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/wiki/KDE_e.V.#P488#5
|
Who was the chair of KDE e.V. between Aug 2012 and Apr 2013?
|
KDE e.V . KDE e.V . is a registered non-profit organization that represents the KDE community in the legal and financial entities . The association supports KDE’s work in cash , hardware , and other donations , and then the use of donations to help the KDE development , but not influence on development . e.V . stands for eingetragener Verein which means registered association . The three flags on top of the KDE e.V . logo represent the three main tasks of the KDE e.V. : supporting the community , representing the community , and governing the community . History . In August 1997 , KDE One was held in Arnsberg , Germany . Its the first KDE community meeting with 15 participants , and budget is 14000 DEM ( 7158 EUR ) . Matthias Kalle Dalheimer realized that it wasnt a good idea to channel thousands of money through his personal account to run the meeting , so he wanted to find an association . In November 1997 , Matthias Ettrich and Matthias Kalle Dalheimer registered KDE e.V . as association in Tübingen under German law , and became president and vice president . Additionally they had to reach out to housemates and personal friends to meet the minimum number of persons required to create an eingetragener Verein ( 7 persons ) . In October 1999 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE Two , Kurt Granroth became president , Chris Schläger became vice president , Mirko Boehm became treasurer , and Preston Brown became board member . In August 2002 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , Matthias Kalle Dalheimer became president , Mirko Boehm became treasurer , and Eva Brucherseifer and Ralf Nolden became board member . On 26 August 2005 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , president was Eva Brucherseifer , vice president was Cornelius Schumacher , treasurer was Mirko Boehm , and board member was Aaron Seigo . On 15 October 2006 , Mark Shuttleworth had become the first Patron of KDE . On 28 February 2007 , Trolltech become the first corporate Patron of KDE . On 2 July 2007 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , president was Aaron Seigo , vice president were Cornelius Schumacher and Adriaan de Groot , and board member were Sebastian Kügler and Klaas Freitag . On 3 July 2007 , KDAB becomes Patron of KDE . On 7 July 2007 , Intel Corporation and Novell had also become Patron of KDE . On 4 April 2008 , the KDE e.V . and Wikimedia Deutschland have opened shared offices in Frankfurt , and has the first KDE e.V . employee . In July 2009 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , Cornelius Schumacher became president , Adriaan de Groot and Frank Karlitschek became vice president , and Sebastian Kügler and Celeste Lyn Paul became board member . In September 2009 , KDE e.V . and Free Software Foundation Europe ( FSFE ) moved into shared offices in Berlin . In January 2010 , Google becomes supporting member . On 9 June 2010 , KDE e.V . launched the Join the Game campaign . Organization . KDE e.V . includes three types of memberships : Active members , Extraordinary members and Supporting Members . Both natural persons and legal bodies may become members . The Active members have contributed to KDE community . The supporting members are supporting the KDE through financial contributions , consist of : basysKom GmbH , Digia , Sirius Corporation Ltd , and Google . The Patron of KDE is the highest level of supporting member , are : SUSE , Klarälvdalens Datakonsult AB , and Nokia . All association’s members are invited to attend the general assembly . The general assembly is often as part of Akademy . The board of directors are responsible for the operation of the association . The board of directors has five members via election held by general assembly . KDE e.V . office is located in Berlin . It has 1 paid administrative employee , called business manager . The business manager is full-time responsible for daily operations , resource acquisition and managing interns . KDE e.V . offers internships to qualified students . In Spain , the official representative of KDE e.V . is KDE España . KDE e.V . is an associate organization of the FSFE and a licensee of the Open Invention Network . Activities . KDE e.V . organizes and subsidizes events including developer sprints , Camp KDE and Akademy . It handles the legal issues around the KDE community . The working groups are a structure which will formalize some roles within KDE and enhance coordination within KDE , communication between parts of KDE . Currently , active working groups are community working group ( CWG ) , marketing working group ( MWG ) and system administration ( sysadmin ) . Disbanded working groups are human computer interaction working group ( HCI WG ) and technical working group ( TWG ) . The System Administration Working Group is responsible for administration of KDE servers . The Marketing Working Group was founded in November 2005 , help to coordination of marketing and promotion . Currently members are Troy Unrau , Franz Keferböck and Wade Olson . The Community Working Group was founded in August 2008 , helps with community advice when needed . The Technical Working Group is to coordinate planning and release . Furthermore , they should decide what software is included in KDE or removed , as different programs will be combined into modules and the dependencies between the modules and to external software should be allowed . A further task , it is a contact point for general technical questions related to KDE to be contacts between developers of the project and produce . After one year , the Technical Working Group has been replaced by the Release team , that is independent of KDE e.V. .
|
[
"Cornelius Schumacher"
] |
[
{
"text": " KDE e.V . is a registered non-profit organization that represents the KDE community in the legal and financial entities . The association supports KDE’s work in cash , hardware , and other donations , and then the use of donations to help the KDE development , but not influence on development . e.V . stands for eingetragener Verein which means registered association . The three flags on top of the KDE e.V . logo represent the three main tasks of the KDE e.V. : supporting the community , representing the community , and governing the community .",
"title": "KDE e.V ."
},
{
"text": "In August 1997 , KDE One was held in Arnsberg , Germany . Its the first KDE community meeting with 15 participants , and budget is 14000 DEM ( 7158 EUR ) . Matthias Kalle Dalheimer realized that it wasnt a good idea to channel thousands of money through his personal account to run the meeting , so he wanted to find an association . In November 1997 , Matthias Ettrich and Matthias Kalle Dalheimer registered KDE e.V . as association in Tübingen under German law , and became president and vice president . Additionally they had to reach out",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "to housemates and personal friends to meet the minimum number of persons required to create an eingetragener Verein ( 7 persons ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In October 1999 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE Two , Kurt Granroth became president , Chris Schläger became vice president , Mirko Boehm became treasurer , and Preston Brown became board member . In August 2002 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , Matthias Kalle Dalheimer became president , Mirko Boehm became treasurer , and Eva Brucherseifer and Ralf Nolden became board member .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On 26 August 2005 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , president was Eva Brucherseifer , vice president was Cornelius Schumacher , treasurer was Mirko Boehm , and board member was Aaron Seigo . On 15 October 2006 , Mark Shuttleworth had become the first Patron of KDE . On 28 February 2007 , Trolltech become the first corporate Patron of KDE .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " On 2 July 2007 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , president was Aaron Seigo , vice president were Cornelius Schumacher and Adriaan de Groot , and board member were Sebastian Kügler and Klaas Freitag . On 3 July 2007 , KDAB becomes Patron of KDE . On 7 July 2007 , Intel Corporation and Novell had also become Patron of KDE . On 4 April 2008 , the KDE e.V . and Wikimedia Deutschland have opened shared offices in Frankfurt , and has the first KDE e.V . employee .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In July 2009 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , Cornelius Schumacher became president , Adriaan de Groot and Frank Karlitschek became vice president , and Sebastian Kügler and Celeste Lyn Paul became board member . In September 2009 , KDE e.V . and Free Software Foundation Europe ( FSFE ) moved into shared offices in Berlin . In January 2010 , Google becomes supporting member . On 9 June 2010 , KDE e.V . launched the Join the Game campaign .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "KDE e.V . includes three types of memberships : Active members , Extraordinary members and Supporting Members . Both natural persons and legal bodies may become members . The Active members have contributed to KDE community . The supporting members are supporting the KDE through financial contributions , consist of : basysKom GmbH , Digia , Sirius Corporation Ltd , and Google . The Patron of KDE is the highest level of supporting member , are : SUSE , Klarälvdalens Datakonsult AB , and Nokia . All association’s members are invited to attend the general assembly . The general assembly",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": "is often as part of Akademy .",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": "The board of directors are responsible for the operation of the association . The board of directors has five members via election held by general assembly . KDE e.V . office is located in Berlin . It has 1 paid administrative employee , called business manager . The business manager is full-time responsible for daily operations , resource acquisition and managing interns . KDE e.V . offers internships to qualified students . In Spain , the official representative of KDE e.V . is KDE España . KDE e.V . is an associate organization of the FSFE and a licensee of",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": "the Open Invention Network .",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": " KDE e.V . organizes and subsidizes events including developer sprints , Camp KDE and Akademy . It handles the legal issues around the KDE community . The working groups are a structure which will formalize some roles within KDE and enhance coordination within KDE , communication between parts of KDE . Currently , active working groups are community working group ( CWG ) , marketing working group ( MWG ) and system administration ( sysadmin ) . Disbanded working groups are human computer interaction working group ( HCI WG ) and technical working group ( TWG ) .",
"title": "Activities"
},
{
"text": "The System Administration Working Group is responsible for administration of KDE servers . The Marketing Working Group was founded in November 2005 , help to coordination of marketing and promotion . Currently members are Troy Unrau , Franz Keferböck and Wade Olson . The Community Working Group was founded in August 2008 , helps with community advice when needed .",
"title": "Activities"
},
{
"text": " The Technical Working Group is to coordinate planning and release . Furthermore , they should decide what software is included in KDE or removed , as different programs will be combined into modules and the dependencies between the modules and to external software should be allowed . A further task , it is a contact point for general technical questions related to KDE to be contacts between developers of the project and produce . After one year , the Technical Working Group has been replaced by the Release team , that is independent of KDE e.V. .",
"title": "Activities"
}
] |
/wiki/KDE_e.V.#P488#6
|
Who was the chair of KDE e.V. in Sep 2014?
|
KDE e.V . KDE e.V . is a registered non-profit organization that represents the KDE community in the legal and financial entities . The association supports KDE’s work in cash , hardware , and other donations , and then the use of donations to help the KDE development , but not influence on development . e.V . stands for eingetragener Verein which means registered association . The three flags on top of the KDE e.V . logo represent the three main tasks of the KDE e.V. : supporting the community , representing the community , and governing the community . History . In August 1997 , KDE One was held in Arnsberg , Germany . Its the first KDE community meeting with 15 participants , and budget is 14000 DEM ( 7158 EUR ) . Matthias Kalle Dalheimer realized that it wasnt a good idea to channel thousands of money through his personal account to run the meeting , so he wanted to find an association . In November 1997 , Matthias Ettrich and Matthias Kalle Dalheimer registered KDE e.V . as association in Tübingen under German law , and became president and vice president . Additionally they had to reach out to housemates and personal friends to meet the minimum number of persons required to create an eingetragener Verein ( 7 persons ) . In October 1999 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE Two , Kurt Granroth became president , Chris Schläger became vice president , Mirko Boehm became treasurer , and Preston Brown became board member . In August 2002 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , Matthias Kalle Dalheimer became president , Mirko Boehm became treasurer , and Eva Brucherseifer and Ralf Nolden became board member . On 26 August 2005 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , president was Eva Brucherseifer , vice president was Cornelius Schumacher , treasurer was Mirko Boehm , and board member was Aaron Seigo . On 15 October 2006 , Mark Shuttleworth had become the first Patron of KDE . On 28 February 2007 , Trolltech become the first corporate Patron of KDE . On 2 July 2007 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , president was Aaron Seigo , vice president were Cornelius Schumacher and Adriaan de Groot , and board member were Sebastian Kügler and Klaas Freitag . On 3 July 2007 , KDAB becomes Patron of KDE . On 7 July 2007 , Intel Corporation and Novell had also become Patron of KDE . On 4 April 2008 , the KDE e.V . and Wikimedia Deutschland have opened shared offices in Frankfurt , and has the first KDE e.V . employee . In July 2009 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , Cornelius Schumacher became president , Adriaan de Groot and Frank Karlitschek became vice president , and Sebastian Kügler and Celeste Lyn Paul became board member . In September 2009 , KDE e.V . and Free Software Foundation Europe ( FSFE ) moved into shared offices in Berlin . In January 2010 , Google becomes supporting member . On 9 June 2010 , KDE e.V . launched the Join the Game campaign . Organization . KDE e.V . includes three types of memberships : Active members , Extraordinary members and Supporting Members . Both natural persons and legal bodies may become members . The Active members have contributed to KDE community . The supporting members are supporting the KDE through financial contributions , consist of : basysKom GmbH , Digia , Sirius Corporation Ltd , and Google . The Patron of KDE is the highest level of supporting member , are : SUSE , Klarälvdalens Datakonsult AB , and Nokia . All association’s members are invited to attend the general assembly . The general assembly is often as part of Akademy . The board of directors are responsible for the operation of the association . The board of directors has five members via election held by general assembly . KDE e.V . office is located in Berlin . It has 1 paid administrative employee , called business manager . The business manager is full-time responsible for daily operations , resource acquisition and managing interns . KDE e.V . offers internships to qualified students . In Spain , the official representative of KDE e.V . is KDE España . KDE e.V . is an associate organization of the FSFE and a licensee of the Open Invention Network . Activities . KDE e.V . organizes and subsidizes events including developer sprints , Camp KDE and Akademy . It handles the legal issues around the KDE community . The working groups are a structure which will formalize some roles within KDE and enhance coordination within KDE , communication between parts of KDE . Currently , active working groups are community working group ( CWG ) , marketing working group ( MWG ) and system administration ( sysadmin ) . Disbanded working groups are human computer interaction working group ( HCI WG ) and technical working group ( TWG ) . The System Administration Working Group is responsible for administration of KDE servers . The Marketing Working Group was founded in November 2005 , help to coordination of marketing and promotion . Currently members are Troy Unrau , Franz Keferböck and Wade Olson . The Community Working Group was founded in August 2008 , helps with community advice when needed . The Technical Working Group is to coordinate planning and release . Furthermore , they should decide what software is included in KDE or removed , as different programs will be combined into modules and the dependencies between the modules and to external software should be allowed . A further task , it is a contact point for general technical questions related to KDE to be contacts between developers of the project and produce . After one year , the Technical Working Group has been replaced by the Release team , that is independent of KDE e.V. .
|
[
"Kurt Granroth"
] |
[
{
"text": " KDE e.V . is a registered non-profit organization that represents the KDE community in the legal and financial entities . The association supports KDE’s work in cash , hardware , and other donations , and then the use of donations to help the KDE development , but not influence on development . e.V . stands for eingetragener Verein which means registered association . The three flags on top of the KDE e.V . logo represent the three main tasks of the KDE e.V. : supporting the community , representing the community , and governing the community .",
"title": "KDE e.V ."
},
{
"text": "In August 1997 , KDE One was held in Arnsberg , Germany . Its the first KDE community meeting with 15 participants , and budget is 14000 DEM ( 7158 EUR ) . Matthias Kalle Dalheimer realized that it wasnt a good idea to channel thousands of money through his personal account to run the meeting , so he wanted to find an association . In November 1997 , Matthias Ettrich and Matthias Kalle Dalheimer registered KDE e.V . as association in Tübingen under German law , and became president and vice president . Additionally they had to reach out",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "to housemates and personal friends to meet the minimum number of persons required to create an eingetragener Verein ( 7 persons ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In October 1999 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE Two , Kurt Granroth became president , Chris Schläger became vice president , Mirko Boehm became treasurer , and Preston Brown became board member . In August 2002 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , Matthias Kalle Dalheimer became president , Mirko Boehm became treasurer , and Eva Brucherseifer and Ralf Nolden became board member .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On 26 August 2005 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , president was Eva Brucherseifer , vice president was Cornelius Schumacher , treasurer was Mirko Boehm , and board member was Aaron Seigo . On 15 October 2006 , Mark Shuttleworth had become the first Patron of KDE . On 28 February 2007 , Trolltech become the first corporate Patron of KDE .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " On 2 July 2007 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , president was Aaron Seigo , vice president were Cornelius Schumacher and Adriaan de Groot , and board member were Sebastian Kügler and Klaas Freitag . On 3 July 2007 , KDAB becomes Patron of KDE . On 7 July 2007 , Intel Corporation and Novell had also become Patron of KDE . On 4 April 2008 , the KDE e.V . and Wikimedia Deutschland have opened shared offices in Frankfurt , and has the first KDE e.V . employee .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In July 2009 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , Cornelius Schumacher became president , Adriaan de Groot and Frank Karlitschek became vice president , and Sebastian Kügler and Celeste Lyn Paul became board member . In September 2009 , KDE e.V . and Free Software Foundation Europe ( FSFE ) moved into shared offices in Berlin . In January 2010 , Google becomes supporting member . On 9 June 2010 , KDE e.V . launched the Join the Game campaign .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "KDE e.V . includes three types of memberships : Active members , Extraordinary members and Supporting Members . Both natural persons and legal bodies may become members . The Active members have contributed to KDE community . The supporting members are supporting the KDE through financial contributions , consist of : basysKom GmbH , Digia , Sirius Corporation Ltd , and Google . The Patron of KDE is the highest level of supporting member , are : SUSE , Klarälvdalens Datakonsult AB , and Nokia . All association’s members are invited to attend the general assembly . The general assembly",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": "is often as part of Akademy .",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": "The board of directors are responsible for the operation of the association . The board of directors has five members via election held by general assembly . KDE e.V . office is located in Berlin . It has 1 paid administrative employee , called business manager . The business manager is full-time responsible for daily operations , resource acquisition and managing interns . KDE e.V . offers internships to qualified students . In Spain , the official representative of KDE e.V . is KDE España . KDE e.V . is an associate organization of the FSFE and a licensee of",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": "the Open Invention Network .",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": " KDE e.V . organizes and subsidizes events including developer sprints , Camp KDE and Akademy . It handles the legal issues around the KDE community . The working groups are a structure which will formalize some roles within KDE and enhance coordination within KDE , communication between parts of KDE . Currently , active working groups are community working group ( CWG ) , marketing working group ( MWG ) and system administration ( sysadmin ) . Disbanded working groups are human computer interaction working group ( HCI WG ) and technical working group ( TWG ) .",
"title": "Activities"
},
{
"text": "The System Administration Working Group is responsible for administration of KDE servers . The Marketing Working Group was founded in November 2005 , help to coordination of marketing and promotion . Currently members are Troy Unrau , Franz Keferböck and Wade Olson . The Community Working Group was founded in August 2008 , helps with community advice when needed .",
"title": "Activities"
},
{
"text": " The Technical Working Group is to coordinate planning and release . Furthermore , they should decide what software is included in KDE or removed , as different programs will be combined into modules and the dependencies between the modules and to external software should be allowed . A further task , it is a contact point for general technical questions related to KDE to be contacts between developers of the project and produce . After one year , the Technical Working Group has been replaced by the Release team , that is independent of KDE e.V. .",
"title": "Activities"
}
] |
/wiki/KDE_e.V.#P488#7
|
Who was the chair of KDE e.V. between Feb 2020 and Aug 2020?
|
KDE e.V . KDE e.V . is a registered non-profit organization that represents the KDE community in the legal and financial entities . The association supports KDE’s work in cash , hardware , and other donations , and then the use of donations to help the KDE development , but not influence on development . e.V . stands for eingetragener Verein which means registered association . The three flags on top of the KDE e.V . logo represent the three main tasks of the KDE e.V. : supporting the community , representing the community , and governing the community . History . In August 1997 , KDE One was held in Arnsberg , Germany . Its the first KDE community meeting with 15 participants , and budget is 14000 DEM ( 7158 EUR ) . Matthias Kalle Dalheimer realized that it wasnt a good idea to channel thousands of money through his personal account to run the meeting , so he wanted to find an association . In November 1997 , Matthias Ettrich and Matthias Kalle Dalheimer registered KDE e.V . as association in Tübingen under German law , and became president and vice president . Additionally they had to reach out to housemates and personal friends to meet the minimum number of persons required to create an eingetragener Verein ( 7 persons ) . In October 1999 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE Two , Kurt Granroth became president , Chris Schläger became vice president , Mirko Boehm became treasurer , and Preston Brown became board member . In August 2002 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , Matthias Kalle Dalheimer became president , Mirko Boehm became treasurer , and Eva Brucherseifer and Ralf Nolden became board member . On 26 August 2005 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , president was Eva Brucherseifer , vice president was Cornelius Schumacher , treasurer was Mirko Boehm , and board member was Aaron Seigo . On 15 October 2006 , Mark Shuttleworth had become the first Patron of KDE . On 28 February 2007 , Trolltech become the first corporate Patron of KDE . On 2 July 2007 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , president was Aaron Seigo , vice president were Cornelius Schumacher and Adriaan de Groot , and board member were Sebastian Kügler and Klaas Freitag . On 3 July 2007 , KDAB becomes Patron of KDE . On 7 July 2007 , Intel Corporation and Novell had also become Patron of KDE . On 4 April 2008 , the KDE e.V . and Wikimedia Deutschland have opened shared offices in Frankfurt , and has the first KDE e.V . employee . In July 2009 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , Cornelius Schumacher became president , Adriaan de Groot and Frank Karlitschek became vice president , and Sebastian Kügler and Celeste Lyn Paul became board member . In September 2009 , KDE e.V . and Free Software Foundation Europe ( FSFE ) moved into shared offices in Berlin . In January 2010 , Google becomes supporting member . On 9 June 2010 , KDE e.V . launched the Join the Game campaign . Organization . KDE e.V . includes three types of memberships : Active members , Extraordinary members and Supporting Members . Both natural persons and legal bodies may become members . The Active members have contributed to KDE community . The supporting members are supporting the KDE through financial contributions , consist of : basysKom GmbH , Digia , Sirius Corporation Ltd , and Google . The Patron of KDE is the highest level of supporting member , are : SUSE , Klarälvdalens Datakonsult AB , and Nokia . All association’s members are invited to attend the general assembly . The general assembly is often as part of Akademy . The board of directors are responsible for the operation of the association . The board of directors has five members via election held by general assembly . KDE e.V . office is located in Berlin . It has 1 paid administrative employee , called business manager . The business manager is full-time responsible for daily operations , resource acquisition and managing interns . KDE e.V . offers internships to qualified students . In Spain , the official representative of KDE e.V . is KDE España . KDE e.V . is an associate organization of the FSFE and a licensee of the Open Invention Network . Activities . KDE e.V . organizes and subsidizes events including developer sprints , Camp KDE and Akademy . It handles the legal issues around the KDE community . The working groups are a structure which will formalize some roles within KDE and enhance coordination within KDE , communication between parts of KDE . Currently , active working groups are community working group ( CWG ) , marketing working group ( MWG ) and system administration ( sysadmin ) . Disbanded working groups are human computer interaction working group ( HCI WG ) and technical working group ( TWG ) . The System Administration Working Group is responsible for administration of KDE servers . The Marketing Working Group was founded in November 2005 , help to coordination of marketing and promotion . Currently members are Troy Unrau , Franz Keferböck and Wade Olson . The Community Working Group was founded in August 2008 , helps with community advice when needed . The Technical Working Group is to coordinate planning and release . Furthermore , they should decide what software is included in KDE or removed , as different programs will be combined into modules and the dependencies between the modules and to external software should be allowed . A further task , it is a contact point for general technical questions related to KDE to be contacts between developers of the project and produce . After one year , the Technical Working Group has been replaced by the Release team , that is independent of KDE e.V. .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " KDE e.V . is a registered non-profit organization that represents the KDE community in the legal and financial entities . The association supports KDE’s work in cash , hardware , and other donations , and then the use of donations to help the KDE development , but not influence on development . e.V . stands for eingetragener Verein which means registered association . The three flags on top of the KDE e.V . logo represent the three main tasks of the KDE e.V. : supporting the community , representing the community , and governing the community .",
"title": "KDE e.V ."
},
{
"text": "In August 1997 , KDE One was held in Arnsberg , Germany . Its the first KDE community meeting with 15 participants , and budget is 14000 DEM ( 7158 EUR ) . Matthias Kalle Dalheimer realized that it wasnt a good idea to channel thousands of money through his personal account to run the meeting , so he wanted to find an association . In November 1997 , Matthias Ettrich and Matthias Kalle Dalheimer registered KDE e.V . as association in Tübingen under German law , and became president and vice president . Additionally they had to reach out",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "to housemates and personal friends to meet the minimum number of persons required to create an eingetragener Verein ( 7 persons ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In October 1999 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE Two , Kurt Granroth became president , Chris Schläger became vice president , Mirko Boehm became treasurer , and Preston Brown became board member . In August 2002 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , Matthias Kalle Dalheimer became president , Mirko Boehm became treasurer , and Eva Brucherseifer and Ralf Nolden became board member .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On 26 August 2005 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , president was Eva Brucherseifer , vice president was Cornelius Schumacher , treasurer was Mirko Boehm , and board member was Aaron Seigo . On 15 October 2006 , Mark Shuttleworth had become the first Patron of KDE . On 28 February 2007 , Trolltech become the first corporate Patron of KDE .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " On 2 July 2007 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , president was Aaron Seigo , vice president were Cornelius Schumacher and Adriaan de Groot , and board member were Sebastian Kügler and Klaas Freitag . On 3 July 2007 , KDAB becomes Patron of KDE . On 7 July 2007 , Intel Corporation and Novell had also become Patron of KDE . On 4 April 2008 , the KDE e.V . and Wikimedia Deutschland have opened shared offices in Frankfurt , and has the first KDE e.V . employee .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In July 2009 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , Cornelius Schumacher became president , Adriaan de Groot and Frank Karlitschek became vice president , and Sebastian Kügler and Celeste Lyn Paul became board member . In September 2009 , KDE e.V . and Free Software Foundation Europe ( FSFE ) moved into shared offices in Berlin . In January 2010 , Google becomes supporting member . On 9 June 2010 , KDE e.V . launched the Join the Game campaign .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "KDE e.V . includes three types of memberships : Active members , Extraordinary members and Supporting Members . Both natural persons and legal bodies may become members . The Active members have contributed to KDE community . The supporting members are supporting the KDE through financial contributions , consist of : basysKom GmbH , Digia , Sirius Corporation Ltd , and Google . The Patron of KDE is the highest level of supporting member , are : SUSE , Klarälvdalens Datakonsult AB , and Nokia . All association’s members are invited to attend the general assembly . The general assembly",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": "is often as part of Akademy .",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": "The board of directors are responsible for the operation of the association . The board of directors has five members via election held by general assembly . KDE e.V . office is located in Berlin . It has 1 paid administrative employee , called business manager . The business manager is full-time responsible for daily operations , resource acquisition and managing interns . KDE e.V . offers internships to qualified students . In Spain , the official representative of KDE e.V . is KDE España . KDE e.V . is an associate organization of the FSFE and a licensee of",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": "the Open Invention Network .",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": " KDE e.V . organizes and subsidizes events including developer sprints , Camp KDE and Akademy . It handles the legal issues around the KDE community . The working groups are a structure which will formalize some roles within KDE and enhance coordination within KDE , communication between parts of KDE . Currently , active working groups are community working group ( CWG ) , marketing working group ( MWG ) and system administration ( sysadmin ) . Disbanded working groups are human computer interaction working group ( HCI WG ) and technical working group ( TWG ) .",
"title": "Activities"
},
{
"text": "The System Administration Working Group is responsible for administration of KDE servers . The Marketing Working Group was founded in November 2005 , help to coordination of marketing and promotion . Currently members are Troy Unrau , Franz Keferböck and Wade Olson . The Community Working Group was founded in August 2008 , helps with community advice when needed .",
"title": "Activities"
},
{
"text": " The Technical Working Group is to coordinate planning and release . Furthermore , they should decide what software is included in KDE or removed , as different programs will be combined into modules and the dependencies between the modules and to external software should be allowed . A further task , it is a contact point for general technical questions related to KDE to be contacts between developers of the project and produce . After one year , the Technical Working Group has been replaced by the Release team , that is independent of KDE e.V. .",
"title": "Activities"
}
] |
/wiki/World_Confederation_of_Billiards_Sports#P488#0
|
Who was the head of World Confederation of Billiards Sports before Oct 1993?
|
World Confederation of Billiards Sports The World Confederation of Billiards Sports ( WCBS ) is the international umbrella organization encompassing the major cue sports ( billiards-type games ) , including carom billiards , pool games of several varieties , and snooker . The confederation was formed in Yverdon-les-Bains , Switzerland , on January 25 , 1992 . Its headquarters were previously located in Sint-Martens-Latem , Belgium . Jean-Claude Dupont , of Belgium , served as WCBS president from 2010 to 2015 , followed by Englands Jason Elliott Ferguson for 2015–2017 . Australias Ian Anderson became the confederations ninth president in 2017 . The World Confederation of Billiards Sports ( WCBS ) has 135 member national federations , as well as continental bodies for Africa , the Americas , Asia , Europe , and Oceania . WCBS , in turn , is affiliated with many international sports organizations , such as the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) , General Association of International Sports Federations ( GAISF ) , International World Games Association ( IWGA ) and Commonwealth Games Federation ( CGF ) . Its statutes , practices and activities all conform to the Olympic Charter . Role . The primary aim of WCBS is to establish billiard-type sports as medal events in as many multiple-sports competitions as possible , on both regional and world levels . The ultimate goal of WCBS is to have billiard sports included in the Olympic Games . The WCBS serves as platform for its associated groups : The Union Mondiale de Billard ( UMB ) ; the World Pool-Billiard Association ( WPA ) ; the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association ( WPBSA ) and its amateur counterpart , the International Billiards and Snooker Federation ( IBSF ) . These groups work closely together , but the independence of each organization is maintained and respected . As a result , unlike other international sports organizations , the WCBS does not set the rules of the sports nor organize any international competition itself . Instead , these functions are carried out by the associated organizations . History . Before the establishment of WCBS in 1992 , there was no single organization representing all cue sports , which was necessary to meet the requirements of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) . Moreover , cue sports did not meet the official definition of a sport . These were the main obstacles to gaining approval for the inclusion of cue sports in the Olympic Games , despite many attempts to achieve Olympic recognition that have been made since the 1950s . In 1985 , André Gagnaux , of Switzerland , became the new president of the UMB , the world governing body for carom billiards . In an attempt to achieve Olympic recognition , he contacted the WPBSA , the governing body of professional snooker , to discuss the possibility of forming a governing body for all cue sports . There was no world governing body for pool at that time . Nonetheless , his first attempt failed as he could not convince the WPBSA why it would be important for them to achieve IOC recognition , and what possible cooperation with the UMB could do to further their goals . Founding and organization . Following the founding of the WPA as the international governing body for pool and their successful organization of the first WPA World Nine-ball Championship in 1990 , Gagnaux contacted the WPBSA again . This time he was more successful . In order to fulfill the conditions set by the IOC , the representatives of the governing bodies of the three main cue sports convened on August 30 , 1990 , at a meeting in Bristol , UK , with the WPBSA as the host . This was the first time representatives of the three divisions gathered around one table . As a result , it was decided to form the World Confederation of Billiard Sports ( WCBS ) , an umbrella organization encompassing all billiards sports , and a three-man committee ( consisting of Gagnaux for carom , Jorgen Sandman for pool and Mark Wildman for snooker ) was appointed to write the first constitution for the new organization . Eighteen months were spent devising a way to enable the various disciplines to work closely together , while maintaining their independence . The inaugural General Assembly of the WCBS was held in Yverdon-les-Bains , Switzerland on January 25 , 1992 . A board consisting of nine delegates was elected with three representatives from each founding member : the UMB , the WPA and the new World Snooker Federation ( WSF ) , formed by cooperation between the WPBSA and the IBSF . The office of president rotated , so that all three divisions take a turn at heading the organization . Dissension . In September 2002 , the WPBSA informed the IBSF that it was no longer interested in cooperating with the latter , and the WPBSA withdrew from the WCBS . For unknown reason , the IBSF failed to share this information with the WCBS board , and it was only due to rumors that the WCBS finally was informed of the situation . Having failed to impress the IBSF about the importance of resolving this dispute , a board meeting was held in Bottrop , Germany , in March 2003 . The IBSF representatives , although formally invited , did not show up for this meeting . This did not prevent the WCBS from deciding to declare the snooker component of the WCBS temporarily vacant . The IBSF , displeased with this decision , turned to the IOC Court of Arbitration for Sports in Lausanne , Switzerland on May 30 , 2003 . The CAS delivered its final decision on January 20 , 2004 , and the WCBS won the case on all counts . Since then the WPBSA has returned to the WCBS , now in its own right as a direct member . IBSF remains a member as well , and the WSF has dissolved . Since the election of the sixth president , Pascal Guillaume of France , in late 2004 , all parties have agreed to try and work constructively together for the future benefit of the sport . Pascal has pledged a policy of unification . Accomplishments . GAISF membership . In 1992 , the first goal for the newly formed WCBS was to gain recognition by the IOC and obtain membership in the General Association of International Sports Federations ( GAISF ) . In October 1993 , the WCBS was invited to be an observer at the GAISF Congress and General Assembly in Lahti , Finland . However , the WCBS application failed to make it into the agenda of the AGM ( Annual General Meeting ) , so the two WCBS representatives at this meeting , ( André Gagnaux and Jorgen Sandman ) , could only listen and learn . In October 1994 , when the GAISF AGM took place in Monte Carlo , Monaco , the WCBS application was on the agenda . A discussion about whether billiards could be considered a sport led to a compromise wherein the GAISF would define what constituted a sport , meaning the issue would have to be tabled for a year . Meanwhile , the IOC had responded to their application for recognition by stating that the WCBS was too new , so any possible IOC recognition could not be granted immediately . The IOC also recommended that the WCBS should apply for membership with the GAISF , stating that whilst this is not a prerequisite , the IOC would look favorably on a WCBS membership with the GAISF . In October 1995 the GAISF Congress and General Assembly was held in Seoul , Korea . André Gagnaux became ill and was hospitalized , so the WCBS delegation was led by Jorgen Sandman , who was accompanied by Nigel Oldfield ( Great Britain ) and Massimino Del Prete ( Italy ) . The WCBS had learned from the failures of 1993 and 1994 , and was better prepared to present its case . The main feature of their presentation was a glossy brochure entitled Right on Cue , a professional overview of billiards sports , which was distributed among the delegates . The WCBS also hosted a cocktail reception for the approximately 500 attending officials . At AGM , the WCBS finally became a provisional member of the GAISF . Any new organization entering the GAISF must first be a provisional member for two years before they are accepted as a full member with voting rights . IOC recognition and participation in the World Games . In July 1996 , the IOC decided to grant the WCBS a provisional recognition for two years . In September of the same year the WCBS became a member of the Association of IOC Recognised International Sports Federations ( ARISF ) . An application for membership with the International World Games Association ( IWGA ) was also filed shortly thereafter , and at the 1997 IWGA AGM it was decided that the WCBS would be granted membership as of January 1 , 1998 . On February 5 , 1998 , the IOC granted the WCBS full recognition , clarifying the status of billiards sports as true sports . Later , the GAISF accepted the WCBS as a full member at the 1999 AGM and the IWGA decided to include billiards sports into the program of the 2001 Akita World Games . The WCBS also applied for the inclusion in the 2004 Summer Olympics . Among 15 other sports that had applied for inclusion , the Greek Olympic Committee decided to consider five , billiards sports among them . It selected two sports out of the five , with billiards sports ending up as their third choice . Cue sports in other events . Apart from the 2001 World Games , cue sports have been included in many different important multi-sports events , such as the World Youth Games in Moscow and the 1998 Bangkok Asian Games . There were 10 medals of cue sports in the 1998 Asian Games . Participation at the 2002 Asian Games in Pusan , Korea was in jeopardy , mostly due to financial concerns that the host city had . But , in the end , billiards sports were in competition for 10 medals . Later , they were included in the 2006 Asian Games in Doha , Qatar . The WCBS has also tried to get billiards sports included in the Commonwealth Games . While the WCBS has been accepted as a member of the Commonwealth Games Federation ( CGF ) , the attempt at inclusion has not yet succeeded . Attempts from WCBS have also been made for inclusion into other events like the Pan-American Games , the All-Africa Games and the Mediterranean Games .
|
[
"André Gagnaux"
] |
[
{
"text": " The World Confederation of Billiards Sports ( WCBS ) is the international umbrella organization encompassing the major cue sports ( billiards-type games ) , including carom billiards , pool games of several varieties , and snooker . The confederation was formed in Yverdon-les-Bains , Switzerland , on January 25 , 1992 . Its headquarters were previously located in Sint-Martens-Latem , Belgium . Jean-Claude Dupont , of Belgium , served as WCBS president from 2010 to 2015 , followed by Englands Jason Elliott Ferguson for 2015–2017 . Australias Ian Anderson became the confederations ninth president in 2017 .",
"title": "World Confederation of Billiards Sports"
},
{
"text": "The World Confederation of Billiards Sports ( WCBS ) has 135 member national federations , as well as continental bodies for Africa , the Americas , Asia , Europe , and Oceania . WCBS , in turn , is affiliated with many international sports organizations , such as the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) , General Association of International Sports Federations ( GAISF ) , International World Games Association ( IWGA ) and Commonwealth Games Federation ( CGF ) . Its statutes , practices and activities all conform to the Olympic Charter .",
"title": "World Confederation of Billiards Sports"
},
{
"text": " The primary aim of WCBS is to establish billiard-type sports as medal events in as many multiple-sports competitions as possible , on both regional and world levels . The ultimate goal of WCBS is to have billiard sports included in the Olympic Games .",
"title": "Role"
},
{
"text": "The WCBS serves as platform for its associated groups : The Union Mondiale de Billard ( UMB ) ; the World Pool-Billiard Association ( WPA ) ; the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association ( WPBSA ) and its amateur counterpart , the International Billiards and Snooker Federation ( IBSF ) . These groups work closely together , but the independence of each organization is maintained and respected . As a result , unlike other international sports organizations , the WCBS does not set the rules of the sports nor organize any international competition itself . Instead , these functions",
"title": "Role"
},
{
"text": "are carried out by the associated organizations .",
"title": "Role"
},
{
"text": " Before the establishment of WCBS in 1992 , there was no single organization representing all cue sports , which was necessary to meet the requirements of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) . Moreover , cue sports did not meet the official definition of a sport . These were the main obstacles to gaining approval for the inclusion of cue sports in the Olympic Games , despite many attempts to achieve Olympic recognition that have been made since the 1950s .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1985 , André Gagnaux , of Switzerland , became the new president of the UMB , the world governing body for carom billiards . In an attempt to achieve Olympic recognition , he contacted the WPBSA , the governing body of professional snooker , to discuss the possibility of forming a governing body for all cue sports . There was no world governing body for pool at that time . Nonetheless , his first attempt failed as he could not convince the WPBSA why it would be important for them to achieve IOC recognition , and what possible cooperation",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "with the UMB could do to further their goals .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Following the founding of the WPA as the international governing body for pool and their successful organization of the first WPA World Nine-ball Championship in 1990 , Gagnaux contacted the WPBSA again . This time he was more successful . In order to fulfill the conditions set by the IOC , the representatives of the governing bodies of the three main cue sports convened on August 30 , 1990 , at a meeting in Bristol , UK , with the WPBSA as the host . This was the first time representatives of the three divisions gathered around one table .",
"title": "Founding and organization"
},
{
"text": "As a result , it was decided to form the World Confederation of Billiard Sports ( WCBS ) , an umbrella organization encompassing all billiards sports , and a three-man committee ( consisting of Gagnaux for carom , Jorgen Sandman for pool and Mark Wildman for snooker ) was appointed to write the first constitution for the new organization . Eighteen months were spent devising a way to enable the various disciplines to work closely together , while maintaining their independence . The inaugural General Assembly of the WCBS was held in Yverdon-les-Bains , Switzerland on January 25 , 1992",
"title": "Founding and organization"
},
{
"text": ". A board consisting of nine delegates was elected with three representatives from each founding member : the UMB , the WPA and the new World Snooker Federation ( WSF ) , formed by cooperation between the WPBSA and the IBSF . The office of president rotated , so that all three divisions take a turn at heading the organization .",
"title": "Founding and organization"
},
{
"text": "In September 2002 , the WPBSA informed the IBSF that it was no longer interested in cooperating with the latter , and the WPBSA withdrew from the WCBS . For unknown reason , the IBSF failed to share this information with the WCBS board , and it was only due to rumors that the WCBS finally was informed of the situation . Having failed to impress the IBSF about the importance of resolving this dispute , a board meeting was held in Bottrop , Germany , in March 2003 . The IBSF representatives , although formally invited , did not",
"title": "Dissension"
},
{
"text": "show up for this meeting . This did not prevent the WCBS from deciding to declare the snooker component of the WCBS temporarily vacant . The IBSF , displeased with this decision , turned to the IOC Court of Arbitration for Sports in Lausanne , Switzerland on May 30 , 2003 . The CAS delivered its final decision on January 20 , 2004 , and the WCBS won the case on all counts . Since then the WPBSA has returned to the WCBS , now in its own right as a direct member . IBSF remains a member as well",
"title": "Dissension"
},
{
"text": ", and the WSF has dissolved .",
"title": "Dissension"
},
{
"text": " Since the election of the sixth president , Pascal Guillaume of France , in late 2004 , all parties have agreed to try and work constructively together for the future benefit of the sport . Pascal has pledged a policy of unification .",
"title": "Dissension"
},
{
"text": "In 1992 , the first goal for the newly formed WCBS was to gain recognition by the IOC and obtain membership in the General Association of International Sports Federations ( GAISF ) . In October 1993 , the WCBS was invited to be an observer at the GAISF Congress and General Assembly in Lahti , Finland . However , the WCBS application failed to make it into the agenda of the AGM ( Annual General Meeting ) , so the two WCBS representatives at this meeting , ( André Gagnaux and Jorgen Sandman ) , could only listen and learn",
"title": "GAISF membership"
},
{
"text": ". In October 1994 , when the GAISF AGM took place in Monte Carlo , Monaco , the WCBS application was on the agenda . A discussion about whether billiards could be considered a sport led to a compromise wherein the GAISF would define what constituted a sport , meaning the issue would have to be tabled for a year .",
"title": "GAISF membership"
},
{
"text": " Meanwhile , the IOC had responded to their application for recognition by stating that the WCBS was too new , so any possible IOC recognition could not be granted immediately . The IOC also recommended that the WCBS should apply for membership with the GAISF , stating that whilst this is not a prerequisite , the IOC would look favorably on a WCBS membership with the GAISF .",
"title": "GAISF membership"
},
{
"text": "In October 1995 the GAISF Congress and General Assembly was held in Seoul , Korea . André Gagnaux became ill and was hospitalized , so the WCBS delegation was led by Jorgen Sandman , who was accompanied by Nigel Oldfield ( Great Britain ) and Massimino Del Prete ( Italy ) . The WCBS had learned from the failures of 1993 and 1994 , and was better prepared to present its case . The main feature of their presentation was a glossy brochure entitled Right on Cue , a professional overview of billiards sports , which was distributed among the",
"title": "GAISF membership"
},
{
"text": "delegates . The WCBS also hosted a cocktail reception for the approximately 500 attending officials . At AGM , the WCBS finally became a provisional member of the GAISF . Any new organization entering the GAISF must first be a provisional member for two years before they are accepted as a full member with voting rights .",
"title": "GAISF membership"
},
{
"text": " IOC recognition and participation in the World Games . In July 1996 , the IOC decided to grant the WCBS a provisional recognition for two years . In September of the same year the WCBS became a member of the Association of IOC Recognised International Sports Federations ( ARISF ) . An application for membership with the International World Games Association ( IWGA ) was also filed shortly thereafter , and at the 1997 IWGA AGM it was decided that the WCBS would be granted membership as of January 1 , 1998 .",
"title": "GAISF membership"
},
{
"text": "On February 5 , 1998 , the IOC granted the WCBS full recognition , clarifying the status of billiards sports as true sports . Later , the GAISF accepted the WCBS as a full member at the 1999 AGM and the IWGA decided to include billiards sports into the program of the 2001 Akita World Games .",
"title": "GAISF membership"
},
{
"text": " The WCBS also applied for the inclusion in the 2004 Summer Olympics . Among 15 other sports that had applied for inclusion , the Greek Olympic Committee decided to consider five , billiards sports among them . It selected two sports out of the five , with billiards sports ending up as their third choice . Cue sports in other events .",
"title": "GAISF membership"
},
{
"text": "Apart from the 2001 World Games , cue sports have been included in many different important multi-sports events , such as the World Youth Games in Moscow and the 1998 Bangkok Asian Games . There were 10 medals of cue sports in the 1998 Asian Games .",
"title": "GAISF membership"
},
{
"text": " Participation at the 2002 Asian Games in Pusan , Korea was in jeopardy , mostly due to financial concerns that the host city had . But , in the end , billiards sports were in competition for 10 medals . Later , they were included in the 2006 Asian Games in Doha , Qatar . The WCBS has also tried to get billiards sports included in the Commonwealth Games . While the WCBS has been accepted as a member of the Commonwealth Games Federation ( CGF ) , the attempt at inclusion has not yet succeeded .",
"title": "GAISF membership"
},
{
"text": "Attempts from WCBS have also been made for inclusion into other events like the Pan-American Games , the All-Africa Games and the Mediterranean Games .",
"title": "GAISF membership"
}
] |
/wiki/World_Confederation_of_Billiards_Sports#P488#1
|
Who was the head of World Confederation of Billiards Sports in Mar 2015?
|
World Confederation of Billiards Sports The World Confederation of Billiards Sports ( WCBS ) is the international umbrella organization encompassing the major cue sports ( billiards-type games ) , including carom billiards , pool games of several varieties , and snooker . The confederation was formed in Yverdon-les-Bains , Switzerland , on January 25 , 1992 . Its headquarters were previously located in Sint-Martens-Latem , Belgium . Jean-Claude Dupont , of Belgium , served as WCBS president from 2010 to 2015 , followed by Englands Jason Elliott Ferguson for 2015–2017 . Australias Ian Anderson became the confederations ninth president in 2017 . The World Confederation of Billiards Sports ( WCBS ) has 135 member national federations , as well as continental bodies for Africa , the Americas , Asia , Europe , and Oceania . WCBS , in turn , is affiliated with many international sports organizations , such as the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) , General Association of International Sports Federations ( GAISF ) , International World Games Association ( IWGA ) and Commonwealth Games Federation ( CGF ) . Its statutes , practices and activities all conform to the Olympic Charter . Role . The primary aim of WCBS is to establish billiard-type sports as medal events in as many multiple-sports competitions as possible , on both regional and world levels . The ultimate goal of WCBS is to have billiard sports included in the Olympic Games . The WCBS serves as platform for its associated groups : The Union Mondiale de Billard ( UMB ) ; the World Pool-Billiard Association ( WPA ) ; the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association ( WPBSA ) and its amateur counterpart , the International Billiards and Snooker Federation ( IBSF ) . These groups work closely together , but the independence of each organization is maintained and respected . As a result , unlike other international sports organizations , the WCBS does not set the rules of the sports nor organize any international competition itself . Instead , these functions are carried out by the associated organizations . History . Before the establishment of WCBS in 1992 , there was no single organization representing all cue sports , which was necessary to meet the requirements of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) . Moreover , cue sports did not meet the official definition of a sport . These were the main obstacles to gaining approval for the inclusion of cue sports in the Olympic Games , despite many attempts to achieve Olympic recognition that have been made since the 1950s . In 1985 , André Gagnaux , of Switzerland , became the new president of the UMB , the world governing body for carom billiards . In an attempt to achieve Olympic recognition , he contacted the WPBSA , the governing body of professional snooker , to discuss the possibility of forming a governing body for all cue sports . There was no world governing body for pool at that time . Nonetheless , his first attempt failed as he could not convince the WPBSA why it would be important for them to achieve IOC recognition , and what possible cooperation with the UMB could do to further their goals . Founding and organization . Following the founding of the WPA as the international governing body for pool and their successful organization of the first WPA World Nine-ball Championship in 1990 , Gagnaux contacted the WPBSA again . This time he was more successful . In order to fulfill the conditions set by the IOC , the representatives of the governing bodies of the three main cue sports convened on August 30 , 1990 , at a meeting in Bristol , UK , with the WPBSA as the host . This was the first time representatives of the three divisions gathered around one table . As a result , it was decided to form the World Confederation of Billiard Sports ( WCBS ) , an umbrella organization encompassing all billiards sports , and a three-man committee ( consisting of Gagnaux for carom , Jorgen Sandman for pool and Mark Wildman for snooker ) was appointed to write the first constitution for the new organization . Eighteen months were spent devising a way to enable the various disciplines to work closely together , while maintaining their independence . The inaugural General Assembly of the WCBS was held in Yverdon-les-Bains , Switzerland on January 25 , 1992 . A board consisting of nine delegates was elected with three representatives from each founding member : the UMB , the WPA and the new World Snooker Federation ( WSF ) , formed by cooperation between the WPBSA and the IBSF . The office of president rotated , so that all three divisions take a turn at heading the organization . Dissension . In September 2002 , the WPBSA informed the IBSF that it was no longer interested in cooperating with the latter , and the WPBSA withdrew from the WCBS . For unknown reason , the IBSF failed to share this information with the WCBS board , and it was only due to rumors that the WCBS finally was informed of the situation . Having failed to impress the IBSF about the importance of resolving this dispute , a board meeting was held in Bottrop , Germany , in March 2003 . The IBSF representatives , although formally invited , did not show up for this meeting . This did not prevent the WCBS from deciding to declare the snooker component of the WCBS temporarily vacant . The IBSF , displeased with this decision , turned to the IOC Court of Arbitration for Sports in Lausanne , Switzerland on May 30 , 2003 . The CAS delivered its final decision on January 20 , 2004 , and the WCBS won the case on all counts . Since then the WPBSA has returned to the WCBS , now in its own right as a direct member . IBSF remains a member as well , and the WSF has dissolved . Since the election of the sixth president , Pascal Guillaume of France , in late 2004 , all parties have agreed to try and work constructively together for the future benefit of the sport . Pascal has pledged a policy of unification . Accomplishments . GAISF membership . In 1992 , the first goal for the newly formed WCBS was to gain recognition by the IOC and obtain membership in the General Association of International Sports Federations ( GAISF ) . In October 1993 , the WCBS was invited to be an observer at the GAISF Congress and General Assembly in Lahti , Finland . However , the WCBS application failed to make it into the agenda of the AGM ( Annual General Meeting ) , so the two WCBS representatives at this meeting , ( André Gagnaux and Jorgen Sandman ) , could only listen and learn . In October 1994 , when the GAISF AGM took place in Monte Carlo , Monaco , the WCBS application was on the agenda . A discussion about whether billiards could be considered a sport led to a compromise wherein the GAISF would define what constituted a sport , meaning the issue would have to be tabled for a year . Meanwhile , the IOC had responded to their application for recognition by stating that the WCBS was too new , so any possible IOC recognition could not be granted immediately . The IOC also recommended that the WCBS should apply for membership with the GAISF , stating that whilst this is not a prerequisite , the IOC would look favorably on a WCBS membership with the GAISF . In October 1995 the GAISF Congress and General Assembly was held in Seoul , Korea . André Gagnaux became ill and was hospitalized , so the WCBS delegation was led by Jorgen Sandman , who was accompanied by Nigel Oldfield ( Great Britain ) and Massimino Del Prete ( Italy ) . The WCBS had learned from the failures of 1993 and 1994 , and was better prepared to present its case . The main feature of their presentation was a glossy brochure entitled Right on Cue , a professional overview of billiards sports , which was distributed among the delegates . The WCBS also hosted a cocktail reception for the approximately 500 attending officials . At AGM , the WCBS finally became a provisional member of the GAISF . Any new organization entering the GAISF must first be a provisional member for two years before they are accepted as a full member with voting rights . IOC recognition and participation in the World Games . In July 1996 , the IOC decided to grant the WCBS a provisional recognition for two years . In September of the same year the WCBS became a member of the Association of IOC Recognised International Sports Federations ( ARISF ) . An application for membership with the International World Games Association ( IWGA ) was also filed shortly thereafter , and at the 1997 IWGA AGM it was decided that the WCBS would be granted membership as of January 1 , 1998 . On February 5 , 1998 , the IOC granted the WCBS full recognition , clarifying the status of billiards sports as true sports . Later , the GAISF accepted the WCBS as a full member at the 1999 AGM and the IWGA decided to include billiards sports into the program of the 2001 Akita World Games . The WCBS also applied for the inclusion in the 2004 Summer Olympics . Among 15 other sports that had applied for inclusion , the Greek Olympic Committee decided to consider five , billiards sports among them . It selected two sports out of the five , with billiards sports ending up as their third choice . Cue sports in other events . Apart from the 2001 World Games , cue sports have been included in many different important multi-sports events , such as the World Youth Games in Moscow and the 1998 Bangkok Asian Games . There were 10 medals of cue sports in the 1998 Asian Games . Participation at the 2002 Asian Games in Pusan , Korea was in jeopardy , mostly due to financial concerns that the host city had . But , in the end , billiards sports were in competition for 10 medals . Later , they were included in the 2006 Asian Games in Doha , Qatar . The WCBS has also tried to get billiards sports included in the Commonwealth Games . While the WCBS has been accepted as a member of the Commonwealth Games Federation ( CGF ) , the attempt at inclusion has not yet succeeded . Attempts from WCBS have also been made for inclusion into other events like the Pan-American Games , the All-Africa Games and the Mediterranean Games .
|
[
"Jason Elliott Ferguson"
] |
[
{
"text": " The World Confederation of Billiards Sports ( WCBS ) is the international umbrella organization encompassing the major cue sports ( billiards-type games ) , including carom billiards , pool games of several varieties , and snooker . The confederation was formed in Yverdon-les-Bains , Switzerland , on January 25 , 1992 . Its headquarters were previously located in Sint-Martens-Latem , Belgium . Jean-Claude Dupont , of Belgium , served as WCBS president from 2010 to 2015 , followed by Englands Jason Elliott Ferguson for 2015–2017 . Australias Ian Anderson became the confederations ninth president in 2017 .",
"title": "World Confederation of Billiards Sports"
},
{
"text": "The World Confederation of Billiards Sports ( WCBS ) has 135 member national federations , as well as continental bodies for Africa , the Americas , Asia , Europe , and Oceania . WCBS , in turn , is affiliated with many international sports organizations , such as the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) , General Association of International Sports Federations ( GAISF ) , International World Games Association ( IWGA ) and Commonwealth Games Federation ( CGF ) . Its statutes , practices and activities all conform to the Olympic Charter .",
"title": "World Confederation of Billiards Sports"
},
{
"text": " The primary aim of WCBS is to establish billiard-type sports as medal events in as many multiple-sports competitions as possible , on both regional and world levels . The ultimate goal of WCBS is to have billiard sports included in the Olympic Games .",
"title": "Role"
},
{
"text": "The WCBS serves as platform for its associated groups : The Union Mondiale de Billard ( UMB ) ; the World Pool-Billiard Association ( WPA ) ; the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association ( WPBSA ) and its amateur counterpart , the International Billiards and Snooker Federation ( IBSF ) . These groups work closely together , but the independence of each organization is maintained and respected . As a result , unlike other international sports organizations , the WCBS does not set the rules of the sports nor organize any international competition itself . Instead , these functions",
"title": "Role"
},
{
"text": "are carried out by the associated organizations .",
"title": "Role"
},
{
"text": " Before the establishment of WCBS in 1992 , there was no single organization representing all cue sports , which was necessary to meet the requirements of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) . Moreover , cue sports did not meet the official definition of a sport . These were the main obstacles to gaining approval for the inclusion of cue sports in the Olympic Games , despite many attempts to achieve Olympic recognition that have been made since the 1950s .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1985 , André Gagnaux , of Switzerland , became the new president of the UMB , the world governing body for carom billiards . In an attempt to achieve Olympic recognition , he contacted the WPBSA , the governing body of professional snooker , to discuss the possibility of forming a governing body for all cue sports . There was no world governing body for pool at that time . Nonetheless , his first attempt failed as he could not convince the WPBSA why it would be important for them to achieve IOC recognition , and what possible cooperation",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "with the UMB could do to further their goals .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Following the founding of the WPA as the international governing body for pool and their successful organization of the first WPA World Nine-ball Championship in 1990 , Gagnaux contacted the WPBSA again . This time he was more successful . In order to fulfill the conditions set by the IOC , the representatives of the governing bodies of the three main cue sports convened on August 30 , 1990 , at a meeting in Bristol , UK , with the WPBSA as the host . This was the first time representatives of the three divisions gathered around one table .",
"title": "Founding and organization"
},
{
"text": "As a result , it was decided to form the World Confederation of Billiard Sports ( WCBS ) , an umbrella organization encompassing all billiards sports , and a three-man committee ( consisting of Gagnaux for carom , Jorgen Sandman for pool and Mark Wildman for snooker ) was appointed to write the first constitution for the new organization . Eighteen months were spent devising a way to enable the various disciplines to work closely together , while maintaining their independence . The inaugural General Assembly of the WCBS was held in Yverdon-les-Bains , Switzerland on January 25 , 1992",
"title": "Founding and organization"
},
{
"text": ". A board consisting of nine delegates was elected with three representatives from each founding member : the UMB , the WPA and the new World Snooker Federation ( WSF ) , formed by cooperation between the WPBSA and the IBSF . The office of president rotated , so that all three divisions take a turn at heading the organization .",
"title": "Founding and organization"
},
{
"text": "In September 2002 , the WPBSA informed the IBSF that it was no longer interested in cooperating with the latter , and the WPBSA withdrew from the WCBS . For unknown reason , the IBSF failed to share this information with the WCBS board , and it was only due to rumors that the WCBS finally was informed of the situation . Having failed to impress the IBSF about the importance of resolving this dispute , a board meeting was held in Bottrop , Germany , in March 2003 . The IBSF representatives , although formally invited , did not",
"title": "Dissension"
},
{
"text": "show up for this meeting . This did not prevent the WCBS from deciding to declare the snooker component of the WCBS temporarily vacant . The IBSF , displeased with this decision , turned to the IOC Court of Arbitration for Sports in Lausanne , Switzerland on May 30 , 2003 . The CAS delivered its final decision on January 20 , 2004 , and the WCBS won the case on all counts . Since then the WPBSA has returned to the WCBS , now in its own right as a direct member . IBSF remains a member as well",
"title": "Dissension"
},
{
"text": ", and the WSF has dissolved .",
"title": "Dissension"
},
{
"text": " Since the election of the sixth president , Pascal Guillaume of France , in late 2004 , all parties have agreed to try and work constructively together for the future benefit of the sport . Pascal has pledged a policy of unification .",
"title": "Dissension"
},
{
"text": "In 1992 , the first goal for the newly formed WCBS was to gain recognition by the IOC and obtain membership in the General Association of International Sports Federations ( GAISF ) . In October 1993 , the WCBS was invited to be an observer at the GAISF Congress and General Assembly in Lahti , Finland . However , the WCBS application failed to make it into the agenda of the AGM ( Annual General Meeting ) , so the two WCBS representatives at this meeting , ( André Gagnaux and Jorgen Sandman ) , could only listen and learn",
"title": "GAISF membership"
},
{
"text": ". In October 1994 , when the GAISF AGM took place in Monte Carlo , Monaco , the WCBS application was on the agenda . A discussion about whether billiards could be considered a sport led to a compromise wherein the GAISF would define what constituted a sport , meaning the issue would have to be tabled for a year .",
"title": "GAISF membership"
},
{
"text": " Meanwhile , the IOC had responded to their application for recognition by stating that the WCBS was too new , so any possible IOC recognition could not be granted immediately . The IOC also recommended that the WCBS should apply for membership with the GAISF , stating that whilst this is not a prerequisite , the IOC would look favorably on a WCBS membership with the GAISF .",
"title": "GAISF membership"
},
{
"text": "In October 1995 the GAISF Congress and General Assembly was held in Seoul , Korea . André Gagnaux became ill and was hospitalized , so the WCBS delegation was led by Jorgen Sandman , who was accompanied by Nigel Oldfield ( Great Britain ) and Massimino Del Prete ( Italy ) . The WCBS had learned from the failures of 1993 and 1994 , and was better prepared to present its case . The main feature of their presentation was a glossy brochure entitled Right on Cue , a professional overview of billiards sports , which was distributed among the",
"title": "GAISF membership"
},
{
"text": "delegates . The WCBS also hosted a cocktail reception for the approximately 500 attending officials . At AGM , the WCBS finally became a provisional member of the GAISF . Any new organization entering the GAISF must first be a provisional member for two years before they are accepted as a full member with voting rights .",
"title": "GAISF membership"
},
{
"text": " IOC recognition and participation in the World Games . In July 1996 , the IOC decided to grant the WCBS a provisional recognition for two years . In September of the same year the WCBS became a member of the Association of IOC Recognised International Sports Federations ( ARISF ) . An application for membership with the International World Games Association ( IWGA ) was also filed shortly thereafter , and at the 1997 IWGA AGM it was decided that the WCBS would be granted membership as of January 1 , 1998 .",
"title": "GAISF membership"
},
{
"text": "On February 5 , 1998 , the IOC granted the WCBS full recognition , clarifying the status of billiards sports as true sports . Later , the GAISF accepted the WCBS as a full member at the 1999 AGM and the IWGA decided to include billiards sports into the program of the 2001 Akita World Games .",
"title": "GAISF membership"
},
{
"text": " The WCBS also applied for the inclusion in the 2004 Summer Olympics . Among 15 other sports that had applied for inclusion , the Greek Olympic Committee decided to consider five , billiards sports among them . It selected two sports out of the five , with billiards sports ending up as their third choice . Cue sports in other events .",
"title": "GAISF membership"
},
{
"text": "Apart from the 2001 World Games , cue sports have been included in many different important multi-sports events , such as the World Youth Games in Moscow and the 1998 Bangkok Asian Games . There were 10 medals of cue sports in the 1998 Asian Games .",
"title": "GAISF membership"
},
{
"text": " Participation at the 2002 Asian Games in Pusan , Korea was in jeopardy , mostly due to financial concerns that the host city had . But , in the end , billiards sports were in competition for 10 medals . Later , they were included in the 2006 Asian Games in Doha , Qatar . The WCBS has also tried to get billiards sports included in the Commonwealth Games . While the WCBS has been accepted as a member of the Commonwealth Games Federation ( CGF ) , the attempt at inclusion has not yet succeeded .",
"title": "GAISF membership"
},
{
"text": "Attempts from WCBS have also been made for inclusion into other events like the Pan-American Games , the All-Africa Games and the Mediterranean Games .",
"title": "GAISF membership"
}
] |
/wiki/World_Confederation_of_Billiards_Sports#P488#2
|
Who was the head of World Confederation of Billiards Sports between Dec 2017 and 2018?
|
World Confederation of Billiards Sports The World Confederation of Billiards Sports ( WCBS ) is the international umbrella organization encompassing the major cue sports ( billiards-type games ) , including carom billiards , pool games of several varieties , and snooker . The confederation was formed in Yverdon-les-Bains , Switzerland , on January 25 , 1992 . Its headquarters were previously located in Sint-Martens-Latem , Belgium . Jean-Claude Dupont , of Belgium , served as WCBS president from 2010 to 2015 , followed by Englands Jason Elliott Ferguson for 2015–2017 . Australias Ian Anderson became the confederations ninth president in 2017 . The World Confederation of Billiards Sports ( WCBS ) has 135 member national federations , as well as continental bodies for Africa , the Americas , Asia , Europe , and Oceania . WCBS , in turn , is affiliated with many international sports organizations , such as the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) , General Association of International Sports Federations ( GAISF ) , International World Games Association ( IWGA ) and Commonwealth Games Federation ( CGF ) . Its statutes , practices and activities all conform to the Olympic Charter . Role . The primary aim of WCBS is to establish billiard-type sports as medal events in as many multiple-sports competitions as possible , on both regional and world levels . The ultimate goal of WCBS is to have billiard sports included in the Olympic Games . The WCBS serves as platform for its associated groups : The Union Mondiale de Billard ( UMB ) ; the World Pool-Billiard Association ( WPA ) ; the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association ( WPBSA ) and its amateur counterpart , the International Billiards and Snooker Federation ( IBSF ) . These groups work closely together , but the independence of each organization is maintained and respected . As a result , unlike other international sports organizations , the WCBS does not set the rules of the sports nor organize any international competition itself . Instead , these functions are carried out by the associated organizations . History . Before the establishment of WCBS in 1992 , there was no single organization representing all cue sports , which was necessary to meet the requirements of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) . Moreover , cue sports did not meet the official definition of a sport . These were the main obstacles to gaining approval for the inclusion of cue sports in the Olympic Games , despite many attempts to achieve Olympic recognition that have been made since the 1950s . In 1985 , André Gagnaux , of Switzerland , became the new president of the UMB , the world governing body for carom billiards . In an attempt to achieve Olympic recognition , he contacted the WPBSA , the governing body of professional snooker , to discuss the possibility of forming a governing body for all cue sports . There was no world governing body for pool at that time . Nonetheless , his first attempt failed as he could not convince the WPBSA why it would be important for them to achieve IOC recognition , and what possible cooperation with the UMB could do to further their goals . Founding and organization . Following the founding of the WPA as the international governing body for pool and their successful organization of the first WPA World Nine-ball Championship in 1990 , Gagnaux contacted the WPBSA again . This time he was more successful . In order to fulfill the conditions set by the IOC , the representatives of the governing bodies of the three main cue sports convened on August 30 , 1990 , at a meeting in Bristol , UK , with the WPBSA as the host . This was the first time representatives of the three divisions gathered around one table . As a result , it was decided to form the World Confederation of Billiard Sports ( WCBS ) , an umbrella organization encompassing all billiards sports , and a three-man committee ( consisting of Gagnaux for carom , Jorgen Sandman for pool and Mark Wildman for snooker ) was appointed to write the first constitution for the new organization . Eighteen months were spent devising a way to enable the various disciplines to work closely together , while maintaining their independence . The inaugural General Assembly of the WCBS was held in Yverdon-les-Bains , Switzerland on January 25 , 1992 . A board consisting of nine delegates was elected with three representatives from each founding member : the UMB , the WPA and the new World Snooker Federation ( WSF ) , formed by cooperation between the WPBSA and the IBSF . The office of president rotated , so that all three divisions take a turn at heading the organization . Dissension . In September 2002 , the WPBSA informed the IBSF that it was no longer interested in cooperating with the latter , and the WPBSA withdrew from the WCBS . For unknown reason , the IBSF failed to share this information with the WCBS board , and it was only due to rumors that the WCBS finally was informed of the situation . Having failed to impress the IBSF about the importance of resolving this dispute , a board meeting was held in Bottrop , Germany , in March 2003 . The IBSF representatives , although formally invited , did not show up for this meeting . This did not prevent the WCBS from deciding to declare the snooker component of the WCBS temporarily vacant . The IBSF , displeased with this decision , turned to the IOC Court of Arbitration for Sports in Lausanne , Switzerland on May 30 , 2003 . The CAS delivered its final decision on January 20 , 2004 , and the WCBS won the case on all counts . Since then the WPBSA has returned to the WCBS , now in its own right as a direct member . IBSF remains a member as well , and the WSF has dissolved . Since the election of the sixth president , Pascal Guillaume of France , in late 2004 , all parties have agreed to try and work constructively together for the future benefit of the sport . Pascal has pledged a policy of unification . Accomplishments . GAISF membership . In 1992 , the first goal for the newly formed WCBS was to gain recognition by the IOC and obtain membership in the General Association of International Sports Federations ( GAISF ) . In October 1993 , the WCBS was invited to be an observer at the GAISF Congress and General Assembly in Lahti , Finland . However , the WCBS application failed to make it into the agenda of the AGM ( Annual General Meeting ) , so the two WCBS representatives at this meeting , ( André Gagnaux and Jorgen Sandman ) , could only listen and learn . In October 1994 , when the GAISF AGM took place in Monte Carlo , Monaco , the WCBS application was on the agenda . A discussion about whether billiards could be considered a sport led to a compromise wherein the GAISF would define what constituted a sport , meaning the issue would have to be tabled for a year . Meanwhile , the IOC had responded to their application for recognition by stating that the WCBS was too new , so any possible IOC recognition could not be granted immediately . The IOC also recommended that the WCBS should apply for membership with the GAISF , stating that whilst this is not a prerequisite , the IOC would look favorably on a WCBS membership with the GAISF . In October 1995 the GAISF Congress and General Assembly was held in Seoul , Korea . André Gagnaux became ill and was hospitalized , so the WCBS delegation was led by Jorgen Sandman , who was accompanied by Nigel Oldfield ( Great Britain ) and Massimino Del Prete ( Italy ) . The WCBS had learned from the failures of 1993 and 1994 , and was better prepared to present its case . The main feature of their presentation was a glossy brochure entitled Right on Cue , a professional overview of billiards sports , which was distributed among the delegates . The WCBS also hosted a cocktail reception for the approximately 500 attending officials . At AGM , the WCBS finally became a provisional member of the GAISF . Any new organization entering the GAISF must first be a provisional member for two years before they are accepted as a full member with voting rights . IOC recognition and participation in the World Games . In July 1996 , the IOC decided to grant the WCBS a provisional recognition for two years . In September of the same year the WCBS became a member of the Association of IOC Recognised International Sports Federations ( ARISF ) . An application for membership with the International World Games Association ( IWGA ) was also filed shortly thereafter , and at the 1997 IWGA AGM it was decided that the WCBS would be granted membership as of January 1 , 1998 . On February 5 , 1998 , the IOC granted the WCBS full recognition , clarifying the status of billiards sports as true sports . Later , the GAISF accepted the WCBS as a full member at the 1999 AGM and the IWGA decided to include billiards sports into the program of the 2001 Akita World Games . The WCBS also applied for the inclusion in the 2004 Summer Olympics . Among 15 other sports that had applied for inclusion , the Greek Olympic Committee decided to consider five , billiards sports among them . It selected two sports out of the five , with billiards sports ending up as their third choice . Cue sports in other events . Apart from the 2001 World Games , cue sports have been included in many different important multi-sports events , such as the World Youth Games in Moscow and the 1998 Bangkok Asian Games . There were 10 medals of cue sports in the 1998 Asian Games . Participation at the 2002 Asian Games in Pusan , Korea was in jeopardy , mostly due to financial concerns that the host city had . But , in the end , billiards sports were in competition for 10 medals . Later , they were included in the 2006 Asian Games in Doha , Qatar . The WCBS has also tried to get billiards sports included in the Commonwealth Games . While the WCBS has been accepted as a member of the Commonwealth Games Federation ( CGF ) , the attempt at inclusion has not yet succeeded . Attempts from WCBS have also been made for inclusion into other events like the Pan-American Games , the All-Africa Games and the Mediterranean Games .
