opening game of the season . In a follow–up match against Brisbane Roar , he set up the clubs second goal of the game , in a 2–1 win . Since making his debut for the club , Adlung quickly established himself in the starting eleven , playing in the midfield positions . He scored his first goal for Adelaide United in a 2–1 win over Western Sydney Wanderers in the semi-final of the 2017 FFA Cup . A month later on 16 November 2017 , Adlung scored his second goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against Central Coast Mariners . Five days later on 21 November 2017 , he started and played 120 minutes in the FFA Cup Final against Sydney FC , as the club lost 2–1 . However in a match against Melbourne Victory on 8 December 2017 , Adlung was sent–off for a second bookable offence in the 82nd minutes , in a 2–1 win . After serving a one match suspension , he returned to the starting line–up against Central Coast Mariners on 26 December 2017 and helped Adelaide United win 1–0 . During a 3–0 win against Perth Glory on 5 January 2018 , Adlung scored the clubs first goal of the game before suffering a back injury that saw him substituted in the 41st minute . After recovering from a back injury that saw missed one match , he continued to remain in the first team for the rest of the 2017–18 season . Adlung then went on to score three more goals , including a brace against Newcastle Jets on 30 March 2018 . At the end of the 2017–18 season , he went on to make twenty–eight appearances and scoring six times in all competitions . Following this , Adlung was released by Adelaide United in May 2018 . It was later revealed that homesickness was the factor of his release . Return to Greuther Fürth . Adlung returned to Germany and re–joined Greuther Fürth as the clubs player-assistant coach on 26 June 2018 , assigning to play for the second team . Adlung started well for SpVgg Greuther Fürth II , setting up two goals in the first two league matches . He started in a number of matches for the club since joining SpVgg Greuther Fürth II . It wasnt until on 17 November 2018 when Adlung scored his first goal for the second team , in a 2–2 draw against Schalding-Heining . In a match against TSV 1860 Rosenheim on 23 March 2019 , he received a straight red card for his unsportmanlike conduct , as SpVgg Greuther Fürth II drew 1–1 . Despite serving a three match suspension , Adlung suffered a back injury that kept him out further . But Adlung returned to the starting line–up against VfB Eichstätt on 4 May 2019 and played the whole game , as the second team drew 1–1 . At the end of the 2018–19 season , he went on to make twenty–eight appearances and scoring once in all competitions for SpVgg Greuther Fürth II . At the start of the 2019–20 season , Adlung continued to start for SpVgg Greuther Fürth II . He contributed four assists in the first six matches of the season . It wasnt until on 7 September 2019 when Adlung scored his first goal of the season , in a 3–1 loss against FV Illertissen . Adlung then scored his second goal of the season , in a 2–0 win against TSV 1860 Rosenheim on 19 October 2019 . However , the 2019–20 season was interrupted and eventuality cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic . Up until the cancellation of the season , he started in every matches , making twenty–three appearances and scoring two times in all competitions for the second team . International career . Adlung made his Germany U17 debut on 20 October 2003 against Portugal U17 , starting the whole game , as the U17 side lost 2–0 . He went on to make three appearances for Germany U17 . In November 2004 , Adlung was called up to the Germany U18 squad , making his debut for the U18 side , in a 2–1 loss against Turkey U18 on 23 November 2004 . He went on to make five appearances for the U18 side . Adlung made his Germany U19 debut , starting a match against China U19 , as they drew 1–1 on 12 September 2005 . He then scored his first Germany U19 goal , in a 6–0 win against Cyprus U19 on 26 May 2006 . Three months later , Adlung received a bronze medal for the Fritz-Walter-Medal . Adlung made nine appearances for the U19 side . Adlung made his Germany U20 on 30 August 2006 , starting the whole game , as the U20 side won 1–0 against Switerzland U20 . He went on to make four appearances for the U20 side . Adlung then made his Germany U21 debut , coming on as a 66th minute substitute , in a 2–0 win against Scotland U21 on 6 February 2007 . Two years later , he was called up to the U21 squad for the 2009 UEFA Under-21 Championship . However , Adlung appeared as an unused substitute throughout the tournament , as Germany U21 won the tournament . Adlung went on to make five appearances for the U21 side . Personal life . Adlung has a sister and brother . His father , Herbert , was supportive of him playing football , having knew the case , knowing that he would one day make the step into the big football business . Adlung is a vegan after being given a copy of the Attila Hildmann and Brendan Brazier book . Adlung is married to his long term girlfriend , Julia , and together , they have a daughter , Aviana Rose . Honours . - Bundesliga : 2008–09 - UEFA Under-21 Championship : 2009
|
[
"Greuther Fürth"
] |
[
{
"text": " Daniel Adlung ( born 1 October 1987 ) is a German footballer who plays as a midfielder for 1 . FC Schweinfurt 05 on loan from Greuther Fürth II . He is also an assistant coach for Greuther Fürth II .",
"title": "Daniel Adlung"
},
{
"text": " Born in Fürth , West Germany , Adlung began his football career at SV Hiltpoltstein , joining the club when he was seven years old . When Adlung was nine years old , he moved to 1 . FC Nürnberg . Every two years , Adlung shuttled back and forth between Greuther Fürth and 1 . FC Nürnberg before sticking with Greuther Fürth , where he started his professional football career there . Adlung progressed through the ranks of the clubs youth system .",
"title": "Greuther Fürth"
},
{
"text": "Adlung made his Greuther Fürth debut , coming on as a 78th minute substitute , in a 1–0 win against Alemannia Aachen on 30 September 2005 . He then found himself rotated at playing between the clubs first team and the second team . After three months away from the first team , Adlung made his return to the first team against Rot Weiss Ahlen on 2 December 2005 , coming on as a 70th minute substitute , in a 1–0 win . He then set up Greuther Fürths first goal of the game , in a 2–0 win against",
"title": "Greuther Fürth"
},
{
"text": "Kickers Offenbach on 29 January 2006 . At the end of the 2005–06 season , Adlung made seventeen appearances in all competitions .",
"title": "Greuther Fürth"
},
{
"text": "At the start of the 2006–07 season , Adlung found himself involved in the first team , alternating between a starting and a substitute role . He then set up the clubs second goal of the game , in a 3–0 win against Erzgebirge Aue on 17 September 2006 . It wasnt until on 13 November 2006 when Adlung scored his first goal of the season , in a 2–2 draw against 1 . FC Kaiserslautern . His second goal came on 21 January 2007 against 1860 München and then setting up Greuther Fürths second goal of the game ,",
"title": "Greuther Fürth"
},
{
"text": "in a 3–0 win . Two months later on 2 March 2007 , he scored his third goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against FC Augsburg . By the second half of the season , Adlung began playing in unfamiliar right–back position , as well as , rotating in playing the defensive midfield position . He then regained his first team place for the rest of the 2006–07 season . Despite being plagued with injuries , Adlung went on to make thirty–one appearances and scoring three times in all competitions .",
"title": "Greuther Fürth"
},
{
"text": "At the start of the 2007–08 season , Adlung appeared six matches in the first two months of the season before missing one match due to a toe injury . He then returned to the first team from injury , coming on as a 72nd minute substitute , in a 2–2 draw against Carl Zeiss Jena on 30 September 2007 . Following his return , Adlung then set up the clubs first goal of the game for Asen Karaslavov , who went to score twice , in a 3–0 win against 1860 München . However , he suffered a knee",
"title": "Greuther Fürth"
},
{
"text": "injury while training and didnt play for a month . It wasnt until on 16 December 2007 when Adlung returned to the starting line–up against Hoffenheim and scored his first goal of the season , as well as , setting up Greuther Fürths third goal of the game , in a 4–1 win . He followed up by setting up two goals against Erzgebirge Aue and Mainz . Since returning from injury , Adlung continued to regain as a first team regular for Greuther Fürth , rotating in the left or right midfield positions . At the end of the",
"title": "Greuther Fürth"
},
{
"text": "2007–08 season , he went on to make thirty appearances and scoring two times in all competitions .",
"title": "Greuther Fürth"
},
{
"text": " With his contract at Greuther Fürth expire at the end of the 2007–08 season , Adlung was expected to leave after being linked a move away , with clubs , such as , VfL Wolfsburg and Hansa Rostock were interested in signing him . It was announced on 11 May 2008 that he would be joining VfL Wolfsburg .",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": "Adlung made his Wolfsburg debut , coming on as a second half substitute , in a 7–0 win against FC Oberneuland in the second round of the DFB–Pokal . However , he found himself playing for the clubs reserve side instead of the first team . Despite this , Adlung was part of Wolfsburgs squad that won the league , saying : Of course we celebrated a lot . My family was very happy for me . And even if I havent got too many assignments yet , it has been a good experience for me that will certainly help",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": "me in my career .",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": " Alemannia Aachen ( loan ) . It was announced on 5 August 2009 that Adlung was loaned out to Alemannia Aachen for the 2009–10 season and was given a number 24 shirt . It came after when he was told by Wolfsburg that he needs to be loaned out to get first team football .",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": "Adlung made his Alemannia Aachen debut , starting a match and played 45 minutes before being substituted , in a 5–0 loss against St . Pauli on 17 August 2009 . However , his first three months at the club saw him placed on the substitute bench . He then regained his place in the first team for Alemannia Aachen . In a match against his former club , Greuther Fürth on 7 December 2009 , Adlung set up the clubs first goal of the game , in a 2–0 win . It wasnt until on 15 January 2010 when",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": "he scored his first goal for Alemannia Aachen , in a 3–1 win against Karlsruher SC . Adlung then set up a goal for Benjamin Auer , who scored twice for the club , in a 2–1 win against Arminia Bielefeld on 12 March 2010 . His second goal for Alemannia Aachen came on 28 March 2010 , as well as , setting up the clubs third goal of the game , in a 4–0 win against FC Augsburg . At the end of the 2009–10 season , he went on to make twenty–five appearances in all competitions . Following",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": "this , Adlung returned to his parent club .",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": " On 3 August 2010 , Adlung joined Energie Cottbus for a transfer fee of 180,000 euros , signing a three–year contract .",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "He made his Energie Cottbus debut , starting a match and set up the clubs second goal of the game , in a 2–1 win against TuS Heeslingen in the first round of the DFB-Pokal . Since making his debut for Energie Cottbus , Adlung quickly established himself in the starting eleven , playing in the left–midfield position . He then set up the clubs first goal of the game , in a 5–5 draw against Karlsruher SC on 13 September 2010 . His first goal for Energie Cottbus came on 17 October 2010 , scoring the clubs first goal",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "of the game , in a 3–1 win against Paderborn . Two weeks later on 31 October 2010 , Adlung scored his second goal for Energie Cottbus , in a 2–1 win against VfL Bochum . However , he was sidelined for the rest of 2010 , due to suspension for picking five yellow cards , followed up by injuries . It wasnt until on 15 January 2011 when Adlung returned to the starting line–up against Fortuna Düsseldorf , as the club lost 3–1 . A month later on 21 February 2011 , he scored his third goal of the",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "season , in a 2–2 draw against Hertha BSC . Two months later on 21 April 2011 , Adlung scored his fourth goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against Erzgebirge Aue . Since returning to the first team from injury , he continued to regain his first team place in the starting line–up for the rest of the 2010–11 season . Despite missing two more matches later in the season , Adlung made thirty–two appearances and scoring four times in all competitions .",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "In the opening game of the 2011–12 season against Dynamo Dresden , Adlung scored his first goal of the season , in a 2–1 win . In a follow–up match against MSV Duisburg , he set up Energie Cottbus’ second goal of the game , in a 2–1 win . Adlung then scored his second goal of the season , as well as , setting up the clubs first goal of the game , in a 3–3 draw against Eintracht Frankfurt on 10 September 2011 . However , he suffered injuries on two occasions that kept him out for several",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "weeks . It wasnt until on 16 October 2011 when Adlung returned to the first team , coming on as a 79th minute substitute , in a 1–0 win against FSV Frankfurt . Since returning from injury , he started in the next six matches , including setting up a goal , in a 2–1 loss against Dynamo Dresden on 11 December 2011 , before serving a one match suspension for picking up five yellow cards . After returning to the first team from suspension , Adlung then captained Energie Cottbus for the first time against Karlsruher SC on 17",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "February 2012 and helped the club lose 2–0 . In a match against Eintracht Frankfurt on 4 March 2012 , he was sent–off for a second bookable offence , in a 1–0 loss . On the last game of the season against Union Berlin , Adlung scored his third goal of the season , in a 2–1 win , as the result saw the club successfully avoid relegation . Despite the setback he received during the 2011–12 season , Adlung remained as the clubs first team regular , playing in the midfield position . As a result , he went",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "on to make thirty appearances and scoring three times in all competitions .",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "At the start of the 2012–13 season , Adlung scored a brace for Energie Cottbus , as the club won 3–0 against Erzgebirge Aue on 10 August 2012 . He then set up two goals in two matches between 14 September 2012 and 22 September 2012 against FSV Frankfurt and Jahn Regensburg . In a match against Union Berlin on 29 September 2012 , Adlung scored his second goal of the season , but received a straight red card in the 76th minute for insulting the assistant referee . Following this , he served a two match suspension . Up",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "until his sending off , Adlung started in the first eight league matches of the season . After serving a two match suspension , he returned to the starting line–up against 1860 München on 26 October 2012 and helped the club win 1–0 . This was followed up by setting up two goals in two matches between 4 November 2012 and 11 November 2012 against Bochum and Dynamo Dresden . Adlung continued to start in the next six matches , including setting up a goal , in a 1–1 draw against FC Ingolstadt 04 on 9 December 2012 , before",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "being sent–off for a straight red card in the 88th minute , losing 3–0 against Erzgebirge Aue . After serving a three match suspension , he returned to the starting line–up against Jahn Regensburg on 24 February 2013 and set up the equalising goal , in a 1–1 draw . Two weeks later on 9 March 2013 , Adlung played in the striker position for the first time ( and did so again in a follow–up ) , and scored his fourth goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against Union Berlin . However , he found himself",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "out of the first team and was demoted to the clubs reserve side that saw him missed five matches . It wasnt until on 12 May 2013 when he returned to the first team , coming on as a 75th minute substitute against SV Sandhausen and scored his fifth goal of the season , in a 3–0 win . At the end of the 2012–13 season , Adlung went on to make twenty–five appearances and scoring five times in all competitions .",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": " With his contract expected to expire at the end of the 2012–13 season , Adlung confirmed his departure from Energie Cottbus . It was announced on 11 April 2013 that he signed for 1860 Munich on a three–year contract , keeping him until 2016 .",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "Adlung made his 1860 München debut , starting the match and played 75 minutes before being substituted , in a 1–1 draw against St . Pauli in the opening game of the season . In the first round of the DFB–Pokal against 1 . FC Heidenheim , he played 120 minutes following a 1–1 draw and successfully converted the penalty in the shootout , as the club won 4–3 . Since making his debut for 1860 München , Adlung quickly became a first team regular , establishing himself in the midfield position . It wasnt until on 1 December 2013",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "when he scored his first goal for the club , in a 2–1 win against VfL Bochum . Adlung then made his 200th league appearances of his career against Fortuna Düsseldorf , coming on as an 81st minute substitute , in a 1–1 draw on 10 February 2014 . In a match against FC Erzgebirge Aue on 15 March 2014 , he set up the equalising goal for Yuya Osako in the last minute of the game , to make it 2–2 . Two weeks later on 26 March 2014 , Adlung scored his second goal of the season ,",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "in a 2–1 win against Energie Cottbus . Since the start of the 2013–14 season , he appeared in every matches until missing one match after being suspended for picking up yellow cards . After serving a one match suspension , Adlung returned to the starting line–up against Karlsruher SC on 6 April 2014 , as 1860 München lost 3–0 . This was followed by scoring two goals in the next two matches against Dynamo Dresden and Arminia Bielefeld . At the end of the 2013–14 season , he made thirty–five appearances and scoring four times in all competitions .",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "At the start of the 2014–15 season , however , Adlung was suspended to the second squad along with his teammates Gábor Király , Vitus Eicher , Yannick Stark and captain Julian Weigl . While Király had assaulted Gary Kagelmacher during a match , the other four players had been out drinking late at night and were overheard talking negatively about the club . Shortly after , he apologised to 1860 München for his action and returned to training with the first team . However , Adlung suffered a back injury that kept him out for weeks . He returned",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "to the first team from injury against SV Sandhausen on 23 September 2014 , coming on as a 75th minute substitute , in a 1–0 loss . In a follow–up match against Greuther Fürth , Adlung set up the clubs first goal of the game , in a 2–0 win . After the match , his performance was praised by Manager Markus von Ahlen , saying : It wouldnt be fair to highlight any player . Adi played a strong game . It wasnt until on 2 November 2014 when he scored his first goal of the season , as",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "well as , setting up 1860 Münchens two other goals , in a 3–0 win against Bochum . Three weeks later on 22 November 2014 , Adlung scored his second goal of the season , as well as setting up the clubs fourth goal of the game , in a 4–1 win . Since returning from suspension and injury , he continued to be a first team regular , playing in different midfield positions . Following the absent of Christopher Schindler , Adlung captained 1860 München for the first time against Karlsruher SC on 13 December 2014 , as the",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "club lost 3–2 . He went on to captain four times of next five matches for the club . His third goal of the season came on 13 March 2015 against Greuther Fürth , in a 3–0 win . Adlung later scored two more goals for 1860 München later in the 2014–15 season against Fortuna Düsseldorf and 1 . FC Nürnberg . Despite this , the club finished sixteenth place in the 2 . Bundesliga , resulting in them participating in the relegation play-offs against Holstein Kiel . He played in both legs in the relegation play-offs against Holstein Kiel",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "and scored in the second leg , as 1860 München won 2–1 on aggregate to retain its league place . At the end of the 2014–15 season , Adlung made thirty–four appearances and scoring six times in all competitions .",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "In the opening game of the 2015–16 season against 1 . FC Heidenheim , Adlung suffered an injury and was substituted in the 63rd minute , as 1860 München lost 1–0 . But he made a quick recovery and returned to the starting line–up against SC Freiburg on 1 August 2015 , as the club lost 1–0 . Adlung then scored his first goal for the club , in a 2–2 draw against 1 . FC Nürnberg on 17 August 2015 . Following this , he continued to establish himself in the first team , playing in different midfield positions",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": ". Adlung was also appointed as 1860 Münchens vice captain . He then provided a hat–trick assists ; two of were for Rubin Okotie , who scored a hat–trick , in a 4–4 draw against Paderborn on 28 November 2015 . Since the start of the 2015–16 season , Adlung started in every matches until he suffered ankle injury during a 1–1 draw against Bochum on 21 February 2016 and was substituted at half time . Following this , Adlung was sidelined for six weeks following an operation on his ankle . It wasnt until on 8 April 2016 when",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "he returned to the first team , coming on as a 73rd minute substitute , in a 1–0 loss against Greuther Fürth . In a follow–up match against MSV Duisburg , Adlung captained the club for the first time in the 2015–16 season , as they lost 2–1 . Since returning from injury , he appeared in the last six matches of the season , as 1860 München successfully avoided relegation once again . At the end of the 2015–16 season , Adlung went on to make thirty–one appearances and scoring once in all competitions . Following this , his",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "future at the club became uncertain as he yet to sign a contract . It was announced on 30 June 2016 that Adlung signed a contract extension with 1860 München , keeping him until 2018 .",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "At the start of the 2016–17 season , Adlung continued to establish himself in the first team , playing in different midfield positions . It wasnt until on 28 October 2016 when he scored his first goal of the season , coming on as an 85th minute substitute , in a 6–2 win against Erzgebirge Aue . However by mid–October , Adlung soon found his playing time , mostly coming from the substitute bench . But he did appear in the starting line–up , appearing five times between 21 November 2016 and 3 February 2017 . Following this , Adlung",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "appeared on the substitute bench for the rest of the 2016–17 season , as 1860 München were officially relegated after losing 3–1 against Jahn Regensburg on aggregate . At the end of the 2016–17 season , he went on to make seventeen appearances and scoring once in all competitions .",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": " Following the clubs relegation , Adlung was critical of the clubs performance that saw him relegated . Although his contract expires at the end of the 2017–18 season , he was allowed to leave 1860 München after being surplus of requirement . It was announced on 4 September 2017 that Adlung and the club agreed to terminate his contract , making him a free agent .",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "Adlung made his Adelaide United debut , starting the whole game , in a 1–1 draw against Wellington Phoenix in the opening game of the season . In a follow–up match against Brisbane Roar , he set up the clubs second goal of the game , in a 2–1 win . Since making his debut for the club , Adlung quickly established himself in the starting eleven , playing in the midfield positions . He scored his first goal for Adelaide United in a 2–1 win over Western Sydney Wanderers in the semi-final of the 2017 FFA Cup . A",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": "month later on 16 November 2017 , Adlung scored his second goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against Central Coast Mariners . Five days later on 21 November 2017 , he started and played 120 minutes in the FFA Cup Final against Sydney FC , as the club lost 2–1 . However in a match against Melbourne Victory on 8 December 2017 , Adlung was sent–off for a second bookable offence in the 82nd minutes , in a 2–1 win . After serving a one match suspension , he returned to the starting line–up against Central Coast",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": "Mariners on 26 December 2017 and helped Adelaide United win 1–0 . During a 3–0 win against Perth Glory on 5 January 2018 , Adlung scored the clubs first goal of the game before suffering a back injury that saw him substituted in the 41st minute . After recovering from a back injury that saw missed one match , he continued to remain in the first team for the rest of the 2017–18 season . Adlung then went on to score three more goals , including a brace against Newcastle Jets on 30 March 2018 . At the end of",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": "the 2017–18 season , he went on to make twenty–eight appearances and scoring six times in all competitions .",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": " Following this , Adlung was released by Adelaide United in May 2018 . It was later revealed that homesickness was the factor of his release . Return to Greuther Fürth . Adlung returned to Germany and re–joined Greuther Fürth as the clubs player-assistant coach on 26 June 2018 , assigning to play for the second team .",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": "Adlung started well for SpVgg Greuther Fürth II , setting up two goals in the first two league matches . He started in a number of matches for the club since joining SpVgg Greuther Fürth II . It wasnt until on 17 November 2018 when Adlung scored his first goal for the second team , in a 2–2 draw against Schalding-Heining . In a match against TSV 1860 Rosenheim on 23 March 2019 , he received a straight red card for his unsportmanlike conduct , as SpVgg Greuther Fürth II drew 1–1 . Despite serving a three match suspension ,",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": "Adlung suffered a back injury that kept him out further . But Adlung returned to the starting line–up against VfB Eichstätt on 4 May 2019 and played the whole game , as the second team drew 1–1 . At the end of the 2018–19 season , he went on to make twenty–eight appearances and scoring once in all competitions for SpVgg Greuther Fürth II .",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": "At the start of the 2019–20 season , Adlung continued to start for SpVgg Greuther Fürth II . He contributed four assists in the first six matches of the season . It wasnt until on 7 September 2019 when Adlung scored his first goal of the season , in a 3–1 loss against FV Illertissen . Adlung then scored his second goal of the season , in a 2–0 win against TSV 1860 Rosenheim on 19 October 2019 . However , the 2019–20 season was interrupted and eventuality cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic . Up until the cancellation of the",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": "season , he started in every matches , making twenty–three appearances and scoring two times in all competitions for the second team .",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": " Adlung made his Germany U17 debut on 20 October 2003 against Portugal U17 , starting the whole game , as the U17 side lost 2–0 . He went on to make three appearances for Germany U17 . In November 2004 , Adlung was called up to the Germany U18 squad , making his debut for the U18 side , in a 2–1 loss against Turkey U18 on 23 November 2004 . He went on to make five appearances for the U18 side .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Adlung made his Germany U19 debut , starting a match against China U19 , as they drew 1–1 on 12 September 2005 . He then scored his first Germany U19 goal , in a 6–0 win against Cyprus U19 on 26 May 2006 . Three months later , Adlung received a bronze medal for the Fritz-Walter-Medal . Adlung made nine appearances for the U19 side .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Adlung made his Germany U20 on 30 August 2006 , starting the whole game , as the U20 side won 1–0 against Switerzland U20 . He went on to make four appearances for the U20 side . Adlung then made his Germany U21 debut , coming on as a 66th minute substitute , in a 2–0 win against Scotland U21 on 6 February 2007 . Two years later , he was called up to the U21 squad for the 2009 UEFA Under-21 Championship . However , Adlung appeared as an unused substitute throughout the tournament , as Germany U21 won",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "the tournament . Adlung went on to make five appearances for the U21 side .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Adlung has a sister and brother . His father , Herbert , was supportive of him playing football , having knew the case , knowing that he would one day make the step into the big football business . Adlung is a vegan after being given a copy of the Attila Hildmann and Brendan Brazier book . Adlung is married to his long term girlfriend , Julia , and together , they have a daughter , Aviana Rose .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Bundesliga : 2008–09 - UEFA Under-21 Championship : 2009",
"title": "Honours"
}
] |
/wiki/Daniel_Adlung#P54#1
|
Daniel Adlung played for which team between Mar 2008 and May 2008?