|
[
"Ian Anderson"
] |
[
{
"text": " The World Confederation of Billiards Sports ( WCBS ) is the international umbrella organization encompassing the major cue sports ( billiards-type games ) , including carom billiards , pool games of several varieties , and snooker . The confederation was formed in Yverdon-les-Bains , Switzerland , on January 25 , 1992 . Its headquarters were previously located in Sint-Martens-Latem , Belgium . Jean-Claude Dupont , of Belgium , served as WCBS president from 2010 to 2015 , followed by Englands Jason Elliott Ferguson for 2015–2017 . Australias Ian Anderson became the confederations ninth president in 2017 .",
"title": "World Confederation of Billiards Sports"
},
{
"text": "The World Confederation of Billiards Sports ( WCBS ) has 135 member national federations , as well as continental bodies for Africa , the Americas , Asia , Europe , and Oceania . WCBS , in turn , is affiliated with many international sports organizations , such as the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) , General Association of International Sports Federations ( GAISF ) , International World Games Association ( IWGA ) and Commonwealth Games Federation ( CGF ) . Its statutes , practices and activities all conform to the Olympic Charter .",
"title": "World Confederation of Billiards Sports"
},
{
"text": " The primary aim of WCBS is to establish billiard-type sports as medal events in as many multiple-sports competitions as possible , on both regional and world levels . The ultimate goal of WCBS is to have billiard sports included in the Olympic Games .",
"title": "Role"
},
{
"text": "The WCBS serves as platform for its associated groups : The Union Mondiale de Billard ( UMB ) ; the World Pool-Billiard Association ( WPA ) ; the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association ( WPBSA ) and its amateur counterpart , the International Billiards and Snooker Federation ( IBSF ) . These groups work closely together , but the independence of each organization is maintained and respected . As a result , unlike other international sports organizations , the WCBS does not set the rules of the sports nor organize any international competition itself . Instead , these functions",
"title": "Role"
},
{
"text": "are carried out by the associated organizations .",
"title": "Role"
},
{
"text": " Before the establishment of WCBS in 1992 , there was no single organization representing all cue sports , which was necessary to meet the requirements of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) . Moreover , cue sports did not meet the official definition of a sport . These were the main obstacles to gaining approval for the inclusion of cue sports in the Olympic Games , despite many attempts to achieve Olympic recognition that have been made since the 1950s .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1985 , André Gagnaux , of Switzerland , became the new president of the UMB , the world governing body for carom billiards . In an attempt to achieve Olympic recognition , he contacted the WPBSA , the governing body of professional snooker , to discuss the possibility of forming a governing body for all cue sports . There was no world governing body for pool at that time . Nonetheless , his first attempt failed as he could not convince the WPBSA why it would be important for them to achieve IOC recognition , and what possible cooperation",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "with the UMB could do to further their goals .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Following the founding of the WPA as the international governing body for pool and their successful organization of the first WPA World Nine-ball Championship in 1990 , Gagnaux contacted the WPBSA again . This time he was more successful . In order to fulfill the conditions set by the IOC , the representatives of the governing bodies of the three main cue sports convened on August 30 , 1990 , at a meeting in Bristol , UK , with the WPBSA as the host . This was the first time representatives of the three divisions gathered around one table .",
"title": "Founding and organization"
},
{
"text": "As a result , it was decided to form the World Confederation of Billiard Sports ( WCBS ) , an umbrella organization encompassing all billiards sports , and a three-man committee ( consisting of Gagnaux for carom , Jorgen Sandman for pool and Mark Wildman for snooker ) was appointed to write the first constitution for the new organization . Eighteen months were spent devising a way to enable the various disciplines to work closely together , while maintaining their independence . The inaugural General Assembly of the WCBS was held in Yverdon-les-Bains , Switzerland on January 25 , 1992",
"title": "Founding and organization"
},
{
"text": ". A board consisting of nine delegates was elected with three representatives from each founding member : the UMB , the WPA and the new World Snooker Federation ( WSF ) , formed by cooperation between the WPBSA and the IBSF . The office of president rotated , so that all three divisions take a turn at heading the organization .",
"title": "Founding and organization"
},
{
"text": "In September 2002 , the WPBSA informed the IBSF that it was no longer interested in cooperating with the latter , and the WPBSA withdrew from the WCBS . For unknown reason , the IBSF failed to share this information with the WCBS board , and it was only due to rumors that the WCBS finally was informed of the situation . Having failed to impress the IBSF about the importance of resolving this dispute , a board meeting was held in Bottrop , Germany , in March 2003 . The IBSF representatives , although formally invited , did not",
"title": "Dissension"
},
{
"text": "show up for this meeting . This did not prevent the WCBS from deciding to declare the snooker component of the WCBS temporarily vacant . The IBSF , displeased with this decision , turned to the IOC Court of Arbitration for Sports in Lausanne , Switzerland on May 30 , 2003 . The CAS delivered its final decision on January 20 , 2004 , and the WCBS won the case on all counts . Since then the WPBSA has returned to the WCBS , now in its own right as a direct member . IBSF remains a member as well",
"title": "Dissension"
},
{
"text": ", and the WSF has dissolved .",
"title": "Dissension"
},
{
"text": " Since the election of the sixth president , Pascal Guillaume of France , in late 2004 , all parties have agreed to try and work constructively together for the future benefit of the sport . Pascal has pledged a policy of unification .",
"title": "Dissension"
},
{
"text": "In 1992 , the first goal for the newly formed WCBS was to gain recognition by the IOC and obtain membership in the General Association of International Sports Federations ( GAISF ) . In October 1993 , the WCBS was invited to be an observer at the GAISF Congress and General Assembly in Lahti , Finland . However , the WCBS application failed to make it into the agenda of the AGM ( Annual General Meeting ) , so the two WCBS representatives at this meeting , ( André Gagnaux and Jorgen Sandman ) , could only listen and learn",
"title": "GAISF membership"
},
{
"text": ". In October 1994 , when the GAISF AGM took place in Monte Carlo , Monaco , the WCBS application was on the agenda . A discussion about whether billiards could be considered a sport led to a compromise wherein the GAISF would define what constituted a sport , meaning the issue would have to be tabled for a year .",
"title": "GAISF membership"
},
{
"text": " Meanwhile , the IOC had responded to their application for recognition by stating that the WCBS was too new , so any possible IOC recognition could not be granted immediately . The IOC also recommended that the WCBS should apply for membership with the GAISF , stating that whilst this is not a prerequisite , the IOC would look favorably on a WCBS membership with the GAISF .",
"title": "GAISF membership"
},
{
"text": "In October 1995 the GAISF Congress and General Assembly was held in Seoul , Korea . André Gagnaux became ill and was hospitalized , so the WCBS delegation was led by Jorgen Sandman , who was accompanied by Nigel Oldfield ( Great Britain ) and Massimino Del Prete ( Italy ) . The WCBS had learned from the failures of 1993 and 1994 , and was better prepared to present its case . The main feature of their presentation was a glossy brochure entitled Right on Cue , a professional overview of billiards sports , which was distributed among the",
"title": "GAISF membership"
},
{
"text": "delegates . The WCBS also hosted a cocktail reception for the approximately 500 attending officials . At AGM , the WCBS finally became a provisional member of the GAISF . Any new organization entering the GAISF must first be a provisional member for two years before they are accepted as a full member with voting rights .",
"title": "GAISF membership"
},
{
"text": " IOC recognition and participation in the World Games . In July 1996 , the IOC decided to grant the WCBS a provisional recognition for two years . In September of the same year the WCBS became a member of the Association of IOC Recognised International Sports Federations ( ARISF ) . An application for membership with the International World Games Association ( IWGA ) was also filed shortly thereafter , and at the 1997 IWGA AGM it was decided that the WCBS would be granted membership as of January 1 , 1998 .",
"title": "GAISF membership"
},
{
"text": "On February 5 , 1998 , the IOC granted the WCBS full recognition , clarifying the status of billiards sports as true sports . Later , the GAISF accepted the WCBS as a full member at the 1999 AGM and the IWGA decided to include billiards sports into the program of the 2001 Akita World Games .",
"title": "GAISF membership"
},
{
"text": " The WCBS also applied for the inclusion in the 2004 Summer Olympics . Among 15 other sports that had applied for inclusion , the Greek Olympic Committee decided to consider five , billiards sports among them . It selected two sports out of the five , with billiards sports ending up as their third choice . Cue sports in other events .",
"title": "GAISF membership"
},
{
"text": "Apart from the 2001 World Games , cue sports have been included in many different important multi-sports events , such as the World Youth Games in Moscow and the 1998 Bangkok Asian Games . There were 10 medals of cue sports in the 1998 Asian Games .",
"title": "GAISF membership"
},
{
"text": " Participation at the 2002 Asian Games in Pusan , Korea was in jeopardy , mostly due to financial concerns that the host city had . But , in the end , billiards sports were in competition for 10 medals . Later , they were included in the 2006 Asian Games in Doha , Qatar . The WCBS has also tried to get billiards sports included in the Commonwealth Games . While the WCBS has been accepted as a member of the Commonwealth Games Federation ( CGF ) , the attempt at inclusion has not yet succeeded .",
"title": "GAISF membership"
},
{
"text": "Attempts from WCBS have also been made for inclusion into other events like the Pan-American Games , the All-Africa Games and the Mediterranean Games .",
"title": "GAISF membership"
}
] |
/wiki/Rom_Harré#P108#0
|
Who did Rom Harré work for between Oct 1952 and Dec 1952?
|
Rom Harré Horace Romano Rom Harré ( ; 18 December 1927 – 17 October 2019 ) , was a New Zealand-British philosopher and psychologist . Biography . Harré was born in Āpiti , in northern Manawatu , near Palmerston North , New Zealand , but held British citizenship . He studied chemical engineering and later graduated with a BSc in mathematics ( 1948 ) and a Masters in Philosophy ( 1952 ) , both at the University of New Zealand , now the University of Auckland . He taught mathematics at Kings College , Auckland ( 1948–53 ) and the University of Punjab in Lahore , Pakistan ( 1953–4 ) . He then studied at University College , Oxford , where he completed a B.Phil . under the supervision of J . L . Austin in 1956 . After a fellowship at the University of Birmingham he was lecturer at the University of Leicester from 1957 to 1959 . He returned to Oxford as the successor to Friedrich Waismann as University Lecturer in Philosophy of Science in 1960 . At Oxford , where he was a Fellow of Linacre College , he was active in the founding of the Honours School of Physics and Philosophy . He also played an important part in the discursive turn in social psychology , a field he came to in the middle of his career . After his retirement from Oxford in 1995 , he joined the psychology department of Georgetown University ( having previously taught at that university during Spring Semesters ) . There he continued as Distinguished Research Professor until he retired in 2016 . Harré gave yearly short courses as an Adjuct Professor at Binghamton University from 1975 through 1998 and occasional courses at both American University in Washington , D.C . and at George Mason University at Fairfax , Virginia . From 2009 until 2011 he served as Director of the Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science at the London School of Economics in conjunction with his US post . He was Visiting Professor at many places , teaching courses at Aoyama University , Tokyo ; Universidad Santiago de Compostela , Spain ; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Peru ; Free University at Brussels ; Aarhus University in Denmark and elsewhere . Philosophical work . Harré was one of the worlds most prolific social scientists . He wrote on a wide variety of subjects including : philosophy of mathematics , philosophy of science , ontology , psychology , social psychology , chemistry , sociology and philosophy . He was an important early influence on the philosophical movement critical realism , publishing Causal Powers with E . H . Madden in 1975 . He supervised Roy Bhaskars doctoral studies , and continued to maintain close involvement with realism . He also supervised Patrick Baert , German Berrios , and Jonathan Smiths doctoral studies , respectively in social theory , history and epistemology of psychiatry , and social psychology . Another one of Harrés distinctive contributions was to the understanding of the social self in microsociology , which he called ethogenics : this method attempts to understand the systems of belief or means by which individuals can attach significance to their actions and form their identities , in addition to the structure of rules and cultural resources that underlie these actions . In his later years Harre returned to his first love of chemistry and became the honorary president of the International Society for the Philosophy of Chemistry . In addition to regular lectures and articles on the subject , he organized two international conferences on the philosophy of chemistry , one in Oxford and the second at the London School of Economics while he was the director of its Center for the Philosophy of Science . Personal life . Harré was the uncle of New Zealand politician and trade unionist Laila Harré and associate professor of psychology and environmentalist Niki Harré . Awards and honours . - Honorary doctorate , Helsinki ( 1986 ) - Honorary doctorate , Brussels ( 1986 ) - Honorary doctorate , Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Peru ( 1998 ) - Honorary doctorate , Aarhus University , Denmark ( 1998 ) - Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Psychological Association , Society for Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology ( 2010 ) - Honorary doctorate , Massey University , 2012 - Theodore Sarbin Award from the American Psychological Association , Society for Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology ( 2014 ) . Festschriftten . - Harré and his critics ( 1989 ) ( ed. ) R . Bhaskar Oxford : Blackwell - Rom Harrés scientific realism ( 1993 ) ( ed. ) , Tilburg : Tilburg University Press - International Studies in Philosophy of Science Harré number : 1995 ( ed. ) W . Newton-Smith - Dialectica : Harré number : 1997 ( ed. ) B . Muller . - The Second Cognitive Revolution : A Tribute to Rom Harré , ( 2019 ) ( ed. ) Christensen , Bo Allesøe Publications . Books - Harré , H . Rom with F.M . Moghaddam . Psychology for the Third Millennium . London and Los Angeles : Sage , 2012 . - Harré , H . Rom with P.Q . Pfordresser and S-L Tan . Introduction to the Psychology of Music . London : Psychology Press , 2010 . - Harré , H . Rom , Ed . L . van Langenhove . People and Societies . London : Routledge , 2010 . - Harré , H . Rom . Pavlov’s Dogs and Schrödinger’s Cat . Oxford : OUP ( Chinese edition ) , 2009 . - Harré , H . Rom . Key Thinkers in 20th Century Psychology . London : Sage , 2006 . - Harré H . Rom with Michael Tissaw . Wittgenstein and Psychology . Basingstoke , UK : Ashgate , 2005 . - Harré , H . Rom . Modeling : Gateway to the Unknown . Amsterdam and Oxford : Elsevier , 2005 . - Harré , H . Rom . Cognitive Science : A Philosophical Introduction . Los Angeles : Sage ( Chinese translation ) , 2002 . - Harré , H . Rom with J-M . Saguillo . Los problemas de la metafisica : Siglo XX . Madrid : Duque , 2001 . - Harré , H . Rom . One thousand years of philosophy . Oxford : Blackwell , 2000 . - Harré , H . Rom . The singular self . London and Los Angeles : Sage . Italian translation , 2000 , 1998 . - Harré , H . Rom with Muhlhausler , P. , Brockmeier , J . Greenspeak : A Study of Environmental Discourse . Los Angeles and London : Sage , 1998 . - Rom Harre with M . Krausz . Varieties of relativism . Oxford : Blackwell , 1995 . - Rom Harre with J . Arson and E Way . Realism rescued . London : Duckworth , 1994 . - Harré , H . Rom with Grant Gillet . The discursive mind . London : Sage ( Spanish translation ) , 1994 . - Harré , H . Rom . Social being : revised edition . Oxford : Blackwell , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom . Laws of nature . London : Duckworth , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom . Physical being : a theory for corporeal psychology . Oxford : Blackwell , 1991 . - Rom Harre with P Muhlhausler . Pronouns and people . Blackwell , Oxford , 1990 . - Rom Harre . Designing the discipline : a programme for psychology . Blackwell , Oxford , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom . Varieties of realism . Blackwell , Oxford , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom . The philosophies of science , 2nd Edition . Oxford , GB : Oxford University Press , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , Clarke , D. , & de Carlo , N. . Motives and mechanisms . London , UK : Metheun , 1985 . - Harré , H . Rom . Introduction to the logic of the sciences , 2nd Edition . London , UK : Macmillan , 1983 . - Rom Harre . Personal being:a theory for individual psychology . Blackwell , Oxford;1985 Harvard UP , Cambridge , Mass. , 1983 . - Harré , H . Rom . Twenty great scientific experiments . Phaidon Press , Oxford ( OPUS paperback , 1983 , American edition 1982 ) ( Spanish , Italian , Japanese ) , 1981 . - Harré , H . Rom . Social being : a theory for social psychology . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1979 . - Harré , H . Rom . Social being : a theory for social psychology . : Blackwell , Oxford ( Spanish translation ) , 1979 . - Harré , H . Rom , Marsh , P. , & Rosser , E. . The rules of disorder . London , UK : Routledge and Kegan Paul , 1977 . - Harré , H . Rom , Morgan , J. , & O’Neill , O. . Nicknames . London , UK : Routledge and Kegan Paul , 1977 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Madden , E.H. . Causal powers . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1975 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Secord , P.F. . The explanation of social behaviour . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1973 . - Harré , H . Rom . The philosophies of science . Oxford , GB : Oxford University Press , 1972 . - Harré , H . Rom . The method of science . London , UK : Wykelham Press , 1970 . - Harré , H . Rom . The principles of scientific thinking . London , UK : Macmillan , 1970 . - Waismann , F. , Harré , H . Rom , ed. . The Principles of Linguistic Philosophy . London : Macmillan , 1968 . - Harré , H . Rom . The anticipation of nature . London , UK : Hutchinson , 1965 . - Harré , H . Rom . Matter and method . London , UK : Macmillan , 1964 . - Harré , H . Rom . Theories and things . London , UK : Sheed and Ward , 1961 . - Harré , H . Rom . Introduction to the logic of the sciences . London , UK : Macmillan , 1960 . Edited books - Harré , H . Rom , & Jensen , C. , ed . Beyond Rationality . Newcastle , UK : Cambridge Scholars , 2012 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Moghaddam , F.M. , ed . Words of Conflict , Words of War . Santa Barbara , CA : Praeger , 2010 . - Harré , H . Rom , Moghaddam , F.M. , & Lee , N.P. , ed . Global Conflict Resolution through Positioning Analysis . New York , NY : Springer , 2008 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Moghaddam , F. , ed . The Self and Others . Westport , CT : Praeger , 2004 . - Harré , H . Rom , & van Langenhove , L . van , ed . Positioning Theory . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1998 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Parrott , W.G. , ed . The emotions . London , UK & Los Angeles , CA : Sage , 1996 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Stearns , P. , ed . Discursive psychology . London , UK & Los Angeles , CA : Sage , 1995 . - Harré , H . Rom , Smith , J. , & van Langenhove , L. , ed . Rethinking psychological methods . London , UK & Los Angeles , CA : Sage , 1995 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Harris , R. , ed . Philosophy and linguistics . Oxford , UK : Pergamon , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Anglo-Ukrainian studies in philosophy of science . Lampeter , PA : Edward Mellen , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Brown , H.R. , ed . Philosophical foundations of quantum field theory . Oxford , UK : Clarendon Press , 1988 . - Harré , H . Rom , van Langenhove , L. , & de Waele , J-M. , ed . Individual persons and their actions . Brussels , Belgium : Vrije Universiteit Press , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Social and Personality Psychology . Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . The physical sciences since antiquity . London , UK : Croom Helm , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . The social construction of emotions . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Animal Behaviour and Ethology . Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Educational and Developmental Psychology . Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Clinical and Physiological Psychology . Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Psychology . Blackwell , 1985 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Reynolds , V. , ed . The meaning of primate signals . Cambridge , GB : Cambridge University Press , 1983 . - Harré , H . Rom , & von Cranach , M. , ed . The analysis of action . Cambridge , GB : Cambridge University Press , 1982 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Jensen , U.J. , ed . The philosophy of evolution . Brighton , GB : Harvester Press , 1981 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Personality . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1976 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Life sentences . Chichester , UK : Wylie , 1976 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Problems of scientific revolution . Oxford , GB : Clarendon Press , 1975 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Some nineteenth century British scientists . Oxford , GB : Pergamon , 1969 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Scientific thought , 1900–1960 . Oxford , GB : Oxford University Press , 1969 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . How I see philosophy . London , UK : Macmillan , 1968 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . The sciences : their origins and methods . Glasgow : Blackie , 1967 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Early Seventeenth Century Scientists . Oxford : Pergamon Press , 1965 .
|
[
"Kings College , Auckland"
] |
[
{
"text": " Horace Romano Rom Harré ( ; 18 December 1927 – 17 October 2019 ) , was a New Zealand-British philosopher and psychologist .",
"title": "Rom Harré"
},
{
"text": " Harré was born in Āpiti , in northern Manawatu , near Palmerston North , New Zealand , but held British citizenship . He studied chemical engineering and later graduated with a BSc in mathematics ( 1948 ) and a Masters in Philosophy ( 1952 ) , both at the University of New Zealand , now the University of Auckland .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "He taught mathematics at Kings College , Auckland ( 1948–53 ) and the University of Punjab in Lahore , Pakistan ( 1953–4 ) . He then studied at University College , Oxford , where he completed a B.Phil . under the supervision of J . L . Austin in 1956 . After a fellowship at the University of Birmingham he was lecturer at the University of Leicester from 1957 to 1959 .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "He returned to Oxford as the successor to Friedrich Waismann as University Lecturer in Philosophy of Science in 1960 . At Oxford , where he was a Fellow of Linacre College , he was active in the founding of the Honours School of Physics and Philosophy . He also played an important part in the discursive turn in social psychology , a field he came to in the middle of his career . After his retirement from Oxford in 1995 , he joined the psychology department of Georgetown University ( having previously taught at that university during Spring Semesters )",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": ". There he continued as Distinguished Research Professor until he retired in 2016 .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Harré gave yearly short courses as an Adjuct Professor at Binghamton University from 1975 through 1998 and occasional courses at both American University in Washington , D.C . and at George Mason University at Fairfax , Virginia . From 2009 until 2011 he served as Director of the Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science at the London School of Economics in conjunction with his US post . He was Visiting Professor at many places , teaching courses at Aoyama University , Tokyo ; Universidad Santiago de Compostela , Spain ; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Peru",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "; Free University at Brussels ; Aarhus University in Denmark and elsewhere .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Harré was one of the worlds most prolific social scientists . He wrote on a wide variety of subjects including : philosophy of mathematics , philosophy of science , ontology , psychology , social psychology , chemistry , sociology and philosophy . He was an important early influence on the philosophical movement critical realism , publishing Causal Powers with E . H . Madden in 1975 . He supervised Roy Bhaskars doctoral studies , and continued to maintain close involvement with realism . He also supervised Patrick Baert , German Berrios , and Jonathan Smiths doctoral studies , respectively in",
"title": "Philosophical work"
},
{
"text": "social theory , history and epistemology of psychiatry , and social psychology . Another one of Harrés distinctive contributions was to the understanding of the social self in microsociology , which he called ethogenics : this method attempts to understand the systems of belief or means by which individuals can attach significance to their actions and form their identities , in addition to the structure of rules and cultural resources that underlie these actions . In his later years Harre returned to his first love of chemistry and became the honorary president of the International Society for the Philosophy of",
"title": "Philosophical work"
},
{
"text": "Chemistry . In addition to regular lectures and articles on the subject , he organized two international conferences on the philosophy of chemistry , one in Oxford and the second at the London School of Economics while he was the director of its Center for the Philosophy of Science .",
"title": "Philosophical work"
},
{
"text": " Harré was the uncle of New Zealand politician and trade unionist Laila Harré and associate professor of psychology and environmentalist Niki Harré .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Honorary doctorate , Helsinki ( 1986 ) - Honorary doctorate , Brussels ( 1986 ) - Honorary doctorate , Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Peru ( 1998 ) - Honorary doctorate , Aarhus University , Denmark ( 1998 ) - Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Psychological Association , Society for Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology ( 2010 ) - Honorary doctorate , Massey University , 2012 - Theodore Sarbin Award from the American Psychological Association , Society for Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology ( 2014 ) .",
"title": "Awards and honours"
},
{
"text": " - Harré and his critics ( 1989 ) ( ed. ) R . Bhaskar Oxford : Blackwell - Rom Harrés scientific realism ( 1993 ) ( ed. ) , Tilburg : Tilburg University Press - International Studies in Philosophy of Science Harré number : 1995 ( ed. ) W . Newton-Smith - Dialectica : Harré number : 1997 ( ed. ) B . Muller . - The Second Cognitive Revolution : A Tribute to Rom Harré , ( 2019 ) ( ed. ) Christensen , Bo Allesøe",
"title": "Festschriftten"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom with F.M . Moghaddam . Psychology for the Third Millennium . London and Los Angeles : Sage , 2012 . - Harré , H . Rom with P.Q . Pfordresser and S-L Tan . Introduction to the Psychology of Music . London : Psychology Press , 2010 . - Harré , H . Rom , Ed . L . van Langenhove . People and Societies . London : Routledge , 2010 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- Harré , H . Rom . Pavlov’s Dogs and Schrödinger’s Cat . Oxford : OUP ( Chinese edition ) , 2009 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom . Key Thinkers in 20th Century Psychology . London : Sage , 2006 . - Harré H . Rom with Michael Tissaw . Wittgenstein and Psychology . Basingstoke , UK : Ashgate , 2005 . - Harré , H . Rom . Modeling : Gateway to the Unknown . Amsterdam and Oxford : Elsevier , 2005 . - Harré , H . Rom . Cognitive Science : A Philosophical Introduction . Los Angeles : Sage ( Chinese translation ) , 2002 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- Harré , H . Rom with J-M . Saguillo . Los problemas de la metafisica : Siglo XX . Madrid : Duque , 2001 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom . One thousand years of philosophy . Oxford : Blackwell , 2000 . - Harré , H . Rom . The singular self . London and Los Angeles : Sage . Italian translation , 2000 , 1998 . - Harré , H . Rom with Muhlhausler , P. , Brockmeier , J . Greenspeak : A Study of Environmental Discourse . Los Angeles and London : Sage , 1998 . - Rom Harre with M . Krausz . Varieties of relativism . Oxford : Blackwell , 1995 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- Rom Harre with J . Arson and E Way . Realism rescued . London : Duckworth , 1994 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom with Grant Gillet . The discursive mind . London : Sage ( Spanish translation ) , 1994 . - Harré , H . Rom . Social being : revised edition . Oxford : Blackwell , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom . Laws of nature . London : Duckworth , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom . Physical being : a theory for corporeal psychology . Oxford : Blackwell , 1991 . - Rom Harre with P Muhlhausler . Pronouns and people . Blackwell , Oxford , 1990 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- Rom Harre . Designing the discipline : a programme for psychology . Blackwell , Oxford , 1986 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom . Varieties of realism . Blackwell , Oxford , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom . The philosophies of science , 2nd Edition . Oxford , GB : Oxford University Press , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , Clarke , D. , & de Carlo , N. . Motives and mechanisms . London , UK : Metheun , 1985 . - Harré , H . Rom . Introduction to the logic of the sciences , 2nd Edition . London , UK : Macmillan , 1983 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- Rom Harre . Personal being:a theory for individual psychology . Blackwell , Oxford;1985 Harvard UP , Cambridge , Mass. , 1983 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom . Twenty great scientific experiments . Phaidon Press , Oxford ( OPUS paperback , 1983 , American edition 1982 ) ( Spanish , Italian , Japanese ) , 1981 . - Harré , H . Rom . Social being : a theory for social psychology . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1979 . - Harré , H . Rom . Social being : a theory for social psychology . : Blackwell , Oxford ( Spanish translation ) , 1979 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- Harré , H . Rom , Marsh , P. , & Rosser , E. . The rules of disorder . London , UK : Routledge and Kegan Paul , 1977 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom , Morgan , J. , & O’Neill , O. . Nicknames . London , UK : Routledge and Kegan Paul , 1977 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Madden , E.H. . Causal powers . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1975 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Secord , P.F. . The explanation of social behaviour . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1973 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- Harré , H . Rom . The philosophies of science . Oxford , GB : Oxford University Press , 1972 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom . The method of science . London , UK : Wykelham Press , 1970 . - Harré , H . Rom . The principles of scientific thinking . London , UK : Macmillan , 1970 . - Waismann , F. , Harré , H . Rom , ed. . The Principles of Linguistic Philosophy . London : Macmillan , 1968 . - Harré , H . Rom . The anticipation of nature . London , UK : Hutchinson , 1965 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- Harré , H . Rom . Matter and method . London , UK : Macmillan , 1964 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom . Theories and things . London , UK : Sheed and Ward , 1961 . - Harré , H . Rom . Introduction to the logic of the sciences . London , UK : Macmillan , 1960 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom , & Jensen , C. , ed . Beyond Rationality . Newcastle , UK : Cambridge Scholars , 2012 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Moghaddam , F.M. , ed . Words of Conflict , Words of War . Santa Barbara , CA : Praeger , 2010 . - Harré , H . Rom , Moghaddam , F.M. , & Lee , N.P. , ed . Global Conflict Resolution through Positioning Analysis . New York , NY : Springer , 2008 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": "- Harré , H . Rom , & Moghaddam , F. , ed . The Self and Others . Westport , CT : Praeger , 2004 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom , & van Langenhove , L . van , ed . Positioning Theory . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1998 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Parrott , W.G. , ed . The emotions . London , UK & Los Angeles , CA : Sage , 1996 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Stearns , P. , ed . Discursive psychology . London , UK & Los Angeles , CA : Sage , 1995 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": "- Harré , H . Rom , Smith , J. , & van Langenhove , L. , ed . Rethinking psychological methods . London , UK & Los Angeles , CA : Sage , 1995 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom , & Harris , R. , ed . Philosophy and linguistics . Oxford , UK : Pergamon , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Anglo-Ukrainian studies in philosophy of science . Lampeter , PA : Edward Mellen , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Brown , H.R. , ed . Philosophical foundations of quantum field theory . Oxford , UK : Clarendon Press , 1988 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": "- Harré , H . Rom , van Langenhove , L. , & de Waele , J-M. , ed . Individual persons and their actions . Brussels , Belgium : Vrije Universiteit Press , 1986 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Social and Personality Psychology . Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . The physical sciences since antiquity . London , UK : Croom Helm , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . The social construction of emotions . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Animal Behaviour and Ethology . Blackwell , 1986 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": "- Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Educational and Developmental Psychology . Blackwell , 1986 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Clinical and Physiological Psychology . Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Psychology . Blackwell , 1985 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Reynolds , V. , ed . The meaning of primate signals . Cambridge , GB : Cambridge University Press , 1983 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": "- Harré , H . Rom , & von Cranach , M. , ed . The analysis of action . Cambridge , GB : Cambridge University Press , 1982 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom , & Jensen , U.J. , ed . The philosophy of evolution . Brighton , GB : Harvester Press , 1981 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Personality . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1976 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Life sentences . Chichester , UK : Wylie , 1976 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Problems of scientific revolution . Oxford , GB : Clarendon Press , 1975 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": "- Harré , H . Rom , ed . Some nineteenth century British scientists . Oxford , GB : Pergamon , 1969 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Scientific thought , 1900–1960 . Oxford , GB : Oxford University Press , 1969 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . How I see philosophy . London , UK : Macmillan , 1968 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . The sciences : their origins and methods . Glasgow : Blackie , 1967 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Early Seventeenth Century Scientists . Oxford : Pergamon Press , 1965 .",
"title": "Edited books"
}
] |
/wiki/Rom_Harré#P108#1
|
Who did Rom Harré work for in Apr 1966?
|
Rom Harré Horace Romano Rom Harré ( ; 18 December 1927 – 17 October 2019 ) , was a New Zealand-British philosopher and psychologist . Biography . Harré was born in Āpiti , in northern Manawatu , near Palmerston North , New Zealand , but held British citizenship . He studied chemical engineering and later graduated with a BSc in mathematics ( 1948 ) and a Masters in Philosophy ( 1952 ) , both at the University of New Zealand , now the University of Auckland . He taught mathematics at Kings College , Auckland ( 1948–53 ) and the University of Punjab in Lahore , Pakistan ( 1953–4 ) . He then studied at University College , Oxford , where he completed a B.Phil . under the supervision of J . L . Austin in 1956 . After a fellowship at the University of Birmingham he was lecturer at the University of Leicester from 1957 to 1959 . He returned to Oxford as the successor to Friedrich Waismann as University Lecturer in Philosophy of Science in 1960 . At Oxford , where he was a Fellow of Linacre College , he was active in the founding of the Honours School of Physics and Philosophy . He also played an important part in the discursive turn in social psychology , a field he came to in the middle of his career . After his retirement from Oxford in 1995 , he joined the psychology department of Georgetown University ( having previously taught at that university during Spring Semesters ) . There he continued as Distinguished Research Professor until he retired in 2016 . Harré gave yearly short courses as an Adjuct Professor at Binghamton University from 1975 through 1998 and occasional courses at both American University in Washington , D.C . and at George Mason University at Fairfax , Virginia . From 2009 until 2011 he served as Director of the Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science at the London School of Economics in conjunction with his US post . He was Visiting Professor at many places , teaching courses at Aoyama University , Tokyo ; Universidad Santiago de Compostela , Spain ; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Peru ; Free University at Brussels ; Aarhus University in Denmark and elsewhere . Philosophical work . Harré was one of the worlds most prolific social scientists . He wrote on a wide variety of subjects including : philosophy of mathematics , philosophy of science , ontology , psychology , social psychology , chemistry , sociology and philosophy . He was an important early influence on the philosophical movement critical realism , publishing Causal Powers with E . H . Madden in 1975 . He supervised Roy Bhaskars doctoral studies , and continued to maintain close involvement with realism . He also supervised Patrick Baert , German Berrios , and Jonathan Smiths doctoral studies , respectively in social theory , history and epistemology of psychiatry , and social psychology . Another one of Harrés distinctive contributions was to the understanding of the social self in microsociology , which he called ethogenics : this method attempts to understand the systems of belief or means by which individuals can attach significance to their actions and form their identities , in addition to the structure of rules and cultural resources that underlie these actions . In his later years Harre returned to his first love of chemistry and became the honorary president of the International Society for the Philosophy of Chemistry . In addition to regular lectures and articles on the subject , he organized two international conferences on the philosophy of chemistry , one in Oxford and the second at the London School of Economics while he was the director of its Center for the Philosophy of Science . Personal life . Harré was the uncle of New Zealand politician and trade unionist Laila Harré and associate professor of psychology and environmentalist Niki Harré . Awards and honours . - Honorary doctorate , Helsinki ( 1986 ) - Honorary doctorate , Brussels ( 1986 ) - Honorary doctorate , Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Peru ( 1998 ) - Honorary doctorate , Aarhus University , Denmark ( 1998 ) - Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Psychological Association , Society for Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology ( 2010 ) - Honorary doctorate , Massey University , 2012 - Theodore Sarbin Award from the American Psychological Association , Society for Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology ( 2014 ) . Festschriftten . - Harré and his critics ( 1989 ) ( ed. ) R . Bhaskar Oxford : Blackwell - Rom Harrés scientific realism ( 1993 ) ( ed. ) , Tilburg : Tilburg University Press - International Studies in Philosophy of Science Harré number : 1995 ( ed. ) W . Newton-Smith - Dialectica : Harré number : 1997 ( ed. ) B . Muller . - The Second Cognitive Revolution : A Tribute to Rom Harré , ( 2019 ) ( ed. ) Christensen , Bo Allesøe Publications . Books - Harré , H . Rom with F.M . Moghaddam . Psychology for the Third Millennium . London and Los Angeles : Sage , 2012 . - Harré , H . Rom with P.Q . Pfordresser and S-L Tan . Introduction to the Psychology of Music . London : Psychology Press , 2010 . - Harré , H . Rom , Ed . L . van Langenhove . People and Societies . London : Routledge , 2010 . - Harré , H . Rom . Pavlov’s Dogs and Schrödinger’s Cat . Oxford : OUP ( Chinese edition ) , 2009 . - Harré , H . Rom . Key Thinkers in 20th Century Psychology . London : Sage , 2006 . - Harré H . Rom with Michael Tissaw . Wittgenstein and Psychology . Basingstoke , UK : Ashgate , 2005 . - Harré , H . Rom . Modeling : Gateway to the Unknown . Amsterdam and Oxford : Elsevier , 2005 . - Harré , H . Rom . Cognitive Science : A Philosophical Introduction . Los Angeles : Sage ( Chinese translation ) , 2002 . - Harré , H . Rom with J-M . Saguillo . Los problemas de la metafisica : Siglo XX . Madrid : Duque , 2001 . - Harré , H . Rom . One thousand years of philosophy . Oxford : Blackwell , 2000 . - Harré , H . Rom . The singular self . London and Los Angeles : Sage . Italian translation , 2000 , 1998 . - Harré , H . Rom with Muhlhausler , P. , Brockmeier , J . Greenspeak : A Study of Environmental Discourse . Los Angeles and London : Sage , 1998 . - Rom Harre with M . Krausz . Varieties of relativism . Oxford : Blackwell , 1995 . - Rom Harre with J . Arson and E Way . Realism rescued . London : Duckworth , 1994 . - Harré , H . Rom with Grant Gillet . The discursive mind . London : Sage ( Spanish translation ) , 1994 . - Harré , H . Rom . Social being : revised edition . Oxford : Blackwell , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom . Laws of nature . London : Duckworth , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom . Physical being : a theory for corporeal psychology . Oxford : Blackwell , 1991 . - Rom Harre with P Muhlhausler . Pronouns and people . Blackwell , Oxford , 1990 . - Rom Harre . Designing the discipline : a programme for psychology . Blackwell , Oxford , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom . Varieties of realism . Blackwell , Oxford , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom . The philosophies of science , 2nd Edition . Oxford , GB : Oxford University Press , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , Clarke , D. , & de Carlo , N. . Motives and mechanisms . London , UK : Metheun , 1985 . - Harré , H . Rom . Introduction to the logic of the sciences , 2nd Edition . London , UK : Macmillan , 1983 . - Rom Harre . Personal being:a theory for individual psychology . Blackwell , Oxford;1985 Harvard UP , Cambridge , Mass. , 1983 . - Harré , H . Rom . Twenty great scientific experiments . Phaidon Press , Oxford ( OPUS paperback , 1983 , American edition 1982 ) ( Spanish , Italian , Japanese ) , 1981 . - Harré , H . Rom . Social being : a theory for social psychology . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1979 . - Harré , H . Rom . Social being : a theory for social psychology . : Blackwell , Oxford ( Spanish translation ) , 1979 . - Harré , H . Rom , Marsh , P. , & Rosser , E. . The rules of disorder . London , UK : Routledge and Kegan Paul , 1977 . - Harré , H . Rom , Morgan , J. , & O’Neill , O. . Nicknames . London , UK : Routledge and Kegan Paul , 1977 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Madden , E.H. . Causal powers . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1975 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Secord , P.F. . The explanation of social behaviour . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1973 . - Harré , H . Rom . The philosophies of science . Oxford , GB : Oxford University Press , 1972 . - Harré , H . Rom . The method of science . London , UK : Wykelham Press , 1970 . - Harré , H . Rom . The principles of scientific thinking . London , UK : Macmillan , 1970 . - Waismann , F. , Harré , H . Rom , ed. . The Principles of Linguistic Philosophy . London : Macmillan , 1968 . - Harré , H . Rom . The anticipation of nature . London , UK : Hutchinson , 1965 . - Harré , H . Rom . Matter and method . London , UK : Macmillan , 1964 . - Harré , H . Rom . Theories and things . London , UK : Sheed and Ward , 1961 . - Harré , H . Rom . Introduction to the logic of the sciences . London , UK : Macmillan , 1960 . Edited books - Harré , H . Rom , & Jensen , C. , ed . Beyond Rationality . Newcastle , UK : Cambridge Scholars , 2012 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Moghaddam , F.M. , ed . Words of Conflict , Words of War . Santa Barbara , CA : Praeger , 2010 . - Harré , H . Rom , Moghaddam , F.M. , & Lee , N.P. , ed . Global Conflict Resolution through Positioning Analysis . New York , NY : Springer , 2008 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Moghaddam , F. , ed . The Self and Others . Westport , CT : Praeger , 2004 . - Harré , H . Rom , & van Langenhove , L . van , ed . Positioning Theory . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1998 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Parrott , W.G. , ed . The emotions . London , UK & Los Angeles , CA : Sage , 1996 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Stearns , P. , ed . Discursive psychology . London , UK & Los Angeles , CA : Sage , 1995 . - Harré , H . Rom , Smith , J. , & van Langenhove , L. , ed . Rethinking psychological methods . London , UK & Los Angeles , CA : Sage , 1995 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Harris , R. , ed . Philosophy and linguistics . Oxford , UK : Pergamon , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Anglo-Ukrainian studies in philosophy of science . Lampeter , PA : Edward Mellen , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Brown , H.R. , ed . Philosophical foundations of quantum field theory . Oxford , UK : Clarendon Press , 1988 . - Harré , H . Rom , van Langenhove , L. , & de Waele , J-M. , ed . Individual persons and their actions . Brussels , Belgium : Vrije Universiteit Press , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Social and Personality Psychology . Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . The physical sciences since antiquity . London , UK : Croom Helm , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . The social construction of emotions . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Animal Behaviour and Ethology . Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Educational and Developmental Psychology . Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Clinical and Physiological Psychology . Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Psychology . Blackwell , 1985 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Reynolds , V. , ed . The meaning of primate signals . Cambridge , GB : Cambridge University Press , 1983 . - Harré , H . Rom , & von Cranach , M. , ed . The analysis of action . Cambridge , GB : Cambridge University Press , 1982 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Jensen , U.J. , ed . The philosophy of evolution . Brighton , GB : Harvester Press , 1981 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Personality . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1976 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Life sentences . Chichester , UK : Wylie , 1976 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Problems of scientific revolution . Oxford , GB : Clarendon Press , 1975 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Some nineteenth century British scientists . Oxford , GB : Pergamon , 1969 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Scientific thought , 1900–1960 . Oxford , GB : Oxford University Press , 1969 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . How I see philosophy . London , UK : Macmillan , 1968 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . The sciences : their origins and methods . Glasgow : Blackie , 1967 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Early Seventeenth Century Scientists . Oxford : Pergamon Press , 1965 .
|
[
"Linacre College"
] |
[
{
"text": " Horace Romano Rom Harré ( ; 18 December 1927 – 17 October 2019 ) , was a New Zealand-British philosopher and psychologist .",
"title": "Rom Harré"
},
{
"text": " Harré was born in Āpiti , in northern Manawatu , near Palmerston North , New Zealand , but held British citizenship . He studied chemical engineering and later graduated with a BSc in mathematics ( 1948 ) and a Masters in Philosophy ( 1952 ) , both at the University of New Zealand , now the University of Auckland .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "He taught mathematics at Kings College , Auckland ( 1948–53 ) and the University of Punjab in Lahore , Pakistan ( 1953–4 ) . He then studied at University College , Oxford , where he completed a B.Phil . under the supervision of J . L . Austin in 1956 . After a fellowship at the University of Birmingham he was lecturer at the University of Leicester from 1957 to 1959 .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "He returned to Oxford as the successor to Friedrich Waismann as University Lecturer in Philosophy of Science in 1960 . At Oxford , where he was a Fellow of Linacre College , he was active in the founding of the Honours School of Physics and Philosophy . He also played an important part in the discursive turn in social psychology , a field he came to in the middle of his career . After his retirement from Oxford in 1995 , he joined the psychology department of Georgetown University ( having previously taught at that university during Spring Semesters )",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": ". There he continued as Distinguished Research Professor until he retired in 2016 .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Harré gave yearly short courses as an Adjuct Professor at Binghamton University from 1975 through 1998 and occasional courses at both American University in Washington , D.C . and at George Mason University at Fairfax , Virginia . From 2009 until 2011 he served as Director of the Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science at the London School of Economics in conjunction with his US post . He was Visiting Professor at many places , teaching courses at Aoyama University , Tokyo ; Universidad Santiago de Compostela , Spain ; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Peru",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "; Free University at Brussels ; Aarhus University in Denmark and elsewhere .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Harré was one of the worlds most prolific social scientists . He wrote on a wide variety of subjects including : philosophy of mathematics , philosophy of science , ontology , psychology , social psychology , chemistry , sociology and philosophy . He was an important early influence on the philosophical movement critical realism , publishing Causal Powers with E . H . Madden in 1975 . He supervised Roy Bhaskars doctoral studies , and continued to maintain close involvement with realism . He also supervised Patrick Baert , German Berrios , and Jonathan Smiths doctoral studies , respectively in",
"title": "Philosophical work"
},
{
"text": "social theory , history and epistemology of psychiatry , and social psychology . Another one of Harrés distinctive contributions was to the understanding of the social self in microsociology , which he called ethogenics : this method attempts to understand the systems of belief or means by which individuals can attach significance to their actions and form their identities , in addition to the structure of rules and cultural resources that underlie these actions . In his later years Harre returned to his first love of chemistry and became the honorary president of the International Society for the Philosophy of",
"title": "Philosophical work"
},
{
"text": "Chemistry . In addition to regular lectures and articles on the subject , he organized two international conferences on the philosophy of chemistry , one in Oxford and the second at the London School of Economics while he was the director of its Center for the Philosophy of Science .",
"title": "Philosophical work"
},
{
"text": " Harré was the uncle of New Zealand politician and trade unionist Laila Harré and associate professor of psychology and environmentalist Niki Harré .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Honorary doctorate , Helsinki ( 1986 ) - Honorary doctorate , Brussels ( 1986 ) - Honorary doctorate , Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Peru ( 1998 ) - Honorary doctorate , Aarhus University , Denmark ( 1998 ) - Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Psychological Association , Society for Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology ( 2010 ) - Honorary doctorate , Massey University , 2012 - Theodore Sarbin Award from the American Psychological Association , Society for Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology ( 2014 ) .",
"title": "Awards and honours"
},
{
"text": " - Harré and his critics ( 1989 ) ( ed. ) R . Bhaskar Oxford : Blackwell - Rom Harrés scientific realism ( 1993 ) ( ed. ) , Tilburg : Tilburg University Press - International Studies in Philosophy of Science Harré number : 1995 ( ed. ) W . Newton-Smith - Dialectica : Harré number : 1997 ( ed. ) B . Muller . - The Second Cognitive Revolution : A Tribute to Rom Harré , ( 2019 ) ( ed. ) Christensen , Bo Allesøe",
"title": "Festschriftten"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom with F.M . Moghaddam . Psychology for the Third Millennium . London and Los Angeles : Sage , 2012 . - Harré , H . Rom with P.Q . Pfordresser and S-L Tan . Introduction to the Psychology of Music . London : Psychology Press , 2010 . - Harré , H . Rom , Ed . L . van Langenhove . People and Societies . London : Routledge , 2010 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- Harré , H . Rom . Pavlov’s Dogs and Schrödinger’s Cat . Oxford : OUP ( Chinese edition ) , 2009 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom . Key Thinkers in 20th Century Psychology . London : Sage , 2006 . - Harré H . Rom with Michael Tissaw . Wittgenstein and Psychology . Basingstoke , UK : Ashgate , 2005 . - Harré , H . Rom . Modeling : Gateway to the Unknown . Amsterdam and Oxford : Elsevier , 2005 . - Harré , H . Rom . Cognitive Science : A Philosophical Introduction . Los Angeles : Sage ( Chinese translation ) , 2002 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- Harré , H . Rom with J-M . Saguillo . Los problemas de la metafisica : Siglo XX . Madrid : Duque , 2001 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom . One thousand years of philosophy . Oxford : Blackwell , 2000 . - Harré , H . Rom . The singular self . London and Los Angeles : Sage . Italian translation , 2000 , 1998 . - Harré , H . Rom with Muhlhausler , P. , Brockmeier , J . Greenspeak : A Study of Environmental Discourse . Los Angeles and London : Sage , 1998 . - Rom Harre with M . Krausz . Varieties of relativism . Oxford : Blackwell , 1995 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- Rom Harre with J . Arson and E Way . Realism rescued . London : Duckworth , 1994 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom with Grant Gillet . The discursive mind . London : Sage ( Spanish translation ) , 1994 . - Harré , H . Rom . Social being : revised edition . Oxford : Blackwell , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom . Laws of nature . London : Duckworth , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom . Physical being : a theory for corporeal psychology . Oxford : Blackwell , 1991 . - Rom Harre with P Muhlhausler . Pronouns and people . Blackwell , Oxford , 1990 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- Rom Harre . Designing the discipline : a programme for psychology . Blackwell , Oxford , 1986 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom . Varieties of realism . Blackwell , Oxford , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom . The philosophies of science , 2nd Edition . Oxford , GB : Oxford University Press , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , Clarke , D. , & de Carlo , N. . Motives and mechanisms . London , UK : Metheun , 1985 . - Harré , H . Rom . Introduction to the logic of the sciences , 2nd Edition . London , UK : Macmillan , 1983 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- Rom Harre . Personal being:a theory for individual psychology . Blackwell , Oxford;1985 Harvard UP , Cambridge , Mass. , 1983 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom . Twenty great scientific experiments . Phaidon Press , Oxford ( OPUS paperback , 1983 , American edition 1982 ) ( Spanish , Italian , Japanese ) , 1981 . - Harré , H . Rom . Social being : a theory for social psychology . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1979 . - Harré , H . Rom . Social being : a theory for social psychology . : Blackwell , Oxford ( Spanish translation ) , 1979 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- Harré , H . Rom , Marsh , P. , & Rosser , E. . The rules of disorder . London , UK : Routledge and Kegan Paul , 1977 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom , Morgan , J. , & O’Neill , O. . Nicknames . London , UK : Routledge and Kegan Paul , 1977 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Madden , E.H. . Causal powers . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1975 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Secord , P.F. . The explanation of social behaviour . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1973 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- Harré , H . Rom . The philosophies of science . Oxford , GB : Oxford University Press , 1972 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom . The method of science . London , UK : Wykelham Press , 1970 . - Harré , H . Rom . The principles of scientific thinking . London , UK : Macmillan , 1970 . - Waismann , F. , Harré , H . Rom , ed. . The Principles of Linguistic Philosophy . London : Macmillan , 1968 . - Harré , H . Rom . The anticipation of nature . London , UK : Hutchinson , 1965 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- Harré , H . Rom . Matter and method . London , UK : Macmillan , 1964 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom . Theories and things . London , UK : Sheed and Ward , 1961 . - Harré , H . Rom . Introduction to the logic of the sciences . London , UK : Macmillan , 1960 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom , & Jensen , C. , ed . Beyond Rationality . Newcastle , UK : Cambridge Scholars , 2012 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Moghaddam , F.M. , ed . Words of Conflict , Words of War . Santa Barbara , CA : Praeger , 2010 . - Harré , H . Rom , Moghaddam , F.M. , & Lee , N.P. , ed . Global Conflict Resolution through Positioning Analysis . New York , NY : Springer , 2008 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": "- Harré , H . Rom , & Moghaddam , F. , ed . The Self and Others . Westport , CT : Praeger , 2004 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom , & van Langenhove , L . van , ed . Positioning Theory . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1998 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Parrott , W.G. , ed . The emotions . London , UK & Los Angeles , CA : Sage , 1996 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Stearns , P. , ed . Discursive psychology . London , UK & Los Angeles , CA : Sage , 1995 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": "- Harré , H . Rom , Smith , J. , & van Langenhove , L. , ed . Rethinking psychological methods . London , UK & Los Angeles , CA : Sage , 1995 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom , & Harris , R. , ed . Philosophy and linguistics . Oxford , UK : Pergamon , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Anglo-Ukrainian studies in philosophy of science . Lampeter , PA : Edward Mellen , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Brown , H.R. , ed . Philosophical foundations of quantum field theory . Oxford , UK : Clarendon Press , 1988 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": "- Harré , H . Rom , van Langenhove , L. , & de Waele , J-M. , ed . Individual persons and their actions . Brussels , Belgium : Vrije Universiteit Press , 1986 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Social and Personality Psychology . Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . The physical sciences since antiquity . London , UK : Croom Helm , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . The social construction of emotions . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Animal Behaviour and Ethology . Blackwell , 1986 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": "- Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Educational and Developmental Psychology . Blackwell , 1986 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Clinical and Physiological Psychology . Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Psychology . Blackwell , 1985 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Reynolds , V. , ed . The meaning of primate signals . Cambridge , GB : Cambridge University Press , 1983 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": "- Harré , H . Rom , & von Cranach , M. , ed . The analysis of action . Cambridge , GB : Cambridge University Press , 1982 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom , & Jensen , U.J. , ed . The philosophy of evolution . Brighton , GB : Harvester Press , 1981 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Personality . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1976 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Life sentences . Chichester , UK : Wylie , 1976 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Problems of scientific revolution . Oxford , GB : Clarendon Press , 1975 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": "- Harré , H . Rom , ed . Some nineteenth century British scientists . Oxford , GB : Pergamon , 1969 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Scientific thought , 1900–1960 . Oxford , GB : Oxford University Press , 1969 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . How I see philosophy . London , UK : Macmillan , 1968 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . The sciences : their origins and methods . Glasgow : Blackie , 1967 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Early Seventeenth Century Scientists . Oxford : Pergamon Press , 1965 .",
"title": "Edited books"
}
] |
/wiki/Rom_Harré#P108#2
|
Who did Rom Harré work for between Nov 1968 and Dec 1968?
|
Rom Harré Horace Romano Rom Harré ( ; 18 December 1927 – 17 October 2019 ) , was a New Zealand-British philosopher and psychologist . Biography . Harré was born in Āpiti , in northern Manawatu , near Palmerston North , New Zealand , but held British citizenship . He studied chemical engineering and later graduated with a BSc in mathematics ( 1948 ) and a Masters in Philosophy ( 1952 ) , both at the University of New Zealand , now the University of Auckland . He taught mathematics at Kings College , Auckland ( 1948–53 ) and the University of Punjab in Lahore , Pakistan ( 1953–4 ) . He then studied at University College , Oxford , where he completed a B.Phil . under the supervision of J . L . Austin in 1956 . After a fellowship at the University of Birmingham he was lecturer at the University of Leicester from 1957 to 1959 . He returned to Oxford as the successor to Friedrich Waismann as University Lecturer in Philosophy of Science in 1960 . At Oxford , where he was a Fellow of Linacre College , he was active in the founding of the Honours School of Physics and Philosophy . He also played an important part in the discursive turn in social psychology , a field he came to in the middle of his career . After his retirement from Oxford in 1995 , he joined the psychology department of Georgetown University ( having previously taught at that university during Spring Semesters ) . There he continued as Distinguished Research Professor until he retired in 2016 . Harré gave yearly short courses as an Adjuct Professor at Binghamton University from 1975 through 1998 and occasional courses at both American University in Washington , D.C . and at George Mason University at Fairfax , Virginia . From 2009 until 2011 he served as Director of the Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science at the London School of Economics in conjunction with his US post . He was Visiting Professor at many places , teaching courses at Aoyama University , Tokyo ; Universidad Santiago de Compostela , Spain ; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Peru ; Free University at Brussels ; Aarhus University in Denmark and elsewhere . Philosophical work . Harré was one of the worlds most prolific social scientists . He wrote on a wide variety of subjects including : philosophy of mathematics , philosophy of science , ontology , psychology , social psychology , chemistry , sociology and philosophy . He was an important early influence on the philosophical movement critical realism , publishing Causal Powers with E . H . Madden in 1975 . He supervised Roy Bhaskars doctoral studies , and continued to maintain close involvement with realism . He also supervised Patrick Baert , German Berrios , and Jonathan Smiths doctoral studies , respectively in social theory , history and epistemology of psychiatry , and social psychology . Another one of Harrés distinctive contributions was to the understanding of the social self in microsociology , which he called ethogenics : this method attempts to understand the systems of belief or means by which individuals can attach significance to their actions and form their identities , in addition to the structure of rules and cultural resources that underlie these actions . In his later years Harre returned to his first love of chemistry and became the honorary president of the International Society for the Philosophy of Chemistry . In addition to regular lectures and articles on the subject , he organized two international conferences on the philosophy of chemistry , one in Oxford and the second at the London School of Economics while he was the director of its Center for the Philosophy of Science . Personal life . Harré was the uncle of New Zealand politician and trade unionist Laila Harré and associate professor of psychology and environmentalist Niki Harré . Awards and honours . - Honorary doctorate , Helsinki ( 1986 ) - Honorary doctorate , Brussels ( 1986 ) - Honorary doctorate , Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Peru ( 1998 ) - Honorary doctorate , Aarhus University , Denmark ( 1998 ) - Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Psychological Association , Society for Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology ( 2010 ) - Honorary doctorate , Massey University , 2012 - Theodore Sarbin Award from the American Psychological Association , Society for Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology ( 2014 ) . Festschriftten . - Harré and his critics ( 1989 ) ( ed. ) R . Bhaskar Oxford : Blackwell - Rom Harrés scientific realism ( 1993 ) ( ed. ) , Tilburg : Tilburg University Press - International Studies in Philosophy of Science Harré number : 1995 ( ed. ) W . Newton-Smith - Dialectica : Harré number : 1997 ( ed. ) B . Muller . - The Second Cognitive Revolution : A Tribute to Rom Harré , ( 2019 ) ( ed. ) Christensen , Bo Allesøe Publications . Books - Harré , H . Rom with F.M . Moghaddam . Psychology for the Third Millennium . London and Los Angeles : Sage , 2012 . - Harré , H . Rom with P.Q . Pfordresser and S-L Tan . Introduction to the Psychology of Music . London : Psychology Press , 2010 . - Harré , H . Rom , Ed . L . van Langenhove . People and Societies . London : Routledge , 2010 . - Harré , H . Rom . Pavlov’s Dogs and Schrödinger’s Cat . Oxford : OUP ( Chinese edition ) , 2009 . - Harré , H . Rom . Key Thinkers in 20th Century Psychology . London : Sage , 2006 . - Harré H . Rom with Michael Tissaw . Wittgenstein and Psychology . Basingstoke , UK : Ashgate , 2005 . - Harré , H . Rom . Modeling : Gateway to the Unknown . Amsterdam and Oxford : Elsevier , 2005 . - Harré , H . Rom . Cognitive Science : A Philosophical Introduction . Los Angeles : Sage ( Chinese translation ) , 2002 . - Harré , H . Rom with J-M . Saguillo . Los problemas de la metafisica : Siglo XX . Madrid : Duque , 2001 . - Harré , H . Rom . One thousand years of philosophy . Oxford : Blackwell , 2000 . - Harré , H . Rom . The singular self . London and Los Angeles : Sage . Italian translation , 2000 , 1998 . - Harré , H . Rom with Muhlhausler , P. , Brockmeier , J . Greenspeak : A Study of Environmental Discourse . Los Angeles and London : Sage , 1998 . - Rom Harre with M . Krausz . Varieties of relativism . Oxford : Blackwell , 1995 . - Rom Harre with J . Arson and E Way . Realism rescued . London : Duckworth , 1994 . - Harré , H . Rom with Grant Gillet . The discursive mind . London : Sage ( Spanish translation ) , 1994 . - Harré , H . Rom . Social being : revised edition . Oxford : Blackwell , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom . Laws of nature . London : Duckworth , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom . Physical being : a theory for corporeal psychology . Oxford : Blackwell , 1991 . - Rom Harre with P Muhlhausler . Pronouns and people . Blackwell , Oxford , 1990 . - Rom Harre . Designing the discipline : a programme for psychology . Blackwell , Oxford , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom . Varieties of realism . Blackwell , Oxford , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom . The philosophies of science , 2nd Edition . Oxford , GB : Oxford University Press , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , Clarke , D. , & de Carlo , N. . Motives and mechanisms . London , UK : Metheun , 1985 . - Harré , H . Rom . Introduction to the logic of the sciences , 2nd Edition . London , UK : Macmillan , 1983 . - Rom Harre . Personal being:a theory for individual psychology . Blackwell , Oxford;1985 Harvard UP , Cambridge , Mass. , 1983 . - Harré , H . Rom . Twenty great scientific experiments . Phaidon Press , Oxford ( OPUS paperback , 1983 , American edition 1982 ) ( Spanish , Italian , Japanese ) , 1981 . - Harré , H . Rom . Social being : a theory for social psychology . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1979 . - Harré , H . Rom . Social being : a theory for social psychology . : Blackwell , Oxford ( Spanish translation ) , 1979 . - Harré , H . Rom , Marsh , P. , & Rosser , E. . The rules of disorder . London , UK : Routledge and Kegan Paul , 1977 . - Harré , H . Rom , Morgan , J. , & O’Neill , O. . Nicknames . London , UK : Routledge and Kegan Paul , 1977 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Madden , E.H. . Causal powers . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1975 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Secord , P.F. . The explanation of social behaviour . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1973 . - Harré , H . Rom . The philosophies of science . Oxford , GB : Oxford University Press , 1972 . - Harré , H . Rom . The method of science . London , UK : Wykelham Press , 1970 . - Harré , H . Rom . The principles of scientific thinking . London , UK : Macmillan , 1970 . - Waismann , F. , Harré , H . Rom , ed. . The Principles of Linguistic Philosophy . London : Macmillan , 1968 . - Harré , H . Rom . The anticipation of nature . London , UK : Hutchinson , 1965 . - Harré , H . Rom . Matter and method . London , UK : Macmillan , 1964 . - Harré , H . Rom . Theories and things . London , UK : Sheed and Ward , 1961 . - Harré , H . Rom . Introduction to the logic of the sciences . London , UK : Macmillan , 1960 . Edited books - Harré , H . Rom , & Jensen , C. , ed . Beyond Rationality . Newcastle , UK : Cambridge Scholars , 2012 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Moghaddam , F.M. , ed . Words of Conflict , Words of War . Santa Barbara , CA : Praeger , 2010 . - Harré , H . Rom , Moghaddam , F.M. , & Lee , N.P. , ed . Global Conflict Resolution through Positioning Analysis . New York , NY : Springer , 2008 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Moghaddam , F. , ed . The Self and Others . Westport , CT : Praeger , 2004 . - Harré , H . Rom , & van Langenhove , L . van , ed . Positioning Theory . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1998 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Parrott , W.G. , ed . The emotions . London , UK & Los Angeles , CA : Sage , 1996 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Stearns , P. , ed . Discursive psychology . London , UK & Los Angeles , CA : Sage , 1995 . - Harré , H . Rom , Smith , J. , & van Langenhove , L. , ed . Rethinking psychological methods . London , UK & Los Angeles , CA : Sage , 1995 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Harris , R. , ed . Philosophy and linguistics . Oxford , UK : Pergamon , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Anglo-Ukrainian studies in philosophy of science . Lampeter , PA : Edward Mellen , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Brown , H.R. , ed . Philosophical foundations of quantum field theory . Oxford , UK : Clarendon Press , 1988 . - Harré , H . Rom , van Langenhove , L. , & de Waele , J-M. , ed . Individual persons and their actions . Brussels , Belgium : Vrije Universiteit Press , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Social and Personality Psychology . Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . The physical sciences since antiquity . London , UK : Croom Helm , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . The social construction of emotions . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Animal Behaviour and Ethology . Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Educational and Developmental Psychology . Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Clinical and Physiological Psychology . Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Psychology . Blackwell , 1985 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Reynolds , V. , ed . The meaning of primate signals . Cambridge , GB : Cambridge University Press , 1983 . - Harré , H . Rom , & von Cranach , M. , ed . The analysis of action . Cambridge , GB : Cambridge University Press , 1982 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Jensen , U.J. , ed . The philosophy of evolution . Brighton , GB : Harvester Press , 1981 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Personality . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1976 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Life sentences . Chichester , UK : Wylie , 1976 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Problems of scientific revolution . Oxford , GB : Clarendon Press , 1975 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Some nineteenth century British scientists . Oxford , GB : Pergamon , 1969 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Scientific thought , 1900–1960 . Oxford , GB : Oxford University Press , 1969 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . How I see philosophy . London , UK : Macmillan , 1968 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . The sciences : their origins and methods . Glasgow : Blackie , 1967 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Early Seventeenth Century Scientists . Oxford : Pergamon Press , 1965 .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Horace Romano Rom Harré ( ; 18 December 1927 – 17 October 2019 ) , was a New Zealand-British philosopher and psychologist .",
"title": "Rom Harré"
},
{
"text": " Harré was born in Āpiti , in northern Manawatu , near Palmerston North , New Zealand , but held British citizenship . He studied chemical engineering and later graduated with a BSc in mathematics ( 1948 ) and a Masters in Philosophy ( 1952 ) , both at the University of New Zealand , now the University of Auckland .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "He taught mathematics at Kings College , Auckland ( 1948–53 ) and the University of Punjab in Lahore , Pakistan ( 1953–4 ) . He then studied at University College , Oxford , where he completed a B.Phil . under the supervision of J . L . Austin in 1956 . After a fellowship at the University of Birmingham he was lecturer at the University of Leicester from 1957 to 1959 .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "He returned to Oxford as the successor to Friedrich Waismann as University Lecturer in Philosophy of Science in 1960 . At Oxford , where he was a Fellow of Linacre College , he was active in the founding of the Honours School of Physics and Philosophy . He also played an important part in the discursive turn in social psychology , a field he came to in the middle of his career . After his retirement from Oxford in 1995 , he joined the psychology department of Georgetown University ( having previously taught at that university during Spring Semesters )",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": ". There he continued as Distinguished Research Professor until he retired in 2016 .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Harré gave yearly short courses as an Adjuct Professor at Binghamton University from 1975 through 1998 and occasional courses at both American University in Washington , D.C . and at George Mason University at Fairfax , Virginia . From 2009 until 2011 he served as Director of the Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science at the London School of Economics in conjunction with his US post . He was Visiting Professor at many places , teaching courses at Aoyama University , Tokyo ; Universidad Santiago de Compostela , Spain ; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Peru",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "; Free University at Brussels ; Aarhus University in Denmark and elsewhere .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Harré was one of the worlds most prolific social scientists . He wrote on a wide variety of subjects including : philosophy of mathematics , philosophy of science , ontology , psychology , social psychology , chemistry , sociology and philosophy . He was an important early influence on the philosophical movement critical realism , publishing Causal Powers with E . H . Madden in 1975 . He supervised Roy Bhaskars doctoral studies , and continued to maintain close involvement with realism . He also supervised Patrick Baert , German Berrios , and Jonathan Smiths doctoral studies , respectively in",
"title": "Philosophical work"
},
{
"text": "social theory , history and epistemology of psychiatry , and social psychology . Another one of Harrés distinctive contributions was to the understanding of the social self in microsociology , which he called ethogenics : this method attempts to understand the systems of belief or means by which individuals can attach significance to their actions and form their identities , in addition to the structure of rules and cultural resources that underlie these actions . In his later years Harre returned to his first love of chemistry and became the honorary president of the International Society for the Philosophy of",
"title": "Philosophical work"
},
{
"text": "Chemistry . In addition to regular lectures and articles on the subject , he organized two international conferences on the philosophy of chemistry , one in Oxford and the second at the London School of Economics while he was the director of its Center for the Philosophy of Science .",
"title": "Philosophical work"
},
{
"text": " Harré was the uncle of New Zealand politician and trade unionist Laila Harré and associate professor of psychology and environmentalist Niki Harré .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Honorary doctorate , Helsinki ( 1986 ) - Honorary doctorate , Brussels ( 1986 ) - Honorary doctorate , Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Peru ( 1998 ) - Honorary doctorate , Aarhus University , Denmark ( 1998 ) - Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Psychological Association , Society for Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology ( 2010 ) - Honorary doctorate , Massey University , 2012 - Theodore Sarbin Award from the American Psychological Association , Society for Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology ( 2014 ) .",
"title": "Awards and honours"
},
{
"text": " - Harré and his critics ( 1989 ) ( ed. ) R . Bhaskar Oxford : Blackwell - Rom Harrés scientific realism ( 1993 ) ( ed. ) , Tilburg : Tilburg University Press - International Studies in Philosophy of Science Harré number : 1995 ( ed. ) W . Newton-Smith - Dialectica : Harré number : 1997 ( ed. ) B . Muller . - The Second Cognitive Revolution : A Tribute to Rom Harré , ( 2019 ) ( ed. ) Christensen , Bo Allesøe",
"title": "Festschriftten"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom with F.M . Moghaddam . Psychology for the Third Millennium . London and Los Angeles : Sage , 2012 . - Harré , H . Rom with P.Q . Pfordresser and S-L Tan . Introduction to the Psychology of Music . London : Psychology Press , 2010 . - Harré , H . Rom , Ed . L . van Langenhove . People and Societies . London : Routledge , 2010 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- Harré , H . Rom . Pavlov’s Dogs and Schrödinger’s Cat . Oxford : OUP ( Chinese edition ) , 2009 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom . Key Thinkers in 20th Century Psychology . London : Sage , 2006 . - Harré H . Rom with Michael Tissaw . Wittgenstein and Psychology . Basingstoke , UK : Ashgate , 2005 . - Harré , H . Rom . Modeling : Gateway to the Unknown . Amsterdam and Oxford : Elsevier , 2005 . - Harré , H . Rom . Cognitive Science : A Philosophical Introduction . Los Angeles : Sage ( Chinese translation ) , 2002 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- Harré , H . Rom with J-M . Saguillo . Los problemas de la metafisica : Siglo XX . Madrid : Duque , 2001 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom . One thousand years of philosophy . Oxford : Blackwell , 2000 . - Harré , H . Rom . The singular self . London and Los Angeles : Sage . Italian translation , 2000 , 1998 . - Harré , H . Rom with Muhlhausler , P. , Brockmeier , J . Greenspeak : A Study of Environmental Discourse . Los Angeles and London : Sage , 1998 . - Rom Harre with M . Krausz . Varieties of relativism . Oxford : Blackwell , 1995 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- Rom Harre with J . Arson and E Way . Realism rescued . London : Duckworth , 1994 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom with Grant Gillet . The discursive mind . London : Sage ( Spanish translation ) , 1994 . - Harré , H . Rom . Social being : revised edition . Oxford : Blackwell , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom . Laws of nature . London : Duckworth , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom . Physical being : a theory for corporeal psychology . Oxford : Blackwell , 1991 . - Rom Harre with P Muhlhausler . Pronouns and people . Blackwell , Oxford , 1990 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- Rom Harre . Designing the discipline : a programme for psychology . Blackwell , Oxford , 1986 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom . Varieties of realism . Blackwell , Oxford , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom . The philosophies of science , 2nd Edition . Oxford , GB : Oxford University Press , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , Clarke , D. , & de Carlo , N. . Motives and mechanisms . London , UK : Metheun , 1985 . - Harré , H . Rom . Introduction to the logic of the sciences , 2nd Edition . London , UK : Macmillan , 1983 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- Rom Harre . Personal being:a theory for individual psychology . Blackwell , Oxford;1985 Harvard UP , Cambridge , Mass. , 1983 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom . Twenty great scientific experiments . Phaidon Press , Oxford ( OPUS paperback , 1983 , American edition 1982 ) ( Spanish , Italian , Japanese ) , 1981 . - Harré , H . Rom . Social being : a theory for social psychology . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1979 . - Harré , H . Rom . Social being : a theory for social psychology . : Blackwell , Oxford ( Spanish translation ) , 1979 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- Harré , H . Rom , Marsh , P. , & Rosser , E. . The rules of disorder . London , UK : Routledge and Kegan Paul , 1977 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom , Morgan , J. , & O’Neill , O. . Nicknames . London , UK : Routledge and Kegan Paul , 1977 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Madden , E.H. . Causal powers . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1975 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Secord , P.F. . The explanation of social behaviour . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1973 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- Harré , H . Rom . The philosophies of science . Oxford , GB : Oxford University Press , 1972 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom . The method of science . London , UK : Wykelham Press , 1970 . - Harré , H . Rom . The principles of scientific thinking . London , UK : Macmillan , 1970 . - Waismann , F. , Harré , H . Rom , ed. . The Principles of Linguistic Philosophy . London : Macmillan , 1968 . - Harré , H . Rom . The anticipation of nature . London , UK : Hutchinson , 1965 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- Harré , H . Rom . Matter and method . London , UK : Macmillan , 1964 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom . Theories and things . London , UK : Sheed and Ward , 1961 . - Harré , H . Rom . Introduction to the logic of the sciences . London , UK : Macmillan , 1960 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom , & Jensen , C. , ed . Beyond Rationality . Newcastle , UK : Cambridge Scholars , 2012 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Moghaddam , F.M. , ed . Words of Conflict , Words of War . Santa Barbara , CA : Praeger , 2010 . - Harré , H . Rom , Moghaddam , F.M. , & Lee , N.P. , ed . Global Conflict Resolution through Positioning Analysis . New York , NY : Springer , 2008 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": "- Harré , H . Rom , & Moghaddam , F. , ed . The Self and Others . Westport , CT : Praeger , 2004 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom , & van Langenhove , L . van , ed . Positioning Theory . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1998 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Parrott , W.G. , ed . The emotions . London , UK & Los Angeles , CA : Sage , 1996 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Stearns , P. , ed . Discursive psychology . London , UK & Los Angeles , CA : Sage , 1995 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": "- Harré , H . Rom , Smith , J. , & van Langenhove , L. , ed . Rethinking psychological methods . London , UK & Los Angeles , CA : Sage , 1995 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom , & Harris , R. , ed . Philosophy and linguistics . Oxford , UK : Pergamon , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Anglo-Ukrainian studies in philosophy of science . Lampeter , PA : Edward Mellen , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Brown , H.R. , ed . Philosophical foundations of quantum field theory . Oxford , UK : Clarendon Press , 1988 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": "- Harré , H . Rom , van Langenhove , L. , & de Waele , J-M. , ed . Individual persons and their actions . Brussels , Belgium : Vrije Universiteit Press , 1986 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Social and Personality Psychology . Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . The physical sciences since antiquity . London , UK : Croom Helm , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . The social construction of emotions . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Animal Behaviour and Ethology . Blackwell , 1986 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": "- Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Educational and Developmental Psychology . Blackwell , 1986 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Clinical and Physiological Psychology . Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Psychology . Blackwell , 1985 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Reynolds , V. , ed . The meaning of primate signals . Cambridge , GB : Cambridge University Press , 1983 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": "- Harré , H . Rom , & von Cranach , M. , ed . The analysis of action . Cambridge , GB : Cambridge University Press , 1982 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom , & Jensen , U.J. , ed . The philosophy of evolution . Brighton , GB : Harvester Press , 1981 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Personality . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1976 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Life sentences . Chichester , UK : Wylie , 1976 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Problems of scientific revolution . Oxford , GB : Clarendon Press , 1975 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": "- Harré , H . Rom , ed . Some nineteenth century British scientists . Oxford , GB : Pergamon , 1969 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Scientific thought , 1900–1960 . Oxford , GB : Oxford University Press , 1969 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . How I see philosophy . London , UK : Macmillan , 1968 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . The sciences : their origins and methods . Glasgow : Blackie , 1967 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Early Seventeenth Century Scientists . Oxford : Pergamon Press , 1965 .",
"title": "Edited books"
}
] |
/wiki/Rom_Harré#P108#3
|
Who did Rom Harré work for between May 2001 and Dec 2003?