|
Daniel Adlung Daniel Adlung ( born 1 October 1987 ) is a German footballer who plays as a midfielder for 1 . FC Schweinfurt 05 on loan from Greuther Fürth II . He is also an assistant coach for Greuther Fürth II . Club career . Greuther Fürth . Born in Fürth , West Germany , Adlung began his football career at SV Hiltpoltstein , joining the club when he was seven years old . When Adlung was nine years old , he moved to 1 . FC Nürnberg . Every two years , Adlung shuttled back and forth between Greuther Fürth and 1 . FC Nürnberg before sticking with Greuther Fürth , where he started his professional football career there . Adlung progressed through the ranks of the clubs youth system . Adlung made his Greuther Fürth debut , coming on as a 78th minute substitute , in a 1–0 win against Alemannia Aachen on 30 September 2005 . He then found himself rotated at playing between the clubs first team and the second team . After three months away from the first team , Adlung made his return to the first team against Rot Weiss Ahlen on 2 December 2005 , coming on as a 70th minute substitute , in a 1–0 win . He then set up Greuther Fürths first goal of the game , in a 2–0 win against Kickers Offenbach on 29 January 2006 . At the end of the 2005–06 season , Adlung made seventeen appearances in all competitions . At the start of the 2006–07 season , Adlung found himself involved in the first team , alternating between a starting and a substitute role . He then set up the clubs second goal of the game , in a 3–0 win against Erzgebirge Aue on 17 September 2006 . It wasnt until on 13 November 2006 when Adlung scored his first goal of the season , in a 2–2 draw against 1 . FC Kaiserslautern . His second goal came on 21 January 2007 against 1860 München and then setting up Greuther Fürths second goal of the game , in a 3–0 win . Two months later on 2 March 2007 , he scored his third goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against FC Augsburg . By the second half of the season , Adlung began playing in unfamiliar right–back position , as well as , rotating in playing the defensive midfield position . He then regained his first team place for the rest of the 2006–07 season . Despite being plagued with injuries , Adlung went on to make thirty–one appearances and scoring three times in all competitions . At the start of the 2007–08 season , Adlung appeared six matches in the first two months of the season before missing one match due to a toe injury . He then returned to the first team from injury , coming on as a 72nd minute substitute , in a 2–2 draw against Carl Zeiss Jena on 30 September 2007 . Following his return , Adlung then set up the clubs first goal of the game for Asen Karaslavov , who went to score twice , in a 3–0 win against 1860 München . However , he suffered a knee injury while training and didnt play for a month . It wasnt until on 16 December 2007 when Adlung returned to the starting line–up against Hoffenheim and scored his first goal of the season , as well as , setting up Greuther Fürths third goal of the game , in a 4–1 win . He followed up by setting up two goals against Erzgebirge Aue and Mainz . Since returning from injury , Adlung continued to regain as a first team regular for Greuther Fürth , rotating in the left or right midfield positions . At the end of the 2007–08 season , he went on to make thirty appearances and scoring two times in all competitions . VfL Wolfsburg . With his contract at Greuther Fürth expire at the end of the 2007–08 season , Adlung was expected to leave after being linked a move away , with clubs , such as , VfL Wolfsburg and Hansa Rostock were interested in signing him . It was announced on 11 May 2008 that he would be joining VfL Wolfsburg . Adlung made his Wolfsburg debut , coming on as a second half substitute , in a 7–0 win against FC Oberneuland in the second round of the DFB–Pokal . However , he found himself playing for the clubs reserve side instead of the first team . Despite this , Adlung was part of Wolfsburgs squad that won the league , saying : Of course we celebrated a lot . My family was very happy for me . And even if I havent got too many assignments yet , it has been a good experience for me that will certainly help me in my career . Alemannia Aachen ( loan ) . It was announced on 5 August 2009 that Adlung was loaned out to Alemannia Aachen for the 2009–10 season and was given a number 24 shirt . It came after when he was told by Wolfsburg that he needs to be loaned out to get first team football . Adlung made his Alemannia Aachen debut , starting a match and played 45 minutes before being substituted , in a 5–0 loss against St . Pauli on 17 August 2009 . However , his first three months at the club saw him placed on the substitute bench . He then regained his place in the first team for Alemannia Aachen . In a match against his former club , Greuther Fürth on 7 December 2009 , Adlung set up the clubs first goal of the game , in a 2–0 win . It wasnt until on 15 January 2010 when he scored his first goal for Alemannia Aachen , in a 3–1 win against Karlsruher SC . Adlung then set up a goal for Benjamin Auer , who scored twice for the club , in a 2–1 win against Arminia Bielefeld on 12 March 2010 . His second goal for Alemannia Aachen came on 28 March 2010 , as well as , setting up the clubs third goal of the game , in a 4–0 win against FC Augsburg . At the end of the 2009–10 season , he went on to make twenty–five appearances in all competitions . Following this , Adlung returned to his parent club . Energie Cottbus . On 3 August 2010 , Adlung joined Energie Cottbus for a transfer fee of 180,000 euros , signing a three–year contract . He made his Energie Cottbus debut , starting a match and set up the clubs second goal of the game , in a 2–1 win against TuS Heeslingen in the first round of the DFB-Pokal . Since making his debut for Energie Cottbus , Adlung quickly established himself in the starting eleven , playing in the left–midfield position . He then set up the clubs first goal of the game , in a 5–5 draw against Karlsruher SC on 13 September 2010 . His first goal for Energie Cottbus came on 17 October 2010 , scoring the clubs first goal of the game , in a 3–1 win against Paderborn . Two weeks later on 31 October 2010 , Adlung scored his second goal for Energie Cottbus , in a 2–1 win against VfL Bochum . However , he was sidelined for the rest of 2010 , due to suspension for picking five yellow cards , followed up by injuries . It wasnt until on 15 January 2011 when Adlung returned to the starting line–up against Fortuna Düsseldorf , as the club lost 3–1 . A month later on 21 February 2011 , he scored his third goal of the season , in a 2–2 draw against Hertha BSC . Two months later on 21 April 2011 , Adlung scored his fourth goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against Erzgebirge Aue . Since returning to the first team from injury , he continued to regain his first team place in the starting line–up for the rest of the 2010–11 season . Despite missing two more matches later in the season , Adlung made thirty–two appearances and scoring four times in all competitions . In the opening game of the 2011–12 season against Dynamo Dresden , Adlung scored his first goal of the season , in a 2–1 win . In a follow–up match against MSV Duisburg , he set up Energie Cottbus’ second goal of the game , in a 2–1 win . Adlung then scored his second goal of the season , as well as , setting up the clubs first goal of the game , in a 3–3 draw against Eintracht Frankfurt on 10 September 2011 . However , he suffered injuries on two occasions that kept him out for several weeks . It wasnt until on 16 October 2011 when Adlung returned to the first team , coming on as a 79th minute substitute , in a 1–0 win against FSV Frankfurt . Since returning from injury , he started in the next six matches , including setting up a goal , in a 2–1 loss against Dynamo Dresden on 11 December 2011 , before serving a one match suspension for picking up five yellow cards . After returning to the first team from suspension , Adlung then captained Energie Cottbus for the first time against Karlsruher SC on 17 February 2012 and helped the club lose 2–0 . In a match against Eintracht Frankfurt on 4 March 2012 , he was sent–off for a second bookable offence , in a 1–0 loss . On the last game of the season against Union Berlin , Adlung scored his third goal of the season , in a 2–1 win , as the result saw the club successfully avoid relegation . Despite the setback he received during the 2011–12 season , Adlung remained as the clubs first team regular , playing in the midfield position . As a result , he went on to make thirty appearances and scoring three times in all competitions . At the start of the 2012–13 season , Adlung scored a brace for Energie Cottbus , as the club won 3–0 against Erzgebirge Aue on 10 August 2012 . He then set up two goals in two matches between 14 September 2012 and 22 September 2012 against FSV Frankfurt and Jahn Regensburg . In a match against Union Berlin on 29 September 2012 , Adlung scored his second goal of the season , but received a straight red card in the 76th minute for insulting the assistant referee . Following this , he served a two match suspension . Up until his sending off , Adlung started in the first eight league matches of the season . After serving a two match suspension , he returned to the starting line–up against 1860 München on 26 October 2012 and helped the club win 1–0 . This was followed up by setting up two goals in two matches between 4 November 2012 and 11 November 2012 against Bochum and Dynamo Dresden . Adlung continued to start in the next six matches , including setting up a goal , in a 1–1 draw against FC Ingolstadt 04 on 9 December 2012 , before being sent–off for a straight red card in the 88th minute , losing 3–0 against Erzgebirge Aue . After serving a three match suspension , he returned to the starting line–up against Jahn Regensburg on 24 February 2013 and set up the equalising goal , in a 1–1 draw . Two weeks later on 9 March 2013 , Adlung played in the striker position for the first time ( and did so again in a follow–up ) , and scored his fourth goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against Union Berlin . However , he found himself out of the first team and was demoted to the clubs reserve side that saw him missed five matches . It wasnt until on 12 May 2013 when he returned to the first team , coming on as a 75th minute substitute against SV Sandhausen and scored his fifth goal of the season , in a 3–0 win . At the end of the 2012–13 season , Adlung went on to make twenty–five appearances and scoring five times in all competitions . TSV 1860 München . With his contract expected to expire at the end of the 2012–13 season , Adlung confirmed his departure from Energie Cottbus . It was announced on 11 April 2013 that he signed for 1860 Munich on a three–year contract , keeping him until 2016 . Adlung made his 1860 München debut , starting the match and played 75 minutes before being substituted , in a 1–1 draw against St . Pauli in the opening game of the season . In the first round of the DFB–Pokal against 1 . FC Heidenheim , he played 120 minutes following a 1–1 draw and successfully converted the penalty in the shootout , as the club won 4–3 . Since making his debut for 1860 München , Adlung quickly became a first team regular , establishing himself in the midfield position . It wasnt until on 1 December 2013 when he scored his first goal for the club , in a 2–1 win against VfL Bochum . Adlung then made his 200th league appearances of his career against Fortuna Düsseldorf , coming on as an 81st minute substitute , in a 1–1 draw on 10 February 2014 . In a match against FC Erzgebirge Aue on 15 March 2014 , he set up the equalising goal for Yuya Osako in the last minute of the game , to make it 2–2 . Two weeks later on 26 March 2014 , Adlung scored his second goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against Energie Cottbus . Since the start of the 2013–14 season , he appeared in every matches until missing one match after being suspended for picking up yellow cards . After serving a one match suspension , Adlung returned to the starting line–up against Karlsruher SC on 6 April 2014 , as 1860 München lost 3–0 . This was followed by scoring two goals in the next two matches against Dynamo Dresden and Arminia Bielefeld . At the end of the 2013–14 season , he made thirty–five appearances and scoring four times in all competitions . At the start of the 2014–15 season , however , Adlung was suspended to the second squad along with his teammates Gábor Király , Vitus Eicher , Yannick Stark and captain Julian Weigl . While Király had assaulted Gary Kagelmacher during a match , the other four players had been out drinking late at night and were overheard talking negatively about the club . Shortly after , he apologised to 1860 München for his action and returned to training with the first team . However , Adlung suffered a back injury that kept him out for weeks . He returned to the first team from injury against SV Sandhausen on 23 September 2014 , coming on as a 75th minute substitute , in a 1–0 loss . In a follow–up match against Greuther Fürth , Adlung set up the clubs first goal of the game , in a 2–0 win . After the match , his performance was praised by Manager Markus von Ahlen , saying : It wouldnt be fair to highlight any player . Adi played a strong game . It wasnt until on 2 November 2014 when he scored his first goal of the season , as well as , setting up 1860 Münchens two other goals , in a 3–0 win against Bochum . Three weeks later on 22 November 2014 , Adlung scored his second goal of the season , as well as setting up the clubs fourth goal of the game , in a 4–1 win . Since returning from suspension and injury , he continued to be a first team regular , playing in different midfield positions . Following the absent of Christopher Schindler , Adlung captained 1860 München for the first time against Karlsruher SC on 13 December 2014 , as the club lost 3–2 . He went on to captain four times of next five matches for the club . His third goal of the season came on 13 March 2015 against Greuther Fürth , in a 3–0 win . Adlung later scored two more goals for 1860 München later in the 2014–15 season against Fortuna Düsseldorf and 1 . FC Nürnberg . Despite this , the club finished sixteenth place in the 2 . Bundesliga , resulting in them participating in the relegation play-offs against Holstein Kiel . He played in both legs in the relegation play-offs against Holstein Kiel and scored in the second leg , as 1860 München won 2–1 on aggregate to retain its league place . At the end of the 2014–15 season , Adlung made thirty–four appearances and scoring six times in all competitions . In the opening game of the 2015–16 season against 1 . FC Heidenheim , Adlung suffered an injury and was substituted in the 63rd minute , as 1860 München lost 1–0 . But he made a quick recovery and returned to the starting line–up against SC Freiburg on 1 August 2015 , as the club lost 1–0 . Adlung then scored his first goal for the club , in a 2–2 draw against 1 . FC Nürnberg on 17 August 2015 . Following this , he continued to establish himself in the first team , playing in different midfield positions . Adlung was also appointed as 1860 Münchens vice captain . He then provided a hat–trick assists ; two of were for Rubin Okotie , who scored a hat–trick , in a 4–4 draw against Paderborn on 28 November 2015 . Since the start of the 2015–16 season , Adlung started in every matches until he suffered ankle injury during a 1–1 draw against Bochum on 21 February 2016 and was substituted at half time . Following this , Adlung was sidelined for six weeks following an operation on his ankle . It wasnt until on 8 April 2016 when he returned to the first team , coming on as a 73rd minute substitute , in a 1–0 loss against Greuther Fürth . In a follow–up match against MSV Duisburg , Adlung captained the club for the first time in the 2015–16 season , as they lost 2–1 . Since returning from injury , he appeared in the last six matches of the season , as 1860 München successfully avoided relegation once again . At the end of the 2015–16 season , Adlung went on to make thirty–one appearances and scoring once in all competitions . Following this , his future at the club became uncertain as he yet to sign a contract . It was announced on 30 June 2016 that Adlung signed a contract extension with 1860 München , keeping him until 2018 . At the start of the 2016–17 season , Adlung continued to establish himself in the first team , playing in different midfield positions . It wasnt until on 28 October 2016 when he scored his first goal of the season , coming on as an 85th minute substitute , in a 6–2 win against Erzgebirge Aue . However by mid–October , Adlung soon found his playing time , mostly coming from the substitute bench . But he did appear in the starting line–up , appearing five times between 21 November 2016 and 3 February 2017 . Following this , Adlung appeared on the substitute bench for the rest of the 2016–17 season , as 1860 München were officially relegated after losing 3–1 against Jahn Regensburg on aggregate . At the end of the 2016–17 season , he went on to make seventeen appearances and scoring once in all competitions . Following the clubs relegation , Adlung was critical of the clubs performance that saw him relegated . Although his contract expires at the end of the 2017–18 season , he was allowed to leave 1860 München after being surplus of requirement . It was announced on 4 September 2017 that Adlung and the club agreed to terminate his contract , making him a free agent . Adelaide United . In September 2017 , Adlung joined Adelaide United , signing a two–year contract . Adlung made his Adelaide United debut , starting the whole game , in a 1–1 draw against Wellington Phoenix in the opening game of the season . In a follow–up match against Brisbane Roar , he set up the clubs second goal of the game , in a 2–1 win . Since making his debut for the club , Adlung quickly established himself in the starting eleven , playing in the midfield positions . He scored his first goal for Adelaide United in a 2–1 win over Western Sydney Wanderers in the semi-final of the 2017 FFA Cup . A month later on 16 November 2017 , Adlung scored his second goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against Central Coast Mariners . Five days later on 21 November 2017 , he started and played 120 minutes in the FFA Cup Final against Sydney FC , as the club lost 2–1 . However in a match against Melbourne Victory on 8 December 2017 , Adlung was sent–off for a second bookable offence in the 82nd minutes , in a 2–1 win . After serving a one match suspension , he returned to the starting line–up against Central Coast Mariners on 26 December 2017 and helped Adelaide United win 1–0 . During a 3–0 win against Perth Glory on 5 January 2018 , Adlung scored the clubs first goal of the game before suffering a back injury that saw him substituted in the 41st minute . After recovering from a back injury that saw missed one match , he continued to remain in the first team for the rest of the 2017–18 season . Adlung then went on to score three more goals , including a brace against Newcastle Jets on 30 March 2018 . At the end of the 2017–18 season , he went on to make twenty–eight appearances and scoring six times in all competitions . Following this , Adlung was released by Adelaide United in May 2018 . It was later revealed that homesickness was the factor of his release . Return to Greuther Fürth . Adlung returned to Germany and re–joined Greuther Fürth as the clubs player-assistant coach on 26 June 2018 , assigning to play for the second team . Adlung started well for SpVgg Greuther Fürth II , setting up two goals in the first two league matches . He started in a number of matches for the club since joining SpVgg Greuther Fürth II . It wasnt until on 17 November 2018 when Adlung scored his first goal for the second team , in a 2–2 draw against Schalding-Heining . In a match against TSV 1860 Rosenheim on 23 March 2019 , he received a straight red card for his unsportmanlike conduct , as SpVgg Greuther Fürth II drew 1–1 . Despite serving a three match suspension , Adlung suffered a back injury that kept him out further . But Adlung returned to the starting line–up against VfB Eichstätt on 4 May 2019 and played the whole game , as the second team drew 1–1 . At the end of the 2018–19 season , he went on to make twenty–eight appearances and scoring once in all competitions for SpVgg Greuther Fürth II . At the start of the 2019–20 season , Adlung continued to start for SpVgg Greuther Fürth II . He contributed four assists in the first six matches of the season . It wasnt until on 7 September 2019 when Adlung scored his first goal of the season , in a 3–1 loss against FV Illertissen . Adlung then scored his second goal of the season , in a 2–0 win against TSV 1860 Rosenheim on 19 October 2019 . However , the 2019–20 season was interrupted and eventuality cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic . Up until the cancellation of the season , he started in every matches , making twenty–three appearances and scoring two times in all competitions for the second team . International career . Adlung made his Germany U17 debut on 20 October 2003 against Portugal U17 , starting the whole game , as the U17 side lost 2–0 . He went on to make three appearances for Germany U17 . In November 2004 , Adlung was called up to the Germany U18 squad , making his debut for the U18 side , in a 2–1 loss against Turkey U18 on 23 November 2004 . He went on to make five appearances for the U18 side . Adlung made his Germany U19 debut , starting a match against China U19 , as they drew 1–1 on 12 September 2005 . He then scored his first Germany U19 goal , in a 6–0 win against Cyprus U19 on 26 May 2006 . Three months later , Adlung received a bronze medal for the Fritz-Walter-Medal . Adlung made nine appearances for the U19 side . Adlung made his Germany U20 on 30 August 2006 , starting the whole game , as the U20 side won 1–0 against Switerzland U20 . He went on to make four appearances for the U20 side . Adlung then made his Germany U21 debut , coming on as a 66th minute substitute , in a 2–0 win against Scotland U21 on 6 February 2007 . Two years later , he was called up to the U21 squad for the 2009 UEFA Under-21 Championship . However , Adlung appeared as an unused substitute throughout the tournament , as Germany U21 won the tournament . Adlung went on to make five appearances for the U21 side . Personal life . Adlung has a sister and brother . His father , Herbert , was supportive of him playing football , having knew the case , knowing that he would one day make the step into the big football business . Adlung is a vegan after being given a copy of the Attila Hildmann and Brendan Brazier book . Adlung is married to his long term girlfriend , Julia , and together , they have a daughter , Aviana Rose . Honours . - Bundesliga : 2008–09 - UEFA Under-21 Championship : 2009
|
[
"VfL Wolfsburg"
] |
[
{
"text": " Daniel Adlung ( born 1 October 1987 ) is a German footballer who plays as a midfielder for 1 . FC Schweinfurt 05 on loan from Greuther Fürth II . He is also an assistant coach for Greuther Fürth II .",
"title": "Daniel Adlung"
},
{
"text": " Born in Fürth , West Germany , Adlung began his football career at SV Hiltpoltstein , joining the club when he was seven years old . When Adlung was nine years old , he moved to 1 . FC Nürnberg . Every two years , Adlung shuttled back and forth between Greuther Fürth and 1 . FC Nürnberg before sticking with Greuther Fürth , where he started his professional football career there . Adlung progressed through the ranks of the clubs youth system .",
"title": "Greuther Fürth"
},
{
"text": "Adlung made his Greuther Fürth debut , coming on as a 78th minute substitute , in a 1–0 win against Alemannia Aachen on 30 September 2005 . He then found himself rotated at playing between the clubs first team and the second team . After three months away from the first team , Adlung made his return to the first team against Rot Weiss Ahlen on 2 December 2005 , coming on as a 70th minute substitute , in a 1–0 win . He then set up Greuther Fürths first goal of the game , in a 2–0 win against",
"title": "Greuther Fürth"
},
{
"text": "Kickers Offenbach on 29 January 2006 . At the end of the 2005–06 season , Adlung made seventeen appearances in all competitions .",
"title": "Greuther Fürth"
},
{
"text": "At the start of the 2006–07 season , Adlung found himself involved in the first team , alternating between a starting and a substitute role . He then set up the clubs second goal of the game , in a 3–0 win against Erzgebirge Aue on 17 September 2006 . It wasnt until on 13 November 2006 when Adlung scored his first goal of the season , in a 2–2 draw against 1 . FC Kaiserslautern . His second goal came on 21 January 2007 against 1860 München and then setting up Greuther Fürths second goal of the game ,",
"title": "Greuther Fürth"
},
{
"text": "in a 3–0 win . Two months later on 2 March 2007 , he scored his third goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against FC Augsburg . By the second half of the season , Adlung began playing in unfamiliar right–back position , as well as , rotating in playing the defensive midfield position . He then regained his first team place for the rest of the 2006–07 season . Despite being plagued with injuries , Adlung went on to make thirty–one appearances and scoring three times in all competitions .",
"title": "Greuther Fürth"
},
{
"text": "At the start of the 2007–08 season , Adlung appeared six matches in the first two months of the season before missing one match due to a toe injury . He then returned to the first team from injury , coming on as a 72nd minute substitute , in a 2–2 draw against Carl Zeiss Jena on 30 September 2007 . Following his return , Adlung then set up the clubs first goal of the game for Asen Karaslavov , who went to score twice , in a 3–0 win against 1860 München . However , he suffered a knee",
"title": "Greuther Fürth"
},
{
"text": "injury while training and didnt play for a month . It wasnt until on 16 December 2007 when Adlung returned to the starting line–up against Hoffenheim and scored his first goal of the season , as well as , setting up Greuther Fürths third goal of the game , in a 4–1 win . He followed up by setting up two goals against Erzgebirge Aue and Mainz . Since returning from injury , Adlung continued to regain as a first team regular for Greuther Fürth , rotating in the left or right midfield positions . At the end of the",
"title": "Greuther Fürth"
},
{
"text": "2007–08 season , he went on to make thirty appearances and scoring two times in all competitions .",
"title": "Greuther Fürth"
},
{
"text": " With his contract at Greuther Fürth expire at the end of the 2007–08 season , Adlung was expected to leave after being linked a move away , with clubs , such as , VfL Wolfsburg and Hansa Rostock were interested in signing him . It was announced on 11 May 2008 that he would be joining VfL Wolfsburg .",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": "Adlung made his Wolfsburg debut , coming on as a second half substitute , in a 7–0 win against FC Oberneuland in the second round of the DFB–Pokal . However , he found himself playing for the clubs reserve side instead of the first team . Despite this , Adlung was part of Wolfsburgs squad that won the league , saying : Of course we celebrated a lot . My family was very happy for me . And even if I havent got too many assignments yet , it has been a good experience for me that will certainly help",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": "me in my career .",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": " Alemannia Aachen ( loan ) . It was announced on 5 August 2009 that Adlung was loaned out to Alemannia Aachen for the 2009–10 season and was given a number 24 shirt . It came after when he was told by Wolfsburg that he needs to be loaned out to get first team football .",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": "Adlung made his Alemannia Aachen debut , starting a match and played 45 minutes before being substituted , in a 5–0 loss against St . Pauli on 17 August 2009 . However , his first three months at the club saw him placed on the substitute bench . He then regained his place in the first team for Alemannia Aachen . In a match against his former club , Greuther Fürth on 7 December 2009 , Adlung set up the clubs first goal of the game , in a 2–0 win . It wasnt until on 15 January 2010 when",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": "he scored his first goal for Alemannia Aachen , in a 3–1 win against Karlsruher SC . Adlung then set up a goal for Benjamin Auer , who scored twice for the club , in a 2–1 win against Arminia Bielefeld on 12 March 2010 . His second goal for Alemannia Aachen came on 28 March 2010 , as well as , setting up the clubs third goal of the game , in a 4–0 win against FC Augsburg . At the end of the 2009–10 season , he went on to make twenty–five appearances in all competitions . Following",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": "this , Adlung returned to his parent club .",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": " On 3 August 2010 , Adlung joined Energie Cottbus for a transfer fee of 180,000 euros , signing a three–year contract .",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "He made his Energie Cottbus debut , starting a match and set up the clubs second goal of the game , in a 2–1 win against TuS Heeslingen in the first round of the DFB-Pokal . Since making his debut for Energie Cottbus , Adlung quickly established himself in the starting eleven , playing in the left–midfield position . He then set up the clubs first goal of the game , in a 5–5 draw against Karlsruher SC on 13 September 2010 . His first goal for Energie Cottbus came on 17 October 2010 , scoring the clubs first goal",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "of the game , in a 3–1 win against Paderborn . Two weeks later on 31 October 2010 , Adlung scored his second goal for Energie Cottbus , in a 2–1 win against VfL Bochum . However , he was sidelined for the rest of 2010 , due to suspension for picking five yellow cards , followed up by injuries . It wasnt until on 15 January 2011 when Adlung returned to the starting line–up against Fortuna Düsseldorf , as the club lost 3–1 . A month later on 21 February 2011 , he scored his third goal of the",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "season , in a 2–2 draw against Hertha BSC . Two months later on 21 April 2011 , Adlung scored his fourth goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against Erzgebirge Aue . Since returning to the first team from injury , he continued to regain his first team place in the starting line–up for the rest of the 2010–11 season . Despite missing two more matches later in the season , Adlung made thirty–two appearances and scoring four times in all competitions .",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "In the opening game of the 2011–12 season against Dynamo Dresden , Adlung scored his first goal of the season , in a 2–1 win . In a follow–up match against MSV Duisburg , he set up Energie Cottbus’ second goal of the game , in a 2–1 win . Adlung then scored his second goal of the season , as well as , setting up the clubs first goal of the game , in a 3–3 draw against Eintracht Frankfurt on 10 September 2011 . However , he suffered injuries on two occasions that kept him out for several",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "weeks . It wasnt until on 16 October 2011 when Adlung returned to the first team , coming on as a 79th minute substitute , in a 1–0 win against FSV Frankfurt . Since returning from injury , he started in the next six matches , including setting up a goal , in a 2–1 loss against Dynamo Dresden on 11 December 2011 , before serving a one match suspension for picking up five yellow cards . After returning to the first team from suspension , Adlung then captained Energie Cottbus for the first time against Karlsruher SC on 17",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "February 2012 and helped the club lose 2–0 . In a match against Eintracht Frankfurt on 4 March 2012 , he was sent–off for a second bookable offence , in a 1–0 loss . On the last game of the season against Union Berlin , Adlung scored his third goal of the season , in a 2–1 win , as the result saw the club successfully avoid relegation . Despite the setback he received during the 2011–12 season , Adlung remained as the clubs first team regular , playing in the midfield position . As a result , he went",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "on to make thirty appearances and scoring three times in all competitions .",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "At the start of the 2012–13 season , Adlung scored a brace for Energie Cottbus , as the club won 3–0 against Erzgebirge Aue on 10 August 2012 . He then set up two goals in two matches between 14 September 2012 and 22 September 2012 against FSV Frankfurt and Jahn Regensburg . In a match against Union Berlin on 29 September 2012 , Adlung scored his second goal of the season , but received a straight red card in the 76th minute for insulting the assistant referee . Following this , he served a two match suspension . Up",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "until his sending off , Adlung started in the first eight league matches of the season . After serving a two match suspension , he returned to the starting line–up against 1860 München on 26 October 2012 and helped the club win 1–0 . This was followed up by setting up two goals in two matches between 4 November 2012 and 11 November 2012 against Bochum and Dynamo Dresden . Adlung continued to start in the next six matches , including setting up a goal , in a 1–1 draw against FC Ingolstadt 04 on 9 December 2012 , before",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "being sent–off for a straight red card in the 88th minute , losing 3–0 against Erzgebirge Aue . After serving a three match suspension , he returned to the starting line–up against Jahn Regensburg on 24 February 2013 and set up the equalising goal , in a 1–1 draw . Two weeks later on 9 March 2013 , Adlung played in the striker position for the first time ( and did so again in a follow–up ) , and scored his fourth goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against Union Berlin . However , he found himself",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "out of the first team and was demoted to the clubs reserve side that saw him missed five matches . It wasnt until on 12 May 2013 when he returned to the first team , coming on as a 75th minute substitute against SV Sandhausen and scored his fifth goal of the season , in a 3–0 win . At the end of the 2012–13 season , Adlung went on to make twenty–five appearances and scoring five times in all competitions .",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": " With his contract expected to expire at the end of the 2012–13 season , Adlung confirmed his departure from Energie Cottbus . It was announced on 11 April 2013 that he signed for 1860 Munich on a three–year contract , keeping him until 2016 .",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "Adlung made his 1860 München debut , starting the match and played 75 minutes before being substituted , in a 1–1 draw against St . Pauli in the opening game of the season . In the first round of the DFB–Pokal against 1 . FC Heidenheim , he played 120 minutes following a 1–1 draw and successfully converted the penalty in the shootout , as the club won 4–3 . Since making his debut for 1860 München , Adlung quickly became a first team regular , establishing himself in the midfield position . It wasnt until on 1 December 2013",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "when he scored his first goal for the club , in a 2–1 win against VfL Bochum . Adlung then made his 200th league appearances of his career against Fortuna Düsseldorf , coming on as an 81st minute substitute , in a 1–1 draw on 10 February 2014 . In a match against FC Erzgebirge Aue on 15 March 2014 , he set up the equalising goal for Yuya Osako in the last minute of the game , to make it 2–2 . Two weeks later on 26 March 2014 , Adlung scored his second goal of the season ,",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "in a 2–1 win against Energie Cottbus . Since the start of the 2013–14 season , he appeared in every matches until missing one match after being suspended for picking up yellow cards . After serving a one match suspension , Adlung returned to the starting line–up against Karlsruher SC on 6 April 2014 , as 1860 München lost 3–0 . This was followed by scoring two goals in the next two matches against Dynamo Dresden and Arminia Bielefeld . At the end of the 2013–14 season , he made thirty–five appearances and scoring four times in all competitions .",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "At the start of the 2014–15 season , however , Adlung was suspended to the second squad along with his teammates Gábor Király , Vitus Eicher , Yannick Stark and captain Julian Weigl . While Király had assaulted Gary Kagelmacher during a match , the other four players had been out drinking late at night and were overheard talking negatively about the club . Shortly after , he apologised to 1860 München for his action and returned to training with the first team . However , Adlung suffered a back injury that kept him out for weeks . He returned",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "to the first team from injury against SV Sandhausen on 23 September 2014 , coming on as a 75th minute substitute , in a 1–0 loss . In a follow–up match against Greuther Fürth , Adlung set up the clubs first goal of the game , in a 2–0 win . After the match , his performance was praised by Manager Markus von Ahlen , saying : It wouldnt be fair to highlight any player . Adi played a strong game . It wasnt until on 2 November 2014 when he scored his first goal of the season , as",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "well as , setting up 1860 Münchens two other goals , in a 3–0 win against Bochum . Three weeks later on 22 November 2014 , Adlung scored his second goal of the season , as well as setting up the clubs fourth goal of the game , in a 4–1 win . Since returning from suspension and injury , he continued to be a first team regular , playing in different midfield positions . Following the absent of Christopher Schindler , Adlung captained 1860 München for the first time against Karlsruher SC on 13 December 2014 , as the",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "club lost 3–2 . He went on to captain four times of next five matches for the club . His third goal of the season came on 13 March 2015 against Greuther Fürth , in a 3–0 win . Adlung later scored two more goals for 1860 München later in the 2014–15 season against Fortuna Düsseldorf and 1 . FC Nürnberg . Despite this , the club finished sixteenth place in the 2 . Bundesliga , resulting in them participating in the relegation play-offs against Holstein Kiel . He played in both legs in the relegation play-offs against Holstein Kiel",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "and scored in the second leg , as 1860 München won 2–1 on aggregate to retain its league place . At the end of the 2014–15 season , Adlung made thirty–four appearances and scoring six times in all competitions .",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "In the opening game of the 2015–16 season against 1 . FC Heidenheim , Adlung suffered an injury and was substituted in the 63rd minute , as 1860 München lost 1–0 . But he made a quick recovery and returned to the starting line–up against SC Freiburg on 1 August 2015 , as the club lost 1–0 . Adlung then scored his first goal for the club , in a 2–2 draw against 1 . FC Nürnberg on 17 August 2015 . Following this , he continued to establish himself in the first team , playing in different midfield positions",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": ". Adlung was also appointed as 1860 Münchens vice captain . He then provided a hat–trick assists ; two of were for Rubin Okotie , who scored a hat–trick , in a 4–4 draw against Paderborn on 28 November 2015 . Since the start of the 2015–16 season , Adlung started in every matches until he suffered ankle injury during a 1–1 draw against Bochum on 21 February 2016 and was substituted at half time . Following this , Adlung was sidelined for six weeks following an operation on his ankle . It wasnt until on 8 April 2016 when",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "he returned to the first team , coming on as a 73rd minute substitute , in a 1–0 loss against Greuther Fürth . In a follow–up match against MSV Duisburg , Adlung captained the club for the first time in the 2015–16 season , as they lost 2–1 . Since returning from injury , he appeared in the last six matches of the season , as 1860 München successfully avoided relegation once again . At the end of the 2015–16 season , Adlung went on to make thirty–one appearances and scoring once in all competitions . Following this , his",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "future at the club became uncertain as he yet to sign a contract . It was announced on 30 June 2016 that Adlung signed a contract extension with 1860 München , keeping him until 2018 .",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "At the start of the 2016–17 season , Adlung continued to establish himself in the first team , playing in different midfield positions . It wasnt until on 28 October 2016 when he scored his first goal of the season , coming on as an 85th minute substitute , in a 6–2 win against Erzgebirge Aue . However by mid–October , Adlung soon found his playing time , mostly coming from the substitute bench . But he did appear in the starting line–up , appearing five times between 21 November 2016 and 3 February 2017 . Following this , Adlung",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "appeared on the substitute bench for the rest of the 2016–17 season , as 1860 München were officially relegated after losing 3–1 against Jahn Regensburg on aggregate . At the end of the 2016–17 season , he went on to make seventeen appearances and scoring once in all competitions .",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": " Following the clubs relegation , Adlung was critical of the clubs performance that saw him relegated . Although his contract expires at the end of the 2017–18 season , he was allowed to leave 1860 München after being surplus of requirement . It was announced on 4 September 2017 that Adlung and the club agreed to terminate his contract , making him a free agent .",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "Adlung made his Adelaide United debut , starting the whole game , in a 1–1 draw against Wellington Phoenix in the opening game of the season . In a follow–up match against Brisbane Roar , he set up the clubs second goal of the game , in a 2–1 win . Since making his debut for the club , Adlung quickly established himself in the starting eleven , playing in the midfield positions . He scored his first goal for Adelaide United in a 2–1 win over Western Sydney Wanderers in the semi-final of the 2017 FFA Cup . A",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": "month later on 16 November 2017 , Adlung scored his second goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against Central Coast Mariners . Five days later on 21 November 2017 , he started and played 120 minutes in the FFA Cup Final against Sydney FC , as the club lost 2–1 . However in a match against Melbourne Victory on 8 December 2017 , Adlung was sent–off for a second bookable offence in the 82nd minutes , in a 2–1 win . After serving a one match suspension , he returned to the starting line–up against Central Coast",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": "Mariners on 26 December 2017 and helped Adelaide United win 1–0 . During a 3–0 win against Perth Glory on 5 January 2018 , Adlung scored the clubs first goal of the game before suffering a back injury that saw him substituted in the 41st minute . After recovering from a back injury that saw missed one match , he continued to remain in the first team for the rest of the 2017–18 season . Adlung then went on to score three more goals , including a brace against Newcastle Jets on 30 March 2018 . At the end of",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": "the 2017–18 season , he went on to make twenty–eight appearances and scoring six times in all competitions .",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": " Following this , Adlung was released by Adelaide United in May 2018 . It was later revealed that homesickness was the factor of his release . Return to Greuther Fürth . Adlung returned to Germany and re–joined Greuther Fürth as the clubs player-assistant coach on 26 June 2018 , assigning to play for the second team .",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": "Adlung started well for SpVgg Greuther Fürth II , setting up two goals in the first two league matches . He started in a number of matches for the club since joining SpVgg Greuther Fürth II . It wasnt until on 17 November 2018 when Adlung scored his first goal for the second team , in a 2–2 draw against Schalding-Heining . In a match against TSV 1860 Rosenheim on 23 March 2019 , he received a straight red card for his unsportmanlike conduct , as SpVgg Greuther Fürth II drew 1–1 . Despite serving a three match suspension ,",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": "Adlung suffered a back injury that kept him out further . But Adlung returned to the starting line–up against VfB Eichstätt on 4 May 2019 and played the whole game , as the second team drew 1–1 . At the end of the 2018–19 season , he went on to make twenty–eight appearances and scoring once in all competitions for SpVgg Greuther Fürth II .",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": "At the start of the 2019–20 season , Adlung continued to start for SpVgg Greuther Fürth II . He contributed four assists in the first six matches of the season . It wasnt until on 7 September 2019 when Adlung scored his first goal of the season , in a 3–1 loss against FV Illertissen . Adlung then scored his second goal of the season , in a 2–0 win against TSV 1860 Rosenheim on 19 October 2019 . However , the 2019–20 season was interrupted and eventuality cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic . Up until the cancellation of the",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": "season , he started in every matches , making twenty–three appearances and scoring two times in all competitions for the second team .",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": " Adlung made his Germany U17 debut on 20 October 2003 against Portugal U17 , starting the whole game , as the U17 side lost 2–0 . He went on to make three appearances for Germany U17 . In November 2004 , Adlung was called up to the Germany U18 squad , making his debut for the U18 side , in a 2–1 loss against Turkey U18 on 23 November 2004 . He went on to make five appearances for the U18 side .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Adlung made his Germany U19 debut , starting a match against China U19 , as they drew 1–1 on 12 September 2005 . He then scored his first Germany U19 goal , in a 6–0 win against Cyprus U19 on 26 May 2006 . Three months later , Adlung received a bronze medal for the Fritz-Walter-Medal . Adlung made nine appearances for the U19 side .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Adlung made his Germany U20 on 30 August 2006 , starting the whole game , as the U20 side won 1–0 against Switerzland U20 . He went on to make four appearances for the U20 side . Adlung then made his Germany U21 debut , coming on as a 66th minute substitute , in a 2–0 win against Scotland U21 on 6 February 2007 . Two years later , he was called up to the U21 squad for the 2009 UEFA Under-21 Championship . However , Adlung appeared as an unused substitute throughout the tournament , as Germany U21 won",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "the tournament . Adlung went on to make five appearances for the U21 side .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Adlung has a sister and brother . His father , Herbert , was supportive of him playing football , having knew the case , knowing that he would one day make the step into the big football business . Adlung is a vegan after being given a copy of the Attila Hildmann and Brendan Brazier book . Adlung is married to his long term girlfriend , Julia , and together , they have a daughter , Aviana Rose .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Bundesliga : 2008–09 - UEFA Under-21 Championship : 2009",
"title": "Honours"
}
] |
/wiki/Daniel_Adlung#P54#2
|
Daniel Adlung played for which team in Aug 2009?
|
Daniel Adlung Daniel Adlung ( born 1 October 1987 ) is a German footballer who plays as a midfielder for 1 . FC Schweinfurt 05 on loan from Greuther Fürth II . He is also an assistant coach for Greuther Fürth II . Club career . Greuther Fürth . Born in Fürth , West Germany , Adlung began his football career at SV Hiltpoltstein , joining the club when he was seven years old . When Adlung was nine years old , he moved to 1 . FC Nürnberg . Every two years , Adlung shuttled back and forth between Greuther Fürth and 1 . FC Nürnberg before sticking with Greuther Fürth , where he started his professional football career there . Adlung progressed through the ranks of the clubs youth system . Adlung made his Greuther Fürth debut , coming on as a 78th minute substitute , in a 1–0 win against Alemannia Aachen on 30 September 2005 . He then found himself rotated at playing between the clubs first team and the second team . After three months away from the first team , Adlung made his return to the first team against Rot Weiss Ahlen on 2 December 2005 , coming on as a 70th minute substitute , in a 1–0 win . He then set up Greuther Fürths first goal of the game , in a 2–0 win against Kickers Offenbach on 29 January 2006 . At the end of the 2005–06 season , Adlung made seventeen appearances in all competitions . At the start of the 2006–07 season , Adlung found himself involved in the first team , alternating between a starting and a substitute role . He then set up the clubs second goal of the game , in a 3–0 win against Erzgebirge Aue on 17 September 2006 . It wasnt until on 13 November 2006 when Adlung scored his first goal of the season , in a 2–2 draw against 1 . FC Kaiserslautern . His second goal came on 21 January 2007 against 1860 München and then setting up Greuther Fürths second goal of the game , in a 3–0 win . Two months later on 2 March 2007 , he scored his third goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against FC Augsburg . By the second half of the season , Adlung began playing in unfamiliar right–back position , as well as , rotating in playing the defensive midfield position . He then regained his first team place for the rest of the 2006–07 season . Despite being plagued with injuries , Adlung went on to make thirty–one appearances and scoring three times in all competitions . At the start of the 2007–08 season , Adlung appeared six matches in the first two months of the season before missing one match due to a toe injury . He then returned to the first team from injury , coming on as a 72nd minute substitute , in a 2–2 draw against Carl Zeiss Jena on 30 September 2007 . Following his return , Adlung then set up the clubs first goal of the game for Asen Karaslavov , who went to score twice , in a 3–0 win against 1860 München . However , he suffered a knee injury while training and didnt play for a month . It wasnt until on 16 December 2007 when Adlung returned to the starting line–up against Hoffenheim and scored his first goal of the season , as well as , setting up Greuther Fürths third goal of the game , in a 4–1 win . He followed up by setting up two goals against Erzgebirge Aue and Mainz . Since returning from injury , Adlung continued to regain as a first team regular for Greuther Fürth , rotating in the left or right midfield positions . At the end of the 2007–08 season , he went on to make thirty appearances and scoring two times in all competitions . VfL Wolfsburg . With his contract at Greuther Fürth expire at the end of the 2007–08 season , Adlung was expected to leave after being linked a move away , with clubs , such as , VfL Wolfsburg and Hansa Rostock were interested in signing him . It was announced on 11 May 2008 that he would be joining VfL Wolfsburg . Adlung made his Wolfsburg debut , coming on as a second half substitute , in a 7–0 win against FC Oberneuland in the second round of the DFB–Pokal . However , he found himself playing for the clubs reserve side instead of the first team . Despite this , Adlung was part of Wolfsburgs squad that won the league , saying : Of course we celebrated a lot . My family was very happy for me . And even if I havent got too many assignments yet , it has been a good experience for me that will certainly help me in my career . Alemannia Aachen ( loan ) . It was announced on 5 August 2009 that Adlung was loaned out to Alemannia Aachen for the 2009–10 season and was given a number 24 shirt . It came after when he was told by Wolfsburg that he needs to be loaned out to get first team football . Adlung made his Alemannia Aachen debut , starting a match and played 45 minutes before being substituted , in a 5–0 loss against St . Pauli on 17 August 2009 . However , his first three months at the club saw him placed on the substitute bench . He then regained his place in the first team for Alemannia Aachen . In a match against his former club , Greuther Fürth on 7 December 2009 , Adlung set up the clubs first goal of the game , in a 2–0 win . It wasnt until on 15 January 2010 when he scored his first goal for Alemannia Aachen , in a 3–1 win against Karlsruher SC . Adlung then set up a goal for Benjamin Auer , who scored twice for the club , in a 2–1 win against Arminia Bielefeld on 12 March 2010 . His second goal for Alemannia Aachen came on 28 March 2010 , as well as , setting up the clubs third goal of the game , in a 4–0 win against FC Augsburg . At the end of the 2009–10 season , he went on to make twenty–five appearances in all competitions . Following this , Adlung returned to his parent club . Energie Cottbus . On 3 August 2010 , Adlung joined Energie Cottbus for a transfer fee of 180,000 euros , signing a three–year contract . He made his Energie Cottbus debut , starting a match and set up the clubs second goal of the game , in a 2–1 win against TuS Heeslingen in the first round of the DFB-Pokal . Since making his debut for Energie Cottbus , Adlung quickly established himself in the starting eleven , playing in the left–midfield position . He then set up the clubs first goal of the game , in a 5–5 draw against Karlsruher SC on 13 September 2010 . His first goal for Energie Cottbus came on 17 October 2010 , scoring the clubs first goal of the game , in a 3–1 win against Paderborn . Two weeks later on 31 October 2010 , Adlung scored his second goal for Energie Cottbus , in a 2–1 win against VfL Bochum . However , he was sidelined for the rest of 2010 , due to suspension for picking five yellow cards , followed up by injuries . It wasnt until on 15 January 2011 when Adlung returned to the starting line–up against Fortuna Düsseldorf , as the club lost 3–1 . A month later on 21 February 2011 , he scored his third goal of the season , in a 2–2 draw against Hertha BSC . Two months later on 21 April 2011 , Adlung scored his fourth goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against Erzgebirge Aue . Since returning to the first team from injury , he continued to regain his first team place in the starting line–up for the rest of the 2010–11 season . Despite missing two more matches later in the season , Adlung made thirty–two appearances and scoring four times in all competitions . In the opening game of the 2011–12 season against Dynamo Dresden , Adlung scored his first goal of the season , in a 2–1 win . In a follow–up match against MSV Duisburg , he set up Energie Cottbus’ second goal of the game , in a 2–1 win . Adlung then scored his second goal of the season , as well as , setting up the clubs first goal of the game , in a 3–3 draw against Eintracht Frankfurt on 10 September 2011 . However , he suffered injuries on two occasions that kept him out for several weeks . It wasnt until on 16 October 2011 when Adlung returned to the first team , coming on as a 79th minute substitute , in a 1–0 win against FSV Frankfurt . Since returning from injury , he started in the next six matches , including setting up a goal , in a 2–1 loss against Dynamo Dresden on 11 December 2011 , before serving a one match suspension for picking up five yellow cards . After returning to the first team from suspension , Adlung then captained Energie Cottbus for the first time against Karlsruher SC on 17 February 2012 and helped the club lose 2–0 . In a match against Eintracht Frankfurt on 4 March 2012 , he was sent–off for a second bookable offence , in a 1–0 loss . On the last game of the season against Union Berlin , Adlung scored his third goal of the season , in a 2–1 win , as the result saw the club successfully avoid relegation . Despite the setback he received during the 2011–12 season , Adlung remained as the clubs first team regular , playing in the midfield position . As a result , he went on to make thirty appearances and scoring three times in all competitions . At the start of the 2012–13 season , Adlung scored a brace for Energie Cottbus , as the club won 3–0 against Erzgebirge Aue on 10 August 2012 . He then set up two goals in two matches between 14 September 2012 and 22 September 2012 against FSV Frankfurt and Jahn Regensburg . In a match against Union Berlin on 29 September 2012 , Adlung scored his second goal of the season , but received a straight red card in the 76th minute for insulting the assistant referee . Following this , he served a two match suspension . Up until his sending off , Adlung started in the first eight league matches of the season . After serving a two match suspension , he returned to the starting line–up against 1860 München on 26 October 2012 and helped the club win 1–0 . This was followed up by setting up two goals in two matches between 4 November 2012 and 11 November 2012 against Bochum and Dynamo Dresden . Adlung continued to start in the next six matches , including setting up a goal , in a 1–1 draw against FC Ingolstadt 04 on 9 December 2012 , before being sent–off for a straight red card in the 88th minute , losing 3–0 against Erzgebirge Aue . After serving a three match suspension , he returned to the starting line–up against Jahn Regensburg on 24 February 2013 and set up the equalising goal , in a 1–1 draw . Two weeks later on 9 March 2013 , Adlung played in the striker position for the first time ( and did so again in a follow–up ) , and scored his fourth goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against Union Berlin . However , he found himself out of the first team and was demoted to the clubs reserve side that saw him missed five matches . It wasnt until on 12 May 2013 when he returned to the first team , coming on as a 75th minute substitute against SV Sandhausen and scored his fifth goal of the season , in a 3–0 win . At the end of the 2012–13 season , Adlung went on to make twenty–five appearances and scoring five times in all competitions . TSV 1860 München . With his contract expected to expire at the end of the 2012–13 season , Adlung confirmed his departure from Energie Cottbus . It was announced on 11 April 2013 that he signed for 1860 Munich on a three–year contract , keeping him until 2016 . Adlung made his 1860 München debut , starting the match and played 75 minutes before being substituted , in a 1–1 draw against St . Pauli in the opening game of the season . In the first round of the DFB–Pokal against 1 . FC Heidenheim , he played 120 minutes following a 1–1 draw and successfully converted the penalty in the shootout , as the club won 4–3 . Since making his debut for 1860 München , Adlung quickly became a first team regular , establishing himself in the midfield position . It wasnt until on 1 December 2013 when he scored his first goal for the club , in a 2–1 win against VfL Bochum . Adlung then made his 200th league appearances of his career against Fortuna Düsseldorf , coming on as an 81st minute substitute , in a 1–1 draw on 10 February 2014 . In a match against FC Erzgebirge Aue on 15 March 2014 , he set up the equalising goal for Yuya Osako in the last minute of the game , to make it 2–2 . Two weeks later on 26 March 2014 , Adlung scored his second goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against Energie Cottbus . Since the start of the 2013–14 season , he appeared in every matches until missing one match after being suspended for picking up yellow cards . After serving a one match suspension , Adlung returned to the starting line–up against Karlsruher SC on 6 April 2014 , as 1860 München lost 3–0 . This was followed by scoring two goals in the next two matches against Dynamo Dresden and Arminia Bielefeld . At the end of the 2013–14 season , he made thirty–five appearances and scoring four times in all competitions . At the start of the 2014–15 season , however , Adlung was suspended to the second squad along with his teammates Gábor Király , Vitus Eicher , Yannick Stark and captain Julian Weigl . While Király had assaulted Gary Kagelmacher during a match , the other four players had been out drinking late at night and were overheard talking negatively about the club . Shortly after , he apologised to 1860 München for his action and returned to training with the first team . However , Adlung suffered a back injury that kept him out for weeks . He returned to the first team from injury against SV Sandhausen on 23 September 2014 , coming on as a 75th minute substitute , in a 1–0 loss . In a follow–up match against Greuther Fürth , Adlung set up the clubs first goal of the game , in a 2–0 win . After the match , his performance was praised by Manager Markus von Ahlen , saying : It wouldnt be fair to highlight any player . Adi played a strong game . It wasnt until on 2 November 2014 when he scored his first goal of the season , as well as , setting up 1860 Münchens two other goals , in a 3–0 win against Bochum . Three weeks later on 22 November 2014 , Adlung scored his second goal of the season , as well as setting up the clubs fourth goal of the game , in a 4–1 win . Since returning from suspension and injury , he continued to be a first team regular , playing in different midfield positions . Following the absent of Christopher Schindler , Adlung captained 1860 München for the first time against Karlsruher SC on 13 December 2014 , as the club lost 3–2 . He went on to captain four times of next five matches for the club . His third goal of the season came on 13 March 2015 against Greuther Fürth , in a 3–0 win . Adlung later scored two more goals for 1860 München later in the 2014–15 season against Fortuna Düsseldorf and 1 . FC Nürnberg . Despite this , the club finished sixteenth place in the 2 . Bundesliga , resulting in them participating in the relegation play-offs against Holstein Kiel . He played in both legs in the relegation play-offs against Holstein Kiel and scored in the second leg , as 1860 München won 2–1 on aggregate to retain its league place . At the end of the 2014–15 season , Adlung made thirty–four appearances and scoring six times in all competitions . In the opening game of the 2015–16 season against 1 . FC Heidenheim , Adlung suffered an injury and was substituted in the 63rd minute , as 1860 München lost 1–0 . But he made a quick recovery and returned to the starting line–up against SC Freiburg on 1 August 2015 , as the club lost 1–0 . Adlung then scored his first goal for the club , in a 2–2 draw against 1 . FC Nürnberg on 17 August 2015 . Following this , he continued to establish himself in the first team , playing in different midfield positions . Adlung was also appointed as 1860 Münchens vice captain . He then provided a hat–trick assists ; two of were for Rubin Okotie , who scored a hat–trick , in a 4–4 draw against Paderborn on 28 November 2015 . Since the start of the 2015–16 season , Adlung started in every matches until he suffered ankle injury during a 1–1 draw against Bochum on 21 February 2016 and was substituted at half time . Following this , Adlung was sidelined for six weeks following an operation on his ankle . It wasnt until on 8 April 2016 when he returned to the first team , coming on as a 73rd minute substitute , in a 1–0 loss against Greuther Fürth . In a follow–up match against MSV Duisburg , Adlung captained the club for the first time in the 2015–16 season , as they lost 2–1 . Since returning from injury , he appeared in the last six matches of the season , as 1860 München successfully avoided relegation once again . At the end of the 2015–16 season , Adlung went on to make thirty–one appearances and scoring once in all competitions . Following this , his future at the club became uncertain as he yet to sign a contract . It was announced on 30 June 2016 that Adlung signed a contract extension with 1860 München , keeping him until 2018 . At the start of the 2016–17 season , Adlung continued to establish himself in the first team , playing in different midfield positions . It wasnt until on 28 October 2016 when he scored his first goal of the season , coming on as an 85th minute substitute , in a 6–2 win against Erzgebirge Aue . However by mid–October , Adlung soon found his playing time , mostly coming from the substitute bench . But he did appear in the starting line–up , appearing five times between 21 November 2016 and 3 February 2017 . Following this , Adlung appeared on the substitute bench for the rest of the 2016–17 season , as 1860 München were officially relegated after losing 3–1 against Jahn Regensburg on aggregate . At the end of the 2016–17 season , he went on to make seventeen appearances and scoring once in all competitions . Following the clubs relegation , Adlung was critical of the clubs performance that saw him relegated . Although his contract expires at the end of the 2017–18 season , he was allowed to leave 1860 München after being surplus of requirement . It was announced on 4 September 2017 that Adlung and the club agreed to terminate his contract , making him a free agent . Adelaide United . In September 2017 , Adlung joined Adelaide United , signing a two–year contract . Adlung made his Adelaide United debut , starting the whole game , in a 1–1 draw against Wellington Phoenix in the opening game of the season . In a follow–up match against Brisbane Roar , he set up the clubs second goal of the game , in a 2–1 win . Since making his debut for the club , Adlung quickly established himself in the starting eleven , playing in the midfield positions . He scored his first goal for Adelaide United in a 2–1 win over Western Sydney Wanderers in the semi-final of the 2017 FFA Cup . A month later on 16 November 2017 , Adlung scored his second goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against Central Coast Mariners . Five days later on 21 November 2017 , he started and played 120 minutes in the FFA Cup Final against Sydney FC , as the club lost 2–1 . However in a match against Melbourne Victory on 8 December 2017 , Adlung was sent–off for a second bookable offence in the 82nd minutes , in a 2–1 win . After serving a one match suspension , he returned to the starting line–up against Central Coast Mariners on 26 December 2017 and helped Adelaide United win 1–0 . During a 3–0 win against Perth Glory on 5 January 2018 , Adlung scored the clubs first goal of the game before suffering a back injury that saw him substituted in the 41st minute . After recovering from a back injury that saw missed one match , he continued to remain in the first team for the rest of the 2017–18 season . Adlung then went on to score three more goals , including a brace against Newcastle Jets on 30 March 2018 . At the end of the 2017–18 season , he went on to make twenty–eight appearances and scoring six times in all competitions . Following this , Adlung was released by Adelaide United in May 2018 . It was later revealed that homesickness was the factor of his release . Return to Greuther Fürth . Adlung returned to Germany and re–joined Greuther Fürth as the clubs player-assistant coach on 26 June 2018 , assigning to play for the second team . Adlung started well for SpVgg Greuther Fürth II , setting up two goals in the first two league matches . He started in a number of matches for the club since joining SpVgg Greuther Fürth II . It wasnt until on 17 November 2018 when Adlung scored his first goal for the second team , in a 2–2 draw against Schalding-Heining . In a match against TSV 1860 Rosenheim on 23 March 2019 , he received a straight red card for his unsportmanlike conduct , as SpVgg Greuther Fürth II drew 1–1 . Despite serving a three match suspension , Adlung suffered a back injury that kept him out further . But Adlung returned to the starting line–up against VfB Eichstätt on 4 May 2019 and played the whole game , as the second team drew 1–1 . At the end of the 2018–19 season , he went on to make twenty–eight appearances and scoring once in all competitions for SpVgg Greuther Fürth II . At the start of the 2019–20 season , Adlung continued to start for SpVgg Greuther Fürth II . He contributed four assists in the first six matches of the season . It wasnt until on 7 September 2019 when Adlung scored his first goal of the season , in a 3–1 loss against FV Illertissen . Adlung then scored his second goal of the season , in a 2–0 win against TSV 1860 Rosenheim on 19 October 2019 . However , the 2019–20 season was interrupted and eventuality cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic . Up until the cancellation of the season , he started in every matches , making twenty–three appearances and scoring two times in all competitions for the second team . International career . Adlung made his Germany U17 debut on 20 October 2003 against Portugal U17 , starting the whole game , as the U17 side lost 2–0 . He went on to make three appearances for Germany U17 . In November 2004 , Adlung was called up to the Germany U18 squad , making his debut for the U18 side , in a 2–1 loss against Turkey U18 on 23 November 2004 . He went on to make five appearances for the U18 side . Adlung made his Germany U19 debut , starting a match against China U19 , as they drew 1–1 on 12 September 2005 . He then scored his first Germany U19 goal , in a 6–0 win against Cyprus U19 on 26 May 2006 . Three months later , Adlung received a bronze medal for the Fritz-Walter-Medal . Adlung made nine appearances for the U19 side . Adlung made his Germany U20 on 30 August 2006 , starting the whole game , as the U20 side won 1–0 against Switerzland U20 . He went on to make four appearances for the U20 side . Adlung then made his Germany U21 debut , coming on as a 66th minute substitute , in a 2–0 win against Scotland U21 on 6 February 2007 . Two years later , he was called up to the U21 squad for the 2009 UEFA Under-21 Championship . However , Adlung appeared as an unused substitute throughout the tournament , as Germany U21 won the tournament . Adlung went on to make five appearances for the U21 side . Personal life . Adlung has a sister and brother . His father , Herbert , was supportive of him playing football , having knew the case , knowing that he would one day make the step into the big football business . Adlung is a vegan after being given a copy of the Attila Hildmann and Brendan Brazier book . Adlung is married to his long term girlfriend , Julia , and together , they have a daughter , Aviana Rose . Honours . - Bundesliga : 2008–09 - UEFA Under-21 Championship : 2009
|
[
"Alemannia Aachen"
] |
[
{
"text": " Daniel Adlung ( born 1 October 1987 ) is a German footballer who plays as a midfielder for 1 . FC Schweinfurt 05 on loan from Greuther Fürth II . He is also an assistant coach for Greuther Fürth II .",
"title": "Daniel Adlung"
},
{
"text": " Born in Fürth , West Germany , Adlung began his football career at SV Hiltpoltstein , joining the club when he was seven years old . When Adlung was nine years old , he moved to 1 . FC Nürnberg . Every two years , Adlung shuttled back and forth between Greuther Fürth and 1 . FC Nürnberg before sticking with Greuther Fürth , where he started his professional football career there . Adlung progressed through the ranks of the clubs youth system .",
"title": "Greuther Fürth"
},
{
"text": "Adlung made his Greuther Fürth debut , coming on as a 78th minute substitute , in a 1–0 win against Alemannia Aachen on 30 September 2005 . He then found himself rotated at playing between the clubs first team and the second team . After three months away from the first team , Adlung made his return to the first team against Rot Weiss Ahlen on 2 December 2005 , coming on as a 70th minute substitute , in a 1–0 win . He then set up Greuther Fürths first goal of the game , in a 2–0 win against",
"title": "Greuther Fürth"
},
{
"text": "Kickers Offenbach on 29 January 2006 . At the end of the 2005–06 season , Adlung made seventeen appearances in all competitions .",
"title": "Greuther Fürth"
},
{
"text": "At the start of the 2006–07 season , Adlung found himself involved in the first team , alternating between a starting and a substitute role . He then set up the clubs second goal of the game , in a 3–0 win against Erzgebirge Aue on 17 September 2006 . It wasnt until on 13 November 2006 when Adlung scored his first goal of the season , in a 2–2 draw against 1 . FC Kaiserslautern . His second goal came on 21 January 2007 against 1860 München and then setting up Greuther Fürths second goal of the game ,",
"title": "Greuther Fürth"
},
{
"text": "in a 3–0 win . Two months later on 2 March 2007 , he scored his third goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against FC Augsburg . By the second half of the season , Adlung began playing in unfamiliar right–back position , as well as , rotating in playing the defensive midfield position . He then regained his first team place for the rest of the 2006–07 season . Despite being plagued with injuries , Adlung went on to make thirty–one appearances and scoring three times in all competitions .",
"title": "Greuther Fürth"
},
{
"text": "At the start of the 2007–08 season , Adlung appeared six matches in the first two months of the season before missing one match due to a toe injury . He then returned to the first team from injury , coming on as a 72nd minute substitute , in a 2–2 draw against Carl Zeiss Jena on 30 September 2007 . Following his return , Adlung then set up the clubs first goal of the game for Asen Karaslavov , who went to score twice , in a 3–0 win against 1860 München . However , he suffered a knee",
"title": "Greuther Fürth"
},
{
"text": "injury while training and didnt play for a month . It wasnt until on 16 December 2007 when Adlung returned to the starting line–up against Hoffenheim and scored his first goal of the season , as well as , setting up Greuther Fürths third goal of the game , in a 4–1 win . He followed up by setting up two goals against Erzgebirge Aue and Mainz . Since returning from injury , Adlung continued to regain as a first team regular for Greuther Fürth , rotating in the left or right midfield positions . At the end of the",
"title": "Greuther Fürth"
},
{
"text": "2007–08 season , he went on to make thirty appearances and scoring two times in all competitions .",
"title": "Greuther Fürth"
},
{
"text": " With his contract at Greuther Fürth expire at the end of the 2007–08 season , Adlung was expected to leave after being linked a move away , with clubs , such as , VfL Wolfsburg and Hansa Rostock were interested in signing him . It was announced on 11 May 2008 that he would be joining VfL Wolfsburg .",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": "Adlung made his Wolfsburg debut , coming on as a second half substitute , in a 7–0 win against FC Oberneuland in the second round of the DFB–Pokal . However , he found himself playing for the clubs reserve side instead of the first team . Despite this , Adlung was part of Wolfsburgs squad that won the league , saying : Of course we celebrated a lot . My family was very happy for me . And even if I havent got too many assignments yet , it has been a good experience for me that will certainly help",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": "me in my career .",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": " Alemannia Aachen ( loan ) . It was announced on 5 August 2009 that Adlung was loaned out to Alemannia Aachen for the 2009–10 season and was given a number 24 shirt . It came after when he was told by Wolfsburg that he needs to be loaned out to get first team football .",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": "Adlung made his Alemannia Aachen debut , starting a match and played 45 minutes before being substituted , in a 5–0 loss against St . Pauli on 17 August 2009 . However , his first three months at the club saw him placed on the substitute bench . He then regained his place in the first team for Alemannia Aachen . In a match against his former club , Greuther Fürth on 7 December 2009 , Adlung set up the clubs first goal of the game , in a 2–0 win . It wasnt until on 15 January 2010 when",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": "he scored his first goal for Alemannia Aachen , in a 3–1 win against Karlsruher SC . Adlung then set up a goal for Benjamin Auer , who scored twice for the club , in a 2–1 win against Arminia Bielefeld on 12 March 2010 . His second goal for Alemannia Aachen came on 28 March 2010 , as well as , setting up the clubs third goal of the game , in a 4–0 win against FC Augsburg . At the end of the 2009–10 season , he went on to make twenty–five appearances in all competitions . Following",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": "this , Adlung returned to his parent club .",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": " On 3 August 2010 , Adlung joined Energie Cottbus for a transfer fee of 180,000 euros , signing a three–year contract .",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "He made his Energie Cottbus debut , starting a match and set up the clubs second goal of the game , in a 2–1 win against TuS Heeslingen in the first round of the DFB-Pokal . Since making his debut for Energie Cottbus , Adlung quickly established himself in the starting eleven , playing in the left–midfield position . He then set up the clubs first goal of the game , in a 5–5 draw against Karlsruher SC on 13 September 2010 . His first goal for Energie Cottbus came on 17 October 2010 , scoring the clubs first goal",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "of the game , in a 3–1 win against Paderborn . Two weeks later on 31 October 2010 , Adlung scored his second goal for Energie Cottbus , in a 2–1 win against VfL Bochum . However , he was sidelined for the rest of 2010 , due to suspension for picking five yellow cards , followed up by injuries . It wasnt until on 15 January 2011 when Adlung returned to the starting line–up against Fortuna Düsseldorf , as the club lost 3–1 . A month later on 21 February 2011 , he scored his third goal of the",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "season , in a 2–2 draw against Hertha BSC . Two months later on 21 April 2011 , Adlung scored his fourth goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against Erzgebirge Aue . Since returning to the first team from injury , he continued to regain his first team place in the starting line–up for the rest of the 2010–11 season . Despite missing two more matches later in the season , Adlung made thirty–two appearances and scoring four times in all competitions .",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "In the opening game of the 2011–12 season against Dynamo Dresden , Adlung scored his first goal of the season , in a 2–1 win . In a follow–up match against MSV Duisburg , he set up Energie Cottbus’ second goal of the game , in a 2–1 win . Adlung then scored his second goal of the season , as well as , setting up the clubs first goal of the game , in a 3–3 draw against Eintracht Frankfurt on 10 September 2011 . However , he suffered injuries on two occasions that kept him out for several",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "weeks . It wasnt until on 16 October 2011 when Adlung returned to the first team , coming on as a 79th minute substitute , in a 1–0 win against FSV Frankfurt . Since returning from injury , he started in the next six matches , including setting up a goal , in a 2–1 loss against Dynamo Dresden on 11 December 2011 , before serving a one match suspension for picking up five yellow cards . After returning to the first team from suspension , Adlung then captained Energie Cottbus for the first time against Karlsruher SC on 17",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "February 2012 and helped the club lose 2–0 . In a match against Eintracht Frankfurt on 4 March 2012 , he was sent–off for a second bookable offence , in a 1–0 loss . On the last game of the season against Union Berlin , Adlung scored his third goal of the season , in a 2–1 win , as the result saw the club successfully avoid relegation . Despite the setback he received during the 2011–12 season , Adlung remained as the clubs first team regular , playing in the midfield position . As a result , he went",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "on to make thirty appearances and scoring three times in all competitions .",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "At the start of the 2012–13 season , Adlung scored a brace for Energie Cottbus , as the club won 3–0 against Erzgebirge Aue on 10 August 2012 . He then set up two goals in two matches between 14 September 2012 and 22 September 2012 against FSV Frankfurt and Jahn Regensburg . In a match against Union Berlin on 29 September 2012 , Adlung scored his second goal of the season , but received a straight red card in the 76th minute for insulting the assistant referee . Following this , he served a two match suspension . Up",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "until his sending off , Adlung started in the first eight league matches of the season . After serving a two match suspension , he returned to the starting line–up against 1860 München on 26 October 2012 and helped the club win 1–0 . This was followed up by setting up two goals in two matches between 4 November 2012 and 11 November 2012 against Bochum and Dynamo Dresden . Adlung continued to start in the next six matches , including setting up a goal , in a 1–1 draw against FC Ingolstadt 04 on 9 December 2012 , before",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "being sent–off for a straight red card in the 88th minute , losing 3–0 against Erzgebirge Aue . After serving a three match suspension , he returned to the starting line–up against Jahn Regensburg on 24 February 2013 and set up the equalising goal , in a 1–1 draw . Two weeks later on 9 March 2013 , Adlung played in the striker position for the first time ( and did so again in a follow–up ) , and scored his fourth goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against Union Berlin . However , he found himself",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "out of the first team and was demoted to the clubs reserve side that saw him missed five matches . It wasnt until on 12 May 2013 when he returned to the first team , coming on as a 75th minute substitute against SV Sandhausen and scored his fifth goal of the season , in a 3–0 win . At the end of the 2012–13 season , Adlung went on to make twenty–five appearances and scoring five times in all competitions .",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": " With his contract expected to expire at the end of the 2012–13 season , Adlung confirmed his departure from Energie Cottbus . It was announced on 11 April 2013 that he signed for 1860 Munich on a three–year contract , keeping him until 2016 .",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "Adlung made his 1860 München debut , starting the match and played 75 minutes before being substituted , in a 1–1 draw against St . Pauli in the opening game of the season . In the first round of the DFB–Pokal against 1 . FC Heidenheim , he played 120 minutes following a 1–1 draw and successfully converted the penalty in the shootout , as the club won 4–3 . Since making his debut for 1860 München , Adlung quickly became a first team regular , establishing himself in the midfield position . It wasnt until on 1 December 2013",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "when he scored his first goal for the club , in a 2–1 win against VfL Bochum . Adlung then made his 200th league appearances of his career against Fortuna Düsseldorf , coming on as an 81st minute substitute , in a 1–1 draw on 10 February 2014 . In a match against FC Erzgebirge Aue on 15 March 2014 , he set up the equalising goal for Yuya Osako in the last minute of the game , to make it 2–2 . Two weeks later on 26 March 2014 , Adlung scored his second goal of the season ,",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "in a 2–1 win against Energie Cottbus . Since the start of the 2013–14 season , he appeared in every matches until missing one match after being suspended for picking up yellow cards . After serving a one match suspension , Adlung returned to the starting line–up against Karlsruher SC on 6 April 2014 , as 1860 München lost 3–0 . This was followed by scoring two goals in the next two matches against Dynamo Dresden and Arminia Bielefeld . At the end of the 2013–14 season , he made thirty–five appearances and scoring four times in all competitions .",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "At the start of the 2014–15 season , however , Adlung was suspended to the second squad along with his teammates Gábor Király , Vitus Eicher , Yannick Stark and captain Julian Weigl . While Király had assaulted Gary Kagelmacher during a match , the other four players had been out drinking late at night and were overheard talking negatively about the club . Shortly after , he apologised to 1860 München for his action and returned to training with the first team . However , Adlung suffered a back injury that kept him out for weeks . He returned",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "to the first team from injury against SV Sandhausen on 23 September 2014 , coming on as a 75th minute substitute , in a 1–0 loss . In a follow–up match against Greuther Fürth , Adlung set up the clubs first goal of the game , in a 2–0 win . After the match , his performance was praised by Manager Markus von Ahlen , saying : It wouldnt be fair to highlight any player . Adi played a strong game . It wasnt until on 2 November 2014 when he scored his first goal of the season , as",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "well as , setting up 1860 Münchens two other goals , in a 3–0 win against Bochum . Three weeks later on 22 November 2014 , Adlung scored his second goal of the season , as well as setting up the clubs fourth goal of the game , in a 4–1 win . Since returning from suspension and injury , he continued to be a first team regular , playing in different midfield positions . Following the absent of Christopher Schindler , Adlung captained 1860 München for the first time against Karlsruher SC on 13 December 2014 , as the",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "club lost 3–2 . He went on to captain four times of next five matches for the club . His third goal of the season came on 13 March 2015 against Greuther Fürth , in a 3–0 win . Adlung later scored two more goals for 1860 München later in the 2014–15 season against Fortuna Düsseldorf and 1 . FC Nürnberg . Despite this , the club finished sixteenth place in the 2 . Bundesliga , resulting in them participating in the relegation play-offs against Holstein Kiel . He played in both legs in the relegation play-offs against Holstein Kiel",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "and scored in the second leg , as 1860 München won 2–1 on aggregate to retain its league place . At the end of the 2014–15 season , Adlung made thirty–four appearances and scoring six times in all competitions .",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "In the opening game of the 2015–16 season against 1 . FC Heidenheim , Adlung suffered an injury and was substituted in the 63rd minute , as 1860 München lost 1–0 . But he made a quick recovery and returned to the starting line–up against SC Freiburg on 1 August 2015 , as the club lost 1–0 . Adlung then scored his first goal for the club , in a 2–2 draw against 1 . FC Nürnberg on 17 August 2015 . Following this , he continued to establish himself in the first team , playing in different midfield positions",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": ". Adlung was also appointed as 1860 Münchens vice captain . He then provided a hat–trick assists ; two of were for Rubin Okotie , who scored a hat–trick , in a 4–4 draw against Paderborn on 28 November 2015 . Since the start of the 2015–16 season , Adlung started in every matches until he suffered ankle injury during a 1–1 draw against Bochum on 21 February 2016 and was substituted at half time . Following this , Adlung was sidelined for six weeks following an operation on his ankle . It wasnt until on 8 April 2016 when",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "he returned to the first team , coming on as a 73rd minute substitute , in a 1–0 loss against Greuther Fürth . In a follow–up match against MSV Duisburg , Adlung captained the club for the first time in the 2015–16 season , as they lost 2–1 . Since returning from injury , he appeared in the last six matches of the season , as 1860 München successfully avoided relegation once again . At the end of the 2015–16 season , Adlung went on to make thirty–one appearances and scoring once in all competitions . Following this , his",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "future at the club became uncertain as he yet to sign a contract . It was announced on 30 June 2016 that Adlung signed a contract extension with 1860 München , keeping him until 2018 .",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "At the start of the 2016–17 season , Adlung continued to establish himself in the first team , playing in different midfield positions . It wasnt until on 28 October 2016 when he scored his first goal of the season , coming on as an 85th minute substitute , in a 6–2 win against Erzgebirge Aue . However by mid–October , Adlung soon found his playing time , mostly coming from the substitute bench . But he did appear in the starting line–up , appearing five times between 21 November 2016 and 3 February 2017 . Following this , Adlung",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "appeared on the substitute bench for the rest of the 2016–17 season , as 1860 München were officially relegated after losing 3–1 against Jahn Regensburg on aggregate . At the end of the 2016–17 season , he went on to make seventeen appearances and scoring once in all competitions .",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": " Following the clubs relegation , Adlung was critical of the clubs performance that saw him relegated . Although his contract expires at the end of the 2017–18 season , he was allowed to leave 1860 München after being surplus of requirement . It was announced on 4 September 2017 that Adlung and the club agreed to terminate his contract , making him a free agent .",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "Adlung made his Adelaide United debut , starting the whole game , in a 1–1 draw against Wellington Phoenix in the opening game of the season . In a follow–up match against Brisbane Roar , he set up the clubs second goal of the game , in a 2–1 win . Since making his debut for the club , Adlung quickly established himself in the starting eleven , playing in the midfield positions . He scored his first goal for Adelaide United in a 2–1 win over Western Sydney Wanderers in the semi-final of the 2017 FFA Cup . A",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": "month later on 16 November 2017 , Adlung scored his second goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against Central Coast Mariners . Five days later on 21 November 2017 , he started and played 120 minutes in the FFA Cup Final against Sydney FC , as the club lost 2–1 . However in a match against Melbourne Victory on 8 December 2017 , Adlung was sent–off for a second bookable offence in the 82nd minutes , in a 2–1 win . After serving a one match suspension , he returned to the starting line–up against Central Coast",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": "Mariners on 26 December 2017 and helped Adelaide United win 1–0 . During a 3–0 win against Perth Glory on 5 January 2018 , Adlung scored the clubs first goal of the game before suffering a back injury that saw him substituted in the 41st minute . After recovering from a back injury that saw missed one match , he continued to remain in the first team for the rest of the 2017–18 season . Adlung then went on to score three more goals , including a brace against Newcastle Jets on 30 March 2018 . At the end of",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": "the 2017–18 season , he went on to make twenty–eight appearances and scoring six times in all competitions .",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": " Following this , Adlung was released by Adelaide United in May 2018 . It was later revealed that homesickness was the factor of his release . Return to Greuther Fürth . Adlung returned to Germany and re–joined Greuther Fürth as the clubs player-assistant coach on 26 June 2018 , assigning to play for the second team .",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": "Adlung started well for SpVgg Greuther Fürth II , setting up two goals in the first two league matches . He started in a number of matches for the club since joining SpVgg Greuther Fürth II . It wasnt until on 17 November 2018 when Adlung scored his first goal for the second team , in a 2–2 draw against Schalding-Heining . In a match against TSV 1860 Rosenheim on 23 March 2019 , he received a straight red card for his unsportmanlike conduct , as SpVgg Greuther Fürth II drew 1–1 . Despite serving a three match suspension ,",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": "Adlung suffered a back injury that kept him out further . But Adlung returned to the starting line–up against VfB Eichstätt on 4 May 2019 and played the whole game , as the second team drew 1–1 . At the end of the 2018–19 season , he went on to make twenty–eight appearances and scoring once in all competitions for SpVgg Greuther Fürth II .",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": "At the start of the 2019–20 season , Adlung continued to start for SpVgg Greuther Fürth II . He contributed four assists in the first six matches of the season . It wasnt until on 7 September 2019 when Adlung scored his first goal of the season , in a 3–1 loss against FV Illertissen . Adlung then scored his second goal of the season , in a 2–0 win against TSV 1860 Rosenheim on 19 October 2019 . However , the 2019–20 season was interrupted and eventuality cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic . Up until the cancellation of the",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": "season , he started in every matches , making twenty–three appearances and scoring two times in all competitions for the second team .",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": " Adlung made his Germany U17 debut on 20 October 2003 against Portugal U17 , starting the whole game , as the U17 side lost 2–0 . He went on to make three appearances for Germany U17 . In November 2004 , Adlung was called up to the Germany U18 squad , making his debut for the U18 side , in a 2–1 loss against Turkey U18 on 23 November 2004 . He went on to make five appearances for the U18 side .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Adlung made his Germany U19 debut , starting a match against China U19 , as they drew 1–1 on 12 September 2005 . He then scored his first Germany U19 goal , in a 6–0 win against Cyprus U19 on 26 May 2006 . Three months later , Adlung received a bronze medal for the Fritz-Walter-Medal . Adlung made nine appearances for the U19 side .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Adlung made his Germany U20 on 30 August 2006 , starting the whole game , as the U20 side won 1–0 against Switerzland U20 . He went on to make four appearances for the U20 side . Adlung then made his Germany U21 debut , coming on as a 66th minute substitute , in a 2–0 win against Scotland U21 on 6 February 2007 . Two years later , he was called up to the U21 squad for the 2009 UEFA Under-21 Championship . However , Adlung appeared as an unused substitute throughout the tournament , as Germany U21 won",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "the tournament . Adlung went on to make five appearances for the U21 side .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Adlung has a sister and brother . His father , Herbert , was supportive of him playing football , having knew the case , knowing that he would one day make the step into the big football business . Adlung is a vegan after being given a copy of the Attila Hildmann and Brendan Brazier book . Adlung is married to his long term girlfriend , Julia , and together , they have a daughter , Aviana Rose .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Bundesliga : 2008–09 - UEFA Under-21 Championship : 2009",
"title": "Honours"
}
] |
/wiki/Daniel_Adlung#P54#3
|
Daniel Adlung played for which team in Oct 2011?
|
Daniel Adlung Daniel Adlung ( born 1 October 1987 ) is a German footballer who plays as a midfielder for 1 . FC Schweinfurt 05 on loan from Greuther Fürth II . He is also an assistant coach for Greuther Fürth II . Club career . Greuther Fürth . Born in Fürth , West Germany , Adlung began his football career at SV Hiltpoltstein , joining the club when he was seven years old . When Adlung was nine years old , he moved to 1 . FC Nürnberg . Every two years , Adlung shuttled back and forth between Greuther Fürth and 1 . FC Nürnberg before sticking with Greuther Fürth , where he started his professional football career there . Adlung progressed through the ranks of the clubs youth system . Adlung made his Greuther Fürth debut , coming on as a 78th minute substitute , in a 1–0 win against Alemannia Aachen on 30 September 2005 . He then found himself rotated at playing between the clubs first team and the second team . After three months away from the first team , Adlung made his return to the first team against Rot Weiss Ahlen on 2 December 2005 , coming on as a 70th minute substitute , in a 1–0 win . He then set up Greuther Fürths first goal of the game , in a 2–0 win against Kickers Offenbach on 29 January 2006 . At the end of the 2005–06 season , Adlung made seventeen appearances in all competitions . At the start of the 2006–07 season , Adlung found himself involved in the first team , alternating between a starting and a substitute role . He then set up the clubs second goal of the game , in a 3–0 win against Erzgebirge Aue on 17 September 2006 . It wasnt until on 13 November 2006 when Adlung scored his first goal of the season , in a 2–2 draw against 1 . FC Kaiserslautern . His second goal came on 21 January 2007 against 1860 München and then setting up Greuther Fürths second goal of the game , in a 3–0 win . Two months later on 2 March 2007 , he scored his third goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against FC Augsburg . By the second half of the season , Adlung began playing in unfamiliar right–back position , as well as , rotating in playing the defensive midfield position . He then regained his first team place for the rest of the 2006–07 season . Despite being plagued with injuries , Adlung went on to make thirty–one appearances and scoring three times in all competitions . At the start of the 2007–08 season , Adlung appeared six matches in the first two months of the season before missing one match due to a toe injury . He then returned to the first team from injury , coming on as a 72nd minute substitute , in a 2–2 draw against Carl Zeiss Jena on 30 September 2007 . Following his return , Adlung then set up the clubs first goal of the game for Asen Karaslavov , who went to score twice , in a 3–0 win against 1860 München . However , he suffered a knee injury while training and didnt play for a month . It wasnt until on 16 December 2007 when Adlung returned to the starting line–up against Hoffenheim and scored his first goal of the season , as well as , setting up Greuther Fürths third goal of the game , in a 4–1 win . He followed up by setting up two goals against Erzgebirge Aue and Mainz . Since returning from injury , Adlung continued to regain as a first team regular for Greuther Fürth , rotating in the left or right midfield positions . At the end of the 2007–08 season , he went on to make thirty appearances and scoring two times in all competitions . VfL Wolfsburg . With his contract at Greuther Fürth expire at the end of the 2007–08 season , Adlung was expected to leave after being linked a move away , with clubs , such as , VfL Wolfsburg and Hansa Rostock were interested in signing him . It was announced on 11 May 2008 that he would be joining VfL Wolfsburg . Adlung made his Wolfsburg debut , coming on as a second half substitute , in a 7–0 win against FC Oberneuland in the second round of the DFB–Pokal . However , he found himself playing for the clubs reserve side instead of the first team . Despite this , Adlung was part of Wolfsburgs squad that won the league , saying : Of course we celebrated a lot . My family was very happy for me . And even if I havent got too many assignments yet , it has been a good experience for me that will certainly help me in my career . Alemannia Aachen ( loan ) . It was announced on 5 August 2009 that Adlung was loaned out to Alemannia Aachen for the 2009–10 season and was given a number 24 shirt . It came after when he was told by Wolfsburg that he needs to be loaned out to get first team football . Adlung made his Alemannia Aachen debut , starting a match and played 45 minutes before being substituted , in a 5–0 loss against St . Pauli on 17 August 2009 . However , his first three months at the club saw him placed on the substitute bench . He then regained his place in the first team for Alemannia Aachen . In a match against his former club , Greuther Fürth on 7 December 2009 , Adlung set up the clubs first goal of the game , in a 2–0 win . It wasnt until on 15 January 2010 when he scored his first goal for Alemannia Aachen , in a 3–1 win against Karlsruher SC . Adlung then set up a goal for Benjamin Auer , who scored twice for the club , in a 2–1 win against Arminia Bielefeld on 12 March 2010 . His second goal for Alemannia Aachen came on 28 March 2010 , as well as , setting up the clubs third goal of the game , in a 4–0 win against FC Augsburg . At the end of the 2009–10 season , he went on to make twenty–five appearances in all competitions . Following this , Adlung returned to his parent club . Energie Cottbus . On 3 August 2010 , Adlung joined Energie Cottbus for a transfer fee of 180,000 euros , signing a three–year contract . He made his Energie Cottbus debut , starting a match and set up the clubs second goal of the game , in a 2–1 win against TuS Heeslingen in the first round of the DFB-Pokal . Since making his debut for Energie Cottbus , Adlung quickly established himself in the starting eleven , playing in the left–midfield position . He then set up the clubs first goal of the game , in a 5–5 draw against Karlsruher SC on 13 September 2010 . His first goal for Energie Cottbus came on 17 October 2010 , scoring the clubs first goal of the game , in a 3–1 win against Paderborn . Two weeks later on 31 October 2010 , Adlung scored his second goal for Energie Cottbus , in a 2–1 win against VfL Bochum . However , he was sidelined for the rest of 2010 , due to suspension for picking five yellow cards , followed up by injuries . It wasnt until on 15 January 2011 when Adlung returned to the starting line–up against Fortuna Düsseldorf , as the club lost 3–1 . A month later on 21 February 2011 , he scored his third goal of the season , in a 2–2 draw against Hertha BSC . Two months later on 21 April 2011 , Adlung scored his fourth goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against Erzgebirge Aue . Since returning to the first team from injury , he continued to regain his first team place in the starting line–up for the rest of the 2010–11 season . Despite missing two more matches later in the season , Adlung made thirty–two appearances and scoring four times in all competitions . In the opening game of the 2011–12 season against Dynamo Dresden , Adlung scored his first goal of the season , in a 2–1 win . In a follow–up match against MSV Duisburg , he set up Energie Cottbus’ second goal of the game , in a 2–1 win . Adlung then scored his second goal of the season , as well as , setting up the clubs first goal of the game , in a 3–3 draw against Eintracht Frankfurt on 10 September 2011 . However , he suffered injuries on two occasions that kept him out for several weeks . It wasnt until on 16 October 2011 when Adlung returned to the first team , coming on as a 79th minute substitute , in a 1–0 win against FSV Frankfurt . Since returning from injury , he started in the next six matches , including setting up a goal , in a 2–1 loss against Dynamo Dresden on 11 December 2011 , before serving a one match suspension for picking up five yellow cards . After returning to the first team from suspension , Adlung then captained Energie Cottbus for the first time against Karlsruher SC on 17 February 2012 and helped the club lose 2–0 . In a match against Eintracht Frankfurt on 4 March 2012 , he was sent–off for a second bookable offence , in a 1–0 loss . On the last game of the season against Union Berlin , Adlung scored his third goal of the season , in a 2–1 win , as the result saw the club successfully avoid relegation . Despite the setback he received during the 2011–12 season , Adlung remained as the clubs first team regular , playing in the midfield position . As a result , he went on to make thirty appearances and scoring three times in all competitions . At the start of the 2012–13 season , Adlung scored a brace for Energie Cottbus , as the club won 3–0 against Erzgebirge Aue on 10 August 2012 . He then set up two goals in two matches between 14 September 2012 and 22 September 2012 against FSV Frankfurt and Jahn Regensburg . In a match against Union Berlin on 29 September 2012 , Adlung scored his second goal of the season , but received a straight red card in the 76th minute for insulting the assistant referee . Following this , he served a two match suspension . Up until his sending off , Adlung started in the first eight league matches of the season . After serving a two match suspension , he returned to the starting line–up against 1860 München on 26 October 2012 and helped the club win 1–0 . This was followed up by setting up two goals in two matches between 4 November 2012 and 11 November 2012 against Bochum and Dynamo Dresden . Adlung continued to start in the next six matches , including setting up a goal , in a 1–1 draw against FC Ingolstadt 04 on 9 December 2012 , before being sent–off for a straight red card in the 88th minute , losing 3–0 against Erzgebirge Aue . After serving a three match suspension , he returned to the starting line–up against Jahn Regensburg on 24 February 2013 and set up the equalising goal , in a 1–1 draw . Two weeks later on 9 March 2013 , Adlung played in the striker position for the first time ( and did so again in a follow–up ) , and scored his fourth goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against Union Berlin . However , he found himself out of the first team and was demoted to the clubs reserve side that saw him missed five matches . It wasnt until on 12 May 2013 when he returned to the first team , coming on as a 75th minute substitute against SV Sandhausen and scored his fifth goal of the season , in a 3–0 win . At the end of the 2012–13 season , Adlung went on to make twenty–five appearances and scoring five times in all competitions . TSV 1860 München . With his contract expected to expire at the end of the 2012–13 season , Adlung confirmed his departure from Energie Cottbus . It was announced on 11 April 2013 that he signed for 1860 Munich on a three–year contract , keeping him until 2016 . Adlung made his 1860 München debut , starting the match and played 75 minutes before being substituted , in a 1–1 draw against St . Pauli in the opening game of the season . In the first round of the DFB–Pokal against 1 . FC Heidenheim , he played 120 minutes following a 1–1 draw and successfully converted the penalty in the shootout , as the club won 4–3 . Since making his debut for 1860 München , Adlung quickly became a first team regular , establishing himself in the midfield position . It wasnt until on 1 December 2013 when he scored his first goal for the club , in a 2–1 win against VfL Bochum . Adlung then made his 200th league appearances of his career against Fortuna Düsseldorf , coming on as an 81st minute substitute , in a 1–1 draw on 10 February 2014 . In a match against FC Erzgebirge Aue on 15 March 2014 , he set up the equalising goal for Yuya Osako in the last minute of the game , to make it 2–2 . Two weeks later on 26 March 2014 , Adlung scored his second goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against Energie Cottbus . Since the start of the 2013–14 season , he appeared in every matches until missing one match after being suspended for picking up yellow cards . After serving a one match suspension , Adlung returned to the starting line–up against Karlsruher SC on 6 April 2014 , as 1860 München lost 3–0 . This was followed by scoring two goals in the next two matches against Dynamo Dresden and Arminia Bielefeld . At the end of the 2013–14 season , he made thirty–five appearances and scoring four times in all competitions . At the start of the 2014–15 season , however , Adlung was suspended to the second squad along with his teammates Gábor Király , Vitus Eicher , Yannick Stark and captain Julian Weigl . While Király had assaulted Gary Kagelmacher during a match , the other four players had been out drinking late at night and were overheard talking negatively about the club . Shortly after , he apologised to 1860 München for his action and returned to training with the first team . However , Adlung suffered a back injury that kept him out for weeks . He returned to the first team from injury against SV Sandhausen on 23 September 2014 , coming on as a 75th minute substitute , in a 1–0 loss . In a follow–up match against Greuther Fürth , Adlung set up the clubs first goal of the game , in a 2–0 win . After the match , his performance was praised by Manager Markus von Ahlen , saying : It wouldnt be fair to highlight any player . Adi played a strong game . It wasnt until on 2 November 2014 when he scored his first goal of the season , as well as , setting up 1860 Münchens two other goals , in a 3–0 win against Bochum . Three weeks later on 22 November 2014 , Adlung scored his second goal of the season , as well as setting up the clubs fourth goal of the game , in a 4–1 win . Since returning from suspension and injury , he continued to be a first team regular , playing in different midfield positions . Following the absent of Christopher Schindler , Adlung captained 1860 München for the first time against Karlsruher SC on 13 December 2014 , as the club lost 3–2 . He went on to captain four times of next five matches for the club . His third goal of the season came on 13 March 2015 against Greuther Fürth , in a 3–0 win . Adlung later scored two more goals for 1860 München later in the 2014–15 season against Fortuna Düsseldorf and 1 . FC Nürnberg . Despite this , the club finished sixteenth place in the 2 . Bundesliga , resulting in them participating in the relegation play-offs against Holstein Kiel . He played in both legs in the relegation play-offs against Holstein Kiel and scored in the second leg , as 1860 München won 2–1 on aggregate to retain its league place . At the end of the 2014–15 season , Adlung made thirty–four appearances and scoring six times in all competitions . In the opening game of the 2015–16 season against 1 . FC Heidenheim , Adlung suffered an injury and was substituted in the 63rd minute , as 1860 München lost 1–0 . But he made a quick recovery and returned to the starting line–up against SC Freiburg on 1 August 2015 , as the club lost 1–0 . Adlung then scored his first goal for the club , in a 2–2 draw against 1 . FC Nürnberg on 17 August 2015 . Following this , he continued to establish himself in the first team , playing in different midfield positions . Adlung was also appointed as 1860 Münchens vice captain . He then provided a hat–trick assists ; two of were for Rubin Okotie , who scored a hat–trick , in a 4–4 draw against Paderborn on 28 November 2015 . Since the start of the 2015–16 season , Adlung started in every matches until he suffered ankle injury during a 1–1 draw against Bochum on 21 February 2016 and was substituted at half time . Following this , Adlung was sidelined for six weeks following an operation on his ankle . It wasnt until on 8 April 2016 when he returned to the first team , coming on as a 73rd minute substitute , in a 1–0 loss against Greuther Fürth . In a follow–up match against MSV Duisburg , Adlung captained the club for the first time in the 2015–16 season , as they lost 2–1 . Since returning from injury , he appeared in the last six matches of the season , as 1860 München successfully avoided relegation once again . At the end of the 2015–16 season , Adlung went on to make thirty–one appearances and scoring once in all competitions . Following this , his future at the club became uncertain as he yet to sign a contract . It was announced on 30 June 2016 that Adlung signed a contract extension with 1860 München , keeping him until 2018 . At the start of the 2016–17 season , Adlung continued to establish himself in the first team , playing in different midfield positions . It wasnt until on 28 October 2016 when he scored his first goal of the season , coming on as an 85th minute substitute , in a 6–2 win against Erzgebirge Aue . However by mid–October , Adlung soon found his playing time , mostly coming from the substitute bench . But he did appear in the starting line–up , appearing five times between 21 November 2016 and 3 February 2017 . Following this , Adlung appeared on the substitute bench for the rest of the 2016–17 season , as 1860 München were officially relegated after losing 3–1 against Jahn Regensburg on aggregate . At the end of the 2016–17 season , he went on to make seventeen appearances and scoring once in all competitions . Following the clubs relegation , Adlung was critical of the clubs performance that saw him relegated . Although his contract expires at the end of the 2017–18 season , he was allowed to leave 1860 München after being surplus of requirement . It was announced on 4 September 2017 that Adlung and the club agreed to terminate his contract , making him a free agent . Adelaide United . In September 2017 , Adlung joined Adelaide United , signing a two–year contract . Adlung made his Adelaide United debut , starting the whole game , in a 1–1 draw against Wellington Phoenix in the opening game of the season . In a follow–up match against Brisbane Roar , he set up the clubs second goal of the game , in a 2–1 win . Since making his debut for the club , Adlung quickly established himself in the starting eleven , playing in the midfield positions . He scored his first goal for Adelaide United in a 2–1 win over Western Sydney Wanderers in the semi-final of the 2017 FFA Cup . A month later on 16 November 2017 , Adlung scored his second goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against Central Coast Mariners . Five days later on 21 November 2017 , he started and played 120 minutes in the FFA Cup Final against Sydney FC , as the club lost 2–1 . However in a match against Melbourne Victory on 8 December 2017 , Adlung was sent–off for a second bookable offence in the 82nd minutes , in a 2–1 win . After serving a one match suspension , he returned to the starting line–up against Central Coast Mariners on 26 December 2017 and helped Adelaide United win 1–0 . During a 3–0 win against Perth Glory on 5 January 2018 , Adlung scored the clubs first goal of the game before suffering a back injury that saw him substituted in the 41st minute . After recovering from a back injury that saw missed one match , he continued to remain in the first team for the rest of the 2017–18 season . Adlung then went on to score three more goals , including a brace against Newcastle Jets on 30 March 2018 . At the end of the 2017–18 season , he went on to make twenty–eight appearances and scoring six times in all competitions . Following this , Adlung was released by Adelaide United in May 2018 . It was later revealed that homesickness was the factor of his release . Return to Greuther Fürth . Adlung returned to Germany and re–joined Greuther Fürth as the clubs player-assistant coach on 26 June 2018 , assigning to play for the second team . Adlung started well for SpVgg Greuther Fürth II , setting up two goals in the first two league matches . He started in a number of matches for the club since joining SpVgg Greuther Fürth II . It wasnt until on 17 November 2018 when Adlung scored his first goal for the second team , in a 2–2 draw against Schalding-Heining . In a match against TSV 1860 Rosenheim on 23 March 2019 , he received a straight red card for his unsportmanlike conduct , as SpVgg Greuther Fürth II drew 1–1 . Despite serving a three match suspension , Adlung suffered a back injury that kept him out further . But Adlung returned to the starting line–up against VfB Eichstätt on 4 May 2019 and played the whole game , as the second team drew 1–1 . At the end of the 2018–19 season , he went on to make twenty–eight appearances and scoring once in all competitions for SpVgg Greuther Fürth II . At the start of the 2019–20 season , Adlung continued to start for SpVgg Greuther Fürth II . He contributed four assists in the first six matches of the season . It wasnt until on 7 September 2019 when Adlung scored his first goal of the season , in a 3–1 loss against FV Illertissen . Adlung then scored his second goal of the season , in a 2–0 win against TSV 1860 Rosenheim on 19 October 2019 . However , the 2019–20 season was interrupted and eventuality cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic . Up until the cancellation of the season , he started in every matches , making twenty–three appearances and scoring two times in all competitions for the second team . International career . Adlung made his Germany U17 debut on 20 October 2003 against Portugal U17 , starting the whole game , as the U17 side lost 2–0 . He went on to make three appearances for Germany U17 . In November 2004 , Adlung was called up to the Germany U18 squad , making his debut for the U18 side , in a 2–1 loss against Turkey U18 on 23 November 2004 . He went on to make five appearances for the U18 side . Adlung made his Germany U19 debut , starting a match against China U19 , as they drew 1–1 on 12 September 2005 . He then scored his first Germany U19 goal , in a 6–0 win against Cyprus U19 on 26 May 2006 . Three months later , Adlung received a bronze medal for the Fritz-Walter-Medal . Adlung made nine appearances for the U19 side . Adlung made his Germany U20 on 30 August 2006 , starting the whole game , as the U20 side won 1–0 against Switerzland U20 . He went on to make four appearances for the U20 side . Adlung then made his Germany U21 debut , coming on as a 66th minute substitute , in a 2–0 win against Scotland U21 on 6 February 2007 . Two years later , he was called up to the U21 squad for the 2009 UEFA Under-21 Championship . However , Adlung appeared as an unused substitute throughout the tournament , as Germany U21 won the tournament . Adlung went on to make five appearances for the U21 side . Personal life . Adlung has a sister and brother . His father , Herbert , was supportive of him playing football , having knew the case , knowing that he would one day make the step into the big football business . Adlung is a vegan after being given a copy of the Attila Hildmann and Brendan Brazier book . Adlung is married to his long term girlfriend , Julia , and together , they have a daughter , Aviana Rose . Honours . - Bundesliga : 2008–09 - UEFA Under-21 Championship : 2009
|
[
"Energie Cottbus"
] |
[
{
"text": " Daniel Adlung ( born 1 October 1987 ) is a German footballer who plays as a midfielder for 1 . FC Schweinfurt 05 on loan from Greuther Fürth II . He is also an assistant coach for Greuther Fürth II .",
"title": "Daniel Adlung"
},
{
"text": " Born in Fürth , West Germany , Adlung began his football career at SV Hiltpoltstein , joining the club when he was seven years old . When Adlung was nine years old , he moved to 1 . FC Nürnberg . Every two years , Adlung shuttled back and forth between Greuther Fürth and 1 . FC Nürnberg before sticking with Greuther Fürth , where he started his professional football career there . Adlung progressed through the ranks of the clubs youth system .",
"title": "Greuther Fürth"
},
{
"text": "Adlung made his Greuther Fürth debut , coming on as a 78th minute substitute , in a 1–0 win against Alemannia Aachen on 30 September 2005 . He then found himself rotated at playing between the clubs first team and the second team . After three months away from the first team , Adlung made his return to the first team against Rot Weiss Ahlen on 2 December 2005 , coming on as a 70th minute substitute , in a 1–0 win . He then set up Greuther Fürths first goal of the game , in a 2–0 win against",
"title": "Greuther Fürth"
},
{
"text": "Kickers Offenbach on 29 January 2006 . At the end of the 2005–06 season , Adlung made seventeen appearances in all competitions .",
"title": "Greuther Fürth"
},
{
"text": "At the start of the 2006–07 season , Adlung found himself involved in the first team , alternating between a starting and a substitute role . He then set up the clubs second goal of the game , in a 3–0 win against Erzgebirge Aue on 17 September 2006 . It wasnt until on 13 November 2006 when Adlung scored his first goal of the season , in a 2–2 draw against 1 . FC Kaiserslautern . His second goal came on 21 January 2007 against 1860 München and then setting up Greuther Fürths second goal of the game ,",
"title": "Greuther Fürth"
},
{
"text": "in a 3–0 win . Two months later on 2 March 2007 , he scored his third goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against FC Augsburg . By the second half of the season , Adlung began playing in unfamiliar right–back position , as well as , rotating in playing the defensive midfield position . He then regained his first team place for the rest of the 2006–07 season . Despite being plagued with injuries , Adlung went on to make thirty–one appearances and scoring three times in all competitions .",
"title": "Greuther Fürth"
},
{
"text": "At the start of the 2007–08 season , Adlung appeared six matches in the first two months of the season before missing one match due to a toe injury . He then returned to the first team from injury , coming on as a 72nd minute substitute , in a 2–2 draw against Carl Zeiss Jena on 30 September 2007 . Following his return , Adlung then set up the clubs first goal of the game for Asen Karaslavov , who went to score twice , in a 3–0 win against 1860 München . However , he suffered a knee",
"title": "Greuther Fürth"
},
{
"text": "injury while training and didnt play for a month . It wasnt until on 16 December 2007 when Adlung returned to the starting line–up against Hoffenheim and scored his first goal of the season , as well as , setting up Greuther Fürths third goal of the game , in a 4–1 win . He followed up by setting up two goals against Erzgebirge Aue and Mainz . Since returning from injury , Adlung continued to regain as a first team regular for Greuther Fürth , rotating in the left or right midfield positions . At the end of the",
"title": "Greuther Fürth"
},
{
"text": "2007–08 season , he went on to make thirty appearances and scoring two times in all competitions .",
"title": "Greuther Fürth"
},
{
"text": " With his contract at Greuther Fürth expire at the end of the 2007–08 season , Adlung was expected to leave after being linked a move away , with clubs , such as , VfL Wolfsburg and Hansa Rostock were interested in signing him . It was announced on 11 May 2008 that he would be joining VfL Wolfsburg .",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": "Adlung made his Wolfsburg debut , coming on as a second half substitute , in a 7–0 win against FC Oberneuland in the second round of the DFB–Pokal . However , he found himself playing for the clubs reserve side instead of the first team . Despite this , Adlung was part of Wolfsburgs squad that won the league , saying : Of course we celebrated a lot . My family was very happy for me . And even if I havent got too many assignments yet , it has been a good experience for me that will certainly help",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": "me in my career .",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": " Alemannia Aachen ( loan ) . It was announced on 5 August 2009 that Adlung was loaned out to Alemannia Aachen for the 2009–10 season and was given a number 24 shirt . It came after when he was told by Wolfsburg that he needs to be loaned out to get first team football .",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": "Adlung made his Alemannia Aachen debut , starting a match and played 45 minutes before being substituted , in a 5–0 loss against St . Pauli on 17 August 2009 . However , his first three months at the club saw him placed on the substitute bench . He then regained his place in the first team for Alemannia Aachen . In a match against his former club , Greuther Fürth on 7 December 2009 , Adlung set up the clubs first goal of the game , in a 2–0 win . It wasnt until on 15 January 2010 when",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": "he scored his first goal for Alemannia Aachen , in a 3–1 win against Karlsruher SC . Adlung then set up a goal for Benjamin Auer , who scored twice for the club , in a 2–1 win against Arminia Bielefeld on 12 March 2010 . His second goal for Alemannia Aachen came on 28 March 2010 , as well as , setting up the clubs third goal of the game , in a 4–0 win against FC Augsburg . At the end of the 2009–10 season , he went on to make twenty–five appearances in all competitions . Following",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": "this , Adlung returned to his parent club .",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": " On 3 August 2010 , Adlung joined Energie Cottbus for a transfer fee of 180,000 euros , signing a three–year contract .",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "He made his Energie Cottbus debut , starting a match and set up the clubs second goal of the game , in a 2–1 win against TuS Heeslingen in the first round of the DFB-Pokal . Since making his debut for Energie Cottbus , Adlung quickly established himself in the starting eleven , playing in the left–midfield position . He then set up the clubs first goal of the game , in a 5–5 draw against Karlsruher SC on 13 September 2010 . His first goal for Energie Cottbus came on 17 October 2010 , scoring the clubs first goal",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "of the game , in a 3–1 win against Paderborn . Two weeks later on 31 October 2010 , Adlung scored his second goal for Energie Cottbus , in a 2–1 win against VfL Bochum . However , he was sidelined for the rest of 2010 , due to suspension for picking five yellow cards , followed up by injuries . It wasnt until on 15 January 2011 when Adlung returned to the starting line–up against Fortuna Düsseldorf , as the club lost 3–1 . A month later on 21 February 2011 , he scored his third goal of the",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "season , in a 2–2 draw against Hertha BSC . Two months later on 21 April 2011 , Adlung scored his fourth goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against Erzgebirge Aue . Since returning to the first team from injury , he continued to regain his first team place in the starting line–up for the rest of the 2010–11 season . Despite missing two more matches later in the season , Adlung made thirty–two appearances and scoring four times in all competitions .",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "In the opening game of the 2011–12 season against Dynamo Dresden , Adlung scored his first goal of the season , in a 2–1 win . In a follow–up match against MSV Duisburg , he set up Energie Cottbus’ second goal of the game , in a 2–1 win . Adlung then scored his second goal of the season , as well as , setting up the clubs first goal of the game , in a 3–3 draw against Eintracht Frankfurt on 10 September 2011 . However , he suffered injuries on two occasions that kept him out for several",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "weeks . It wasnt until on 16 October 2011 when Adlung returned to the first team , coming on as a 79th minute substitute , in a 1–0 win against FSV Frankfurt . Since returning from injury , he started in the next six matches , including setting up a goal , in a 2–1 loss against Dynamo Dresden on 11 December 2011 , before serving a one match suspension for picking up five yellow cards . After returning to the first team from suspension , Adlung then captained Energie Cottbus for the first time against Karlsruher SC on 17",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "February 2012 and helped the club lose 2–0 . In a match against Eintracht Frankfurt on 4 March 2012 , he was sent–off for a second bookable offence , in a 1–0 loss . On the last game of the season against Union Berlin , Adlung scored his third goal of the season , in a 2–1 win , as the result saw the club successfully avoid relegation . Despite the setback he received during the 2011–12 season , Adlung remained as the clubs first team regular , playing in the midfield position . As a result , he went",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "on to make thirty appearances and scoring three times in all competitions .",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "At the start of the 2012–13 season , Adlung scored a brace for Energie Cottbus , as the club won 3–0 against Erzgebirge Aue on 10 August 2012 . He then set up two goals in two matches between 14 September 2012 and 22 September 2012 against FSV Frankfurt and Jahn Regensburg . In a match against Union Berlin on 29 September 2012 , Adlung scored his second goal of the season , but received a straight red card in the 76th minute for insulting the assistant referee . Following this , he served a two match suspension . Up",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "until his sending off , Adlung started in the first eight league matches of the season . After serving a two match suspension , he returned to the starting line–up against 1860 München on 26 October 2012 and helped the club win 1–0 . This was followed up by setting up two goals in two matches between 4 November 2012 and 11 November 2012 against Bochum and Dynamo Dresden . Adlung continued to start in the next six matches , including setting up a goal , in a 1–1 draw against FC Ingolstadt 04 on 9 December 2012 , before",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "being sent–off for a straight red card in the 88th minute , losing 3–0 against Erzgebirge Aue . After serving a three match suspension , he returned to the starting line–up against Jahn Regensburg on 24 February 2013 and set up the equalising goal , in a 1–1 draw . Two weeks later on 9 March 2013 , Adlung played in the striker position for the first time ( and did so again in a follow–up ) , and scored his fourth goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against Union Berlin . However , he found himself",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "out of the first team and was demoted to the clubs reserve side that saw him missed five matches . It wasnt until on 12 May 2013 when he returned to the first team , coming on as a 75th minute substitute against SV Sandhausen and scored his fifth goal of the season , in a 3–0 win . At the end of the 2012–13 season , Adlung went on to make twenty–five appearances and scoring five times in all competitions .",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": " With his contract expected to expire at the end of the 2012–13 season , Adlung confirmed his departure from Energie Cottbus . It was announced on 11 April 2013 that he signed for 1860 Munich on a three–year contract , keeping him until 2016 .",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "Adlung made his 1860 München debut , starting the match and played 75 minutes before being substituted , in a 1–1 draw against St . Pauli in the opening game of the season . In the first round of the DFB–Pokal against 1 . FC Heidenheim , he played 120 minutes following a 1–1 draw and successfully converted the penalty in the shootout , as the club won 4–3 . Since making his debut for 1860 München , Adlung quickly became a first team regular , establishing himself in the midfield position . It wasnt until on 1 December 2013",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "when he scored his first goal for the club , in a 2–1 win against VfL Bochum . Adlung then made his 200th league appearances of his career against Fortuna Düsseldorf , coming on as an 81st minute substitute , in a 1–1 draw on 10 February 2014 . In a match against FC Erzgebirge Aue on 15 March 2014 , he set up the equalising goal for Yuya Osako in the last minute of the game , to make it 2–2 . Two weeks later on 26 March 2014 , Adlung scored his second goal of the season ,",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "in a 2–1 win against Energie Cottbus . Since the start of the 2013–14 season , he appeared in every matches until missing one match after being suspended for picking up yellow cards . After serving a one match suspension , Adlung returned to the starting line–up against Karlsruher SC on 6 April 2014 , as 1860 München lost 3–0 . This was followed by scoring two goals in the next two matches against Dynamo Dresden and Arminia Bielefeld . At the end of the 2013–14 season , he made thirty–five appearances and scoring four times in all competitions .",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "At the start of the 2014–15 season , however , Adlung was suspended to the second squad along with his teammates Gábor Király , Vitus Eicher , Yannick Stark and captain Julian Weigl . While Király had assaulted Gary Kagelmacher during a match , the other four players had been out drinking late at night and were overheard talking negatively about the club . Shortly after , he apologised to 1860 München for his action and returned to training with the first team . However , Adlung suffered a back injury that kept him out for weeks . He returned",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "to the first team from injury against SV Sandhausen on 23 September 2014 , coming on as a 75th minute substitute , in a 1–0 loss . In a follow–up match against Greuther Fürth , Adlung set up the clubs first goal of the game , in a 2–0 win . After the match , his performance was praised by Manager Markus von Ahlen , saying : It wouldnt be fair to highlight any player . Adi played a strong game . It wasnt until on 2 November 2014 when he scored his first goal of the season , as",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "well as , setting up 1860 Münchens two other goals , in a 3–0 win against Bochum . Three weeks later on 22 November 2014 , Adlung scored his second goal of the season , as well as setting up the clubs fourth goal of the game , in a 4–1 win . Since returning from suspension and injury , he continued to be a first team regular , playing in different midfield positions . Following the absent of Christopher Schindler , Adlung captained 1860 München for the first time against Karlsruher SC on 13 December 2014 , as the",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "club lost 3–2 . He went on to captain four times of next five matches for the club . His third goal of the season came on 13 March 2015 against Greuther Fürth , in a 3–0 win . Adlung later scored two more goals for 1860 München later in the 2014–15 season against Fortuna Düsseldorf and 1 . FC Nürnberg . Despite this , the club finished sixteenth place in the 2 . Bundesliga , resulting in them participating in the relegation play-offs against Holstein Kiel . He played in both legs in the relegation play-offs against Holstein Kiel",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "and scored in the second leg , as 1860 München won 2–1 on aggregate to retain its league place . At the end of the 2014–15 season , Adlung made thirty–four appearances and scoring six times in all competitions .",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "In the opening game of the 2015–16 season against 1 . FC Heidenheim , Adlung suffered an injury and was substituted in the 63rd minute , as 1860 München lost 1–0 . But he made a quick recovery and returned to the starting line–up against SC Freiburg on 1 August 2015 , as the club lost 1–0 . Adlung then scored his first goal for the club , in a 2–2 draw against 1 . FC Nürnberg on 17 August 2015 . Following this , he continued to establish himself in the first team , playing in different midfield positions",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": ". Adlung was also appointed as 1860 Münchens vice captain . He then provided a hat–trick assists ; two of were for Rubin Okotie , who scored a hat–trick , in a 4–4 draw against Paderborn on 28 November 2015 . Since the start of the 2015–16 season , Adlung started in every matches until he suffered ankle injury during a 1–1 draw against Bochum on 21 February 2016 and was substituted at half time . Following this , Adlung was sidelined for six weeks following an operation on his ankle . It wasnt until on 8 April 2016 when",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "he returned to the first team , coming on as a 73rd minute substitute , in a 1–0 loss against Greuther Fürth . In a follow–up match against MSV Duisburg , Adlung captained the club for the first time in the 2015–16 season , as they lost 2–1 . Since returning from injury , he appeared in the last six matches of the season , as 1860 München successfully avoided relegation once again . At the end of the 2015–16 season , Adlung went on to make thirty–one appearances and scoring once in all competitions . Following this , his",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "future at the club became uncertain as he yet to sign a contract . It was announced on 30 June 2016 that Adlung signed a contract extension with 1860 München , keeping him until 2018 .",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "At the start of the 2016–17 season , Adlung continued to establish himself in the first team , playing in different midfield positions . It wasnt until on 28 October 2016 when he scored his first goal of the season , coming on as an 85th minute substitute , in a 6–2 win against Erzgebirge Aue . However by mid–October , Adlung soon found his playing time , mostly coming from the substitute bench . But he did appear in the starting line–up , appearing five times between 21 November 2016 and 3 February 2017 . Following this , Adlung",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "appeared on the substitute bench for the rest of the 2016–17 season , as 1860 München were officially relegated after losing 3–1 against Jahn Regensburg on aggregate . At the end of the 2016–17 season , he went on to make seventeen appearances and scoring once in all competitions .",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": " Following the clubs relegation , Adlung was critical of the clubs performance that saw him relegated . Although his contract expires at the end of the 2017–18 season , he was allowed to leave 1860 München after being surplus of requirement . It was announced on 4 September 2017 that Adlung and the club agreed to terminate his contract , making him a free agent .",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "Adlung made his Adelaide United debut , starting the whole game , in a 1–1 draw against Wellington Phoenix in the opening game of the season . In a follow–up match against Brisbane Roar , he set up the clubs second goal of the game , in a 2–1 win . Since making his debut for the club , Adlung quickly established himself in the starting eleven , playing in the midfield positions . He scored his first goal for Adelaide United in a 2–1 win over Western Sydney Wanderers in the semi-final of the 2017 FFA Cup . A",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": "month later on 16 November 2017 , Adlung scored his second goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against Central Coast Mariners . Five days later on 21 November 2017 , he started and played 120 minutes in the FFA Cup Final against Sydney FC , as the club lost 2–1 . However in a match against Melbourne Victory on 8 December 2017 , Adlung was sent–off for a second bookable offence in the 82nd minutes , in a 2–1 win . After serving a one match suspension , he returned to the starting line–up against Central Coast",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": "Mariners on 26 December 2017 and helped Adelaide United win 1–0 . During a 3–0 win against Perth Glory on 5 January 2018 , Adlung scored the clubs first goal of the game before suffering a back injury that saw him substituted in the 41st minute . After recovering from a back injury that saw missed one match , he continued to remain in the first team for the rest of the 2017–18 season . Adlung then went on to score three more goals , including a brace against Newcastle Jets on 30 March 2018 . At the end of",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": "the 2017–18 season , he went on to make twenty–eight appearances and scoring six times in all competitions .",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": " Following this , Adlung was released by Adelaide United in May 2018 . It was later revealed that homesickness was the factor of his release . Return to Greuther Fürth . Adlung returned to Germany and re–joined Greuther Fürth as the clubs player-assistant coach on 26 June 2018 , assigning to play for the second team .",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": "Adlung started well for SpVgg Greuther Fürth II , setting up two goals in the first two league matches . He started in a number of matches for the club since joining SpVgg Greuther Fürth II . It wasnt until on 17 November 2018 when Adlung scored his first goal for the second team , in a 2–2 draw against Schalding-Heining . In a match against TSV 1860 Rosenheim on 23 March 2019 , he received a straight red card for his unsportmanlike conduct , as SpVgg Greuther Fürth II drew 1–1 . Despite serving a three match suspension ,",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": "Adlung suffered a back injury that kept him out further . But Adlung returned to the starting line–up against VfB Eichstätt on 4 May 2019 and played the whole game , as the second team drew 1–1 . At the end of the 2018–19 season , he went on to make twenty–eight appearances and scoring once in all competitions for SpVgg Greuther Fürth II .",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": "At the start of the 2019–20 season , Adlung continued to start for SpVgg Greuther Fürth II . He contributed four assists in the first six matches of the season . It wasnt until on 7 September 2019 when Adlung scored his first goal of the season , in a 3–1 loss against FV Illertissen . Adlung then scored his second goal of the season , in a 2–0 win against TSV 1860 Rosenheim on 19 October 2019 . However , the 2019–20 season was interrupted and eventuality cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic . Up until the cancellation of the",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": "season , he started in every matches , making twenty–three appearances and scoring two times in all competitions for the second team .",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": " Adlung made his Germany U17 debut on 20 October 2003 against Portugal U17 , starting the whole game , as the U17 side lost 2–0 . He went on to make three appearances for Germany U17 . In November 2004 , Adlung was called up to the Germany U18 squad , making his debut for the U18 side , in a 2–1 loss against Turkey U18 on 23 November 2004 . He went on to make five appearances for the U18 side .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Adlung made his Germany U19 debut , starting a match against China U19 , as they drew 1–1 on 12 September 2005 . He then scored his first Germany U19 goal , in a 6–0 win against Cyprus U19 on 26 May 2006 . Three months later , Adlung received a bronze medal for the Fritz-Walter-Medal . Adlung made nine appearances for the U19 side .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Adlung made his Germany U20 on 30 August 2006 , starting the whole game , as the U20 side won 1–0 against Switerzland U20 . He went on to make four appearances for the U20 side . Adlung then made his Germany U21 debut , coming on as a 66th minute substitute , in a 2–0 win against Scotland U21 on 6 February 2007 . Two years later , he was called up to the U21 squad for the 2009 UEFA Under-21 Championship . However , Adlung appeared as an unused substitute throughout the tournament , as Germany U21 won",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "the tournament . Adlung went on to make five appearances for the U21 side .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Adlung has a sister and brother . His father , Herbert , was supportive of him playing football , having knew the case , knowing that he would one day make the step into the big football business . Adlung is a vegan after being given a copy of the Attila Hildmann and Brendan Brazier book . Adlung is married to his long term girlfriend , Julia , and together , they have a daughter , Aviana Rose .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Bundesliga : 2008–09 - UEFA Under-21 Championship : 2009",
"title": "Honours"
}
] |
/wiki/Daniel_Adlung#P54#4
|
Daniel Adlung played for which team in Dec 2013?