|
Rom Harré Horace Romano Rom Harré ( ; 18 December 1927 – 17 October 2019 ) , was a New Zealand-British philosopher and psychologist . Biography . Harré was born in Āpiti , in northern Manawatu , near Palmerston North , New Zealand , but held British citizenship . He studied chemical engineering and later graduated with a BSc in mathematics ( 1948 ) and a Masters in Philosophy ( 1952 ) , both at the University of New Zealand , now the University of Auckland . He taught mathematics at Kings College , Auckland ( 1948–53 ) and the University of Punjab in Lahore , Pakistan ( 1953–4 ) . He then studied at University College , Oxford , where he completed a B.Phil . under the supervision of J . L . Austin in 1956 . After a fellowship at the University of Birmingham he was lecturer at the University of Leicester from 1957 to 1959 . He returned to Oxford as the successor to Friedrich Waismann as University Lecturer in Philosophy of Science in 1960 . At Oxford , where he was a Fellow of Linacre College , he was active in the founding of the Honours School of Physics and Philosophy . He also played an important part in the discursive turn in social psychology , a field he came to in the middle of his career . After his retirement from Oxford in 1995 , he joined the psychology department of Georgetown University ( having previously taught at that university during Spring Semesters ) . There he continued as Distinguished Research Professor until he retired in 2016 . Harré gave yearly short courses as an Adjuct Professor at Binghamton University from 1975 through 1998 and occasional courses at both American University in Washington , D.C . and at George Mason University at Fairfax , Virginia . From 2009 until 2011 he served as Director of the Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science at the London School of Economics in conjunction with his US post . He was Visiting Professor at many places , teaching courses at Aoyama University , Tokyo ; Universidad Santiago de Compostela , Spain ; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Peru ; Free University at Brussels ; Aarhus University in Denmark and elsewhere . Philosophical work . Harré was one of the worlds most prolific social scientists . He wrote on a wide variety of subjects including : philosophy of mathematics , philosophy of science , ontology , psychology , social psychology , chemistry , sociology and philosophy . He was an important early influence on the philosophical movement critical realism , publishing Causal Powers with E . H . Madden in 1975 . He supervised Roy Bhaskars doctoral studies , and continued to maintain close involvement with realism . He also supervised Patrick Baert , German Berrios , and Jonathan Smiths doctoral studies , respectively in social theory , history and epistemology of psychiatry , and social psychology . Another one of Harrés distinctive contributions was to the understanding of the social self in microsociology , which he called ethogenics : this method attempts to understand the systems of belief or means by which individuals can attach significance to their actions and form their identities , in addition to the structure of rules and cultural resources that underlie these actions . In his later years Harre returned to his first love of chemistry and became the honorary president of the International Society for the Philosophy of Chemistry . In addition to regular lectures and articles on the subject , he organized two international conferences on the philosophy of chemistry , one in Oxford and the second at the London School of Economics while he was the director of its Center for the Philosophy of Science . Personal life . Harré was the uncle of New Zealand politician and trade unionist Laila Harré and associate professor of psychology and environmentalist Niki Harré . Awards and honours . - Honorary doctorate , Helsinki ( 1986 ) - Honorary doctorate , Brussels ( 1986 ) - Honorary doctorate , Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Peru ( 1998 ) - Honorary doctorate , Aarhus University , Denmark ( 1998 ) - Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Psychological Association , Society for Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology ( 2010 ) - Honorary doctorate , Massey University , 2012 - Theodore Sarbin Award from the American Psychological Association , Society for Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology ( 2014 ) . Festschriftten . - Harré and his critics ( 1989 ) ( ed. ) R . Bhaskar Oxford : Blackwell - Rom Harrés scientific realism ( 1993 ) ( ed. ) , Tilburg : Tilburg University Press - International Studies in Philosophy of Science Harré number : 1995 ( ed. ) W . Newton-Smith - Dialectica : Harré number : 1997 ( ed. ) B . Muller . - The Second Cognitive Revolution : A Tribute to Rom Harré , ( 2019 ) ( ed. ) Christensen , Bo Allesøe Publications . Books - Harré , H . Rom with F.M . Moghaddam . Psychology for the Third Millennium . London and Los Angeles : Sage , 2012 . - Harré , H . Rom with P.Q . Pfordresser and S-L Tan . Introduction to the Psychology of Music . London : Psychology Press , 2010 . - Harré , H . Rom , Ed . L . van Langenhove . People and Societies . London : Routledge , 2010 . - Harré , H . Rom . Pavlov’s Dogs and Schrödinger’s Cat . Oxford : OUP ( Chinese edition ) , 2009 . - Harré , H . Rom . Key Thinkers in 20th Century Psychology . London : Sage , 2006 . - Harré H . Rom with Michael Tissaw . Wittgenstein and Psychology . Basingstoke , UK : Ashgate , 2005 . - Harré , H . Rom . Modeling : Gateway to the Unknown . Amsterdam and Oxford : Elsevier , 2005 . - Harré , H . Rom . Cognitive Science : A Philosophical Introduction . Los Angeles : Sage ( Chinese translation ) , 2002 . - Harré , H . Rom with J-M . Saguillo . Los problemas de la metafisica : Siglo XX . Madrid : Duque , 2001 . - Harré , H . Rom . One thousand years of philosophy . Oxford : Blackwell , 2000 . - Harré , H . Rom . The singular self . London and Los Angeles : Sage . Italian translation , 2000 , 1998 . - Harré , H . Rom with Muhlhausler , P. , Brockmeier , J . Greenspeak : A Study of Environmental Discourse . Los Angeles and London : Sage , 1998 . - Rom Harre with M . Krausz . Varieties of relativism . Oxford : Blackwell , 1995 . - Rom Harre with J . Arson and E Way . Realism rescued . London : Duckworth , 1994 . - Harré , H . Rom with Grant Gillet . The discursive mind . London : Sage ( Spanish translation ) , 1994 . - Harré , H . Rom . Social being : revised edition . Oxford : Blackwell , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom . Laws of nature . London : Duckworth , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom . Physical being : a theory for corporeal psychology . Oxford : Blackwell , 1991 . - Rom Harre with P Muhlhausler . Pronouns and people . Blackwell , Oxford , 1990 . - Rom Harre . Designing the discipline : a programme for psychology . Blackwell , Oxford , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom . Varieties of realism . Blackwell , Oxford , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom . The philosophies of science , 2nd Edition . Oxford , GB : Oxford University Press , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , Clarke , D. , & de Carlo , N. . Motives and mechanisms . London , UK : Metheun , 1985 . - Harré , H . Rom . Introduction to the logic of the sciences , 2nd Edition . London , UK : Macmillan , 1983 . - Rom Harre . Personal being:a theory for individual psychology . Blackwell , Oxford;1985 Harvard UP , Cambridge , Mass. , 1983 . - Harré , H . Rom . Twenty great scientific experiments . Phaidon Press , Oxford ( OPUS paperback , 1983 , American edition 1982 ) ( Spanish , Italian , Japanese ) , 1981 . - Harré , H . Rom . Social being : a theory for social psychology . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1979 . - Harré , H . Rom . Social being : a theory for social psychology . : Blackwell , Oxford ( Spanish translation ) , 1979 . - Harré , H . Rom , Marsh , P. , & Rosser , E. . The rules of disorder . London , UK : Routledge and Kegan Paul , 1977 . - Harré , H . Rom , Morgan , J. , & O’Neill , O. . Nicknames . London , UK : Routledge and Kegan Paul , 1977 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Madden , E.H. . Causal powers . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1975 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Secord , P.F. . The explanation of social behaviour . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1973 . - Harré , H . Rom . The philosophies of science . Oxford , GB : Oxford University Press , 1972 . - Harré , H . Rom . The method of science . London , UK : Wykelham Press , 1970 . - Harré , H . Rom . The principles of scientific thinking . London , UK : Macmillan , 1970 . - Waismann , F. , Harré , H . Rom , ed. . The Principles of Linguistic Philosophy . London : Macmillan , 1968 . - Harré , H . Rom . The anticipation of nature . London , UK : Hutchinson , 1965 . - Harré , H . Rom . Matter and method . London , UK : Macmillan , 1964 . - Harré , H . Rom . Theories and things . London , UK : Sheed and Ward , 1961 . - Harré , H . Rom . Introduction to the logic of the sciences . London , UK : Macmillan , 1960 . Edited books - Harré , H . Rom , & Jensen , C. , ed . Beyond Rationality . Newcastle , UK : Cambridge Scholars , 2012 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Moghaddam , F.M. , ed . Words of Conflict , Words of War . Santa Barbara , CA : Praeger , 2010 . - Harré , H . Rom , Moghaddam , F.M. , & Lee , N.P. , ed . Global Conflict Resolution through Positioning Analysis . New York , NY : Springer , 2008 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Moghaddam , F. , ed . The Self and Others . Westport , CT : Praeger , 2004 . - Harré , H . Rom , & van Langenhove , L . van , ed . Positioning Theory . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1998 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Parrott , W.G. , ed . The emotions . London , UK & Los Angeles , CA : Sage , 1996 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Stearns , P. , ed . Discursive psychology . London , UK & Los Angeles , CA : Sage , 1995 . - Harré , H . Rom , Smith , J. , & van Langenhove , L. , ed . Rethinking psychological methods . London , UK & Los Angeles , CA : Sage , 1995 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Harris , R. , ed . Philosophy and linguistics . Oxford , UK : Pergamon , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Anglo-Ukrainian studies in philosophy of science . Lampeter , PA : Edward Mellen , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Brown , H.R. , ed . Philosophical foundations of quantum field theory . Oxford , UK : Clarendon Press , 1988 . - Harré , H . Rom , van Langenhove , L. , & de Waele , J-M. , ed . Individual persons and their actions . Brussels , Belgium : Vrije Universiteit Press , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Social and Personality Psychology . Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . The physical sciences since antiquity . London , UK : Croom Helm , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . The social construction of emotions . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Animal Behaviour and Ethology . Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Educational and Developmental Psychology . Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Clinical and Physiological Psychology . Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Psychology . Blackwell , 1985 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Reynolds , V. , ed . The meaning of primate signals . Cambridge , GB : Cambridge University Press , 1983 . - Harré , H . Rom , & von Cranach , M. , ed . The analysis of action . Cambridge , GB : Cambridge University Press , 1982 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Jensen , U.J. , ed . The philosophy of evolution . Brighton , GB : Harvester Press , 1981 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Personality . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1976 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Life sentences . Chichester , UK : Wylie , 1976 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Problems of scientific revolution . Oxford , GB : Clarendon Press , 1975 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Some nineteenth century British scientists . Oxford , GB : Pergamon , 1969 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Scientific thought , 1900–1960 . Oxford , GB : Oxford University Press , 1969 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . How I see philosophy . London , UK : Macmillan , 1968 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . The sciences : their origins and methods . Glasgow : Blackie , 1967 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Early Seventeenth Century Scientists . Oxford : Pergamon Press , 1965 .
|
[
"Georgetown University"
] |
[
{
"text": " Horace Romano Rom Harré ( ; 18 December 1927 – 17 October 2019 ) , was a New Zealand-British philosopher and psychologist .",
"title": "Rom Harré"
},
{
"text": " Harré was born in Āpiti , in northern Manawatu , near Palmerston North , New Zealand , but held British citizenship . He studied chemical engineering and later graduated with a BSc in mathematics ( 1948 ) and a Masters in Philosophy ( 1952 ) , both at the University of New Zealand , now the University of Auckland .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "He taught mathematics at Kings College , Auckland ( 1948–53 ) and the University of Punjab in Lahore , Pakistan ( 1953–4 ) . He then studied at University College , Oxford , where he completed a B.Phil . under the supervision of J . L . Austin in 1956 . After a fellowship at the University of Birmingham he was lecturer at the University of Leicester from 1957 to 1959 .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "He returned to Oxford as the successor to Friedrich Waismann as University Lecturer in Philosophy of Science in 1960 . At Oxford , where he was a Fellow of Linacre College , he was active in the founding of the Honours School of Physics and Philosophy . He also played an important part in the discursive turn in social psychology , a field he came to in the middle of his career . After his retirement from Oxford in 1995 , he joined the psychology department of Georgetown University ( having previously taught at that university during Spring Semesters )",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": ". There he continued as Distinguished Research Professor until he retired in 2016 .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Harré gave yearly short courses as an Adjuct Professor at Binghamton University from 1975 through 1998 and occasional courses at both American University in Washington , D.C . and at George Mason University at Fairfax , Virginia . From 2009 until 2011 he served as Director of the Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science at the London School of Economics in conjunction with his US post . He was Visiting Professor at many places , teaching courses at Aoyama University , Tokyo ; Universidad Santiago de Compostela , Spain ; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Peru",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "; Free University at Brussels ; Aarhus University in Denmark and elsewhere .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Harré was one of the worlds most prolific social scientists . He wrote on a wide variety of subjects including : philosophy of mathematics , philosophy of science , ontology , psychology , social psychology , chemistry , sociology and philosophy . He was an important early influence on the philosophical movement critical realism , publishing Causal Powers with E . H . Madden in 1975 . He supervised Roy Bhaskars doctoral studies , and continued to maintain close involvement with realism . He also supervised Patrick Baert , German Berrios , and Jonathan Smiths doctoral studies , respectively in",
"title": "Philosophical work"
},
{
"text": "social theory , history and epistemology of psychiatry , and social psychology . Another one of Harrés distinctive contributions was to the understanding of the social self in microsociology , which he called ethogenics : this method attempts to understand the systems of belief or means by which individuals can attach significance to their actions and form their identities , in addition to the structure of rules and cultural resources that underlie these actions . In his later years Harre returned to his first love of chemistry and became the honorary president of the International Society for the Philosophy of",
"title": "Philosophical work"
},
{
"text": "Chemistry . In addition to regular lectures and articles on the subject , he organized two international conferences on the philosophy of chemistry , one in Oxford and the second at the London School of Economics while he was the director of its Center for the Philosophy of Science .",
"title": "Philosophical work"
},
{
"text": " Harré was the uncle of New Zealand politician and trade unionist Laila Harré and associate professor of psychology and environmentalist Niki Harré .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Honorary doctorate , Helsinki ( 1986 ) - Honorary doctorate , Brussels ( 1986 ) - Honorary doctorate , Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Peru ( 1998 ) - Honorary doctorate , Aarhus University , Denmark ( 1998 ) - Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Psychological Association , Society for Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology ( 2010 ) - Honorary doctorate , Massey University , 2012 - Theodore Sarbin Award from the American Psychological Association , Society for Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology ( 2014 ) .",
"title": "Awards and honours"
},
{
"text": " - Harré and his critics ( 1989 ) ( ed. ) R . Bhaskar Oxford : Blackwell - Rom Harrés scientific realism ( 1993 ) ( ed. ) , Tilburg : Tilburg University Press - International Studies in Philosophy of Science Harré number : 1995 ( ed. ) W . Newton-Smith - Dialectica : Harré number : 1997 ( ed. ) B . Muller . - The Second Cognitive Revolution : A Tribute to Rom Harré , ( 2019 ) ( ed. ) Christensen , Bo Allesøe",
"title": "Festschriftten"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom with F.M . Moghaddam . Psychology for the Third Millennium . London and Los Angeles : Sage , 2012 . - Harré , H . Rom with P.Q . Pfordresser and S-L Tan . Introduction to the Psychology of Music . London : Psychology Press , 2010 . - Harré , H . Rom , Ed . L . van Langenhove . People and Societies . London : Routledge , 2010 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- Harré , H . Rom . Pavlov’s Dogs and Schrödinger’s Cat . Oxford : OUP ( Chinese edition ) , 2009 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom . Key Thinkers in 20th Century Psychology . London : Sage , 2006 . - Harré H . Rom with Michael Tissaw . Wittgenstein and Psychology . Basingstoke , UK : Ashgate , 2005 . - Harré , H . Rom . Modeling : Gateway to the Unknown . Amsterdam and Oxford : Elsevier , 2005 . - Harré , H . Rom . Cognitive Science : A Philosophical Introduction . Los Angeles : Sage ( Chinese translation ) , 2002 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- Harré , H . Rom with J-M . Saguillo . Los problemas de la metafisica : Siglo XX . Madrid : Duque , 2001 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom . One thousand years of philosophy . Oxford : Blackwell , 2000 . - Harré , H . Rom . The singular self . London and Los Angeles : Sage . Italian translation , 2000 , 1998 . - Harré , H . Rom with Muhlhausler , P. , Brockmeier , J . Greenspeak : A Study of Environmental Discourse . Los Angeles and London : Sage , 1998 . - Rom Harre with M . Krausz . Varieties of relativism . Oxford : Blackwell , 1995 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- Rom Harre with J . Arson and E Way . Realism rescued . London : Duckworth , 1994 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom with Grant Gillet . The discursive mind . London : Sage ( Spanish translation ) , 1994 . - Harré , H . Rom . Social being : revised edition . Oxford : Blackwell , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom . Laws of nature . London : Duckworth , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom . Physical being : a theory for corporeal psychology . Oxford : Blackwell , 1991 . - Rom Harre with P Muhlhausler . Pronouns and people . Blackwell , Oxford , 1990 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- Rom Harre . Designing the discipline : a programme for psychology . Blackwell , Oxford , 1986 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom . Varieties of realism . Blackwell , Oxford , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom . The philosophies of science , 2nd Edition . Oxford , GB : Oxford University Press , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , Clarke , D. , & de Carlo , N. . Motives and mechanisms . London , UK : Metheun , 1985 . - Harré , H . Rom . Introduction to the logic of the sciences , 2nd Edition . London , UK : Macmillan , 1983 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- Rom Harre . Personal being:a theory for individual psychology . Blackwell , Oxford;1985 Harvard UP , Cambridge , Mass. , 1983 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom . Twenty great scientific experiments . Phaidon Press , Oxford ( OPUS paperback , 1983 , American edition 1982 ) ( Spanish , Italian , Japanese ) , 1981 . - Harré , H . Rom . Social being : a theory for social psychology . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1979 . - Harré , H . Rom . Social being : a theory for social psychology . : Blackwell , Oxford ( Spanish translation ) , 1979 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- Harré , H . Rom , Marsh , P. , & Rosser , E. . The rules of disorder . London , UK : Routledge and Kegan Paul , 1977 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom , Morgan , J. , & O’Neill , O. . Nicknames . London , UK : Routledge and Kegan Paul , 1977 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Madden , E.H. . Causal powers . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1975 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Secord , P.F. . The explanation of social behaviour . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1973 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- Harré , H . Rom . The philosophies of science . Oxford , GB : Oxford University Press , 1972 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom . The method of science . London , UK : Wykelham Press , 1970 . - Harré , H . Rom . The principles of scientific thinking . London , UK : Macmillan , 1970 . - Waismann , F. , Harré , H . Rom , ed. . The Principles of Linguistic Philosophy . London : Macmillan , 1968 . - Harré , H . Rom . The anticipation of nature . London , UK : Hutchinson , 1965 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- Harré , H . Rom . Matter and method . London , UK : Macmillan , 1964 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom . Theories and things . London , UK : Sheed and Ward , 1961 . - Harré , H . Rom . Introduction to the logic of the sciences . London , UK : Macmillan , 1960 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom , & Jensen , C. , ed . Beyond Rationality . Newcastle , UK : Cambridge Scholars , 2012 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Moghaddam , F.M. , ed . Words of Conflict , Words of War . Santa Barbara , CA : Praeger , 2010 . - Harré , H . Rom , Moghaddam , F.M. , & Lee , N.P. , ed . Global Conflict Resolution through Positioning Analysis . New York , NY : Springer , 2008 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": "- Harré , H . Rom , & Moghaddam , F. , ed . The Self and Others . Westport , CT : Praeger , 2004 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom , & van Langenhove , L . van , ed . Positioning Theory . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1998 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Parrott , W.G. , ed . The emotions . London , UK & Los Angeles , CA : Sage , 1996 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Stearns , P. , ed . Discursive psychology . London , UK & Los Angeles , CA : Sage , 1995 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": "- Harré , H . Rom , Smith , J. , & van Langenhove , L. , ed . Rethinking psychological methods . London , UK & Los Angeles , CA : Sage , 1995 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom , & Harris , R. , ed . Philosophy and linguistics . Oxford , UK : Pergamon , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Anglo-Ukrainian studies in philosophy of science . Lampeter , PA : Edward Mellen , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Brown , H.R. , ed . Philosophical foundations of quantum field theory . Oxford , UK : Clarendon Press , 1988 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": "- Harré , H . Rom , van Langenhove , L. , & de Waele , J-M. , ed . Individual persons and their actions . Brussels , Belgium : Vrije Universiteit Press , 1986 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Social and Personality Psychology . Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . The physical sciences since antiquity . London , UK : Croom Helm , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . The social construction of emotions . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Animal Behaviour and Ethology . Blackwell , 1986 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": "- Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Educational and Developmental Psychology . Blackwell , 1986 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Clinical and Physiological Psychology . Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Psychology . Blackwell , 1985 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Reynolds , V. , ed . The meaning of primate signals . Cambridge , GB : Cambridge University Press , 1983 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": "- Harré , H . Rom , & von Cranach , M. , ed . The analysis of action . Cambridge , GB : Cambridge University Press , 1982 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom , & Jensen , U.J. , ed . The philosophy of evolution . Brighton , GB : Harvester Press , 1981 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Personality . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1976 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Life sentences . Chichester , UK : Wylie , 1976 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Problems of scientific revolution . Oxford , GB : Clarendon Press , 1975 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": "- Harré , H . Rom , ed . Some nineteenth century British scientists . Oxford , GB : Pergamon , 1969 .",
"title": "Edited books"
},
{
"text": " - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Scientific thought , 1900–1960 . Oxford , GB : Oxford University Press , 1969 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . How I see philosophy . London , UK : Macmillan , 1968 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . The sciences : their origins and methods . Glasgow : Blackie , 1967 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Early Seventeenth Century Scientists . Oxford : Pergamon Press , 1965 .",
"title": "Edited books"
}
] |
/wiki/Adrian_Vowles#P54#0
|
Which team did the player Adrian Vowles belong to between Jun 1995 and Nov 1995?
|
Adrian Vowles Adrian Vowles ( born 30 May 1971 ) is a former professional Scotland international rugby league footballer who played as a or in the 1990s and 2000s . He played in Australia for several years , gaining State of Origin selection in 1994 , but spent the majority of his career in the Super League . Background . Born in Cunnamulla , Queensland , Vowles played his junior rugby league for the Cunnamulla Rams and for Charleville All Whites and Railways when he his family moved there in 1982 . Playing career . In Charleville , Vowles won two premierships with the All Whites club , before changing clubs and winning a premiership with Charleville Railways in 1988 . In 1989 he moved to the Gold Coast , playing for the Tweed Heads Seagulls . In 1990 while playing for a Gold Coast under-21 representative side , he earned a reserve grade trial with the Gold Coast Seagulls , later signing with the club . Gold Coast Seagulls . In Round 1 of the 1993 NSWRL season , Vowles made his first grade debut in the Seagulls 10–14 loss to the Western Suburbs Magpies . After starting the first four games of the season off the bench , Vowles became one of the clubs starting centres , playing 21 games . At the end of the season , he was named the clubs Player of the Year . In 1994 , Vowles continued his good form and was selected for Queensland in Game II of that years series . He came off the bench in Queenslands 0–14 loss to New South Wales at the Melbourne Cricket Ground . North Queensland Cowboys . In 1995 , Vowles joined the newly established North Queensland Cowboys , starting at centre in the clubs inaugural game against the Sydney Bulldogs . In the same game , he became the first Cowboy to be sent off after a high shot on Bulldogs centre Matthew Ryan just five minutes into the match . Vowles played 20 games for the Cowboys in 1995 , captaining the side three times . In 1996 , he became the clubs full-time captain , playing 21 games at centre and lock . At the end of the 1996 season , Vowles was let go by new coach Tim Sheens . In 2019 , Vowles spoke about being released saying , I didnt miss one game , played half the year with a torn groin and a hernia and it was late when I got told that I wasnt wanted . It was mid-November . Wed already come back and they named a 25-man Super League squad and I wasnt named . Tim Sheens sat in his chair and his exact words were , Youre not big enough , youre not fast enough , youre not strong enough and youve got limited ability . I dont mind that he didnt want me , but dont belittle me . There was a way to do it . I havent seen him since that day but things happen for a reason . After leaving the Cowboys , Vowles was offered to Super League clubs Adelaide , Canterbury and the Warriors but all three moves fell through . Castleford Tigers . In 1997 , Vowles moved to England to play with Castleford . In his first season with the club , he played 30 games , scoring eight tries . In 1998 , he played 23 games , scoring six tries . Vowles enjoyed a breakout season in 1999 , being named at lock in the Super League Dream Team and winning the Man of Steel award , becoming the first Castleford player and first Queenslander to do so . In 2000 , Vowles represented Scotland at the 2000 Rugby League World Cup , starting at lock in all three of their pool games , scoring one try . In 2001 , he once again represented Scotland in a 42–20 win over France . In 2003 , Vowles returned to the club to play the last three games of the 2003 season after being granted a release by Wakefield . He returned to the Tigers again in 2005 for a brief spell in their promotion winning season in the Championship . Leeds Rhinos . In 2002 , Vowles moved to the Leeds Rhinos but played just 17 Super League games before making a mid-season switch to the Wakefield Trinity Wildcats , where he accepted a player-coach role . Wakefield Trinity Wildcats . Alongside co-coach Shane McNally , Vowles helped save Wakefield from relegation in the 2002 season . Vowles remained with Wakefield until the final three matches of the 2003 season , when he was granted a release by the club to finish the season with Castleford . Later career . In 2004 , Vowles returned to Queensland to play in the Queensland Cup for the Brisbane Broncos feeder club , the Toowoomba Clydesdales , captaining the side . At the end of the season he won the clubs Player of the Year award . In 2005 , he returned to the Gold Coast , joining the Burleigh Bears . That season , he start at lock in the Bears Grand Final loss to the North Queensland Young Guns . Achievements and accolades . Individual . - Man of Steel award : 1999 - Super League Dream Team : 1999 - Gold Coast Seagulls Player of the Year : 1993 Post-playing career . In 2006 , Vowles became an assistant coach for Burleigh , before relinquishing the role to become the CEO of the club , a position he held until 2010 . In the same year , he was inducted into the Castleford Tigers Hall of Fame . In 2009 , an Arriva Yorkshire bus was named after him as part of the Arriva Yorkshire Rugby League Dream Team . In 2015 , he was appointed assistant coach of the Australian Jillaroos and Queensland womens teams . In 2017 , he took over as head coach of the Queensland womens side , holding the position for one year . From 2012 to 2018 , Vowles worked for Channel 9 as a commentator for the Queensland Cup . Since 2014 , the Adrian Vowles Cup has been held annually in Charleville , featuring under-14 and under-16 boys and girls sides from throughout regional Queensland . External links . - Adrian Vowles at thecastlefordtigers.co.uk - Profile at leedsrugby
|
[
"North Queensland Cowboys"
] |
[
{
"text": " Adrian Vowles ( born 30 May 1971 ) is a former professional Scotland international rugby league footballer who played as a or in the 1990s and 2000s . He played in Australia for several years , gaining State of Origin selection in 1994 , but spent the majority of his career in the Super League .",
"title": "Adrian Vowles"
},
{
"text": " Born in Cunnamulla , Queensland , Vowles played his junior rugby league for the Cunnamulla Rams and for Charleville All Whites and Railways when he his family moved there in 1982 .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " In Charleville , Vowles won two premierships with the All Whites club , before changing clubs and winning a premiership with Charleville Railways in 1988 . In 1989 he moved to the Gold Coast , playing for the Tweed Heads Seagulls . In 1990 while playing for a Gold Coast under-21 representative side , he earned a reserve grade trial with the Gold Coast Seagulls , later signing with the club .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " In Round 1 of the 1993 NSWRL season , Vowles made his first grade debut in the Seagulls 10–14 loss to the Western Suburbs Magpies . After starting the first four games of the season off the bench , Vowles became one of the clubs starting centres , playing 21 games . At the end of the season , he was named the clubs Player of the Year .",
"title": "Gold Coast Seagulls"
},
{
"text": "In 1994 , Vowles continued his good form and was selected for Queensland in Game II of that years series . He came off the bench in Queenslands 0–14 loss to New South Wales at the Melbourne Cricket Ground .",
"title": "Gold Coast Seagulls"
},
{
"text": " In 1995 , Vowles joined the newly established North Queensland Cowboys , starting at centre in the clubs inaugural game against the Sydney Bulldogs . In the same game , he became the first Cowboy to be sent off after a high shot on Bulldogs centre Matthew Ryan just five minutes into the match . Vowles played 20 games for the Cowboys in 1995 , captaining the side three times . In 1996 , he became the clubs full-time captain , playing 21 games at centre and lock .",
"title": "North Queensland Cowboys"
},
{
"text": "At the end of the 1996 season , Vowles was let go by new coach Tim Sheens . In 2019 , Vowles spoke about being released saying , I didnt miss one game , played half the year with a torn groin and a hernia and it was late when I got told that I wasnt wanted . It was mid-November . Wed already come back and they named a 25-man Super League squad and I wasnt named . Tim Sheens sat in his chair and his exact words were , Youre not big enough , youre not fast enough",
"title": "North Queensland Cowboys"
},
{
"text": ", youre not strong enough and youve got limited ability . I dont mind that he didnt want me , but dont belittle me . There was a way to do it . I havent seen him since that day but things happen for a reason .",
"title": "North Queensland Cowboys"
},
{
"text": " After leaving the Cowboys , Vowles was offered to Super League clubs Adelaide , Canterbury and the Warriors but all three moves fell through .",
"title": "North Queensland Cowboys"
},
{
"text": "In 1997 , Vowles moved to England to play with Castleford . In his first season with the club , he played 30 games , scoring eight tries . In 1998 , he played 23 games , scoring six tries . Vowles enjoyed a breakout season in 1999 , being named at lock in the Super League Dream Team and winning the Man of Steel award , becoming the first Castleford player and first Queenslander to do so . In 2000 , Vowles represented Scotland at the 2000 Rugby League World Cup , starting at lock in all three of",
"title": "Castleford Tigers"
},
{
"text": "their pool games , scoring one try . In 2001 , he once again represented Scotland in a 42–20 win over France .",
"title": "Castleford Tigers"
},
{
"text": " In 2003 , Vowles returned to the club to play the last three games of the 2003 season after being granted a release by Wakefield . He returned to the Tigers again in 2005 for a brief spell in their promotion winning season in the Championship .",
"title": "Castleford Tigers"
},
{
"text": " In 2002 , Vowles moved to the Leeds Rhinos but played just 17 Super League games before making a mid-season switch to the Wakefield Trinity Wildcats , where he accepted a player-coach role .",
"title": "Leeds Rhinos"
},
{
"text": " Alongside co-coach Shane McNally , Vowles helped save Wakefield from relegation in the 2002 season . Vowles remained with Wakefield until the final three matches of the 2003 season , when he was granted a release by the club to finish the season with Castleford .",
"title": "Wakefield Trinity Wildcats"
},
{
"text": " In 2004 , Vowles returned to Queensland to play in the Queensland Cup for the Brisbane Broncos feeder club , the Toowoomba Clydesdales , captaining the side . At the end of the season he won the clubs Player of the Year award . In 2005 , he returned to the Gold Coast , joining the Burleigh Bears . That season , he start at lock in the Bears Grand Final loss to the North Queensland Young Guns .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " - Man of Steel award : 1999 - Super League Dream Team : 1999 - Gold Coast Seagulls Player of the Year : 1993",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " In 2006 , Vowles became an assistant coach for Burleigh , before relinquishing the role to become the CEO of the club , a position he held until 2010 . In the same year , he was inducted into the Castleford Tigers Hall of Fame . In 2009 , an Arriva Yorkshire bus was named after him as part of the Arriva Yorkshire Rugby League Dream Team .",
"title": "Post-playing career"
},
{
"text": "In 2015 , he was appointed assistant coach of the Australian Jillaroos and Queensland womens teams . In 2017 , he took over as head coach of the Queensland womens side , holding the position for one year .",
"title": "Post-playing career"
},
{
"text": " From 2012 to 2018 , Vowles worked for Channel 9 as a commentator for the Queensland Cup . Since 2014 , the Adrian Vowles Cup has been held annually in Charleville , featuring under-14 and under-16 boys and girls sides from throughout regional Queensland .",
"title": "Post-playing career"
},
{
"text": " - Adrian Vowles at thecastlefordtigers.co.uk - Profile at leedsrugby",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Adrian_Vowles#P54#1
|
Which team did the player Adrian Vowles belong to in May 2000?
|
Adrian Vowles Adrian Vowles ( born 30 May 1971 ) is a former professional Scotland international rugby league footballer who played as a or in the 1990s and 2000s . He played in Australia for several years , gaining State of Origin selection in 1994 , but spent the majority of his career in the Super League . Background . Born in Cunnamulla , Queensland , Vowles played his junior rugby league for the Cunnamulla Rams and for Charleville All Whites and Railways when he his family moved there in 1982 . Playing career . In Charleville , Vowles won two premierships with the All Whites club , before changing clubs and winning a premiership with Charleville Railways in 1988 . In 1989 he moved to the Gold Coast , playing for the Tweed Heads Seagulls . In 1990 while playing for a Gold Coast under-21 representative side , he earned a reserve grade trial with the Gold Coast Seagulls , later signing with the club . Gold Coast Seagulls . In Round 1 of the 1993 NSWRL season , Vowles made his first grade debut in the Seagulls 10–14 loss to the Western Suburbs Magpies . After starting the first four games of the season off the bench , Vowles became one of the clubs starting centres , playing 21 games . At the end of the season , he was named the clubs Player of the Year . In 1994 , Vowles continued his good form and was selected for Queensland in Game II of that years series . He came off the bench in Queenslands 0–14 loss to New South Wales at the Melbourne Cricket Ground . North Queensland Cowboys . In 1995 , Vowles joined the newly established North Queensland Cowboys , starting at centre in the clubs inaugural game against the Sydney Bulldogs . In the same game , he became the first Cowboy to be sent off after a high shot on Bulldogs centre Matthew Ryan just five minutes into the match . Vowles played 20 games for the Cowboys in 1995 , captaining the side three times . In 1996 , he became the clubs full-time captain , playing 21 games at centre and lock . At the end of the 1996 season , Vowles was let go by new coach Tim Sheens . In 2019 , Vowles spoke about being released saying , I didnt miss one game , played half the year with a torn groin and a hernia and it was late when I got told that I wasnt wanted . It was mid-November . Wed already come back and they named a 25-man Super League squad and I wasnt named . Tim Sheens sat in his chair and his exact words were , Youre not big enough , youre not fast enough , youre not strong enough and youve got limited ability . I dont mind that he didnt want me , but dont belittle me . There was a way to do it . I havent seen him since that day but things happen for a reason . After leaving the Cowboys , Vowles was offered to Super League clubs Adelaide , Canterbury and the Warriors but all three moves fell through . Castleford Tigers . In 1997 , Vowles moved to England to play with Castleford . In his first season with the club , he played 30 games , scoring eight tries . In 1998 , he played 23 games , scoring six tries . Vowles enjoyed a breakout season in 1999 , being named at lock in the Super League Dream Team and winning the Man of Steel award , becoming the first Castleford player and first Queenslander to do so . In 2000 , Vowles represented Scotland at the 2000 Rugby League World Cup , starting at lock in all three of their pool games , scoring one try . In 2001 , he once again represented Scotland in a 42–20 win over France . In 2003 , Vowles returned to the club to play the last three games of the 2003 season after being granted a release by Wakefield . He returned to the Tigers again in 2005 for a brief spell in their promotion winning season in the Championship . Leeds Rhinos . In 2002 , Vowles moved to the Leeds Rhinos but played just 17 Super League games before making a mid-season switch to the Wakefield Trinity Wildcats , where he accepted a player-coach role . Wakefield Trinity Wildcats . Alongside co-coach Shane McNally , Vowles helped save Wakefield from relegation in the 2002 season . Vowles remained with Wakefield until the final three matches of the 2003 season , when he was granted a release by the club to finish the season with Castleford . Later career . In 2004 , Vowles returned to Queensland to play in the Queensland Cup for the Brisbane Broncos feeder club , the Toowoomba Clydesdales , captaining the side . At the end of the season he won the clubs Player of the Year award . In 2005 , he returned to the Gold Coast , joining the Burleigh Bears . That season , he start at lock in the Bears Grand Final loss to the North Queensland Young Guns . Achievements and accolades . Individual . - Man of Steel award : 1999 - Super League Dream Team : 1999 - Gold Coast Seagulls Player of the Year : 1993 Post-playing career . In 2006 , Vowles became an assistant coach for Burleigh , before relinquishing the role to become the CEO of the club , a position he held until 2010 . In the same year , he was inducted into the Castleford Tigers Hall of Fame . In 2009 , an Arriva Yorkshire bus was named after him as part of the Arriva Yorkshire Rugby League Dream Team . In 2015 , he was appointed assistant coach of the Australian Jillaroos and Queensland womens teams . In 2017 , he took over as head coach of the Queensland womens side , holding the position for one year . From 2012 to 2018 , Vowles worked for Channel 9 as a commentator for the Queensland Cup . Since 2014 , the Adrian Vowles Cup has been held annually in Charleville , featuring under-14 and under-16 boys and girls sides from throughout regional Queensland . External links . - Adrian Vowles at thecastlefordtigers.co.uk - Profile at leedsrugby
|
[
"Castleford Tigers"
] |
[
{
"text": " Adrian Vowles ( born 30 May 1971 ) is a former professional Scotland international rugby league footballer who played as a or in the 1990s and 2000s . He played in Australia for several years , gaining State of Origin selection in 1994 , but spent the majority of his career in the Super League .",
"title": "Adrian Vowles"
},
{
"text": " Born in Cunnamulla , Queensland , Vowles played his junior rugby league for the Cunnamulla Rams and for Charleville All Whites and Railways when he his family moved there in 1982 .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " In Charleville , Vowles won two premierships with the All Whites club , before changing clubs and winning a premiership with Charleville Railways in 1988 . In 1989 he moved to the Gold Coast , playing for the Tweed Heads Seagulls . In 1990 while playing for a Gold Coast under-21 representative side , he earned a reserve grade trial with the Gold Coast Seagulls , later signing with the club .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " In Round 1 of the 1993 NSWRL season , Vowles made his first grade debut in the Seagulls 10–14 loss to the Western Suburbs Magpies . After starting the first four games of the season off the bench , Vowles became one of the clubs starting centres , playing 21 games . At the end of the season , he was named the clubs Player of the Year .",
"title": "Gold Coast Seagulls"
},
{
"text": "In 1994 , Vowles continued his good form and was selected for Queensland in Game II of that years series . He came off the bench in Queenslands 0–14 loss to New South Wales at the Melbourne Cricket Ground .",
"title": "Gold Coast Seagulls"
},
{
"text": " In 1995 , Vowles joined the newly established North Queensland Cowboys , starting at centre in the clubs inaugural game against the Sydney Bulldogs . In the same game , he became the first Cowboy to be sent off after a high shot on Bulldogs centre Matthew Ryan just five minutes into the match . Vowles played 20 games for the Cowboys in 1995 , captaining the side three times . In 1996 , he became the clubs full-time captain , playing 21 games at centre and lock .",
"title": "North Queensland Cowboys"
},
{
"text": "At the end of the 1996 season , Vowles was let go by new coach Tim Sheens . In 2019 , Vowles spoke about being released saying , I didnt miss one game , played half the year with a torn groin and a hernia and it was late when I got told that I wasnt wanted . It was mid-November . Wed already come back and they named a 25-man Super League squad and I wasnt named . Tim Sheens sat in his chair and his exact words were , Youre not big enough , youre not fast enough",
"title": "North Queensland Cowboys"
},
{
"text": ", youre not strong enough and youve got limited ability . I dont mind that he didnt want me , but dont belittle me . There was a way to do it . I havent seen him since that day but things happen for a reason .",
"title": "North Queensland Cowboys"
},
{
"text": " After leaving the Cowboys , Vowles was offered to Super League clubs Adelaide , Canterbury and the Warriors but all three moves fell through .",
"title": "North Queensland Cowboys"
},
{
"text": "In 1997 , Vowles moved to England to play with Castleford . In his first season with the club , he played 30 games , scoring eight tries . In 1998 , he played 23 games , scoring six tries . Vowles enjoyed a breakout season in 1999 , being named at lock in the Super League Dream Team and winning the Man of Steel award , becoming the first Castleford player and first Queenslander to do so . In 2000 , Vowles represented Scotland at the 2000 Rugby League World Cup , starting at lock in all three of",
"title": "Castleford Tigers"
},
{
"text": "their pool games , scoring one try . In 2001 , he once again represented Scotland in a 42–20 win over France .",
"title": "Castleford Tigers"
},
{
"text": " In 2003 , Vowles returned to the club to play the last three games of the 2003 season after being granted a release by Wakefield . He returned to the Tigers again in 2005 for a brief spell in their promotion winning season in the Championship .",
"title": "Castleford Tigers"
},
{
"text": " In 2002 , Vowles moved to the Leeds Rhinos but played just 17 Super League games before making a mid-season switch to the Wakefield Trinity Wildcats , where he accepted a player-coach role .",
"title": "Leeds Rhinos"
},
{
"text": " Alongside co-coach Shane McNally , Vowles helped save Wakefield from relegation in the 2002 season . Vowles remained with Wakefield until the final three matches of the 2003 season , when he was granted a release by the club to finish the season with Castleford .",
"title": "Wakefield Trinity Wildcats"
},
{
"text": " In 2004 , Vowles returned to Queensland to play in the Queensland Cup for the Brisbane Broncos feeder club , the Toowoomba Clydesdales , captaining the side . At the end of the season he won the clubs Player of the Year award . In 2005 , he returned to the Gold Coast , joining the Burleigh Bears . That season , he start at lock in the Bears Grand Final loss to the North Queensland Young Guns .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " - Man of Steel award : 1999 - Super League Dream Team : 1999 - Gold Coast Seagulls Player of the Year : 1993",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " In 2006 , Vowles became an assistant coach for Burleigh , before relinquishing the role to become the CEO of the club , a position he held until 2010 . In the same year , he was inducted into the Castleford Tigers Hall of Fame . In 2009 , an Arriva Yorkshire bus was named after him as part of the Arriva Yorkshire Rugby League Dream Team .",
"title": "Post-playing career"
},
{
"text": "In 2015 , he was appointed assistant coach of the Australian Jillaroos and Queensland womens teams . In 2017 , he took over as head coach of the Queensland womens side , holding the position for one year .",
"title": "Post-playing career"
},
{
"text": " From 2012 to 2018 , Vowles worked for Channel 9 as a commentator for the Queensland Cup . Since 2014 , the Adrian Vowles Cup has been held annually in Charleville , featuring under-14 and under-16 boys and girls sides from throughout regional Queensland .",
"title": "Post-playing career"
},
{
"text": " - Adrian Vowles at thecastlefordtigers.co.uk - Profile at leedsrugby",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Adrian_Vowles#P54#2
|
Which team did the player Adrian Vowles belong to in Dec 2002?
|
Adrian Vowles Adrian Vowles ( born 30 May 1971 ) is a former professional Scotland international rugby league footballer who played as a or in the 1990s and 2000s . He played in Australia for several years , gaining State of Origin selection in 1994 , but spent the majority of his career in the Super League . Background . Born in Cunnamulla , Queensland , Vowles played his junior rugby league for the Cunnamulla Rams and for Charleville All Whites and Railways when he his family moved there in 1982 . Playing career . In Charleville , Vowles won two premierships with the All Whites club , before changing clubs and winning a premiership with Charleville Railways in 1988 . In 1989 he moved to the Gold Coast , playing for the Tweed Heads Seagulls . In 1990 while playing for a Gold Coast under-21 representative side , he earned a reserve grade trial with the Gold Coast Seagulls , later signing with the club . Gold Coast Seagulls . In Round 1 of the 1993 NSWRL season , Vowles made his first grade debut in the Seagulls 10–14 loss to the Western Suburbs Magpies . After starting the first four games of the season off the bench , Vowles became one of the clubs starting centres , playing 21 games . At the end of the season , he was named the clubs Player of the Year . In 1994 , Vowles continued his good form and was selected for Queensland in Game II of that years series . He came off the bench in Queenslands 0–14 loss to New South Wales at the Melbourne Cricket Ground . North Queensland Cowboys . In 1995 , Vowles joined the newly established North Queensland Cowboys , starting at centre in the clubs inaugural game against the Sydney Bulldogs . In the same game , he became the first Cowboy to be sent off after a high shot on Bulldogs centre Matthew Ryan just five minutes into the match . Vowles played 20 games for the Cowboys in 1995 , captaining the side three times . In 1996 , he became the clubs full-time captain , playing 21 games at centre and lock . At the end of the 1996 season , Vowles was let go by new coach Tim Sheens . In 2019 , Vowles spoke about being released saying , I didnt miss one game , played half the year with a torn groin and a hernia and it was late when I got told that I wasnt wanted . It was mid-November . Wed already come back and they named a 25-man Super League squad and I wasnt named . Tim Sheens sat in his chair and his exact words were , Youre not big enough , youre not fast enough , youre not strong enough and youve got limited ability . I dont mind that he didnt want me , but dont belittle me . There was a way to do it . I havent seen him since that day but things happen for a reason . After leaving the Cowboys , Vowles was offered to Super League clubs Adelaide , Canterbury and the Warriors but all three moves fell through . Castleford Tigers . In 1997 , Vowles moved to England to play with Castleford . In his first season with the club , he played 30 games , scoring eight tries . In 1998 , he played 23 games , scoring six tries . Vowles enjoyed a breakout season in 1999 , being named at lock in the Super League Dream Team and winning the Man of Steel award , becoming the first Castleford player and first Queenslander to do so . In 2000 , Vowles represented Scotland at the 2000 Rugby League World Cup , starting at lock in all three of their pool games , scoring one try . In 2001 , he once again represented Scotland in a 42–20 win over France . In 2003 , Vowles returned to the club to play the last three games of the 2003 season after being granted a release by Wakefield . He returned to the Tigers again in 2005 for a brief spell in their promotion winning season in the Championship . Leeds Rhinos . In 2002 , Vowles moved to the Leeds Rhinos but played just 17 Super League games before making a mid-season switch to the Wakefield Trinity Wildcats , where he accepted a player-coach role . Wakefield Trinity Wildcats . Alongside co-coach Shane McNally , Vowles helped save Wakefield from relegation in the 2002 season . Vowles remained with Wakefield until the final three matches of the 2003 season , when he was granted a release by the club to finish the season with Castleford . Later career . In 2004 , Vowles returned to Queensland to play in the Queensland Cup for the Brisbane Broncos feeder club , the Toowoomba Clydesdales , captaining the side . At the end of the season he won the clubs Player of the Year award . In 2005 , he returned to the Gold Coast , joining the Burleigh Bears . That season , he start at lock in the Bears Grand Final loss to the North Queensland Young Guns . Achievements and accolades . Individual . - Man of Steel award : 1999 - Super League Dream Team : 1999 - Gold Coast Seagulls Player of the Year : 1993 Post-playing career . In 2006 , Vowles became an assistant coach for Burleigh , before relinquishing the role to become the CEO of the club , a position he held until 2010 . In the same year , he was inducted into the Castleford Tigers Hall of Fame . In 2009 , an Arriva Yorkshire bus was named after him as part of the Arriva Yorkshire Rugby League Dream Team . In 2015 , he was appointed assistant coach of the Australian Jillaroos and Queensland womens teams . In 2017 , he took over as head coach of the Queensland womens side , holding the position for one year . From 2012 to 2018 , Vowles worked for Channel 9 as a commentator for the Queensland Cup . Since 2014 , the Adrian Vowles Cup has been held annually in Charleville , featuring under-14 and under-16 boys and girls sides from throughout regional Queensland . External links . - Adrian Vowles at thecastlefordtigers.co.uk - Profile at leedsrugby
|
[
"Wakefield Trinity"
] |
[
{
"text": " Adrian Vowles ( born 30 May 1971 ) is a former professional Scotland international rugby league footballer who played as a or in the 1990s and 2000s . He played in Australia for several years , gaining State of Origin selection in 1994 , but spent the majority of his career in the Super League .",
"title": "Adrian Vowles"
},
{
"text": " Born in Cunnamulla , Queensland , Vowles played his junior rugby league for the Cunnamulla Rams and for Charleville All Whites and Railways when he his family moved there in 1982 .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " In Charleville , Vowles won two premierships with the All Whites club , before changing clubs and winning a premiership with Charleville Railways in 1988 . In 1989 he moved to the Gold Coast , playing for the Tweed Heads Seagulls . In 1990 while playing for a Gold Coast under-21 representative side , he earned a reserve grade trial with the Gold Coast Seagulls , later signing with the club .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " In Round 1 of the 1993 NSWRL season , Vowles made his first grade debut in the Seagulls 10–14 loss to the Western Suburbs Magpies . After starting the first four games of the season off the bench , Vowles became one of the clubs starting centres , playing 21 games . At the end of the season , he was named the clubs Player of the Year .",
"title": "Gold Coast Seagulls"
},
{
"text": "In 1994 , Vowles continued his good form and was selected for Queensland in Game II of that years series . He came off the bench in Queenslands 0–14 loss to New South Wales at the Melbourne Cricket Ground .",
"title": "Gold Coast Seagulls"
},
{
"text": " In 1995 , Vowles joined the newly established North Queensland Cowboys , starting at centre in the clubs inaugural game against the Sydney Bulldogs . In the same game , he became the first Cowboy to be sent off after a high shot on Bulldogs centre Matthew Ryan just five minutes into the match . Vowles played 20 games for the Cowboys in 1995 , captaining the side three times . In 1996 , he became the clubs full-time captain , playing 21 games at centre and lock .",
"title": "North Queensland Cowboys"
},
{
"text": "At the end of the 1996 season , Vowles was let go by new coach Tim Sheens . In 2019 , Vowles spoke about being released saying , I didnt miss one game , played half the year with a torn groin and a hernia and it was late when I got told that I wasnt wanted . It was mid-November . Wed already come back and they named a 25-man Super League squad and I wasnt named . Tim Sheens sat in his chair and his exact words were , Youre not big enough , youre not fast enough",
"title": "North Queensland Cowboys"
},
{
"text": ", youre not strong enough and youve got limited ability . I dont mind that he didnt want me , but dont belittle me . There was a way to do it . I havent seen him since that day but things happen for a reason .",
"title": "North Queensland Cowboys"
},
{
"text": " After leaving the Cowboys , Vowles was offered to Super League clubs Adelaide , Canterbury and the Warriors but all three moves fell through .",
"title": "North Queensland Cowboys"
},
{
"text": "In 1997 , Vowles moved to England to play with Castleford . In his first season with the club , he played 30 games , scoring eight tries . In 1998 , he played 23 games , scoring six tries . Vowles enjoyed a breakout season in 1999 , being named at lock in the Super League Dream Team and winning the Man of Steel award , becoming the first Castleford player and first Queenslander to do so . In 2000 , Vowles represented Scotland at the 2000 Rugby League World Cup , starting at lock in all three of",
"title": "Castleford Tigers"
},
{
"text": "their pool games , scoring one try . In 2001 , he once again represented Scotland in a 42–20 win over France .",
"title": "Castleford Tigers"
},
{
"text": " In 2003 , Vowles returned to the club to play the last three games of the 2003 season after being granted a release by Wakefield . He returned to the Tigers again in 2005 for a brief spell in their promotion winning season in the Championship .",
"title": "Castleford Tigers"
},
{
"text": " In 2002 , Vowles moved to the Leeds Rhinos but played just 17 Super League games before making a mid-season switch to the Wakefield Trinity Wildcats , where he accepted a player-coach role .",
"title": "Leeds Rhinos"
},
{
"text": " Alongside co-coach Shane McNally , Vowles helped save Wakefield from relegation in the 2002 season . Vowles remained with Wakefield until the final three matches of the 2003 season , when he was granted a release by the club to finish the season with Castleford .",
"title": "Wakefield Trinity Wildcats"
},
{
"text": " In 2004 , Vowles returned to Queensland to play in the Queensland Cup for the Brisbane Broncos feeder club , the Toowoomba Clydesdales , captaining the side . At the end of the season he won the clubs Player of the Year award . In 2005 , he returned to the Gold Coast , joining the Burleigh Bears . That season , he start at lock in the Bears Grand Final loss to the North Queensland Young Guns .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " - Man of Steel award : 1999 - Super League Dream Team : 1999 - Gold Coast Seagulls Player of the Year : 1993",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " In 2006 , Vowles became an assistant coach for Burleigh , before relinquishing the role to become the CEO of the club , a position he held until 2010 . In the same year , he was inducted into the Castleford Tigers Hall of Fame . In 2009 , an Arriva Yorkshire bus was named after him as part of the Arriva Yorkshire Rugby League Dream Team .",
"title": "Post-playing career"
},
{
"text": "In 2015 , he was appointed assistant coach of the Australian Jillaroos and Queensland womens teams . In 2017 , he took over as head coach of the Queensland womens side , holding the position for one year .",
"title": "Post-playing career"
},
{
"text": " From 2012 to 2018 , Vowles worked for Channel 9 as a commentator for the Queensland Cup . Since 2014 , the Adrian Vowles Cup has been held annually in Charleville , featuring under-14 and under-16 boys and girls sides from throughout regional Queensland .",
"title": "Post-playing career"
},
{
"text": " - Adrian Vowles at thecastlefordtigers.co.uk - Profile at leedsrugby",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Adrian_Vowles#P54#3
|
Which team did the player Adrian Vowles belong to after Jan 2004?
|
Adrian Vowles Adrian Vowles ( born 30 May 1971 ) is a former professional Scotland international rugby league footballer who played as a or in the 1990s and 2000s . He played in Australia for several years , gaining State of Origin selection in 1994 , but spent the majority of his career in the Super League . Background . Born in Cunnamulla , Queensland , Vowles played his junior rugby league for the Cunnamulla Rams and for Charleville All Whites and Railways when he his family moved there in 1982 . Playing career . In Charleville , Vowles won two premierships with the All Whites club , before changing clubs and winning a premiership with Charleville Railways in 1988 . In 1989 he moved to the Gold Coast , playing for the Tweed Heads Seagulls . In 1990 while playing for a Gold Coast under-21 representative side , he earned a reserve grade trial with the Gold Coast Seagulls , later signing with the club . Gold Coast Seagulls . In Round 1 of the 1993 NSWRL season , Vowles made his first grade debut in the Seagulls 10–14 loss to the Western Suburbs Magpies . After starting the first four games of the season off the bench , Vowles became one of the clubs starting centres , playing 21 games . At the end of the season , he was named the clubs Player of the Year . In 1994 , Vowles continued his good form and was selected for Queensland in Game II of that years series . He came off the bench in Queenslands 0–14 loss to New South Wales at the Melbourne Cricket Ground . North Queensland Cowboys . In 1995 , Vowles joined the newly established North Queensland Cowboys , starting at centre in the clubs inaugural game against the Sydney Bulldogs . In the same game , he became the first Cowboy to be sent off after a high shot on Bulldogs centre Matthew Ryan just five minutes into the match . Vowles played 20 games for the Cowboys in 1995 , captaining the side three times . In 1996 , he became the clubs full-time captain , playing 21 games at centre and lock . At the end of the 1996 season , Vowles was let go by new coach Tim Sheens . In 2019 , Vowles spoke about being released saying , I didnt miss one game , played half the year with a torn groin and a hernia and it was late when I got told that I wasnt wanted . It was mid-November . Wed already come back and they named a 25-man Super League squad and I wasnt named . Tim Sheens sat in his chair and his exact words were , Youre not big enough , youre not fast enough , youre not strong enough and youve got limited ability . I dont mind that he didnt want me , but dont belittle me . There was a way to do it . I havent seen him since that day but things happen for a reason . After leaving the Cowboys , Vowles was offered to Super League clubs Adelaide , Canterbury and the Warriors but all three moves fell through . Castleford Tigers . In 1997 , Vowles moved to England to play with Castleford . In his first season with the club , he played 30 games , scoring eight tries . In 1998 , he played 23 games , scoring six tries . Vowles enjoyed a breakout season in 1999 , being named at lock in the Super League Dream Team and winning the Man of Steel award , becoming the first Castleford player and first Queenslander to do so . In 2000 , Vowles represented Scotland at the 2000 Rugby League World Cup , starting at lock in all three of their pool games , scoring one try . In 2001 , he once again represented Scotland in a 42–20 win over France . In 2003 , Vowles returned to the club to play the last three games of the 2003 season after being granted a release by Wakefield . He returned to the Tigers again in 2005 for a brief spell in their promotion winning season in the Championship . Leeds Rhinos . In 2002 , Vowles moved to the Leeds Rhinos but played just 17 Super League games before making a mid-season switch to the Wakefield Trinity Wildcats , where he accepted a player-coach role . Wakefield Trinity Wildcats . Alongside co-coach Shane McNally , Vowles helped save Wakefield from relegation in the 2002 season . Vowles remained with Wakefield until the final three matches of the 2003 season , when he was granted a release by the club to finish the season with Castleford . Later career . In 2004 , Vowles returned to Queensland to play in the Queensland Cup for the Brisbane Broncos feeder club , the Toowoomba Clydesdales , captaining the side . At the end of the season he won the clubs Player of the Year award . In 2005 , he returned to the Gold Coast , joining the Burleigh Bears . That season , he start at lock in the Bears Grand Final loss to the North Queensland Young Guns . Achievements and accolades . Individual . - Man of Steel award : 1999 - Super League Dream Team : 1999 - Gold Coast Seagulls Player of the Year : 1993 Post-playing career . In 2006 , Vowles became an assistant coach for Burleigh , before relinquishing the role to become the CEO of the club , a position he held until 2010 . In the same year , he was inducted into the Castleford Tigers Hall of Fame . In 2009 , an Arriva Yorkshire bus was named after him as part of the Arriva Yorkshire Rugby League Dream Team . In 2015 , he was appointed assistant coach of the Australian Jillaroos and Queensland womens teams . In 2017 , he took over as head coach of the Queensland womens side , holding the position for one year . From 2012 to 2018 , Vowles worked for Channel 9 as a commentator for the Queensland Cup . Since 2014 , the Adrian Vowles Cup has been held annually in Charleville , featuring under-14 and under-16 boys and girls sides from throughout regional Queensland . External links . - Adrian Vowles at thecastlefordtigers.co.uk - Profile at leedsrugby
|
[
"Castleford Tigers"
] |
[
{
"text": " Adrian Vowles ( born 30 May 1971 ) is a former professional Scotland international rugby league footballer who played as a or in the 1990s and 2000s . He played in Australia for several years , gaining State of Origin selection in 1994 , but spent the majority of his career in the Super League .",
"title": "Adrian Vowles"
},
{
"text": " Born in Cunnamulla , Queensland , Vowles played his junior rugby league for the Cunnamulla Rams and for Charleville All Whites and Railways when he his family moved there in 1982 .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " In Charleville , Vowles won two premierships with the All Whites club , before changing clubs and winning a premiership with Charleville Railways in 1988 . In 1989 he moved to the Gold Coast , playing for the Tweed Heads Seagulls . In 1990 while playing for a Gold Coast under-21 representative side , he earned a reserve grade trial with the Gold Coast Seagulls , later signing with the club .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " In Round 1 of the 1993 NSWRL season , Vowles made his first grade debut in the Seagulls 10–14 loss to the Western Suburbs Magpies . After starting the first four games of the season off the bench , Vowles became one of the clubs starting centres , playing 21 games . At the end of the season , he was named the clubs Player of the Year .",
"title": "Gold Coast Seagulls"
},
{
"text": "In 1994 , Vowles continued his good form and was selected for Queensland in Game II of that years series . He came off the bench in Queenslands 0–14 loss to New South Wales at the Melbourne Cricket Ground .",
"title": "Gold Coast Seagulls"
},
{
"text": " In 1995 , Vowles joined the newly established North Queensland Cowboys , starting at centre in the clubs inaugural game against the Sydney Bulldogs . In the same game , he became the first Cowboy to be sent off after a high shot on Bulldogs centre Matthew Ryan just five minutes into the match . Vowles played 20 games for the Cowboys in 1995 , captaining the side three times . In 1996 , he became the clubs full-time captain , playing 21 games at centre and lock .",
"title": "North Queensland Cowboys"
},
{
"text": "At the end of the 1996 season , Vowles was let go by new coach Tim Sheens . In 2019 , Vowles spoke about being released saying , I didnt miss one game , played half the year with a torn groin and a hernia and it was late when I got told that I wasnt wanted . It was mid-November . Wed already come back and they named a 25-man Super League squad and I wasnt named . Tim Sheens sat in his chair and his exact words were , Youre not big enough , youre not fast enough",
"title": "North Queensland Cowboys"
},
{
"text": ", youre not strong enough and youve got limited ability . I dont mind that he didnt want me , but dont belittle me . There was a way to do it . I havent seen him since that day but things happen for a reason .",
"title": "North Queensland Cowboys"
},
{
"text": " After leaving the Cowboys , Vowles was offered to Super League clubs Adelaide , Canterbury and the Warriors but all three moves fell through .",
"title": "North Queensland Cowboys"
},
{
"text": "In 1997 , Vowles moved to England to play with Castleford . In his first season with the club , he played 30 games , scoring eight tries . In 1998 , he played 23 games , scoring six tries . Vowles enjoyed a breakout season in 1999 , being named at lock in the Super League Dream Team and winning the Man of Steel award , becoming the first Castleford player and first Queenslander to do so . In 2000 , Vowles represented Scotland at the 2000 Rugby League World Cup , starting at lock in all three of",
"title": "Castleford Tigers"
},
{
"text": "their pool games , scoring one try . In 2001 , he once again represented Scotland in a 42–20 win over France .",
"title": "Castleford Tigers"
},
{
"text": " In 2003 , Vowles returned to the club to play the last three games of the 2003 season after being granted a release by Wakefield . He returned to the Tigers again in 2005 for a brief spell in their promotion winning season in the Championship .",
"title": "Castleford Tigers"
},
{
"text": " In 2002 , Vowles moved to the Leeds Rhinos but played just 17 Super League games before making a mid-season switch to the Wakefield Trinity Wildcats , where he accepted a player-coach role .",
"title": "Leeds Rhinos"
},
{
"text": " Alongside co-coach Shane McNally , Vowles helped save Wakefield from relegation in the 2002 season . Vowles remained with Wakefield until the final three matches of the 2003 season , when he was granted a release by the club to finish the season with Castleford .",
"title": "Wakefield Trinity Wildcats"
},
{
"text": " In 2004 , Vowles returned to Queensland to play in the Queensland Cup for the Brisbane Broncos feeder club , the Toowoomba Clydesdales , captaining the side . At the end of the season he won the clubs Player of the Year award . In 2005 , he returned to the Gold Coast , joining the Burleigh Bears . That season , he start at lock in the Bears Grand Final loss to the North Queensland Young Guns .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " - Man of Steel award : 1999 - Super League Dream Team : 1999 - Gold Coast Seagulls Player of the Year : 1993",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " In 2006 , Vowles became an assistant coach for Burleigh , before relinquishing the role to become the CEO of the club , a position he held until 2010 . In the same year , he was inducted into the Castleford Tigers Hall of Fame . In 2009 , an Arriva Yorkshire bus was named after him as part of the Arriva Yorkshire Rugby League Dream Team .",
"title": "Post-playing career"
},
{
"text": "In 2015 , he was appointed assistant coach of the Australian Jillaroos and Queensland womens teams . In 2017 , he took over as head coach of the Queensland womens side , holding the position for one year .",
"title": "Post-playing career"
},
{
"text": " From 2012 to 2018 , Vowles worked for Channel 9 as a commentator for the Queensland Cup . Since 2014 , the Adrian Vowles Cup has been held annually in Charleville , featuring under-14 and under-16 boys and girls sides from throughout regional Queensland .",
"title": "Post-playing career"
},
{
"text": " - Adrian Vowles at thecastlefordtigers.co.uk - Profile at leedsrugby",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Jonathan_Penrose#P2962#0
|
Which title was conferred to Jonathan Penrose in 1961?
|
Jonathan Penrose Jonathan Penrose , ( born 7 October 1933 ) is an English chess player , who holds the titles Grandmaster ( 1993 ) and International Correspondence Chess Grandmaster ( 1983 ) . He won the British Chess Championship ten times between 1958 and 1969 . Early years . Penrose was born in Colchester . Learning the game at age four , he was a member of Hampstead Chess Club at twelve and British Boys ( Under 18 ) Champion at just fourteen years of age . Chess was played by the entire Penrose family . His father was a composer of endgame studies and a strong player , as was his older brother Oliver . By the age of seventeen , he was already acknowledged as a top prospect for British chess . Playing Hastings for the first time in 1950/51 , he beat the French champion Nicolas Rossolimo and at Southsea in 1950 , defeated both Efim Bogoljubov and Savielly Tartakower . In 1952/1953 he shared the first place at Hastings with Harry Golombek , Antonio Medina García and Daniel Yanofsky . Playing career . Penrose earned the International Master title in 1961 and was the leading British player for several years in the 1960s and early 1970s , surpassing the achievement of Henry Ernest Atkins by winning the British Championship a record number of times . He was widely considered to be of grandmaster strength , but did not achieve the grandmaster title during his active playing career , despite some notable victories . This was mainly due to his choosing to remain amateur and placing his lecturing as a first priority . As a consequence , he played few international tournaments and frequently turned down invitations to prestigious tournaments such as Hastings . In 1993 he was awarded the grandmaster title by FIDE . He competed in eight Chess Olympiads between 1952 and 1962 , then at the Olympiads of 1968 and 1970 , frequently posting excellent scores , including in 1962 ( Varna ) , and in 1968 ( Lugano ) . On both of these occasions , he won an individual silver medal on first board ; in 1968 , his score was bettered only by the World Champion , Tigran Petrosian . At the Leipzig 1960 Olympiad , he defeated then-World Champion Mikhail Tal with the white pieces in a Modern Benoni:1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 c5 4.d5 exd5 5.cxd5 d6 6.e4 g6 7.Bd3 Bg7 8.Nge2 O-O 9.O-O a6 10.a4 Qc7 11.h3 Nbd7 12.f4 Re8 13.Ng3 c4 14.Bc2 Nc5 15.Qf3 Nfd7 16.Be3 b5 17.axb5 Rb8 18.Qf2 axb5 19.e5 dxe5 20.f5 Bb7 21.Rad1 Ba8 22.Nce4 Na4 23.Bxa4 bxa4 24.fxg6 fxg6 25.Qf7+ Kh8 26.Nc5 Qa7 27.Qxd7 Qxd7 28.Nxd7 Rxb2 29.Nb6 Rb3 30.Nxc4 Rd8 31.d6 Rc3 32.Rc1 Rxc1 33.Rxc1 Bd5 34.Nb6 Bb3 35.Ne4 h6 36.d7 Bf8 37.Rc8 Be7 38.Bc5 Bh4 39.g3 1–0.This victory made Penrose the first British player to beat a reigning world champion since Joseph Henry Blackburne defeated Emanuel Lasker in 1899 . Correspondence chess . Penrose suffered from nerves , and he collapsed at the 1970 Olympiad in the midst of a tense game . Consequently , he moved on to correspondence chess , where he was successful , earning the International Master ( IMC ) title in 1980 and the grandmaster ( GMC ) title in 1983 . He led his country to victory in the 9th Correspondence Olympiad ( 1982 - 1987 ) . Personal life . He is the son of Lionel Penrose , a professor of genetics , the grandson of the physiologist John Beresford Leathes , and brother of Roger Penrose , Oliver Penrose , and Shirley Hodgson . He is a psychologist and university lecturer by profession , with a PhD . Penrose is married to Margaret Wood and they have two daughters . He was awarded the OBE in 1971 . External links . - Jonathan Penrose games at 365Chess.com - Jonathan Penrose team chess record at Olimpbase.org
|
[
"International Master"
] |
[
{
"text": " Jonathan Penrose , ( born 7 October 1933 ) is an English chess player , who holds the titles Grandmaster ( 1993 ) and International Correspondence Chess Grandmaster ( 1983 ) . He won the British Chess Championship ten times between 1958 and 1969 .",
"title": "Jonathan Penrose"
},
{
"text": " Penrose was born in Colchester . Learning the game at age four , he was a member of Hampstead Chess Club at twelve and British Boys ( Under 18 ) Champion at just fourteen years of age . Chess was played by the entire Penrose family . His father was a composer of endgame studies and a strong player , as was his older brother Oliver .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "By the age of seventeen , he was already acknowledged as a top prospect for British chess . Playing Hastings for the first time in 1950/51 , he beat the French champion Nicolas Rossolimo and at Southsea in 1950 , defeated both Efim Bogoljubov and Savielly Tartakower . In 1952/1953 he shared the first place at Hastings with Harry Golombek , Antonio Medina García and Daniel Yanofsky .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "Penrose earned the International Master title in 1961 and was the leading British player for several years in the 1960s and early 1970s , surpassing the achievement of Henry Ernest Atkins by winning the British Championship a record number of times . He was widely considered to be of grandmaster strength , but did not achieve the grandmaster title during his active playing career , despite some notable victories . This was mainly due to his choosing to remain amateur and placing his lecturing as a first priority . As a consequence , he played few international tournaments and frequently",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "turned down invitations to prestigious tournaments such as Hastings . In 1993 he was awarded the grandmaster title by FIDE .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " He competed in eight Chess Olympiads between 1952 and 1962 , then at the Olympiads of 1968 and 1970 , frequently posting excellent scores , including in 1962 ( Varna ) , and in 1968 ( Lugano ) . On both of these occasions , he won an individual silver medal on first board ; in 1968 , his score was bettered only by the World Champion , Tigran Petrosian .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "At the Leipzig 1960 Olympiad , he defeated then-World Champion Mikhail Tal with the white pieces in a Modern Benoni:1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 c5 4.d5 exd5 5.cxd5 d6 6.e4 g6 7.Bd3 Bg7 8.Nge2 O-O 9.O-O a6 10.a4 Qc7 11.h3 Nbd7 12.f4 Re8 13.Ng3 c4 14.Bc2 Nc5 15.Qf3 Nfd7 16.Be3 b5 17.axb5 Rb8 18.Qf2 axb5 19.e5 dxe5 20.f5 Bb7 21.Rad1 Ba8 22.Nce4 Na4 23.Bxa4 bxa4 24.fxg6 fxg6 25.Qf7+ Kh8 26.Nc5 Qa7 27.Qxd7 Qxd7 28.Nxd7 Rxb2 29.Nb6 Rb3 30.Nxc4 Rd8 31.d6 Rc3 32.Rc1 Rxc1 33.Rxc1 Bd5 34.Nb6 Bb3 35.Ne4 h6 36.d7 Bf8 37.Rc8 Be7 38.Bc5 Bh4 39.g3 1–0.This victory made Penrose",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "the first British player to beat a reigning world champion since Joseph Henry Blackburne defeated Emanuel Lasker in 1899 .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " Penrose suffered from nerves , and he collapsed at the 1970 Olympiad in the midst of a tense game . Consequently , he moved on to correspondence chess , where he was successful , earning the International Master ( IMC ) title in 1980 and the grandmaster ( GMC ) title in 1983 . He led his country to victory in the 9th Correspondence Olympiad ( 1982 - 1987 ) .",
"title": "Correspondence chess"
},
{
"text": " He is the son of Lionel Penrose , a professor of genetics , the grandson of the physiologist John Beresford Leathes , and brother of Roger Penrose , Oliver Penrose , and Shirley Hodgson . He is a psychologist and university lecturer by profession , with a PhD . Penrose is married to Margaret Wood and they have two daughters . He was awarded the OBE in 1971 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Jonathan Penrose games at 365Chess.com - Jonathan Penrose team chess record at Olimpbase.org",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Jonathan_Penrose#P2962#1
|
Which title was conferred to Jonathan Penrose in 1993?