|
Daniel Adlung Daniel Adlung ( born 1 October 1987 ) is a German footballer who plays as a midfielder for 1 . FC Schweinfurt 05 on loan from Greuther Fürth II . He is also an assistant coach for Greuther Fürth II . Club career . Greuther Fürth . Born in Fürth , West Germany , Adlung began his football career at SV Hiltpoltstein , joining the club when he was seven years old . When Adlung was nine years old , he moved to 1 . FC Nürnberg . Every two years , Adlung shuttled back and forth between Greuther Fürth and 1 . FC Nürnberg before sticking with Greuther Fürth , where he started his professional football career there . Adlung progressed through the ranks of the clubs youth system . Adlung made his Greuther Fürth debut , coming on as a 78th minute substitute , in a 1–0 win against Alemannia Aachen on 30 September 2005 . He then found himself rotated at playing between the clubs first team and the second team . After three months away from the first team , Adlung made his return to the first team against Rot Weiss Ahlen on 2 December 2005 , coming on as a 70th minute substitute , in a 1–0 win . He then set up Greuther Fürths first goal of the game , in a 2–0 win against Kickers Offenbach on 29 January 2006 . At the end of the 2005–06 season , Adlung made seventeen appearances in all competitions . At the start of the 2006–07 season , Adlung found himself involved in the first team , alternating between a starting and a substitute role . He then set up the clubs second goal of the game , in a 3–0 win against Erzgebirge Aue on 17 September 2006 . It wasnt until on 13 November 2006 when Adlung scored his first goal of the season , in a 2–2 draw against 1 . FC Kaiserslautern . His second goal came on 21 January 2007 against 1860 München and then setting up Greuther Fürths second goal of the game , in a 3–0 win . Two months later on 2 March 2007 , he scored his third goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against FC Augsburg . By the second half of the season , Adlung began playing in unfamiliar right–back position , as well as , rotating in playing the defensive midfield position . He then regained his first team place for the rest of the 2006–07 season . Despite being plagued with injuries , Adlung went on to make thirty–one appearances and scoring three times in all competitions . At the start of the 2007–08 season , Adlung appeared six matches in the first two months of the season before missing one match due to a toe injury . He then returned to the first team from injury , coming on as a 72nd minute substitute , in a 2–2 draw against Carl Zeiss Jena on 30 September 2007 . Following his return , Adlung then set up the clubs first goal of the game for Asen Karaslavov , who went to score twice , in a 3–0 win against 1860 München . However , he suffered a knee injury while training and didnt play for a month . It wasnt until on 16 December 2007 when Adlung returned to the starting line–up against Hoffenheim and scored his first goal of the season , as well as , setting up Greuther Fürths third goal of the game , in a 4–1 win . He followed up by setting up two goals against Erzgebirge Aue and Mainz . Since returning from injury , Adlung continued to regain as a first team regular for Greuther Fürth , rotating in the left or right midfield positions . At the end of the 2007–08 season , he went on to make thirty appearances and scoring two times in all competitions . VfL Wolfsburg . With his contract at Greuther Fürth expire at the end of the 2007–08 season , Adlung was expected to leave after being linked a move away , with clubs , such as , VfL Wolfsburg and Hansa Rostock were interested in signing him . It was announced on 11 May 2008 that he would be joining VfL Wolfsburg . Adlung made his Wolfsburg debut , coming on as a second half substitute , in a 7–0 win against FC Oberneuland in the second round of the DFB–Pokal . However , he found himself playing for the clubs reserve side instead of the first team . Despite this , Adlung was part of Wolfsburgs squad that won the league , saying : Of course we celebrated a lot . My family was very happy for me . And even if I havent got too many assignments yet , it has been a good experience for me that will certainly help me in my career . Alemannia Aachen ( loan ) . It was announced on 5 August 2009 that Adlung was loaned out to Alemannia Aachen for the 2009–10 season and was given a number 24 shirt . It came after when he was told by Wolfsburg that he needs to be loaned out to get first team football . Adlung made his Alemannia Aachen debut , starting a match and played 45 minutes before being substituted , in a 5–0 loss against St . Pauli on 17 August 2009 . However , his first three months at the club saw him placed on the substitute bench . He then regained his place in the first team for Alemannia Aachen . In a match against his former club , Greuther Fürth on 7 December 2009 , Adlung set up the clubs first goal of the game , in a 2–0 win . It wasnt until on 15 January 2010 when he scored his first goal for Alemannia Aachen , in a 3–1 win against Karlsruher SC . Adlung then set up a goal for Benjamin Auer , who scored twice for the club , in a 2–1 win against Arminia Bielefeld on 12 March 2010 . His second goal for Alemannia Aachen came on 28 March 2010 , as well as , setting up the clubs third goal of the game , in a 4–0 win against FC Augsburg . At the end of the 2009–10 season , he went on to make twenty–five appearances in all competitions . Following this , Adlung returned to his parent club . Energie Cottbus . On 3 August 2010 , Adlung joined Energie Cottbus for a transfer fee of 180,000 euros , signing a three–year contract . He made his Energie Cottbus debut , starting a match and set up the clubs second goal of the game , in a 2–1 win against TuS Heeslingen in the first round of the DFB-Pokal . Since making his debut for Energie Cottbus , Adlung quickly established himself in the starting eleven , playing in the left–midfield position . He then set up the clubs first goal of the game , in a 5–5 draw against Karlsruher SC on 13 September 2010 . His first goal for Energie Cottbus came on 17 October 2010 , scoring the clubs first goal of the game , in a 3–1 win against Paderborn . Two weeks later on 31 October 2010 , Adlung scored his second goal for Energie Cottbus , in a 2–1 win against VfL Bochum . However , he was sidelined for the rest of 2010 , due to suspension for picking five yellow cards , followed up by injuries . It wasnt until on 15 January 2011 when Adlung returned to the starting line–up against Fortuna Düsseldorf , as the club lost 3–1 . A month later on 21 February 2011 , he scored his third goal of the season , in a 2–2 draw against Hertha BSC . Two months later on 21 April 2011 , Adlung scored his fourth goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against Erzgebirge Aue . Since returning to the first team from injury , he continued to regain his first team place in the starting line–up for the rest of the 2010–11 season . Despite missing two more matches later in the season , Adlung made thirty–two appearances and scoring four times in all competitions . In the opening game of the 2011–12 season against Dynamo Dresden , Adlung scored his first goal of the season , in a 2–1 win . In a follow–up match against MSV Duisburg , he set up Energie Cottbus’ second goal of the game , in a 2–1 win . Adlung then scored his second goal of the season , as well as , setting up the clubs first goal of the game , in a 3–3 draw against Eintracht Frankfurt on 10 September 2011 . However , he suffered injuries on two occasions that kept him out for several weeks . It wasnt until on 16 October 2011 when Adlung returned to the first team , coming on as a 79th minute substitute , in a 1–0 win against FSV Frankfurt . Since returning from injury , he started in the next six matches , including setting up a goal , in a 2–1 loss against Dynamo Dresden on 11 December 2011 , before serving a one match suspension for picking up five yellow cards . After returning to the first team from suspension , Adlung then captained Energie Cottbus for the first time against Karlsruher SC on 17 February 2012 and helped the club lose 2–0 . In a match against Eintracht Frankfurt on 4 March 2012 , he was sent–off for a second bookable offence , in a 1–0 loss . On the last game of the season against Union Berlin , Adlung scored his third goal of the season , in a 2–1 win , as the result saw the club successfully avoid relegation . Despite the setback he received during the 2011–12 season , Adlung remained as the clubs first team regular , playing in the midfield position . As a result , he went on to make thirty appearances and scoring three times in all competitions . At the start of the 2012–13 season , Adlung scored a brace for Energie Cottbus , as the club won 3–0 against Erzgebirge Aue on 10 August 2012 . He then set up two goals in two matches between 14 September 2012 and 22 September 2012 against FSV Frankfurt and Jahn Regensburg . In a match against Union Berlin on 29 September 2012 , Adlung scored his second goal of the season , but received a straight red card in the 76th minute for insulting the assistant referee . Following this , he served a two match suspension . Up until his sending off , Adlung started in the first eight league matches of the season . After serving a two match suspension , he returned to the starting line–up against 1860 München on 26 October 2012 and helped the club win 1–0 . This was followed up by setting up two goals in two matches between 4 November 2012 and 11 November 2012 against Bochum and Dynamo Dresden . Adlung continued to start in the next six matches , including setting up a goal , in a 1–1 draw against FC Ingolstadt 04 on 9 December 2012 , before being sent–off for a straight red card in the 88th minute , losing 3–0 against Erzgebirge Aue . After serving a three match suspension , he returned to the starting line–up against Jahn Regensburg on 24 February 2013 and set up the equalising goal , in a 1–1 draw . Two weeks later on 9 March 2013 , Adlung played in the striker position for the first time ( and did so again in a follow–up ) , and scored his fourth goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against Union Berlin . However , he found himself out of the first team and was demoted to the clubs reserve side that saw him missed five matches . It wasnt until on 12 May 2013 when he returned to the first team , coming on as a 75th minute substitute against SV Sandhausen and scored his fifth goal of the season , in a 3–0 win . At the end of the 2012–13 season , Adlung went on to make twenty–five appearances and scoring five times in all competitions . TSV 1860 München . With his contract expected to expire at the end of the 2012–13 season , Adlung confirmed his departure from Energie Cottbus . It was announced on 11 April 2013 that he signed for 1860 Munich on a three–year contract , keeping him until 2016 . Adlung made his 1860 München debut , starting the match and played 75 minutes before being substituted , in a 1–1 draw against St . Pauli in the opening game of the season . In the first round of the DFB–Pokal against 1 . FC Heidenheim , he played 120 minutes following a 1–1 draw and successfully converted the penalty in the shootout , as the club won 4–3 . Since making his debut for 1860 München , Adlung quickly became a first team regular , establishing himself in the midfield position . It wasnt until on 1 December 2013 when he scored his first goal for the club , in a 2–1 win against VfL Bochum . Adlung then made his 200th league appearances of his career against Fortuna Düsseldorf , coming on as an 81st minute substitute , in a 1–1 draw on 10 February 2014 . In a match against FC Erzgebirge Aue on 15 March 2014 , he set up the equalising goal for Yuya Osako in the last minute of the game , to make it 2–2 . Two weeks later on 26 March 2014 , Adlung scored his second goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against Energie Cottbus . Since the start of the 2013–14 season , he appeared in every matches until missing one match after being suspended for picking up yellow cards . After serving a one match suspension , Adlung returned to the starting line–up against Karlsruher SC on 6 April 2014 , as 1860 München lost 3–0 . This was followed by scoring two goals in the next two matches against Dynamo Dresden and Arminia Bielefeld . At the end of the 2013–14 season , he made thirty–five appearances and scoring four times in all competitions . At the start of the 2014–15 season , however , Adlung was suspended to the second squad along with his teammates Gábor Király , Vitus Eicher , Yannick Stark and captain Julian Weigl . While Király had assaulted Gary Kagelmacher during a match , the other four players had been out drinking late at night and were overheard talking negatively about the club . Shortly after , he apologised to 1860 München for his action and returned to training with the first team . However , Adlung suffered a back injury that kept him out for weeks . He returned to the first team from injury against SV Sandhausen on 23 September 2014 , coming on as a 75th minute substitute , in a 1–0 loss . In a follow–up match against Greuther Fürth , Adlung set up the clubs first goal of the game , in a 2–0 win . After the match , his performance was praised by Manager Markus von Ahlen , saying : It wouldnt be fair to highlight any player . Adi played a strong game . It wasnt until on 2 November 2014 when he scored his first goal of the season , as well as , setting up 1860 Münchens two other goals , in a 3–0 win against Bochum . Three weeks later on 22 November 2014 , Adlung scored his second goal of the season , as well as setting up the clubs fourth goal of the game , in a 4–1 win . Since returning from suspension and injury , he continued to be a first team regular , playing in different midfield positions . Following the absent of Christopher Schindler , Adlung captained 1860 München for the first time against Karlsruher SC on 13 December 2014 , as the club lost 3–2 . He went on to captain four times of next five matches for the club . His third goal of the season came on 13 March 2015 against Greuther Fürth , in a 3–0 win . Adlung later scored two more goals for 1860 München later in the 2014–15 season against Fortuna Düsseldorf and 1 . FC Nürnberg . Despite this , the club finished sixteenth place in the 2 . Bundesliga , resulting in them participating in the relegation play-offs against Holstein Kiel . He played in both legs in the relegation play-offs against Holstein Kiel and scored in the second leg , as 1860 München won 2–1 on aggregate to retain its league place . At the end of the 2014–15 season , Adlung made thirty–four appearances and scoring six times in all competitions . In the opening game of the 2015–16 season against 1 . FC Heidenheim , Adlung suffered an injury and was substituted in the 63rd minute , as 1860 München lost 1–0 . But he made a quick recovery and returned to the starting line–up against SC Freiburg on 1 August 2015 , as the club lost 1–0 . Adlung then scored his first goal for the club , in a 2–2 draw against 1 . FC Nürnberg on 17 August 2015 . Following this , he continued to establish himself in the first team , playing in different midfield positions . Adlung was also appointed as 1860 Münchens vice captain . He then provided a hat–trick assists ; two of were for Rubin Okotie , who scored a hat–trick , in a 4–4 draw against Paderborn on 28 November 2015 . Since the start of the 2015–16 season , Adlung started in every matches until he suffered ankle injury during a 1–1 draw against Bochum on 21 February 2016 and was substituted at half time . Following this , Adlung was sidelined for six weeks following an operation on his ankle . It wasnt until on 8 April 2016 when he returned to the first team , coming on as a 73rd minute substitute , in a 1–0 loss against Greuther Fürth . In a follow–up match against MSV Duisburg , Adlung captained the club for the first time in the 2015–16 season , as they lost 2–1 . Since returning from injury , he appeared in the last six matches of the season , as 1860 München successfully avoided relegation once again . At the end of the 2015–16 season , Adlung went on to make thirty–one appearances and scoring once in all competitions . Following this , his future at the club became uncertain as he yet to sign a contract . It was announced on 30 June 2016 that Adlung signed a contract extension with 1860 München , keeping him until 2018 . At the start of the 2016–17 season , Adlung continued to establish himself in the first team , playing in different midfield positions . It wasnt until on 28 October 2016 when he scored his first goal of the season , coming on as an 85th minute substitute , in a 6–2 win against Erzgebirge Aue . However by mid–October , Adlung soon found his playing time , mostly coming from the substitute bench . But he did appear in the starting line–up , appearing five times between 21 November 2016 and 3 February 2017 . Following this , Adlung appeared on the substitute bench for the rest of the 2016–17 season , as 1860 München were officially relegated after losing 3–1 against Jahn Regensburg on aggregate . At the end of the 2016–17 season , he went on to make seventeen appearances and scoring once in all competitions . Following the clubs relegation , Adlung was critical of the clubs performance that saw him relegated . Although his contract expires at the end of the 2017–18 season , he was allowed to leave 1860 München after being surplus of requirement . It was announced on 4 September 2017 that Adlung and the club agreed to terminate his contract , making him a free agent . Adelaide United . In September 2017 , Adlung joined Adelaide United , signing a two–year contract . Adlung made his Adelaide United debut , starting the whole game , in a 1–1 draw against Wellington Phoenix in the opening game of the season . In a follow–up match against Brisbane Roar , he set up the clubs second goal of the game , in a 2–1 win . Since making his debut for the club , Adlung quickly established himself in the starting eleven , playing in the midfield positions . He scored his first goal for Adelaide United in a 2–1 win over Western Sydney Wanderers in the semi-final of the 2017 FFA Cup . A month later on 16 November 2017 , Adlung scored his second goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against Central Coast Mariners . Five days later on 21 November 2017 , he started and played 120 minutes in the FFA Cup Final against Sydney FC , as the club lost 2–1 . However in a match against Melbourne Victory on 8 December 2017 , Adlung was sent–off for a second bookable offence in the 82nd minutes , in a 2–1 win . After serving a one match suspension , he returned to the starting line–up against Central Coast Mariners on 26 December 2017 and helped Adelaide United win 1–0 . During a 3–0 win against Perth Glory on 5 January 2018 , Adlung scored the clubs first goal of the game before suffering a back injury that saw him substituted in the 41st minute . After recovering from a back injury that saw missed one match , he continued to remain in the first team for the rest of the 2017–18 season . Adlung then went on to score three more goals , including a brace against Newcastle Jets on 30 March 2018 . At the end of the 2017–18 season , he went on to make twenty–eight appearances and scoring six times in all competitions . Following this , Adlung was released by Adelaide United in May 2018 . It was later revealed that homesickness was the factor of his release . Return to Greuther Fürth . Adlung returned to Germany and re–joined Greuther Fürth as the clubs player-assistant coach on 26 June 2018 , assigning to play for the second team . Adlung started well for SpVgg Greuther Fürth II , setting up two goals in the first two league matches . He started in a number of matches for the club since joining SpVgg Greuther Fürth II . It wasnt until on 17 November 2018 when Adlung scored his first goal for the second team , in a 2–2 draw against Schalding-Heining . In a match against TSV 1860 Rosenheim on 23 March 2019 , he received a straight red card for his unsportmanlike conduct , as SpVgg Greuther Fürth II drew 1–1 . Despite serving a three match suspension , Adlung suffered a back injury that kept him out further . But Adlung returned to the starting line–up against VfB Eichstätt on 4 May 2019 and played the whole game , as the second team drew 1–1 . At the end of the 2018–19 season , he went on to make twenty–eight appearances and scoring once in all competitions for SpVgg Greuther Fürth II . At the start of the 2019–20 season , Adlung continued to start for SpVgg Greuther Fürth II . He contributed four assists in the first six matches of the season . It wasnt until on 7 September 2019 when Adlung scored his first goal of the season , in a 3–1 loss against FV Illertissen . Adlung then scored his second goal of the season , in a 2–0 win against TSV 1860 Rosenheim on 19 October 2019 . However , the 2019–20 season was interrupted and eventuality cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic . Up until the cancellation of the season , he started in every matches , making twenty–three appearances and scoring two times in all competitions for the second team . International career . Adlung made his Germany U17 debut on 20 October 2003 against Portugal U17 , starting the whole game , as the U17 side lost 2–0 . He went on to make three appearances for Germany U17 . In November 2004 , Adlung was called up to the Germany U18 squad , making his debut for the U18 side , in a 2–1 loss against Turkey U18 on 23 November 2004 . He went on to make five appearances for the U18 side . Adlung made his Germany U19 debut , starting a match against China U19 , as they drew 1–1 on 12 September 2005 . He then scored his first Germany U19 goal , in a 6–0 win against Cyprus U19 on 26 May 2006 . Three months later , Adlung received a bronze medal for the Fritz-Walter-Medal . Adlung made nine appearances for the U19 side . Adlung made his Germany U20 on 30 August 2006 , starting the whole game , as the U20 side won 1–0 against Switerzland U20 . He went on to make four appearances for the U20 side . Adlung then made his Germany U21 debut , coming on as a 66th minute substitute , in a 2–0 win against Scotland U21 on 6 February 2007 . Two years later , he was called up to the U21 squad for the 2009 UEFA Under-21 Championship . However , Adlung appeared as an unused substitute throughout the tournament , as Germany U21 won the tournament . Adlung went on to make five appearances for the U21 side . Personal life . Adlung has a sister and brother . His father , Herbert , was supportive of him playing football , having knew the case , knowing that he would one day make the step into the big football business . Adlung is a vegan after being given a copy of the Attila Hildmann and Brendan Brazier book . Adlung is married to his long term girlfriend , Julia , and together , they have a daughter , Aviana Rose . Honours . - Bundesliga : 2008–09 - UEFA Under-21 Championship : 2009
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Daniel Adlung ( born 1 October 1987 ) is a German footballer who plays as a midfielder for 1 . FC Schweinfurt 05 on loan from Greuther Fürth II . He is also an assistant coach for Greuther Fürth II .",
"title": "Daniel Adlung"
},
{
"text": " Born in Fürth , West Germany , Adlung began his football career at SV Hiltpoltstein , joining the club when he was seven years old . When Adlung was nine years old , he moved to 1 . FC Nürnberg . Every two years , Adlung shuttled back and forth between Greuther Fürth and 1 . FC Nürnberg before sticking with Greuther Fürth , where he started his professional football career there . Adlung progressed through the ranks of the clubs youth system .",
"title": "Greuther Fürth"
},
{
"text": "Adlung made his Greuther Fürth debut , coming on as a 78th minute substitute , in a 1–0 win against Alemannia Aachen on 30 September 2005 . He then found himself rotated at playing between the clubs first team and the second team . After three months away from the first team , Adlung made his return to the first team against Rot Weiss Ahlen on 2 December 2005 , coming on as a 70th minute substitute , in a 1–0 win . He then set up Greuther Fürths first goal of the game , in a 2–0 win against",
"title": "Greuther Fürth"
},
{
"text": "Kickers Offenbach on 29 January 2006 . At the end of the 2005–06 season , Adlung made seventeen appearances in all competitions .",
"title": "Greuther Fürth"
},
{
"text": "At the start of the 2006–07 season , Adlung found himself involved in the first team , alternating between a starting and a substitute role . He then set up the clubs second goal of the game , in a 3–0 win against Erzgebirge Aue on 17 September 2006 . It wasnt until on 13 November 2006 when Adlung scored his first goal of the season , in a 2–2 draw against 1 . FC Kaiserslautern . His second goal came on 21 January 2007 against 1860 München and then setting up Greuther Fürths second goal of the game ,",
"title": "Greuther Fürth"
},
{
"text": "in a 3–0 win . Two months later on 2 March 2007 , he scored his third goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against FC Augsburg . By the second half of the season , Adlung began playing in unfamiliar right–back position , as well as , rotating in playing the defensive midfield position . He then regained his first team place for the rest of the 2006–07 season . Despite being plagued with injuries , Adlung went on to make thirty–one appearances and scoring three times in all competitions .",
"title": "Greuther Fürth"
},
{
"text": "At the start of the 2007–08 season , Adlung appeared six matches in the first two months of the season before missing one match due to a toe injury . He then returned to the first team from injury , coming on as a 72nd minute substitute , in a 2–2 draw against Carl Zeiss Jena on 30 September 2007 . Following his return , Adlung then set up the clubs first goal of the game for Asen Karaslavov , who went to score twice , in a 3–0 win against 1860 München . However , he suffered a knee",
"title": "Greuther Fürth"
},
{
"text": "injury while training and didnt play for a month . It wasnt until on 16 December 2007 when Adlung returned to the starting line–up against Hoffenheim and scored his first goal of the season , as well as , setting up Greuther Fürths third goal of the game , in a 4–1 win . He followed up by setting up two goals against Erzgebirge Aue and Mainz . Since returning from injury , Adlung continued to regain as a first team regular for Greuther Fürth , rotating in the left or right midfield positions . At the end of the",
"title": "Greuther Fürth"
},
{
"text": "2007–08 season , he went on to make thirty appearances and scoring two times in all competitions .",
"title": "Greuther Fürth"
},
{
"text": " With his contract at Greuther Fürth expire at the end of the 2007–08 season , Adlung was expected to leave after being linked a move away , with clubs , such as , VfL Wolfsburg and Hansa Rostock were interested in signing him . It was announced on 11 May 2008 that he would be joining VfL Wolfsburg .",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": "Adlung made his Wolfsburg debut , coming on as a second half substitute , in a 7–0 win against FC Oberneuland in the second round of the DFB–Pokal . However , he found himself playing for the clubs reserve side instead of the first team . Despite this , Adlung was part of Wolfsburgs squad that won the league , saying : Of course we celebrated a lot . My family was very happy for me . And even if I havent got too many assignments yet , it has been a good experience for me that will certainly help",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": "me in my career .",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": " Alemannia Aachen ( loan ) . It was announced on 5 August 2009 that Adlung was loaned out to Alemannia Aachen for the 2009–10 season and was given a number 24 shirt . It came after when he was told by Wolfsburg that he needs to be loaned out to get first team football .",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": "Adlung made his Alemannia Aachen debut , starting a match and played 45 minutes before being substituted , in a 5–0 loss against St . Pauli on 17 August 2009 . However , his first three months at the club saw him placed on the substitute bench . He then regained his place in the first team for Alemannia Aachen . In a match against his former club , Greuther Fürth on 7 December 2009 , Adlung set up the clubs first goal of the game , in a 2–0 win . It wasnt until on 15 January 2010 when",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": "he scored his first goal for Alemannia Aachen , in a 3–1 win against Karlsruher SC . Adlung then set up a goal for Benjamin Auer , who scored twice for the club , in a 2–1 win against Arminia Bielefeld on 12 March 2010 . His second goal for Alemannia Aachen came on 28 March 2010 , as well as , setting up the clubs third goal of the game , in a 4–0 win against FC Augsburg . At the end of the 2009–10 season , he went on to make twenty–five appearances in all competitions . Following",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": "this , Adlung returned to his parent club .",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": " On 3 August 2010 , Adlung joined Energie Cottbus for a transfer fee of 180,000 euros , signing a three–year contract .",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "He made his Energie Cottbus debut , starting a match and set up the clubs second goal of the game , in a 2–1 win against TuS Heeslingen in the first round of the DFB-Pokal . Since making his debut for Energie Cottbus , Adlung quickly established himself in the starting eleven , playing in the left–midfield position . He then set up the clubs first goal of the game , in a 5–5 draw against Karlsruher SC on 13 September 2010 . His first goal for Energie Cottbus came on 17 October 2010 , scoring the clubs first goal",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "of the game , in a 3–1 win against Paderborn . Two weeks later on 31 October 2010 , Adlung scored his second goal for Energie Cottbus , in a 2–1 win against VfL Bochum . However , he was sidelined for the rest of 2010 , due to suspension for picking five yellow cards , followed up by injuries . It wasnt until on 15 January 2011 when Adlung returned to the starting line–up against Fortuna Düsseldorf , as the club lost 3–1 . A month later on 21 February 2011 , he scored his third goal of the",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "season , in a 2–2 draw against Hertha BSC . Two months later on 21 April 2011 , Adlung scored his fourth goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against Erzgebirge Aue . Since returning to the first team from injury , he continued to regain his first team place in the starting line–up for the rest of the 2010–11 season . Despite missing two more matches later in the season , Adlung made thirty–two appearances and scoring four times in all competitions .",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "In the opening game of the 2011–12 season against Dynamo Dresden , Adlung scored his first goal of the season , in a 2–1 win . In a follow–up match against MSV Duisburg , he set up Energie Cottbus’ second goal of the game , in a 2–1 win . Adlung then scored his second goal of the season , as well as , setting up the clubs first goal of the game , in a 3–3 draw against Eintracht Frankfurt on 10 September 2011 . However , he suffered injuries on two occasions that kept him out for several",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "weeks . It wasnt until on 16 October 2011 when Adlung returned to the first team , coming on as a 79th minute substitute , in a 1–0 win against FSV Frankfurt . Since returning from injury , he started in the next six matches , including setting up a goal , in a 2–1 loss against Dynamo Dresden on 11 December 2011 , before serving a one match suspension for picking up five yellow cards . After returning to the first team from suspension , Adlung then captained Energie Cottbus for the first time against Karlsruher SC on 17",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "February 2012 and helped the club lose 2–0 . In a match against Eintracht Frankfurt on 4 March 2012 , he was sent–off for a second bookable offence , in a 1–0 loss . On the last game of the season against Union Berlin , Adlung scored his third goal of the season , in a 2–1 win , as the result saw the club successfully avoid relegation . Despite the setback he received during the 2011–12 season , Adlung remained as the clubs first team regular , playing in the midfield position . As a result , he went",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "on to make thirty appearances and scoring three times in all competitions .",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "At the start of the 2012–13 season , Adlung scored a brace for Energie Cottbus , as the club won 3–0 against Erzgebirge Aue on 10 August 2012 . He then set up two goals in two matches between 14 September 2012 and 22 September 2012 against FSV Frankfurt and Jahn Regensburg . In a match against Union Berlin on 29 September 2012 , Adlung scored his second goal of the season , but received a straight red card in the 76th minute for insulting the assistant referee . Following this , he served a two match suspension . Up",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "until his sending off , Adlung started in the first eight league matches of the season . After serving a two match suspension , he returned to the starting line–up against 1860 München on 26 October 2012 and helped the club win 1–0 . This was followed up by setting up two goals in two matches between 4 November 2012 and 11 November 2012 against Bochum and Dynamo Dresden . Adlung continued to start in the next six matches , including setting up a goal , in a 1–1 draw against FC Ingolstadt 04 on 9 December 2012 , before",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "being sent–off for a straight red card in the 88th minute , losing 3–0 against Erzgebirge Aue . After serving a three match suspension , he returned to the starting line–up against Jahn Regensburg on 24 February 2013 and set up the equalising goal , in a 1–1 draw . Two weeks later on 9 March 2013 , Adlung played in the striker position for the first time ( and did so again in a follow–up ) , and scored his fourth goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against Union Berlin . However , he found himself",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": "out of the first team and was demoted to the clubs reserve side that saw him missed five matches . It wasnt until on 12 May 2013 when he returned to the first team , coming on as a 75th minute substitute against SV Sandhausen and scored his fifth goal of the season , in a 3–0 win . At the end of the 2012–13 season , Adlung went on to make twenty–five appearances and scoring five times in all competitions .",
"title": "Energie Cottbus"
},
{
"text": " With his contract expected to expire at the end of the 2012–13 season , Adlung confirmed his departure from Energie Cottbus . It was announced on 11 April 2013 that he signed for 1860 Munich on a three–year contract , keeping him until 2016 .",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "Adlung made his 1860 München debut , starting the match and played 75 minutes before being substituted , in a 1–1 draw against St . Pauli in the opening game of the season . In the first round of the DFB–Pokal against 1 . FC Heidenheim , he played 120 minutes following a 1–1 draw and successfully converted the penalty in the shootout , as the club won 4–3 . Since making his debut for 1860 München , Adlung quickly became a first team regular , establishing himself in the midfield position . It wasnt until on 1 December 2013",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "when he scored his first goal for the club , in a 2–1 win against VfL Bochum . Adlung then made his 200th league appearances of his career against Fortuna Düsseldorf , coming on as an 81st minute substitute , in a 1–1 draw on 10 February 2014 . In a match against FC Erzgebirge Aue on 15 March 2014 , he set up the equalising goal for Yuya Osako in the last minute of the game , to make it 2–2 . Two weeks later on 26 March 2014 , Adlung scored his second goal of the season ,",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "in a 2–1 win against Energie Cottbus . Since the start of the 2013–14 season , he appeared in every matches until missing one match after being suspended for picking up yellow cards . After serving a one match suspension , Adlung returned to the starting line–up against Karlsruher SC on 6 April 2014 , as 1860 München lost 3–0 . This was followed by scoring two goals in the next two matches against Dynamo Dresden and Arminia Bielefeld . At the end of the 2013–14 season , he made thirty–five appearances and scoring four times in all competitions .",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "At the start of the 2014–15 season , however , Adlung was suspended to the second squad along with his teammates Gábor Király , Vitus Eicher , Yannick Stark and captain Julian Weigl . While Király had assaulted Gary Kagelmacher during a match , the other four players had been out drinking late at night and were overheard talking negatively about the club . Shortly after , he apologised to 1860 München for his action and returned to training with the first team . However , Adlung suffered a back injury that kept him out for weeks . He returned",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "to the first team from injury against SV Sandhausen on 23 September 2014 , coming on as a 75th minute substitute , in a 1–0 loss . In a follow–up match against Greuther Fürth , Adlung set up the clubs first goal of the game , in a 2–0 win . After the match , his performance was praised by Manager Markus von Ahlen , saying : It wouldnt be fair to highlight any player . Adi played a strong game . It wasnt until on 2 November 2014 when he scored his first goal of the season , as",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "well as , setting up 1860 Münchens two other goals , in a 3–0 win against Bochum . Three weeks later on 22 November 2014 , Adlung scored his second goal of the season , as well as setting up the clubs fourth goal of the game , in a 4–1 win . Since returning from suspension and injury , he continued to be a first team regular , playing in different midfield positions . Following the absent of Christopher Schindler , Adlung captained 1860 München for the first time against Karlsruher SC on 13 December 2014 , as the",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "club lost 3–2 . He went on to captain four times of next five matches for the club . His third goal of the season came on 13 March 2015 against Greuther Fürth , in a 3–0 win . Adlung later scored two more goals for 1860 München later in the 2014–15 season against Fortuna Düsseldorf and 1 . FC Nürnberg . Despite this , the club finished sixteenth place in the 2 . Bundesliga , resulting in them participating in the relegation play-offs against Holstein Kiel . He played in both legs in the relegation play-offs against Holstein Kiel",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "and scored in the second leg , as 1860 München won 2–1 on aggregate to retain its league place . At the end of the 2014–15 season , Adlung made thirty–four appearances and scoring six times in all competitions .",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "In the opening game of the 2015–16 season against 1 . FC Heidenheim , Adlung suffered an injury and was substituted in the 63rd minute , as 1860 München lost 1–0 . But he made a quick recovery and returned to the starting line–up against SC Freiburg on 1 August 2015 , as the club lost 1–0 . Adlung then scored his first goal for the club , in a 2–2 draw against 1 . FC Nürnberg on 17 August 2015 . Following this , he continued to establish himself in the first team , playing in different midfield positions",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": ". Adlung was also appointed as 1860 Münchens vice captain . He then provided a hat–trick assists ; two of were for Rubin Okotie , who scored a hat–trick , in a 4–4 draw against Paderborn on 28 November 2015 . Since the start of the 2015–16 season , Adlung started in every matches until he suffered ankle injury during a 1–1 draw against Bochum on 21 February 2016 and was substituted at half time . Following this , Adlung was sidelined for six weeks following an operation on his ankle . It wasnt until on 8 April 2016 when",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "he returned to the first team , coming on as a 73rd minute substitute , in a 1–0 loss against Greuther Fürth . In a follow–up match against MSV Duisburg , Adlung captained the club for the first time in the 2015–16 season , as they lost 2–1 . Since returning from injury , he appeared in the last six matches of the season , as 1860 München successfully avoided relegation once again . At the end of the 2015–16 season , Adlung went on to make thirty–one appearances and scoring once in all competitions . Following this , his",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "future at the club became uncertain as he yet to sign a contract . It was announced on 30 June 2016 that Adlung signed a contract extension with 1860 München , keeping him until 2018 .",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "At the start of the 2016–17 season , Adlung continued to establish himself in the first team , playing in different midfield positions . It wasnt until on 28 October 2016 when he scored his first goal of the season , coming on as an 85th minute substitute , in a 6–2 win against Erzgebirge Aue . However by mid–October , Adlung soon found his playing time , mostly coming from the substitute bench . But he did appear in the starting line–up , appearing five times between 21 November 2016 and 3 February 2017 . Following this , Adlung",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "appeared on the substitute bench for the rest of the 2016–17 season , as 1860 München were officially relegated after losing 3–1 against Jahn Regensburg on aggregate . At the end of the 2016–17 season , he went on to make seventeen appearances and scoring once in all competitions .",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": " Following the clubs relegation , Adlung was critical of the clubs performance that saw him relegated . Although his contract expires at the end of the 2017–18 season , he was allowed to leave 1860 München after being surplus of requirement . It was announced on 4 September 2017 that Adlung and the club agreed to terminate his contract , making him a free agent .",
"title": "TSV 1860 München"
},
{
"text": "Adlung made his Adelaide United debut , starting the whole game , in a 1–1 draw against Wellington Phoenix in the opening game of the season . In a follow–up match against Brisbane Roar , he set up the clubs second goal of the game , in a 2–1 win . Since making his debut for the club , Adlung quickly established himself in the starting eleven , playing in the midfield positions . He scored his first goal for Adelaide United in a 2–1 win over Western Sydney Wanderers in the semi-final of the 2017 FFA Cup . A",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": "month later on 16 November 2017 , Adlung scored his second goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against Central Coast Mariners . Five days later on 21 November 2017 , he started and played 120 minutes in the FFA Cup Final against Sydney FC , as the club lost 2–1 . However in a match against Melbourne Victory on 8 December 2017 , Adlung was sent–off for a second bookable offence in the 82nd minutes , in a 2–1 win . After serving a one match suspension , he returned to the starting line–up against Central Coast",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": "Mariners on 26 December 2017 and helped Adelaide United win 1–0 . During a 3–0 win against Perth Glory on 5 January 2018 , Adlung scored the clubs first goal of the game before suffering a back injury that saw him substituted in the 41st minute . After recovering from a back injury that saw missed one match , he continued to remain in the first team for the rest of the 2017–18 season . Adlung then went on to score three more goals , including a brace against Newcastle Jets on 30 March 2018 . At the end of",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": "the 2017–18 season , he went on to make twenty–eight appearances and scoring six times in all competitions .",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": " Following this , Adlung was released by Adelaide United in May 2018 . It was later revealed that homesickness was the factor of his release . Return to Greuther Fürth . Adlung returned to Germany and re–joined Greuther Fürth as the clubs player-assistant coach on 26 June 2018 , assigning to play for the second team .",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": "Adlung started well for SpVgg Greuther Fürth II , setting up two goals in the first two league matches . He started in a number of matches for the club since joining SpVgg Greuther Fürth II . It wasnt until on 17 November 2018 when Adlung scored his first goal for the second team , in a 2–2 draw against Schalding-Heining . In a match against TSV 1860 Rosenheim on 23 March 2019 , he received a straight red card for his unsportmanlike conduct , as SpVgg Greuther Fürth II drew 1–1 . Despite serving a three match suspension ,",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": "Adlung suffered a back injury that kept him out further . But Adlung returned to the starting line–up against VfB Eichstätt on 4 May 2019 and played the whole game , as the second team drew 1–1 . At the end of the 2018–19 season , he went on to make twenty–eight appearances and scoring once in all competitions for SpVgg Greuther Fürth II .",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": "At the start of the 2019–20 season , Adlung continued to start for SpVgg Greuther Fürth II . He contributed four assists in the first six matches of the season . It wasnt until on 7 September 2019 when Adlung scored his first goal of the season , in a 3–1 loss against FV Illertissen . Adlung then scored his second goal of the season , in a 2–0 win against TSV 1860 Rosenheim on 19 October 2019 . However , the 2019–20 season was interrupted and eventuality cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic . Up until the cancellation of the",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": "season , he started in every matches , making twenty–three appearances and scoring two times in all competitions for the second team .",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": " Adlung made his Germany U17 debut on 20 October 2003 against Portugal U17 , starting the whole game , as the U17 side lost 2–0 . He went on to make three appearances for Germany U17 . In November 2004 , Adlung was called up to the Germany U18 squad , making his debut for the U18 side , in a 2–1 loss against Turkey U18 on 23 November 2004 . He went on to make five appearances for the U18 side .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Adlung made his Germany U19 debut , starting a match against China U19 , as they drew 1–1 on 12 September 2005 . He then scored his first Germany U19 goal , in a 6–0 win against Cyprus U19 on 26 May 2006 . Three months later , Adlung received a bronze medal for the Fritz-Walter-Medal . Adlung made nine appearances for the U19 side .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Adlung made his Germany U20 on 30 August 2006 , starting the whole game , as the U20 side won 1–0 against Switerzland U20 . He went on to make four appearances for the U20 side . Adlung then made his Germany U21 debut , coming on as a 66th minute substitute , in a 2–0 win against Scotland U21 on 6 February 2007 . Two years later , he was called up to the U21 squad for the 2009 UEFA Under-21 Championship . However , Adlung appeared as an unused substitute throughout the tournament , as Germany U21 won",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "the tournament . Adlung went on to make five appearances for the U21 side .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Adlung has a sister and brother . His father , Herbert , was supportive of him playing football , having knew the case , knowing that he would one day make the step into the big football business . Adlung is a vegan after being given a copy of the Attila Hildmann and Brendan Brazier book . Adlung is married to his long term girlfriend , Julia , and together , they have a daughter , Aviana Rose .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Bundesliga : 2008–09 - UEFA Under-21 Championship : 2009",
"title": "Honours"
}
] |
/wiki/Helen_Clark#P166#0
|
Helen Clark received which award in 2010?