|
Jonathan Penrose Jonathan Penrose , ( born 7 October 1933 ) is an English chess player , who holds the titles Grandmaster ( 1993 ) and International Correspondence Chess Grandmaster ( 1983 ) . He won the British Chess Championship ten times between 1958 and 1969 . Early years . Penrose was born in Colchester . Learning the game at age four , he was a member of Hampstead Chess Club at twelve and British Boys ( Under 18 ) Champion at just fourteen years of age . Chess was played by the entire Penrose family . His father was a composer of endgame studies and a strong player , as was his older brother Oliver . By the age of seventeen , he was already acknowledged as a top prospect for British chess . Playing Hastings for the first time in 1950/51 , he beat the French champion Nicolas Rossolimo and at Southsea in 1950 , defeated both Efim Bogoljubov and Savielly Tartakower . In 1952/1953 he shared the first place at Hastings with Harry Golombek , Antonio Medina García and Daniel Yanofsky . Playing career . Penrose earned the International Master title in 1961 and was the leading British player for several years in the 1960s and early 1970s , surpassing the achievement of Henry Ernest Atkins by winning the British Championship a record number of times . He was widely considered to be of grandmaster strength , but did not achieve the grandmaster title during his active playing career , despite some notable victories . This was mainly due to his choosing to remain amateur and placing his lecturing as a first priority . As a consequence , he played few international tournaments and frequently turned down invitations to prestigious tournaments such as Hastings . In 1993 he was awarded the grandmaster title by FIDE . He competed in eight Chess Olympiads between 1952 and 1962 , then at the Olympiads of 1968 and 1970 , frequently posting excellent scores , including in 1962 ( Varna ) , and in 1968 ( Lugano ) . On both of these occasions , he won an individual silver medal on first board ; in 1968 , his score was bettered only by the World Champion , Tigran Petrosian . At the Leipzig 1960 Olympiad , he defeated then-World Champion Mikhail Tal with the white pieces in a Modern Benoni:1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 c5 4.d5 exd5 5.cxd5 d6 6.e4 g6 7.Bd3 Bg7 8.Nge2 O-O 9.O-O a6 10.a4 Qc7 11.h3 Nbd7 12.f4 Re8 13.Ng3 c4 14.Bc2 Nc5 15.Qf3 Nfd7 16.Be3 b5 17.axb5 Rb8 18.Qf2 axb5 19.e5 dxe5 20.f5 Bb7 21.Rad1 Ba8 22.Nce4 Na4 23.Bxa4 bxa4 24.fxg6 fxg6 25.Qf7+ Kh8 26.Nc5 Qa7 27.Qxd7 Qxd7 28.Nxd7 Rxb2 29.Nb6 Rb3 30.Nxc4 Rd8 31.d6 Rc3 32.Rc1 Rxc1 33.Rxc1 Bd5 34.Nb6 Bb3 35.Ne4 h6 36.d7 Bf8 37.Rc8 Be7 38.Bc5 Bh4 39.g3 1–0.This victory made Penrose the first British player to beat a reigning world champion since Joseph Henry Blackburne defeated Emanuel Lasker in 1899 . Correspondence chess . Penrose suffered from nerves , and he collapsed at the 1970 Olympiad in the midst of a tense game . Consequently , he moved on to correspondence chess , where he was successful , earning the International Master ( IMC ) title in 1980 and the grandmaster ( GMC ) title in 1983 . He led his country to victory in the 9th Correspondence Olympiad ( 1982 - 1987 ) . Personal life . He is the son of Lionel Penrose , a professor of genetics , the grandson of the physiologist John Beresford Leathes , and brother of Roger Penrose , Oliver Penrose , and Shirley Hodgson . He is a psychologist and university lecturer by profession , with a PhD . Penrose is married to Margaret Wood and they have two daughters . He was awarded the OBE in 1971 . External links . - Jonathan Penrose games at 365Chess.com - Jonathan Penrose team chess record at Olimpbase.org
|
[
"Grandmaster"
] |
[
{
"text": " Jonathan Penrose , ( born 7 October 1933 ) is an English chess player , who holds the titles Grandmaster ( 1993 ) and International Correspondence Chess Grandmaster ( 1983 ) . He won the British Chess Championship ten times between 1958 and 1969 .",
"title": "Jonathan Penrose"
},
{
"text": " Penrose was born in Colchester . Learning the game at age four , he was a member of Hampstead Chess Club at twelve and British Boys ( Under 18 ) Champion at just fourteen years of age . Chess was played by the entire Penrose family . His father was a composer of endgame studies and a strong player , as was his older brother Oliver .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "By the age of seventeen , he was already acknowledged as a top prospect for British chess . Playing Hastings for the first time in 1950/51 , he beat the French champion Nicolas Rossolimo and at Southsea in 1950 , defeated both Efim Bogoljubov and Savielly Tartakower . In 1952/1953 he shared the first place at Hastings with Harry Golombek , Antonio Medina García and Daniel Yanofsky .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "Penrose earned the International Master title in 1961 and was the leading British player for several years in the 1960s and early 1970s , surpassing the achievement of Henry Ernest Atkins by winning the British Championship a record number of times . He was widely considered to be of grandmaster strength , but did not achieve the grandmaster title during his active playing career , despite some notable victories . This was mainly due to his choosing to remain amateur and placing his lecturing as a first priority . As a consequence , he played few international tournaments and frequently",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "turned down invitations to prestigious tournaments such as Hastings . In 1993 he was awarded the grandmaster title by FIDE .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " He competed in eight Chess Olympiads between 1952 and 1962 , then at the Olympiads of 1968 and 1970 , frequently posting excellent scores , including in 1962 ( Varna ) , and in 1968 ( Lugano ) . On both of these occasions , he won an individual silver medal on first board ; in 1968 , his score was bettered only by the World Champion , Tigran Petrosian .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "At the Leipzig 1960 Olympiad , he defeated then-World Champion Mikhail Tal with the white pieces in a Modern Benoni:1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 c5 4.d5 exd5 5.cxd5 d6 6.e4 g6 7.Bd3 Bg7 8.Nge2 O-O 9.O-O a6 10.a4 Qc7 11.h3 Nbd7 12.f4 Re8 13.Ng3 c4 14.Bc2 Nc5 15.Qf3 Nfd7 16.Be3 b5 17.axb5 Rb8 18.Qf2 axb5 19.e5 dxe5 20.f5 Bb7 21.Rad1 Ba8 22.Nce4 Na4 23.Bxa4 bxa4 24.fxg6 fxg6 25.Qf7+ Kh8 26.Nc5 Qa7 27.Qxd7 Qxd7 28.Nxd7 Rxb2 29.Nb6 Rb3 30.Nxc4 Rd8 31.d6 Rc3 32.Rc1 Rxc1 33.Rxc1 Bd5 34.Nb6 Bb3 35.Ne4 h6 36.d7 Bf8 37.Rc8 Be7 38.Bc5 Bh4 39.g3 1–0.This victory made Penrose",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "the first British player to beat a reigning world champion since Joseph Henry Blackburne defeated Emanuel Lasker in 1899 .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " Penrose suffered from nerves , and he collapsed at the 1970 Olympiad in the midst of a tense game . Consequently , he moved on to correspondence chess , where he was successful , earning the International Master ( IMC ) title in 1980 and the grandmaster ( GMC ) title in 1983 . He led his country to victory in the 9th Correspondence Olympiad ( 1982 - 1987 ) .",
"title": "Correspondence chess"
},
{
"text": " He is the son of Lionel Penrose , a professor of genetics , the grandson of the physiologist John Beresford Leathes , and brother of Roger Penrose , Oliver Penrose , and Shirley Hodgson . He is a psychologist and university lecturer by profession , with a PhD . Penrose is married to Margaret Wood and they have two daughters . He was awarded the OBE in 1971 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Jonathan Penrose games at 365Chess.com - Jonathan Penrose team chess record at Olimpbase.org",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Jonathan_Penrose#P2962#2
|
Which title was conferred to Jonathan Penrose in 1983?
|
Jonathan Penrose Jonathan Penrose , ( born 7 October 1933 ) is an English chess player , who holds the titles Grandmaster ( 1993 ) and International Correspondence Chess Grandmaster ( 1983 ) . He won the British Chess Championship ten times between 1958 and 1969 . Early years . Penrose was born in Colchester . Learning the game at age four , he was a member of Hampstead Chess Club at twelve and British Boys ( Under 18 ) Champion at just fourteen years of age . Chess was played by the entire Penrose family . His father was a composer of endgame studies and a strong player , as was his older brother Oliver . By the age of seventeen , he was already acknowledged as a top prospect for British chess . Playing Hastings for the first time in 1950/51 , he beat the French champion Nicolas Rossolimo and at Southsea in 1950 , defeated both Efim Bogoljubov and Savielly Tartakower . In 1952/1953 he shared the first place at Hastings with Harry Golombek , Antonio Medina García and Daniel Yanofsky . Playing career . Penrose earned the International Master title in 1961 and was the leading British player for several years in the 1960s and early 1970s , surpassing the achievement of Henry Ernest Atkins by winning the British Championship a record number of times . He was widely considered to be of grandmaster strength , but did not achieve the grandmaster title during his active playing career , despite some notable victories . This was mainly due to his choosing to remain amateur and placing his lecturing as a first priority . As a consequence , he played few international tournaments and frequently turned down invitations to prestigious tournaments such as Hastings . In 1993 he was awarded the grandmaster title by FIDE . He competed in eight Chess Olympiads between 1952 and 1962 , then at the Olympiads of 1968 and 1970 , frequently posting excellent scores , including in 1962 ( Varna ) , and in 1968 ( Lugano ) . On both of these occasions , he won an individual silver medal on first board ; in 1968 , his score was bettered only by the World Champion , Tigran Petrosian . At the Leipzig 1960 Olympiad , he defeated then-World Champion Mikhail Tal with the white pieces in a Modern Benoni:1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 c5 4.d5 exd5 5.cxd5 d6 6.e4 g6 7.Bd3 Bg7 8.Nge2 O-O 9.O-O a6 10.a4 Qc7 11.h3 Nbd7 12.f4 Re8 13.Ng3 c4 14.Bc2 Nc5 15.Qf3 Nfd7 16.Be3 b5 17.axb5 Rb8 18.Qf2 axb5 19.e5 dxe5 20.f5 Bb7 21.Rad1 Ba8 22.Nce4 Na4 23.Bxa4 bxa4 24.fxg6 fxg6 25.Qf7+ Kh8 26.Nc5 Qa7 27.Qxd7 Qxd7 28.Nxd7 Rxb2 29.Nb6 Rb3 30.Nxc4 Rd8 31.d6 Rc3 32.Rc1 Rxc1 33.Rxc1 Bd5 34.Nb6 Bb3 35.Ne4 h6 36.d7 Bf8 37.Rc8 Be7 38.Bc5 Bh4 39.g3 1–0.This victory made Penrose the first British player to beat a reigning world champion since Joseph Henry Blackburne defeated Emanuel Lasker in 1899 . Correspondence chess . Penrose suffered from nerves , and he collapsed at the 1970 Olympiad in the midst of a tense game . Consequently , he moved on to correspondence chess , where he was successful , earning the International Master ( IMC ) title in 1980 and the grandmaster ( GMC ) title in 1983 . He led his country to victory in the 9th Correspondence Olympiad ( 1982 - 1987 ) . Personal life . He is the son of Lionel Penrose , a professor of genetics , the grandson of the physiologist John Beresford Leathes , and brother of Roger Penrose , Oliver Penrose , and Shirley Hodgson . He is a psychologist and university lecturer by profession , with a PhD . Penrose is married to Margaret Wood and they have two daughters . He was awarded the OBE in 1971 . External links . - Jonathan Penrose games at 365Chess.com - Jonathan Penrose team chess record at Olimpbase.org
|
[
"International Correspondence Chess Grandmaster"
] |
[
{
"text": " Jonathan Penrose , ( born 7 October 1933 ) is an English chess player , who holds the titles Grandmaster ( 1993 ) and International Correspondence Chess Grandmaster ( 1983 ) . He won the British Chess Championship ten times between 1958 and 1969 .",
"title": "Jonathan Penrose"
},
{
"text": " Penrose was born in Colchester . Learning the game at age four , he was a member of Hampstead Chess Club at twelve and British Boys ( Under 18 ) Champion at just fourteen years of age . Chess was played by the entire Penrose family . His father was a composer of endgame studies and a strong player , as was his older brother Oliver .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "By the age of seventeen , he was already acknowledged as a top prospect for British chess . Playing Hastings for the first time in 1950/51 , he beat the French champion Nicolas Rossolimo and at Southsea in 1950 , defeated both Efim Bogoljubov and Savielly Tartakower . In 1952/1953 he shared the first place at Hastings with Harry Golombek , Antonio Medina García and Daniel Yanofsky .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "Penrose earned the International Master title in 1961 and was the leading British player for several years in the 1960s and early 1970s , surpassing the achievement of Henry Ernest Atkins by winning the British Championship a record number of times . He was widely considered to be of grandmaster strength , but did not achieve the grandmaster title during his active playing career , despite some notable victories . This was mainly due to his choosing to remain amateur and placing his lecturing as a first priority . As a consequence , he played few international tournaments and frequently",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "turned down invitations to prestigious tournaments such as Hastings . In 1993 he was awarded the grandmaster title by FIDE .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " He competed in eight Chess Olympiads between 1952 and 1962 , then at the Olympiads of 1968 and 1970 , frequently posting excellent scores , including in 1962 ( Varna ) , and in 1968 ( Lugano ) . On both of these occasions , he won an individual silver medal on first board ; in 1968 , his score was bettered only by the World Champion , Tigran Petrosian .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "At the Leipzig 1960 Olympiad , he defeated then-World Champion Mikhail Tal with the white pieces in a Modern Benoni:1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 c5 4.d5 exd5 5.cxd5 d6 6.e4 g6 7.Bd3 Bg7 8.Nge2 O-O 9.O-O a6 10.a4 Qc7 11.h3 Nbd7 12.f4 Re8 13.Ng3 c4 14.Bc2 Nc5 15.Qf3 Nfd7 16.Be3 b5 17.axb5 Rb8 18.Qf2 axb5 19.e5 dxe5 20.f5 Bb7 21.Rad1 Ba8 22.Nce4 Na4 23.Bxa4 bxa4 24.fxg6 fxg6 25.Qf7+ Kh8 26.Nc5 Qa7 27.Qxd7 Qxd7 28.Nxd7 Rxb2 29.Nb6 Rb3 30.Nxc4 Rd8 31.d6 Rc3 32.Rc1 Rxc1 33.Rxc1 Bd5 34.Nb6 Bb3 35.Ne4 h6 36.d7 Bf8 37.Rc8 Be7 38.Bc5 Bh4 39.g3 1–0.This victory made Penrose",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "the first British player to beat a reigning world champion since Joseph Henry Blackburne defeated Emanuel Lasker in 1899 .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " Penrose suffered from nerves , and he collapsed at the 1970 Olympiad in the midst of a tense game . Consequently , he moved on to correspondence chess , where he was successful , earning the International Master ( IMC ) title in 1980 and the grandmaster ( GMC ) title in 1983 . He led his country to victory in the 9th Correspondence Olympiad ( 1982 - 1987 ) .",
"title": "Correspondence chess"
},
{
"text": " He is the son of Lionel Penrose , a professor of genetics , the grandson of the physiologist John Beresford Leathes , and brother of Roger Penrose , Oliver Penrose , and Shirley Hodgson . He is a psychologist and university lecturer by profession , with a PhD . Penrose is married to Margaret Wood and they have two daughters . He was awarded the OBE in 1971 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Jonathan Penrose games at 365Chess.com - Jonathan Penrose team chess record at Olimpbase.org",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Aegidius_Sadeler#P937#0
|
Aegidius Sadeler worked in which location before Sep 1586?
|
Aegidius Sadeler Aegidius Sadeler or Aegidius Sadeler II ( 1570–1629 ) was a Flemish engraver who was principally active at the Prague court of Rudolf II , Holy Roman Emperor and his successors . Life . Sadeler was born in Antwerp in the Sadeler family of print dealers and engravers . He was the son of Emmanuel de Sayeleer and the nephew of Aegidius I , Jan I en Raphael Sadeler . He was trained by his uncle Jan I and became a member of the Antwerp Guild of St . Luke in 1589 . He was active in Munich the next year in 1590 , in Rome in 1593 , in Naples and then again in Munich in 1594–1597 . From 1597 he settled in Prague where he became court engraver for Rudolf II and made engraved portraits of notables and engravings after artworks there , most notably paintings by Bartholomeus Spranger , Roelant Savery , Hans von Aachen , Giuseppe Arcimboldo , and sculptures by Giambologna and Adriaen de Vries . His early engavings were mostly faithful copies of works by Albrecht Dürer in the Imperial collection and copies of paintings by notable Italian painters such as Raphael , Tintoretto , Parmigianino , Barocci and Titian or by Northern painters who worked there , such as Paul Bril and Denys Calvaert . In Prague he also engraved portraits of the notables of Rudolfs court , and collaborated with Spranger , Joseph Heintz the Elder and Jacobus Typotius . After Rudolf II died he enjoyed the favour and protection of the two succeeding Emperors , Matthias and Ferdinand II . According to Michael Bryan , He used the graver with a commanding facility , sometimes finishing his plates with surprising neatness , when the subject required it ; at other times his burin is broad and bold . His plates are very numerous , representing historical subjects , portraits , landscapes , &c . some of them from his own designs , many of which are much esteemed , particularly his portraits , which are executed in an admirable style . Sadeler died in Prague in 1629 . He had many pupils , including Wenzel Hollar and Joachim von Sandrart , who wrote his biography . His prints include : Portraits . - Emperor Rudolf on horseback , with a Battle in the background ; after Adriaen de Vries . - The Emperor Matthias . 1616 . - The Empress Anne , his consort . 1616 . - The Emperor Ferdinand II on horseback ; in two sheets . 1629 . - Sigismund III Vasa , 1604 - Sigismund Báthory , Prince of Transilvania . - Michael the Brave , Prince of Wallachia - Burkhard von Berlichingen , Privy Counsellor to Rudolf II . 1601 . - Peter Breughel , Painter , of Brussels . 1606 . - Jacob Chimarrhaeus , Grand Almoner . - Franz von Dietrichstein , Cardinal and Bishop of Olomouc . 1604 . - Christopher Guarinonius Fontanus , Physician to Rudolf II . - John George Goedelman , Jurisconsult . - Joachim Huber , Aulic Counsellor . - Siegfried de Kolonitsch . - Ferdinand de Kolonitsch . - Hieronymus Makowsky , gentleman of the privy chamber to Rudolf II . 1603 . - Torquato Tasso , 1617 - Octavius Strada , Antiquary . - Adam von Trautmannsdorf - Maerten de Vos , Painter of Antwerp . - John Matthew Warenfels , Aulic Counsellor . 1614 . Various subjects from his own designs . - A set of twelve plates , representing Angels with the Instruments of the Passion . - A set of fifty-two Views near Rome , entitled Vestigi delle Antichita di Roma . - The Burning of Troy , an etching ; 2Eg . Sadeler , fecit , aqua forti . - Charity , represented by a female figure with three children . - Narcissus admiring himself in a Fountain . - Pan and Syrinx . - St . Sebastian dying , with an Angel drawing out the Arrows from his side . - St , Dominick receiving the Institution of his Order from St . Peter and St . Paul .
|
[
"Antwerp"
] |
[
{
"text": " Aegidius Sadeler or Aegidius Sadeler II ( 1570–1629 ) was a Flemish engraver who was principally active at the Prague court of Rudolf II , Holy Roman Emperor and his successors .",
"title": "Aegidius Sadeler"
},
{
"text": "Sadeler was born in Antwerp in the Sadeler family of print dealers and engravers . He was the son of Emmanuel de Sayeleer and the nephew of Aegidius I , Jan I en Raphael Sadeler . He was trained by his uncle Jan I and became a member of the Antwerp Guild of St . Luke in 1589 . He was active in Munich the next year in 1590 , in Rome in 1593 , in Naples and then again in Munich in 1594–1597 . From 1597 he settled in Prague where he became court engraver for Rudolf II and",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "made engraved portraits of notables and engravings after artworks there , most notably paintings by Bartholomeus Spranger , Roelant Savery , Hans von Aachen , Giuseppe Arcimboldo , and sculptures by Giambologna and Adriaen de Vries .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " His early engavings were mostly faithful copies of works by Albrecht Dürer in the Imperial collection and copies of paintings by notable Italian painters such as Raphael , Tintoretto , Parmigianino , Barocci and Titian or by Northern painters who worked there , such as Paul Bril and Denys Calvaert . In Prague he also engraved portraits of the notables of Rudolfs court , and collaborated with Spranger , Joseph Heintz the Elder and Jacobus Typotius .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "After Rudolf II died he enjoyed the favour and protection of the two succeeding Emperors , Matthias and Ferdinand II . According to Michael Bryan , He used the graver with a commanding facility , sometimes finishing his plates with surprising neatness , when the subject required it ; at other times his burin is broad and bold . His plates are very numerous , representing historical subjects , portraits , landscapes , &c . some of them from his own designs , many of which are much esteemed , particularly his portraits , which are executed in an admirable",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "style .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " Sadeler died in Prague in 1629 . He had many pupils , including Wenzel Hollar and Joachim von Sandrart , who wrote his biography .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " - Emperor Rudolf on horseback , with a Battle in the background ; after Adriaen de Vries . - The Emperor Matthias . 1616 . - The Empress Anne , his consort . 1616 . - The Emperor Ferdinand II on horseback ; in two sheets . 1629 . - Sigismund III Vasa , 1604 - Sigismund Báthory , Prince of Transilvania . - Michael the Brave , Prince of Wallachia - Burkhard von Berlichingen , Privy Counsellor to Rudolf II . 1601 . - Peter Breughel , Painter , of Brussels . 1606 .",
"title": "Portraits"
},
{
"text": "- Jacob Chimarrhaeus , Grand Almoner .",
"title": "Portraits"
},
{
"text": " - Franz von Dietrichstein , Cardinal and Bishop of Olomouc . 1604 . - Christopher Guarinonius Fontanus , Physician to Rudolf II . - John George Goedelman , Jurisconsult . - Joachim Huber , Aulic Counsellor . - Siegfried de Kolonitsch . - Ferdinand de Kolonitsch . - Hieronymus Makowsky , gentleman of the privy chamber to Rudolf II . 1603 . - Torquato Tasso , 1617 - Octavius Strada , Antiquary . - Adam von Trautmannsdorf - Maerten de Vos , Painter of Antwerp . - John Matthew Warenfels , Aulic Counsellor . 1614 .",
"title": "Portraits"
},
{
"text": "Various subjects from his own designs .",
"title": "Portraits"
},
{
"text": " - A set of twelve plates , representing Angels with the Instruments of the Passion . - A set of fifty-two Views near Rome , entitled Vestigi delle Antichita di Roma . - The Burning of Troy , an etching ; 2Eg . Sadeler , fecit , aqua forti . - Charity , represented by a female figure with three children . - Narcissus admiring himself in a Fountain . - Pan and Syrinx . - St . Sebastian dying , with an Angel drawing out the Arrows from his side .",
"title": "Portraits"
},
{
"text": "- St , Dominick receiving the Institution of his Order from St . Peter and St . Paul .",
"title": "Portraits"
}
] |
/wiki/Aegidius_Sadeler#P937#1
|
Aegidius Sadeler worked in which location in Jun 1595?
|
Aegidius Sadeler Aegidius Sadeler or Aegidius Sadeler II ( 1570–1629 ) was a Flemish engraver who was principally active at the Prague court of Rudolf II , Holy Roman Emperor and his successors . Life . Sadeler was born in Antwerp in the Sadeler family of print dealers and engravers . He was the son of Emmanuel de Sayeleer and the nephew of Aegidius I , Jan I en Raphael Sadeler . He was trained by his uncle Jan I and became a member of the Antwerp Guild of St . Luke in 1589 . He was active in Munich the next year in 1590 , in Rome in 1593 , in Naples and then again in Munich in 1594–1597 . From 1597 he settled in Prague where he became court engraver for Rudolf II and made engraved portraits of notables and engravings after artworks there , most notably paintings by Bartholomeus Spranger , Roelant Savery , Hans von Aachen , Giuseppe Arcimboldo , and sculptures by Giambologna and Adriaen de Vries . His early engavings were mostly faithful copies of works by Albrecht Dürer in the Imperial collection and copies of paintings by notable Italian painters such as Raphael , Tintoretto , Parmigianino , Barocci and Titian or by Northern painters who worked there , such as Paul Bril and Denys Calvaert . In Prague he also engraved portraits of the notables of Rudolfs court , and collaborated with Spranger , Joseph Heintz the Elder and Jacobus Typotius . After Rudolf II died he enjoyed the favour and protection of the two succeeding Emperors , Matthias and Ferdinand II . According to Michael Bryan , He used the graver with a commanding facility , sometimes finishing his plates with surprising neatness , when the subject required it ; at other times his burin is broad and bold . His plates are very numerous , representing historical subjects , portraits , landscapes , &c . some of them from his own designs , many of which are much esteemed , particularly his portraits , which are executed in an admirable style . Sadeler died in Prague in 1629 . He had many pupils , including Wenzel Hollar and Joachim von Sandrart , who wrote his biography . His prints include : Portraits . - Emperor Rudolf on horseback , with a Battle in the background ; after Adriaen de Vries . - The Emperor Matthias . 1616 . - The Empress Anne , his consort . 1616 . - The Emperor Ferdinand II on horseback ; in two sheets . 1629 . - Sigismund III Vasa , 1604 - Sigismund Báthory , Prince of Transilvania . - Michael the Brave , Prince of Wallachia - Burkhard von Berlichingen , Privy Counsellor to Rudolf II . 1601 . - Peter Breughel , Painter , of Brussels . 1606 . - Jacob Chimarrhaeus , Grand Almoner . - Franz von Dietrichstein , Cardinal and Bishop of Olomouc . 1604 . - Christopher Guarinonius Fontanus , Physician to Rudolf II . - John George Goedelman , Jurisconsult . - Joachim Huber , Aulic Counsellor . - Siegfried de Kolonitsch . - Ferdinand de Kolonitsch . - Hieronymus Makowsky , gentleman of the privy chamber to Rudolf II . 1603 . - Torquato Tasso , 1617 - Octavius Strada , Antiquary . - Adam von Trautmannsdorf - Maerten de Vos , Painter of Antwerp . - John Matthew Warenfels , Aulic Counsellor . 1614 . Various subjects from his own designs . - A set of twelve plates , representing Angels with the Instruments of the Passion . - A set of fifty-two Views near Rome , entitled Vestigi delle Antichita di Roma . - The Burning of Troy , an etching ; 2Eg . Sadeler , fecit , aqua forti . - Charity , represented by a female figure with three children . - Narcissus admiring himself in a Fountain . - Pan and Syrinx . - St . Sebastian dying , with an Angel drawing out the Arrows from his side . - St , Dominick receiving the Institution of his Order from St . Peter and St . Paul .
|
[
"Munich"
] |
[
{
"text": " Aegidius Sadeler or Aegidius Sadeler II ( 1570–1629 ) was a Flemish engraver who was principally active at the Prague court of Rudolf II , Holy Roman Emperor and his successors .",
"title": "Aegidius Sadeler"
},
{
"text": "Sadeler was born in Antwerp in the Sadeler family of print dealers and engravers . He was the son of Emmanuel de Sayeleer and the nephew of Aegidius I , Jan I en Raphael Sadeler . He was trained by his uncle Jan I and became a member of the Antwerp Guild of St . Luke in 1589 . He was active in Munich the next year in 1590 , in Rome in 1593 , in Naples and then again in Munich in 1594–1597 . From 1597 he settled in Prague where he became court engraver for Rudolf II and",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "made engraved portraits of notables and engravings after artworks there , most notably paintings by Bartholomeus Spranger , Roelant Savery , Hans von Aachen , Giuseppe Arcimboldo , and sculptures by Giambologna and Adriaen de Vries .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " His early engavings were mostly faithful copies of works by Albrecht Dürer in the Imperial collection and copies of paintings by notable Italian painters such as Raphael , Tintoretto , Parmigianino , Barocci and Titian or by Northern painters who worked there , such as Paul Bril and Denys Calvaert . In Prague he also engraved portraits of the notables of Rudolfs court , and collaborated with Spranger , Joseph Heintz the Elder and Jacobus Typotius .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "After Rudolf II died he enjoyed the favour and protection of the two succeeding Emperors , Matthias and Ferdinand II . According to Michael Bryan , He used the graver with a commanding facility , sometimes finishing his plates with surprising neatness , when the subject required it ; at other times his burin is broad and bold . His plates are very numerous , representing historical subjects , portraits , landscapes , &c . some of them from his own designs , many of which are much esteemed , particularly his portraits , which are executed in an admirable",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "style .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " Sadeler died in Prague in 1629 . He had many pupils , including Wenzel Hollar and Joachim von Sandrart , who wrote his biography .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " - Emperor Rudolf on horseback , with a Battle in the background ; after Adriaen de Vries . - The Emperor Matthias . 1616 . - The Empress Anne , his consort . 1616 . - The Emperor Ferdinand II on horseback ; in two sheets . 1629 . - Sigismund III Vasa , 1604 - Sigismund Báthory , Prince of Transilvania . - Michael the Brave , Prince of Wallachia - Burkhard von Berlichingen , Privy Counsellor to Rudolf II . 1601 . - Peter Breughel , Painter , of Brussels . 1606 .",
"title": "Portraits"
},
{
"text": "- Jacob Chimarrhaeus , Grand Almoner .",
"title": "Portraits"
},
{
"text": " - Franz von Dietrichstein , Cardinal and Bishop of Olomouc . 1604 . - Christopher Guarinonius Fontanus , Physician to Rudolf II . - John George Goedelman , Jurisconsult . - Joachim Huber , Aulic Counsellor . - Siegfried de Kolonitsch . - Ferdinand de Kolonitsch . - Hieronymus Makowsky , gentleman of the privy chamber to Rudolf II . 1603 . - Torquato Tasso , 1617 - Octavius Strada , Antiquary . - Adam von Trautmannsdorf - Maerten de Vos , Painter of Antwerp . - John Matthew Warenfels , Aulic Counsellor . 1614 .",
"title": "Portraits"
},
{
"text": "Various subjects from his own designs .",
"title": "Portraits"
},
{
"text": " - A set of twelve plates , representing Angels with the Instruments of the Passion . - A set of fifty-two Views near Rome , entitled Vestigi delle Antichita di Roma . - The Burning of Troy , an etching ; 2Eg . Sadeler , fecit , aqua forti . - Charity , represented by a female figure with three children . - Narcissus admiring himself in a Fountain . - Pan and Syrinx . - St . Sebastian dying , with an Angel drawing out the Arrows from his side .",
"title": "Portraits"
},
{
"text": "- St , Dominick receiving the Institution of his Order from St . Peter and St . Paul .",
"title": "Portraits"
}
] |
/wiki/Aegidius_Sadeler#P937#2
|
Aegidius Sadeler worked in which location after Jan 1619?
|
Aegidius Sadeler Aegidius Sadeler or Aegidius Sadeler II ( 1570–1629 ) was a Flemish engraver who was principally active at the Prague court of Rudolf II , Holy Roman Emperor and his successors . Life . Sadeler was born in Antwerp in the Sadeler family of print dealers and engravers . He was the son of Emmanuel de Sayeleer and the nephew of Aegidius I , Jan I en Raphael Sadeler . He was trained by his uncle Jan I and became a member of the Antwerp Guild of St . Luke in 1589 . He was active in Munich the next year in 1590 , in Rome in 1593 , in Naples and then again in Munich in 1594–1597 . From 1597 he settled in Prague where he became court engraver for Rudolf II and made engraved portraits of notables and engravings after artworks there , most notably paintings by Bartholomeus Spranger , Roelant Savery , Hans von Aachen , Giuseppe Arcimboldo , and sculptures by Giambologna and Adriaen de Vries . His early engavings were mostly faithful copies of works by Albrecht Dürer in the Imperial collection and copies of paintings by notable Italian painters such as Raphael , Tintoretto , Parmigianino , Barocci and Titian or by Northern painters who worked there , such as Paul Bril and Denys Calvaert . In Prague he also engraved portraits of the notables of Rudolfs court , and collaborated with Spranger , Joseph Heintz the Elder and Jacobus Typotius . After Rudolf II died he enjoyed the favour and protection of the two succeeding Emperors , Matthias and Ferdinand II . According to Michael Bryan , He used the graver with a commanding facility , sometimes finishing his plates with surprising neatness , when the subject required it ; at other times his burin is broad and bold . His plates are very numerous , representing historical subjects , portraits , landscapes , &c . some of them from his own designs , many of which are much esteemed , particularly his portraits , which are executed in an admirable style . Sadeler died in Prague in 1629 . He had many pupils , including Wenzel Hollar and Joachim von Sandrart , who wrote his biography . His prints include : Portraits . - Emperor Rudolf on horseback , with a Battle in the background ; after Adriaen de Vries . - The Emperor Matthias . 1616 . - The Empress Anne , his consort . 1616 . - The Emperor Ferdinand II on horseback ; in two sheets . 1629 . - Sigismund III Vasa , 1604 - Sigismund Báthory , Prince of Transilvania . - Michael the Brave , Prince of Wallachia - Burkhard von Berlichingen , Privy Counsellor to Rudolf II . 1601 . - Peter Breughel , Painter , of Brussels . 1606 . - Jacob Chimarrhaeus , Grand Almoner . - Franz von Dietrichstein , Cardinal and Bishop of Olomouc . 1604 . - Christopher Guarinonius Fontanus , Physician to Rudolf II . - John George Goedelman , Jurisconsult . - Joachim Huber , Aulic Counsellor . - Siegfried de Kolonitsch . - Ferdinand de Kolonitsch . - Hieronymus Makowsky , gentleman of the privy chamber to Rudolf II . 1603 . - Torquato Tasso , 1617 - Octavius Strada , Antiquary . - Adam von Trautmannsdorf - Maerten de Vos , Painter of Antwerp . - John Matthew Warenfels , Aulic Counsellor . 1614 . Various subjects from his own designs . - A set of twelve plates , representing Angels with the Instruments of the Passion . - A set of fifty-two Views near Rome , entitled Vestigi delle Antichita di Roma . - The Burning of Troy , an etching ; 2Eg . Sadeler , fecit , aqua forti . - Charity , represented by a female figure with three children . - Narcissus admiring himself in a Fountain . - Pan and Syrinx . - St . Sebastian dying , with an Angel drawing out the Arrows from his side . - St , Dominick receiving the Institution of his Order from St . Peter and St . Paul .
|
[
"Prague"
] |
[
{
"text": " Aegidius Sadeler or Aegidius Sadeler II ( 1570–1629 ) was a Flemish engraver who was principally active at the Prague court of Rudolf II , Holy Roman Emperor and his successors .",
"title": "Aegidius Sadeler"
},
{
"text": "Sadeler was born in Antwerp in the Sadeler family of print dealers and engravers . He was the son of Emmanuel de Sayeleer and the nephew of Aegidius I , Jan I en Raphael Sadeler . He was trained by his uncle Jan I and became a member of the Antwerp Guild of St . Luke in 1589 . He was active in Munich the next year in 1590 , in Rome in 1593 , in Naples and then again in Munich in 1594–1597 . From 1597 he settled in Prague where he became court engraver for Rudolf II and",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "made engraved portraits of notables and engravings after artworks there , most notably paintings by Bartholomeus Spranger , Roelant Savery , Hans von Aachen , Giuseppe Arcimboldo , and sculptures by Giambologna and Adriaen de Vries .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " His early engavings were mostly faithful copies of works by Albrecht Dürer in the Imperial collection and copies of paintings by notable Italian painters such as Raphael , Tintoretto , Parmigianino , Barocci and Titian or by Northern painters who worked there , such as Paul Bril and Denys Calvaert . In Prague he also engraved portraits of the notables of Rudolfs court , and collaborated with Spranger , Joseph Heintz the Elder and Jacobus Typotius .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "After Rudolf II died he enjoyed the favour and protection of the two succeeding Emperors , Matthias and Ferdinand II . According to Michael Bryan , He used the graver with a commanding facility , sometimes finishing his plates with surprising neatness , when the subject required it ; at other times his burin is broad and bold . His plates are very numerous , representing historical subjects , portraits , landscapes , &c . some of them from his own designs , many of which are much esteemed , particularly his portraits , which are executed in an admirable",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "style .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " Sadeler died in Prague in 1629 . He had many pupils , including Wenzel Hollar and Joachim von Sandrart , who wrote his biography .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " - Emperor Rudolf on horseback , with a Battle in the background ; after Adriaen de Vries . - The Emperor Matthias . 1616 . - The Empress Anne , his consort . 1616 . - The Emperor Ferdinand II on horseback ; in two sheets . 1629 . - Sigismund III Vasa , 1604 - Sigismund Báthory , Prince of Transilvania . - Michael the Brave , Prince of Wallachia - Burkhard von Berlichingen , Privy Counsellor to Rudolf II . 1601 . - Peter Breughel , Painter , of Brussels . 1606 .",
"title": "Portraits"
},
{
"text": "- Jacob Chimarrhaeus , Grand Almoner .",
"title": "Portraits"
},
{
"text": " - Franz von Dietrichstein , Cardinal and Bishop of Olomouc . 1604 . - Christopher Guarinonius Fontanus , Physician to Rudolf II . - John George Goedelman , Jurisconsult . - Joachim Huber , Aulic Counsellor . - Siegfried de Kolonitsch . - Ferdinand de Kolonitsch . - Hieronymus Makowsky , gentleman of the privy chamber to Rudolf II . 1603 . - Torquato Tasso , 1617 - Octavius Strada , Antiquary . - Adam von Trautmannsdorf - Maerten de Vos , Painter of Antwerp . - John Matthew Warenfels , Aulic Counsellor . 1614 .",
"title": "Portraits"
},
{
"text": "Various subjects from his own designs .",
"title": "Portraits"
},
{
"text": " - A set of twelve plates , representing Angels with the Instruments of the Passion . - A set of fifty-two Views near Rome , entitled Vestigi delle Antichita di Roma . - The Burning of Troy , an etching ; 2Eg . Sadeler , fecit , aqua forti . - Charity , represented by a female figure with three children . - Narcissus admiring himself in a Fountain . - Pan and Syrinx . - St . Sebastian dying , with an Angel drawing out the Arrows from his side .",
"title": "Portraits"
},
{
"text": "- St , Dominick receiving the Institution of his Order from St . Peter and St . Paul .",
"title": "Portraits"
}
] |
/wiki/Sacramento_Kings#P115#0
|
What was the home venue of Sacramento Kings in Apr 1945?
|
Sacramento Kings The Sacramento Kings are an American professional basketball team based in Sacramento , California . The Kings compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the Western Conference Pacific Division . The Kings are the only team in the major professional North American sports leagues located in Sacramento . The team plays its home games at the Golden 1 Center . Their best seasons to date in the city were in the early 2000s , including the 2001–02 season when they had the best record in the NBA at 61–21 ( a winning percentage of ) . The franchise began with the Rochester Seagrams ( a semi-professional team ) from Rochester , New York , that formed in 1923 and hosted a number of teams there over the next 20 years . They joined the National Basketball League in 1945 as the renamed Rochester Royals , winning that leagues championship in their first season , 1945–46 . They later jumped with three other NBL teams to the Basketball Association of America , forerunner of the NBA , in 1948 . As the Royals , the team was often successful on the court , winning the NBA championship in 1951 . The team , however , found it increasingly difficult to turn a profit in the comparatively small market of Rochester and relocated to Cincinnati in , becoming the Cincinnati Royals . In 1972 , the team relocated again , this time to Kansas City , Missouri , and renamed the Kansas City–Omaha Kings because it initially split its home games between Kansas City and Omaha , Nebraska ; the nickname was changed to avoid confusion with the baseball Royals . After three seasons , the team truncated to Kansas City Kings , but continued to play several home games per season in Omaha , through March 1978 . The franchise again failed to find success in its market and moved after the 1984–85 season to Sacramento , where they presently reside . Franchise history . 1948–1957 : Rochester Royals . The basis of the purely-professional Royals team that came into existence in 1945 , after two decades of sponsored semi-professional team . Seagram was the teams main sponsor and received the bulk of what monies were made . One of the teams early stars was Lester Harrison , a local high school star of some publicity before joining the team . The driven Harrison later became the teams captain , coach , manager and chief scout over the next two decades , and was very key in the teams continued success and existence through hard years in the 1930s . Among visitors to Rochester then to play the team were the Original Celtics , the New York Rens and the Harlem Globetrotters . With news that World War II was approaching its end , the National Basketball League ( NBL ) announced that it was expanding , and Harrison was approached for interest in a franchise . While the sponsored Seagrams balked at additional expenses involved , Harrison and his lawyer brother Jack jumped at the chance . They pooled money to meet the steep entry fee of $25,000 dollars , and were granted an NBL franchise . Their team pushed out the Seagrams locally at their facility , smallish Edgerton Park Arena . With his new team , Harrison took advantage of conditions and rules in 1945 . The best players were the returning Navy and Army players now being released from the war . There was no draft for the league in the selection of new players . So , Harrison was able to scoop up several name stars for his new team , among them Bob Davies , Red Holzman and William Fuzzy Levane , as well as NBL free agents like George Glamack and Al Cervi . The result was a strong league champion in their first season of existence as the Royals during the 1945–46 season . The team had two more seasons of success during their NBL years , which permitted the team to play non-league opponents . During all three years , 1945–1948 , the team played over 300 total games , hosting most of them . The Royals defected to the NBLs rival , the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) , in 1948 . In 1949 , as a result of that years absorption of the NBL by the BAA , the Royals became members of the newly formed NBA along with the Fort Wayne Pistons , Minneapolis Lakers , and Indianapolis ( Kautskys ) Jets . A year later , the BAA absorbed the remaining NBL teams to become the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The move to the BAA took away Rochesters profitable exhibition schedule , and placed it in the same Western Division as the Minneapolis Lakers . Of the two best teams in professional basketball , only one of them could play in the league finals from 1949 to 1954 . Minneapolis , with George Mikan , was almost always better during playoffs than the Royals . With their smallish arena and now-limited schedule , the Royals became less profitable even as Harrison maintained a remarkably high standard for the team , which finished no lower than second in its division in both the NBL and BAA/NBA from 1945 to 1954 . Harrison knew that the NBA was outgrowing Rochester , and spent most of the 1950s looking for a buyer for his team . The Royals won the NBA title in 1951 by defeating the New York Knicks 4–3 . It is the only NBA championship in the franchises history . The title , however , did not translate into profit for the Royals . The roster turned over in 1955 , except for star guard Bobby Wanzer , who soon became the teams new coach . The team moved to the larger Rochester War Memorial in 1955 in an attempt to improve fortunes with a much larger arena . The NBA even agreed to host their All-Star Game there in 1956 . But the Royals were now a losing team filled with rookies , and did not turn a profit . Meanwhile , the NBA was putting pressure on Harrison to sell or relocate his team to a larger city . With this in mind , the 1956–57 season was the Royals last in Rochester . The Royals stay in Rochester featured the services of nine future members of the Basketball Hall of Fame : Al Cervi , Bob Davies , Alex Hannum , Lester Harrison , Red Holzman , Arnie Risen , Maurice Stokes , Jack Twyman , Bobby Wanzer , while others proved prominent in other fields , such as Pro Football Hall of Fame member Otto Graham , Hollywood Walk of Famer Chuck Connors , and Jack McMahon . 1957–1972 : Cincinnati Royals . In April 1957 , the Harrison brothers moved the Royals to Cincinnati , a city that was then trying to obtain an NBA expansion franchise . This move followed a well-received regular-season game played at Cincinnati Gardens on February 1 , 1957 . The change of venue had been said to have been partly suggested by Jack Twyman and Dave Piontek , who were two of several roster players on the new Royals from that area . Cincinnati , which had a strong college basketball fanbase then , and no NFL franchise to compete with ( until the Bengals joined in 1970 after two seasons in the AFL ) , was deemed the best choice for the Harrisons , who also considered other cities . The Royals name continued to fit in Cincinnati , often known as the Queen City . During the teams first NBA draft in Cincinnati , the team acquired Clyde Lovellette and guard George King . They teamed with the 1–2 punch of Maurice Stokes and Twyman to produce a budding contender in the teams very first season in the Queen City . But injuries and the loss of star guard Si Green , the #1 overall pick of the 1956 NBA draft , to military service dropped the team into a tie for second place in the NBA Western Division during the 1957–58 seasons second half . In the seasons finale , All-Pro star Maurice Stokes struck his head when he fell after pursuing a rebound . He shook off the effects of the fall , even as he had briefly been unconscious . After Game One in the playoffs three days later , Stokes head injury was greatly aggravated by airplane cabin pressure during the flight back to Cincinnati for Game Two . He suffered a seizure and was permanently hospitalized , a tragedy that greatly shook the team . Stokes , a tremendous talent who could play center , forward and guard , was 2nd in the NBA in rebounds and 3rd in assists , a double-feat only Wilt Chamberlain has matched for a full season . The impact of losing Stokes was such that the team nearly folded . Six of the teams shaken players simply retired on the spot . Fellow All-Star Twyman rose to All-Pro level over the next two seasons for Cincinnati , even as the team posted two 19-win seasons . The 1958–59 Cincinnati team featured five rookies , with Lovellette , King and other key players having left the team in the wake of Stokes tragic injury . The Harrisons , wanting out at this point , sold to a makeshift local group , headed by Thomas Woods , Cincinnati Gardens management , and a number of local businessmen . Jack Twyman came to the aid of his teammate , and even legally adopted Stokes . Raising funds for Stokes medical treatment , Twyman helped him until his death in April 1970 . The 1973 feature film Maurie , which co-starred actors Bernie Casey and Bo Svenson , dramatized their story . Shooting often for the beleaguered team , Twyman was the second NBA player to ever average 30 points per game for an NBA season . Twyman and Stokes were later named Hall of Famers . 1960–1970 : The Oscar Robertson era . In 1960 , the team was able to land local superstar Oscar Robertson . Robertson led a team that included Twyman , Wayne Embry , Bob Boozer , Bucky Bockhorn , Tom Hawkins and Adrian Smith over the next three seasons . The Royals reversed their fortunes with Robertson and rose to title contender . An ownership dispute in early 1963 scuttled the teams playoff chances when new owner Louis Jacobs booked a circus for Cincinnati Gardens for the week of the playoff series versus the champion Boston Celtics . The Royals home games were at Xavier Universitys Schmidt Field House . In late 1963 , another local superstar , Jerry Lucas , joined the team . The Royals rose to the second-best record in the NBA . From 1963 to 1966 , the Royals contended strongly against Boston and the Philadelphia 76ers , but won no titles . In the 1964 NBA draft the Royals drafted rookies George Wilson , Bill Chmielewski , Steve Courtin ( later traded to 76ers ) , and Happy Hairston . The teams star players throughout the 1960s were Oscar Robertson and Jerry Lucas . Robertson met with individual success , averaging a triple-double in 1961–62 and winning the Most Valuable Player award in 1964 . Robertson was a league-leading scorer and passer each season . Lucas was Rookie Of the Year in 1964 , led the league in shooting , and later averaged 20 rebounds per game over four seasons . Both were All-NBA First Team selections multiple times . The team failed to keep some promising players , though , and played in the tough NBA East division , dominated by the Boston Celtics , even as a Baltimore team played in the West Division for three years , denying the team likely visits to the NBA Finals . In 1966 , the team was sold to Max and Jeremy Jacobs . That same season , the Royals began playing some of their home games in neutral sites such as Cleveland ( until the Cavaliers began play in 1970 ) , Dayton and Columbus . This did wound their local fan base in Cincinnati , though , and fortunes for the team continued to steadily decline . That year , they would host the 1966 NBA All-Star Game , with Smith scoring 24 points to be named All-Star MVP . As of 2021 , it is the last time that the franchise has hosted an All-Star Game . New coach Bob Cousy traded Lucas in 1969 . Robertson was traded to Milwaukee in 1970 , where he immediately won an NBA title . The declining franchise left Cincinnati shortly thereafter , moving to Kansas City in 1972 . 1972–1985 : Kansas City–Omaha/Kansas City Kings . After moving to Kansas City , the Royals renamed themselves the Kings to avoid confusion with the Royals baseball team . Now dubbed the Kansas City-Omaha Kings , the team split its home games between the 7,316-seat Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City and the 9,300-seat Omaha Civic Auditorium . The Cincinnati Royals had been looking at Omaha as a market as early as 1968 , playing twelve home games in the Nebraska city from 1968 to 1971 . From 1972 to 1975 , the KC–Omaha Kings played a total of 42 regular season contests ( but no playoff games ) in Omaha . In 1975 , the club became simply the Kansas City Kings ( moving into the new 16,785-seat Kemper Arena the previous season ) , but did not abandon Omaha completely , playing several games there through the 1977–78 season . For the next two seasons , they played several home games at St . Louis . 1972–1976 . The team netted a new superstar in point guard Nate Archibald , who led the league in scoring and assists in the 1972–73 season . While still in Cincinnati , the team introduced a most unusual uniform design , which placed the players surname below his number . The design remained intact through the first several seasons of the teams run in Sacramento , even when the shade of blue on the road uniforms was changed from royal blue to powder blue , and the script Kansas City which adorned the road jerseys was scrubbed after the move in favor of a repeat of the Kings script on the home shirts . The Kings back jersey template was later adopted by the WNBA and the NBA Development League , as well the NBA during the All-Star Game since 2006 . The Kings had some decent players throughout . Tom Van Arsdale , the shooting forward , Jumpin Johnny Green , and Matt Guokas helped Archibald in the first year in Kansas City . Toby Kimball was a fan favorite . Jimmy Walker teamed with Archibald as the Kings made the playoffs the second year . Sam Lacey , an effective passing center , became one of the most dependable players in the league . Archibald became the first player to lead the league in scoring and assists in the first season in Kansas City . However , the management traded Archibald , and wasted high draft picks . Bob Cousy gave way to Phil Johnson , who was fired midyear in 1977 and replaced by Larry Staverman , a player on the team on two separate occasions when it was in Cincinnati and who later became the vice president of operations for the Cleveland Stadium Corporation in June 1981 . 1976–1984 . The Kings finally achieved some success in their new home when they hired Cotton Fitzsimmons as coach . Fitzsimmons won the Midwest Division in 1978–79 with rookie point guard Phil Ford , who was NBA Rookie of the Year in 1979 . Kansas City was led by shooting guard Otis Birdsong , strong on both offense and defense , all-around shooting forward Scott Wedman , and passing center Sam Lacey , who had a trademark bank shot . They drew an average of 10,789 fans to Kemper Arena that season , the only time during their tenure in KC that average attendance was in five figures ( the attendance at the peak was only two-thirds of Kempers capacity ) . The Kings later played several home games in St . Louis during the early 1980s to large crowds . Most Kansas City sports fans preferred to spend their entertainment dollar on the Royals , who won the American League West division championship four times in five seasons between 1976 and 1980 , and reached the 1980 World Series . The Kings made the playoffs in 1979–80 and again in 1980–81 , despite finishing the 1980–81 regular season at . The Kings made a run in the 1981 NBA Playoffs , reaching the Western Conference finals ; these were the franchises first playoff victories since 1964 , and their only ones ever in Kansas City . Ernie Grunfeld played the point in this run in place of an injured Ford , as KC used a slow half-court game to win the first two rounds . Power forward Reggie King had a remarkable series , dominating the opposition . After upsetting the Phoenix Suns by winning Game 7 at Phoenix in the Conference Semifinals and becoming the second NBA road team to do so after leading a series 3–1 , they bowed out to the Houston Rockets ( also 40–42 in the regular season ) in five games in the Conference Finals . Lacey , the last remaining Cincinnati Royal to play for the Kings , could not keep up with Rockets superstar center Moses Malone . ( The Kings did not win another playoff series for two decades. ) However , a series of bad luck incidents prevented the team from building on its success . Cleveland Cavaliers owner Ted Stepien lured Wedman and Birdsong away with big contract offers . In 1979 , the roof literally fell in at Kemper Arena because of a severe storm , forcing the team to play most of the 1979–80 season at the much smaller Municipal Auditorium . The ownership group sold the team to Sacramento interests for $11 million . The general manager was fired in a scandal in which he was found to be reusing marked postage stamps . When the Kings rehired Joe Axelson as general manager , they brought back the man who had previously traded Oscar Robertson , Norm Van Lier , Nate Archibald and Jerry Lucas , and used the third pick in the ABA dispersal draft on Ron Boone . Axelson stayed on after the Kings left Kansas City where , in their last game ever , fans wore Joe Axelson masks . Axelson later said he hoped his plane would never touch down in Kansas City . Axelson became the first general manager in the history of sports to fail with the same franchise in four cities : Cincinnati , Kansas City , Omaha and Sacramento . He was not fired for good until he rehired coach Phil Johnson , whom he had fired in mid-season in Kansas City ten years before . The Kings also had the misfortune of entering this period competing with the Kansas City Comets for the winter sports dollar , when the Comets were led by marketers—the Leiweke brothers . Their final season in 1984–85 resulted in a record , as fans stayed away from Kemper Arena in droves , with average attendance of 6,410 . Long-time ABA and NBA star , Don Buse , played his final professional season for the Kings . Ownership began looking for a new home for the team . Poor attendance and lack of sponsorship dollars ( the team was third in sports market share by a significant margin behind the NFLs Chiefs and MLBs Royals ) were the main reasons . Also , Kansas City had a much stronger following for the Kansas Jayhawks college basketball team than they did the NBAs Kings . Seeing the success the NBA was having in fast-growing cities with no NFL or MLB teams like Portland , Oregon , Salt Lake City , Utah , and San Antonio , Texas , it was decided the team would move to Sacramento , California , a fast-growing city with no competition from the NFL or MLB . The NBA unanimously approved the move , with the caveat that Sacramento had to have an NBA-ready arena finished within three years or the team was free to move again with no penalty . 1985–present : Sacramento Kings . The Kings moved to their current home of Sacramento , California in the 1985–86 NBA season , with their first Sacramento season ending in the first round of the Western Conference 1986 NBA Playoffs . The starting lineup was Reggie Theus , LaSalle Thompson , Mark Olberding , Terry Tyler , and Mike Woodson , with Larry Drew , Eddie Johnson , Otis Thorpe , and Joe Kleine coming off the bench . However , despite fan loyalty the Kings saw little success in subsequent seasons , and the team did not make the playoffs again until the 1996 NBA Playoffs in the 1995–96 NBA season . Some of their failure was attributable to misfortunes such as the career-altering car crash suffered by promising point guard Bobby Hurley in 1993 , and the suicide of Ricky Berry during the 1989 off-season ; some was attributed to poor management such as the long tenure of head coach Garry St . Jean and the selection of Never Nervous Pervis Ellison with the first overall pick in the 1989 NBA draft . Former Kings television broadcaster Jerry Reynolds ( 1987 , 1988–90 ) and NBA legend Bill Russell ( 1987–88 ) were the earliest head coaches . 1988–1989 : Ricky Berry . Ricky Berry was selected by the Kings in the first round , 18th pick overall in the 1988 NBA draft . He had a dazzling rookie year in the 1988–89 season shooting 40.6% from three-point range . The Kings also drafted Vinny Del Negro ( selected by the Kings in the second round , 29th overall pick in the 1988 NBA draft ) and acquired Rodney McCray from the Houston Rockets . In his first year with the Kings , McCray made 1988 NBA All-Defensive First Team . It was the first season the Kings would play without Reggie Theus and LaSalle Thompson ( both part in the original team from Kansas City ) or Joe Kleine ( selected by the Kings as first round , sixth pick overall in the 1985 NBA draft ) . Thompson was drafted by the Kings in the first round , fifth overall pick in the 1982 NBA draft . It was also the last year that Michael Jackson ( selected by the New York Knicks in the second round , 47th pick overall in the 1986 NBA draft but who played his entire career with the Kings ) and Ed Pinckney ( selected 10th overall by the Phoenix Suns in the 1985 NBA draft and played for the Kings from 1987 to 1989 ) played for the Kings . On February 23 , 1989 , Brad Lohaus and Danny Ainge were traded to the Kings from the Boston Celtics for Joe Kleine and Ed Pinckney . In June of the 1989 off-season , Lohaus was then acquired by the Minnesota Timberwolves in the 1989 NBA Expansion Draft . In August of the 1989 off-season , Berry was found dead from a self-inflicted gunshot wound at his home in Fair Oaks , California just weeks before his 25th birthday following an argument with his wife . 1989–1990 : Pervis Ellison . Following the loss of Ricky Berry , 1989–90 season featured Pervis Ellison , who was first overall pick in the 1989 NBA draft by the Kings , and acquisition Wayman Tisdale ( from the Indiana Pacers , second pick overall in the 1985 NBA draft ) . An injury kept Ellison on the sidelines for 48 of 82 games of his rookie year , after which he was traded to the Washington Bullets . Tisdale would go on to play for the Kings for five years . It was the last season that Danny Ainge , Kenny Smith ( who had an impressive showing in the 1990 NBA Slam Dunk Contest ) , Rodney McCray , Harold Pressley ( selected by the Kings in the first round , 17th overall pick in the 1986 NBA draft ) , Vinny Del Negro , Greg Kite , and Ralph Sampson played for the Kings . In 1990 , Ainge was traded to the Portland Trail Blazers , Kenny Smith was traded to the Atlanta Hawks , and Rodney McCray was traded to the Dallas Mavericks . 1990–1991 : Lionel Simmons . Lionel Simmons – or L-Train – was drafted by the Kings in the 1990 NBA draft in the first round , 7th pick overall . In his first season , he made the NBA All-Rookie First Team . He would go on to play his entire career ( 1990–1997 ) with the Kings and had 5,833 career points . Antoine Carr ( acquired from the Atlanta Hawks ) played for the Kings in the 1990–91 NBA season and then was traded to the San Antonio Spurs . Free-agent Leon Wood , who would later become an NBA official , played for the Kings but was let go on Christmas Eve of 1990 . Also notable that Bill Wennington was acquired from the Dallas Mavericks and played for the Kings for the 1990–91 season and after a successful career with the Chicago Bulls returned to the Kings for his final season in 1999–2000 . 1991–1998 : The Mitch Richmond era . The early 1990s were difficult for the Kings . Sacramento was known for having strong fan support , and while they won over 60% of their home games , the team struggled on the road , going 1–40 on the road in a single season . But prayers were answered when they acquired Mitch Richmond , who previously played for the Golden State Warriors . The former NBA Rookie of the Year was selected as an All-Star six times while making the All-NBA Second Team three times . Garry St . Jean was chosen as new coach in 1992 and coached the team all the way through 1997 , where he was replaced by Eddie Jordan . During the 1990s , Sacramento had other stars like Spud Webb , Kurt Rambis , Wayman Tisdale , Walt Williams , Olden Polynice and Brian Grant , but they only lasted with the team for a few years . After the 1992–93 season , Rambis was traded to the Los Angeles Lakers . After the 1993–94 season , Tisdale was traded to the Phoenix Suns . After the 1994–95 season , Webb was traded to the Atlanta Hawks for Tyrone Corbin . Midway through the 1995–96 season , Williams was traded to the Miami Heat for Billy Owens ( who was drafted by the Kings in 1991 , and traded to Golden State for Richmond ) . After the 1996–97 season , Grant became a free agent and signed with the Portland Trail Blazers . One accomplishment the team achieved under St . Jean during their tenures was a playoff appearance in 1996 . The series was lost 3–1 to the Seattle SuperSonics who , led by Gary Payton and Shawn Kemp , finished as that years conference champions . They did not make a playoff appearance again while Richmond was still on the Kings . He was soon traded along with Otis Thorpe to the Washington Wizards for Chris Webber in May 1998 . Although Richmond was lost , this trade proved to be one of the keys to finally achieving playoff success after so many seasons of mediocrity . 1998–2004 : The Greatest Show on Court era . The Kings drafted Jason Williams in the 1998 NBA draft , signed Vlade Divac , and traded for Chris Webber prior to the lockout-shortened season of 1998–99 . These acquisitions coincided with the arrival of Peja Stojaković from Serbia , who had been drafted in 1996 . Each of these moves was attributed to general manager Geoff Petrie , who has won the NBA Executive of the Year Award twice . Led by new head coach Rick Adelman , and aided by former Princeton head coach Pete Carril , the Kings Princeton offense impressed others for its quick style and strong ball movement . Some criticized the Kings for their poor team defense , Williamss flash over substance style with its many turnovers , and Webbers failure to step up in important match-ups . Still , they quickly garnered many fans outside of California , many of whom were drawn to the spectacular pairing of Williams and Webber . In 1998–99 , they went 27–23 , their first winning season in nearly twenty years and their first since moving to Sacramento . The new arrivals Webber , Williams , and Divac all played key roles in this resurgence ; Divac ranked near the top of the team in most statistics , Webber led the league in rebounds and was named to the All-NBA Second Team , and Williams was named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team . In the playoffs , they were matched up against the defending Western Conference Champions , the Utah Jazz . After winning Game 1 by 20 points , the Jazz surrendered two consecutive playoff games to the Kings . They would turn the series around , however , and win the last two to keep the Kings from advancing in the playoffs . In 1999–2000 , the Kings only notable transaction was trading shooting guard Tariq Abdul-Wahad to the Orlando Magic in exchange for shooting guard Nick Anderson . They finished eighth in the Western Conference with a 44–38 record and were matched up with the Los Angeles Lakers in the first round of the playoffs . Once again , however , the Kings failed to advance , losing the series 2–3 against the Lakers . The following season , the Kings traded starting small forward Corliss Williamson to the Toronto Raptors for shooting guard Doug Christie , a move made to improve the subpar defense . They also drafted Turkish power forward Hedo Türkoğlu , further improving their bench rotation . Stojakovic moved into the starting small forward role , where he and Webber proved to complement each other extremely well , and as the Kings continued to improve , their popularity steadily rose , culminating in a February 2001 Sports Illustrated cover story entitled The Greatest Show on Court with Williams , Christie , Stojakovic , Webber , and Divac gracing the cover . That year , they went 55–27 , their best in 40 years . In the playoffs , they won their first series in 20 years , defeating the Phoenix Suns three games to one , before being swept in the second round by the Lakers , who eventually won the NBA Championship . In July 2001 , Jason Williams was traded , along with Nick Anderson , to the Vancouver Grizzlies for Mike Bibby and Brent Price . Despite Williamss often spectacular play , the Kings had grown tired of his recklessness and turnovers ; Bibby would provide much more stability and control at the point guard position . This move was complemented by the re-signing of Webber to a maximum-salary contract , securing their superstar long term . With Bibby taking over for Williams , they had their best season to date in 2001–02 . Though not as exciting or flashy as they had been in previous years with Williams , the team became much more effective and disciplined with Bibby at the helm . They finished with a league-best record of 61–21 , winning 36 of 41 at home . After easily winning their first two playoff matchups against the Stockton and Malone-led Jazz and the Dirk Nowitzki-led Dallas Mavericks , respectively , the Kings went on to play the archrival and two-time defending champion Los Angeles Lakers in the Western Conference Finals , regarded as one of the greatest playoff matchups in history . In a controversial series , the Kings lost in seven games , one game away from what would have been the first NBA Finals and professional sports championship in Sacramento history . This was a crushing blow to the Kings ; after losing to their archrivals in a highly controversial series , the team would begin to decline and age in the years that followed . Many commentators and journalists would question the decisions made by the referees during Game 6 , specifically that the Lakers were awarded a staggering 27 free throws in the fourth quarter , many of which came from what were in retrospect proved to be no-calls . Following Game 6 even print newspapers began to question the legitimacy of the game . Most notably , the New York Post ran a front cover with a headline entitled Foul Play ; it also published a related article suggesting that the game was rigged . NBA analyst David Aldridge ( then working for ESPN ) spoke on the game : The 2002 Western Conference finals left many fans wondering whether the Kings could have gone on to win a title , and debate would continue for many years after the events of the series . Later , due to allegations raised by former NBA referee Tim Donaghy , the NBA set up a review of the leagues officiating . Lawrence Pedowitz , who led the review , concluded that while Game 6 featured poor officiating , there was no concrete evidence that the game had been fixed . The Kings went 59–23 and won the division during the following season , seeking to avenge their playoff loss to the Lakers . After defeating the Stockton- and Malone-led Jazz in the first round and winning Game 1 against the Dirk Nowitzki-led Dallas Mavericks in the second round , the Kings appeared to be on the brink of another Western Conference Finals berth . However , Chris Webber sustained a major knee injury in Game 2 , and the Kings lost in a seven-game series . Webbers knee required major surgery . He returned mid-season in 2003–04 a season in which the Kings were seeking another chance to avenge their playoff loss to the Lakers , but without his quickness and athleticism , which had been the focal point of his style of play , it was not the same . Despite that , the Kings still managed to defeat the Dirk Nowitzki-led Dallas Mavericks in the first round and after winning Game 1 against the Kevin Garnett-led Minnesota Timberwolves in the second round , the Kings appeared to be on the brink of their second Western Conference Finals berth in three years , but the Kings ended the season with a defeat to the Timberwolves in a seven-game series . 2004–2006 : Decline . The 2004–05 season marked change for the Kings , who lost three starters from the famed 2002 team . In the off-season of 2004 , Divac signed with the Lakers , which prompted the Kings to sign Brad Miller to start at center . Early in the season , Christie was traded to the Orlando Magic for Cuttino Mobley , and in February , Webber was traded to the Philadelphia 76ers for three forwards ( Corliss Williamson , Kenny Thomas , and Brian Skinner ) . Thomas and Skinner failed in their attempt to replicate Webbers impact , and as a result the teams record suffered . The Kings lost in the first round of the playoffs to the Seattle SuperSonics . The 2005 off-season continued with changes , when they traded fan-favorite Bobby Jackson for Bonzi Wells and acquired free agent Shareef Abdur-Rahim . The 2005–06 season started poorly since the Kings had a hard time establishing team chemistry . Newcomers Wells and Abdur-Rahim made major contributions early , but both were injured and missed a significant number of games . As the Kings season continued , general manager Petrie decided to make a major move . Stojakovic was traded for Ron Artest , a talented yet volatile forward known for his temper . Despite doubts that he would be able to replace the huge production of Stojakovic , Artest and the Kings went 20–9 after the 2006 NBA All-Star break , the second best post-All-Star break record that season . Despite a winning record of 44–38 , it was clear that they were not the same team of years past . The Kings were seeded 8th in the Western Conference playoffs and were matched up in the first round against the San Antonio Spurs . Though the Kings were surprisingly competitive , the Spurs eliminated them 4–2 . This was the end of their era of competitiveness and to date , their last winning season and their last playoff season . The 2006 off-season began with the disturbing news that head coach Rick Adelmans contract would not be renewed . The Kings named Eric Musselman as his replacement . 2006–2009 : Change and transition . In 2006–07 , the disappointing play of the Kings was coupled with the distraction of legal troubles . Coach Eric Musselman pleaded no contest to DUI charges early in the season , while Artest got into trouble for neglect of his dogs , and was later accused of domestic assault . The Kings relieved Artest of basketball duties , pending investigation , then later reinstated him . They finished the season 33–49 ( their worst in 9 years ) which landed them in fifth place in the Pacific Division . They posted a losing record ( 20–21 ) at home for the first time since 1993–94 . Their season included a seven-game losing streak that lasted from January 4 to 19 . The Kings missed the 2007 NBA Playoffs , the first time in eight seasons . Musselman was fired in April . The Kings future appeared to rest on the shoulders of Kevin Martin , who was a lead candidate for 2007 NBA Most-Improved Player of the Year . The 2007 off-season was a time of change . Head coach Musselman was replaced by former Kings player , Reggie Theus . The Kings selected Spencer Hawes with the 10th overall pick in the 2007 NBA draft . In addition , they acquired Mikki Moore from the New Jersey Nets . Martin signed a contract worth $55 million , extending his period with the team for five more years . The Kings lost key players over the off-season , with backup Ronnie Price leaving for the Utah Jazz , and Corliss Williamson retiring . They claimed fourth-year Beno Udrih off waivers from Minnesota . Udrih quickly assumed the starting position for an injured Bibby . It was announced in February that the Kings had traded Bibby to the Atlanta Hawks for Tyronn Lue , Anthony Johnson , Shelden Williams , Lorenzen Wright and a 2nd round draft pick . The move was presumably made to clear cap space . Bibby had been the last player from the Kings team that reached the Western Conference Finals in 2002 . The Kings improved by five games and finished the 2007–08 season 38–44 , and missed the playoffs by a bigger margin ( 12 games ) than the previous season ( 8 games ) . They went 26–15 at home and 12–29 on the road . After selling out every home game since 1999 , the 2007–08 season sold out only three games at ARCO Arena with attendance averaging 13,500 fans per home game , almost 4,000 below capacity . Following a quiet 2008 off-season , it was confirmed on July 29 , 2008 , that the Kings would trade Artest and the rights to Patrick Ewing Jr . and Sean Singletary to the Houston Rockets in exchange for former King Bobby Jackson , Donté Greene , a future first-round draft pick , and cash considerations for Rashad McCants and center Calvin Booth . Reggie Theus was fired in the middle of the 2008–09 season , giving way to Kenny Natt as the interim head coach . The Kings continued to struggle under Natt , ending up with the NBAs worst record for the 2008–09 season at 17–65 . On April 23 , 2009 , Kings Vice President Geoff Petrie announced the firing of Natt and his four assistants , Rex Kalamian , Jason Hamm , Randy Brown and Bubba Burrage . 2009–2012 : Here we Rise period . Despite having the best odds to win the top overall pick in the 2009 NBA draft , the Kings obtained the 4th overall pick , the lowest they could possibly pick , to the outrage of many fans . Along with new head coach Paul Westphal , they selected Tyreke Evans . With the 23rd pick , they selected Omri Casspi from Israel . On April 27 , 2010 , Evans was the first Sacramento-era player to receive the NBA Rookie of the Year Award . Evans also became the 4th player in NBA history , joining Oscar Robertson , Michael Jordan , and LeBron James , to average 20 points , 5 rebounds , and 5 assists per game as a rookie . On June 24 , 2010 , the Kings selected DeMarcus Cousins with the 5th pick of the 2010 NBA draft . They also selected Hassan Whiteside , with the 33rd pick of the 2010 NBA draft . Despite the excellent play of Cousins and Evans , both of whom were front-runners in Rookie of the Year voting and received All-Rookie First Team honors , the Kings still ranked near the bottom of the NBA , going 25–57 in Evans rookie year , and 24–58 in Cousins rookie year . Much of this was due to the poor fit of the roster around Evans and Cousins , and the uninspired coaching of Westphal . The 2010–11 season was marked with uncertainty towards the end of the season . Frustrated by the lack of progress towards an arena and dwindling profits from other businesses , the Maloofs sought an immediate relocation of the franchise to Anaheim . The move seemed certain towards the end of the year , with Grant Napear and Jerry Reynolds emotionally signing off at the final home game vs . the Los Angeles Lakers . But after a vote by the NBA Board of Governors , the relocation effort was ended , to the glee of the fans . In the 2011 NBA draft the Kings traded for the draft rights of Jimmer Fredette in a three-team deal with the Charlotte Bobcats and the Milwaukee Bucks , with the Kings receiving John Salmons sending Beno Udrih . This move was heavily panned by fans and media ; by moving down in the draft and losing longtime starter Udrih for the unproductive Salmons , most found it difficult to find a bright spot in the deal . Westphal would shortly be fired , with Warriors assistant Keith Smart hired as his replacement . Around this time , the team took the slogan Here we rise ! for its marketing campaign . Amidst various relocation rumors and locker room tensions , the Kings had yet another unsuccessful season . One of their few bright spots was rookie Isaiah Thomas . Due to criticisms about his height ( 59 in shoes ) and playmaking ability , Thomas slipped to the 60th and final pick of the draft . Despite this , and the presence of college superstar Fredette , Thomas earned the starting spot , finishing the season with averages of 11 points and 4 assists per game and earned a selection to the NBA All-Rookie team . In the 2012 NBA draft they selected Thomas Robinson out of Kansas . Because of an unproductive rookie season by Robinson , he was traded with Francisco García and Tyler Honeycutt to the Houston Rockets in exchange for Patrick Patterson , Toney Douglas and Cole Aldrich . 2013–2015 : Franchise restructuring . On May 16 , 2013 , the Maloof family reached agreement to sell the Kings to a group led by Silicon Valley tech entrepreneur Vivek Ranadivé for a then-record NBA franchise valuation of $535 million . Ranadivé , 55 , named Raj Bhathal , 71 , founder of Tustin-based Raj Manufacturing , one of the largest swimwear companies in the nation , as one of the investors in a consortium to buy a majority stake in the Kings from the franchises longtime owners , the Maloof family , for a reported $348 million . The group fought off a rival bid that would have moved the team to Seattle after the NBAs Board of Governors rejected investor Chris Hansens bid to relocate the team . The new owners intend to keep the team in Sacramento . On May 28 , the NBA Board of Governors unanimously approved the sale , ending several years of efforts by other cities to take possession and move the Kings out of Sacramento . On May 31 , 2013 , the Kings closed escrow , finalizing the sale to the Ranadivé group at a record valuation of $534 million , beginning a new era for the franchise . Plans were already underway to move forward on an arena , as the Downtown Plaza was reportedly being sold to the Sacramento ownership group . A month later , on July 30 , Turner Construction was selected to be the builder of the arena . Once the sale had closed and ownership was transferred to Ranadivé , the Kings began making changes to the management and staff . Geoff Petrie and Keith Smart were released ; Mike Malone and Pete DAlessandro were brought in to replace them . Corliss Williamson , Brendan Malone , Chris Jent , and Dee Brown were brought in as assistant coaches . On July 10 , NBA executive Chris Granger was hired as team president . On September 23 , 2013 , Shaquille ONeal purchased a minority share of the team , jokingly dubbing the teams new organization the Shaqramento Kings . These hires coincided with several roster moves . In the 2013 NBA draft on June 27 , the Kings selected Kansas shooting guard Ben McLemore , who was widely projected to go top-five , with the seventh overall pick . They also selected point guard and former McDonalds All-American Ray McCallum , Jr . from the University of Detroit with the 36th pick . One week later , on July 5 , the Kings sent former NBA Rookie of the Year Tyreke Evans to the New Orleans Pelicans in a three-team deal involving Robin Lopez , Greivis Vásquez , Jeff Withey , Terrel Harris , and picks . On July 9 , the Kings traded a future second-round draft pick to the Bucks in exchange for defensive small forward Luc Richard Mbah a Moute , and on July 15 , the Kings signed Carl Landry , who had played a stint with the team in its previous ownership , to a 4-year deal worth $28 million . The 2013–14 season was widely anticipated by Kings fans . Playing their first game on October 30 , against the Nuggets , the Kings won 90–88 , despite being without projected starters Landry and Mbah a Moute . They were led by a 30-point , 14 rebound performance from DeMarcus Cousins , and a putback dunk by Jason Thompson with under a minute to play which sealed the victory for the Kings . After the poor play of starting forwards John Salmons and Patrick Patterson through November , the Kings sought a change . On November 26 , newly acquired Luc Richard Mbah a Moute was traded for power forward Derrick Williams . Nearly two weeks later , on December 8 , they acquired Rudy Gay in a blockbuster seven-player deal that sent the struggling Patterson and Salmons to Toronto along with Chuck Hayes and off-season acquisition Greivis Vásquez . Quincy Acy and Aaron Gray were also sent to the Kings . The organization sought to add depth to their lineup during the 2014 off-season to complement the Kings star duo DeMarcus Cousins and Rudy Gay . Sacramento added Darren Collison , Ryan Hollins and Ramon Sessions through free agency signings , as well as drafting Nik Stauskas prior to the start of the 2014–15 season . After an 11–13 start to the 2014–15 season , head coach Michael Malone was fired by the Sacramento Kings organization . Tyrone Corbin filled in for the Kings until Hall of Fame coach George Karl replaced him in February 2015 . On January 30 , 2015 , DeMarcus Cousins was named to replace the injured Kobe Bryant as a Western Conference All-Star in the 2015 NBA All-Star Game . Cousins selection marked the first time a Kings player earned All-Star honors since Brad Miller and Peja Stojaković represented Sacramento in 2004 . 2015–2017 : Divac as general manager , new arena . On March 3 , 2015 , the Kings announced former Sacramento center Vlade Divac as the new vice president of basketball operations . Following the end of Sacramentos 29–53 season for 2014–15 , The Kings made aggressive off-season moves in drafting Willie Cauley-Stein and acquiring Rajon Rondo , Kosta Koufos , Marco Belinelli , and Caron Butler in preparation for the 2015–16 season . To free up cap space , Divac traded Nik Stauskas , Carl Landry , Jason Thompson , a future top 10 protected first-round pick , and the right to swap two future first-round picks to the Philadelphia 76ers for the rights to second-round picks Artūras Gudaitis and Luka Mitrović . While the 76ers gave up nearly nothing to acquire draft assets that would result in the selection of number 1 overall pick Markelle Fultz , the Kings remained one of the worst teams in the NBA . It was regarded by many as one of the most lopsided trades in NBA history . On April 14 , 2016 , after a 33–49 season , the Kings fired head coach George Karl . Karl compiled a record of 44-68 with the Kings . The 2016–17 season brought several changes . The Kings moved into their new arena , the Golden 1 Center . On May 9 , 2016 , the Kings hired former Memphis Grizzlies coach Dave Joerger as head coach . During the 2016 NBA draft , the Kings traded the 8th pick to the Phoenix Suns for the 13th and 28th pick in the draft , as well as the rights to Serbian guard Bogdan Bogdanović . Later in the evening , the Kings traded Marco Belinelli to the Charlotte Hornets in exchange for the 22nd pick in the draft . The Kings selected four players in the 2016 NBA draft – Greek center Georgios Papagiannis with the 13th pick , Syracuse shooting guard Malachi Richardson with the 22nd pick , Kentucky forward Skal Labissiere with the 28th pick , and Oklahoma guard Isaiah Cousins with the 59th pick . In free agency , the Kings signed Anthony Tolliver , Garrett Temple , Arron Afflalo , Matt Barnes , and Ty Lawson . 2017–2020 : Rebuilding post-DeMarcus Cousins . On February 20 , 2017 , the Kings traded DeMarcus Cousins , alongside Omri Casspi to the New Orleans Pelicans for Tyreke Evans , Buddy Hield , Langston Galloway and two future draft picks . The Kings finished the 2016–17 season with a 32–50 record . In the 2017 NBA draft the team selected Kentucky point guard DeAaron Fox with the fifth pick . They also selected North Carolina forward Justin Jackson with the 15th pick , Duke center Harry Giles with the 20th pick,and Kansas point guard Frank Mason III with the 34th pick . With four rookie pickups , Divac wanted to add veteran presences on the roster . On July 10 , 2017 , the team signed three veterans – Vince Carter , Zach Randolph , and George Hill . The team finished the 2017–18 season with a 27–55 record , placing 12th in the Western Conference . Giles sat out the entire season due to a leg injury despite previous reports that he would make his rookie debut in January . Hill was traded to the Cleveland Cavaliers . Greek center Papagiannis , who was selected in the first round of the 2016 draft , averaged only 2.1 points in the 16 games played . During the 2018 NBA draft , the Kings selected Duke center Marvin Bagley III . The team was criticized following the draft for not selecting Luka Dončić , while Divac would go on to say he was confident in Bagley . Prior to the 2018–19 season , multiple analysts picked Sacramento to finish last in the Western Conference , calling their recent draft a missed opportunity to build and their lack of a veteran presence to offset their rookie lineup . The Kings lost to the Utah Jazz 123–117 in their season opener on October 17 , 2018 . Despite starting the season 1–3 , including a loss to the Pelicans in which they gave up 149 points , the team would go onto win their next five games to hold a winning record . By December 30 , the team held a 19–16 record . Ultimately , the Kings finished the season in ninth place in the Western Conference posting a record of 39–43 ; they again missed the playoffs . However , this was the team’s best regular-season record since their last playoff appearance in the 2005–06 season . In spite of this , head coach Joerger was fired after the conclusion of the season , and Luke Walton was hired as his replacement three days later . Earlier in the season , the Kings were rocked by the discovery that their former chief revenue officer , Jeff David , had embezzled $13.4 million in sponsorship payments from the Kings and their corporate partners over four years . David , who had taken a similar position with the Miami Heat , pleaded guilty to wire fraud and identity theft and was sentenced to seven years in federal prison . Following the suspension of the 2019–20 NBA season , the Kings were one of the 22 teams invited to the NBA Bubble to participate in the final 8 games of the regular season . However , Sacramento finished these games with a 3-5 record , missing the play-in game and extending their playoff drought for the 14th consecutive season . 2020–present : The Monte McNair era . On August 14 , 2020 , the Sacramento Kings announced that general manager Vlade Divac would resign from his position . Joe Dumars , a former player and executive for the Detroit Pistons , would be named interim Executive Vice President of Basketball Operations ; Dumars had joined the Kings as a special advisor in June of the previous year . Following a month-long search , the Sacramento Kings announced on September 17 , 2020 , that Houston Rockets executive Monte McNair would be hired as the franchises new general manager . With the Rockets , McNair spent thirteen years working under Daryl Morey , serving in various roles ; he was most recently named assistant general manager in 2018 . Following this hire , interim executive Joe Dumars was named as the chief strategy officer of the organization . Other candidates for the position included Minnesota Timberwolves executive vice president Sachin Gupta , Denver Nuggets general manager Calvin Booth , and former Atlanta Hawks general manager Wes Wilcox . McNair announced three additional hires on October 14 , 2020 ; these included the aforementioned Wes Wilcox who became an assistant GM , former Philadelphia 76ers scouting director Phil Jabour as vice president of player personnel , and Oklahoma City Blue executive Paul Johnson as director of basketball operations . Team logo , uniform and colors . Rochester Royals . The initial Rochester Royals logo featured a blue and white shield with the word ROCHESTER on the top , with a white banner with the word ROYALS on it . From the beginning , the road uniforms were blue with the city name written in front , while home uniforms were white with the team name written in front . Red accents were added later in their Rochester tenure . Cincinnati Royals . Upon moving to Cincinnati in 1957 , the team logo became a basketball with a cartoon face . The basketball was depicted as wearing a crown with the city of Cincinnati within it . The word CINCINNATI was featured above the logo while the word ROYALS was below . The crown also had the team name on it . This logo was white with blue outlines . The uniforms remained blue on the road and white at home , again with red accents and the city/team name designation on the respective uniforms . In the late 1960s the Royals wore a uniform with the team name written vertically on the left side , with the number on the right . In 1971 , the team adopted a red crown with a blue half-basketball below it . The word CINCINNATI , in blue , was placed above the logo . The word ROYALS , in white , was placed on the crown . The logo change also reflected on the uniforms , now featuring a script Royals in front with red numbers . However , blue names and numbers at home , and white names and numbers on the road were written at the back of the uniform , with the unusual arrangement of the number above the name being used for the first time ( normally , the players name is shown above the back number ) . Kansas City–Omaha/Kansas City Kings . For the 1972–73 season , the renamed and relocated Kansas City-Omaha Kings kept their uniforms and logos , with the exception of the name change . After settling in Kansas City for good in 1975 , the Kings changed their road uniforms back to reading the city name in front . Beginning with the 1981–82 season , the road uniforms reverted to the team name in front , while numbers in front took on the same color schemes as the numbers in the back . Sacramento Kings . Following their move from Kansas City in 1985 the Kings still used the same color scheme of red , white and blue . The logo of a crown atop a bottom half of the basketball was also carried over . However , the shades of blue used on their home and road uniforms were different for five seasons . The home uniforms use royal blue , while the road uniforms use powder blue . The striping patterns were also different between the two uniforms , with the script Kings wordmark on the sides of the road shorts , and basic side stripes on the home uniforms . Carrying over from Kansas City was the unusual placement of player names at the bottom of the number at the front of the uniforms . The uniforms changed slightly in 1990 , with royal blue now used on the road ; the shorts now incorporate the Kings logo , and the name and number on the back switched places to the standard positions of the name being on the top , then the players number below it . The player names were now in a standard monotone serif font which was used by several NBA teams . This version would mark the last time the classic script Kings wordmark was used until 2005 . Change to purple and black . In 1994 , the Kings radically changed their look , adopting a new color scheme of purple , silver , black and white . The uniform set consists of one wide side stripe running through the right leg of the shorts , with the primary Kings logo prominently featured . The home uniform is in white , while the road uniform is in black ( by later coincidence , the NHLs Los Angeles Kings would use that exact color scheme ) . From 1994 to 1997 , a half-purple , half-black uniform , featuring checkerboard side panels , was used as an alternate uniform , which was panned by fans . However , the uniform was revived for the 2012–13 season during Hardwood Classics Nights . A new purple uniform , which shares the same template from the home and road uniforms , was introduced in the 1997–98 season . Before the start of the 2002–03 NBA season , the Kings changed their uniforms once again . This set included a modernized version of the Kings script on the home jersey , and the city name on the purple road jersey . The side stripes now run through the uniform . In the 2005–06 season they introduced a gold alternate uniform , featuring the classic script Kings wordmark . However , this alternate lasted only two seasons . In 2008 , the team introduced a new style of uniforms , with the names switching designations with a modernized Kings script on the road jersey in black text , and Sacramento on the home jersey still in white text . In doing this , the Kings became unique ; most professional franchises place the team nickname on the home jerseys and the city name on the road jerseys . The numbers are black on both uniforms . The side panels were revamped , now only featured on the shorts and at the top half of the uniform . Before the 2011–12 season a black alternate uniform was introduced , sharing the same template as the home and road uniforms , but with the classic script Kings wordmark and silver numbers . For the 2014–15 season , the Kings made a few tweaks to their home and away uniforms . While the team kept the 2008-era template , they brought back the 1994–2002 Kings script from the primary logo on both uniforms , along with purple ( home ) and white ( away ) numbers . The black alternate uniform was kept without any alterations . In addition , the crown logo at the back was replaced by the NBA logo , while a gold tab above it represents the franchises 1951 NBA championship . For the 2016–17 season , the Kings are changing their brand once more , adopting a logo reminiscent of their 1971–1994 design and dispatched black from their logo while keeping the purple and silver . The Kings unveiled their new uniforms on June 15 , 2016 , featuring four designs . Both the home white and purple away uniforms feature a modernized Kings script , an updated crown on top , and gray side stripes . The so-called City uniforms are similar to the away uniforms , except that the abbreviation SAC in gray appears in front . The black Global uniforms substitute the crown for a standing lion crest on top , along with a solid gray side stripe on the right and the primary logo on the left leg . All uniforms feature a baby blue collar , stitches , and tab that says Sacramento Proud , a nod to the franchises first few seasons in Sacramento . Beginning with the 2017–18 season , the jerseys will be sponsored by Blue Diamond Growers . As part of the switch to Nike as the NBAs uniform provider , the home and away uniform designations were abolished . The Kings kept their uniforms mostly intact , but the erstwhile primary purple uniforms were retired in favor of the City alternate purple uniforms . The Kings primary uniform set now consists of the white Association uniforms , the purple Icon uniforms and the black Statement uniforms . City special edition uniforms . Nike also released a special edition City uniform that pays tribute to both local culture and team heritage . Sacramentos 2017–18 City uniforms feature a white and powder blue base with red trim , echoing the road uniform colors the team wore from 1985 to 1990 . A recolored lion head logo in red and gray is also emblazoned in front . For the 2018–19 season , the Kings tweaked the City uniforms , replacing the lion head logo with the wordmark Sactown . The same uniform design was carried over for the 2019–20 season , but with red as the base color and powder blue as the trim color . The Sactown theme was retained for the 2020–21 City uniform , but with four design cues taken from prior uniforms . The black base paid homage to the 1994–2002 black uniforms . The checkerboard patterns were taken from their 1994–1997 purple/black alternate uniforms . The powder blue and red trim of the 1985–1990 road uniforms and of previous City uniforms were carried over to this design . Classic uniforms . During the 2002–03 season , the Kings brought back the 1960s Cincinnati Royals white uniform for a few games as a tribute to Oscar Robertson . The following season , they wore the mid-1970s Kansas City Kings white uniform for select games to honor Nate Archibald . The Kings mid-1980s powder blue jerseys were first brought back in the 2004–05 season to celebrate the franchises 20th season in Sacramento . They would return in 2015–16 for the teams final season at Sleep Train Arena , and the following season upon moving to Golden 1 Center . During the 2010–11 season , the Kings honored the 1950–51 Rochester Royals championship team by wearing throwback uniforms from that era . The team also wore blue versions of the Rochester throwbacks in the 2014–15 season . For the 2019–20 season , the Kings will bring back their blue uniforms worn from 1990 to 1994 in commemoration of the franchises 35th season in Sacramento . Mascot . Since the 1997–98 season , the official Kings mascot has been Slamson the Lion . Prior to that , the Kings mascot was The Gorilla . Season-by-season record . List of the last five seasons completed by the Kings . For the full season-by-season history , see List of Sacramento Kings seasons . Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , W–L% = Winning percentage Home arenas . - Edgerton Park Arena ( 1949–1954 ) - Rochester War Memorial ( 1955–1957 ) - Cincinnati Gardens ( 1957–1972 ) - Omaha Civic Auditorium ( 1972–1978 ) - Kansas City Municipal Auditorium ( 1972–1974 ) & ( 1979-1980 ) - Kemper Arena ( 1974–1985 ) - ARCO Arena I ( 1985–1988 ) - Sleep Train Arena ( formerly ARCO Arena II/Power Balance Pavilion ) ( 1988–2016 ) - Golden 1 Center ( 2016–present ) Rivalries . Prior to moving to Ohio , the Royals biggest rival was the Syracuse Nationals , which went on to become the Philadelphia 76ers . This left upstate New York without a team until the Buffalo Braves were established in 1970 . This third attempt did not last , with the Braves moving to San Diego , California in 1978 to become the San Diego Clippers . In 1970 , the Cleveland Cavaliers were established . This brought a new rival for the Royals , as well as a new team in Ohio . This rivalry did not last , and the Royals moved to Kansas City only a few years later . Although the NBA previously had a team in St . Louis , Missouri in the form of the St . Louis Hawks , that team moved to Atlanta in 1968 , thus preventing a potential new rivalry for the Kings . This made the Kings the first team in the state in four years . 13 years later , the Kings moved to California , leaving Missouri without a team . Players . Retained draft rights . The Kings hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA . A drafted player , either an international draftee or a college draftee who is not signed by the team that drafted him , is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams . In this case , the team retains the players draft rights in the NBA until one year after the players contract with the non-NBA team ends . This list includes draft rights that were acquired from trades with other teams . Retired numbers . All of the Kings retired numbers are hanging in the rafters of the Golden 1 Center . Naismith Basketball Hall of Famers . Notes : - In total , Robertson was inducted into the Hall of Fame twice – as player and as a member of the 1960 Olympic team . - In total , Lucas was inducted into the Hall of Fame twice – as player and as a member of the 1960 Olympic team . - Inducted as contributor for being the first African American to manage a team in the NBA . He also played for the team in 1958–1966 . - Also played for the team ( 1975 ) . - In total , Russell was inducted into the Hall of Fame twice – as a player and as coach .
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[
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] |
[
{
"text": "The Sacramento Kings are an American professional basketball team based in Sacramento , California . The Kings compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the Western Conference Pacific Division . The Kings are the only team in the major professional North American sports leagues located in Sacramento . The team plays its home games at the Golden 1 Center . Their best seasons to date in the city were in the early 2000s , including the 2001–02 season when they had the best record in the NBA at 61–21 ( a winning percentage of",
"title": "Sacramento Kings"
},
{
"text": ") .",
"title": "Sacramento Kings"
},
{
"text": "The franchise began with the Rochester Seagrams ( a semi-professional team ) from Rochester , New York , that formed in 1923 and hosted a number of teams there over the next 20 years . They joined the National Basketball League in 1945 as the renamed Rochester Royals , winning that leagues championship in their first season , 1945–46 . They later jumped with three other NBL teams to the Basketball Association of America , forerunner of the NBA , in 1948 . As the Royals , the team was often successful on the court , winning the NBA championship",
"title": "Sacramento Kings"
},
{
"text": "in 1951 . The team , however , found it increasingly difficult to turn a profit in the comparatively small market of Rochester and relocated to Cincinnati in , becoming the Cincinnati Royals .",
"title": "Sacramento Kings"
},
{
"text": " In 1972 , the team relocated again , this time to Kansas City , Missouri , and renamed the Kansas City–Omaha Kings because it initially split its home games between Kansas City and Omaha , Nebraska ; the nickname was changed to avoid confusion with the baseball Royals . After three seasons , the team truncated to Kansas City Kings , but continued to play several home games per season in Omaha , through March 1978 .",
"title": "Sacramento Kings"
},
{
"text": "The franchise again failed to find success in its market and moved after the 1984–85 season to Sacramento , where they presently reside .",
"title": "Sacramento Kings"
},
{
"text": "The basis of the purely-professional Royals team that came into existence in 1945 , after two decades of sponsored semi-professional team . Seagram was the teams main sponsor and received the bulk of what monies were made . One of the teams early stars was Lester Harrison , a local high school star of some publicity before joining the team . The driven Harrison later became the teams captain , coach , manager and chief scout over the next two decades , and was very key in the teams continued success and existence through hard years in the 1930s .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Among visitors to Rochester then to play the team were the Original Celtics , the New York Rens and the Harlem Globetrotters .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " With news that World War II was approaching its end , the National Basketball League ( NBL ) announced that it was expanding , and Harrison was approached for interest in a franchise . While the sponsored Seagrams balked at additional expenses involved , Harrison and his lawyer brother Jack jumped at the chance . They pooled money to meet the steep entry fee of $25,000 dollars , and were granted an NBL franchise . Their team pushed out the Seagrams locally at their facility , smallish Edgerton Park Arena .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "With his new team , Harrison took advantage of conditions and rules in 1945 . The best players were the returning Navy and Army players now being released from the war . There was no draft for the league in the selection of new players . So , Harrison was able to scoop up several name stars for his new team , among them Bob Davies , Red Holzman and William Fuzzy Levane , as well as NBL free agents like George Glamack and Al Cervi . The result was a strong league champion in their first season of existence",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "as the Royals during the 1945–46 season .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The team had two more seasons of success during their NBL years , which permitted the team to play non-league opponents . During all three years , 1945–1948 , the team played over 300 total games , hosting most of them .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Royals defected to the NBLs rival , the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) , in 1948 . In 1949 , as a result of that years absorption of the NBL by the BAA , the Royals became members of the newly formed NBA along with the Fort Wayne Pistons , Minneapolis Lakers , and Indianapolis ( Kautskys ) Jets . A year later , the BAA absorbed the remaining NBL teams to become the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The move to the BAA took away Rochesters profitable exhibition schedule , and placed it in the same Western Division as the Minneapolis Lakers . Of the two best teams in professional basketball , only one of them could play in the league finals from 1949 to 1954 . Minneapolis , with George Mikan , was almost always better during playoffs than the Royals . With their smallish arena and now-limited schedule , the Royals became less profitable even as Harrison maintained a remarkably high standard for the team , which finished no lower than second in its division in",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "both the NBL and BAA/NBA from 1945 to 1954 . Harrison knew that the NBA was outgrowing Rochester , and spent most of the 1950s looking for a buyer for his team .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Royals won the NBA title in 1951 by defeating the New York Knicks 4–3 . It is the only NBA championship in the franchises history . The title , however , did not translate into profit for the Royals . The roster turned over in 1955 , except for star guard Bobby Wanzer , who soon became the teams new coach . The team moved to the larger Rochester War Memorial in 1955 in an attempt to improve fortunes with a much larger arena . The NBA even agreed to host their All-Star Game there in 1956 . But",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "the Royals were now a losing team filled with rookies , and did not turn a profit . Meanwhile , the NBA was putting pressure on Harrison to sell or relocate his team to a larger city . With this in mind , the 1956–57 season was the Royals last in Rochester .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The Royals stay in Rochester featured the services of nine future members of the Basketball Hall of Fame : Al Cervi , Bob Davies , Alex Hannum , Lester Harrison , Red Holzman , Arnie Risen , Maurice Stokes , Jack Twyman , Bobby Wanzer , while others proved prominent in other fields , such as Pro Football Hall of Fame member Otto Graham , Hollywood Walk of Famer Chuck Connors , and Jack McMahon . 1957–1972 : Cincinnati Royals .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In April 1957 , the Harrison brothers moved the Royals to Cincinnati , a city that was then trying to obtain an NBA expansion franchise . This move followed a well-received regular-season game played at Cincinnati Gardens on February 1 , 1957 . The change of venue had been said to have been partly suggested by Jack Twyman and Dave Piontek , who were two of several roster players on the new Royals from that area . Cincinnati , which had a strong college basketball fanbase then , and no NFL franchise to compete with ( until the Bengals joined",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "in 1970 after two seasons in the AFL ) , was deemed the best choice for the Harrisons , who also considered other cities . The Royals name continued to fit in Cincinnati , often known as the Queen City .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " During the teams first NBA draft in Cincinnati , the team acquired Clyde Lovellette and guard George King . They teamed with the 1–2 punch of Maurice Stokes and Twyman to produce a budding contender in the teams very first season in the Queen City . But injuries and the loss of star guard Si Green , the #1 overall pick of the 1956 NBA draft , to military service dropped the team into a tie for second place in the NBA Western Division during the 1957–58 seasons second half .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In the seasons finale , All-Pro star Maurice Stokes struck his head when he fell after pursuing a rebound . He shook off the effects of the fall , even as he had briefly been unconscious . After Game One in the playoffs three days later , Stokes head injury was greatly aggravated by airplane cabin pressure during the flight back to Cincinnati for Game Two . He suffered a seizure and was permanently hospitalized , a tragedy that greatly shook the team . Stokes , a tremendous talent who could play center , forward and guard , was 2nd",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "in the NBA in rebounds and 3rd in assists , a double-feat only Wilt Chamberlain has matched for a full season . The impact of losing Stokes was such that the team nearly folded . Six of the teams shaken players simply retired on the spot .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " Fellow All-Star Twyman rose to All-Pro level over the next two seasons for Cincinnati , even as the team posted two 19-win seasons . The 1958–59 Cincinnati team featured five rookies , with Lovellette , King and other key players having left the team in the wake of Stokes tragic injury . The Harrisons , wanting out at this point , sold to a makeshift local group , headed by Thomas Woods , Cincinnati Gardens management , and a number of local businessmen .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Jack Twyman came to the aid of his teammate , and even legally adopted Stokes . Raising funds for Stokes medical treatment , Twyman helped him until his death in April 1970 . The 1973 feature film Maurie , which co-starred actors Bernie Casey and Bo Svenson , dramatized their story .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " Shooting often for the beleaguered team , Twyman was the second NBA player to ever average 30 points per game for an NBA season . Twyman and Stokes were later named Hall of Famers . 1960–1970 : The Oscar Robertson era .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In 1960 , the team was able to land local superstar Oscar Robertson . Robertson led a team that included Twyman , Wayne Embry , Bob Boozer , Bucky Bockhorn , Tom Hawkins and Adrian Smith over the next three seasons . The Royals reversed their fortunes with Robertson and rose to title contender . An ownership dispute in early 1963 scuttled the teams playoff chances when new owner Louis Jacobs booked a circus for Cincinnati Gardens for the week of the playoff series versus the champion Boston Celtics . The Royals home games were at Xavier Universitys Schmidt Field",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "House .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In late 1963 , another local superstar , Jerry Lucas , joined the team . The Royals rose to the second-best record in the NBA . From 1963 to 1966 , the Royals contended strongly against Boston and the Philadelphia 76ers , but won no titles . In the 1964 NBA draft the Royals drafted rookies George Wilson , Bill Chmielewski , Steve Courtin ( later traded to 76ers ) , and Happy Hairston . The teams star players throughout the 1960s were Oscar Robertson and Jerry Lucas . Robertson met with individual success , averaging a triple-double in 1961–62",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "and winning the Most Valuable Player award in 1964 . Robertson was a league-leading scorer and passer each season . Lucas was Rookie Of the Year in 1964 , led the league in shooting , and later averaged 20 rebounds per game over four seasons . Both were All-NBA First Team selections multiple times .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The team failed to keep some promising players , though , and played in the tough NBA East division , dominated by the Boston Celtics , even as a Baltimore team played in the West Division for three years , denying the team likely visits to the NBA Finals .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In 1966 , the team was sold to Max and Jeremy Jacobs . That same season , the Royals began playing some of their home games in neutral sites such as Cleveland ( until the Cavaliers began play in 1970 ) , Dayton and Columbus . This did wound their local fan base in Cincinnati , though , and fortunes for the team continued to steadily decline . That year , they would host the 1966 NBA All-Star Game , with Smith scoring 24 points to be named All-Star MVP . As of 2021 , it is the last time",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "that the franchise has hosted an All-Star Game .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " New coach Bob Cousy traded Lucas in 1969 . Robertson was traded to Milwaukee in 1970 , where he immediately won an NBA title . The declining franchise left Cincinnati shortly thereafter , moving to Kansas City in 1972 . 1972–1985 : Kansas City–Omaha/Kansas City Kings . After moving to Kansas City , the Royals renamed themselves the Kings to avoid confusion with the Royals baseball team . Now dubbed the Kansas City-Omaha Kings , the team split its home games between the 7,316-seat Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City and the 9,300-seat Omaha Civic Auditorium .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Cincinnati Royals had been looking at Omaha as a market as early as 1968 , playing twelve home games in the Nebraska city from 1968 to 1971 . From 1972 to 1975 , the KC–Omaha Kings played a total of 42 regular season contests ( but no playoff games ) in Omaha . In 1975 , the club became simply the Kansas City Kings ( moving into the new 16,785-seat Kemper Arena the previous season ) , but did not abandon Omaha completely , playing several games there through the 1977–78 season . For the next two seasons ,",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "they played several home games at St . Louis .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " 1972–1976 . The team netted a new superstar in point guard Nate Archibald , who led the league in scoring and assists in the 1972–73 season .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "While still in Cincinnati , the team introduced a most unusual uniform design , which placed the players surname below his number . The design remained intact through the first several seasons of the teams run in Sacramento , even when the shade of blue on the road uniforms was changed from royal blue to powder blue , and the script Kansas City which adorned the road jerseys was scrubbed after the move in favor of a repeat of the Kings script on the home shirts . The Kings back jersey template was later adopted by the WNBA and the",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "NBA Development League , as well the NBA during the All-Star Game since 2006 .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Kings had some decent players throughout . Tom Van Arsdale , the shooting forward , Jumpin Johnny Green , and Matt Guokas helped Archibald in the first year in Kansas City . Toby Kimball was a fan favorite . Jimmy Walker teamed with Archibald as the Kings made the playoffs the second year . Sam Lacey , an effective passing center , became one of the most dependable players in the league . Archibald became the first player to lead the league in scoring and assists in the first season in Kansas City . However , the management traded",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Archibald , and wasted high draft picks . Bob Cousy gave way to Phil Johnson , who was fired midyear in 1977 and replaced by Larry Staverman , a player on the team on two separate occasions when it was in Cincinnati and who later became the vice president of operations for the Cleveland Stadium Corporation in June 1981 .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Kings finally achieved some success in their new home when they hired Cotton Fitzsimmons as coach . Fitzsimmons won the Midwest Division in 1978–79 with rookie point guard Phil Ford , who was NBA Rookie of the Year in 1979 . Kansas City was led by shooting guard Otis Birdsong , strong on both offense and defense , all-around shooting forward Scott Wedman , and passing center Sam Lacey , who had a trademark bank shot . They drew an average of 10,789 fans to Kemper Arena that season , the only time during their tenure in KC that",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "average attendance was in five figures ( the attendance at the peak was only two-thirds of Kempers capacity ) . The Kings later played several home games in St . Louis during the early 1980s to large crowds . Most Kansas City sports fans preferred to spend their entertainment dollar on the Royals , who won the American League West division championship four times in five seasons between 1976 and 1980 , and reached the 1980 World Series .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Kings made the playoffs in 1979–80 and again in 1980–81 , despite finishing the 1980–81 regular season at . The Kings made a run in the 1981 NBA Playoffs , reaching the Western Conference finals ; these were the franchises first playoff victories since 1964 , and their only ones ever in Kansas City . Ernie Grunfeld played the point in this run in place of an injured Ford , as KC used a slow half-court game to win the first two rounds . Power forward Reggie King had a remarkable series , dominating the opposition . After upsetting",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "the Phoenix Suns by winning Game 7 at Phoenix in the Conference Semifinals and becoming the second NBA road team to do so after leading a series 3–1 , they bowed out to the Houston Rockets ( also 40–42 in the regular season ) in five games in the Conference Finals . Lacey , the last remaining Cincinnati Royal to play for the Kings , could not keep up with Rockets superstar center Moses Malone . ( The Kings did not win another playoff series for two decades. )",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "However , a series of bad luck incidents prevented the team from building on its success . Cleveland Cavaliers owner Ted Stepien lured Wedman and Birdsong away with big contract offers . In 1979 , the roof literally fell in at Kemper Arena because of a severe storm , forcing the team to play most of the 1979–80 season at the much smaller Municipal Auditorium . The ownership group sold the team to Sacramento interests for $11 million . The general manager was fired in a scandal in which he was found to be reusing marked postage stamps . When",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "the Kings rehired Joe Axelson as general manager , they brought back the man who had previously traded Oscar Robertson , Norm Van Lier , Nate Archibald and Jerry Lucas , and used the third pick in the ABA dispersal draft on Ron Boone . Axelson stayed on after the Kings left Kansas City where , in their last game ever , fans wore Joe Axelson masks . Axelson later said he hoped his plane would never touch down in Kansas City .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Axelson became the first general manager in the history of sports to fail with the same franchise in four cities : Cincinnati , Kansas City , Omaha and Sacramento . He was not fired for good until he rehired coach Phil Johnson , whom he had fired in mid-season in Kansas City ten years before . The Kings also had the misfortune of entering this period competing with the Kansas City Comets for the winter sports dollar , when the Comets were led by marketers—the Leiweke brothers . Their final season in 1984–85 resulted in a record , as fans",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "stayed away from Kemper Arena in droves , with average attendance of 6,410 . Long-time ABA and NBA star , Don Buse , played his final professional season for the Kings .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Ownership began looking for a new home for the team . Poor attendance and lack of sponsorship dollars ( the team was third in sports market share by a significant margin behind the NFLs Chiefs and MLBs Royals ) were the main reasons . Also , Kansas City had a much stronger following for the Kansas Jayhawks college basketball team than they did the NBAs Kings . Seeing the success the NBA was having in fast-growing cities with no NFL or MLB teams like Portland , Oregon , Salt Lake City , Utah , and San Antonio , Texas ,",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "it was decided the team would move to Sacramento , California , a fast-growing city with no competition from the NFL or MLB . The NBA unanimously approved the move , with the caveat that Sacramento had to have an NBA-ready arena finished within three years or the team was free to move again with no penalty .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Kings moved to their current home of Sacramento , California in the 1985–86 NBA season , with their first Sacramento season ending in the first round of the Western Conference 1986 NBA Playoffs . The starting lineup was Reggie Theus , LaSalle Thompson , Mark Olberding , Terry Tyler , and Mike Woodson , with Larry Drew , Eddie Johnson , Otis Thorpe , and Joe Kleine coming off the bench . However , despite fan loyalty the Kings saw little success in subsequent seasons , and the team did not make the playoffs again until the 1996 NBA",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Playoffs in the 1995–96 NBA season . Some of their failure was attributable to misfortunes such as the career-altering car crash suffered by promising point guard Bobby Hurley in 1993 , and the suicide of Ricky Berry during the 1989 off-season ; some was attributed to poor management such as the long tenure of head coach Garry St . Jean and the selection of Never Nervous Pervis Ellison with the first overall pick in the 1989 NBA draft . Former Kings television broadcaster Jerry Reynolds ( 1987 , 1988–90 ) and NBA legend Bill Russell ( 1987–88 ) were the",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "earliest head coaches .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Ricky Berry was selected by the Kings in the first round , 18th pick overall in the 1988 NBA draft . He had a dazzling rookie year in the 1988–89 season shooting 40.6% from three-point range . The Kings also drafted Vinny Del Negro ( selected by the Kings in the second round , 29th overall pick in the 1988 NBA draft ) and acquired Rodney McCray from the Houston Rockets . In his first year with the Kings , McCray made 1988 NBA All-Defensive First Team . It was the first season the Kings would play without Reggie Theus",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "and LaSalle Thompson ( both part in the original team from Kansas City ) or Joe Kleine ( selected by the Kings as first round , sixth pick overall in the 1985 NBA draft ) . Thompson was drafted by the Kings in the first round , fifth overall pick in the 1982 NBA draft . It was also the last year that Michael Jackson ( selected by the New York Knicks in the second round , 47th pick overall in the 1986 NBA draft but who played his entire career with the Kings ) and Ed Pinckney ( selected",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "10th overall by the Phoenix Suns in the 1985 NBA draft and played for the Kings from 1987 to 1989 ) played for the Kings . On February 23 , 1989 , Brad Lohaus and Danny Ainge were traded to the Kings from the Boston Celtics for Joe Kleine and Ed Pinckney . In June of the 1989 off-season , Lohaus was then acquired by the Minnesota Timberwolves in the 1989 NBA Expansion Draft . In August of the 1989 off-season , Berry was found dead from a self-inflicted gunshot wound at his home in Fair Oaks , California just",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "weeks before his 25th birthday following an argument with his wife .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Following the loss of Ricky Berry , 1989–90 season featured Pervis Ellison , who was first overall pick in the 1989 NBA draft by the Kings , and acquisition Wayman Tisdale ( from the Indiana Pacers , second pick overall in the 1985 NBA draft ) . An injury kept Ellison on the sidelines for 48 of 82 games of his rookie year , after which he was traded to the Washington Bullets . Tisdale would go on to play for the Kings for five years . It was the last season that Danny Ainge , Kenny Smith ( who",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "had an impressive showing in the 1990 NBA Slam Dunk Contest ) , Rodney McCray , Harold Pressley ( selected by the Kings in the first round , 17th overall pick in the 1986 NBA draft ) , Vinny Del Negro , Greg Kite , and Ralph Sampson played for the Kings . In 1990 , Ainge was traded to the Portland Trail Blazers , Kenny Smith was traded to the Atlanta Hawks , and Rodney McCray was traded to the Dallas Mavericks .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Lionel Simmons – or L-Train – was drafted by the Kings in the 1990 NBA draft in the first round , 7th pick overall . In his first season , he made the NBA All-Rookie First Team . He would go on to play his entire career ( 1990–1997 ) with the Kings and had 5,833 career points . Antoine Carr ( acquired from the Atlanta Hawks ) played for the Kings in the 1990–91 NBA season and then was traded to the San Antonio Spurs . Free-agent Leon Wood , who would later become an NBA official , played",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "for the Kings but was let go on Christmas Eve of 1990 . Also notable that Bill Wennington was acquired from the Dallas Mavericks and played for the Kings for the 1990–91 season and after a successful career with the Chicago Bulls returned to the Kings for his final season in 1999–2000 .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The early 1990s were difficult for the Kings . Sacramento was known for having strong fan support , and while they won over 60% of their home games , the team struggled on the road , going 1–40 on the road in a single season . But prayers were answered when they acquired Mitch Richmond , who previously played for the Golden State Warriors . The former NBA Rookie of the Year was selected as an All-Star six times while making the All-NBA Second Team three times . Garry St . Jean was chosen as new coach in 1992 and",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "coached the team all the way through 1997 , where he was replaced by Eddie Jordan .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "During the 1990s , Sacramento had other stars like Spud Webb , Kurt Rambis , Wayman Tisdale , Walt Williams , Olden Polynice and Brian Grant , but they only lasted with the team for a few years . After the 1992–93 season , Rambis was traded to the Los Angeles Lakers . After the 1993–94 season , Tisdale was traded to the Phoenix Suns . After the 1994–95 season , Webb was traded to the Atlanta Hawks for Tyrone Corbin . Midway through the 1995–96 season , Williams was traded to the Miami Heat for Billy Owens ( who",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "was drafted by the Kings in 1991 , and traded to Golden State for Richmond ) . After the 1996–97 season , Grant became a free agent and signed with the Portland Trail Blazers .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "One accomplishment the team achieved under St . Jean during their tenures was a playoff appearance in 1996 . The series was lost 3–1 to the Seattle SuperSonics who , led by Gary Payton and Shawn Kemp , finished as that years conference champions . They did not make a playoff appearance again while Richmond was still on the Kings . He was soon traded along with Otis Thorpe to the Washington Wizards for Chris Webber in May 1998 . Although Richmond was lost , this trade proved to be one of the keys to finally achieving playoff success after",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "so many seasons of mediocrity .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " 1998–2004 : The Greatest Show on Court era . The Kings drafted Jason Williams in the 1998 NBA draft , signed Vlade Divac , and traded for Chris Webber prior to the lockout-shortened season of 1998–99 . These acquisitions coincided with the arrival of Peja Stojaković from Serbia , who had been drafted in 1996 . Each of these moves was attributed to general manager Geoff Petrie , who has won the NBA Executive of the Year Award twice .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Led by new head coach Rick Adelman , and aided by former Princeton head coach Pete Carril , the Kings Princeton offense impressed others for its quick style and strong ball movement . Some criticized the Kings for their poor team defense , Williamss flash over substance style with its many turnovers , and Webbers failure to step up in important match-ups . Still , they quickly garnered many fans outside of California , many of whom were drawn to the spectacular pairing of Williams and Webber . In 1998–99 , they went 27–23 , their first winning season in",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "nearly twenty years and their first since moving to Sacramento . The new arrivals Webber , Williams , and Divac all played key roles in this resurgence ; Divac ranked near the top of the team in most statistics , Webber led the league in rebounds and was named to the All-NBA Second Team , and Williams was named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team . In the playoffs , they were matched up against the defending Western Conference Champions , the Utah Jazz . After winning Game 1 by 20 points , the Jazz surrendered two consecutive playoff games",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "to the Kings . They would turn the series around , however , and win the last two to keep the Kings from advancing in the playoffs .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " In 1999–2000 , the Kings only notable transaction was trading shooting guard Tariq Abdul-Wahad to the Orlando Magic in exchange for shooting guard Nick Anderson . They finished eighth in the Western Conference with a 44–38 record and were matched up with the Los Angeles Lakers in the first round of the playoffs . Once again , however , the Kings failed to advance , losing the series 2–3 against the Lakers .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The following season , the Kings traded starting small forward Corliss Williamson to the Toronto Raptors for shooting guard Doug Christie , a move made to improve the subpar defense . They also drafted Turkish power forward Hedo Türkoğlu , further improving their bench rotation . Stojakovic moved into the starting small forward role , where he and Webber proved to complement each other extremely well , and as the Kings continued to improve , their popularity steadily rose , culminating in a February 2001 Sports Illustrated cover story entitled The Greatest Show on Court with Williams , Christie ,",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Stojakovic , Webber , and Divac gracing the cover . That year , they went 55–27 , their best in 40 years . In the playoffs , they won their first series in 20 years , defeating the Phoenix Suns three games to one , before being swept in the second round by the Lakers , who eventually won the NBA Championship .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In July 2001 , Jason Williams was traded , along with Nick Anderson , to the Vancouver Grizzlies for Mike Bibby and Brent Price . Despite Williamss often spectacular play , the Kings had grown tired of his recklessness and turnovers ; Bibby would provide much more stability and control at the point guard position . This move was complemented by the re-signing of Webber to a maximum-salary contract , securing their superstar long term . With Bibby taking over for Williams , they had their best season to date in 2001–02 . Though not as exciting or flashy as",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "they had been in previous years with Williams , the team became much more effective and disciplined with Bibby at the helm . They finished with a league-best record of 61–21 , winning 36 of 41 at home . After easily winning their first two playoff matchups against the Stockton and Malone-led Jazz and the Dirk Nowitzki-led Dallas Mavericks , respectively , the Kings went on to play the archrival and two-time defending champion Los Angeles Lakers in the Western Conference Finals , regarded as one of the greatest playoff matchups in history . In a controversial series , the",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Kings lost in seven games , one game away from what would have been the first NBA Finals and professional sports championship in Sacramento history . This was a crushing blow to the Kings ; after losing to their archrivals in a highly controversial series , the team would begin to decline and age in the years that followed . Many commentators and journalists would question the decisions made by the referees during Game 6 , specifically that the Lakers were awarded a staggering 27 free throws in the fourth quarter , many of which came from what were in",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "retrospect proved to be no-calls . Following Game 6 even print newspapers began to question the legitimacy of the game . Most notably , the New York Post ran a front cover with a headline entitled Foul Play ; it also published a related article suggesting that the game was rigged . NBA analyst David Aldridge ( then working for ESPN ) spoke on the game :",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The 2002 Western Conference finals left many fans wondering whether the Kings could have gone on to win a title , and debate would continue for many years after the events of the series . Later , due to allegations raised by former NBA referee Tim Donaghy , the NBA set up a review of the leagues officiating . Lawrence Pedowitz , who led the review , concluded that while Game 6 featured poor officiating , there was no concrete evidence that the game had been fixed .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Kings went 59–23 and won the division during the following season , seeking to avenge their playoff loss to the Lakers . After defeating the Stockton- and Malone-led Jazz in the first round and winning Game 1 against the Dirk Nowitzki-led Dallas Mavericks in the second round , the Kings appeared to be on the brink of another Western Conference Finals berth . However , Chris Webber sustained a major knee injury in Game 2 , and the Kings lost in a seven-game series . Webbers knee required major surgery . He returned mid-season in 2003–04 a season in",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "which the Kings were seeking another chance to avenge their playoff loss to the Lakers , but without his quickness and athleticism , which had been the focal point of his style of play , it was not the same . Despite that , the Kings still managed to defeat the Dirk Nowitzki-led Dallas Mavericks in the first round and after winning Game 1 against the Kevin Garnett-led Minnesota Timberwolves in the second round , the Kings appeared to be on the brink of their second Western Conference Finals berth in three years , but the Kings ended the season",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "with a defeat to the Timberwolves in a seven-game series .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The 2004–05 season marked change for the Kings , who lost three starters from the famed 2002 team . In the off-season of 2004 , Divac signed with the Lakers , which prompted the Kings to sign Brad Miller to start at center . Early in the season , Christie was traded to the Orlando Magic for Cuttino Mobley , and in February , Webber was traded to the Philadelphia 76ers for three forwards ( Corliss Williamson , Kenny Thomas , and Brian Skinner ) . Thomas and Skinner failed in their attempt to replicate Webbers impact , and as",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "a result the teams record suffered . The Kings lost in the first round of the playoffs to the Seattle SuperSonics . The 2005 off-season continued with changes , when they traded fan-favorite Bobby Jackson for Bonzi Wells and acquired free agent Shareef Abdur-Rahim .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The 2005–06 season started poorly since the Kings had a hard time establishing team chemistry . Newcomers Wells and Abdur-Rahim made major contributions early , but both were injured and missed a significant number of games . As the Kings season continued , general manager Petrie decided to make a major move . Stojakovic was traded for Ron Artest , a talented yet volatile forward known for his temper . Despite doubts that he would be able to replace the huge production of Stojakovic , Artest and the Kings went 20–9 after the 2006 NBA All-Star break , the second",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "best post-All-Star break record that season . Despite a winning record of 44–38 , it was clear that they were not the same team of years past . The Kings were seeded 8th in the Western Conference playoffs and were matched up in the first round against the San Antonio Spurs . Though the Kings were surprisingly competitive , the Spurs eliminated them 4–2 . This was the end of their era of competitiveness and to date , their last winning season and their last playoff season . The 2006 off-season began with the disturbing news that head coach Rick",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Adelmans contract would not be renewed . The Kings named Eric Musselman as his replacement .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In 2006–07 , the disappointing play of the Kings was coupled with the distraction of legal troubles . Coach Eric Musselman pleaded no contest to DUI charges early in the season , while Artest got into trouble for neglect of his dogs , and was later accused of domestic assault . The Kings relieved Artest of basketball duties , pending investigation , then later reinstated him . They finished the season 33–49 ( their worst in 9 years ) which landed them in fifth place in the Pacific Division . They posted a losing record ( 20–21 ) at home",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "for the first time since 1993–94 . Their season included a seven-game losing streak that lasted from January 4 to 19 . The Kings missed the 2007 NBA Playoffs , the first time in eight seasons . Musselman was fired in April . The Kings future appeared to rest on the shoulders of Kevin Martin , who was a lead candidate for 2007 NBA Most-Improved Player of the Year .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The 2007 off-season was a time of change . Head coach Musselman was replaced by former Kings player , Reggie Theus . The Kings selected Spencer Hawes with the 10th overall pick in the 2007 NBA draft . In addition , they acquired Mikki Moore from the New Jersey Nets . Martin signed a contract worth $55 million , extending his period with the team for five more years . The Kings lost key players over the off-season , with backup Ronnie Price leaving for the Utah Jazz , and Corliss Williamson retiring .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "They claimed fourth-year Beno Udrih off waivers from Minnesota . Udrih quickly assumed the starting position for an injured Bibby . It was announced in February that the Kings had traded Bibby to the Atlanta Hawks for Tyronn Lue , Anthony Johnson , Shelden Williams , Lorenzen Wright and a 2nd round draft pick . The move was presumably made to clear cap space . Bibby had been the last player from the Kings team that reached the Western Conference Finals in 2002 .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The Kings improved by five games and finished the 2007–08 season 38–44 , and missed the playoffs by a bigger margin ( 12 games ) than the previous season ( 8 games ) . They went 26–15 at home and 12–29 on the road . After selling out every home game since 1999 , the 2007–08 season sold out only three games at ARCO Arena with attendance averaging 13,500 fans per home game , almost 4,000 below capacity .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Following a quiet 2008 off-season , it was confirmed on July 29 , 2008 , that the Kings would trade Artest and the rights to Patrick Ewing Jr . and Sean Singletary to the Houston Rockets in exchange for former King Bobby Jackson , Donté Greene , a future first-round draft pick , and cash considerations for Rashad McCants and center Calvin Booth .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " Reggie Theus was fired in the middle of the 2008–09 season , giving way to Kenny Natt as the interim head coach . The Kings continued to struggle under Natt , ending up with the NBAs worst record for the 2008–09 season at 17–65 . On April 23 , 2009 , Kings Vice President Geoff Petrie announced the firing of Natt and his four assistants , Rex Kalamian , Jason Hamm , Randy Brown and Bubba Burrage . 2009–2012 : Here we Rise period .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Despite having the best odds to win the top overall pick in the 2009 NBA draft , the Kings obtained the 4th overall pick , the lowest they could possibly pick , to the outrage of many fans . Along with new head coach Paul Westphal , they selected Tyreke Evans . With the 23rd pick , they selected Omri Casspi from Israel .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " On April 27 , 2010 , Evans was the first Sacramento-era player to receive the NBA Rookie of the Year Award . Evans also became the 4th player in NBA history , joining Oscar Robertson , Michael Jordan , and LeBron James , to average 20 points , 5 rebounds , and 5 assists per game as a rookie . On June 24 , 2010 , the Kings selected DeMarcus Cousins with the 5th pick of the 2010 NBA draft . They also selected Hassan Whiteside , with the 33rd pick of the 2010 NBA draft .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Despite the excellent play of Cousins and Evans , both of whom were front-runners in Rookie of the Year voting and received All-Rookie First Team honors , the Kings still ranked near the bottom of the NBA , going 25–57 in Evans rookie year , and 24–58 in Cousins rookie year . Much of this was due to the poor fit of the roster around Evans and Cousins , and the uninspired coaching of Westphal .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The 2010–11 season was marked with uncertainty towards the end of the season . Frustrated by the lack of progress towards an arena and dwindling profits from other businesses , the Maloofs sought an immediate relocation of the franchise to Anaheim . The move seemed certain towards the end of the year , with Grant Napear and Jerry Reynolds emotionally signing off at the final home game vs . the Los Angeles Lakers . But after a vote by the NBA Board of Governors , the relocation effort was ended , to the glee of the fans .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In the 2011 NBA draft the Kings traded for the draft rights of Jimmer Fredette in a three-team deal with the Charlotte Bobcats and the Milwaukee Bucks , with the Kings receiving John Salmons sending Beno Udrih . This move was heavily panned by fans and media ; by moving down in the draft and losing longtime starter Udrih for the unproductive Salmons , most found it difficult to find a bright spot in the deal . Westphal would shortly be fired , with Warriors assistant Keith Smart hired as his replacement . Around this time , the team took",
"title": "Franchise history"
}
] |
/wiki/Sacramento_Kings#P115#1
|
What was the home venue of Sacramento Kings in Nov 1956?