|
Helen Clark Helen Elizabeth Clark ( born 26 February 1950 ) is a New Zealand politician who served as the 37th Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1999 to 2008 , and was the Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme from 2009 to 2017 . She was New Zealands fifth-longest-serving prime minister , and the second woman to hold that office . Clark was brought up on a farm outside Hamilton . She entered the University of Auckland in 1968 to study politics , and became active in the New Zealand Labour Party . After graduating she lectured in political studies at the university . Clark entered local politics in 1974 in Auckland but was not elected to any position . Following one unsuccessful attempt , she was elected to Parliament in as the member for Mount Albert , an electorate she represented until 2009 . Clark held numerous Cabinet positions in the Fourth Labour Government , including Minister of Housing , Minister of Health and Minister of Conservation . She was Deputy Prime Minister from 1989 to 1990 under Prime Ministers Geoffrey Palmer and Mike Moore . After Labours narrow defeat in the , Clark challenged Moore for leadership of the party and won , becoming the Leader of the Opposition . Following the , Labour formed a governing coalition , and Clark was sworn in as Prime Minister on 10 December 1999 . Clark led the Fifth Labour Government , which implemented several major economic initiatives including Kiwibank , the New Zealand Superannuation Fund , the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme and KiwiSaver . Her government also introduced the Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004 , which caused major controversy . In foreign affairs , Clark sent troops to the Afghanistan War , but did not contribute combat troops to the Iraq War , and ordered a deployment to the 2006 East Timorese crisis . She advocated a number of free-trade agreements with major trading partners , including becoming the first developed nation to sign such an agreement with China . After three successive electoral victories , her government was defeated in the ; Clark resigned as Prime Minister and party leader on 19 November 2008 . She was succeeded as Prime Minister by John Key of the National Party , and as Leader of the Labour Party by Phil Goff . Clark resigned from Parliament in April 2009 shortly after losing the 2008 general election , to become the first female head of the United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) . In 2016 , she stood for the position of Secretary-General of the United Nations , but was unsuccessful . She left her UNDP administrator post on 19 April 2017 at the end of her second four-year term and was succeeded by Achim Steiner . In 2019 , Clark became the patron of The Helen Clark Foundation . Early life . Clark was the eldest of four daughters of a farming family at Te Pahu , west of Hamilton , in the Waikato region . Her mother , Margaret McMurray , of Irish birth , was a primary school teacher . Her father , George , was a farmer . Clark studied at Te Pahu Primary School , at Epsom Girls Grammar School in Auckland and at the University of Auckland , where she majored in politics and graduated with an MA ( Honours ) in 1974 . Her thesis focused on rural political behaviour and representation . As a teenager Clark became politically active , protesting against the Vietnam War and campaigning against foreign military bases in New Zealand . Clark has worked actively in the New Zealand Labour Party for most of her life . In 1971 she assisted Labour candidates to the Auckland City Council , three of whom were elected . Following this , she stood for the Auckland City Council herself in 1974 and 1977 . While generally polling well , she never won a seat , missing out by only 105 votes in the latter . Clark was a junior lecturer in political studies at the University of Auckland from 1973 to 1975 . In 1974 she sought the nomination for the Auckland Central electorate , but lost to Richard Prebble . She instead stood for , a National safe seat . Clark studied abroad on a University Grants Committee post-graduate scholarship in 1976 , and then lectured in political studies at Auckland again while undertaking her PhD ( which she never completed ) from 1977 until her election to Parliament in 1981 . Her father supported National that election . Clark served as a member of Labours national executive committee from 1978 until September 1988 , and again from April 1989 . She chaired the University of Auckland Princes Street branch of the Labour Party during her studies , becoming active alongside future Labour politicians including Richard Prebble , David Caygill , Margaret Wilson and Richard Northey . Clark held the positions of president of the Labour Youth Council , executive member of the partys Auckland Regional Council , secretary of the Labour Womens Council and member of the Policy Council . She represented the New Zealand Labour Party at the congresses of the Socialist International and of the Socialist International Women in 1976 , 1978 , 1983 and 1986 , at an Asia-Pacific Socialist Organisation Conference held in Sydney in 1981 , and at the Socialist International Party Leaders Meeting in Sydney in 1991 . Member of Parliament . Clark did not contest the , but in 1980 she put her name forward to replace long serving MP Warren Freer in the safe Labour seat of Mount Albert . She beat six other contenders including electorate chairman Keith Elliot , former MP Malcolm Douglas and future MP Jack Elder for the nomination . Clark was duly elected to the New Zealand House of Representatives in the 1981 general election , as one of eight female members in the 40th Parliament . In winning the Mount Albert electorate in Auckland , she became the second woman elected to represent an Auckland electorate , and the seventeenth woman elected to the New Zealand Parliament . Her first parliamentary intervention , on taking her seat was on 12 April 1982 to give notice , she would move a motion condemning the US Navys deployment of nuclear cruise missiles in the Pacific Two weeks later in her maiden speech , with unusual emphasis on defence policy and the arms race , Clark again condemned the deployment of cruise , Pershing and SS20 and the global ambitions of both superpowers navies , but claimed the Soviet admirals did not plough New Zealands waters and expressed particular concern about the expansion of the 1965 memo of ANZUS understanding for the resupply of weapons to New Zealand to include nuclear weapon resupply . During her first term in the House ( 1981–1984 ) , Clark became a member of the Statutes Revision Committee . In her second term ( 1984–1987 ) , she chaired the Select committee on Foreign Affairs and the Select Committee on Disarmament and Arms Control , both of which combined with the Defence Select Committee in 1985 to form a single committee . In 1983 she was appointed as Labours spokesperson for Overseas Aid and Disarmament . Cabinet Minister . In 1987 , Clark became a Cabinet minister in the Fourth Labour Government , led by David Lange ( 1984–1989 ) , Geoffrey Palmer ( 1989–1990 ) and Mike Moore ( 1990 ) . She served as Minister of Conservation from August 1987 until January 1989 and as Minister of Housing from August 1987 until August 1989 . She became Minister of Health in January 1989 , and took on additional portfolios as Minister of Labour and Deputy Prime Minister in August 1989 . As Health Minister , Clark introduced a series of legislative changes that allowed midwives to practice autonomously . She also introduced the Smoke-free Environments Act 1990 , a law which restricted smoking in places such as workplaces and schools . As Deputy Prime Minister , Clark chaired the Cabinet Social Equity Committee , and was a member of several other important Cabinet committees , such as the Policy Committee , Economic Development and Employment Committee , and Domestic and External Security Committee . Leader of the Opposition . From October 1990 until December 1993 Clark held the posts of Deputy Leader of the Opposition , Shadow spokesperson for Health and Labour , and member of the Social Services Select Committee and of the Labour Select Committee . After the National Party won the 1993 general election with a majority of one seat , Clark successfully challenged Mike Moore for the leadership of the parliamentary party . She was particularly critical of Moore for delivering blurred messages during the 1993 election campaign , and accused him of failing to re-brand Labour as a centre-left party which had jettisoned Rogernomics . Clark became the Leader of the Opposition on 1 December 1993 . She led the Labour Party in opposition to the National-led government of Jim Bolger ( 1990–1997 ) and Jenny Shipley ( 1997–1999 ) . Clark announced her first shadow cabinet on 13 December 1993 , but the ousted Moore refused any portfolios . There were frequent changes after several party defections took place during the parliamentary term in the lead up to the new MMP voting system . At one reshuffle , in June 1995 , Clark herself took the shadow foreign affairs portfolio . The Labour Party rated poorly in opinion polls in the run-up to the 1996 general election , and Clark suffered from a low personal approval rating . At one point polls suggested that New Zealand First of Winston Peters would even poll 30% and Labour would be beaten into third place . However , she survived an attempted leadership coup by senior members who favoured Phil Goff . Labour lost the election in October 1996 , but Clark remained as Opposition leader . Clark was seen as having convincingly won the election debates which led to Labour doing better than predicted . Shortly before the election she also achieved a rapprochement with Moore ( who was previously thinking of setting up his own party ) who accepted the foreign affairs and overseas trade portfolios , calming internal tensions . During the 1998 Waitangi Day celebrations , Clark was prevented from speaking on the marae by activist Titewhai Harawira in protest over Clarks being allowed to speak in direct contradiction of traditional Māori protocol . The ensuing argument saw Clark being reduced to tears on national television . In 1999 , Clark was involved in a defamation case in the High Court of New Zealand with Auckland orthopaedic surgeon Joe Brownlee , resulting in Clarks making an unreserved apology . The case centered on a press statement issued by Clark criticising Brownlee , triggered by a constituents complaint over the outcome of a hip replacement . Clark admitted the criticism was unjustified in that the complication suffered by her constituent was rare , unforeseen and unavoidable . Prime Minister ( 1999–2008 ) . Under Clarks leadership , Labour became the largest party in parliament from 1999 to 2008 . Clark became the second woman to serve as Prime Minister of New Zealand , and the first to have won office at an election . She also served as the Minister for Arts , Culture and Heritage throughout her premiership . She had additional ministerial responsibility for the New Zealand Security Intelligence Service ( NZSIS ) and for Ministerial Services . During her period in office , women held a number of prominent elected and appointed offices in New Zealand , such as the Governor-General , Speaker of the House of Representatives and Chief Justice—these major offices of state were simultaneously occupied by women between March 2005 and August 2006 . As a female head of government , Clark was a member of the Council of Women World Leaders . Clark entered office just three years after the adoption of the Mixed Member Proportional ( MMP ) voting system , which had produced an unstable National-led government under Bolger and Shipley . Clark negotiated the formation of successive coalition governments . Political scientist Bryce Edwards identified Clarks ability to lead stable governments as her most significant achievement , arguing that her ability to work with a variety of coalition partners—including the Alliance , Jim Andertons Progressive Party , Green , United Future and New Zealand First—consolidated public support for MMP . Clarks particular interests included social policy and international affairs . A strong supporter of nuclear disarmament , Clark pursued a policy of peace-making within the Pacific region . She set herself the task of making New Zealand the first ecologically sustainable nation , describing this as central to New Zealands unique national identity . Her governments major policy achievements include the Working for Families package , increasing the minimum wage 5% a year , interest-free student loans , creation of District Health Boards , the introduction of a number of tax credits , overhauling the secondary school qualifications by introducing NCEA , and the introduction of fourteen weeks’ parental leave . Commentators praised Clark ( along with Michael Cullen , the Minister of Finance ) for overseeing a period of sustained and stable economic growth , with an increase in employment that saw a gradual lowering of the unemployment rate to a record low of 3.6% ( in 2005 ) . Clark made every attempt to make sure that gender was not an issue in politics . However , Bryce Edwards states that others did . Clark was portrayed as bloodsucking , cold , and humourless . Clark says herself that when her male counterparts spoke in the media , they looked strong and determined , whereas when she portrayed the same characteristics , the media made it to look like she was tough and nagging . In 2006 Clark was 20th in Forbes magazines ranking of the worlds 100 most powerful women . By the time she left office in 2008 this had fallen to 56th . First term : 1999–2002 . The 1999 general election produced a historic moment for New Zealand ; for the first time , two women , Clark and Shipley , campaigned against each other as leaders of the countrys two major parties . Clark repeatedly stated her desire to govern alone rather than as part of a coalition . However , in the lead up to the election , Labour made overtures to the left-wing Alliance . Clark addressed the Alliances annual conference in August 1998 . On polling day Labour returned 49 seats , an increase of 12 , ahead of Nationals 39 seats . The first Clark-led Cabinet linked Labour with the Alliance . Alliance leader Jim Anderton served as Deputy Prime Minister under Clark until 2002 . The full ministerial team , and portfolios , was announced on 9 December—12 days after the election—and the new government was sworn in the following day . The coalition partners pioneered agree to disagree procedures to manage policy differences . Such procedures lessened the chances of Cabinet becoming publicly divided and running the risk of losing the confidence of the House of Representatives . In January 2000 , the then Police Commissioner , Peter Doone , resigned after The Sunday Star-Times alleged he had prevented the breath testing of his partner Robyn , who had driven the car they occupied , by telling the officer that wont be necessary . Both Doone and the officer involved denied this happened . Doone sued the Sunday Star-Times for defamation in 2005 , but the paper revealed they had checked the story with Clark . She confirmed this , but denied that she had made attempts to get Doone to resign and defended being the source as by definition I cannot leak . Clark also responded by saying that National supporters had funded Doones defamation-suit . Opinion on the significance of this incident varied . In 2000 , Labour MP Chris Carter investigated the background of one of Clarks Cabinet colleagues , Māori Affairs Minister Dover Samuels , regarding allegations of historic statutory rape . Ex-convict John Yelash claimed that Carter had approached him to help with the investigation ; a claim that Carter denied . Clark backed her MP , referring to Yelash as a murderer when he had in fact been convicted of manslaughter , a less serious offence . Yelash sued Clark for defamation , resulting in an out-of-court settlement . In April 2001 , Clark met with Chinese President Jiang Zemin during an official visit to Beijing . Jiang referred to the Prime Minister as an old friend . He stated that China hoped to establish bilateral long-term and stable overall cooperative relations [ with New Zealand ] . Clark strongly supported Chinas entry into the World Trade Organization . In March 2002 , Clark made her first visit to the United States as Prime Minister . She visited Ground Zero , the former site of the World Trade Center , where the New York City Police Department presented her with a New Zealand flag that had been recovered from the rubble after the September 11 attacks . On 26 March , Clark visited the Pentagon and Washington , D.C. , where she met with American officials , including a private meeting with President George W . Bush . Most of the agenda for Clarks visit focused on the joint counter-terrorism campaign ( dubbed the War on Terror ) . As Opposition Leader in 1998 , Clark signed her name to a canvas that had been painted on by another artist . The painting was subsequently auctioned to charity . After the act came to light in April 2002 , the opposition National Party referred the matter to the Police . A police report found evidence for a prima facie case of forgery , but determined that it was not in the public interest to prosecute Clark . In June 2002 , Clark apologised on behalf of New Zealand for aspects of the countrys treatment of Samoa during the colonial era . Clarks apology was made in Apia during the 40th anniversary of Samoas independence and televised live to New Zealand where Samoans applauded the Prime Ministers gesture . The Alliance split in 2002 over the Governments commitment of New Zealand troops to the War in Afghanistan , leading to the imminent dissolution of Labours coalition with that party . Consequently , Clark called for an early election to be held on 27 July . Political opponents claimed that Clark could have continued to govern , and that a snap election was called to take advantage of Labours strong position in opinion polls . In opinion surveys conducted during the election campaign , Clark scored high approval ratings and was far ahead of other party leaders as preferred Prime Minister . A major issue during the 2002 election campaign was the end of a moratorium on genetic engineering , strongly opposed by the rival Green Party . The debate was reignited when investigative journalist Nicky Hager published a book , Seeds of Distrust , in which he alleged that Clarks government had covered up a contamination of genetically modified corn plants in 2000 . A television interview with John Campbell was terminated by Clark when she was taken by surprise from the allegations , which she claimed to have known nothing about prior to the interview . The affair was dubbed Corngate by the media . Second term : 2002–2005 . Clark won a second term in the 2002 general election—her party increased both its share of the vote and number of seats . Labour subsequently entered into a coalition with Jim Andertons Progressive Party ( a spin-off of the Alliance ) , with parliamentary confidence and supply coming from United Future , and a good-faith agreement with the Green Party . Michael Cullen , who served as Minister of Finance , was appointed Deputy Prime Minister by Clark , replacing Anderton . A republican , Clark stated in 2002 that she thought it was inevitable that New Zealand would become a republic in the near future . Her term in office saw a number of alleged moves in this direction , under her governments policy of building national identity . Examples include the abolition of appeals to the Privy Council in London and the foundation of the Supreme Court of New Zealand , the abolition of titular Knighthood and Damehood honours ( restored in 2009 ) , and the abolition of the title Queens Counsel ( replaced by Senior Counsel , restored in 2012 ) . In 2003 , Clark criticised the Invasion of Iraq without an explicit United Nations mandate , and her government opposed New Zealand military action in the Iraq War . Her government did not send combat troops to Iraq , although some medical and engineering units were sent . Clarks foreign policy reflected the priorities of liberal internationalism , especially the promotion of democracy and human rights ; the strengthening of the role of the United Nations ; the advancement of antimilitarism and disarmament ; and the encouragement of free-trade . In March 2003 , referring to the US-led coalitions actions in Iraq , Clark told the newspaper The Sunday Star-Times that , I dont think that 11 September under a Gore presidency would have had this consequence for Iraq . She later sent a letter to Washington apologising for any offence that her comment may have caused . On 17 July 2004 , a motorcade involving police , Diplomatic Protection Squad , and Ministerial Services staff reached speeds of up to 172 km/h when taking Clark and Cabinet Minister Jim Sutton from Waimate to Christchurch Airport so she could attend a rugby union match in Wellington . The courts subsequently convicted the drivers involved for driving offences , but appeals resulted in the quashing of these convictions in December 2005 and August 2006 . Clark said that she was busy working in the back seat and had no influence or role in the decision to speed and did not realise the speed of her vehicle . In November 2004 , Clark announced that negotiations with China had commenced for a free-trade agreement , eventually signing a comprehensive agreement in July 2008 . It was New Zealands largest trade deal since the 1983 Closer Economic Relations agreement with Australia . Third term : 2005–2008 . In 2005 , following that years general election , Labour and the Progressive Party renewed their coalition , with confidence and supply arrangements with both New Zealand First and United Future in exchange for giving the leaders of those parties ministerial positions outside Cabinet . Clark became first Labour leader to win three consecutive elections . Clark won 66% of her electorates votes , or 20,918 votes with a 14,749 majority . On Armistice Day , 11 November 2006 , Clark attended a service in Hyde Park , London , where a monument commemorating New Zealands war dead was unveiled . During her visit she met Queen Elizabeth , Prince Charles and British Prime Minister Tony Blair . On 26 May 2006 , Clark ordered a military deployment to the 2006 East Timorese crisis alongside international partners . Clarks major overseas visit of her third term was a trip to the United States in March 2007 , where she met with George W . Bush in Washington . Despite her strained relationship with the President , they agreed on many issues , including working cooperatively in foreign affairs , commerce and the need for both nations to work toward energy security . On 8 February 2008 , Clark was recognised as the longest-serving leader of the Labour Party in its history ( although some uncertainty exists over the exact date when Harry Holland became party leader ) , having served for 14 years , 69 days . By 26 October 2008 she had passed Hollands longest possible term and her position as longest-serving Labour leader was put beyond doubt . By the end of her tenure in office , Clark had come to be seen as a divisive figure , going from a Herald-DigiPoll popularity rating of nearly 60% in 2005 to 42% at the time of the 2008 general election . Portrayals of Clark as controlling and manipulative after the 2005 election increased when she abandoned her consensus-managerial approach , such as during the New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy , and her support of the Crimes ( Substituted Section 59 ) Amendment Act 2007 ( the so-called anti-smacking law ) . She was accused of having a nanny state approach to social issues , a perception captured by the pejorative term Helengrad . Labour had been consistently behind the National Party in opinion polls since 2006 , and the gap widened significantly in early 2007 . On 5 August 2008 the Treasury announced that the New Zealand economy had entered a recession . Clarks personal popularity was eclipsed by John Key soon after the latters election as National Party Leader in November 2006 . In the final media polls prior to the Key was ahead of Clark in preferred prime minister polls by eight points in the Fairfax Media Nielsen poll and four points in the One News Colmar Brunton poll . In the 2008 election campaign , Clark attacked the National Party as insincere in its promise to maintain many of her governments flagship projects , such as KiwiSaver and Kiwibank . National overtook Labour as the largest party following the 2008 election . Labour did not have the numbers to ally with smaller parties and no viable path to government ; Clark conceded defeat to Key and announced that she was standing down as party leader . On 11 November 2008 Clark was succeeded by Phil Goff as Leader of the Labour Party . In the first Labour Party conference after its defeat Phil Goff acknowledged that Clarks government had become identified with nanny-state policies in the public mind , and said that the party wanted to draw a line under the past and say , yes , we made mistakes , we didnt listen . Reputation and legacy . Early in her career Clark gained a reputation as a capable advocate of nuclear disarmament and public health policy . As party leader , Clark denounced Rogernomics as a ghastly period and won the 1999 election by abandoning its legacy . However , biographer Denis Welch has argued that she did not do enough to repudiate the paradigm created by Rogernomics , instead allowing Labour and National to become increasingly hard to tell apart on many issues . Clarks government was pragmatic , managerial , concerned with stability , and focused on incremental changes over grand projects . Political scientist Bryce Edwards argues that Clark was never a conviction politician and set out to be a successful rather than great politician , leaving behind a legacy of incremental reforms of New Zealand and good management of the status quo , but no bold ambitions . Likewise , commentator John Armstrong , while praising Clark , describes her as a technocratic prime minister who will be remembered more for her management abilities than a capacity to inspire . In January 2009 , two months after losing office , Clark was voted Greatest Living New Zealander in an opt-in website poll run by The New Zealand Herald . In a close race she received 25 percent of the vote , ahead of Victoria Cross recipient Willie Apiata at 21 percent . Then Prime Minister John Key said he was not surprised by the poll , saying she is well thought of as a New Zealand Prime Minister . Forbes magazine ranked Clark the 22nd most powerful woman in the world in 2016 , down from 20th in 2006 . Post-premiership . Clark was the first defeated Labour Prime Minister to immediately resign the party leadership rather than lead it in Opposition . She served as the shadow foreign affairs spokesperson in the Shadow Cabinet of Phil Goff for several months before retiring from Parliament in April 2009 to accept a position with the United Nations ( UN ) . United Nations Development Programme . Clark became the Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) on 17 April 2009 , and was the first woman to lead the organisation . She was also the Chair of the United Nations Development Group , a committee consisting of the heads of all UN funds , programmes and departments working on development issues . The New Zealand Government strongly supported her nomination , along with Australia , the Pacific Island nations and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , Gordon Brown . She also received the support of the five countries on the bureau of the UNDP board ( Iran , Haiti , Serbia , The Netherlands and Tanzania ) and was unanimously confirmed by the General Assembly on 31 March . She was sworn in by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon on 27 April 2009 . In this position , Forbes deemed her the 23rd most powerful woman in the world . In 2013 , Forbes upgraded her position to 21st most powerful woman in the world after she was appointed to administer UNDP for a second term and for her potential future as UN Secretary General . She was the only New Zealander to make the list . Clark was recognised for her managerial style of leadership . During her tenure , she was an advocate of Chinas Belt and Road Initiative . She worked to reform the administration and bureaucracy of UNDP , with an emphasis on greater transparency in the organisation . The Publish What You Fund campaign ranked UNDP as the most transparent aid organisation in the world in 2015 and 2016 , under Clarks administration . In February 2015 , Clark visited Guinea , Liberia and Sierra Leone to express solidarity with those working to prevent the spread of Ebola . During her tenure , the ratio of women to men at UNDP reached 50% , including at the most senior level of the organisation . On 24 May 2016 , a Foreign Policy article alleged that Clarks tenure as Administrator had left a trail of embittered peers and subordinates , and accused her of undercutting the UNs promotion of human rights . The article centred on an allegation that her senior staff retaliated against a critical report of the UNDP by forcing out an official who had participated in the investigation . Both the UNDP and Clark have denied the claims . On 26 January 2017 , Clark announced that she would not seek re-election as UNDP Administrator after the completion of her four-year term . She said it had been an honour and privilege to have served in the role . She left UNDP on 19 April 2017 . United Nations Secretary-General selection . In January 2014 , a Guardian interview with Clark raised the possibility that she could take over as UN Secretary-General after Ban Ki-moons retirement in 2016 . She did not confirm her interest , but commented : There will be interest in whether the UN will have a first woman because theyre looking like the last bastions , as it were . She also said in the same interview that : If theres enough support for the style of leadership that I have , it will be interesting . In response , Prime Minister John Key said the New Zealand Government would support a bid , but cautioned that it would be a tough task to get the job . On 4 April 2016 , Helen Clark officially submitted her nomination as New Zealands candidate for the 2016 UN Secretary-General selection . In an interview on the same day , Clark stressed that she was running as the gender-neutral best candidate and not on the basis of being a woman . The UNs role in the Haiti cholera outbreak has been widely discussed and criticised . There has been indisputable evidence that the UN is the proximate cause for bringing cholera to Haiti . Peacekeepers sent to Haiti from Nepal were carrying asymptomatic cholera and they did not treat their waste properly before dumping it into Haitis water stream . When asked about compensation for victims , Clark has declined to take a position , calling it legal issues . Another issue that received attention during Clarks candidacy was allegations of sexual exploitation and abuse by UN peacekeepers . This gross problem was brought to light after Anders Kompass exposed the sexual assault of children by peacekeepers in the Central African Republic . During the United Nations Secretary General Candidate informal dialogues , Clark said that the UN needed to deal quickly with sexual exploitation and abuse , and gender-based violence by peacekeepers . Straw polls were taken by secret ballot in October 2016 . Clark finished fifth place in the sixth poll ; her candidacy was effectively vetoed when three of the permanent Security Council members voted against her . Clarks bid for Secretary-General is the topic of a documentary film , My Year With Helen , directed by Gaylene Preston , which premiered in February 2018 . World Health Organization . On 9 July 2020 the World Health Organization ( WHO ) appointed Clark as co-chair of a panel reviewing the WHOs handling of the COVID-19 pandemic and the response of governments to the outbreak . The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response ( IPPR ) examined how the outbreak occurred and how future pandemics can be prevented . She served in the role alongside former Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf , and of her appointment Clark said she hesitated before accepting because she felt the panels task was mission impossible . Clarks appointment to this panel drew criticism from UN Watchs Executive Director Hillel Neuer , who criticised her close ties with the pro-Beijing UN Goodwill Ambassador James Chau and her previous endorsement of Cuba for sending medical personnel abroad . On 11 November , Neuer called on Clark to resign , claiming that her alleged favouritism towards China and the WHO , would affect the investigation into Chinas handling of the COVID-19 pandemic . Clark responded that she had no ties with China . On 19 January , the independent panel concluded that Chinese officials could have moved faster in January 2020 to curb the initial COVID-19 outbreak , and criticised the WHO for not declaring an international emergency until 30 January 2020 . In the final report published in May 2021 , the panel concluded that the pandemic could have been prevented if countries had taken a more proactive approach in February 2020 ; Clark said so many countries chose to wait and see . Personal life . Clark was brought up as a Presbyterian Christian , attending Sunday school weekly . When she was Prime Minister she described herself as an agnostic . She married sociologist Peter Davis , her partner of five years in 1981 , shortly before she was elected to Parliament . Clark had been under pressure from some Labour members to marry for political purposes , despite her personal reservations about marriage . Davis is a professor in medical sociology and was director of COMPASS ( Centre of Methods and Policy Application in the Social Sciences ) at the University of Auckland . Clark , after the 1981 elections was to note : It was a difficult campaign , Clark wrote in an essay for the book Head and Shoulders in 1984 . As a single woman I was really hammered . I was accused of being a lesbian , of living in a commune , having friends who were Trotskyites and gays... . In March 2001 , Clark referred to National MP Wyatt Creech as a scumbag and a sleazeball for having raised the issue of a potential conflict of interest involving Davis , who was leading an academic research team studying government health reforms . Clark is a keen hiker and mountaineer . In August 2008 , an expedition group that included Clark and her husband became stranded on the Two Thumb Range , a spur of the Southern Alps , when their guide ( and Clarks friend ) , Gottlieb Braun-Elwert , collapsed and died from a suspected heart attack . Views and positions . Social media . During her tenure as UNDP administrator and afterwards , Clarks presence on social media and avid use of Twitter has attracted positive attention in news media . She has called for greater regulation of social media platforms , and supports the Christchurch Call . Cannabis reform . During the 2020 New Zealand cannabis referendum , Clark publicly supported the Yes vote campaign to decriminalise recreational cannabis , arguing that prohibition did not work . She also featured in the We Do campaign supporting the proposed Cannabis Legalisation and Control Bill . Awards and honours . - In 1986 , Clark was awarded the annual Peace Prize of the Danish Peace Foundation for her work in promoting peace and nuclear disarmament . - In 1990 , Clark received the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal . - In 1993 , Clark was awarded the New Zealand Suffrage Centennial Medal . - In 2002 , she was presented with the Nuclear-Free Future Award , for installing New Zealand at the forefront of the world political movement to rid the earth of nuclear weapons . - In 2005 , the government of the Solomon Islands awarded Clark ( with John Howard ) the Star of the Solomon Islands in recognition of New Zealands role in restoring law and order in the Solomon Islands . This award allows her to use the post-nominal letters SSI . - In January 2008 , Clark won the United Nations Environment Programme Champions of the Earth award in recognition of the governments promotion of sustainability initiatives . - In April 2009 , she was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree by the University of Auckland , her alma mater . - In the 2010 New Year Honours , Clark was appointed a Member of the Order of New Zealand , New Zealands highest honour , for services to New Zealand . - In September 2017 , she received a Lifetime Achievement Award at the New Zealand Women of Influence Awards - In December 2017 , she was awarded the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun . Patronage - Clark is the patron for The Helen Clark Foundation . - Clark is an Honorary Member of The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation . - She was the patron of the New Zealand Rugby League between 2002 and 2011 , and has served as the patron of the Mount Albert Lions rugby league club for over 20 years . In popular culture . In 1996 , Clark guest starred as herself in popular New Zealand soap opera Shortland Street . A satirical book , later adapted as a play , titled On the Conditions and Possibilities of Helen Clark Taking Me as Her Young Lover , by Richard Meros , was published by Lawrence and Gibson in 2005 . Clark has also guest-starred on broTown , the New Zealand animated television series .