|
Sacramento Kings The Sacramento Kings are an American professional basketball team based in Sacramento , California . The Kings compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the Western Conference Pacific Division . The Kings are the only team in the major professional North American sports leagues located in Sacramento . The team plays its home games at the Golden 1 Center . Their best seasons to date in the city were in the early 2000s , including the 2001–02 season when they had the best record in the NBA at 61–21 ( a winning percentage of ) . The franchise began with the Rochester Seagrams ( a semi-professional team ) from Rochester , New York , that formed in 1923 and hosted a number of teams there over the next 20 years . They joined the National Basketball League in 1945 as the renamed Rochester Royals , winning that leagues championship in their first season , 1945–46 . They later jumped with three other NBL teams to the Basketball Association of America , forerunner of the NBA , in 1948 . As the Royals , the team was often successful on the court , winning the NBA championship in 1951 . The team , however , found it increasingly difficult to turn a profit in the comparatively small market of Rochester and relocated to Cincinnati in , becoming the Cincinnati Royals . In 1972 , the team relocated again , this time to Kansas City , Missouri , and renamed the Kansas City–Omaha Kings because it initially split its home games between Kansas City and Omaha , Nebraska ; the nickname was changed to avoid confusion with the baseball Royals . After three seasons , the team truncated to Kansas City Kings , but continued to play several home games per season in Omaha , through March 1978 . The franchise again failed to find success in its market and moved after the 1984–85 season to Sacramento , where they presently reside . Franchise history . 1948–1957 : Rochester Royals . The basis of the purely-professional Royals team that came into existence in 1945 , after two decades of sponsored semi-professional team . Seagram was the teams main sponsor and received the bulk of what monies were made . One of the teams early stars was Lester Harrison , a local high school star of some publicity before joining the team . The driven Harrison later became the teams captain , coach , manager and chief scout over the next two decades , and was very key in the teams continued success and existence through hard years in the 1930s . Among visitors to Rochester then to play the team were the Original Celtics , the New York Rens and the Harlem Globetrotters . With news that World War II was approaching its end , the National Basketball League ( NBL ) announced that it was expanding , and Harrison was approached for interest in a franchise . While the sponsored Seagrams balked at additional expenses involved , Harrison and his lawyer brother Jack jumped at the chance . They pooled money to meet the steep entry fee of $25,000 dollars , and were granted an NBL franchise . Their team pushed out the Seagrams locally at their facility , smallish Edgerton Park Arena . With his new team , Harrison took advantage of conditions and rules in 1945 . The best players were the returning Navy and Army players now being released from the war . There was no draft for the league in the selection of new players . So , Harrison was able to scoop up several name stars for his new team , among them Bob Davies , Red Holzman and William Fuzzy Levane , as well as NBL free agents like George Glamack and Al Cervi . The result was a strong league champion in their first season of existence as the Royals during the 1945–46 season . The team had two more seasons of success during their NBL years , which permitted the team to play non-league opponents . During all three years , 1945–1948 , the team played over 300 total games , hosting most of them . The Royals defected to the NBLs rival , the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) , in 1948 . In 1949 , as a result of that years absorption of the NBL by the BAA , the Royals became members of the newly formed NBA along with the Fort Wayne Pistons , Minneapolis Lakers , and Indianapolis ( Kautskys ) Jets . A year later , the BAA absorbed the remaining NBL teams to become the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The move to the BAA took away Rochesters profitable exhibition schedule , and placed it in the same Western Division as the Minneapolis Lakers . Of the two best teams in professional basketball , only one of them could play in the league finals from 1949 to 1954 . Minneapolis , with George Mikan , was almost always better during playoffs than the Royals . With their smallish arena and now-limited schedule , the Royals became less profitable even as Harrison maintained a remarkably high standard for the team , which finished no lower than second in its division in both the NBL and BAA/NBA from 1945 to 1954 . Harrison knew that the NBA was outgrowing Rochester , and spent most of the 1950s looking for a buyer for his team . The Royals won the NBA title in 1951 by defeating the New York Knicks 4–3 . It is the only NBA championship in the franchises history . The title , however , did not translate into profit for the Royals . The roster turned over in 1955 , except for star guard Bobby Wanzer , who soon became the teams new coach . The team moved to the larger Rochester War Memorial in 1955 in an attempt to improve fortunes with a much larger arena . The NBA even agreed to host their All-Star Game there in 1956 . But the Royals were now a losing team filled with rookies , and did not turn a profit . Meanwhile , the NBA was putting pressure on Harrison to sell or relocate his team to a larger city . With this in mind , the 1956–57 season was the Royals last in Rochester . The Royals stay in Rochester featured the services of nine future members of the Basketball Hall of Fame : Al Cervi , Bob Davies , Alex Hannum , Lester Harrison , Red Holzman , Arnie Risen , Maurice Stokes , Jack Twyman , Bobby Wanzer , while others proved prominent in other fields , such as Pro Football Hall of Fame member Otto Graham , Hollywood Walk of Famer Chuck Connors , and Jack McMahon . 1957–1972 : Cincinnati Royals . In April 1957 , the Harrison brothers moved the Royals to Cincinnati , a city that was then trying to obtain an NBA expansion franchise . This move followed a well-received regular-season game played at Cincinnati Gardens on February 1 , 1957 . The change of venue had been said to have been partly suggested by Jack Twyman and Dave Piontek , who were two of several roster players on the new Royals from that area . Cincinnati , which had a strong college basketball fanbase then , and no NFL franchise to compete with ( until the Bengals joined in 1970 after two seasons in the AFL ) , was deemed the best choice for the Harrisons , who also considered other cities . The Royals name continued to fit in Cincinnati , often known as the Queen City . During the teams first NBA draft in Cincinnati , the team acquired Clyde Lovellette and guard George King . They teamed with the 1–2 punch of Maurice Stokes and Twyman to produce a budding contender in the teams very first season in the Queen City . But injuries and the loss of star guard Si Green , the #1 overall pick of the 1956 NBA draft , to military service dropped the team into a tie for second place in the NBA Western Division during the 1957–58 seasons second half . In the seasons finale , All-Pro star Maurice Stokes struck his head when he fell after pursuing a rebound . He shook off the effects of the fall , even as he had briefly been unconscious . After Game One in the playoffs three days later , Stokes head injury was greatly aggravated by airplane cabin pressure during the flight back to Cincinnati for Game Two . He suffered a seizure and was permanently hospitalized , a tragedy that greatly shook the team . Stokes , a tremendous talent who could play center , forward and guard , was 2nd in the NBA in rebounds and 3rd in assists , a double-feat only Wilt Chamberlain has matched for a full season . The impact of losing Stokes was such that the team nearly folded . Six of the teams shaken players simply retired on the spot . Fellow All-Star Twyman rose to All-Pro level over the next two seasons for Cincinnati , even as the team posted two 19-win seasons . The 1958–59 Cincinnati team featured five rookies , with Lovellette , King and other key players having left the team in the wake of Stokes tragic injury . The Harrisons , wanting out at this point , sold to a makeshift local group , headed by Thomas Woods , Cincinnati Gardens management , and a number of local businessmen . Jack Twyman came to the aid of his teammate , and even legally adopted Stokes . Raising funds for Stokes medical treatment , Twyman helped him until his death in April 1970 . The 1973 feature film Maurie , which co-starred actors Bernie Casey and Bo Svenson , dramatized their story . Shooting often for the beleaguered team , Twyman was the second NBA player to ever average 30 points per game for an NBA season . Twyman and Stokes were later named Hall of Famers . 1960–1970 : The Oscar Robertson era . In 1960 , the team was able to land local superstar Oscar Robertson . Robertson led a team that included Twyman , Wayne Embry , Bob Boozer , Bucky Bockhorn , Tom Hawkins and Adrian Smith over the next three seasons . The Royals reversed their fortunes with Robertson and rose to title contender . An ownership dispute in early 1963 scuttled the teams playoff chances when new owner Louis Jacobs booked a circus for Cincinnati Gardens for the week of the playoff series versus the champion Boston Celtics . The Royals home games were at Xavier Universitys Schmidt Field House . In late 1963 , another local superstar , Jerry Lucas , joined the team . The Royals rose to the second-best record in the NBA . From 1963 to 1966 , the Royals contended strongly against Boston and the Philadelphia 76ers , but won no titles . In the 1964 NBA draft the Royals drafted rookies George Wilson , Bill Chmielewski , Steve Courtin ( later traded to 76ers ) , and Happy Hairston . The teams star players throughout the 1960s were Oscar Robertson and Jerry Lucas . Robertson met with individual success , averaging a triple-double in 1961–62 and winning the Most Valuable Player award in 1964 . Robertson was a league-leading scorer and passer each season . Lucas was Rookie Of the Year in 1964 , led the league in shooting , and later averaged 20 rebounds per game over four seasons . Both were All-NBA First Team selections multiple times . The team failed to keep some promising players , though , and played in the tough NBA East division , dominated by the Boston Celtics , even as a Baltimore team played in the West Division for three years , denying the team likely visits to the NBA Finals . In 1966 , the team was sold to Max and Jeremy Jacobs . That same season , the Royals began playing some of their home games in neutral sites such as Cleveland ( until the Cavaliers began play in 1970 ) , Dayton and Columbus . This did wound their local fan base in Cincinnati , though , and fortunes for the team continued to steadily decline . That year , they would host the 1966 NBA All-Star Game , with Smith scoring 24 points to be named All-Star MVP . As of 2021 , it is the last time that the franchise has hosted an All-Star Game . New coach Bob Cousy traded Lucas in 1969 . Robertson was traded to Milwaukee in 1970 , where he immediately won an NBA title . The declining franchise left Cincinnati shortly thereafter , moving to Kansas City in 1972 . 1972–1985 : Kansas City–Omaha/Kansas City Kings . After moving to Kansas City , the Royals renamed themselves the Kings to avoid confusion with the Royals baseball team . Now dubbed the Kansas City-Omaha Kings , the team split its home games between the 7,316-seat Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City and the 9,300-seat Omaha Civic Auditorium . The Cincinnati Royals had been looking at Omaha as a market as early as 1968 , playing twelve home games in the Nebraska city from 1968 to 1971 . From 1972 to 1975 , the KC–Omaha Kings played a total of 42 regular season contests ( but no playoff games ) in Omaha . In 1975 , the club became simply the Kansas City Kings ( moving into the new 16,785-seat Kemper Arena the previous season ) , but did not abandon Omaha completely , playing several games there through the 1977–78 season . For the next two seasons , they played several home games at St . Louis . 1972–1976 . The team netted a new superstar in point guard Nate Archibald , who led the league in scoring and assists in the 1972–73 season . While still in Cincinnati , the team introduced a most unusual uniform design , which placed the players surname below his number . The design remained intact through the first several seasons of the teams run in Sacramento , even when the shade of blue on the road uniforms was changed from royal blue to powder blue , and the script Kansas City which adorned the road jerseys was scrubbed after the move in favor of a repeat of the Kings script on the home shirts . The Kings back jersey template was later adopted by the WNBA and the NBA Development League , as well the NBA during the All-Star Game since 2006 . The Kings had some decent players throughout . Tom Van Arsdale , the shooting forward , Jumpin Johnny Green , and Matt Guokas helped Archibald in the first year in Kansas City . Toby Kimball was a fan favorite . Jimmy Walker teamed with Archibald as the Kings made the playoffs the second year . Sam Lacey , an effective passing center , became one of the most dependable players in the league . Archibald became the first player to lead the league in scoring and assists in the first season in Kansas City . However , the management traded Archibald , and wasted high draft picks . Bob Cousy gave way to Phil Johnson , who was fired midyear in 1977 and replaced by Larry Staverman , a player on the team on two separate occasions when it was in Cincinnati and who later became the vice president of operations for the Cleveland Stadium Corporation in June 1981 . 1976–1984 . The Kings finally achieved some success in their new home when they hired Cotton Fitzsimmons as coach . Fitzsimmons won the Midwest Division in 1978–79 with rookie point guard Phil Ford , who was NBA Rookie of the Year in 1979 . Kansas City was led by shooting guard Otis Birdsong , strong on both offense and defense , all-around shooting forward Scott Wedman , and passing center Sam Lacey , who had a trademark bank shot . They drew an average of 10,789 fans to Kemper Arena that season , the only time during their tenure in KC that average attendance was in five figures ( the attendance at the peak was only two-thirds of Kempers capacity ) . The Kings later played several home games in St . Louis during the early 1980s to large crowds . Most Kansas City sports fans preferred to spend their entertainment dollar on the Royals , who won the American League West division championship four times in five seasons between 1976 and 1980 , and reached the 1980 World Series . The Kings made the playoffs in 1979–80 and again in 1980–81 , despite finishing the 1980–81 regular season at . The Kings made a run in the 1981 NBA Playoffs , reaching the Western Conference finals ; these were the franchises first playoff victories since 1964 , and their only ones ever in Kansas City . Ernie Grunfeld played the point in this run in place of an injured Ford , as KC used a slow half-court game to win the first two rounds . Power forward Reggie King had a remarkable series , dominating the opposition . After upsetting the Phoenix Suns by winning Game 7 at Phoenix in the Conference Semifinals and becoming the second NBA road team to do so after leading a series 3–1 , they bowed out to the Houston Rockets ( also 40–42 in the regular season ) in five games in the Conference Finals . Lacey , the last remaining Cincinnati Royal to play for the Kings , could not keep up with Rockets superstar center Moses Malone . ( The Kings did not win another playoff series for two decades. ) However , a series of bad luck incidents prevented the team from building on its success . Cleveland Cavaliers owner Ted Stepien lured Wedman and Birdsong away with big contract offers . In 1979 , the roof literally fell in at Kemper Arena because of a severe storm , forcing the team to play most of the 1979–80 season at the much smaller Municipal Auditorium . The ownership group sold the team to Sacramento interests for $11 million . The general manager was fired in a scandal in which he was found to be reusing marked postage stamps . When the Kings rehired Joe Axelson as general manager , they brought back the man who had previously traded Oscar Robertson , Norm Van Lier , Nate Archibald and Jerry Lucas , and used the third pick in the ABA dispersal draft on Ron Boone . Axelson stayed on after the Kings left Kansas City where , in their last game ever , fans wore Joe Axelson masks . Axelson later said he hoped his plane would never touch down in Kansas City . Axelson became the first general manager in the history of sports to fail with the same franchise in four cities : Cincinnati , Kansas City , Omaha and Sacramento . He was not fired for good until he rehired coach Phil Johnson , whom he had fired in mid-season in Kansas City ten years before . The Kings also had the misfortune of entering this period competing with the Kansas City Comets for the winter sports dollar , when the Comets were led by marketers—the Leiweke brothers . Their final season in 1984–85 resulted in a record , as fans stayed away from Kemper Arena in droves , with average attendance of 6,410 . Long-time ABA and NBA star , Don Buse , played his final professional season for the Kings . Ownership began looking for a new home for the team . Poor attendance and lack of sponsorship dollars ( the team was third in sports market share by a significant margin behind the NFLs Chiefs and MLBs Royals ) were the main reasons . Also , Kansas City had a much stronger following for the Kansas Jayhawks college basketball team than they did the NBAs Kings . Seeing the success the NBA was having in fast-growing cities with no NFL or MLB teams like Portland , Oregon , Salt Lake City , Utah , and San Antonio , Texas , it was decided the team would move to Sacramento , California , a fast-growing city with no competition from the NFL or MLB . The NBA unanimously approved the move , with the caveat that Sacramento had to have an NBA-ready arena finished within three years or the team was free to move again with no penalty . 1985–present : Sacramento Kings . The Kings moved to their current home of Sacramento , California in the 1985–86 NBA season , with their first Sacramento season ending in the first round of the Western Conference 1986 NBA Playoffs . The starting lineup was Reggie Theus , LaSalle Thompson , Mark Olberding , Terry Tyler , and Mike Woodson , with Larry Drew , Eddie Johnson , Otis Thorpe , and Joe Kleine coming off the bench . However , despite fan loyalty the Kings saw little success in subsequent seasons , and the team did not make the playoffs again until the 1996 NBA Playoffs in the 1995–96 NBA season . Some of their failure was attributable to misfortunes such as the career-altering car crash suffered by promising point guard Bobby Hurley in 1993 , and the suicide of Ricky Berry during the 1989 off-season ; some was attributed to poor management such as the long tenure of head coach Garry St . Jean and the selection of Never Nervous Pervis Ellison with the first overall pick in the 1989 NBA draft . Former Kings television broadcaster Jerry Reynolds ( 1987 , 1988–90 ) and NBA legend Bill Russell ( 1987–88 ) were the earliest head coaches . 1988–1989 : Ricky Berry . Ricky Berry was selected by the Kings in the first round , 18th pick overall in the 1988 NBA draft . He had a dazzling rookie year in the 1988–89 season shooting 40.6% from three-point range . The Kings also drafted Vinny Del Negro ( selected by the Kings in the second round , 29th overall pick in the 1988 NBA draft ) and acquired Rodney McCray from the Houston Rockets . In his first year with the Kings , McCray made 1988 NBA All-Defensive First Team . It was the first season the Kings would play without Reggie Theus and LaSalle Thompson ( both part in the original team from Kansas City ) or Joe Kleine ( selected by the Kings as first round , sixth pick overall in the 1985 NBA draft ) . Thompson was drafted by the Kings in the first round , fifth overall pick in the 1982 NBA draft . It was also the last year that Michael Jackson ( selected by the New York Knicks in the second round , 47th pick overall in the 1986 NBA draft but who played his entire career with the Kings ) and Ed Pinckney ( selected 10th overall by the Phoenix Suns in the 1985 NBA draft and played for the Kings from 1987 to 1989 ) played for the Kings . On February 23 , 1989 , Brad Lohaus and Danny Ainge were traded to the Kings from the Boston Celtics for Joe Kleine and Ed Pinckney . In June of the 1989 off-season , Lohaus was then acquired by the Minnesota Timberwolves in the 1989 NBA Expansion Draft . In August of the 1989 off-season , Berry was found dead from a self-inflicted gunshot wound at his home in Fair Oaks , California just weeks before his 25th birthday following an argument with his wife . 1989–1990 : Pervis Ellison . Following the loss of Ricky Berry , 1989–90 season featured Pervis Ellison , who was first overall pick in the 1989 NBA draft by the Kings , and acquisition Wayman Tisdale ( from the Indiana Pacers , second pick overall in the 1985 NBA draft ) . An injury kept Ellison on the sidelines for 48 of 82 games of his rookie year , after which he was traded to the Washington Bullets . Tisdale would go on to play for the Kings for five years . It was the last season that Danny Ainge , Kenny Smith ( who had an impressive showing in the 1990 NBA Slam Dunk Contest ) , Rodney McCray , Harold Pressley ( selected by the Kings in the first round , 17th overall pick in the 1986 NBA draft ) , Vinny Del Negro , Greg Kite , and Ralph Sampson played for the Kings . In 1990 , Ainge was traded to the Portland Trail Blazers , Kenny Smith was traded to the Atlanta Hawks , and Rodney McCray was traded to the Dallas Mavericks . 1990–1991 : Lionel Simmons . Lionel Simmons – or L-Train – was drafted by the Kings in the 1990 NBA draft in the first round , 7th pick overall . In his first season , he made the NBA All-Rookie First Team . He would go on to play his entire career ( 1990–1997 ) with the Kings and had 5,833 career points . Antoine Carr ( acquired from the Atlanta Hawks ) played for the Kings in the 1990–91 NBA season and then was traded to the San Antonio Spurs . Free-agent Leon Wood , who would later become an NBA official , played for the Kings but was let go on Christmas Eve of 1990 . Also notable that Bill Wennington was acquired from the Dallas Mavericks and played for the Kings for the 1990–91 season and after a successful career with the Chicago Bulls returned to the Kings for his final season in 1999–2000 . 1991–1998 : The Mitch Richmond era . The early 1990s were difficult for the Kings . Sacramento was known for having strong fan support , and while they won over 60% of their home games , the team struggled on the road , going 1–40 on the road in a single season . But prayers were answered when they acquired Mitch Richmond , who previously played for the Golden State Warriors . The former NBA Rookie of the Year was selected as an All-Star six times while making the All-NBA Second Team three times . Garry St . Jean was chosen as new coach in 1992 and coached the team all the way through 1997 , where he was replaced by Eddie Jordan . During the 1990s , Sacramento had other stars like Spud Webb , Kurt Rambis , Wayman Tisdale , Walt Williams , Olden Polynice and Brian Grant , but they only lasted with the team for a few years . After the 1992–93 season , Rambis was traded to the Los Angeles Lakers . After the 1993–94 season , Tisdale was traded to the Phoenix Suns . After the 1994–95 season , Webb was traded to the Atlanta Hawks for Tyrone Corbin . Midway through the 1995–96 season , Williams was traded to the Miami Heat for Billy Owens ( who was drafted by the Kings in 1991 , and traded to Golden State for Richmond ) . After the 1996–97 season , Grant became a free agent and signed with the Portland Trail Blazers . One accomplishment the team achieved under St . Jean during their tenures was a playoff appearance in 1996 . The series was lost 3–1 to the Seattle SuperSonics who , led by Gary Payton and Shawn Kemp , finished as that years conference champions . They did not make a playoff appearance again while Richmond was still on the Kings . He was soon traded along with Otis Thorpe to the Washington Wizards for Chris Webber in May 1998 . Although Richmond was lost , this trade proved to be one of the keys to finally achieving playoff success after so many seasons of mediocrity . 1998–2004 : The Greatest Show on Court era . The Kings drafted Jason Williams in the 1998 NBA draft , signed Vlade Divac , and traded for Chris Webber prior to the lockout-shortened season of 1998–99 . These acquisitions coincided with the arrival of Peja Stojaković from Serbia , who had been drafted in 1996 . Each of these moves was attributed to general manager Geoff Petrie , who has won the NBA Executive of the Year Award twice . Led by new head coach Rick Adelman , and aided by former Princeton head coach Pete Carril , the Kings Princeton offense impressed others for its quick style and strong ball movement . Some criticized the Kings for their poor team defense , Williamss flash over substance style with its many turnovers , and Webbers failure to step up in important match-ups . Still , they quickly garnered many fans outside of California , many of whom were drawn to the spectacular pairing of Williams and Webber . In 1998–99 , they went 27–23 , their first winning season in nearly twenty years and their first since moving to Sacramento . The new arrivals Webber , Williams , and Divac all played key roles in this resurgence ; Divac ranked near the top of the team in most statistics , Webber led the league in rebounds and was named to the All-NBA Second Team , and Williams was named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team . In the playoffs , they were matched up against the defending Western Conference Champions , the Utah Jazz . After winning Game 1 by 20 points , the Jazz surrendered two consecutive playoff games to the Kings . They would turn the series around , however , and win the last two to keep the Kings from advancing in the playoffs . In 1999–2000 , the Kings only notable transaction was trading shooting guard Tariq Abdul-Wahad to the Orlando Magic in exchange for shooting guard Nick Anderson . They finished eighth in the Western Conference with a 44–38 record and were matched up with the Los Angeles Lakers in the first round of the playoffs . Once again , however , the Kings failed to advance , losing the series 2–3 against the Lakers . The following season , the Kings traded starting small forward Corliss Williamson to the Toronto Raptors for shooting guard Doug Christie , a move made to improve the subpar defense . They also drafted Turkish power forward Hedo Türkoğlu , further improving their bench rotation . Stojakovic moved into the starting small forward role , where he and Webber proved to complement each other extremely well , and as the Kings continued to improve , their popularity steadily rose , culminating in a February 2001 Sports Illustrated cover story entitled The Greatest Show on Court with Williams , Christie , Stojakovic , Webber , and Divac gracing the cover . That year , they went 55–27 , their best in 40 years . In the playoffs , they won their first series in 20 years , defeating the Phoenix Suns three games to one , before being swept in the second round by the Lakers , who eventually won the NBA Championship . In July 2001 , Jason Williams was traded , along with Nick Anderson , to the Vancouver Grizzlies for Mike Bibby and Brent Price . Despite Williamss often spectacular play , the Kings had grown tired of his recklessness and turnovers ; Bibby would provide much more stability and control at the point guard position . This move was complemented by the re-signing of Webber to a maximum-salary contract , securing their superstar long term . With Bibby taking over for Williams , they had their best season to date in 2001–02 . Though not as exciting or flashy as they had been in previous years with Williams , the team became much more effective and disciplined with Bibby at the helm . They finished with a league-best record of 61–21 , winning 36 of 41 at home . After easily winning their first two playoff matchups against the Stockton and Malone-led Jazz and the Dirk Nowitzki-led Dallas Mavericks , respectively , the Kings went on to play the archrival and two-time defending champion Los Angeles Lakers in the Western Conference Finals , regarded as one of the greatest playoff matchups in history . In a controversial series , the Kings lost in seven games , one game away from what would have been the first NBA Finals and professional sports championship in Sacramento history . This was a crushing blow to the Kings ; after losing to their archrivals in a highly controversial series , the team would begin to decline and age in the years that followed . Many commentators and journalists would question the decisions made by the referees during Game 6 , specifically that the Lakers were awarded a staggering 27 free throws in the fourth quarter , many of which came from what were in retrospect proved to be no-calls . Following Game 6 even print newspapers began to question the legitimacy of the game . Most notably , the New York Post ran a front cover with a headline entitled Foul Play ; it also published a related article suggesting that the game was rigged . NBA analyst David Aldridge ( then working for ESPN ) spoke on the game : The 2002 Western Conference finals left many fans wondering whether the Kings could have gone on to win a title , and debate would continue for many years after the events of the series . Later , due to allegations raised by former NBA referee Tim Donaghy , the NBA set up a review of the leagues officiating . Lawrence Pedowitz , who led the review , concluded that while Game 6 featured poor officiating , there was no concrete evidence that the game had been fixed . The Kings went 59–23 and won the division during the following season , seeking to avenge their playoff loss to the Lakers . After defeating the Stockton- and Malone-led Jazz in the first round and winning Game 1 against the Dirk Nowitzki-led Dallas Mavericks in the second round , the Kings appeared to be on the brink of another Western Conference Finals berth . However , Chris Webber sustained a major knee injury in Game 2 , and the Kings lost in a seven-game series . Webbers knee required major surgery . He returned mid-season in 2003–04 a season in which the Kings were seeking another chance to avenge their playoff loss to the Lakers , but without his quickness and athleticism , which had been the focal point of his style of play , it was not the same . Despite that , the Kings still managed to defeat the Dirk Nowitzki-led Dallas Mavericks in the first round and after winning Game 1 against the Kevin Garnett-led Minnesota Timberwolves in the second round , the Kings appeared to be on the brink of their second Western Conference Finals berth in three years , but the Kings ended the season with a defeat to the Timberwolves in a seven-game series . 2004–2006 : Decline . The 2004–05 season marked change for the Kings , who lost three starters from the famed 2002 team . In the off-season of 2004 , Divac signed with the Lakers , which prompted the Kings to sign Brad Miller to start at center . Early in the season , Christie was traded to the Orlando Magic for Cuttino Mobley , and in February , Webber was traded to the Philadelphia 76ers for three forwards ( Corliss Williamson , Kenny Thomas , and Brian Skinner ) . Thomas and Skinner failed in their attempt to replicate Webbers impact , and as a result the teams record suffered . The Kings lost in the first round of the playoffs to the Seattle SuperSonics . The 2005 off-season continued with changes , when they traded fan-favorite Bobby Jackson for Bonzi Wells and acquired free agent Shareef Abdur-Rahim . The 2005–06 season started poorly since the Kings had a hard time establishing team chemistry . Newcomers Wells and Abdur-Rahim made major contributions early , but both were injured and missed a significant number of games . As the Kings season continued , general manager Petrie decided to make a major move . Stojakovic was traded for Ron Artest , a talented yet volatile forward known for his temper . Despite doubts that he would be able to replace the huge production of Stojakovic , Artest and the Kings went 20–9 after the 2006 NBA All-Star break , the second best post-All-Star break record that season . Despite a winning record of 44–38 , it was clear that they were not the same team of years past . The Kings were seeded 8th in the Western Conference playoffs and were matched up in the first round against the San Antonio Spurs . Though the Kings were surprisingly competitive , the Spurs eliminated them 4–2 . This was the end of their era of competitiveness and to date , their last winning season and their last playoff season . The 2006 off-season began with the disturbing news that head coach Rick Adelmans contract would not be renewed . The Kings named Eric Musselman as his replacement . 2006–2009 : Change and transition . In 2006–07 , the disappointing play of the Kings was coupled with the distraction of legal troubles . Coach Eric Musselman pleaded no contest to DUI charges early in the season , while Artest got into trouble for neglect of his dogs , and was later accused of domestic assault . The Kings relieved Artest of basketball duties , pending investigation , then later reinstated him . They finished the season 33–49 ( their worst in 9 years ) which landed them in fifth place in the Pacific Division . They posted a losing record ( 20–21 ) at home for the first time since 1993–94 . Their season included a seven-game losing streak that lasted from January 4 to 19 . The Kings missed the 2007 NBA Playoffs , the first time in eight seasons . Musselman was fired in April . The Kings future appeared to rest on the shoulders of Kevin Martin , who was a lead candidate for 2007 NBA Most-Improved Player of the Year . The 2007 off-season was a time of change . Head coach Musselman was replaced by former Kings player , Reggie Theus . The Kings selected Spencer Hawes with the 10th overall pick in the 2007 NBA draft . In addition , they acquired Mikki Moore from the New Jersey Nets . Martin signed a contract worth $55 million , extending his period with the team for five more years . The Kings lost key players over the off-season , with backup Ronnie Price leaving for the Utah Jazz , and Corliss Williamson retiring . They claimed fourth-year Beno Udrih off waivers from Minnesota . Udrih quickly assumed the starting position for an injured Bibby . It was announced in February that the Kings had traded Bibby to the Atlanta Hawks for Tyronn Lue , Anthony Johnson , Shelden Williams , Lorenzen Wright and a 2nd round draft pick . The move was presumably made to clear cap space . Bibby had been the last player from the Kings team that reached the Western Conference Finals in 2002 . The Kings improved by five games and finished the 2007–08 season 38–44 , and missed the playoffs by a bigger margin ( 12 games ) than the previous season ( 8 games ) . They went 26–15 at home and 12–29 on the road . After selling out every home game since 1999 , the 2007–08 season sold out only three games at ARCO Arena with attendance averaging 13,500 fans per home game , almost 4,000 below capacity . Following a quiet 2008 off-season , it was confirmed on July 29 , 2008 , that the Kings would trade Artest and the rights to Patrick Ewing Jr . and Sean Singletary to the Houston Rockets in exchange for former King Bobby Jackson , Donté Greene , a future first-round draft pick , and cash considerations for Rashad McCants and center Calvin Booth . Reggie Theus was fired in the middle of the 2008–09 season , giving way to Kenny Natt as the interim head coach . The Kings continued to struggle under Natt , ending up with the NBAs worst record for the 2008–09 season at 17–65 . On April 23 , 2009 , Kings Vice President Geoff Petrie announced the firing of Natt and his four assistants , Rex Kalamian , Jason Hamm , Randy Brown and Bubba Burrage . 2009–2012 : Here we Rise period . Despite having the best odds to win the top overall pick in the 2009 NBA draft , the Kings obtained the 4th overall pick , the lowest they could possibly pick , to the outrage of many fans . Along with new head coach Paul Westphal , they selected Tyreke Evans . With the 23rd pick , they selected Omri Casspi from Israel . On April 27 , 2010 , Evans was the first Sacramento-era player to receive the NBA Rookie of the Year Award . Evans also became the 4th player in NBA history , joining Oscar Robertson , Michael Jordan , and LeBron James , to average 20 points , 5 rebounds , and 5 assists per game as a rookie . On June 24 , 2010 , the Kings selected DeMarcus Cousins with the 5th pick of the 2010 NBA draft . They also selected Hassan Whiteside , with the 33rd pick of the 2010 NBA draft . Despite the excellent play of Cousins and Evans , both of whom were front-runners in Rookie of the Year voting and received All-Rookie First Team honors , the Kings still ranked near the bottom of the NBA , going 25–57 in Evans rookie year , and 24–58 in Cousins rookie year . Much of this was due to the poor fit of the roster around Evans and Cousins , and the uninspired coaching of Westphal . The 2010–11 season was marked with uncertainty towards the end of the season . Frustrated by the lack of progress towards an arena and dwindling profits from other businesses , the Maloofs sought an immediate relocation of the franchise to Anaheim . The move seemed certain towards the end of the year , with Grant Napear and Jerry Reynolds emotionally signing off at the final home game vs . the Los Angeles Lakers . But after a vote by the NBA Board of Governors , the relocation effort was ended , to the glee of the fans . In the 2011 NBA draft the Kings traded for the draft rights of Jimmer Fredette in a three-team deal with the Charlotte Bobcats and the Milwaukee Bucks , with the Kings receiving John Salmons sending Beno Udrih . This move was heavily panned by fans and media ; by moving down in the draft and losing longtime starter Udrih for the unproductive Salmons , most found it difficult to find a bright spot in the deal . Westphal would shortly be fired , with Warriors assistant Keith Smart hired as his replacement . Around this time , the team took the slogan Here we rise ! for its marketing campaign . Amidst various relocation rumors and locker room tensions , the Kings had yet another unsuccessful season . One of their few bright spots was rookie Isaiah Thomas . Due to criticisms about his height ( 59 in shoes ) and playmaking ability , Thomas slipped to the 60th and final pick of the draft . Despite this , and the presence of college superstar Fredette , Thomas earned the starting spot , finishing the season with averages of 11 points and 4 assists per game and earned a selection to the NBA All-Rookie team . In the 2012 NBA draft they selected Thomas Robinson out of Kansas . Because of an unproductive rookie season by Robinson , he was traded with Francisco García and Tyler Honeycutt to the Houston Rockets in exchange for Patrick Patterson , Toney Douglas and Cole Aldrich . 2013–2015 : Franchise restructuring . On May 16 , 2013 , the Maloof family reached agreement to sell the Kings to a group led by Silicon Valley tech entrepreneur Vivek Ranadivé for a then-record NBA franchise valuation of $535 million . Ranadivé , 55 , named Raj Bhathal , 71 , founder of Tustin-based Raj Manufacturing , one of the largest swimwear companies in the nation , as one of the investors in a consortium to buy a majority stake in the Kings from the franchises longtime owners , the Maloof family , for a reported $348 million . The group fought off a rival bid that would have moved the team to Seattle after the NBAs Board of Governors rejected investor Chris Hansens bid to relocate the team . The new owners intend to keep the team in Sacramento . On May 28 , the NBA Board of Governors unanimously approved the sale , ending several years of efforts by other cities to take possession and move the Kings out of Sacramento . On May 31 , 2013 , the Kings closed escrow , finalizing the sale to the Ranadivé group at a record valuation of $534 million , beginning a new era for the franchise . Plans were already underway to move forward on an arena , as the Downtown Plaza was reportedly being sold to the Sacramento ownership group . A month later , on July 30 , Turner Construction was selected to be the builder of the arena . Once the sale had closed and ownership was transferred to Ranadivé , the Kings began making changes to the management and staff . Geoff Petrie and Keith Smart were released ; Mike Malone and Pete DAlessandro were brought in to replace them . Corliss Williamson , Brendan Malone , Chris Jent , and Dee Brown were brought in as assistant coaches . On July 10 , NBA executive Chris Granger was hired as team president . On September 23 , 2013 , Shaquille ONeal purchased a minority share of the team , jokingly dubbing the teams new organization the Shaqramento Kings . These hires coincided with several roster moves . In the 2013 NBA draft on June 27 , the Kings selected Kansas shooting guard Ben McLemore , who was widely projected to go top-five , with the seventh overall pick . They also selected point guard and former McDonalds All-American Ray McCallum , Jr . from the University of Detroit with the 36th pick . One week later , on July 5 , the Kings sent former NBA Rookie of the Year Tyreke Evans to the New Orleans Pelicans in a three-team deal involving Robin Lopez , Greivis Vásquez , Jeff Withey , Terrel Harris , and picks . On July 9 , the Kings traded a future second-round draft pick to the Bucks in exchange for defensive small forward Luc Richard Mbah a Moute , and on July 15 , the Kings signed Carl Landry , who had played a stint with the team in its previous ownership , to a 4-year deal worth $28 million . The 2013–14 season was widely anticipated by Kings fans . Playing their first game on October 30 , against the Nuggets , the Kings won 90–88 , despite being without projected starters Landry and Mbah a Moute . They were led by a 30-point , 14 rebound performance from DeMarcus Cousins , and a putback dunk by Jason Thompson with under a minute to play which sealed the victory for the Kings . After the poor play of starting forwards John Salmons and Patrick Patterson through November , the Kings sought a change . On November 26 , newly acquired Luc Richard Mbah a Moute was traded for power forward Derrick Williams . Nearly two weeks later , on December 8 , they acquired Rudy Gay in a blockbuster seven-player deal that sent the struggling Patterson and Salmons to Toronto along with Chuck Hayes and off-season acquisition Greivis Vásquez . Quincy Acy and Aaron Gray were also sent to the Kings . The organization sought to add depth to their lineup during the 2014 off-season to complement the Kings star duo DeMarcus Cousins and Rudy Gay . Sacramento added Darren Collison , Ryan Hollins and Ramon Sessions through free agency signings , as well as drafting Nik Stauskas prior to the start of the 2014–15 season . After an 11–13 start to the 2014–15 season , head coach Michael Malone was fired by the Sacramento Kings organization . Tyrone Corbin filled in for the Kings until Hall of Fame coach George Karl replaced him in February 2015 . On January 30 , 2015 , DeMarcus Cousins was named to replace the injured Kobe Bryant as a Western Conference All-Star in the 2015 NBA All-Star Game . Cousins selection marked the first time a Kings player earned All-Star honors since Brad Miller and Peja Stojaković represented Sacramento in 2004 . 2015–2017 : Divac as general manager , new arena . On March 3 , 2015 , the Kings announced former Sacramento center Vlade Divac as the new vice president of basketball operations . Following the end of Sacramentos 29–53 season for 2014–15 , The Kings made aggressive off-season moves in drafting Willie Cauley-Stein and acquiring Rajon Rondo , Kosta Koufos , Marco Belinelli , and Caron Butler in preparation for the 2015–16 season . To free up cap space , Divac traded Nik Stauskas , Carl Landry , Jason Thompson , a future top 10 protected first-round pick , and the right to swap two future first-round picks to the Philadelphia 76ers for the rights to second-round picks Artūras Gudaitis and Luka Mitrović . While the 76ers gave up nearly nothing to acquire draft assets that would result in the selection of number 1 overall pick Markelle Fultz , the Kings remained one of the worst teams in the NBA . It was regarded by many as one of the most lopsided trades in NBA history . On April 14 , 2016 , after a 33–49 season , the Kings fired head coach George Karl . Karl compiled a record of 44-68 with the Kings . The 2016–17 season brought several changes . The Kings moved into their new arena , the Golden 1 Center . On May 9 , 2016 , the Kings hired former Memphis Grizzlies coach Dave Joerger as head coach . During the 2016 NBA draft , the Kings traded the 8th pick to the Phoenix Suns for the 13th and 28th pick in the draft , as well as the rights to Serbian guard Bogdan Bogdanović . Later in the evening , the Kings traded Marco Belinelli to the Charlotte Hornets in exchange for the 22nd pick in the draft . The Kings selected four players in the 2016 NBA draft – Greek center Georgios Papagiannis with the 13th pick , Syracuse shooting guard Malachi Richardson with the 22nd pick , Kentucky forward Skal Labissiere with the 28th pick , and Oklahoma guard Isaiah Cousins with the 59th pick . In free agency , the Kings signed Anthony Tolliver , Garrett Temple , Arron Afflalo , Matt Barnes , and Ty Lawson . 2017–2020 : Rebuilding post-DeMarcus Cousins . On February 20 , 2017 , the Kings traded DeMarcus Cousins , alongside Omri Casspi to the New Orleans Pelicans for Tyreke Evans , Buddy Hield , Langston Galloway and two future draft picks . The Kings finished the 2016–17 season with a 32–50 record . In the 2017 NBA draft the team selected Kentucky point guard DeAaron Fox with the fifth pick . They also selected North Carolina forward Justin Jackson with the 15th pick , Duke center Harry Giles with the 20th pick,and Kansas point guard Frank Mason III with the 34th pick . With four rookie pickups , Divac wanted to add veteran presences on the roster . On July 10 , 2017 , the team signed three veterans – Vince Carter , Zach Randolph , and George Hill . The team finished the 2017–18 season with a 27–55 record , placing 12th in the Western Conference . Giles sat out the entire season due to a leg injury despite previous reports that he would make his rookie debut in January . Hill was traded to the Cleveland Cavaliers . Greek center Papagiannis , who was selected in the first round of the 2016 draft , averaged only 2.1 points in the 16 games played . During the 2018 NBA draft , the Kings selected Duke center Marvin Bagley III . The team was criticized following the draft for not selecting Luka Dončić , while Divac would go on to say he was confident in Bagley . Prior to the 2018–19 season , multiple analysts picked Sacramento to finish last in the Western Conference , calling their recent draft a missed opportunity to build and their lack of a veteran presence to offset their rookie lineup . The Kings lost to the Utah Jazz 123–117 in their season opener on October 17 , 2018 . Despite starting the season 1–3 , including a loss to the Pelicans in which they gave up 149 points , the team would go onto win their next five games to hold a winning record . By December 30 , the team held a 19–16 record . Ultimately , the Kings finished the season in ninth place in the Western Conference posting a record of 39–43 ; they again missed the playoffs . However , this was the team’s best regular-season record since their last playoff appearance in the 2005–06 season . In spite of this , head coach Joerger was fired after the conclusion of the season , and Luke Walton was hired as his replacement three days later . Earlier in the season , the Kings were rocked by the discovery that their former chief revenue officer , Jeff David , had embezzled $13.4 million in sponsorship payments from the Kings and their corporate partners over four years . David , who had taken a similar position with the Miami Heat , pleaded guilty to wire fraud and identity theft and was sentenced to seven years in federal prison . Following the suspension of the 2019–20 NBA season , the Kings were one of the 22 teams invited to the NBA Bubble to participate in the final 8 games of the regular season . However , Sacramento finished these games with a 3-5 record , missing the play-in game and extending their playoff drought for the 14th consecutive season . 2020–present : The Monte McNair era . On August 14 , 2020 , the Sacramento Kings announced that general manager Vlade Divac would resign from his position . Joe Dumars , a former player and executive for the Detroit Pistons , would be named interim Executive Vice President of Basketball Operations ; Dumars had joined the Kings as a special advisor in June of the previous year . Following a month-long search , the Sacramento Kings announced on September 17 , 2020 , that Houston Rockets executive Monte McNair would be hired as the franchises new general manager . With the Rockets , McNair spent thirteen years working under Daryl Morey , serving in various roles ; he was most recently named assistant general manager in 2018 . Following this hire , interim executive Joe Dumars was named as the chief strategy officer of the organization . Other candidates for the position included Minnesota Timberwolves executive vice president Sachin Gupta , Denver Nuggets general manager Calvin Booth , and former Atlanta Hawks general manager Wes Wilcox . McNair announced three additional hires on October 14 , 2020 ; these included the aforementioned Wes Wilcox who became an assistant GM , former Philadelphia 76ers scouting director Phil Jabour as vice president of player personnel , and Oklahoma City Blue executive Paul Johnson as director of basketball operations . Team logo , uniform and colors . Rochester Royals . The initial Rochester Royals logo featured a blue and white shield with the word ROCHESTER on the top , with a white banner with the word ROYALS on it . From the beginning , the road uniforms were blue with the city name written in front , while home uniforms were white with the team name written in front . Red accents were added later in their Rochester tenure . Cincinnati Royals . Upon moving to Cincinnati in 1957 , the team logo became a basketball with a cartoon face . The basketball was depicted as wearing a crown with the city of Cincinnati within it . The word CINCINNATI was featured above the logo while the word ROYALS was below . The crown also had the team name on it . This logo was white with blue outlines . The uniforms remained blue on the road and white at home , again with red accents and the city/team name designation on the respective uniforms . In the late 1960s the Royals wore a uniform with the team name written vertically on the left side , with the number on the right . In 1971 , the team adopted a red crown with a blue half-basketball below it . The word CINCINNATI , in blue , was placed above the logo . The word ROYALS , in white , was placed on the crown . The logo change also reflected on the uniforms , now featuring a script Royals in front with red numbers . However , blue names and numbers at home , and white names and numbers on the road were written at the back of the uniform , with the unusual arrangement of the number above the name being used for the first time ( normally , the players name is shown above the back number ) . Kansas City–Omaha/Kansas City Kings . For the 1972–73 season , the renamed and relocated Kansas City-Omaha Kings kept their uniforms and logos , with the exception of the name change . After settling in Kansas City for good in 1975 , the Kings changed their road uniforms back to reading the city name in front . Beginning with the 1981–82 season , the road uniforms reverted to the team name in front , while numbers in front took on the same color schemes as the numbers in the back . Sacramento Kings . Following their move from Kansas City in 1985 the Kings still used the same color scheme of red , white and blue . The logo of a crown atop a bottom half of the basketball was also carried over . However , the shades of blue used on their home and road uniforms were different for five seasons . The home uniforms use royal blue , while the road uniforms use powder blue . The striping patterns were also different between the two uniforms , with the script Kings wordmark on the sides of the road shorts , and basic side stripes on the home uniforms . Carrying over from Kansas City was the unusual placement of player names at the bottom of the number at the front of the uniforms . The uniforms changed slightly in 1990 , with royal blue now used on the road ; the shorts now incorporate the Kings logo , and the name and number on the back switched places to the standard positions of the name being on the top , then the players number below it . The player names were now in a standard monotone serif font which was used by several NBA teams . This version would mark the last time the classic script Kings wordmark was used until 2005 . Change to purple and black . In 1994 , the Kings radically changed their look , adopting a new color scheme of purple , silver , black and white . The uniform set consists of one wide side stripe running through the right leg of the shorts , with the primary Kings logo prominently featured . The home uniform is in white , while the road uniform is in black ( by later coincidence , the NHLs Los Angeles Kings would use that exact color scheme ) . From 1994 to 1997 , a half-purple , half-black uniform , featuring checkerboard side panels , was used as an alternate uniform , which was panned by fans . However , the uniform was revived for the 2012–13 season during Hardwood Classics Nights . A new purple uniform , which shares the same template from the home and road uniforms , was introduced in the 1997–98 season . Before the start of the 2002–03 NBA season , the Kings changed their uniforms once again . This set included a modernized version of the Kings script on the home jersey , and the city name on the purple road jersey . The side stripes now run through the uniform . In the 2005–06 season they introduced a gold alternate uniform , featuring the classic script Kings wordmark . However , this alternate lasted only two seasons . In 2008 , the team introduced a new style of uniforms , with the names switching designations with a modernized Kings script on the road jersey in black text , and Sacramento on the home jersey still in white text . In doing this , the Kings became unique ; most professional franchises place the team nickname on the home jerseys and the city name on the road jerseys . The numbers are black on both uniforms . The side panels were revamped , now only featured on the shorts and at the top half of the uniform . Before the 2011–12 season a black alternate uniform was introduced , sharing the same template as the home and road uniforms , but with the classic script Kings wordmark and silver numbers . For the 2014–15 season , the Kings made a few tweaks to their home and away uniforms . While the team kept the 2008-era template , they brought back the 1994–2002 Kings script from the primary logo on both uniforms , along with purple ( home ) and white ( away ) numbers . The black alternate uniform was kept without any alterations . In addition , the crown logo at the back was replaced by the NBA logo , while a gold tab above it represents the franchises 1951 NBA championship . For the 2016–17 season , the Kings are changing their brand once more , adopting a logo reminiscent of their 1971–1994 design and dispatched black from their logo while keeping the purple and silver . The Kings unveiled their new uniforms on June 15 , 2016 , featuring four designs . Both the home white and purple away uniforms feature a modernized Kings script , an updated crown on top , and gray side stripes . The so-called City uniforms are similar to the away uniforms , except that the abbreviation SAC in gray appears in front . The black Global uniforms substitute the crown for a standing lion crest on top , along with a solid gray side stripe on the right and the primary logo on the left leg . All uniforms feature a baby blue collar , stitches , and tab that says Sacramento Proud , a nod to the franchises first few seasons in Sacramento . Beginning with the 2017–18 season , the jerseys will be sponsored by Blue Diamond Growers . As part of the switch to Nike as the NBAs uniform provider , the home and away uniform designations were abolished . The Kings kept their uniforms mostly intact , but the erstwhile primary purple uniforms were retired in favor of the City alternate purple uniforms . The Kings primary uniform set now consists of the white Association uniforms , the purple Icon uniforms and the black Statement uniforms . City special edition uniforms . Nike also released a special edition City uniform that pays tribute to both local culture and team heritage . Sacramentos 2017–18 City uniforms feature a white and powder blue base with red trim , echoing the road uniform colors the team wore from 1985 to 1990 . A recolored lion head logo in red and gray is also emblazoned in front . For the 2018–19 season , the Kings tweaked the City uniforms , replacing the lion head logo with the wordmark Sactown . The same uniform design was carried over for the 2019–20 season , but with red as the base color and powder blue as the trim color . The Sactown theme was retained for the 2020–21 City uniform , but with four design cues taken from prior uniforms . The black base paid homage to the 1994–2002 black uniforms . The checkerboard patterns were taken from their 1994–1997 purple/black alternate uniforms . The powder blue and red trim of the 1985–1990 road uniforms and of previous City uniforms were carried over to this design . Classic uniforms . During the 2002–03 season , the Kings brought back the 1960s Cincinnati Royals white uniform for a few games as a tribute to Oscar Robertson . The following season , they wore the mid-1970s Kansas City Kings white uniform for select games to honor Nate Archibald . The Kings mid-1980s powder blue jerseys were first brought back in the 2004–05 season to celebrate the franchises 20th season in Sacramento . They would return in 2015–16 for the teams final season at Sleep Train Arena , and the following season upon moving to Golden 1 Center . During the 2010–11 season , the Kings honored the 1950–51 Rochester Royals championship team by wearing throwback uniforms from that era . The team also wore blue versions of the Rochester throwbacks in the 2014–15 season . For the 2019–20 season , the Kings will bring back their blue uniforms worn from 1990 to 1994 in commemoration of the franchises 35th season in Sacramento . Mascot . Since the 1997–98 season , the official Kings mascot has been Slamson the Lion . Prior to that , the Kings mascot was The Gorilla . Season-by-season record . List of the last five seasons completed by the Kings . For the full season-by-season history , see List of Sacramento Kings seasons . Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , W–L% = Winning percentage Home arenas . - Edgerton Park Arena ( 1949–1954 ) - Rochester War Memorial ( 1955–1957 ) - Cincinnati Gardens ( 1957–1972 ) - Omaha Civic Auditorium ( 1972–1978 ) - Kansas City Municipal Auditorium ( 1972–1974 ) & ( 1979-1980 ) - Kemper Arena ( 1974–1985 ) - ARCO Arena I ( 1985–1988 ) - Sleep Train Arena ( formerly ARCO Arena II/Power Balance Pavilion ) ( 1988–2016 ) - Golden 1 Center ( 2016–present ) Rivalries . Prior to moving to Ohio , the Royals biggest rival was the Syracuse Nationals , which went on to become the Philadelphia 76ers . This left upstate New York without a team until the Buffalo Braves were established in 1970 . This third attempt did not last , with the Braves moving to San Diego , California in 1978 to become the San Diego Clippers . In 1970 , the Cleveland Cavaliers were established . This brought a new rival for the Royals , as well as a new team in Ohio . This rivalry did not last , and the Royals moved to Kansas City only a few years later . Although the NBA previously had a team in St . Louis , Missouri in the form of the St . Louis Hawks , that team moved to Atlanta in 1968 , thus preventing a potential new rivalry for the Kings . This made the Kings the first team in the state in four years . 13 years later , the Kings moved to California , leaving Missouri without a team . Players . Retained draft rights . The Kings hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA . A drafted player , either an international draftee or a college draftee who is not signed by the team that drafted him , is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams . In this case , the team retains the players draft rights in the NBA until one year after the players contract with the non-NBA team ends . This list includes draft rights that were acquired from trades with other teams . Retired numbers . All of the Kings retired numbers are hanging in the rafters of the Golden 1 Center . Naismith Basketball Hall of Famers . Notes : - In total , Robertson was inducted into the Hall of Fame twice – as player and as a member of the 1960 Olympic team . - In total , Lucas was inducted into the Hall of Fame twice – as player and as a member of the 1960 Olympic team . - Inducted as contributor for being the first African American to manage a team in the NBA . He also played for the team in 1958–1966 . - Also played for the team ( 1975 ) . - In total , Russell was inducted into the Hall of Fame twice – as a player and as coach .
|
[
"Rochester War Memorial"
] |
[
{
"text": "The Sacramento Kings are an American professional basketball team based in Sacramento , California . The Kings compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the Western Conference Pacific Division . The Kings are the only team in the major professional North American sports leagues located in Sacramento . The team plays its home games at the Golden 1 Center . Their best seasons to date in the city were in the early 2000s , including the 2001–02 season when they had the best record in the NBA at 61–21 ( a winning percentage of",
"title": "Sacramento Kings"
},
{
"text": ") .",
"title": "Sacramento Kings"
},
{
"text": "The franchise began with the Rochester Seagrams ( a semi-professional team ) from Rochester , New York , that formed in 1923 and hosted a number of teams there over the next 20 years . They joined the National Basketball League in 1945 as the renamed Rochester Royals , winning that leagues championship in their first season , 1945–46 . They later jumped with three other NBL teams to the Basketball Association of America , forerunner of the NBA , in 1948 . As the Royals , the team was often successful on the court , winning the NBA championship",
"title": "Sacramento Kings"
},
{
"text": "in 1951 . The team , however , found it increasingly difficult to turn a profit in the comparatively small market of Rochester and relocated to Cincinnati in , becoming the Cincinnati Royals .",
"title": "Sacramento Kings"
},
{
"text": " In 1972 , the team relocated again , this time to Kansas City , Missouri , and renamed the Kansas City–Omaha Kings because it initially split its home games between Kansas City and Omaha , Nebraska ; the nickname was changed to avoid confusion with the baseball Royals . After three seasons , the team truncated to Kansas City Kings , but continued to play several home games per season in Omaha , through March 1978 .",
"title": "Sacramento Kings"
},
{
"text": "The franchise again failed to find success in its market and moved after the 1984–85 season to Sacramento , where they presently reside .",
"title": "Sacramento Kings"
},
{
"text": "The basis of the purely-professional Royals team that came into existence in 1945 , after two decades of sponsored semi-professional team . Seagram was the teams main sponsor and received the bulk of what monies were made . One of the teams early stars was Lester Harrison , a local high school star of some publicity before joining the team . The driven Harrison later became the teams captain , coach , manager and chief scout over the next two decades , and was very key in the teams continued success and existence through hard years in the 1930s .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Among visitors to Rochester then to play the team were the Original Celtics , the New York Rens and the Harlem Globetrotters .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " With news that World War II was approaching its end , the National Basketball League ( NBL ) announced that it was expanding , and Harrison was approached for interest in a franchise . While the sponsored Seagrams balked at additional expenses involved , Harrison and his lawyer brother Jack jumped at the chance . They pooled money to meet the steep entry fee of $25,000 dollars , and were granted an NBL franchise . Their team pushed out the Seagrams locally at their facility , smallish Edgerton Park Arena .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "With his new team , Harrison took advantage of conditions and rules in 1945 . The best players were the returning Navy and Army players now being released from the war . There was no draft for the league in the selection of new players . So , Harrison was able to scoop up several name stars for his new team , among them Bob Davies , Red Holzman and William Fuzzy Levane , as well as NBL free agents like George Glamack and Al Cervi . The result was a strong league champion in their first season of existence",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "as the Royals during the 1945–46 season .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The team had two more seasons of success during their NBL years , which permitted the team to play non-league opponents . During all three years , 1945–1948 , the team played over 300 total games , hosting most of them .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Royals defected to the NBLs rival , the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) , in 1948 . In 1949 , as a result of that years absorption of the NBL by the BAA , the Royals became members of the newly formed NBA along with the Fort Wayne Pistons , Minneapolis Lakers , and Indianapolis ( Kautskys ) Jets . A year later , the BAA absorbed the remaining NBL teams to become the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The move to the BAA took away Rochesters profitable exhibition schedule , and placed it in the same Western Division as the Minneapolis Lakers . Of the two best teams in professional basketball , only one of them could play in the league finals from 1949 to 1954 . Minneapolis , with George Mikan , was almost always better during playoffs than the Royals . With their smallish arena and now-limited schedule , the Royals became less profitable even as Harrison maintained a remarkably high standard for the team , which finished no lower than second in its division in",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "both the NBL and BAA/NBA from 1945 to 1954 . Harrison knew that the NBA was outgrowing Rochester , and spent most of the 1950s looking for a buyer for his team .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Royals won the NBA title in 1951 by defeating the New York Knicks 4–3 . It is the only NBA championship in the franchises history . The title , however , did not translate into profit for the Royals . The roster turned over in 1955 , except for star guard Bobby Wanzer , who soon became the teams new coach . The team moved to the larger Rochester War Memorial in 1955 in an attempt to improve fortunes with a much larger arena . The NBA even agreed to host their All-Star Game there in 1956 . But",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "the Royals were now a losing team filled with rookies , and did not turn a profit . Meanwhile , the NBA was putting pressure on Harrison to sell or relocate his team to a larger city . With this in mind , the 1956–57 season was the Royals last in Rochester .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The Royals stay in Rochester featured the services of nine future members of the Basketball Hall of Fame : Al Cervi , Bob Davies , Alex Hannum , Lester Harrison , Red Holzman , Arnie Risen , Maurice Stokes , Jack Twyman , Bobby Wanzer , while others proved prominent in other fields , such as Pro Football Hall of Fame member Otto Graham , Hollywood Walk of Famer Chuck Connors , and Jack McMahon . 1957–1972 : Cincinnati Royals .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In April 1957 , the Harrison brothers moved the Royals to Cincinnati , a city that was then trying to obtain an NBA expansion franchise . This move followed a well-received regular-season game played at Cincinnati Gardens on February 1 , 1957 . The change of venue had been said to have been partly suggested by Jack Twyman and Dave Piontek , who were two of several roster players on the new Royals from that area . Cincinnati , which had a strong college basketball fanbase then , and no NFL franchise to compete with ( until the Bengals joined",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "in 1970 after two seasons in the AFL ) , was deemed the best choice for the Harrisons , who also considered other cities . The Royals name continued to fit in Cincinnati , often known as the Queen City .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " During the teams first NBA draft in Cincinnati , the team acquired Clyde Lovellette and guard George King . They teamed with the 1–2 punch of Maurice Stokes and Twyman to produce a budding contender in the teams very first season in the Queen City . But injuries and the loss of star guard Si Green , the #1 overall pick of the 1956 NBA draft , to military service dropped the team into a tie for second place in the NBA Western Division during the 1957–58 seasons second half .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In the seasons finale , All-Pro star Maurice Stokes struck his head when he fell after pursuing a rebound . He shook off the effects of the fall , even as he had briefly been unconscious . After Game One in the playoffs three days later , Stokes head injury was greatly aggravated by airplane cabin pressure during the flight back to Cincinnati for Game Two . He suffered a seizure and was permanently hospitalized , a tragedy that greatly shook the team . Stokes , a tremendous talent who could play center , forward and guard , was 2nd",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "in the NBA in rebounds and 3rd in assists , a double-feat only Wilt Chamberlain has matched for a full season . The impact of losing Stokes was such that the team nearly folded . Six of the teams shaken players simply retired on the spot .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " Fellow All-Star Twyman rose to All-Pro level over the next two seasons for Cincinnati , even as the team posted two 19-win seasons . The 1958–59 Cincinnati team featured five rookies , with Lovellette , King and other key players having left the team in the wake of Stokes tragic injury . The Harrisons , wanting out at this point , sold to a makeshift local group , headed by Thomas Woods , Cincinnati Gardens management , and a number of local businessmen .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Jack Twyman came to the aid of his teammate , and even legally adopted Stokes . Raising funds for Stokes medical treatment , Twyman helped him until his death in April 1970 . The 1973 feature film Maurie , which co-starred actors Bernie Casey and Bo Svenson , dramatized their story .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " Shooting often for the beleaguered team , Twyman was the second NBA player to ever average 30 points per game for an NBA season . Twyman and Stokes were later named Hall of Famers . 1960–1970 : The Oscar Robertson era .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In 1960 , the team was able to land local superstar Oscar Robertson . Robertson led a team that included Twyman , Wayne Embry , Bob Boozer , Bucky Bockhorn , Tom Hawkins and Adrian Smith over the next three seasons . The Royals reversed their fortunes with Robertson and rose to title contender . An ownership dispute in early 1963 scuttled the teams playoff chances when new owner Louis Jacobs booked a circus for Cincinnati Gardens for the week of the playoff series versus the champion Boston Celtics . The Royals home games were at Xavier Universitys Schmidt Field",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "House .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In late 1963 , another local superstar , Jerry Lucas , joined the team . The Royals rose to the second-best record in the NBA . From 1963 to 1966 , the Royals contended strongly against Boston and the Philadelphia 76ers , but won no titles . In the 1964 NBA draft the Royals drafted rookies George Wilson , Bill Chmielewski , Steve Courtin ( later traded to 76ers ) , and Happy Hairston . The teams star players throughout the 1960s were Oscar Robertson and Jerry Lucas . Robertson met with individual success , averaging a triple-double in 1961–62",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "and winning the Most Valuable Player award in 1964 . Robertson was a league-leading scorer and passer each season . Lucas was Rookie Of the Year in 1964 , led the league in shooting , and later averaged 20 rebounds per game over four seasons . Both were All-NBA First Team selections multiple times .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The team failed to keep some promising players , though , and played in the tough NBA East division , dominated by the Boston Celtics , even as a Baltimore team played in the West Division for three years , denying the team likely visits to the NBA Finals .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In 1966 , the team was sold to Max and Jeremy Jacobs . That same season , the Royals began playing some of their home games in neutral sites such as Cleveland ( until the Cavaliers began play in 1970 ) , Dayton and Columbus . This did wound their local fan base in Cincinnati , though , and fortunes for the team continued to steadily decline . That year , they would host the 1966 NBA All-Star Game , with Smith scoring 24 points to be named All-Star MVP . As of 2021 , it is the last time",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "that the franchise has hosted an All-Star Game .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " New coach Bob Cousy traded Lucas in 1969 . Robertson was traded to Milwaukee in 1970 , where he immediately won an NBA title . The declining franchise left Cincinnati shortly thereafter , moving to Kansas City in 1972 . 1972–1985 : Kansas City–Omaha/Kansas City Kings . After moving to Kansas City , the Royals renamed themselves the Kings to avoid confusion with the Royals baseball team . Now dubbed the Kansas City-Omaha Kings , the team split its home games between the 7,316-seat Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City and the 9,300-seat Omaha Civic Auditorium .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Cincinnati Royals had been looking at Omaha as a market as early as 1968 , playing twelve home games in the Nebraska city from 1968 to 1971 . From 1972 to 1975 , the KC–Omaha Kings played a total of 42 regular season contests ( but no playoff games ) in Omaha . In 1975 , the club became simply the Kansas City Kings ( moving into the new 16,785-seat Kemper Arena the previous season ) , but did not abandon Omaha completely , playing several games there through the 1977–78 season . For the next two seasons ,",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "they played several home games at St . Louis .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " 1972–1976 . The team netted a new superstar in point guard Nate Archibald , who led the league in scoring and assists in the 1972–73 season .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "While still in Cincinnati , the team introduced a most unusual uniform design , which placed the players surname below his number . The design remained intact through the first several seasons of the teams run in Sacramento , even when the shade of blue on the road uniforms was changed from royal blue to powder blue , and the script Kansas City which adorned the road jerseys was scrubbed after the move in favor of a repeat of the Kings script on the home shirts . The Kings back jersey template was later adopted by the WNBA and the",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "NBA Development League , as well the NBA during the All-Star Game since 2006 .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Kings had some decent players throughout . Tom Van Arsdale , the shooting forward , Jumpin Johnny Green , and Matt Guokas helped Archibald in the first year in Kansas City . Toby Kimball was a fan favorite . Jimmy Walker teamed with Archibald as the Kings made the playoffs the second year . Sam Lacey , an effective passing center , became one of the most dependable players in the league . Archibald became the first player to lead the league in scoring and assists in the first season in Kansas City . However , the management traded",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Archibald , and wasted high draft picks . Bob Cousy gave way to Phil Johnson , who was fired midyear in 1977 and replaced by Larry Staverman , a player on the team on two separate occasions when it was in Cincinnati and who later became the vice president of operations for the Cleveland Stadium Corporation in June 1981 .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Kings finally achieved some success in their new home when they hired Cotton Fitzsimmons as coach . Fitzsimmons won the Midwest Division in 1978–79 with rookie point guard Phil Ford , who was NBA Rookie of the Year in 1979 . Kansas City was led by shooting guard Otis Birdsong , strong on both offense and defense , all-around shooting forward Scott Wedman , and passing center Sam Lacey , who had a trademark bank shot . They drew an average of 10,789 fans to Kemper Arena that season , the only time during their tenure in KC that",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "average attendance was in five figures ( the attendance at the peak was only two-thirds of Kempers capacity ) . The Kings later played several home games in St . Louis during the early 1980s to large crowds . Most Kansas City sports fans preferred to spend their entertainment dollar on the Royals , who won the American League West division championship four times in five seasons between 1976 and 1980 , and reached the 1980 World Series .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Kings made the playoffs in 1979–80 and again in 1980–81 , despite finishing the 1980–81 regular season at . The Kings made a run in the 1981 NBA Playoffs , reaching the Western Conference finals ; these were the franchises first playoff victories since 1964 , and their only ones ever in Kansas City . Ernie Grunfeld played the point in this run in place of an injured Ford , as KC used a slow half-court game to win the first two rounds . Power forward Reggie King had a remarkable series , dominating the opposition . After upsetting",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "the Phoenix Suns by winning Game 7 at Phoenix in the Conference Semifinals and becoming the second NBA road team to do so after leading a series 3–1 , they bowed out to the Houston Rockets ( also 40–42 in the regular season ) in five games in the Conference Finals . Lacey , the last remaining Cincinnati Royal to play for the Kings , could not keep up with Rockets superstar center Moses Malone . ( The Kings did not win another playoff series for two decades. )",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "However , a series of bad luck incidents prevented the team from building on its success . Cleveland Cavaliers owner Ted Stepien lured Wedman and Birdsong away with big contract offers . In 1979 , the roof literally fell in at Kemper Arena because of a severe storm , forcing the team to play most of the 1979–80 season at the much smaller Municipal Auditorium . The ownership group sold the team to Sacramento interests for $11 million . The general manager was fired in a scandal in which he was found to be reusing marked postage stamps . When",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "the Kings rehired Joe Axelson as general manager , they brought back the man who had previously traded Oscar Robertson , Norm Van Lier , Nate Archibald and Jerry Lucas , and used the third pick in the ABA dispersal draft on Ron Boone . Axelson stayed on after the Kings left Kansas City where , in their last game ever , fans wore Joe Axelson masks . Axelson later said he hoped his plane would never touch down in Kansas City .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Axelson became the first general manager in the history of sports to fail with the same franchise in four cities : Cincinnati , Kansas City , Omaha and Sacramento . He was not fired for good until he rehired coach Phil Johnson , whom he had fired in mid-season in Kansas City ten years before . The Kings also had the misfortune of entering this period competing with the Kansas City Comets for the winter sports dollar , when the Comets were led by marketers—the Leiweke brothers . Their final season in 1984–85 resulted in a record , as fans",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "stayed away from Kemper Arena in droves , with average attendance of 6,410 . Long-time ABA and NBA star , Don Buse , played his final professional season for the Kings .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Ownership began looking for a new home for the team . Poor attendance and lack of sponsorship dollars ( the team was third in sports market share by a significant margin behind the NFLs Chiefs and MLBs Royals ) were the main reasons . Also , Kansas City had a much stronger following for the Kansas Jayhawks college basketball team than they did the NBAs Kings . Seeing the success the NBA was having in fast-growing cities with no NFL or MLB teams like Portland , Oregon , Salt Lake City , Utah , and San Antonio , Texas ,",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "it was decided the team would move to Sacramento , California , a fast-growing city with no competition from the NFL or MLB . The NBA unanimously approved the move , with the caveat that Sacramento had to have an NBA-ready arena finished within three years or the team was free to move again with no penalty .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Kings moved to their current home of Sacramento , California in the 1985–86 NBA season , with their first Sacramento season ending in the first round of the Western Conference 1986 NBA Playoffs . The starting lineup was Reggie Theus , LaSalle Thompson , Mark Olberding , Terry Tyler , and Mike Woodson , with Larry Drew , Eddie Johnson , Otis Thorpe , and Joe Kleine coming off the bench . However , despite fan loyalty the Kings saw little success in subsequent seasons , and the team did not make the playoffs again until the 1996 NBA",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Playoffs in the 1995–96 NBA season . Some of their failure was attributable to misfortunes such as the career-altering car crash suffered by promising point guard Bobby Hurley in 1993 , and the suicide of Ricky Berry during the 1989 off-season ; some was attributed to poor management such as the long tenure of head coach Garry St . Jean and the selection of Never Nervous Pervis Ellison with the first overall pick in the 1989 NBA draft . Former Kings television broadcaster Jerry Reynolds ( 1987 , 1988–90 ) and NBA legend Bill Russell ( 1987–88 ) were the",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "earliest head coaches .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Ricky Berry was selected by the Kings in the first round , 18th pick overall in the 1988 NBA draft . He had a dazzling rookie year in the 1988–89 season shooting 40.6% from three-point range . The Kings also drafted Vinny Del Negro ( selected by the Kings in the second round , 29th overall pick in the 1988 NBA draft ) and acquired Rodney McCray from the Houston Rockets . In his first year with the Kings , McCray made 1988 NBA All-Defensive First Team . It was the first season the Kings would play without Reggie Theus",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "and LaSalle Thompson ( both part in the original team from Kansas City ) or Joe Kleine ( selected by the Kings as first round , sixth pick overall in the 1985 NBA draft ) . Thompson was drafted by the Kings in the first round , fifth overall pick in the 1982 NBA draft . It was also the last year that Michael Jackson ( selected by the New York Knicks in the second round , 47th pick overall in the 1986 NBA draft but who played his entire career with the Kings ) and Ed Pinckney ( selected",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "10th overall by the Phoenix Suns in the 1985 NBA draft and played for the Kings from 1987 to 1989 ) played for the Kings . On February 23 , 1989 , Brad Lohaus and Danny Ainge were traded to the Kings from the Boston Celtics for Joe Kleine and Ed Pinckney . In June of the 1989 off-season , Lohaus was then acquired by the Minnesota Timberwolves in the 1989 NBA Expansion Draft . In August of the 1989 off-season , Berry was found dead from a self-inflicted gunshot wound at his home in Fair Oaks , California just",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "weeks before his 25th birthday following an argument with his wife .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Following the loss of Ricky Berry , 1989–90 season featured Pervis Ellison , who was first overall pick in the 1989 NBA draft by the Kings , and acquisition Wayman Tisdale ( from the Indiana Pacers , second pick overall in the 1985 NBA draft ) . An injury kept Ellison on the sidelines for 48 of 82 games of his rookie year , after which he was traded to the Washington Bullets . Tisdale would go on to play for the Kings for five years . It was the last season that Danny Ainge , Kenny Smith ( who",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "had an impressive showing in the 1990 NBA Slam Dunk Contest ) , Rodney McCray , Harold Pressley ( selected by the Kings in the first round , 17th overall pick in the 1986 NBA draft ) , Vinny Del Negro , Greg Kite , and Ralph Sampson played for the Kings . In 1990 , Ainge was traded to the Portland Trail Blazers , Kenny Smith was traded to the Atlanta Hawks , and Rodney McCray was traded to the Dallas Mavericks .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Lionel Simmons – or L-Train – was drafted by the Kings in the 1990 NBA draft in the first round , 7th pick overall . In his first season , he made the NBA All-Rookie First Team . He would go on to play his entire career ( 1990–1997 ) with the Kings and had 5,833 career points . Antoine Carr ( acquired from the Atlanta Hawks ) played for the Kings in the 1990–91 NBA season and then was traded to the San Antonio Spurs . Free-agent Leon Wood , who would later become an NBA official , played",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "for the Kings but was let go on Christmas Eve of 1990 . Also notable that Bill Wennington was acquired from the Dallas Mavericks and played for the Kings for the 1990–91 season and after a successful career with the Chicago Bulls returned to the Kings for his final season in 1999–2000 .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The early 1990s were difficult for the Kings . Sacramento was known for having strong fan support , and while they won over 60% of their home games , the team struggled on the road , going 1–40 on the road in a single season . But prayers were answered when they acquired Mitch Richmond , who previously played for the Golden State Warriors . The former NBA Rookie of the Year was selected as an All-Star six times while making the All-NBA Second Team three times . Garry St . Jean was chosen as new coach in 1992 and",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "coached the team all the way through 1997 , where he was replaced by Eddie Jordan .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "During the 1990s , Sacramento had other stars like Spud Webb , Kurt Rambis , Wayman Tisdale , Walt Williams , Olden Polynice and Brian Grant , but they only lasted with the team for a few years . After the 1992–93 season , Rambis was traded to the Los Angeles Lakers . After the 1993–94 season , Tisdale was traded to the Phoenix Suns . After the 1994–95 season , Webb was traded to the Atlanta Hawks for Tyrone Corbin . Midway through the 1995–96 season , Williams was traded to the Miami Heat for Billy Owens ( who",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "was drafted by the Kings in 1991 , and traded to Golden State for Richmond ) . After the 1996–97 season , Grant became a free agent and signed with the Portland Trail Blazers .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "One accomplishment the team achieved under St . Jean during their tenures was a playoff appearance in 1996 . The series was lost 3–1 to the Seattle SuperSonics who , led by Gary Payton and Shawn Kemp , finished as that years conference champions . They did not make a playoff appearance again while Richmond was still on the Kings . He was soon traded along with Otis Thorpe to the Washington Wizards for Chris Webber in May 1998 . Although Richmond was lost , this trade proved to be one of the keys to finally achieving playoff success after",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "so many seasons of mediocrity .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " 1998–2004 : The Greatest Show on Court era . The Kings drafted Jason Williams in the 1998 NBA draft , signed Vlade Divac , and traded for Chris Webber prior to the lockout-shortened season of 1998–99 . These acquisitions coincided with the arrival of Peja Stojaković from Serbia , who had been drafted in 1996 . Each of these moves was attributed to general manager Geoff Petrie , who has won the NBA Executive of the Year Award twice .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Led by new head coach Rick Adelman , and aided by former Princeton head coach Pete Carril , the Kings Princeton offense impressed others for its quick style and strong ball movement . Some criticized the Kings for their poor team defense , Williamss flash over substance style with its many turnovers , and Webbers failure to step up in important match-ups . Still , they quickly garnered many fans outside of California , many of whom were drawn to the spectacular pairing of Williams and Webber . In 1998–99 , they went 27–23 , their first winning season in",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "nearly twenty years and their first since moving to Sacramento . The new arrivals Webber , Williams , and Divac all played key roles in this resurgence ; Divac ranked near the top of the team in most statistics , Webber led the league in rebounds and was named to the All-NBA Second Team , and Williams was named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team . In the playoffs , they were matched up against the defending Western Conference Champions , the Utah Jazz . After winning Game 1 by 20 points , the Jazz surrendered two consecutive playoff games",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "to the Kings . They would turn the series around , however , and win the last two to keep the Kings from advancing in the playoffs .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " In 1999–2000 , the Kings only notable transaction was trading shooting guard Tariq Abdul-Wahad to the Orlando Magic in exchange for shooting guard Nick Anderson . They finished eighth in the Western Conference with a 44–38 record and were matched up with the Los Angeles Lakers in the first round of the playoffs . Once again , however , the Kings failed to advance , losing the series 2–3 against the Lakers .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The following season , the Kings traded starting small forward Corliss Williamson to the Toronto Raptors for shooting guard Doug Christie , a move made to improve the subpar defense . They also drafted Turkish power forward Hedo Türkoğlu , further improving their bench rotation . Stojakovic moved into the starting small forward role , where he and Webber proved to complement each other extremely well , and as the Kings continued to improve , their popularity steadily rose , culminating in a February 2001 Sports Illustrated cover story entitled The Greatest Show on Court with Williams , Christie ,",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Stojakovic , Webber , and Divac gracing the cover . That year , they went 55–27 , their best in 40 years . In the playoffs , they won their first series in 20 years , defeating the Phoenix Suns three games to one , before being swept in the second round by the Lakers , who eventually won the NBA Championship .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In July 2001 , Jason Williams was traded , along with Nick Anderson , to the Vancouver Grizzlies for Mike Bibby and Brent Price . Despite Williamss often spectacular play , the Kings had grown tired of his recklessness and turnovers ; Bibby would provide much more stability and control at the point guard position . This move was complemented by the re-signing of Webber to a maximum-salary contract , securing their superstar long term . With Bibby taking over for Williams , they had their best season to date in 2001–02 . Though not as exciting or flashy as",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "they had been in previous years with Williams , the team became much more effective and disciplined with Bibby at the helm . They finished with a league-best record of 61–21 , winning 36 of 41 at home . After easily winning their first two playoff matchups against the Stockton and Malone-led Jazz and the Dirk Nowitzki-led Dallas Mavericks , respectively , the Kings went on to play the archrival and two-time defending champion Los Angeles Lakers in the Western Conference Finals , regarded as one of the greatest playoff matchups in history . In a controversial series , the",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Kings lost in seven games , one game away from what would have been the first NBA Finals and professional sports championship in Sacramento history . This was a crushing blow to the Kings ; after losing to their archrivals in a highly controversial series , the team would begin to decline and age in the years that followed . Many commentators and journalists would question the decisions made by the referees during Game 6 , specifically that the Lakers were awarded a staggering 27 free throws in the fourth quarter , many of which came from what were in",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "retrospect proved to be no-calls . Following Game 6 even print newspapers began to question the legitimacy of the game . Most notably , the New York Post ran a front cover with a headline entitled Foul Play ; it also published a related article suggesting that the game was rigged . NBA analyst David Aldridge ( then working for ESPN ) spoke on the game :",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The 2002 Western Conference finals left many fans wondering whether the Kings could have gone on to win a title , and debate would continue for many years after the events of the series . Later , due to allegations raised by former NBA referee Tim Donaghy , the NBA set up a review of the leagues officiating . Lawrence Pedowitz , who led the review , concluded that while Game 6 featured poor officiating , there was no concrete evidence that the game had been fixed .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Kings went 59–23 and won the division during the following season , seeking to avenge their playoff loss to the Lakers . After defeating the Stockton- and Malone-led Jazz in the first round and winning Game 1 against the Dirk Nowitzki-led Dallas Mavericks in the second round , the Kings appeared to be on the brink of another Western Conference Finals berth . However , Chris Webber sustained a major knee injury in Game 2 , and the Kings lost in a seven-game series . Webbers knee required major surgery . He returned mid-season in 2003–04 a season in",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "which the Kings were seeking another chance to avenge their playoff loss to the Lakers , but without his quickness and athleticism , which had been the focal point of his style of play , it was not the same . Despite that , the Kings still managed to defeat the Dirk Nowitzki-led Dallas Mavericks in the first round and after winning Game 1 against the Kevin Garnett-led Minnesota Timberwolves in the second round , the Kings appeared to be on the brink of their second Western Conference Finals berth in three years , but the Kings ended the season",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "with a defeat to the Timberwolves in a seven-game series .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The 2004–05 season marked change for the Kings , who lost three starters from the famed 2002 team . In the off-season of 2004 , Divac signed with the Lakers , which prompted the Kings to sign Brad Miller to start at center . Early in the season , Christie was traded to the Orlando Magic for Cuttino Mobley , and in February , Webber was traded to the Philadelphia 76ers for three forwards ( Corliss Williamson , Kenny Thomas , and Brian Skinner ) . Thomas and Skinner failed in their attempt to replicate Webbers impact , and as",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "a result the teams record suffered . The Kings lost in the first round of the playoffs to the Seattle SuperSonics . The 2005 off-season continued with changes , when they traded fan-favorite Bobby Jackson for Bonzi Wells and acquired free agent Shareef Abdur-Rahim .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The 2005–06 season started poorly since the Kings had a hard time establishing team chemistry . Newcomers Wells and Abdur-Rahim made major contributions early , but both were injured and missed a significant number of games . As the Kings season continued , general manager Petrie decided to make a major move . Stojakovic was traded for Ron Artest , a talented yet volatile forward known for his temper . Despite doubts that he would be able to replace the huge production of Stojakovic , Artest and the Kings went 20–9 after the 2006 NBA All-Star break , the second",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "best post-All-Star break record that season . Despite a winning record of 44–38 , it was clear that they were not the same team of years past . The Kings were seeded 8th in the Western Conference playoffs and were matched up in the first round against the San Antonio Spurs . Though the Kings were surprisingly competitive , the Spurs eliminated them 4–2 . This was the end of their era of competitiveness and to date , their last winning season and their last playoff season . The 2006 off-season began with the disturbing news that head coach Rick",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Adelmans contract would not be renewed . The Kings named Eric Musselman as his replacement .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In 2006–07 , the disappointing play of the Kings was coupled with the distraction of legal troubles . Coach Eric Musselman pleaded no contest to DUI charges early in the season , while Artest got into trouble for neglect of his dogs , and was later accused of domestic assault . The Kings relieved Artest of basketball duties , pending investigation , then later reinstated him . They finished the season 33–49 ( their worst in 9 years ) which landed them in fifth place in the Pacific Division . They posted a losing record ( 20–21 ) at home",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "for the first time since 1993–94 . Their season included a seven-game losing streak that lasted from January 4 to 19 . The Kings missed the 2007 NBA Playoffs , the first time in eight seasons . Musselman was fired in April . The Kings future appeared to rest on the shoulders of Kevin Martin , who was a lead candidate for 2007 NBA Most-Improved Player of the Year .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The 2007 off-season was a time of change . Head coach Musselman was replaced by former Kings player , Reggie Theus . The Kings selected Spencer Hawes with the 10th overall pick in the 2007 NBA draft . In addition , they acquired Mikki Moore from the New Jersey Nets . Martin signed a contract worth $55 million , extending his period with the team for five more years . The Kings lost key players over the off-season , with backup Ronnie Price leaving for the Utah Jazz , and Corliss Williamson retiring .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "They claimed fourth-year Beno Udrih off waivers from Minnesota . Udrih quickly assumed the starting position for an injured Bibby . It was announced in February that the Kings had traded Bibby to the Atlanta Hawks for Tyronn Lue , Anthony Johnson , Shelden Williams , Lorenzen Wright and a 2nd round draft pick . The move was presumably made to clear cap space . Bibby had been the last player from the Kings team that reached the Western Conference Finals in 2002 .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The Kings improved by five games and finished the 2007–08 season 38–44 , and missed the playoffs by a bigger margin ( 12 games ) than the previous season ( 8 games ) . They went 26–15 at home and 12–29 on the road . After selling out every home game since 1999 , the 2007–08 season sold out only three games at ARCO Arena with attendance averaging 13,500 fans per home game , almost 4,000 below capacity .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Following a quiet 2008 off-season , it was confirmed on July 29 , 2008 , that the Kings would trade Artest and the rights to Patrick Ewing Jr . and Sean Singletary to the Houston Rockets in exchange for former King Bobby Jackson , Donté Greene , a future first-round draft pick , and cash considerations for Rashad McCants and center Calvin Booth .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " Reggie Theus was fired in the middle of the 2008–09 season , giving way to Kenny Natt as the interim head coach . The Kings continued to struggle under Natt , ending up with the NBAs worst record for the 2008–09 season at 17–65 . On April 23 , 2009 , Kings Vice President Geoff Petrie announced the firing of Natt and his four assistants , Rex Kalamian , Jason Hamm , Randy Brown and Bubba Burrage . 2009–2012 : Here we Rise period .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Despite having the best odds to win the top overall pick in the 2009 NBA draft , the Kings obtained the 4th overall pick , the lowest they could possibly pick , to the outrage of many fans . Along with new head coach Paul Westphal , they selected Tyreke Evans . With the 23rd pick , they selected Omri Casspi from Israel .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " On April 27 , 2010 , Evans was the first Sacramento-era player to receive the NBA Rookie of the Year Award . Evans also became the 4th player in NBA history , joining Oscar Robertson , Michael Jordan , and LeBron James , to average 20 points , 5 rebounds , and 5 assists per game as a rookie . On June 24 , 2010 , the Kings selected DeMarcus Cousins with the 5th pick of the 2010 NBA draft . They also selected Hassan Whiteside , with the 33rd pick of the 2010 NBA draft .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Despite the excellent play of Cousins and Evans , both of whom were front-runners in Rookie of the Year voting and received All-Rookie First Team honors , the Kings still ranked near the bottom of the NBA , going 25–57 in Evans rookie year , and 24–58 in Cousins rookie year . Much of this was due to the poor fit of the roster around Evans and Cousins , and the uninspired coaching of Westphal .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The 2010–11 season was marked with uncertainty towards the end of the season . Frustrated by the lack of progress towards an arena and dwindling profits from other businesses , the Maloofs sought an immediate relocation of the franchise to Anaheim . The move seemed certain towards the end of the year , with Grant Napear and Jerry Reynolds emotionally signing off at the final home game vs . the Los Angeles Lakers . But after a vote by the NBA Board of Governors , the relocation effort was ended , to the glee of the fans .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In the 2011 NBA draft the Kings traded for the draft rights of Jimmer Fredette in a three-team deal with the Charlotte Bobcats and the Milwaukee Bucks , with the Kings receiving John Salmons sending Beno Udrih . This move was heavily panned by fans and media ; by moving down in the draft and losing longtime starter Udrih for the unproductive Salmons , most found it difficult to find a bright spot in the deal . Westphal would shortly be fired , with Warriors assistant Keith Smart hired as his replacement . Around this time , the team took",
"title": "Franchise history"
}
] |
/wiki/Sacramento_Kings#P115#2
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What was the home venue of Sacramento Kings between Jun 1969 and Jun 1970?
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Sacramento Kings The Sacramento Kings are an American professional basketball team based in Sacramento , California . The Kings compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the Western Conference Pacific Division . The Kings are the only team in the major professional North American sports leagues located in Sacramento . The team plays its home games at the Golden 1 Center . Their best seasons to date in the city were in the early 2000s , including the 2001–02 season when they had the best record in the NBA at 61–21 ( a winning percentage of ) . The franchise began with the Rochester Seagrams ( a semi-professional team ) from Rochester , New York , that formed in 1923 and hosted a number of teams there over the next 20 years . They joined the National Basketball League in 1945 as the renamed Rochester Royals , winning that leagues championship in their first season , 1945–46 . They later jumped with three other NBL teams to the Basketball Association of America , forerunner of the NBA , in 1948 . As the Royals , the team was often successful on the court , winning the NBA championship in 1951 . The team , however , found it increasingly difficult to turn a profit in the comparatively small market of Rochester and relocated to Cincinnati in , becoming the Cincinnati Royals . In 1972 , the team relocated again , this time to Kansas City , Missouri , and renamed the Kansas City–Omaha Kings because it initially split its home games between Kansas City and Omaha , Nebraska ; the nickname was changed to avoid confusion with the baseball Royals . After three seasons , the team truncated to Kansas City Kings , but continued to play several home games per season in Omaha , through March 1978 . The franchise again failed to find success in its market and moved after the 1984–85 season to Sacramento , where they presently reside . Franchise history . 1948–1957 : Rochester Royals . The basis of the purely-professional Royals team that came into existence in 1945 , after two decades of sponsored semi-professional team . Seagram was the teams main sponsor and received the bulk of what monies were made . One of the teams early stars was Lester Harrison , a local high school star of some publicity before joining the team . The driven Harrison later became the teams captain , coach , manager and chief scout over the next two decades , and was very key in the teams continued success and existence through hard years in the 1930s . Among visitors to Rochester then to play the team were the Original Celtics , the New York Rens and the Harlem Globetrotters . With news that World War II was approaching its end , the National Basketball League ( NBL ) announced that it was expanding , and Harrison was approached for interest in a franchise . While the sponsored Seagrams balked at additional expenses involved , Harrison and his lawyer brother Jack jumped at the chance . They pooled money to meet the steep entry fee of $25,000 dollars , and were granted an NBL franchise . Their team pushed out the Seagrams locally at their facility , smallish Edgerton Park Arena . With his new team , Harrison took advantage of conditions and rules in 1945 . The best players were the returning Navy and Army players now being released from the war . There was no draft for the league in the selection of new players . So , Harrison was able to scoop up several name stars for his new team , among them Bob Davies , Red Holzman and William Fuzzy Levane , as well as NBL free agents like George Glamack and Al Cervi . The result was a strong league champion in their first season of existence as the Royals during the 1945–46 season . The team had two more seasons of success during their NBL years , which permitted the team to play non-league opponents . During all three years , 1945–1948 , the team played over 300 total games , hosting most of them . The Royals defected to the NBLs rival , the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) , in 1948 . In 1949 , as a result of that years absorption of the NBL by the BAA , the Royals became members of the newly formed NBA along with the Fort Wayne Pistons , Minneapolis Lakers , and Indianapolis ( Kautskys ) Jets . A year later , the BAA absorbed the remaining NBL teams to become the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The move to the BAA took away Rochesters profitable exhibition schedule , and placed it in the same Western Division as the Minneapolis Lakers . Of the two best teams in professional basketball , only one of them could play in the league finals from 1949 to 1954 . Minneapolis , with George Mikan , was almost always better during playoffs than the Royals . With their smallish arena and now-limited schedule , the Royals became less profitable even as Harrison maintained a remarkably high standard for the team , which finished no lower than second in its division in both the NBL and BAA/NBA from 1945 to 1954 . Harrison knew that the NBA was outgrowing Rochester , and spent most of the 1950s looking for a buyer for his team . The Royals won the NBA title in 1951 by defeating the New York Knicks 4–3 . It is the only NBA championship in the franchises history . The title , however , did not translate into profit for the Royals . The roster turned over in 1955 , except for star guard Bobby Wanzer , who soon became the teams new coach . The team moved to the larger Rochester War Memorial in 1955 in an attempt to improve fortunes with a much larger arena . The NBA even agreed to host their All-Star Game there in 1956 . But the Royals were now a losing team filled with rookies , and did not turn a profit . Meanwhile , the NBA was putting pressure on Harrison to sell or relocate his team to a larger city . With this in mind , the 1956–57 season was the Royals last in Rochester . The Royals stay in Rochester featured the services of nine future members of the Basketball Hall of Fame : Al Cervi , Bob Davies , Alex Hannum , Lester Harrison , Red Holzman , Arnie Risen , Maurice Stokes , Jack Twyman , Bobby Wanzer , while others proved prominent in other fields , such as Pro Football Hall of Fame member Otto Graham , Hollywood Walk of Famer Chuck Connors , and Jack McMahon . 1957–1972 : Cincinnati Royals . In April 1957 , the Harrison brothers moved the Royals to Cincinnati , a city that was then trying to obtain an NBA expansion franchise . This move followed a well-received regular-season game played at Cincinnati Gardens on February 1 , 1957 . The change of venue had been said to have been partly suggested by Jack Twyman and Dave Piontek , who were two of several roster players on the new Royals from that area . Cincinnati , which had a strong college basketball fanbase then , and no NFL franchise to compete with ( until the Bengals joined in 1970 after two seasons in the AFL ) , was deemed the best choice for the Harrisons , who also considered other cities . The Royals name continued to fit in Cincinnati , often known as the Queen City . During the teams first NBA draft in Cincinnati , the team acquired Clyde Lovellette and guard George King . They teamed with the 1–2 punch of Maurice Stokes and Twyman to produce a budding contender in the teams very first season in the Queen City . But injuries and the loss of star guard Si Green , the #1 overall pick of the 1956 NBA draft , to military service dropped the team into a tie for second place in the NBA Western Division during the 1957–58 seasons second half . In the seasons finale , All-Pro star Maurice Stokes struck his head when he fell after pursuing a rebound . He shook off the effects of the fall , even as he had briefly been unconscious . After Game One in the playoffs three days later , Stokes head injury was greatly aggravated by airplane cabin pressure during the flight back to Cincinnati for Game Two . He suffered a seizure and was permanently hospitalized , a tragedy that greatly shook the team . Stokes , a tremendous talent who could play center , forward and guard , was 2nd in the NBA in rebounds and 3rd in assists , a double-feat only Wilt Chamberlain has matched for a full season . The impact of losing Stokes was such that the team nearly folded . Six of the teams shaken players simply retired on the spot . Fellow All-Star Twyman rose to All-Pro level over the next two seasons for Cincinnati , even as the team posted two 19-win seasons . The 1958–59 Cincinnati team featured five rookies , with Lovellette , King and other key players having left the team in the wake of Stokes tragic injury . The Harrisons , wanting out at this point , sold to a makeshift local group , headed by Thomas Woods , Cincinnati Gardens management , and a number of local businessmen . Jack Twyman came to the aid of his teammate , and even legally adopted Stokes . Raising funds for Stokes medical treatment , Twyman helped him until his death in April 1970 . The 1973 feature film Maurie , which co-starred actors Bernie Casey and Bo Svenson , dramatized their story . Shooting often for the beleaguered team , Twyman was the second NBA player to ever average 30 points per game for an NBA season . Twyman and Stokes were later named Hall of Famers . 1960–1970 : The Oscar Robertson era . In 1960 , the team was able to land local superstar Oscar Robertson . Robertson led a team that included Twyman , Wayne Embry , Bob Boozer , Bucky Bockhorn , Tom Hawkins and Adrian Smith over the next three seasons . The Royals reversed their fortunes with Robertson and rose to title contender . An ownership dispute in early 1963 scuttled the teams playoff chances when new owner Louis Jacobs booked a circus for Cincinnati Gardens for the week of the playoff series versus the champion Boston Celtics . The Royals home games were at Xavier Universitys Schmidt Field House . In late 1963 , another local superstar , Jerry Lucas , joined the team . The Royals rose to the second-best record in the NBA . From 1963 to 1966 , the Royals contended strongly against Boston and the Philadelphia 76ers , but won no titles . In the 1964 NBA draft the Royals drafted rookies George Wilson , Bill Chmielewski , Steve Courtin ( later traded to 76ers ) , and Happy Hairston . The teams star players throughout the 1960s were Oscar Robertson and Jerry Lucas . Robertson met with individual success , averaging a triple-double in 1961–62 and winning the Most Valuable Player award in 1964 . Robertson was a league-leading scorer and passer each season . Lucas was Rookie Of the Year in 1964 , led the league in shooting , and later averaged 20 rebounds per game over four seasons . Both were All-NBA First Team selections multiple times . The team failed to keep some promising players , though , and played in the tough NBA East division , dominated by the Boston Celtics , even as a Baltimore team played in the West Division for three years , denying the team likely visits to the NBA Finals . In 1966 , the team was sold to Max and Jeremy Jacobs . That same season , the Royals began playing some of their home games in neutral sites such as Cleveland ( until the Cavaliers began play in 1970 ) , Dayton and Columbus . This did wound their local fan base in Cincinnati , though , and fortunes for the team continued to steadily decline . That year , they would host the 1966 NBA All-Star Game , with Smith scoring 24 points to be named All-Star MVP . As of 2021 , it is the last time that the franchise has hosted an All-Star Game . New coach Bob Cousy traded Lucas in 1969 . Robertson was traded to Milwaukee in 1970 , where he immediately won an NBA title . The declining franchise left Cincinnati shortly thereafter , moving to Kansas City in 1972 . 1972–1985 : Kansas City–Omaha/Kansas City Kings . After moving to Kansas City , the Royals renamed themselves the Kings to avoid confusion with the Royals baseball team . Now dubbed the Kansas City-Omaha Kings , the team split its home games between the 7,316-seat Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City and the 9,300-seat Omaha Civic Auditorium . The Cincinnati Royals had been looking at Omaha as a market as early as 1968 , playing twelve home games in the Nebraska city from 1968 to 1971 . From 1972 to 1975 , the KC–Omaha Kings played a total of 42 regular season contests ( but no playoff games ) in Omaha . In 1975 , the club became simply the Kansas City Kings ( moving into the new 16,785-seat Kemper Arena the previous season ) , but did not abandon Omaha completely , playing several games there through the 1977–78 season . For the next two seasons , they played several home games at St . Louis . 1972–1976 . The team netted a new superstar in point guard Nate Archibald , who led the league in scoring and assists in the 1972–73 season . While still in Cincinnati , the team introduced a most unusual uniform design , which placed the players surname below his number . The design remained intact through the first several seasons of the teams run in Sacramento , even when the shade of blue on the road uniforms was changed from royal blue to powder blue , and the script Kansas City which adorned the road jerseys was scrubbed after the move in favor of a repeat of the Kings script on the home shirts . The Kings back jersey template was later adopted by the WNBA and the NBA Development League , as well the NBA during the All-Star Game since 2006 . The Kings had some decent players throughout . Tom Van Arsdale , the shooting forward , Jumpin Johnny Green , and Matt Guokas helped Archibald in the first year in Kansas City . Toby Kimball was a fan favorite . Jimmy Walker teamed with Archibald as the Kings made the playoffs the second year . Sam Lacey , an effective passing center , became one of the most dependable players in the league . Archibald became the first player to lead the league in scoring and assists in the first season in Kansas City . However , the management traded Archibald , and wasted high draft picks . Bob Cousy gave way to Phil Johnson , who was fired midyear in 1977 and replaced by Larry Staverman , a player on the team on two separate occasions when it was in Cincinnati and who later became the vice president of operations for the Cleveland Stadium Corporation in June 1981 . 1976–1984 . The Kings finally achieved some success in their new home when they hired Cotton Fitzsimmons as coach . Fitzsimmons won the Midwest Division in 1978–79 with rookie point guard Phil Ford , who was NBA Rookie of the Year in 1979 . Kansas City was led by shooting guard Otis Birdsong , strong on both offense and defense , all-around shooting forward Scott Wedman , and passing center Sam Lacey , who had a trademark bank shot . They drew an average of 10,789 fans to Kemper Arena that season , the only time during their tenure in KC that average attendance was in five figures ( the attendance at the peak was only two-thirds of Kempers capacity ) . The Kings later played several home games in St . Louis during the early 1980s to large crowds . Most Kansas City sports fans preferred to spend their entertainment dollar on the Royals , who won the American League West division championship four times in five seasons between 1976 and 1980 , and reached the 1980 World Series . The Kings made the playoffs in 1979–80 and again in 1980–81 , despite finishing the 1980–81 regular season at . The Kings made a run in the 1981 NBA Playoffs , reaching the Western Conference finals ; these were the franchises first playoff victories since 1964 , and their only ones ever in Kansas City . Ernie Grunfeld played the point in this run in place of an injured Ford , as KC used a slow half-court game to win the first two rounds . Power forward Reggie King had a remarkable series , dominating the opposition . After upsetting the Phoenix Suns by winning Game 7 at Phoenix in the Conference Semifinals and becoming the second NBA road team to do so after leading a series 3–1 , they bowed out to the Houston Rockets ( also 40–42 in the regular season ) in five games in the Conference Finals . Lacey , the last remaining Cincinnati Royal to play for the Kings , could not keep up with Rockets superstar center Moses Malone . ( The Kings did not win another playoff series for two decades. ) However , a series of bad luck incidents prevented the team from building on its success . Cleveland Cavaliers owner Ted Stepien lured Wedman and Birdsong away with big contract offers . In 1979 , the roof literally fell in at Kemper Arena because of a severe storm , forcing the team to play most of the 1979–80 season at the much smaller Municipal Auditorium . The ownership group sold the team to Sacramento interests for $11 million . The general manager was fired in a scandal in which he was found to be reusing marked postage stamps . When the Kings rehired Joe Axelson as general manager , they brought back the man who had previously traded Oscar Robertson , Norm Van Lier , Nate Archibald and Jerry Lucas , and used the third pick in the ABA dispersal draft on Ron Boone . Axelson stayed on after the Kings left Kansas City where , in their last game ever , fans wore Joe Axelson masks . Axelson later said he hoped his plane would never touch down in Kansas City . Axelson became the first general manager in the history of sports to fail with the same franchise in four cities : Cincinnati , Kansas City , Omaha and Sacramento . He was not fired for good until he rehired coach Phil Johnson , whom he had fired in mid-season in Kansas City ten years before . The Kings also had the misfortune of entering this period competing with the Kansas City Comets for the winter sports dollar , when the Comets were led by marketers—the Leiweke brothers . Their final season in 1984–85 resulted in a record , as fans stayed away from Kemper Arena in droves , with average attendance of 6,410 . Long-time ABA and NBA star , Don Buse , played his final professional season for the Kings . Ownership began looking for a new home for the team . Poor attendance and lack of sponsorship dollars ( the team was third in sports market share by a significant margin behind the NFLs Chiefs and MLBs Royals ) were the main reasons . Also , Kansas City had a much stronger following for the Kansas Jayhawks college basketball team than they did the NBAs Kings . Seeing the success the NBA was having in fast-growing cities with no NFL or MLB teams like Portland , Oregon , Salt Lake City , Utah , and San Antonio , Texas , it was decided the team would move to Sacramento , California , a fast-growing city with no competition from the NFL or MLB . The NBA unanimously approved the move , with the caveat that Sacramento had to have an NBA-ready arena finished within three years or the team was free to move again with no penalty . 1985–present : Sacramento Kings . The Kings moved to their current home of Sacramento , California in the 1985–86 NBA season , with their first Sacramento season ending in the first round of the Western Conference 1986 NBA Playoffs . The starting lineup was Reggie Theus , LaSalle Thompson , Mark Olberding , Terry Tyler , and Mike Woodson , with Larry Drew , Eddie Johnson , Otis Thorpe , and Joe Kleine coming off the bench . However , despite fan loyalty the Kings saw little success in subsequent seasons , and the team did not make the playoffs again until the 1996 NBA Playoffs in the 1995–96 NBA season . Some of their failure was attributable to misfortunes such as the career-altering car crash suffered by promising point guard Bobby Hurley in 1993 , and the suicide of Ricky Berry during the 1989 off-season ; some was attributed to poor management such as the long tenure of head coach Garry St . Jean and the selection of Never Nervous Pervis Ellison with the first overall pick in the 1989 NBA draft . Former Kings television broadcaster Jerry Reynolds ( 1987 , 1988–90 ) and NBA legend Bill Russell ( 1987–88 ) were the earliest head coaches . 1988–1989 : Ricky Berry . Ricky Berry was selected by the Kings in the first round , 18th pick overall in the 1988 NBA draft . He had a dazzling rookie year in the 1988–89 season shooting 40.6% from three-point range . The Kings also drafted Vinny Del Negro ( selected by the Kings in the second round , 29th overall pick in the 1988 NBA draft ) and acquired Rodney McCray from the Houston Rockets . In his first year with the Kings , McCray made 1988 NBA All-Defensive First Team . It was the first season the Kings would play without Reggie Theus and LaSalle Thompson ( both part in the original team from Kansas City ) or Joe Kleine ( selected by the Kings as first round , sixth pick overall in the 1985 NBA draft ) . Thompson was drafted by the Kings in the first round , fifth overall pick in the 1982 NBA draft . It was also the last year that Michael Jackson ( selected by the New York Knicks in the second round , 47th pick overall in the 1986 NBA draft but who played his entire career with the Kings ) and Ed Pinckney ( selected 10th overall by the Phoenix Suns in the 1985 NBA draft and played for the Kings from 1987 to 1989 ) played for the Kings . On February 23 , 1989 , Brad Lohaus and Danny Ainge were traded to the Kings from the Boston Celtics for Joe Kleine and Ed Pinckney . In June of the 1989 off-season , Lohaus was then acquired by the Minnesota Timberwolves in the 1989 NBA Expansion Draft . In August of the 1989 off-season , Berry was found dead from a self-inflicted gunshot wound at his home in Fair Oaks , California just weeks before his 25th birthday following an argument with his wife . 1989–1990 : Pervis Ellison . Following the loss of Ricky Berry , 1989–90 season featured Pervis Ellison , who was first overall pick in the 1989 NBA draft by the Kings , and acquisition Wayman Tisdale ( from the Indiana Pacers , second pick overall in the 1985 NBA draft ) . An injury kept Ellison on the sidelines for 48 of 82 games of his rookie year , after which he was traded to the Washington Bullets . Tisdale would go on to play for the Kings for five years . It was the last season that Danny Ainge , Kenny Smith ( who had an impressive showing in the 1990 NBA Slam Dunk Contest ) , Rodney McCray , Harold Pressley ( selected by the Kings in the first round , 17th overall pick in the 1986 NBA draft ) , Vinny Del Negro , Greg Kite , and Ralph Sampson played for the Kings . In 1990 , Ainge was traded to the Portland Trail Blazers , Kenny Smith was traded to the Atlanta Hawks , and Rodney McCray was traded to the Dallas Mavericks . 1990–1991 : Lionel Simmons . Lionel Simmons – or L-Train – was drafted by the Kings in the 1990 NBA draft in the first round , 7th pick overall . In his first season , he made the NBA All-Rookie First Team . He would go on to play his entire career ( 1990–1997 ) with the Kings and had 5,833 career points . Antoine Carr ( acquired from the Atlanta Hawks ) played for the Kings in the 1990–91 NBA season and then was traded to the San Antonio Spurs . Free-agent Leon Wood , who would later become an NBA official , played for the Kings but was let go on Christmas Eve of 1990 . Also notable that Bill Wennington was acquired from the Dallas Mavericks and played for the Kings for the 1990–91 season and after a successful career with the Chicago Bulls returned to the Kings for his final season in 1999–2000 . 1991–1998 : The Mitch Richmond era . The early 1990s were difficult for the Kings . Sacramento was known for having strong fan support , and while they won over 60% of their home games , the team struggled on the road , going 1–40 on the road in a single season . But prayers were answered when they acquired Mitch Richmond , who previously played for the Golden State Warriors . The former NBA Rookie of the Year was selected as an All-Star six times while making the All-NBA Second Team three times . Garry St . Jean was chosen as new coach in 1992 and coached the team all the way through 1997 , where he was replaced by Eddie Jordan . During the 1990s , Sacramento had other stars like Spud Webb , Kurt Rambis , Wayman Tisdale , Walt Williams , Olden Polynice and Brian Grant , but they only lasted with the team for a few years . After the 1992–93 season , Rambis was traded to the Los Angeles Lakers . After the 1993–94 season , Tisdale was traded to the Phoenix Suns . After the 1994–95 season , Webb was traded to the Atlanta Hawks for Tyrone Corbin . Midway through the 1995–96 season , Williams was traded to the Miami Heat for Billy Owens ( who was drafted by the Kings in 1991 , and traded to Golden State for Richmond ) . After the 1996–97 season , Grant became a free agent and signed with the Portland Trail Blazers . One accomplishment the team achieved under St . Jean during their tenures was a playoff appearance in 1996 . The series was lost 3–1 to the Seattle SuperSonics who , led by Gary Payton and Shawn Kemp , finished as that years conference champions . They did not make a playoff appearance again while Richmond was still on the Kings . He was soon traded along with Otis Thorpe to the Washington Wizards for Chris Webber in May 1998 . Although Richmond was lost , this trade proved to be one of the keys to finally achieving playoff success after so many seasons of mediocrity . 1998–2004 : The Greatest Show on Court era . The Kings drafted Jason Williams in the 1998 NBA draft , signed Vlade Divac , and traded for Chris Webber prior to the lockout-shortened season of 1998–99 . These acquisitions coincided with the arrival of Peja Stojaković from Serbia , who had been drafted in 1996 . Each of these moves was attributed to general manager Geoff Petrie , who has won the NBA Executive of the Year Award twice . Led by new head coach Rick Adelman , and aided by former Princeton head coach Pete Carril , the Kings Princeton offense impressed others for its quick style and strong ball movement . Some criticized the Kings for their poor team defense , Williamss flash over substance style with its many turnovers , and Webbers failure to step up in important match-ups . Still , they quickly garnered many fans outside of California , many of whom were drawn to the spectacular pairing of Williams and Webber . In 1998–99 , they went 27–23 , their first winning season in nearly twenty years and their first since moving to Sacramento . The new arrivals Webber , Williams , and Divac all played key roles in this resurgence ; Divac ranked near the top of the team in most statistics , Webber led the league in rebounds and was named to the All-NBA Second Team , and Williams was named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team . In the playoffs , they were matched up against the defending Western Conference Champions , the Utah Jazz . After winning Game 1 by 20 points , the Jazz surrendered two consecutive playoff games to the Kings . They would turn the series around , however , and win the last two to keep the Kings from advancing in the playoffs . In 1999–2000 , the Kings only notable transaction was trading shooting guard Tariq Abdul-Wahad to the Orlando Magic in exchange for shooting guard Nick Anderson . They finished eighth in the Western Conference with a 44–38 record and were matched up with the Los Angeles Lakers in the first round of the playoffs . Once again , however , the Kings failed to advance , losing the series 2–3 against the Lakers . The following season , the Kings traded starting small forward Corliss Williamson to the Toronto Raptors for shooting guard Doug Christie , a move made to improve the subpar defense . They also drafted Turkish power forward Hedo Türkoğlu , further improving their bench rotation . Stojakovic moved into the starting small forward role , where he and Webber proved to complement each other extremely well , and as the Kings continued to improve , their popularity steadily rose , culminating in a February 2001 Sports Illustrated cover story entitled The Greatest Show on Court with Williams , Christie , Stojakovic , Webber , and Divac gracing the cover . That year , they went 55–27 , their best in 40 years . In the playoffs , they won their first series in 20 years , defeating the Phoenix Suns three games to one , before being swept in the second round by the Lakers , who eventually won the NBA Championship . In July 2001 , Jason Williams was traded , along with Nick Anderson , to the Vancouver Grizzlies for Mike Bibby and Brent Price . Despite Williamss often spectacular play , the Kings had grown tired of his recklessness and turnovers ; Bibby would provide much more stability and control at the point guard position . This move was complemented by the re-signing of Webber to a maximum-salary contract , securing their superstar long term . With Bibby taking over for Williams , they had their best season to date in 2001–02 . Though not as exciting or flashy as they had been in previous years with Williams , the team became much more effective and disciplined with Bibby at the helm . They finished with a league-best record of 61–21 , winning 36 of 41 at home . After easily winning their first two playoff matchups against the Stockton and Malone-led Jazz and the Dirk Nowitzki-led Dallas Mavericks , respectively , the Kings went on to play the archrival and two-time defending champion Los Angeles Lakers in the Western Conference Finals , regarded as one of the greatest playoff matchups in history . In a controversial series , the Kings lost in seven games , one game away from what would have been the first NBA Finals and professional sports championship in Sacramento history . This was a crushing blow to the Kings ; after losing to their archrivals in a highly controversial series , the team would begin to decline and age in the years that followed . Many commentators and journalists would question the decisions made by the referees during Game 6 , specifically that the Lakers were awarded a staggering 27 free throws in the fourth quarter , many of which came from what were in retrospect proved to be no-calls . Following Game 6 even print newspapers began to question the legitimacy of the game . Most notably , the New York Post ran a front cover with a headline entitled Foul Play ; it also published a related article suggesting that the game was rigged . NBA analyst David Aldridge ( then working for ESPN ) spoke on the game : The 2002 Western Conference finals left many fans wondering whether the Kings could have gone on to win a title , and debate would continue for many years after the events of the series . Later , due to allegations raised by former NBA referee Tim Donaghy , the NBA set up a review of the leagues officiating . Lawrence Pedowitz , who led the review , concluded that while Game 6 featured poor officiating , there was no concrete evidence that the game had been fixed . The Kings went 59–23 and won the division during the following season , seeking to avenge their playoff loss to the Lakers . After defeating the Stockton- and Malone-led Jazz in the first round and winning Game 1 against the Dirk Nowitzki-led Dallas Mavericks in the second round , the Kings appeared to be on the brink of another Western Conference Finals berth . However , Chris Webber sustained a major knee injury in Game 2 , and the Kings lost in a seven-game series . Webbers knee required major surgery . He returned mid-season in 2003–04 a season in which the Kings were seeking another chance to avenge their playoff loss to the Lakers , but without his quickness and athleticism , which had been the focal point of his style of play , it was not the same . Despite that , the Kings still managed to defeat the Dirk Nowitzki-led Dallas Mavericks in the first round and after winning Game 1 against the Kevin Garnett-led Minnesota Timberwolves in the second round , the Kings appeared to be on the brink of their second Western Conference Finals berth in three years , but the Kings ended the season with a defeat to the Timberwolves in a seven-game series . 2004–2006 : Decline . The 2004–05 season marked change for the Kings , who lost three starters from the famed 2002 team . In the off-season of 2004 , Divac signed with the Lakers , which prompted the Kings to sign Brad Miller to start at center . Early in the season , Christie was traded to the Orlando Magic for Cuttino Mobley , and in February , Webber was traded to the Philadelphia 76ers for three forwards ( Corliss Williamson , Kenny Thomas , and Brian Skinner ) . Thomas and Skinner failed in their attempt to replicate Webbers impact , and as a result the teams record suffered . The Kings lost in the first round of the playoffs to the Seattle SuperSonics . The 2005 off-season continued with changes , when they traded fan-favorite Bobby Jackson for Bonzi Wells and acquired free agent Shareef Abdur-Rahim . The 2005–06 season started poorly since the Kings had a hard time establishing team chemistry . Newcomers Wells and Abdur-Rahim made major contributions early , but both were injured and missed a significant number of games . As the Kings season continued , general manager Petrie decided to make a major move . Stojakovic was traded for Ron Artest , a talented yet volatile forward known for his temper . Despite doubts that he would be able to replace the huge production of Stojakovic , Artest and the Kings went 20–9 after the 2006 NBA All-Star break , the second best post-All-Star break record that season . Despite a winning record of 44–38 , it was clear that they were not the same team of years past . The Kings were seeded 8th in the Western Conference playoffs and were matched up in the first round against the San Antonio Spurs . Though the Kings were surprisingly competitive , the Spurs eliminated them 4–2 . This was the end of their era of competitiveness and to date , their last winning season and their last playoff season . The 2006 off-season began with the disturbing news that head coach Rick Adelmans contract would not be renewed . The Kings named Eric Musselman as his replacement . 2006–2009 : Change and transition . In 2006–07 , the disappointing play of the Kings was coupled with the distraction of legal troubles . Coach Eric Musselman pleaded no contest to DUI charges early in the season , while Artest got into trouble for neglect of his dogs , and was later accused of domestic assault . The Kings relieved Artest of basketball duties , pending investigation , then later reinstated him . They finished the season 33–49 ( their worst in 9 years ) which landed them in fifth place in the Pacific Division . They posted a losing record ( 20–21 ) at home for the first time since 1993–94 . Their season included a seven-game losing streak that lasted from January 4 to 19 . The Kings missed the 2007 NBA Playoffs , the first time in eight seasons . Musselman was fired in April . The Kings future appeared to rest on the shoulders of Kevin Martin , who was a lead candidate for 2007 NBA Most-Improved Player of the Year . The 2007 off-season was a time of change . Head coach Musselman was replaced by former Kings player , Reggie Theus . The Kings selected Spencer Hawes with the 10th overall pick in the 2007 NBA draft . In addition , they acquired Mikki Moore from the New Jersey Nets . Martin signed a contract worth $55 million , extending his period with the team for five more years . The Kings lost key players over the off-season , with backup Ronnie Price leaving for the Utah Jazz , and Corliss Williamson retiring . They claimed fourth-year Beno Udrih off waivers from Minnesota . Udrih quickly assumed the starting position for an injured Bibby . It was announced in February that the Kings had traded Bibby to the Atlanta Hawks for Tyronn Lue , Anthony Johnson , Shelden Williams , Lorenzen Wright and a 2nd round draft pick . The move was presumably made to clear cap space . Bibby had been the last player from the Kings team that reached the Western Conference Finals in 2002 . The Kings improved by five games and finished the 2007–08 season 38–44 , and missed the playoffs by a bigger margin ( 12 games ) than the previous season ( 8 games ) . They went 26–15 at home and 12–29 on the road . After selling out every home game since 1999 , the 2007–08 season sold out only three games at ARCO Arena with attendance averaging 13,500 fans per home game , almost 4,000 below capacity . Following a quiet 2008 off-season , it was confirmed on July 29 , 2008 , that the Kings would trade Artest and the rights to Patrick Ewing Jr . and Sean Singletary to the Houston Rockets in exchange for former King Bobby Jackson , Donté Greene , a future first-round draft pick , and cash considerations for Rashad McCants and center Calvin Booth . Reggie Theus was fired in the middle of the 2008–09 season , giving way to Kenny Natt as the interim head coach . The Kings continued to struggle under Natt , ending up with the NBAs worst record for the 2008–09 season at 17–65 . On April 23 , 2009 , Kings Vice President Geoff Petrie announced the firing of Natt and his four assistants , Rex Kalamian , Jason Hamm , Randy Brown and Bubba Burrage . 2009–2012 : Here we Rise period . Despite having the best odds to win the top overall pick in the 2009 NBA draft , the Kings obtained the 4th overall pick , the lowest they could possibly pick , to the outrage of many fans . Along with new head coach Paul Westphal , they selected Tyreke Evans . With the 23rd pick , they selected Omri Casspi from Israel . On April 27 , 2010 , Evans was the first Sacramento-era player to receive the NBA Rookie of the Year Award . Evans also became the 4th player in NBA history , joining Oscar Robertson , Michael Jordan , and LeBron James , to average 20 points , 5 rebounds , and 5 assists per game as a rookie . On June 24 , 2010 , the Kings selected DeMarcus Cousins with the 5th pick of the 2010 NBA draft . They also selected Hassan Whiteside , with the 33rd pick of the 2010 NBA draft . Despite the excellent play of Cousins and Evans , both of whom were front-runners in Rookie of the Year voting and received All-Rookie First Team honors , the Kings still ranked near the bottom of the NBA , going 25–57 in Evans rookie year , and 24–58 in Cousins rookie year . Much of this was due to the poor fit of the roster around Evans and Cousins , and the uninspired coaching of Westphal . The 2010–11 season was marked with uncertainty towards the end of the season . Frustrated by the lack of progress towards an arena and dwindling profits from other businesses , the Maloofs sought an immediate relocation of the franchise to Anaheim . The move seemed certain towards the end of the year , with Grant Napear and Jerry Reynolds emotionally signing off at the final home game vs . the Los Angeles Lakers . But after a vote by the NBA Board of Governors , the relocation effort was ended , to the glee of the fans . In the 2011 NBA draft the Kings traded for the draft rights of Jimmer Fredette in a three-team deal with the Charlotte Bobcats and the Milwaukee Bucks , with the Kings receiving John Salmons sending Beno Udrih . This move was heavily panned by fans and media ; by moving down in the draft and losing longtime starter Udrih for the unproductive Salmons , most found it difficult to find a bright spot in the deal . Westphal would shortly be fired , with Warriors assistant Keith Smart hired as his replacement . Around this time , the team took the slogan Here we rise ! for its marketing campaign . Amidst various relocation rumors and locker room tensions , the Kings had yet another unsuccessful season . One of their few bright spots was rookie Isaiah Thomas . Due to criticisms about his height ( 59 in shoes ) and playmaking ability , Thomas slipped to the 60th and final pick of the draft . Despite this , and the presence of college superstar Fredette , Thomas earned the starting spot , finishing the season with averages of 11 points and 4 assists per game and earned a selection to the NBA All-Rookie team . In the 2012 NBA draft they selected Thomas Robinson out of Kansas . Because of an unproductive rookie season by Robinson , he was traded with Francisco García and Tyler Honeycutt to the Houston Rockets in exchange for Patrick Patterson , Toney Douglas and Cole Aldrich . 2013–2015 : Franchise restructuring . On May 16 , 2013 , the Maloof family reached agreement to sell the Kings to a group led by Silicon Valley tech entrepreneur Vivek Ranadivé for a then-record NBA franchise valuation of $535 million . Ranadivé , 55 , named Raj Bhathal , 71 , founder of Tustin-based Raj Manufacturing , one of the largest swimwear companies in the nation , as one of the investors in a consortium to buy a majority stake in the Kings from the franchises longtime owners , the Maloof family , for a reported $348 million . The group fought off a rival bid that would have moved the team to Seattle after the NBAs Board of Governors rejected investor Chris Hansens bid to relocate the team . The new owners intend to keep the team in Sacramento . On May 28 , the NBA Board of Governors unanimously approved the sale , ending several years of efforts by other cities to take possession and move the Kings out of Sacramento . On May 31 , 2013 , the Kings closed escrow , finalizing the sale to the Ranadivé group at a record valuation of $534 million , beginning a new era for the franchise . Plans were already underway to move forward on an arena , as the Downtown Plaza was reportedly being sold to the Sacramento ownership group . A month later , on July 30 , Turner Construction was selected to be the builder of the arena . Once the sale had closed and ownership was transferred to Ranadivé , the Kings began making changes to the management and staff . Geoff Petrie and Keith Smart were released ; Mike Malone and Pete DAlessandro were brought in to replace them . Corliss Williamson , Brendan Malone , Chris Jent , and Dee Brown were brought in as assistant coaches . On July 10 , NBA executive Chris Granger was hired as team president . On September 23 , 2013 , Shaquille ONeal purchased a minority share of the team , jokingly dubbing the teams new organization the Shaqramento Kings . These hires coincided with several roster moves . In the 2013 NBA draft on June 27 , the Kings selected Kansas shooting guard Ben McLemore , who was widely projected to go top-five , with the seventh overall pick . They also selected point guard and former McDonalds All-American Ray McCallum , Jr . from the University of Detroit with the 36th pick . One week later , on July 5 , the Kings sent former NBA Rookie of the Year Tyreke Evans to the New Orleans Pelicans in a three-team deal involving Robin Lopez , Greivis Vásquez , Jeff Withey , Terrel Harris , and picks . On July 9 , the Kings traded a future second-round draft pick to the Bucks in exchange for defensive small forward Luc Richard Mbah a Moute , and on July 15 , the Kings signed Carl Landry , who had played a stint with the team in its previous ownership , to a 4-year deal worth $28 million . The 2013–14 season was widely anticipated by Kings fans . Playing their first game on October 30 , against the Nuggets , the Kings won 90–88 , despite being without projected starters Landry and Mbah a Moute . They were led by a 30-point , 14 rebound performance from DeMarcus Cousins , and a putback dunk by Jason Thompson with under a minute to play which sealed the victory for the Kings . After the poor play of starting forwards John Salmons and Patrick Patterson through November , the Kings sought a change . On November 26 , newly acquired Luc Richard Mbah a Moute was traded for power forward Derrick Williams . Nearly two weeks later , on December 8 , they acquired Rudy Gay in a blockbuster seven-player deal that sent the struggling Patterson and Salmons to Toronto along with Chuck Hayes and off-season acquisition Greivis Vásquez . Quincy Acy and Aaron Gray were also sent to the Kings . The organization sought to add depth to their lineup during the 2014 off-season to complement the Kings star duo DeMarcus Cousins and Rudy Gay . Sacramento added Darren Collison , Ryan Hollins and Ramon Sessions through free agency signings , as well as drafting Nik Stauskas prior to the start of the 2014–15 season . After an 11–13 start to the 2014–15 season , head coach Michael Malone was fired by the Sacramento Kings organization . Tyrone Corbin filled in for the Kings until Hall of Fame coach George Karl replaced him in February 2015 . On January 30 , 2015 , DeMarcus Cousins was named to replace the injured Kobe Bryant as a Western Conference All-Star in the 2015 NBA All-Star Game . Cousins selection marked the first time a Kings player earned All-Star honors since Brad Miller and Peja Stojaković represented Sacramento in 2004 . 2015–2017 : Divac as general manager , new arena . On March 3 , 2015 , the Kings announced former Sacramento center Vlade Divac as the new vice president of basketball operations . Following the end of Sacramentos 29–53 season for 2014–15 , The Kings made aggressive off-season moves in drafting Willie Cauley-Stein and acquiring Rajon Rondo , Kosta Koufos , Marco Belinelli , and Caron Butler in preparation for the 2015–16 season . To free up cap space , Divac traded Nik Stauskas , Carl Landry , Jason Thompson , a future top 10 protected first-round pick , and the right to swap two future first-round picks to the Philadelphia 76ers for the rights to second-round picks Artūras Gudaitis and Luka Mitrović . While the 76ers gave up nearly nothing to acquire draft assets that would result in the selection of number 1 overall pick Markelle Fultz , the Kings remained one of the worst teams in the NBA . It was regarded by many as one of the most lopsided trades in NBA history . On April 14 , 2016 , after a 33–49 season , the Kings fired head coach George Karl . Karl compiled a record of 44-68 with the Kings . The 2016–17 season brought several changes . The Kings moved into their new arena , the Golden 1 Center . On May 9 , 2016 , the Kings hired former Memphis Grizzlies coach Dave Joerger as head coach . During the 2016 NBA draft , the Kings traded the 8th pick to the Phoenix Suns for the 13th and 28th pick in the draft , as well as the rights to Serbian guard Bogdan Bogdanović . Later in the evening , the Kings traded Marco Belinelli to the Charlotte Hornets in exchange for the 22nd pick in the draft . The Kings selected four players in the 2016 NBA draft – Greek center Georgios Papagiannis with the 13th pick , Syracuse shooting guard Malachi Richardson with the 22nd pick , Kentucky forward Skal Labissiere with the 28th pick , and Oklahoma guard Isaiah Cousins with the 59th pick . In free agency , the Kings signed Anthony Tolliver , Garrett Temple , Arron Afflalo , Matt Barnes , and Ty Lawson . 2017–2020 : Rebuilding post-DeMarcus Cousins . On February 20 , 2017 , the Kings traded DeMarcus Cousins , alongside Omri Casspi to the New Orleans Pelicans for Tyreke Evans , Buddy Hield , Langston Galloway and two future draft picks . The Kings finished the 2016–17 season with a 32–50 record . In the 2017 NBA draft the team selected Kentucky point guard DeAaron Fox with the fifth pick . They also selected North Carolina forward Justin Jackson with the 15th pick , Duke center Harry Giles with the 20th pick,and Kansas point guard Frank Mason III with the 34th pick . With four rookie pickups , Divac wanted to add veteran presences on the roster . On July 10 , 2017 , the team signed three veterans – Vince Carter , Zach Randolph , and George Hill . The team finished the 2017–18 season with a 27–55 record , placing 12th in the Western Conference . Giles sat out the entire season due to a leg injury despite previous reports that he would make his rookie debut in January . Hill was traded to the Cleveland Cavaliers . Greek center Papagiannis , who was selected in the first round of the 2016 draft , averaged only 2.1 points in the 16 games played . During the 2018 NBA draft , the Kings selected Duke center Marvin Bagley III . The team was criticized following the draft for not selecting Luka Dončić , while Divac would go on to say he was confident in Bagley . Prior to the 2018–19 season , multiple analysts picked Sacramento to finish last in the Western Conference , calling their recent draft a missed opportunity to build and their lack of a veteran presence to offset their rookie lineup . The Kings lost to the Utah Jazz 123–117 in their season opener on October 17 , 2018 . Despite starting the season 1–3 , including a loss to the Pelicans in which they gave up 149 points , the team would go onto win their next five games to hold a winning record . By December 30 , the team held a 19–16 record . Ultimately , the Kings finished the season in ninth place in the Western Conference posting a record of 39–43 ; they again missed the playoffs . However , this was the team’s best regular-season record since their last playoff appearance in the 2005–06 season . In spite of this , head coach Joerger was fired after the conclusion of the season , and Luke Walton was hired as his replacement three days later . Earlier in the season , the Kings were rocked by the discovery that their former chief revenue officer , Jeff David , had embezzled $13.4 million in sponsorship payments from the Kings and their corporate partners over four years . David , who had taken a similar position with the Miami Heat , pleaded guilty to wire fraud and identity theft and was sentenced to seven years in federal prison . Following the suspension of the 2019–20 NBA season , the Kings were one of the 22 teams invited to the NBA Bubble to participate in the final 8 games of the regular season . However , Sacramento finished these games with a 3-5 record , missing the play-in game and extending their playoff drought for the 14th consecutive season . 2020–present : The Monte McNair era . On August 14 , 2020 , the Sacramento Kings announced that general manager Vlade Divac would resign from his position . Joe Dumars , a former player and executive for the Detroit Pistons , would be named interim Executive Vice President of Basketball Operations ; Dumars had joined the Kings as a special advisor in June of the previous year . Following a month-long search , the Sacramento Kings announced on September 17 , 2020 , that Houston Rockets executive Monte McNair would be hired as the franchises new general manager . With the Rockets , McNair spent thirteen years working under Daryl Morey , serving in various roles ; he was most recently named assistant general manager in 2018 . Following this hire , interim executive Joe Dumars was named as the chief strategy officer of the organization . Other candidates for the position included Minnesota Timberwolves executive vice president Sachin Gupta , Denver Nuggets general manager Calvin Booth , and former Atlanta Hawks general manager Wes Wilcox . McNair announced three additional hires on October 14 , 2020 ; these included the aforementioned Wes Wilcox who became an assistant GM , former Philadelphia 76ers scouting director Phil Jabour as vice president of player personnel , and Oklahoma City Blue executive Paul Johnson as director of basketball operations . Team logo , uniform and colors . Rochester Royals . The initial Rochester Royals logo featured a blue and white shield with the word ROCHESTER on the top , with a white banner with the word ROYALS on it . From the beginning , the road uniforms were blue with the city name written in front , while home uniforms were white with the team name written in front . Red accents were added later in their Rochester tenure . Cincinnati Royals . Upon moving to Cincinnati in 1957 , the team logo became a basketball with a cartoon face . The basketball was depicted as wearing a crown with the city of Cincinnati within it . The word CINCINNATI was featured above the logo while the word ROYALS was below . The crown also had the team name on it . This logo was white with blue outlines . The uniforms remained blue on the road and white at home , again with red accents and the city/team name designation on the respective uniforms . In the late 1960s the Royals wore a uniform with the team name written vertically on the left side , with the number on the right . In 1971 , the team adopted a red crown with a blue half-basketball below it . The word CINCINNATI , in blue , was placed above the logo . The word ROYALS , in white , was placed on the crown . The logo change also reflected on the uniforms , now featuring a script Royals in front with red numbers . However , blue names and numbers at home , and white names and numbers on the road were written at the back of the uniform , with the unusual arrangement of the number above the name being used for the first time ( normally , the players name is shown above the back number ) . Kansas City–Omaha/Kansas City Kings . For the 1972–73 season , the renamed and relocated Kansas City-Omaha Kings kept their uniforms and logos , with the exception of the name change . After settling in Kansas City for good in 1975 , the Kings changed their road uniforms back to reading the city name in front . Beginning with the 1981–82 season , the road uniforms reverted to the team name in front , while numbers in front took on the same color schemes as the numbers in the back . Sacramento Kings . Following their move from Kansas City in 1985 the Kings still used the same color scheme of red , white and blue . The logo of a crown atop a bottom half of the basketball was also carried over . However , the shades of blue used on their home and road uniforms were different for five seasons . The home uniforms use royal blue , while the road uniforms use powder blue . The striping patterns were also different between the two uniforms , with the script Kings wordmark on the sides of the road shorts , and basic side stripes on the home uniforms . Carrying over from Kansas City was the unusual placement of player names at the bottom of the number at the front of the uniforms . The uniforms changed slightly in 1990 , with royal blue now used on the road ; the shorts now incorporate the Kings logo , and the name and number on the back switched places to the standard positions of the name being on the top , then the players number below it . The player names were now in a standard monotone serif font which was used by several NBA teams . This version would mark the last time the classic script Kings wordmark was used until 2005 . Change to purple and black . In 1994 , the Kings radically changed their look , adopting a new color scheme of purple , silver , black and white . The uniform set consists of one wide side stripe running through the right leg of the shorts , with the primary Kings logo prominently featured . The home uniform is in white , while the road uniform is in black ( by later coincidence , the NHLs Los Angeles Kings would use that exact color scheme ) . From 1994 to 1997 , a half-purple , half-black uniform , featuring checkerboard side panels , was used as an alternate uniform , which was panned by fans . However , the uniform was revived for the 2012–13 season during Hardwood Classics Nights . A new purple uniform , which shares the same template from the home and road uniforms , was introduced in the 1997–98 season . Before the start of the 2002–03 NBA season , the Kings changed their uniforms once again . This set included a modernized version of the Kings script on the home jersey , and the city name on the purple road jersey . The side stripes now run through the uniform . In the 2005–06 season they introduced a gold alternate uniform , featuring the classic script Kings wordmark . However , this alternate lasted only two seasons . In 2008 , the team introduced a new style of uniforms , with the names switching designations with a modernized Kings script on the road jersey in black text , and Sacramento on the home jersey still in white text . In doing this , the Kings became unique ; most professional franchises place the team nickname on the home jerseys and the city name on the road jerseys . The numbers are black on both uniforms . The side panels were revamped , now only featured on the shorts and at the top half of the uniform . Before the 2011–12 season a black alternate uniform was introduced , sharing the same template as the home and road uniforms , but with the classic script Kings wordmark and silver numbers . For the 2014–15 season , the Kings made a few tweaks to their home and away uniforms . While the team kept the 2008-era template , they brought back the 1994–2002 Kings script from the primary logo on both uniforms , along with purple ( home ) and white ( away ) numbers . The black alternate uniform was kept without any alterations . In addition , the crown logo at the back was replaced by the NBA logo , while a gold tab above it represents the franchises 1951 NBA championship . For the 2016–17 season , the Kings are changing their brand once more , adopting a logo reminiscent of their 1971–1994 design and dispatched black from their logo while keeping the purple and silver . The Kings unveiled their new uniforms on June 15 , 2016 , featuring four designs . Both the home white and purple away uniforms feature a modernized Kings script , an updated crown on top , and gray side stripes . The so-called City uniforms are similar to the away uniforms , except that the abbreviation SAC in gray appears in front . The black Global uniforms substitute the crown for a standing lion crest on top , along with a solid gray side stripe on the right and the primary logo on the left leg . All uniforms feature a baby blue collar , stitches , and tab that says Sacramento Proud , a nod to the franchises first few seasons in Sacramento . Beginning with the 2017–18 season , the jerseys will be sponsored by Blue Diamond Growers . As part of the switch to Nike as the NBAs uniform provider , the home and away uniform designations were abolished . The Kings kept their uniforms mostly intact , but the erstwhile primary purple uniforms were retired in favor of the City alternate purple uniforms . The Kings primary uniform set now consists of the white Association uniforms , the purple Icon uniforms and the black Statement uniforms . City special edition uniforms . Nike also released a special edition City uniform that pays tribute to both local culture and team heritage . Sacramentos 2017–18 City uniforms feature a white and powder blue base with red trim , echoing the road uniform colors the team wore from 1985 to 1990 . A recolored lion head logo in red and gray is also emblazoned in front . For the 2018–19 season , the Kings tweaked the City uniforms , replacing the lion head logo with the wordmark Sactown . The same uniform design was carried over for the 2019–20 season , but with red as the base color and powder blue as the trim color . The Sactown theme was retained for the 2020–21 City uniform , but with four design cues taken from prior uniforms . The black base paid homage to the 1994–2002 black uniforms . The checkerboard patterns were taken from their 1994–1997 purple/black alternate uniforms . The powder blue and red trim of the 1985–1990 road uniforms and of previous City uniforms were carried over to this design . Classic uniforms . During the 2002–03 season , the Kings brought back the 1960s Cincinnati Royals white uniform for a few games as a tribute to Oscar Robertson . The following season , they wore the mid-1970s Kansas City Kings white uniform for select games to honor Nate Archibald . The Kings mid-1980s powder blue jerseys were first brought back in the 2004–05 season to celebrate the franchises 20th season in Sacramento . They would return in 2015–16 for the teams final season at Sleep Train Arena , and the following season upon moving to Golden 1 Center . During the 2010–11 season , the Kings honored the 1950–51 Rochester Royals championship team by wearing throwback uniforms from that era . The team also wore blue versions of the Rochester throwbacks in the 2014–15 season . For the 2019–20 season , the Kings will bring back their blue uniforms worn from 1990 to 1994 in commemoration of the franchises 35th season in Sacramento . Mascot . Since the 1997–98 season , the official Kings mascot has been Slamson the Lion . Prior to that , the Kings mascot was The Gorilla . Season-by-season record . List of the last five seasons completed by the Kings . For the full season-by-season history , see List of Sacramento Kings seasons . Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , W–L% = Winning percentage Home arenas . - Edgerton Park Arena ( 1949–1954 ) - Rochester War Memorial ( 1955–1957 ) - Cincinnati Gardens ( 1957–1972 ) - Omaha Civic Auditorium ( 1972–1978 ) - Kansas City Municipal Auditorium ( 1972–1974 ) & ( 1979-1980 ) - Kemper Arena ( 1974–1985 ) - ARCO Arena I ( 1985–1988 ) - Sleep Train Arena ( formerly ARCO Arena II/Power Balance Pavilion ) ( 1988–2016 ) - Golden 1 Center ( 2016–present ) Rivalries . Prior to moving to Ohio , the Royals biggest rival was the Syracuse Nationals , which went on to become the Philadelphia 76ers . This left upstate New York without a team until the Buffalo Braves were established in 1970 . This third attempt did not last , with the Braves moving to San Diego , California in 1978 to become the San Diego Clippers . In 1970 , the Cleveland Cavaliers were established . This brought a new rival for the Royals , as well as a new team in Ohio . This rivalry did not last , and the Royals moved to Kansas City only a few years later . Although the NBA previously had a team in St . Louis , Missouri in the form of the St . Louis Hawks , that team moved to Atlanta in 1968 , thus preventing a potential new rivalry for the Kings . This made the Kings the first team in the state in four years . 13 years later , the Kings moved to California , leaving Missouri without a team . Players . Retained draft rights . The Kings hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA . A drafted player , either an international draftee or a college draftee who is not signed by the team that drafted him , is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams . In this case , the team retains the players draft rights in the NBA until one year after the players contract with the non-NBA team ends . This list includes draft rights that were acquired from trades with other teams . Retired numbers . All of the Kings retired numbers are hanging in the rafters of the Golden 1 Center . Naismith Basketball Hall of Famers . Notes : - In total , Robertson was inducted into the Hall of Fame twice – as player and as a member of the 1960 Olympic team . - In total , Lucas was inducted into the Hall of Fame twice – as player and as a member of the 1960 Olympic team . - Inducted as contributor for being the first African American to manage a team in the NBA . He also played for the team in 1958–1966 . - Also played for the team ( 1975 ) . - In total , Russell was inducted into the Hall of Fame twice – as a player and as coach .
|
[
"Cincinnati Gardens"
] |
[
{
"text": "The Sacramento Kings are an American professional basketball team based in Sacramento , California . The Kings compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the Western Conference Pacific Division . The Kings are the only team in the major professional North American sports leagues located in Sacramento . The team plays its home games at the Golden 1 Center . Their best seasons to date in the city were in the early 2000s , including the 2001–02 season when they had the best record in the NBA at 61–21 ( a winning percentage of",
"title": "Sacramento Kings"
},
{
"text": ") .",
"title": "Sacramento Kings"
},
{
"text": "The franchise began with the Rochester Seagrams ( a semi-professional team ) from Rochester , New York , that formed in 1923 and hosted a number of teams there over the next 20 years . They joined the National Basketball League in 1945 as the renamed Rochester Royals , winning that leagues championship in their first season , 1945–46 . They later jumped with three other NBL teams to the Basketball Association of America , forerunner of the NBA , in 1948 . As the Royals , the team was often successful on the court , winning the NBA championship",
"title": "Sacramento Kings"
},
{
"text": "in 1951 . The team , however , found it increasingly difficult to turn a profit in the comparatively small market of Rochester and relocated to Cincinnati in , becoming the Cincinnati Royals .",
"title": "Sacramento Kings"
},
{
"text": " In 1972 , the team relocated again , this time to Kansas City , Missouri , and renamed the Kansas City–Omaha Kings because it initially split its home games between Kansas City and Omaha , Nebraska ; the nickname was changed to avoid confusion with the baseball Royals . After three seasons , the team truncated to Kansas City Kings , but continued to play several home games per season in Omaha , through March 1978 .",
"title": "Sacramento Kings"
},
{
"text": "The franchise again failed to find success in its market and moved after the 1984–85 season to Sacramento , where they presently reside .",
"title": "Sacramento Kings"
},
{
"text": "The basis of the purely-professional Royals team that came into existence in 1945 , after two decades of sponsored semi-professional team . Seagram was the teams main sponsor and received the bulk of what monies were made . One of the teams early stars was Lester Harrison , a local high school star of some publicity before joining the team . The driven Harrison later became the teams captain , coach , manager and chief scout over the next two decades , and was very key in the teams continued success and existence through hard years in the 1930s .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Among visitors to Rochester then to play the team were the Original Celtics , the New York Rens and the Harlem Globetrotters .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " With news that World War II was approaching its end , the National Basketball League ( NBL ) announced that it was expanding , and Harrison was approached for interest in a franchise . While the sponsored Seagrams balked at additional expenses involved , Harrison and his lawyer brother Jack jumped at the chance . They pooled money to meet the steep entry fee of $25,000 dollars , and were granted an NBL franchise . Their team pushed out the Seagrams locally at their facility , smallish Edgerton Park Arena .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "With his new team , Harrison took advantage of conditions and rules in 1945 . The best players were the returning Navy and Army players now being released from the war . There was no draft for the league in the selection of new players . So , Harrison was able to scoop up several name stars for his new team , among them Bob Davies , Red Holzman and William Fuzzy Levane , as well as NBL free agents like George Glamack and Al Cervi . The result was a strong league champion in their first season of existence",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "as the Royals during the 1945–46 season .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The team had two more seasons of success during their NBL years , which permitted the team to play non-league opponents . During all three years , 1945–1948 , the team played over 300 total games , hosting most of them .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Royals defected to the NBLs rival , the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) , in 1948 . In 1949 , as a result of that years absorption of the NBL by the BAA , the Royals became members of the newly formed NBA along with the Fort Wayne Pistons , Minneapolis Lakers , and Indianapolis ( Kautskys ) Jets . A year later , the BAA absorbed the remaining NBL teams to become the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The move to the BAA took away Rochesters profitable exhibition schedule , and placed it in the same Western Division as the Minneapolis Lakers . Of the two best teams in professional basketball , only one of them could play in the league finals from 1949 to 1954 . Minneapolis , with George Mikan , was almost always better during playoffs than the Royals . With their smallish arena and now-limited schedule , the Royals became less profitable even as Harrison maintained a remarkably high standard for the team , which finished no lower than second in its division in",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "both the NBL and BAA/NBA from 1945 to 1954 . Harrison knew that the NBA was outgrowing Rochester , and spent most of the 1950s looking for a buyer for his team .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Royals won the NBA title in 1951 by defeating the New York Knicks 4–3 . It is the only NBA championship in the franchises history . The title , however , did not translate into profit for the Royals . The roster turned over in 1955 , except for star guard Bobby Wanzer , who soon became the teams new coach . The team moved to the larger Rochester War Memorial in 1955 in an attempt to improve fortunes with a much larger arena . The NBA even agreed to host their All-Star Game there in 1956 . But",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "the Royals were now a losing team filled with rookies , and did not turn a profit . Meanwhile , the NBA was putting pressure on Harrison to sell or relocate his team to a larger city . With this in mind , the 1956–57 season was the Royals last in Rochester .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The Royals stay in Rochester featured the services of nine future members of the Basketball Hall of Fame : Al Cervi , Bob Davies , Alex Hannum , Lester Harrison , Red Holzman , Arnie Risen , Maurice Stokes , Jack Twyman , Bobby Wanzer , while others proved prominent in other fields , such as Pro Football Hall of Fame member Otto Graham , Hollywood Walk of Famer Chuck Connors , and Jack McMahon . 1957–1972 : Cincinnati Royals .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In April 1957 , the Harrison brothers moved the Royals to Cincinnati , a city that was then trying to obtain an NBA expansion franchise . This move followed a well-received regular-season game played at Cincinnati Gardens on February 1 , 1957 . The change of venue had been said to have been partly suggested by Jack Twyman and Dave Piontek , who were two of several roster players on the new Royals from that area . Cincinnati , which had a strong college basketball fanbase then , and no NFL franchise to compete with ( until the Bengals joined",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "in 1970 after two seasons in the AFL ) , was deemed the best choice for the Harrisons , who also considered other cities . The Royals name continued to fit in Cincinnati , often known as the Queen City .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " During the teams first NBA draft in Cincinnati , the team acquired Clyde Lovellette and guard George King . They teamed with the 1–2 punch of Maurice Stokes and Twyman to produce a budding contender in the teams very first season in the Queen City . But injuries and the loss of star guard Si Green , the #1 overall pick of the 1956 NBA draft , to military service dropped the team into a tie for second place in the NBA Western Division during the 1957–58 seasons second half .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In the seasons finale , All-Pro star Maurice Stokes struck his head when he fell after pursuing a rebound . He shook off the effects of the fall , even as he had briefly been unconscious . After Game One in the playoffs three days later , Stokes head injury was greatly aggravated by airplane cabin pressure during the flight back to Cincinnati for Game Two . He suffered a seizure and was permanently hospitalized , a tragedy that greatly shook the team . Stokes , a tremendous talent who could play center , forward and guard , was 2nd",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "in the NBA in rebounds and 3rd in assists , a double-feat only Wilt Chamberlain has matched for a full season . The impact of losing Stokes was such that the team nearly folded . Six of the teams shaken players simply retired on the spot .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " Fellow All-Star Twyman rose to All-Pro level over the next two seasons for Cincinnati , even as the team posted two 19-win seasons . The 1958–59 Cincinnati team featured five rookies , with Lovellette , King and other key players having left the team in the wake of Stokes tragic injury . The Harrisons , wanting out at this point , sold to a makeshift local group , headed by Thomas Woods , Cincinnati Gardens management , and a number of local businessmen .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Jack Twyman came to the aid of his teammate , and even legally adopted Stokes . Raising funds for Stokes medical treatment , Twyman helped him until his death in April 1970 . The 1973 feature film Maurie , which co-starred actors Bernie Casey and Bo Svenson , dramatized their story .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " Shooting often for the beleaguered team , Twyman was the second NBA player to ever average 30 points per game for an NBA season . Twyman and Stokes were later named Hall of Famers . 1960–1970 : The Oscar Robertson era .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In 1960 , the team was able to land local superstar Oscar Robertson . Robertson led a team that included Twyman , Wayne Embry , Bob Boozer , Bucky Bockhorn , Tom Hawkins and Adrian Smith over the next three seasons . The Royals reversed their fortunes with Robertson and rose to title contender . An ownership dispute in early 1963 scuttled the teams playoff chances when new owner Louis Jacobs booked a circus for Cincinnati Gardens for the week of the playoff series versus the champion Boston Celtics . The Royals home games were at Xavier Universitys Schmidt Field",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "House .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In late 1963 , another local superstar , Jerry Lucas , joined the team . The Royals rose to the second-best record in the NBA . From 1963 to 1966 , the Royals contended strongly against Boston and the Philadelphia 76ers , but won no titles . In the 1964 NBA draft the Royals drafted rookies George Wilson , Bill Chmielewski , Steve Courtin ( later traded to 76ers ) , and Happy Hairston . The teams star players throughout the 1960s were Oscar Robertson and Jerry Lucas . Robertson met with individual success , averaging a triple-double in 1961–62",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "and winning the Most Valuable Player award in 1964 . Robertson was a league-leading scorer and passer each season . Lucas was Rookie Of the Year in 1964 , led the league in shooting , and later averaged 20 rebounds per game over four seasons . Both were All-NBA First Team selections multiple times .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The team failed to keep some promising players , though , and played in the tough NBA East division , dominated by the Boston Celtics , even as a Baltimore team played in the West Division for three years , denying the team likely visits to the NBA Finals .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In 1966 , the team was sold to Max and Jeremy Jacobs . That same season , the Royals began playing some of their home games in neutral sites such as Cleveland ( until the Cavaliers began play in 1970 ) , Dayton and Columbus . This did wound their local fan base in Cincinnati , though , and fortunes for the team continued to steadily decline . That year , they would host the 1966 NBA All-Star Game , with Smith scoring 24 points to be named All-Star MVP . As of 2021 , it is the last time",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "that the franchise has hosted an All-Star Game .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " New coach Bob Cousy traded Lucas in 1969 . Robertson was traded to Milwaukee in 1970 , where he immediately won an NBA title . The declining franchise left Cincinnati shortly thereafter , moving to Kansas City in 1972 . 1972–1985 : Kansas City–Omaha/Kansas City Kings . After moving to Kansas City , the Royals renamed themselves the Kings to avoid confusion with the Royals baseball team . Now dubbed the Kansas City-Omaha Kings , the team split its home games between the 7,316-seat Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City and the 9,300-seat Omaha Civic Auditorium .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Cincinnati Royals had been looking at Omaha as a market as early as 1968 , playing twelve home games in the Nebraska city from 1968 to 1971 . From 1972 to 1975 , the KC–Omaha Kings played a total of 42 regular season contests ( but no playoff games ) in Omaha . In 1975 , the club became simply the Kansas City Kings ( moving into the new 16,785-seat Kemper Arena the previous season ) , but did not abandon Omaha completely , playing several games there through the 1977–78 season . For the next two seasons ,",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "they played several home games at St . Louis .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " 1972–1976 . The team netted a new superstar in point guard Nate Archibald , who led the league in scoring and assists in the 1972–73 season .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "While still in Cincinnati , the team introduced a most unusual uniform design , which placed the players surname below his number . The design remained intact through the first several seasons of the teams run in Sacramento , even when the shade of blue on the road uniforms was changed from royal blue to powder blue , and the script Kansas City which adorned the road jerseys was scrubbed after the move in favor of a repeat of the Kings script on the home shirts . The Kings back jersey template was later adopted by the WNBA and the",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "NBA Development League , as well the NBA during the All-Star Game since 2006 .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Kings had some decent players throughout . Tom Van Arsdale , the shooting forward , Jumpin Johnny Green , and Matt Guokas helped Archibald in the first year in Kansas City . Toby Kimball was a fan favorite . Jimmy Walker teamed with Archibald as the Kings made the playoffs the second year . Sam Lacey , an effective passing center , became one of the most dependable players in the league . Archibald became the first player to lead the league in scoring and assists in the first season in Kansas City . However , the management traded",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Archibald , and wasted high draft picks . Bob Cousy gave way to Phil Johnson , who was fired midyear in 1977 and replaced by Larry Staverman , a player on the team on two separate occasions when it was in Cincinnati and who later became the vice president of operations for the Cleveland Stadium Corporation in June 1981 .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Kings finally achieved some success in their new home when they hired Cotton Fitzsimmons as coach . Fitzsimmons won the Midwest Division in 1978–79 with rookie point guard Phil Ford , who was NBA Rookie of the Year in 1979 . Kansas City was led by shooting guard Otis Birdsong , strong on both offense and defense , all-around shooting forward Scott Wedman , and passing center Sam Lacey , who had a trademark bank shot . They drew an average of 10,789 fans to Kemper Arena that season , the only time during their tenure in KC that",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "average attendance was in five figures ( the attendance at the peak was only two-thirds of Kempers capacity ) . The Kings later played several home games in St . Louis during the early 1980s to large crowds . Most Kansas City sports fans preferred to spend their entertainment dollar on the Royals , who won the American League West division championship four times in five seasons between 1976 and 1980 , and reached the 1980 World Series .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Kings made the playoffs in 1979–80 and again in 1980–81 , despite finishing the 1980–81 regular season at . The Kings made a run in the 1981 NBA Playoffs , reaching the Western Conference finals ; these were the franchises first playoff victories since 1964 , and their only ones ever in Kansas City . Ernie Grunfeld played the point in this run in place of an injured Ford , as KC used a slow half-court game to win the first two rounds . Power forward Reggie King had a remarkable series , dominating the opposition . After upsetting",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "the Phoenix Suns by winning Game 7 at Phoenix in the Conference Semifinals and becoming the second NBA road team to do so after leading a series 3–1 , they bowed out to the Houston Rockets ( also 40–42 in the regular season ) in five games in the Conference Finals . Lacey , the last remaining Cincinnati Royal to play for the Kings , could not keep up with Rockets superstar center Moses Malone . ( The Kings did not win another playoff series for two decades. )",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "However , a series of bad luck incidents prevented the team from building on its success . Cleveland Cavaliers owner Ted Stepien lured Wedman and Birdsong away with big contract offers . In 1979 , the roof literally fell in at Kemper Arena because of a severe storm , forcing the team to play most of the 1979–80 season at the much smaller Municipal Auditorium . The ownership group sold the team to Sacramento interests for $11 million . The general manager was fired in a scandal in which he was found to be reusing marked postage stamps . When",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "the Kings rehired Joe Axelson as general manager , they brought back the man who had previously traded Oscar Robertson , Norm Van Lier , Nate Archibald and Jerry Lucas , and used the third pick in the ABA dispersal draft on Ron Boone . Axelson stayed on after the Kings left Kansas City where , in their last game ever , fans wore Joe Axelson masks . Axelson later said he hoped his plane would never touch down in Kansas City .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Axelson became the first general manager in the history of sports to fail with the same franchise in four cities : Cincinnati , Kansas City , Omaha and Sacramento . He was not fired for good until he rehired coach Phil Johnson , whom he had fired in mid-season in Kansas City ten years before . The Kings also had the misfortune of entering this period competing with the Kansas City Comets for the winter sports dollar , when the Comets were led by marketers—the Leiweke brothers . Their final season in 1984–85 resulted in a record , as fans",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "stayed away from Kemper Arena in droves , with average attendance of 6,410 . Long-time ABA and NBA star , Don Buse , played his final professional season for the Kings .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Ownership began looking for a new home for the team . Poor attendance and lack of sponsorship dollars ( the team was third in sports market share by a significant margin behind the NFLs Chiefs and MLBs Royals ) were the main reasons . Also , Kansas City had a much stronger following for the Kansas Jayhawks college basketball team than they did the NBAs Kings . Seeing the success the NBA was having in fast-growing cities with no NFL or MLB teams like Portland , Oregon , Salt Lake City , Utah , and San Antonio , Texas ,",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "it was decided the team would move to Sacramento , California , a fast-growing city with no competition from the NFL or MLB . The NBA unanimously approved the move , with the caveat that Sacramento had to have an NBA-ready arena finished within three years or the team was free to move again with no penalty .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Kings moved to their current home of Sacramento , California in the 1985–86 NBA season , with their first Sacramento season ending in the first round of the Western Conference 1986 NBA Playoffs . The starting lineup was Reggie Theus , LaSalle Thompson , Mark Olberding , Terry Tyler , and Mike Woodson , with Larry Drew , Eddie Johnson , Otis Thorpe , and Joe Kleine coming off the bench . However , despite fan loyalty the Kings saw little success in subsequent seasons , and the team did not make the playoffs again until the 1996 NBA",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Playoffs in the 1995–96 NBA season . Some of their failure was attributable to misfortunes such as the career-altering car crash suffered by promising point guard Bobby Hurley in 1993 , and the suicide of Ricky Berry during the 1989 off-season ; some was attributed to poor management such as the long tenure of head coach Garry St . Jean and the selection of Never Nervous Pervis Ellison with the first overall pick in the 1989 NBA draft . Former Kings television broadcaster Jerry Reynolds ( 1987 , 1988–90 ) and NBA legend Bill Russell ( 1987–88 ) were the",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "earliest head coaches .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Ricky Berry was selected by the Kings in the first round , 18th pick overall in the 1988 NBA draft . He had a dazzling rookie year in the 1988–89 season shooting 40.6% from three-point range . The Kings also drafted Vinny Del Negro ( selected by the Kings in the second round , 29th overall pick in the 1988 NBA draft ) and acquired Rodney McCray from the Houston Rockets . In his first year with the Kings , McCray made 1988 NBA All-Defensive First Team . It was the first season the Kings would play without Reggie Theus",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "and LaSalle Thompson ( both part in the original team from Kansas City ) or Joe Kleine ( selected by the Kings as first round , sixth pick overall in the 1985 NBA draft ) . Thompson was drafted by the Kings in the first round , fifth overall pick in the 1982 NBA draft . It was also the last year that Michael Jackson ( selected by the New York Knicks in the second round , 47th pick overall in the 1986 NBA draft but who played his entire career with the Kings ) and Ed Pinckney ( selected",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "10th overall by the Phoenix Suns in the 1985 NBA draft and played for the Kings from 1987 to 1989 ) played for the Kings . On February 23 , 1989 , Brad Lohaus and Danny Ainge were traded to the Kings from the Boston Celtics for Joe Kleine and Ed Pinckney . In June of the 1989 off-season , Lohaus was then acquired by the Minnesota Timberwolves in the 1989 NBA Expansion Draft . In August of the 1989 off-season , Berry was found dead from a self-inflicted gunshot wound at his home in Fair Oaks , California just",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "weeks before his 25th birthday following an argument with his wife .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Following the loss of Ricky Berry , 1989–90 season featured Pervis Ellison , who was first overall pick in the 1989 NBA draft by the Kings , and acquisition Wayman Tisdale ( from the Indiana Pacers , second pick overall in the 1985 NBA draft ) . An injury kept Ellison on the sidelines for 48 of 82 games of his rookie year , after which he was traded to the Washington Bullets . Tisdale would go on to play for the Kings for five years . It was the last season that Danny Ainge , Kenny Smith ( who",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "had an impressive showing in the 1990 NBA Slam Dunk Contest ) , Rodney McCray , Harold Pressley ( selected by the Kings in the first round , 17th overall pick in the 1986 NBA draft ) , Vinny Del Negro , Greg Kite , and Ralph Sampson played for the Kings . In 1990 , Ainge was traded to the Portland Trail Blazers , Kenny Smith was traded to the Atlanta Hawks , and Rodney McCray was traded to the Dallas Mavericks .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Lionel Simmons – or L-Train – was drafted by the Kings in the 1990 NBA draft in the first round , 7th pick overall . In his first season , he made the NBA All-Rookie First Team . He would go on to play his entire career ( 1990–1997 ) with the Kings and had 5,833 career points . Antoine Carr ( acquired from the Atlanta Hawks ) played for the Kings in the 1990–91 NBA season and then was traded to the San Antonio Spurs . Free-agent Leon Wood , who would later become an NBA official , played",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "for the Kings but was let go on Christmas Eve of 1990 . Also notable that Bill Wennington was acquired from the Dallas Mavericks and played for the Kings for the 1990–91 season and after a successful career with the Chicago Bulls returned to the Kings for his final season in 1999–2000 .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The early 1990s were difficult for the Kings . Sacramento was known for having strong fan support , and while they won over 60% of their home games , the team struggled on the road , going 1–40 on the road in a single season . But prayers were answered when they acquired Mitch Richmond , who previously played for the Golden State Warriors . The former NBA Rookie of the Year was selected as an All-Star six times while making the All-NBA Second Team three times . Garry St . Jean was chosen as new coach in 1992 and",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "coached the team all the way through 1997 , where he was replaced by Eddie Jordan .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "During the 1990s , Sacramento had other stars like Spud Webb , Kurt Rambis , Wayman Tisdale , Walt Williams , Olden Polynice and Brian Grant , but they only lasted with the team for a few years . After the 1992–93 season , Rambis was traded to the Los Angeles Lakers . After the 1993–94 season , Tisdale was traded to the Phoenix Suns . After the 1994–95 season , Webb was traded to the Atlanta Hawks for Tyrone Corbin . Midway through the 1995–96 season , Williams was traded to the Miami Heat for Billy Owens ( who",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "was drafted by the Kings in 1991 , and traded to Golden State for Richmond ) . After the 1996–97 season , Grant became a free agent and signed with the Portland Trail Blazers .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "One accomplishment the team achieved under St . Jean during their tenures was a playoff appearance in 1996 . The series was lost 3–1 to the Seattle SuperSonics who , led by Gary Payton and Shawn Kemp , finished as that years conference champions . They did not make a playoff appearance again while Richmond was still on the Kings . He was soon traded along with Otis Thorpe to the Washington Wizards for Chris Webber in May 1998 . Although Richmond was lost , this trade proved to be one of the keys to finally achieving playoff success after",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "so many seasons of mediocrity .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " 1998–2004 : The Greatest Show on Court era . The Kings drafted Jason Williams in the 1998 NBA draft , signed Vlade Divac , and traded for Chris Webber prior to the lockout-shortened season of 1998–99 . These acquisitions coincided with the arrival of Peja Stojaković from Serbia , who had been drafted in 1996 . Each of these moves was attributed to general manager Geoff Petrie , who has won the NBA Executive of the Year Award twice .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Led by new head coach Rick Adelman , and aided by former Princeton head coach Pete Carril , the Kings Princeton offense impressed others for its quick style and strong ball movement . Some criticized the Kings for their poor team defense , Williamss flash over substance style with its many turnovers , and Webbers failure to step up in important match-ups . Still , they quickly garnered many fans outside of California , many of whom were drawn to the spectacular pairing of Williams and Webber . In 1998–99 , they went 27–23 , their first winning season in",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "nearly twenty years and their first since moving to Sacramento . The new arrivals Webber , Williams , and Divac all played key roles in this resurgence ; Divac ranked near the top of the team in most statistics , Webber led the league in rebounds and was named to the All-NBA Second Team , and Williams was named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team . In the playoffs , they were matched up against the defending Western Conference Champions , the Utah Jazz . After winning Game 1 by 20 points , the Jazz surrendered two consecutive playoff games",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "to the Kings . They would turn the series around , however , and win the last two to keep the Kings from advancing in the playoffs .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " In 1999–2000 , the Kings only notable transaction was trading shooting guard Tariq Abdul-Wahad to the Orlando Magic in exchange for shooting guard Nick Anderson . They finished eighth in the Western Conference with a 44–38 record and were matched up with the Los Angeles Lakers in the first round of the playoffs . Once again , however , the Kings failed to advance , losing the series 2–3 against the Lakers .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The following season , the Kings traded starting small forward Corliss Williamson to the Toronto Raptors for shooting guard Doug Christie , a move made to improve the subpar defense . They also drafted Turkish power forward Hedo Türkoğlu , further improving their bench rotation . Stojakovic moved into the starting small forward role , where he and Webber proved to complement each other extremely well , and as the Kings continued to improve , their popularity steadily rose , culminating in a February 2001 Sports Illustrated cover story entitled The Greatest Show on Court with Williams , Christie ,",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Stojakovic , Webber , and Divac gracing the cover . That year , they went 55–27 , their best in 40 years . In the playoffs , they won their first series in 20 years , defeating the Phoenix Suns three games to one , before being swept in the second round by the Lakers , who eventually won the NBA Championship .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In July 2001 , Jason Williams was traded , along with Nick Anderson , to the Vancouver Grizzlies for Mike Bibby and Brent Price . Despite Williamss often spectacular play , the Kings had grown tired of his recklessness and turnovers ; Bibby would provide much more stability and control at the point guard position . This move was complemented by the re-signing of Webber to a maximum-salary contract , securing their superstar long term . With Bibby taking over for Williams , they had their best season to date in 2001–02 . Though not as exciting or flashy as",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "they had been in previous years with Williams , the team became much more effective and disciplined with Bibby at the helm . They finished with a league-best record of 61–21 , winning 36 of 41 at home . After easily winning their first two playoff matchups against the Stockton and Malone-led Jazz and the Dirk Nowitzki-led Dallas Mavericks , respectively , the Kings went on to play the archrival and two-time defending champion Los Angeles Lakers in the Western Conference Finals , regarded as one of the greatest playoff matchups in history . In a controversial series , the",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Kings lost in seven games , one game away from what would have been the first NBA Finals and professional sports championship in Sacramento history . This was a crushing blow to the Kings ; after losing to their archrivals in a highly controversial series , the team would begin to decline and age in the years that followed . Many commentators and journalists would question the decisions made by the referees during Game 6 , specifically that the Lakers were awarded a staggering 27 free throws in the fourth quarter , many of which came from what were in",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "retrospect proved to be no-calls . Following Game 6 even print newspapers began to question the legitimacy of the game . Most notably , the New York Post ran a front cover with a headline entitled Foul Play ; it also published a related article suggesting that the game was rigged . NBA analyst David Aldridge ( then working for ESPN ) spoke on the game :",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The 2002 Western Conference finals left many fans wondering whether the Kings could have gone on to win a title , and debate would continue for many years after the events of the series . Later , due to allegations raised by former NBA referee Tim Donaghy , the NBA set up a review of the leagues officiating . Lawrence Pedowitz , who led the review , concluded that while Game 6 featured poor officiating , there was no concrete evidence that the game had been fixed .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Kings went 59–23 and won the division during the following season , seeking to avenge their playoff loss to the Lakers . After defeating the Stockton- and Malone-led Jazz in the first round and winning Game 1 against the Dirk Nowitzki-led Dallas Mavericks in the second round , the Kings appeared to be on the brink of another Western Conference Finals berth . However , Chris Webber sustained a major knee injury in Game 2 , and the Kings lost in a seven-game series . Webbers knee required major surgery . He returned mid-season in 2003–04 a season in",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "which the Kings were seeking another chance to avenge their playoff loss to the Lakers , but without his quickness and athleticism , which had been the focal point of his style of play , it was not the same . Despite that , the Kings still managed to defeat the Dirk Nowitzki-led Dallas Mavericks in the first round and after winning Game 1 against the Kevin Garnett-led Minnesota Timberwolves in the second round , the Kings appeared to be on the brink of their second Western Conference Finals berth in three years , but the Kings ended the season",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "with a defeat to the Timberwolves in a seven-game series .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The 2004–05 season marked change for the Kings , who lost three starters from the famed 2002 team . In the off-season of 2004 , Divac signed with the Lakers , which prompted the Kings to sign Brad Miller to start at center . Early in the season , Christie was traded to the Orlando Magic for Cuttino Mobley , and in February , Webber was traded to the Philadelphia 76ers for three forwards ( Corliss Williamson , Kenny Thomas , and Brian Skinner ) . Thomas and Skinner failed in their attempt to replicate Webbers impact , and as",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "a result the teams record suffered . The Kings lost in the first round of the playoffs to the Seattle SuperSonics . The 2005 off-season continued with changes , when they traded fan-favorite Bobby Jackson for Bonzi Wells and acquired free agent Shareef Abdur-Rahim .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The 2005–06 season started poorly since the Kings had a hard time establishing team chemistry . Newcomers Wells and Abdur-Rahim made major contributions early , but both were injured and missed a significant number of games . As the Kings season continued , general manager Petrie decided to make a major move . Stojakovic was traded for Ron Artest , a talented yet volatile forward known for his temper . Despite doubts that he would be able to replace the huge production of Stojakovic , Artest and the Kings went 20–9 after the 2006 NBA All-Star break , the second",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "best post-All-Star break record that season . Despite a winning record of 44–38 , it was clear that they were not the same team of years past . The Kings were seeded 8th in the Western Conference playoffs and were matched up in the first round against the San Antonio Spurs . Though the Kings were surprisingly competitive , the Spurs eliminated them 4–2 . This was the end of their era of competitiveness and to date , their last winning season and their last playoff season . The 2006 off-season began with the disturbing news that head coach Rick",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Adelmans contract would not be renewed . The Kings named Eric Musselman as his replacement .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In 2006–07 , the disappointing play of the Kings was coupled with the distraction of legal troubles . Coach Eric Musselman pleaded no contest to DUI charges early in the season , while Artest got into trouble for neglect of his dogs , and was later accused of domestic assault . The Kings relieved Artest of basketball duties , pending investigation , then later reinstated him . They finished the season 33–49 ( their worst in 9 years ) which landed them in fifth place in the Pacific Division . They posted a losing record ( 20–21 ) at home",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "for the first time since 1993–94 . Their season included a seven-game losing streak that lasted from January 4 to 19 . The Kings missed the 2007 NBA Playoffs , the first time in eight seasons . Musselman was fired in April . The Kings future appeared to rest on the shoulders of Kevin Martin , who was a lead candidate for 2007 NBA Most-Improved Player of the Year .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The 2007 off-season was a time of change . Head coach Musselman was replaced by former Kings player , Reggie Theus . The Kings selected Spencer Hawes with the 10th overall pick in the 2007 NBA draft . In addition , they acquired Mikki Moore from the New Jersey Nets . Martin signed a contract worth $55 million , extending his period with the team for five more years . The Kings lost key players over the off-season , with backup Ronnie Price leaving for the Utah Jazz , and Corliss Williamson retiring .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "They claimed fourth-year Beno Udrih off waivers from Minnesota . Udrih quickly assumed the starting position for an injured Bibby . It was announced in February that the Kings had traded Bibby to the Atlanta Hawks for Tyronn Lue , Anthony Johnson , Shelden Williams , Lorenzen Wright and a 2nd round draft pick . The move was presumably made to clear cap space . Bibby had been the last player from the Kings team that reached the Western Conference Finals in 2002 .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The Kings improved by five games and finished the 2007–08 season 38–44 , and missed the playoffs by a bigger margin ( 12 games ) than the previous season ( 8 games ) . They went 26–15 at home and 12–29 on the road . After selling out every home game since 1999 , the 2007–08 season sold out only three games at ARCO Arena with attendance averaging 13,500 fans per home game , almost 4,000 below capacity .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Following a quiet 2008 off-season , it was confirmed on July 29 , 2008 , that the Kings would trade Artest and the rights to Patrick Ewing Jr . and Sean Singletary to the Houston Rockets in exchange for former King Bobby Jackson , Donté Greene , a future first-round draft pick , and cash considerations for Rashad McCants and center Calvin Booth .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " Reggie Theus was fired in the middle of the 2008–09 season , giving way to Kenny Natt as the interim head coach . The Kings continued to struggle under Natt , ending up with the NBAs worst record for the 2008–09 season at 17–65 . On April 23 , 2009 , Kings Vice President Geoff Petrie announced the firing of Natt and his four assistants , Rex Kalamian , Jason Hamm , Randy Brown and Bubba Burrage . 2009–2012 : Here we Rise period .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Despite having the best odds to win the top overall pick in the 2009 NBA draft , the Kings obtained the 4th overall pick , the lowest they could possibly pick , to the outrage of many fans . Along with new head coach Paul Westphal , they selected Tyreke Evans . With the 23rd pick , they selected Omri Casspi from Israel .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " On April 27 , 2010 , Evans was the first Sacramento-era player to receive the NBA Rookie of the Year Award . Evans also became the 4th player in NBA history , joining Oscar Robertson , Michael Jordan , and LeBron James , to average 20 points , 5 rebounds , and 5 assists per game as a rookie . On June 24 , 2010 , the Kings selected DeMarcus Cousins with the 5th pick of the 2010 NBA draft . They also selected Hassan Whiteside , with the 33rd pick of the 2010 NBA draft .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Despite the excellent play of Cousins and Evans , both of whom were front-runners in Rookie of the Year voting and received All-Rookie First Team honors , the Kings still ranked near the bottom of the NBA , going 25–57 in Evans rookie year , and 24–58 in Cousins rookie year . Much of this was due to the poor fit of the roster around Evans and Cousins , and the uninspired coaching of Westphal .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The 2010–11 season was marked with uncertainty towards the end of the season . Frustrated by the lack of progress towards an arena and dwindling profits from other businesses , the Maloofs sought an immediate relocation of the franchise to Anaheim . The move seemed certain towards the end of the year , with Grant Napear and Jerry Reynolds emotionally signing off at the final home game vs . the Los Angeles Lakers . But after a vote by the NBA Board of Governors , the relocation effort was ended , to the glee of the fans .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In the 2011 NBA draft the Kings traded for the draft rights of Jimmer Fredette in a three-team deal with the Charlotte Bobcats and the Milwaukee Bucks , with the Kings receiving John Salmons sending Beno Udrih . This move was heavily panned by fans and media ; by moving down in the draft and losing longtime starter Udrih for the unproductive Salmons , most found it difficult to find a bright spot in the deal . Westphal would shortly be fired , with Warriors assistant Keith Smart hired as his replacement . Around this time , the team took",
"title": "Franchise history"
}
] |
/wiki/Sacramento_Kings#P115#3
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What was the home venue of Sacramento Kings between Jul 1972 and Sep 1973?