|
[
"Order of New Zealand"
] |
[
{
"text": " Helen Elizabeth Clark ( born 26 February 1950 ) is a New Zealand politician who served as the 37th Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1999 to 2008 , and was the Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme from 2009 to 2017 . She was New Zealands fifth-longest-serving prime minister , and the second woman to hold that office .",
"title": "Helen Clark"
},
{
"text": "Clark was brought up on a farm outside Hamilton . She entered the University of Auckland in 1968 to study politics , and became active in the New Zealand Labour Party . After graduating she lectured in political studies at the university . Clark entered local politics in 1974 in Auckland but was not elected to any position . Following one unsuccessful attempt , she was elected to Parliament in as the member for Mount Albert , an electorate she represented until 2009 .",
"title": "Helen Clark"
},
{
"text": " Clark held numerous Cabinet positions in the Fourth Labour Government , including Minister of Housing , Minister of Health and Minister of Conservation . She was Deputy Prime Minister from 1989 to 1990 under Prime Ministers Geoffrey Palmer and Mike Moore . After Labours narrow defeat in the , Clark challenged Moore for leadership of the party and won , becoming the Leader of the Opposition . Following the , Labour formed a governing coalition , and Clark was sworn in as Prime Minister on 10 December 1999 .",
"title": "Helen Clark"
},
{
"text": "Clark led the Fifth Labour Government , which implemented several major economic initiatives including Kiwibank , the New Zealand Superannuation Fund , the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme and KiwiSaver . Her government also introduced the Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004 , which caused major controversy . In foreign affairs , Clark sent troops to the Afghanistan War , but did not contribute combat troops to the Iraq War , and ordered a deployment to the 2006 East Timorese crisis . She advocated a number of free-trade agreements with major trading partners , including becoming the first developed nation to",
"title": "Helen Clark"
},
{
"text": "sign such an agreement with China . After three successive electoral victories , her government was defeated in the ; Clark resigned as Prime Minister and party leader on 19 November 2008 . She was succeeded as Prime Minister by John Key of the National Party , and as Leader of the Labour Party by Phil Goff .",
"title": "Helen Clark"
},
{
"text": " Clark resigned from Parliament in April 2009 shortly after losing the 2008 general election , to become the first female head of the United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) . In 2016 , she stood for the position of Secretary-General of the United Nations , but was unsuccessful . She left her UNDP administrator post on 19 April 2017 at the end of her second four-year term and was succeeded by Achim Steiner . In 2019 , Clark became the patron of The Helen Clark Foundation .",
"title": "Helen Clark"
},
{
"text": "Clark was the eldest of four daughters of a farming family at Te Pahu , west of Hamilton , in the Waikato region . Her mother , Margaret McMurray , of Irish birth , was a primary school teacher . Her father , George , was a farmer . Clark studied at Te Pahu Primary School , at Epsom Girls Grammar School in Auckland and at the University of Auckland , where she majored in politics and graduated with an MA ( Honours ) in 1974 . Her thesis focused on rural political behaviour and representation . As a teenager",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Clark became politically active , protesting against the Vietnam War and campaigning against foreign military bases in New Zealand .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Clark has worked actively in the New Zealand Labour Party for most of her life . In 1971 she assisted Labour candidates to the Auckland City Council , three of whom were elected . Following this , she stood for the Auckland City Council herself in 1974 and 1977 . While generally polling well , she never won a seat , missing out by only 105 votes in the latter .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Clark was a junior lecturer in political studies at the University of Auckland from 1973 to 1975 . In 1974 she sought the nomination for the Auckland Central electorate , but lost to Richard Prebble . She instead stood for , a National safe seat . Clark studied abroad on a University Grants Committee post-graduate scholarship in 1976 , and then lectured in political studies at Auckland again while undertaking her PhD ( which she never completed ) from 1977 until her election to Parliament in 1981 . Her father supported National that election .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Clark served as a member of Labours national executive committee from 1978 until September 1988 , and again from April 1989 . She chaired the University of Auckland Princes Street branch of the Labour Party during her studies , becoming active alongside future Labour politicians including Richard Prebble , David Caygill , Margaret Wilson and Richard Northey . Clark held the positions of president of the Labour Youth Council , executive member of the partys Auckland Regional Council , secretary of the Labour Womens Council and member of the Policy Council .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "She represented the New Zealand Labour Party at the congresses of the Socialist International and of the Socialist International Women in 1976 , 1978 , 1983 and 1986 , at an Asia-Pacific Socialist Organisation Conference held in Sydney in 1981 , and at the Socialist International Party Leaders Meeting in Sydney in 1991 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Clark did not contest the , but in 1980 she put her name forward to replace long serving MP Warren Freer in the safe Labour seat of Mount Albert . She beat six other contenders including electorate chairman Keith Elliot , former MP Malcolm Douglas and future MP Jack Elder for the nomination .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "Clark was duly elected to the New Zealand House of Representatives in the 1981 general election , as one of eight female members in the 40th Parliament . In winning the Mount Albert electorate in Auckland , she became the second woman elected to represent an Auckland electorate , and the seventeenth woman elected to the New Zealand Parliament . Her first parliamentary intervention , on taking her seat was on 12 April 1982 to give notice , she would move a motion condemning the US Navys deployment of nuclear cruise missiles in the Pacific Two weeks later in her",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "maiden speech , with unusual emphasis on defence policy and the arms race , Clark again condemned the deployment of cruise , Pershing and SS20 and the global ambitions of both superpowers navies , but claimed the Soviet admirals did not plough New Zealands waters and expressed particular concern about the expansion of the 1965 memo of ANZUS understanding for the resupply of weapons to New Zealand to include nuclear weapon resupply .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " During her first term in the House ( 1981–1984 ) , Clark became a member of the Statutes Revision Committee . In her second term ( 1984–1987 ) , she chaired the Select committee on Foreign Affairs and the Select Committee on Disarmament and Arms Control , both of which combined with the Defence Select Committee in 1985 to form a single committee . In 1983 she was appointed as Labours spokesperson for Overseas Aid and Disarmament .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "In 1987 , Clark became a Cabinet minister in the Fourth Labour Government , led by David Lange ( 1984–1989 ) , Geoffrey Palmer ( 1989–1990 ) and Mike Moore ( 1990 ) . She served as Minister of Conservation from August 1987 until January 1989 and as Minister of Housing from August 1987 until August 1989 . She became Minister of Health in January 1989 , and took on additional portfolios as Minister of Labour and Deputy Prime Minister in August 1989 . As Health Minister , Clark introduced a series of legislative changes that allowed midwives to practice",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "autonomously . She also introduced the Smoke-free Environments Act 1990 , a law which restricted smoking in places such as workplaces and schools .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " As Deputy Prime Minister , Clark chaired the Cabinet Social Equity Committee , and was a member of several other important Cabinet committees , such as the Policy Committee , Economic Development and Employment Committee , and Domestic and External Security Committee . Leader of the Opposition .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "From October 1990 until December 1993 Clark held the posts of Deputy Leader of the Opposition , Shadow spokesperson for Health and Labour , and member of the Social Services Select Committee and of the Labour Select Committee . After the National Party won the 1993 general election with a majority of one seat , Clark successfully challenged Mike Moore for the leadership of the parliamentary party . She was particularly critical of Moore for delivering blurred messages during the 1993 election campaign , and accused him of failing to re-brand Labour as a centre-left party which had jettisoned Rogernomics",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " Clark became the Leader of the Opposition on 1 December 1993 . She led the Labour Party in opposition to the National-led government of Jim Bolger ( 1990–1997 ) and Jenny Shipley ( 1997–1999 ) . Clark announced her first shadow cabinet on 13 December 1993 , but the ousted Moore refused any portfolios . There were frequent changes after several party defections took place during the parliamentary term in the lead up to the new MMP voting system . At one reshuffle , in June 1995 , Clark herself took the shadow foreign affairs portfolio .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "The Labour Party rated poorly in opinion polls in the run-up to the 1996 general election , and Clark suffered from a low personal approval rating . At one point polls suggested that New Zealand First of Winston Peters would even poll 30% and Labour would be beaten into third place . However , she survived an attempted leadership coup by senior members who favoured Phil Goff . Labour lost the election in October 1996 , but Clark remained as Opposition leader . Clark was seen as having convincingly won the election debates which led to Labour doing better than",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "predicted . Shortly before the election she also achieved a rapprochement with Moore ( who was previously thinking of setting up his own party ) who accepted the foreign affairs and overseas trade portfolios , calming internal tensions .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " During the 1998 Waitangi Day celebrations , Clark was prevented from speaking on the marae by activist Titewhai Harawira in protest over Clarks being allowed to speak in direct contradiction of traditional Māori protocol . The ensuing argument saw Clark being reduced to tears on national television .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "In 1999 , Clark was involved in a defamation case in the High Court of New Zealand with Auckland orthopaedic surgeon Joe Brownlee , resulting in Clarks making an unreserved apology . The case centered on a press statement issued by Clark criticising Brownlee , triggered by a constituents complaint over the outcome of a hip replacement . Clark admitted the criticism was unjustified in that the complication suffered by her constituent was rare , unforeseen and unavoidable .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "Under Clarks leadership , Labour became the largest party in parliament from 1999 to 2008 . Clark became the second woman to serve as Prime Minister of New Zealand , and the first to have won office at an election . She also served as the Minister for Arts , Culture and Heritage throughout her premiership . She had additional ministerial responsibility for the New Zealand Security Intelligence Service ( NZSIS ) and for Ministerial Services . During her period in office , women held a number of prominent elected and appointed offices in New Zealand , such as the",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "Governor-General , Speaker of the House of Representatives and Chief Justice—these major offices of state were simultaneously occupied by women between March 2005 and August 2006 . As a female head of government , Clark was a member of the Council of Women World Leaders .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " Clark entered office just three years after the adoption of the Mixed Member Proportional ( MMP ) voting system , which had produced an unstable National-led government under Bolger and Shipley . Clark negotiated the formation of successive coalition governments . Political scientist Bryce Edwards identified Clarks ability to lead stable governments as her most significant achievement , arguing that her ability to work with a variety of coalition partners—including the Alliance , Jim Andertons Progressive Party , Green , United Future and New Zealand First—consolidated public support for MMP .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "Clarks particular interests included social policy and international affairs . A strong supporter of nuclear disarmament , Clark pursued a policy of peace-making within the Pacific region . She set herself the task of making New Zealand the first ecologically sustainable nation , describing this as central to New Zealands unique national identity . Her governments major policy achievements include the Working for Families package , increasing the minimum wage 5% a year , interest-free student loans , creation of District Health Boards , the introduction of a number of tax credits , overhauling the secondary school qualifications by introducing",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "NCEA , and the introduction of fourteen weeks’ parental leave . Commentators praised Clark ( along with Michael Cullen , the Minister of Finance ) for overseeing a period of sustained and stable economic growth , with an increase in employment that saw a gradual lowering of the unemployment rate to a record low of 3.6% ( in 2005 ) .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " Clark made every attempt to make sure that gender was not an issue in politics . However , Bryce Edwards states that others did . Clark was portrayed as bloodsucking , cold , and humourless . Clark says herself that when her male counterparts spoke in the media , they looked strong and determined , whereas when she portrayed the same characteristics , the media made it to look like she was tough and nagging .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "In 2006 Clark was 20th in Forbes magazines ranking of the worlds 100 most powerful women . By the time she left office in 2008 this had fallen to 56th .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "The 1999 general election produced a historic moment for New Zealand ; for the first time , two women , Clark and Shipley , campaigned against each other as leaders of the countrys two major parties . Clark repeatedly stated her desire to govern alone rather than as part of a coalition . However , in the lead up to the election , Labour made overtures to the left-wing Alliance . Clark addressed the Alliances annual conference in August 1998 . On polling day Labour returned 49 seats , an increase of 12 , ahead of Nationals 39 seats .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "The first Clark-led Cabinet linked Labour with the Alliance . Alliance leader Jim Anderton served as Deputy Prime Minister under Clark until 2002 . The full ministerial team , and portfolios , was announced on 9 December—12 days after the election—and the new government was sworn in the following day . The coalition partners pioneered agree to disagree procedures to manage policy differences . Such procedures lessened the chances of Cabinet becoming publicly divided and running the risk of losing the confidence of the House of Representatives .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "In January 2000 , the then Police Commissioner , Peter Doone , resigned after The Sunday Star-Times alleged he had prevented the breath testing of his partner Robyn , who had driven the car they occupied , by telling the officer that wont be necessary . Both Doone and the officer involved denied this happened . Doone sued the Sunday Star-Times for defamation in 2005 , but the paper revealed they had checked the story with Clark . She confirmed this , but denied that she had made attempts to get Doone to resign and defended being the source as",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "by definition I cannot leak . Clark also responded by saying that National supporters had funded Doones defamation-suit . Opinion on the significance of this incident varied .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " In 2000 , Labour MP Chris Carter investigated the background of one of Clarks Cabinet colleagues , Māori Affairs Minister Dover Samuels , regarding allegations of historic statutory rape . Ex-convict John Yelash claimed that Carter had approached him to help with the investigation ; a claim that Carter denied . Clark backed her MP , referring to Yelash as a murderer when he had in fact been convicted of manslaughter , a less serious offence . Yelash sued Clark for defamation , resulting in an out-of-court settlement .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "In April 2001 , Clark met with Chinese President Jiang Zemin during an official visit to Beijing . Jiang referred to the Prime Minister as an old friend . He stated that China hoped to establish bilateral long-term and stable overall cooperative relations [ with New Zealand ] . Clark strongly supported Chinas entry into the World Trade Organization .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "In March 2002 , Clark made her first visit to the United States as Prime Minister . She visited Ground Zero , the former site of the World Trade Center , where the New York City Police Department presented her with a New Zealand flag that had been recovered from the rubble after the September 11 attacks . On 26 March , Clark visited the Pentagon and Washington , D.C. , where she met with American officials , including a private meeting with President George W . Bush . Most of the agenda for Clarks visit focused on the joint",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "counter-terrorism campaign ( dubbed the War on Terror ) .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " As Opposition Leader in 1998 , Clark signed her name to a canvas that had been painted on by another artist . The painting was subsequently auctioned to charity . After the act came to light in April 2002 , the opposition National Party referred the matter to the Police . A police report found evidence for a prima facie case of forgery , but determined that it was not in the public interest to prosecute Clark .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "In June 2002 , Clark apologised on behalf of New Zealand for aspects of the countrys treatment of Samoa during the colonial era . Clarks apology was made in Apia during the 40th anniversary of Samoas independence and televised live to New Zealand where Samoans applauded the Prime Ministers gesture .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "The Alliance split in 2002 over the Governments commitment of New Zealand troops to the War in Afghanistan , leading to the imminent dissolution of Labours coalition with that party . Consequently , Clark called for an early election to be held on 27 July . Political opponents claimed that Clark could have continued to govern , and that a snap election was called to take advantage of Labours strong position in opinion polls . In opinion surveys conducted during the election campaign , Clark scored high approval ratings and was far ahead of other party leaders as preferred Prime",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "Minister .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "A major issue during the 2002 election campaign was the end of a moratorium on genetic engineering , strongly opposed by the rival Green Party . The debate was reignited when investigative journalist Nicky Hager published a book , Seeds of Distrust , in which he alleged that Clarks government had covered up a contamination of genetically modified corn plants in 2000 . A television interview with John Campbell was terminated by Clark when she was taken by surprise from the allegations , which she claimed to have known nothing about prior to the interview . The affair was dubbed",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "Corngate by the media .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " Second term : 2002–2005 . Clark won a second term in the 2002 general election—her party increased both its share of the vote and number of seats . Labour subsequently entered into a coalition with Jim Andertons Progressive Party ( a spin-off of the Alliance ) , with parliamentary confidence and supply coming from United Future , and a good-faith agreement with the Green Party . Michael Cullen , who served as Minister of Finance , was appointed Deputy Prime Minister by Clark , replacing Anderton .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "A republican , Clark stated in 2002 that she thought it was inevitable that New Zealand would become a republic in the near future . Her term in office saw a number of alleged moves in this direction , under her governments policy of building national identity . Examples include the abolition of appeals to the Privy Council in London and the foundation of the Supreme Court of New Zealand , the abolition of titular Knighthood and Damehood honours ( restored in 2009 ) , and the abolition of the title Queens Counsel ( replaced by Senior Counsel , restored",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "in 2012 ) .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "In 2003 , Clark criticised the Invasion of Iraq without an explicit United Nations mandate , and her government opposed New Zealand military action in the Iraq War . Her government did not send combat troops to Iraq , although some medical and engineering units were sent . Clarks foreign policy reflected the priorities of liberal internationalism , especially the promotion of democracy and human rights ; the strengthening of the role of the United Nations ; the advancement of antimilitarism and disarmament ; and the encouragement of free-trade . In March 2003 , referring to the US-led coalitions actions",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "in Iraq , Clark told the newspaper The Sunday Star-Times that , I dont think that 11 September under a Gore presidency would have had this consequence for Iraq . She later sent a letter to Washington apologising for any offence that her comment may have caused .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " On 17 July 2004 , a motorcade involving police , Diplomatic Protection Squad , and Ministerial Services staff reached speeds of up to 172 km/h when taking Clark and Cabinet Minister Jim Sutton from Waimate to Christchurch Airport so she could attend a rugby union match in Wellington . The courts subsequently convicted the drivers involved for driving offences , but appeals resulted in the quashing of these convictions in December 2005 and August 2006 .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "Clark said that she was busy working in the back seat and had no influence or role in the decision to speed and did not realise the speed of her vehicle .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " In November 2004 , Clark announced that negotiations with China had commenced for a free-trade agreement , eventually signing a comprehensive agreement in July 2008 . It was New Zealands largest trade deal since the 1983 Closer Economic Relations agreement with Australia . Third term : 2005–2008 .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "In 2005 , following that years general election , Labour and the Progressive Party renewed their coalition , with confidence and supply arrangements with both New Zealand First and United Future in exchange for giving the leaders of those parties ministerial positions outside Cabinet . Clark became first Labour leader to win three consecutive elections . Clark won 66% of her electorates votes , or 20,918 votes with a 14,749 majority .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " On Armistice Day , 11 November 2006 , Clark attended a service in Hyde Park , London , where a monument commemorating New Zealands war dead was unveiled . During her visit she met Queen Elizabeth , Prince Charles and British Prime Minister Tony Blair . On 26 May 2006 , Clark ordered a military deployment to the 2006 East Timorese crisis alongside international partners .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "Clarks major overseas visit of her third term was a trip to the United States in March 2007 , where she met with George W . Bush in Washington . Despite her strained relationship with the President , they agreed on many issues , including working cooperatively in foreign affairs , commerce and the need for both nations to work toward energy security .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " On 8 February 2008 , Clark was recognised as the longest-serving leader of the Labour Party in its history ( although some uncertainty exists over the exact date when Harry Holland became party leader ) , having served for 14 years , 69 days . By 26 October 2008 she had passed Hollands longest possible term and her position as longest-serving Labour leader was put beyond doubt .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "By the end of her tenure in office , Clark had come to be seen as a divisive figure , going from a Herald-DigiPoll popularity rating of nearly 60% in 2005 to 42% at the time of the 2008 general election . Portrayals of Clark as controlling and manipulative after the 2005 election increased when she abandoned her consensus-managerial approach , such as during the New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy , and her support of the Crimes ( Substituted Section 59 ) Amendment Act 2007 ( the so-called anti-smacking law ) . She was accused of having a nanny",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "state approach to social issues , a perception captured by the pejorative term Helengrad .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " Labour had been consistently behind the National Party in opinion polls since 2006 , and the gap widened significantly in early 2007 . On 5 August 2008 the Treasury announced that the New Zealand economy had entered a recession .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "Clarks personal popularity was eclipsed by John Key soon after the latters election as National Party Leader in November 2006 . In the final media polls prior to the Key was ahead of Clark in preferred prime minister polls by eight points in the Fairfax Media Nielsen poll and four points in the One News Colmar Brunton poll . In the 2008 election campaign , Clark attacked the National Party as insincere in its promise to maintain many of her governments flagship projects , such as KiwiSaver and Kiwibank .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "National overtook Labour as the largest party following the 2008 election . Labour did not have the numbers to ally with smaller parties and no viable path to government ; Clark conceded defeat to Key and announced that she was standing down as party leader . On 11 November 2008 Clark was succeeded by Phil Goff as Leader of the Labour Party . In the first Labour Party conference after its defeat Phil Goff acknowledged that Clarks government had become identified with nanny-state policies in the public mind , and said that the party wanted to draw a line under",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "the past and say , yes , we made mistakes , we didnt listen .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " Early in her career Clark gained a reputation as a capable advocate of nuclear disarmament and public health policy . As party leader , Clark denounced Rogernomics as a ghastly period and won the 1999 election by abandoning its legacy . However , biographer Denis Welch has argued that she did not do enough to repudiate the paradigm created by Rogernomics , instead allowing Labour and National to become increasingly hard to tell apart on many issues .",
"title": "Reputation and legacy"
},
{
"text": "Clarks government was pragmatic , managerial , concerned with stability , and focused on incremental changes over grand projects . Political scientist Bryce Edwards argues that Clark was never a conviction politician and set out to be a successful rather than great politician , leaving behind a legacy of incremental reforms of New Zealand and good management of the status quo , but no bold ambitions . Likewise , commentator John Armstrong , while praising Clark , describes her as a technocratic prime minister who will be remembered more for her management abilities than a capacity to inspire .",
"title": "Reputation and legacy"
},
{
"text": " In January 2009 , two months after losing office , Clark was voted Greatest Living New Zealander in an opt-in website poll run by The New Zealand Herald . In a close race she received 25 percent of the vote , ahead of Victoria Cross recipient Willie Apiata at 21 percent . Then Prime Minister John Key said he was not surprised by the poll , saying she is well thought of as a New Zealand Prime Minister .",
"title": "Reputation and legacy"
},
{
"text": "Forbes magazine ranked Clark the 22nd most powerful woman in the world in 2016 , down from 20th in 2006 .",
"title": "Reputation and legacy"
},
{
"text": " Clark was the first defeated Labour Prime Minister to immediately resign the party leadership rather than lead it in Opposition . She served as the shadow foreign affairs spokesperson in the Shadow Cabinet of Phil Goff for several months before retiring from Parliament in April 2009 to accept a position with the United Nations ( UN ) . United Nations Development Programme .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": "Clark became the Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) on 17 April 2009 , and was the first woman to lead the organisation . She was also the Chair of the United Nations Development Group , a committee consisting of the heads of all UN funds , programmes and departments working on development issues . The New Zealand Government strongly supported her nomination , along with Australia , the Pacific Island nations and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , Gordon Brown . She also received the support of the five countries on the bureau of",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": "the UNDP board ( Iran , Haiti , Serbia , The Netherlands and Tanzania ) and was unanimously confirmed by the General Assembly on 31 March . She was sworn in by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon on 27 April 2009 . In this position , Forbes deemed her the 23rd most powerful woman in the world .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": " In 2013 , Forbes upgraded her position to 21st most powerful woman in the world after she was appointed to administer UNDP for a second term and for her potential future as UN Secretary General . She was the only New Zealander to make the list .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": "Clark was recognised for her managerial style of leadership . During her tenure , she was an advocate of Chinas Belt and Road Initiative . She worked to reform the administration and bureaucracy of UNDP , with an emphasis on greater transparency in the organisation . The Publish What You Fund campaign ranked UNDP as the most transparent aid organisation in the world in 2015 and 2016 , under Clarks administration .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": " In February 2015 , Clark visited Guinea , Liberia and Sierra Leone to express solidarity with those working to prevent the spread of Ebola . During her tenure , the ratio of women to men at UNDP reached 50% , including at the most senior level of the organisation .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": "On 24 May 2016 , a Foreign Policy article alleged that Clarks tenure as Administrator had left a trail of embittered peers and subordinates , and accused her of undercutting the UNs promotion of human rights . The article centred on an allegation that her senior staff retaliated against a critical report of the UNDP by forcing out an official who had participated in the investigation . Both the UNDP and Clark have denied the claims .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": " On 26 January 2017 , Clark announced that she would not seek re-election as UNDP Administrator after the completion of her four-year term . She said it had been an honour and privilege to have served in the role . She left UNDP on 19 April 2017 . United Nations Secretary-General selection .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": "In January 2014 , a Guardian interview with Clark raised the possibility that she could take over as UN Secretary-General after Ban Ki-moons retirement in 2016 . She did not confirm her interest , but commented : There will be interest in whether the UN will have a first woman because theyre looking like the last bastions , as it were . She also said in the same interview that : If theres enough support for the style of leadership that I have , it will be interesting . In response , Prime Minister John Key said the New Zealand",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": "Government would support a bid , but cautioned that it would be a tough task to get the job .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": " On 4 April 2016 , Helen Clark officially submitted her nomination as New Zealands candidate for the 2016 UN Secretary-General selection . In an interview on the same day , Clark stressed that she was running as the gender-neutral best candidate and not on the basis of being a woman .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": "The UNs role in the Haiti cholera outbreak has been widely discussed and criticised . There has been indisputable evidence that the UN is the proximate cause for bringing cholera to Haiti . Peacekeepers sent to Haiti from Nepal were carrying asymptomatic cholera and they did not treat their waste properly before dumping it into Haitis water stream . When asked about compensation for victims , Clark has declined to take a position , calling it legal issues .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": " Another issue that received attention during Clarks candidacy was allegations of sexual exploitation and abuse by UN peacekeepers . This gross problem was brought to light after Anders Kompass exposed the sexual assault of children by peacekeepers in the Central African Republic . During the United Nations Secretary General Candidate informal dialogues , Clark said that the UN needed to deal quickly with sexual exploitation and abuse , and gender-based violence by peacekeepers .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": "Straw polls were taken by secret ballot in October 2016 . Clark finished fifth place in the sixth poll ; her candidacy was effectively vetoed when three of the permanent Security Council members voted against her .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": " Clarks bid for Secretary-General is the topic of a documentary film , My Year With Helen , directed by Gaylene Preston , which premiered in February 2018 .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": "On 9 July 2020 the World Health Organization ( WHO ) appointed Clark as co-chair of a panel reviewing the WHOs handling of the COVID-19 pandemic and the response of governments to the outbreak . The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response ( IPPR ) examined how the outbreak occurred and how future pandemics can be prevented . She served in the role alongside former Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf , and of her appointment Clark said she hesitated before accepting because she felt the panels task was mission impossible . Clarks appointment to this panel drew criticism from",
"title": "World Health Organization"
},
{
"text": "UN Watchs Executive Director Hillel Neuer , who criticised her close ties with the pro-Beijing UN Goodwill Ambassador James Chau and her previous endorsement of Cuba for sending medical personnel abroad . On 11 November , Neuer called on Clark to resign , claiming that her alleged favouritism towards China and the WHO , would affect the investigation into Chinas handling of the COVID-19 pandemic . Clark responded that she had no ties with China .",
"title": "World Health Organization"
},
{
"text": " On 19 January , the independent panel concluded that Chinese officials could have moved faster in January 2020 to curb the initial COVID-19 outbreak , and criticised the WHO for not declaring an international emergency until 30 January 2020 . In the final report published in May 2021 , the panel concluded that the pandemic could have been prevented if countries had taken a more proactive approach in February 2020 ; Clark said so many countries chose to wait and see .",
"title": "World Health Organization"
},
{
"text": " Clark was brought up as a Presbyterian Christian , attending Sunday school weekly . When she was Prime Minister she described herself as an agnostic .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "She married sociologist Peter Davis , her partner of five years in 1981 , shortly before she was elected to Parliament . Clark had been under pressure from some Labour members to marry for political purposes , despite her personal reservations about marriage . Davis is a professor in medical sociology and was director of COMPASS ( Centre of Methods and Policy Application in the Social Sciences ) at the University of Auckland .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Clark , after the 1981 elections was to note : It was a difficult campaign , Clark wrote in an essay for the book Head and Shoulders in 1984 . As a single woman I was really hammered . I was accused of being a lesbian , of living in a commune , having friends who were Trotskyites and gays... .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "In March 2001 , Clark referred to National MP Wyatt Creech as a scumbag and a sleazeball for having raised the issue of a potential conflict of interest involving Davis , who was leading an academic research team studying government health reforms .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Clark is a keen hiker and mountaineer . In August 2008 , an expedition group that included Clark and her husband became stranded on the Two Thumb Range , a spur of the Southern Alps , when their guide ( and Clarks friend ) , Gottlieb Braun-Elwert , collapsed and died from a suspected heart attack .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " During her tenure as UNDP administrator and afterwards , Clarks presence on social media and avid use of Twitter has attracted positive attention in news media . She has called for greater regulation of social media platforms , and supports the Christchurch Call .",
"title": "Social media"
},
{
"text": " During the 2020 New Zealand cannabis referendum , Clark publicly supported the Yes vote campaign to decriminalise recreational cannabis , arguing that prohibition did not work . She also featured in the We Do campaign supporting the proposed Cannabis Legalisation and Control Bill .",
"title": "Cannabis reform"
},
{
"text": " - In 1986 , Clark was awarded the annual Peace Prize of the Danish Peace Foundation for her work in promoting peace and nuclear disarmament . - In 1990 , Clark received the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal . - In 1993 , Clark was awarded the New Zealand Suffrage Centennial Medal . - In 2002 , she was presented with the Nuclear-Free Future Award , for installing New Zealand at the forefront of the world political movement to rid the earth of nuclear weapons .",
"title": "Awards and honours"
},
{
"text": "- In 2005 , the government of the Solomon Islands awarded Clark ( with John Howard ) the Star of the Solomon Islands in recognition of New Zealands role in restoring law and order in the Solomon Islands . This award allows her to use the post-nominal letters SSI .",
"title": "Awards and honours"
},
{
"text": " - In January 2008 , Clark won the United Nations Environment Programme Champions of the Earth award in recognition of the governments promotion of sustainability initiatives . - In April 2009 , she was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree by the University of Auckland , her alma mater . - In the 2010 New Year Honours , Clark was appointed a Member of the Order of New Zealand , New Zealands highest honour , for services to New Zealand .",
"title": "Awards and honours"
},
{
"text": "- In September 2017 , she received a Lifetime Achievement Award at the New Zealand Women of Influence Awards",
"title": "Awards and honours"
},
{
"text": " - In December 2017 , she was awarded the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun .",
"title": "Awards and honours"
},
{
"text": " - Clark is the patron for The Helen Clark Foundation . - Clark is an Honorary Member of The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation . - She was the patron of the New Zealand Rugby League between 2002 and 2011 , and has served as the patron of the Mount Albert Lions rugby league club for over 20 years .",
"title": "Patronage"
}
] |
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