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Sacramento Kings The Sacramento Kings are an American professional basketball team based in Sacramento , California . The Kings compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the Western Conference Pacific Division . The Kings are the only team in the major professional North American sports leagues located in Sacramento . The team plays its home games at the Golden 1 Center . Their best seasons to date in the city were in the early 2000s , including the 2001–02 season when they had the best record in the NBA at 61–21 ( a winning percentage of ) . The franchise began with the Rochester Seagrams ( a semi-professional team ) from Rochester , New York , that formed in 1923 and hosted a number of teams there over the next 20 years . They joined the National Basketball League in 1945 as the renamed Rochester Royals , winning that leagues championship in their first season , 1945–46 . They later jumped with three other NBL teams to the Basketball Association of America , forerunner of the NBA , in 1948 . As the Royals , the team was often successful on the court , winning the NBA championship in 1951 . The team , however , found it increasingly difficult to turn a profit in the comparatively small market of Rochester and relocated to Cincinnati in , becoming the Cincinnati Royals . In 1972 , the team relocated again , this time to Kansas City , Missouri , and renamed the Kansas City–Omaha Kings because it initially split its home games between Kansas City and Omaha , Nebraska ; the nickname was changed to avoid confusion with the baseball Royals . After three seasons , the team truncated to Kansas City Kings , but continued to play several home games per season in Omaha , through March 1978 . The franchise again failed to find success in its market and moved after the 1984–85 season to Sacramento , where they presently reside . Franchise history . 1948–1957 : Rochester Royals . The basis of the purely-professional Royals team that came into existence in 1945 , after two decades of sponsored semi-professional team . Seagram was the teams main sponsor and received the bulk of what monies were made . One of the teams early stars was Lester Harrison , a local high school star of some publicity before joining the team . The driven Harrison later became the teams captain , coach , manager and chief scout over the next two decades , and was very key in the teams continued success and existence through hard years in the 1930s . Among visitors to Rochester then to play the team were the Original Celtics , the New York Rens and the Harlem Globetrotters . With news that World War II was approaching its end , the National Basketball League ( NBL ) announced that it was expanding , and Harrison was approached for interest in a franchise . While the sponsored Seagrams balked at additional expenses involved , Harrison and his lawyer brother Jack jumped at the chance . They pooled money to meet the steep entry fee of $25,000 dollars , and were granted an NBL franchise . Their team pushed out the Seagrams locally at their facility , smallish Edgerton Park Arena . With his new team , Harrison took advantage of conditions and rules in 1945 . The best players were the returning Navy and Army players now being released from the war . There was no draft for the league in the selection of new players . So , Harrison was able to scoop up several name stars for his new team , among them Bob Davies , Red Holzman and William Fuzzy Levane , as well as NBL free agents like George Glamack and Al Cervi . The result was a strong league champion in their first season of existence as the Royals during the 1945–46 season . The team had two more seasons of success during their NBL years , which permitted the team to play non-league opponents . During all three years , 1945–1948 , the team played over 300 total games , hosting most of them . The Royals defected to the NBLs rival , the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) , in 1948 . In 1949 , as a result of that years absorption of the NBL by the BAA , the Royals became members of the newly formed NBA along with the Fort Wayne Pistons , Minneapolis Lakers , and Indianapolis ( Kautskys ) Jets . A year later , the BAA absorbed the remaining NBL teams to become the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The move to the BAA took away Rochesters profitable exhibition schedule , and placed it in the same Western Division as the Minneapolis Lakers . Of the two best teams in professional basketball , only one of them could play in the league finals from 1949 to 1954 . Minneapolis , with George Mikan , was almost always better during playoffs than the Royals . With their smallish arena and now-limited schedule , the Royals became less profitable even as Harrison maintained a remarkably high standard for the team , which finished no lower than second in its division in both the NBL and BAA/NBA from 1945 to 1954 . Harrison knew that the NBA was outgrowing Rochester , and spent most of the 1950s looking for a buyer for his team . The Royals won the NBA title in 1951 by defeating the New York Knicks 4–3 . It is the only NBA championship in the franchises history . The title , however , did not translate into profit for the Royals . The roster turned over in 1955 , except for star guard Bobby Wanzer , who soon became the teams new coach . The team moved to the larger Rochester War Memorial in 1955 in an attempt to improve fortunes with a much larger arena . The NBA even agreed to host their All-Star Game there in 1956 . But the Royals were now a losing team filled with rookies , and did not turn a profit . Meanwhile , the NBA was putting pressure on Harrison to sell or relocate his team to a larger city . With this in mind , the 1956–57 season was the Royals last in Rochester . The Royals stay in Rochester featured the services of nine future members of the Basketball Hall of Fame : Al Cervi , Bob Davies , Alex Hannum , Lester Harrison , Red Holzman , Arnie Risen , Maurice Stokes , Jack Twyman , Bobby Wanzer , while others proved prominent in other fields , such as Pro Football Hall of Fame member Otto Graham , Hollywood Walk of Famer Chuck Connors , and Jack McMahon . 1957–1972 : Cincinnati Royals . In April 1957 , the Harrison brothers moved the Royals to Cincinnati , a city that was then trying to obtain an NBA expansion franchise . This move followed a well-received regular-season game played at Cincinnati Gardens on February 1 , 1957 . The change of venue had been said to have been partly suggested by Jack Twyman and Dave Piontek , who were two of several roster players on the new Royals from that area . Cincinnati , which had a strong college basketball fanbase then , and no NFL franchise to compete with ( until the Bengals joined in 1970 after two seasons in the AFL ) , was deemed the best choice for the Harrisons , who also considered other cities . The Royals name continued to fit in Cincinnati , often known as the Queen City . During the teams first NBA draft in Cincinnati , the team acquired Clyde Lovellette and guard George King . They teamed with the 1–2 punch of Maurice Stokes and Twyman to produce a budding contender in the teams very first season in the Queen City . But injuries and the loss of star guard Si Green , the #1 overall pick of the 1956 NBA draft , to military service dropped the team into a tie for second place in the NBA Western Division during the 1957–58 seasons second half . In the seasons finale , All-Pro star Maurice Stokes struck his head when he fell after pursuing a rebound . He shook off the effects of the fall , even as he had briefly been unconscious . After Game One in the playoffs three days later , Stokes head injury was greatly aggravated by airplane cabin pressure during the flight back to Cincinnati for Game Two . He suffered a seizure and was permanently hospitalized , a tragedy that greatly shook the team . Stokes , a tremendous talent who could play center , forward and guard , was 2nd in the NBA in rebounds and 3rd in assists , a double-feat only Wilt Chamberlain has matched for a full season . The impact of losing Stokes was such that the team nearly folded . Six of the teams shaken players simply retired on the spot . Fellow All-Star Twyman rose to All-Pro level over the next two seasons for Cincinnati , even as the team posted two 19-win seasons . The 1958–59 Cincinnati team featured five rookies , with Lovellette , King and other key players having left the team in the wake of Stokes tragic injury . The Harrisons , wanting out at this point , sold to a makeshift local group , headed by Thomas Woods , Cincinnati Gardens management , and a number of local businessmen . Jack Twyman came to the aid of his teammate , and even legally adopted Stokes . Raising funds for Stokes medical treatment , Twyman helped him until his death in April 1970 . The 1973 feature film Maurie , which co-starred actors Bernie Casey and Bo Svenson , dramatized their story . Shooting often for the beleaguered team , Twyman was the second NBA player to ever average 30 points per game for an NBA season . Twyman and Stokes were later named Hall of Famers . 1960–1970 : The Oscar Robertson era . In 1960 , the team was able to land local superstar Oscar Robertson . Robertson led a team that included Twyman , Wayne Embry , Bob Boozer , Bucky Bockhorn , Tom Hawkins and Adrian Smith over the next three seasons . The Royals reversed their fortunes with Robertson and rose to title contender . An ownership dispute in early 1963 scuttled the teams playoff chances when new owner Louis Jacobs booked a circus for Cincinnati Gardens for the week of the playoff series versus the champion Boston Celtics . The Royals home games were at Xavier Universitys Schmidt Field House . In late 1963 , another local superstar , Jerry Lucas , joined the team . The Royals rose to the second-best record in the NBA . From 1963 to 1966 , the Royals contended strongly against Boston and the Philadelphia 76ers , but won no titles . In the 1964 NBA draft the Royals drafted rookies George Wilson , Bill Chmielewski , Steve Courtin ( later traded to 76ers ) , and Happy Hairston . The teams star players throughout the 1960s were Oscar Robertson and Jerry Lucas . Robertson met with individual success , averaging a triple-double in 1961–62 and winning the Most Valuable Player award in 1964 . Robertson was a league-leading scorer and passer each season . Lucas was Rookie Of the Year in 1964 , led the league in shooting , and later averaged 20 rebounds per game over four seasons . Both were All-NBA First Team selections multiple times . The team failed to keep some promising players , though , and played in the tough NBA East division , dominated by the Boston Celtics , even as a Baltimore team played in the West Division for three years , denying the team likely visits to the NBA Finals . In 1966 , the team was sold to Max and Jeremy Jacobs . That same season , the Royals began playing some of their home games in neutral sites such as Cleveland ( until the Cavaliers began play in 1970 ) , Dayton and Columbus . This did wound their local fan base in Cincinnati , though , and fortunes for the team continued to steadily decline . That year , they would host the 1966 NBA All-Star Game , with Smith scoring 24 points to be named All-Star MVP . As of 2021 , it is the last time that the franchise has hosted an All-Star Game . New coach Bob Cousy traded Lucas in 1969 . Robertson was traded to Milwaukee in 1970 , where he immediately won an NBA title . The declining franchise left Cincinnati shortly thereafter , moving to Kansas City in 1972 . 1972–1985 : Kansas City–Omaha/Kansas City Kings . After moving to Kansas City , the Royals renamed themselves the Kings to avoid confusion with the Royals baseball team . Now dubbed the Kansas City-Omaha Kings , the team split its home games between the 7,316-seat Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City and the 9,300-seat Omaha Civic Auditorium . The Cincinnati Royals had been looking at Omaha as a market as early as 1968 , playing twelve home games in the Nebraska city from 1968 to 1971 . From 1972 to 1975 , the KC–Omaha Kings played a total of 42 regular season contests ( but no playoff games ) in Omaha . In 1975 , the club became simply the Kansas City Kings ( moving into the new 16,785-seat Kemper Arena the previous season ) , but did not abandon Omaha completely , playing several games there through the 1977–78 season . For the next two seasons , they played several home games at St . Louis . 1972–1976 . The team netted a new superstar in point guard Nate Archibald , who led the league in scoring and assists in the 1972–73 season . While still in Cincinnati , the team introduced a most unusual uniform design , which placed the players surname below his number . The design remained intact through the first several seasons of the teams run in Sacramento , even when the shade of blue on the road uniforms was changed from royal blue to powder blue , and the script Kansas City which adorned the road jerseys was scrubbed after the move in favor of a repeat of the Kings script on the home shirts . The Kings back jersey template was later adopted by the WNBA and the NBA Development League , as well the NBA during the All-Star Game since 2006 . The Kings had some decent players throughout . Tom Van Arsdale , the shooting forward , Jumpin Johnny Green , and Matt Guokas helped Archibald in the first year in Kansas City . Toby Kimball was a fan favorite . Jimmy Walker teamed with Archibald as the Kings made the playoffs the second year . Sam Lacey , an effective passing center , became one of the most dependable players in the league . Archibald became the first player to lead the league in scoring and assists in the first season in Kansas City . However , the management traded Archibald , and wasted high draft picks . Bob Cousy gave way to Phil Johnson , who was fired midyear in 1977 and replaced by Larry Staverman , a player on the team on two separate occasions when it was in Cincinnati and who later became the vice president of operations for the Cleveland Stadium Corporation in June 1981 . 1976–1984 . The Kings finally achieved some success in their new home when they hired Cotton Fitzsimmons as coach . Fitzsimmons won the Midwest Division in 1978–79 with rookie point guard Phil Ford , who was NBA Rookie of the Year in 1979 . Kansas City was led by shooting guard Otis Birdsong , strong on both offense and defense , all-around shooting forward Scott Wedman , and passing center Sam Lacey , who had a trademark bank shot . They drew an average of 10,789 fans to Kemper Arena that season , the only time during their tenure in KC that average attendance was in five figures ( the attendance at the peak was only two-thirds of Kempers capacity ) . The Kings later played several home games in St . Louis during the early 1980s to large crowds . Most Kansas City sports fans preferred to spend their entertainment dollar on the Royals , who won the American League West division championship four times in five seasons between 1976 and 1980 , and reached the 1980 World Series . The Kings made the playoffs in 1979–80 and again in 1980–81 , despite finishing the 1980–81 regular season at . The Kings made a run in the 1981 NBA Playoffs , reaching the Western Conference finals ; these were the franchises first playoff victories since 1964 , and their only ones ever in Kansas City . Ernie Grunfeld played the point in this run in place of an injured Ford , as KC used a slow half-court game to win the first two rounds . Power forward Reggie King had a remarkable series , dominating the opposition . After upsetting the Phoenix Suns by winning Game 7 at Phoenix in the Conference Semifinals and becoming the second NBA road team to do so after leading a series 3–1 , they bowed out to the Houston Rockets ( also 40–42 in the regular season ) in five games in the Conference Finals . Lacey , the last remaining Cincinnati Royal to play for the Kings , could not keep up with Rockets superstar center Moses Malone . ( The Kings did not win another playoff series for two decades. ) However , a series of bad luck incidents prevented the team from building on its success . Cleveland Cavaliers owner Ted Stepien lured Wedman and Birdsong away with big contract offers . In 1979 , the roof literally fell in at Kemper Arena because of a severe storm , forcing the team to play most of the 1979–80 season at the much smaller Municipal Auditorium . The ownership group sold the team to Sacramento interests for $11 million . The general manager was fired in a scandal in which he was found to be reusing marked postage stamps . When the Kings rehired Joe Axelson as general manager , they brought back the man who had previously traded Oscar Robertson , Norm Van Lier , Nate Archibald and Jerry Lucas , and used the third pick in the ABA dispersal draft on Ron Boone . Axelson stayed on after the Kings left Kansas City where , in their last game ever , fans wore Joe Axelson masks . Axelson later said he hoped his plane would never touch down in Kansas City . Axelson became the first general manager in the history of sports to fail with the same franchise in four cities : Cincinnati , Kansas City , Omaha and Sacramento . He was not fired for good until he rehired coach Phil Johnson , whom he had fired in mid-season in Kansas City ten years before . The Kings also had the misfortune of entering this period competing with the Kansas City Comets for the winter sports dollar , when the Comets were led by marketers—the Leiweke brothers . Their final season in 1984–85 resulted in a record , as fans stayed away from Kemper Arena in droves , with average attendance of 6,410 . Long-time ABA and NBA star , Don Buse , played his final professional season for the Kings . Ownership began looking for a new home for the team . Poor attendance and lack of sponsorship dollars ( the team was third in sports market share by a significant margin behind the NFLs Chiefs and MLBs Royals ) were the main reasons . Also , Kansas City had a much stronger following for the Kansas Jayhawks college basketball team than they did the NBAs Kings . Seeing the success the NBA was having in fast-growing cities with no NFL or MLB teams like Portland , Oregon , Salt Lake City , Utah , and San Antonio , Texas , it was decided the team would move to Sacramento , California , a fast-growing city with no competition from the NFL or MLB . The NBA unanimously approved the move , with the caveat that Sacramento had to have an NBA-ready arena finished within three years or the team was free to move again with no penalty . 1985–present : Sacramento Kings . The Kings moved to their current home of Sacramento , California in the 1985–86 NBA season , with their first Sacramento season ending in the first round of the Western Conference 1986 NBA Playoffs . The starting lineup was Reggie Theus , LaSalle Thompson , Mark Olberding , Terry Tyler , and Mike Woodson , with Larry Drew , Eddie Johnson , Otis Thorpe , and Joe Kleine coming off the bench . However , despite fan loyalty the Kings saw little success in subsequent seasons , and the team did not make the playoffs again until the 1996 NBA Playoffs in the 1995–96 NBA season . Some of their failure was attributable to misfortunes such as the career-altering car crash suffered by promising point guard Bobby Hurley in 1993 , and the suicide of Ricky Berry during the 1989 off-season ; some was attributed to poor management such as the long tenure of head coach Garry St . Jean and the selection of Never Nervous Pervis Ellison with the first overall pick in the 1989 NBA draft . Former Kings television broadcaster Jerry Reynolds ( 1987 , 1988–90 ) and NBA legend Bill Russell ( 1987–88 ) were the earliest head coaches . 1988–1989 : Ricky Berry . Ricky Berry was selected by the Kings in the first round , 18th pick overall in the 1988 NBA draft . He had a dazzling rookie year in the 1988–89 season shooting 40.6% from three-point range . The Kings also drafted Vinny Del Negro ( selected by the Kings in the second round , 29th overall pick in the 1988 NBA draft ) and acquired Rodney McCray from the Houston Rockets . In his first year with the Kings , McCray made 1988 NBA All-Defensive First Team . It was the first season the Kings would play without Reggie Theus and LaSalle Thompson ( both part in the original team from Kansas City ) or Joe Kleine ( selected by the Kings as first round , sixth pick overall in the 1985 NBA draft ) . Thompson was drafted by the Kings in the first round , fifth overall pick in the 1982 NBA draft . It was also the last year that Michael Jackson ( selected by the New York Knicks in the second round , 47th pick overall in the 1986 NBA draft but who played his entire career with the Kings ) and Ed Pinckney ( selected 10th overall by the Phoenix Suns in the 1985 NBA draft and played for the Kings from 1987 to 1989 ) played for the Kings . On February 23 , 1989 , Brad Lohaus and Danny Ainge were traded to the Kings from the Boston Celtics for Joe Kleine and Ed Pinckney . In June of the 1989 off-season , Lohaus was then acquired by the Minnesota Timberwolves in the 1989 NBA Expansion Draft . In August of the 1989 off-season , Berry was found dead from a self-inflicted gunshot wound at his home in Fair Oaks , California just weeks before his 25th birthday following an argument with his wife . 1989–1990 : Pervis Ellison . Following the loss of Ricky Berry , 1989–90 season featured Pervis Ellison , who was first overall pick in the 1989 NBA draft by the Kings , and acquisition Wayman Tisdale ( from the Indiana Pacers , second pick overall in the 1985 NBA draft ) . An injury kept Ellison on the sidelines for 48 of 82 games of his rookie year , after which he was traded to the Washington Bullets . Tisdale would go on to play for the Kings for five years . It was the last season that Danny Ainge , Kenny Smith ( who had an impressive showing in the 1990 NBA Slam Dunk Contest ) , Rodney McCray , Harold Pressley ( selected by the Kings in the first round , 17th overall pick in the 1986 NBA draft ) , Vinny Del Negro , Greg Kite , and Ralph Sampson played for the Kings . In 1990 , Ainge was traded to the Portland Trail Blazers , Kenny Smith was traded to the Atlanta Hawks , and Rodney McCray was traded to the Dallas Mavericks . 1990–1991 : Lionel Simmons . Lionel Simmons – or L-Train – was drafted by the Kings in the 1990 NBA draft in the first round , 7th pick overall . In his first season , he made the NBA All-Rookie First Team . He would go on to play his entire career ( 1990–1997 ) with the Kings and had 5,833 career points . Antoine Carr ( acquired from the Atlanta Hawks ) played for the Kings in the 1990–91 NBA season and then was traded to the San Antonio Spurs . Free-agent Leon Wood , who would later become an NBA official , played for the Kings but was let go on Christmas Eve of 1990 . Also notable that Bill Wennington was acquired from the Dallas Mavericks and played for the Kings for the 1990–91 season and after a successful career with the Chicago Bulls returned to the Kings for his final season in 1999–2000 . 1991–1998 : The Mitch Richmond era . The early 1990s were difficult for the Kings . Sacramento was known for having strong fan support , and while they won over 60% of their home games , the team struggled on the road , going 1–40 on the road in a single season . But prayers were answered when they acquired Mitch Richmond , who previously played for the Golden State Warriors . The former NBA Rookie of the Year was selected as an All-Star six times while making the All-NBA Second Team three times . Garry St . Jean was chosen as new coach in 1992 and coached the team all the way through 1997 , where he was replaced by Eddie Jordan . During the 1990s , Sacramento had other stars like Spud Webb , Kurt Rambis , Wayman Tisdale , Walt Williams , Olden Polynice and Brian Grant , but they only lasted with the team for a few years . After the 1992–93 season , Rambis was traded to the Los Angeles Lakers . After the 1993–94 season , Tisdale was traded to the Phoenix Suns . After the 1994–95 season , Webb was traded to the Atlanta Hawks for Tyrone Corbin . Midway through the 1995–96 season , Williams was traded to the Miami Heat for Billy Owens ( who was drafted by the Kings in 1991 , and traded to Golden State for Richmond ) . After the 1996–97 season , Grant became a free agent and signed with the Portland Trail Blazers . One accomplishment the team achieved under St . Jean during their tenures was a playoff appearance in 1996 . The series was lost 3–1 to the Seattle SuperSonics who , led by Gary Payton and Shawn Kemp , finished as that years conference champions . They did not make a playoff appearance again while Richmond was still on the Kings . He was soon traded along with Otis Thorpe to the Washington Wizards for Chris Webber in May 1998 . Although Richmond was lost , this trade proved to be one of the keys to finally achieving playoff success after so many seasons of mediocrity . 1998–2004 : The Greatest Show on Court era . The Kings drafted Jason Williams in the 1998 NBA draft , signed Vlade Divac , and traded for Chris Webber prior to the lockout-shortened season of 1998–99 . These acquisitions coincided with the arrival of Peja Stojaković from Serbia , who had been drafted in 1996 . Each of these moves was attributed to general manager Geoff Petrie , who has won the NBA Executive of the Year Award twice . Led by new head coach Rick Adelman , and aided by former Princeton head coach Pete Carril , the Kings Princeton offense impressed others for its quick style and strong ball movement . Some criticized the Kings for their poor team defense , Williamss flash over substance style with its many turnovers , and Webbers failure to step up in important match-ups . Still , they quickly garnered many fans outside of California , many of whom were drawn to the spectacular pairing of Williams and Webber . In 1998–99 , they went 27–23 , their first winning season in nearly twenty years and their first since moving to Sacramento . The new arrivals Webber , Williams , and Divac all played key roles in this resurgence ; Divac ranked near the top of the team in most statistics , Webber led the league in rebounds and was named to the All-NBA Second Team , and Williams was named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team . In the playoffs , they were matched up against the defending Western Conference Champions , the Utah Jazz . After winning Game 1 by 20 points , the Jazz surrendered two consecutive playoff games to the Kings . They would turn the series around , however , and win the last two to keep the Kings from advancing in the playoffs . In 1999–2000 , the Kings only notable transaction was trading shooting guard Tariq Abdul-Wahad to the Orlando Magic in exchange for shooting guard Nick Anderson . They finished eighth in the Western Conference with a 44–38 record and were matched up with the Los Angeles Lakers in the first round of the playoffs . Once again , however , the Kings failed to advance , losing the series 2–3 against the Lakers . The following season , the Kings traded starting small forward Corliss Williamson to the Toronto Raptors for shooting guard Doug Christie , a move made to improve the subpar defense . They also drafted Turkish power forward Hedo Türkoğlu , further improving their bench rotation . Stojakovic moved into the starting small forward role , where he and Webber proved to complement each other extremely well , and as the Kings continued to improve , their popularity steadily rose , culminating in a February 2001 Sports Illustrated cover story entitled The Greatest Show on Court with Williams , Christie , Stojakovic , Webber , and Divac gracing the cover . That year , they went 55–27 , their best in 40 years . In the playoffs , they won their first series in 20 years , defeating the Phoenix Suns three games to one , before being swept in the second round by the Lakers , who eventually won the NBA Championship . In July 2001 , Jason Williams was traded , along with Nick Anderson , to the Vancouver Grizzlies for Mike Bibby and Brent Price . Despite Williamss often spectacular play , the Kings had grown tired of his recklessness and turnovers ; Bibby would provide much more stability and control at the point guard position . This move was complemented by the re-signing of Webber to a maximum-salary contract , securing their superstar long term . With Bibby taking over for Williams , they had their best season to date in 2001–02 . Though not as exciting or flashy as they had been in previous years with Williams , the team became much more effective and disciplined with Bibby at the helm . They finished with a league-best record of 61–21 , winning 36 of 41 at home . After easily winning their first two playoff matchups against the Stockton and Malone-led Jazz and the Dirk Nowitzki-led Dallas Mavericks , respectively , the Kings went on to play the archrival and two-time defending champion Los Angeles Lakers in the Western Conference Finals , regarded as one of the greatest playoff matchups in history . In a controversial series , the Kings lost in seven games , one game away from what would have been the first NBA Finals and professional sports championship in Sacramento history . This was a crushing blow to the Kings ; after losing to their archrivals in a highly controversial series , the team would begin to decline and age in the years that followed . Many commentators and journalists would question the decisions made by the referees during Game 6 , specifically that the Lakers were awarded a staggering 27 free throws in the fourth quarter , many of which came from what were in retrospect proved to be no-calls . Following Game 6 even print newspapers began to question the legitimacy of the game . Most notably , the New York Post ran a front cover with a headline entitled Foul Play ; it also published a related article suggesting that the game was rigged . NBA analyst David Aldridge ( then working for ESPN ) spoke on the game : The 2002 Western Conference finals left many fans wondering whether the Kings could have gone on to win a title , and debate would continue for many years after the events of the series . Later , due to allegations raised by former NBA referee Tim Donaghy , the NBA set up a review of the leagues officiating . Lawrence Pedowitz , who led the review , concluded that while Game 6 featured poor officiating , there was no concrete evidence that the game had been fixed . The Kings went 59–23 and won the division during the following season , seeking to avenge their playoff loss to the Lakers . After defeating the Stockton- and Malone-led Jazz in the first round and winning Game 1 against the Dirk Nowitzki-led Dallas Mavericks in the second round , the Kings appeared to be on the brink of another Western Conference Finals berth . However , Chris Webber sustained a major knee injury in Game 2 , and the Kings lost in a seven-game series . Webbers knee required major surgery . He returned mid-season in 2003–04 a season in which the Kings were seeking another chance to avenge their playoff loss to the Lakers , but without his quickness and athleticism , which had been the focal point of his style of play , it was not the same . Despite that , the Kings still managed to defeat the Dirk Nowitzki-led Dallas Mavericks in the first round and after winning Game 1 against the Kevin Garnett-led Minnesota Timberwolves in the second round , the Kings appeared to be on the brink of their second Western Conference Finals berth in three years , but the Kings ended the season with a defeat to the Timberwolves in a seven-game series . 2004–2006 : Decline . The 2004–05 season marked change for the Kings , who lost three starters from the famed 2002 team . In the off-season of 2004 , Divac signed with the Lakers , which prompted the Kings to sign Brad Miller to start at center . Early in the season , Christie was traded to the Orlando Magic for Cuttino Mobley , and in February , Webber was traded to the Philadelphia 76ers for three forwards ( Corliss Williamson , Kenny Thomas , and Brian Skinner ) . Thomas and Skinner failed in their attempt to replicate Webbers impact , and as a result the teams record suffered . The Kings lost in the first round of the playoffs to the Seattle SuperSonics . The 2005 off-season continued with changes , when they traded fan-favorite Bobby Jackson for Bonzi Wells and acquired free agent Shareef Abdur-Rahim . The 2005–06 season started poorly since the Kings had a hard time establishing team chemistry . Newcomers Wells and Abdur-Rahim made major contributions early , but both were injured and missed a significant number of games . As the Kings season continued , general manager Petrie decided to make a major move . Stojakovic was traded for Ron Artest , a talented yet volatile forward known for his temper . Despite doubts that he would be able to replace the huge production of Stojakovic , Artest and the Kings went 20–9 after the 2006 NBA All-Star break , the second best post-All-Star break record that season . Despite a winning record of 44–38 , it was clear that they were not the same team of years past . The Kings were seeded 8th in the Western Conference playoffs and were matched up in the first round against the San Antonio Spurs . Though the Kings were surprisingly competitive , the Spurs eliminated them 4–2 . This was the end of their era of competitiveness and to date , their last winning season and their last playoff season . The 2006 off-season began with the disturbing news that head coach Rick Adelmans contract would not be renewed . The Kings named Eric Musselman as his replacement . 2006–2009 : Change and transition . In 2006–07 , the disappointing play of the Kings was coupled with the distraction of legal troubles . Coach Eric Musselman pleaded no contest to DUI charges early in the season , while Artest got into trouble for neglect of his dogs , and was later accused of domestic assault . The Kings relieved Artest of basketball duties , pending investigation , then later reinstated him . They finished the season 33–49 ( their worst in 9 years ) which landed them in fifth place in the Pacific Division . They posted a losing record ( 20–21 ) at home for the first time since 1993–94 . Their season included a seven-game losing streak that lasted from January 4 to 19 . The Kings missed the 2007 NBA Playoffs , the first time in eight seasons . Musselman was fired in April . The Kings future appeared to rest on the shoulders of Kevin Martin , who was a lead candidate for 2007 NBA Most-Improved Player of the Year . The 2007 off-season was a time of change . Head coach Musselman was replaced by former Kings player , Reggie Theus . The Kings selected Spencer Hawes with the 10th overall pick in the 2007 NBA draft . In addition , they acquired Mikki Moore from the New Jersey Nets . Martin signed a contract worth $55 million , extending his period with the team for five more years . The Kings lost key players over the off-season , with backup Ronnie Price leaving for the Utah Jazz , and Corliss Williamson retiring . They claimed fourth-year Beno Udrih off waivers from Minnesota . Udrih quickly assumed the starting position for an injured Bibby . It was announced in February that the Kings had traded Bibby to the Atlanta Hawks for Tyronn Lue , Anthony Johnson , Shelden Williams , Lorenzen Wright and a 2nd round draft pick . The move was presumably made to clear cap space . Bibby had been the last player from the Kings team that reached the Western Conference Finals in 2002 . The Kings improved by five games and finished the 2007–08 season 38–44 , and missed the playoffs by a bigger margin ( 12 games ) than the previous season ( 8 games ) . They went 26–15 at home and 12–29 on the road . After selling out every home game since 1999 , the 2007–08 season sold out only three games at ARCO Arena with attendance averaging 13,500 fans per home game , almost 4,000 below capacity . Following a quiet 2008 off-season , it was confirmed on July 29 , 2008 , that the Kings would trade Artest and the rights to Patrick Ewing Jr . and Sean Singletary to the Houston Rockets in exchange for former King Bobby Jackson , Donté Greene , a future first-round draft pick , and cash considerations for Rashad McCants and center Calvin Booth . Reggie Theus was fired in the middle of the 2008–09 season , giving way to Kenny Natt as the interim head coach . The Kings continued to struggle under Natt , ending up with the NBAs worst record for the 2008–09 season at 17–65 . On April 23 , 2009 , Kings Vice President Geoff Petrie announced the firing of Natt and his four assistants , Rex Kalamian , Jason Hamm , Randy Brown and Bubba Burrage . 2009–2012 : Here we Rise period . Despite having the best odds to win the top overall pick in the 2009 NBA draft , the Kings obtained the 4th overall pick , the lowest they could possibly pick , to the outrage of many fans . Along with new head coach Paul Westphal , they selected Tyreke Evans . With the 23rd pick , they selected Omri Casspi from Israel . On April 27 , 2010 , Evans was the first Sacramento-era player to receive the NBA Rookie of the Year Award . Evans also became the 4th player in NBA history , joining Oscar Robertson , Michael Jordan , and LeBron James , to average 20 points , 5 rebounds , and 5 assists per game as a rookie . On June 24 , 2010 , the Kings selected DeMarcus Cousins with the 5th pick of the 2010 NBA draft . They also selected Hassan Whiteside , with the 33rd pick of the 2010 NBA draft . Despite the excellent play of Cousins and Evans , both of whom were front-runners in Rookie of the Year voting and received All-Rookie First Team honors , the Kings still ranked near the bottom of the NBA , going 25–57 in Evans rookie year , and 24–58 in Cousins rookie year . Much of this was due to the poor fit of the roster around Evans and Cousins , and the uninspired coaching of Westphal . The 2010–11 season was marked with uncertainty towards the end of the season . Frustrated by the lack of progress towards an arena and dwindling profits from other businesses , the Maloofs sought an immediate relocation of the franchise to Anaheim . The move seemed certain towards the end of the year , with Grant Napear and Jerry Reynolds emotionally signing off at the final home game vs . the Los Angeles Lakers . But after a vote by the NBA Board of Governors , the relocation effort was ended , to the glee of the fans . In the 2011 NBA draft the Kings traded for the draft rights of Jimmer Fredette in a three-team deal with the Charlotte Bobcats and the Milwaukee Bucks , with the Kings receiving John Salmons sending Beno Udrih . This move was heavily panned by fans and media ; by moving down in the draft and losing longtime starter Udrih for the unproductive Salmons , most found it difficult to find a bright spot in the deal . Westphal would shortly be fired , with Warriors assistant Keith Smart hired as his replacement . Around this time , the team took the slogan Here we rise ! for its marketing campaign . Amidst various relocation rumors and locker room tensions , the Kings had yet another unsuccessful season . One of their few bright spots was rookie Isaiah Thomas . Due to criticisms about his height ( 59 in shoes ) and playmaking ability , Thomas slipped to the 60th and final pick of the draft . Despite this , and the presence of college superstar Fredette , Thomas earned the starting spot , finishing the season with averages of 11 points and 4 assists per game and earned a selection to the NBA All-Rookie team . In the 2012 NBA draft they selected Thomas Robinson out of Kansas . Because of an unproductive rookie season by Robinson , he was traded with Francisco García and Tyler Honeycutt to the Houston Rockets in exchange for Patrick Patterson , Toney Douglas and Cole Aldrich . 2013–2015 : Franchise restructuring . On May 16 , 2013 , the Maloof family reached agreement to sell the Kings to a group led by Silicon Valley tech entrepreneur Vivek Ranadivé for a then-record NBA franchise valuation of $535 million . Ranadivé , 55 , named Raj Bhathal , 71 , founder of Tustin-based Raj Manufacturing , one of the largest swimwear companies in the nation , as one of the investors in a consortium to buy a majority stake in the Kings from the franchises longtime owners , the Maloof family , for a reported $348 million . The group fought off a rival bid that would have moved the team to Seattle after the NBAs Board of Governors rejected investor Chris Hansens bid to relocate the team . The new owners intend to keep the team in Sacramento . On May 28 , the NBA Board of Governors unanimously approved the sale , ending several years of efforts by other cities to take possession and move the Kings out of Sacramento . On May 31 , 2013 , the Kings closed escrow , finalizing the sale to the Ranadivé group at a record valuation of $534 million , beginning a new era for the franchise . Plans were already underway to move forward on an arena , as the Downtown Plaza was reportedly being sold to the Sacramento ownership group . A month later , on July 30 , Turner Construction was selected to be the builder of the arena . Once the sale had closed and ownership was transferred to Ranadivé , the Kings began making changes to the management and staff . Geoff Petrie and Keith Smart were released ; Mike Malone and Pete DAlessandro were brought in to replace them . Corliss Williamson , Brendan Malone , Chris Jent , and Dee Brown were brought in as assistant coaches . On July 10 , NBA executive Chris Granger was hired as team president . On September 23 , 2013 , Shaquille ONeal purchased a minority share of the team , jokingly dubbing the teams new organization the Shaqramento Kings . These hires coincided with several roster moves . In the 2013 NBA draft on June 27 , the Kings selected Kansas shooting guard Ben McLemore , who was widely projected to go top-five , with the seventh overall pick . They also selected point guard and former McDonalds All-American Ray McCallum , Jr . from the University of Detroit with the 36th pick . One week later , on July 5 , the Kings sent former NBA Rookie of the Year Tyreke Evans to the New Orleans Pelicans in a three-team deal involving Robin Lopez , Greivis Vásquez , Jeff Withey , Terrel Harris , and picks . On July 9 , the Kings traded a future second-round draft pick to the Bucks in exchange for defensive small forward Luc Richard Mbah a Moute , and on July 15 , the Kings signed Carl Landry , who had played a stint with the team in its previous ownership , to a 4-year deal worth $28 million . The 2013–14 season was widely anticipated by Kings fans . Playing their first game on October 30 , against the Nuggets , the Kings won 90–88 , despite being without projected starters Landry and Mbah a Moute . They were led by a 30-point , 14 rebound performance from DeMarcus Cousins , and a putback dunk by Jason Thompson with under a minute to play which sealed the victory for the Kings . After the poor play of starting forwards John Salmons and Patrick Patterson through November , the Kings sought a change . On November 26 , newly acquired Luc Richard Mbah a Moute was traded for power forward Derrick Williams . Nearly two weeks later , on December 8 , they acquired Rudy Gay in a blockbuster seven-player deal that sent the struggling Patterson and Salmons to Toronto along with Chuck Hayes and off-season acquisition Greivis Vásquez . Quincy Acy and Aaron Gray were also sent to the Kings . The organization sought to add depth to their lineup during the 2014 off-season to complement the Kings star duo DeMarcus Cousins and Rudy Gay . Sacramento added Darren Collison , Ryan Hollins and Ramon Sessions through free agency signings , as well as drafting Nik Stauskas prior to the start of the 2014–15 season . After an 11–13 start to the 2014–15 season , head coach Michael Malone was fired by the Sacramento Kings organization . Tyrone Corbin filled in for the Kings until Hall of Fame coach George Karl replaced him in February 2015 . On January 30 , 2015 , DeMarcus Cousins was named to replace the injured Kobe Bryant as a Western Conference All-Star in the 2015 NBA All-Star Game . Cousins selection marked the first time a Kings player earned All-Star honors since Brad Miller and Peja Stojaković represented Sacramento in 2004 . 2015–2017 : Divac as general manager , new arena . On March 3 , 2015 , the Kings announced former Sacramento center Vlade Divac as the new vice president of basketball operations . Following the end of Sacramentos 29–53 season for 2014–15 , The Kings made aggressive off-season moves in drafting Willie Cauley-Stein and acquiring Rajon Rondo , Kosta Koufos , Marco Belinelli , and Caron Butler in preparation for the 2015–16 season . To free up cap space , Divac traded Nik Stauskas , Carl Landry , Jason Thompson , a future top 10 protected first-round pick , and the right to swap two future first-round picks to the Philadelphia 76ers for the rights to second-round picks Artūras Gudaitis and Luka Mitrović . While the 76ers gave up nearly nothing to acquire draft assets that would result in the selection of number 1 overall pick Markelle Fultz , the Kings remained one of the worst teams in the NBA . It was regarded by many as one of the most lopsided trades in NBA history . On April 14 , 2016 , after a 33–49 season , the Kings fired head coach George Karl . Karl compiled a record of 44-68 with the Kings . The 2016–17 season brought several changes . The Kings moved into their new arena , the Golden 1 Center . On May 9 , 2016 , the Kings hired former Memphis Grizzlies coach Dave Joerger as head coach . During the 2016 NBA draft , the Kings traded the 8th pick to the Phoenix Suns for the 13th and 28th pick in the draft , as well as the rights to Serbian guard Bogdan Bogdanović . Later in the evening , the Kings traded Marco Belinelli to the Charlotte Hornets in exchange for the 22nd pick in the draft . The Kings selected four players in the 2016 NBA draft – Greek center Georgios Papagiannis with the 13th pick , Syracuse shooting guard Malachi Richardson with the 22nd pick , Kentucky forward Skal Labissiere with the 28th pick , and Oklahoma guard Isaiah Cousins with the 59th pick . In free agency , the Kings signed Anthony Tolliver , Garrett Temple , Arron Afflalo , Matt Barnes , and Ty Lawson . 2017–2020 : Rebuilding post-DeMarcus Cousins . On February 20 , 2017 , the Kings traded DeMarcus Cousins , alongside Omri Casspi to the New Orleans Pelicans for Tyreke Evans , Buddy Hield , Langston Galloway and two future draft picks . The Kings finished the 2016–17 season with a 32–50 record . In the 2017 NBA draft the team selected Kentucky point guard DeAaron Fox with the fifth pick . They also selected North Carolina forward Justin Jackson with the 15th pick , Duke center Harry Giles with the 20th pick,and Kansas point guard Frank Mason III with the 34th pick . With four rookie pickups , Divac wanted to add veteran presences on the roster . On July 10 , 2017 , the team signed three veterans – Vince Carter , Zach Randolph , and George Hill . The team finished the 2017–18 season with a 27–55 record , placing 12th in the Western Conference . Giles sat out the entire season due to a leg injury despite previous reports that he would make his rookie debut in January . Hill was traded to the Cleveland Cavaliers . Greek center Papagiannis , who was selected in the first round of the 2016 draft , averaged only 2.1 points in the 16 games played . During the 2018 NBA draft , the Kings selected Duke center Marvin Bagley III . The team was criticized following the draft for not selecting Luka Dončić , while Divac would go on to say he was confident in Bagley . Prior to the 2018–19 season , multiple analysts picked Sacramento to finish last in the Western Conference , calling their recent draft a missed opportunity to build and their lack of a veteran presence to offset their rookie lineup . The Kings lost to the Utah Jazz 123–117 in their season opener on October 17 , 2018 . Despite starting the season 1–3 , including a loss to the Pelicans in which they gave up 149 points , the team would go onto win their next five games to hold a winning record . By December 30 , the team held a 19–16 record . Ultimately , the Kings finished the season in ninth place in the Western Conference posting a record of 39–43 ; they again missed the playoffs . However , this was the team’s best regular-season record since their last playoff appearance in the 2005–06 season . In spite of this , head coach Joerger was fired after the conclusion of the season , and Luke Walton was hired as his replacement three days later . Earlier in the season , the Kings were rocked by the discovery that their former chief revenue officer , Jeff David , had embezzled $13.4 million in sponsorship payments from the Kings and their corporate partners over four years . David , who had taken a similar position with the Miami Heat , pleaded guilty to wire fraud and identity theft and was sentenced to seven years in federal prison . Following the suspension of the 2019–20 NBA season , the Kings were one of the 22 teams invited to the NBA Bubble to participate in the final 8 games of the regular season . However , Sacramento finished these games with a 3-5 record , missing the play-in game and extending their playoff drought for the 14th consecutive season . 2020–present : The Monte McNair era . On August 14 , 2020 , the Sacramento Kings announced that general manager Vlade Divac would resign from his position . Joe Dumars , a former player and executive for the Detroit Pistons , would be named interim Executive Vice President of Basketball Operations ; Dumars had joined the Kings as a special advisor in June of the previous year . Following a month-long search , the Sacramento Kings announced on September 17 , 2020 , that Houston Rockets executive Monte McNair would be hired as the franchises new general manager . With the Rockets , McNair spent thirteen years working under Daryl Morey , serving in various roles ; he was most recently named assistant general manager in 2018 . Following this hire , interim executive Joe Dumars was named as the chief strategy officer of the organization . Other candidates for the position included Minnesota Timberwolves executive vice president Sachin Gupta , Denver Nuggets general manager Calvin Booth , and former Atlanta Hawks general manager Wes Wilcox . McNair announced three additional hires on October 14 , 2020 ; these included the aforementioned Wes Wilcox who became an assistant GM , former Philadelphia 76ers scouting director Phil Jabour as vice president of player personnel , and Oklahoma City Blue executive Paul Johnson as director of basketball operations . Team logo , uniform and colors . Rochester Royals . The initial Rochester Royals logo featured a blue and white shield with the word ROCHESTER on the top , with a white banner with the word ROYALS on it . From the beginning , the road uniforms were blue with the city name written in front , while home uniforms were white with the team name written in front . Red accents were added later in their Rochester tenure . Cincinnati Royals . Upon moving to Cincinnati in 1957 , the team logo became a basketball with a cartoon face . The basketball was depicted as wearing a crown with the city of Cincinnati within it . The word CINCINNATI was featured above the logo while the word ROYALS was below . The crown also had the team name on it . This logo was white with blue outlines . The uniforms remained blue on the road and white at home , again with red accents and the city/team name designation on the respective uniforms . In the late 1960s the Royals wore a uniform with the team name written vertically on the left side , with the number on the right . In 1971 , the team adopted a red crown with a blue half-basketball below it . The word CINCINNATI , in blue , was placed above the logo . The word ROYALS , in white , was placed on the crown . The logo change also reflected on the uniforms , now featuring a script Royals in front with red numbers . However , blue names and numbers at home , and white names and numbers on the road were written at the back of the uniform , with the unusual arrangement of the number above the name being used for the first time ( normally , the players name is shown above the back number ) . Kansas City–Omaha/Kansas City Kings . For the 1972–73 season , the renamed and relocated Kansas City-Omaha Kings kept their uniforms and logos , with the exception of the name change . After settling in Kansas City for good in 1975 , the Kings changed their road uniforms back to reading the city name in front . Beginning with the 1981–82 season , the road uniforms reverted to the team name in front , while numbers in front took on the same color schemes as the numbers in the back . Sacramento Kings . Following their move from Kansas City in 1985 the Kings still used the same color scheme of red , white and blue . The logo of a crown atop a bottom half of the basketball was also carried over . However , the shades of blue used on their home and road uniforms were different for five seasons . The home uniforms use royal blue , while the road uniforms use powder blue . The striping patterns were also different between the two uniforms , with the script Kings wordmark on the sides of the road shorts , and basic side stripes on the home uniforms . Carrying over from Kansas City was the unusual placement of player names at the bottom of the number at the front of the uniforms . The uniforms changed slightly in 1990 , with royal blue now used on the road ; the shorts now incorporate the Kings logo , and the name and number on the back switched places to the standard positions of the name being on the top , then the players number below it . The player names were now in a standard monotone serif font which was used by several NBA teams . This version would mark the last time the classic script Kings wordmark was used until 2005 . Change to purple and black . In 1994 , the Kings radically changed their look , adopting a new color scheme of purple , silver , black and white . The uniform set consists of one wide side stripe running through the right leg of the shorts , with the primary Kings logo prominently featured . The home uniform is in white , while the road uniform is in black ( by later coincidence , the NHLs Los Angeles Kings would use that exact color scheme ) . From 1994 to 1997 , a half-purple , half-black uniform , featuring checkerboard side panels , was used as an alternate uniform , which was panned by fans . However , the uniform was revived for the 2012–13 season during Hardwood Classics Nights . A new purple uniform , which shares the same template from the home and road uniforms , was introduced in the 1997–98 season . Before the start of the 2002–03 NBA season , the Kings changed their uniforms once again . This set included a modernized version of the Kings script on the home jersey , and the city name on the purple road jersey . The side stripes now run through the uniform . In the 2005–06 season they introduced a gold alternate uniform , featuring the classic script Kings wordmark . However , this alternate lasted only two seasons . In 2008 , the team introduced a new style of uniforms , with the names switching designations with a modernized Kings script on the road jersey in black text , and Sacramento on the home jersey still in white text . In doing this , the Kings became unique ; most professional franchises place the team nickname on the home jerseys and the city name on the road jerseys . The numbers are black on both uniforms . The side panels were revamped , now only featured on the shorts and at the top half of the uniform . Before the 2011–12 season a black alternate uniform was introduced , sharing the same template as the home and road uniforms , but with the classic script Kings wordmark and silver numbers . For the 2014–15 season , the Kings made a few tweaks to their home and away uniforms . While the team kept the 2008-era template , they brought back the 1994–2002 Kings script from the primary logo on both uniforms , along with purple ( home ) and white ( away ) numbers . The black alternate uniform was kept without any alterations . In addition , the crown logo at the back was replaced by the NBA logo , while a gold tab above it represents the franchises 1951 NBA championship . For the 2016–17 season , the Kings are changing their brand once more , adopting a logo reminiscent of their 1971–1994 design and dispatched black from their logo while keeping the purple and silver . The Kings unveiled their new uniforms on June 15 , 2016 , featuring four designs . Both the home white and purple away uniforms feature a modernized Kings script , an updated crown on top , and gray side stripes . The so-called City uniforms are similar to the away uniforms , except that the abbreviation SAC in gray appears in front . The black Global uniforms substitute the crown for a standing lion crest on top , along with a solid gray side stripe on the right and the primary logo on the left leg . All uniforms feature a baby blue collar , stitches , and tab that says Sacramento Proud , a nod to the franchises first few seasons in Sacramento . Beginning with the 2017–18 season , the jerseys will be sponsored by Blue Diamond Growers . As part of the switch to Nike as the NBAs uniform provider , the home and away uniform designations were abolished . The Kings kept their uniforms mostly intact , but the erstwhile primary purple uniforms were retired in favor of the City alternate purple uniforms . The Kings primary uniform set now consists of the white Association uniforms , the purple Icon uniforms and the black Statement uniforms . City special edition uniforms . Nike also released a special edition City uniform that pays tribute to both local culture and team heritage . Sacramentos 2017–18 City uniforms feature a white and powder blue base with red trim , echoing the road uniform colors the team wore from 1985 to 1990 . A recolored lion head logo in red and gray is also emblazoned in front . For the 2018–19 season , the Kings tweaked the City uniforms , replacing the lion head logo with the wordmark Sactown . The same uniform design was carried over for the 2019–20 season , but with red as the base color and powder blue as the trim color . The Sactown theme was retained for the 2020–21 City uniform , but with four design cues taken from prior uniforms . The black base paid homage to the 1994–2002 black uniforms . The checkerboard patterns were taken from their 1994–1997 purple/black alternate uniforms . The powder blue and red trim of the 1985–1990 road uniforms and of previous City uniforms were carried over to this design . Classic uniforms . During the 2002–03 season , the Kings brought back the 1960s Cincinnati Royals white uniform for a few games as a tribute to Oscar Robertson . The following season , they wore the mid-1970s Kansas City Kings white uniform for select games to honor Nate Archibald . The Kings mid-1980s powder blue jerseys were first brought back in the 2004–05 season to celebrate the franchises 20th season in Sacramento . They would return in 2015–16 for the teams final season at Sleep Train Arena , and the following season upon moving to Golden 1 Center . During the 2010–11 season , the Kings honored the 1950–51 Rochester Royals championship team by wearing throwback uniforms from that era . The team also wore blue versions of the Rochester throwbacks in the 2014–15 season . For the 2019–20 season , the Kings will bring back their blue uniforms worn from 1990 to 1994 in commemoration of the franchises 35th season in Sacramento . Mascot . Since the 1997–98 season , the official Kings mascot has been Slamson the Lion . Prior to that , the Kings mascot was The Gorilla . Season-by-season record . List of the last five seasons completed by the Kings . For the full season-by-season history , see List of Sacramento Kings seasons . Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , W–L% = Winning percentage Home arenas . - Edgerton Park Arena ( 1949–1954 ) - Rochester War Memorial ( 1955–1957 ) - Cincinnati Gardens ( 1957–1972 ) - Omaha Civic Auditorium ( 1972–1978 ) - Kansas City Municipal Auditorium ( 1972–1974 ) & ( 1979-1980 ) - Kemper Arena ( 1974–1985 ) - ARCO Arena I ( 1985–1988 ) - Sleep Train Arena ( formerly ARCO Arena II/Power Balance Pavilion ) ( 1988–2016 ) - Golden 1 Center ( 2016–present ) Rivalries . Prior to moving to Ohio , the Royals biggest rival was the Syracuse Nationals , which went on to become the Philadelphia 76ers . This left upstate New York without a team until the Buffalo Braves were established in 1970 . This third attempt did not last , with the Braves moving to San Diego , California in 1978 to become the San Diego Clippers . In 1970 , the Cleveland Cavaliers were established . This brought a new rival for the Royals , as well as a new team in Ohio . This rivalry did not last , and the Royals moved to Kansas City only a few years later . Although the NBA previously had a team in St . Louis , Missouri in the form of the St . Louis Hawks , that team moved to Atlanta in 1968 , thus preventing a potential new rivalry for the Kings . This made the Kings the first team in the state in four years . 13 years later , the Kings moved to California , leaving Missouri without a team . Players . Retained draft rights . The Kings hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA . A drafted player , either an international draftee or a college draftee who is not signed by the team that drafted him , is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams . In this case , the team retains the players draft rights in the NBA until one year after the players contract with the non-NBA team ends . This list includes draft rights that were acquired from trades with other teams . Retired numbers . All of the Kings retired numbers are hanging in the rafters of the Golden 1 Center . Naismith Basketball Hall of Famers . Notes : - In total , Robertson was inducted into the Hall of Fame twice – as player and as a member of the 1960 Olympic team . - In total , Lucas was inducted into the Hall of Fame twice – as player and as a member of the 1960 Olympic team . - Inducted as contributor for being the first African American to manage a team in the NBA . He also played for the team in 1958–1966 . - Also played for the team ( 1975 ) . - In total , Russell was inducted into the Hall of Fame twice – as a player and as coach .
|
[
"Kansas City Municipal Auditorium",
"Omaha Civic Auditorium"
] |
[
{
"text": "The Sacramento Kings are an American professional basketball team based in Sacramento , California . The Kings compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the Western Conference Pacific Division . The Kings are the only team in the major professional North American sports leagues located in Sacramento . The team plays its home games at the Golden 1 Center . Their best seasons to date in the city were in the early 2000s , including the 2001–02 season when they had the best record in the NBA at 61–21 ( a winning percentage of",
"title": "Sacramento Kings"
},
{
"text": ") .",
"title": "Sacramento Kings"
},
{
"text": "The franchise began with the Rochester Seagrams ( a semi-professional team ) from Rochester , New York , that formed in 1923 and hosted a number of teams there over the next 20 years . They joined the National Basketball League in 1945 as the renamed Rochester Royals , winning that leagues championship in their first season , 1945–46 . They later jumped with three other NBL teams to the Basketball Association of America , forerunner of the NBA , in 1948 . As the Royals , the team was often successful on the court , winning the NBA championship",
"title": "Sacramento Kings"
},
{
"text": "in 1951 . The team , however , found it increasingly difficult to turn a profit in the comparatively small market of Rochester and relocated to Cincinnati in , becoming the Cincinnati Royals .",
"title": "Sacramento Kings"
},
{
"text": " In 1972 , the team relocated again , this time to Kansas City , Missouri , and renamed the Kansas City–Omaha Kings because it initially split its home games between Kansas City and Omaha , Nebraska ; the nickname was changed to avoid confusion with the baseball Royals . After three seasons , the team truncated to Kansas City Kings , but continued to play several home games per season in Omaha , through March 1978 .",
"title": "Sacramento Kings"
},
{
"text": "The franchise again failed to find success in its market and moved after the 1984–85 season to Sacramento , where they presently reside .",
"title": "Sacramento Kings"
},
{
"text": "The basis of the purely-professional Royals team that came into existence in 1945 , after two decades of sponsored semi-professional team . Seagram was the teams main sponsor and received the bulk of what monies were made . One of the teams early stars was Lester Harrison , a local high school star of some publicity before joining the team . The driven Harrison later became the teams captain , coach , manager and chief scout over the next two decades , and was very key in the teams continued success and existence through hard years in the 1930s .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Among visitors to Rochester then to play the team were the Original Celtics , the New York Rens and the Harlem Globetrotters .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " With news that World War II was approaching its end , the National Basketball League ( NBL ) announced that it was expanding , and Harrison was approached for interest in a franchise . While the sponsored Seagrams balked at additional expenses involved , Harrison and his lawyer brother Jack jumped at the chance . They pooled money to meet the steep entry fee of $25,000 dollars , and were granted an NBL franchise . Their team pushed out the Seagrams locally at their facility , smallish Edgerton Park Arena .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "With his new team , Harrison took advantage of conditions and rules in 1945 . The best players were the returning Navy and Army players now being released from the war . There was no draft for the league in the selection of new players . So , Harrison was able to scoop up several name stars for his new team , among them Bob Davies , Red Holzman and William Fuzzy Levane , as well as NBL free agents like George Glamack and Al Cervi . The result was a strong league champion in their first season of existence",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "as the Royals during the 1945–46 season .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The team had two more seasons of success during their NBL years , which permitted the team to play non-league opponents . During all three years , 1945–1948 , the team played over 300 total games , hosting most of them .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Royals defected to the NBLs rival , the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) , in 1948 . In 1949 , as a result of that years absorption of the NBL by the BAA , the Royals became members of the newly formed NBA along with the Fort Wayne Pistons , Minneapolis Lakers , and Indianapolis ( Kautskys ) Jets . A year later , the BAA absorbed the remaining NBL teams to become the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The move to the BAA took away Rochesters profitable exhibition schedule , and placed it in the same Western Division as the Minneapolis Lakers . Of the two best teams in professional basketball , only one of them could play in the league finals from 1949 to 1954 . Minneapolis , with George Mikan , was almost always better during playoffs than the Royals . With their smallish arena and now-limited schedule , the Royals became less profitable even as Harrison maintained a remarkably high standard for the team , which finished no lower than second in its division in",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "both the NBL and BAA/NBA from 1945 to 1954 . Harrison knew that the NBA was outgrowing Rochester , and spent most of the 1950s looking for a buyer for his team .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Royals won the NBA title in 1951 by defeating the New York Knicks 4–3 . It is the only NBA championship in the franchises history . The title , however , did not translate into profit for the Royals . The roster turned over in 1955 , except for star guard Bobby Wanzer , who soon became the teams new coach . The team moved to the larger Rochester War Memorial in 1955 in an attempt to improve fortunes with a much larger arena . The NBA even agreed to host their All-Star Game there in 1956 . But",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "the Royals were now a losing team filled with rookies , and did not turn a profit . Meanwhile , the NBA was putting pressure on Harrison to sell or relocate his team to a larger city . With this in mind , the 1956–57 season was the Royals last in Rochester .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The Royals stay in Rochester featured the services of nine future members of the Basketball Hall of Fame : Al Cervi , Bob Davies , Alex Hannum , Lester Harrison , Red Holzman , Arnie Risen , Maurice Stokes , Jack Twyman , Bobby Wanzer , while others proved prominent in other fields , such as Pro Football Hall of Fame member Otto Graham , Hollywood Walk of Famer Chuck Connors , and Jack McMahon . 1957–1972 : Cincinnati Royals .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In April 1957 , the Harrison brothers moved the Royals to Cincinnati , a city that was then trying to obtain an NBA expansion franchise . This move followed a well-received regular-season game played at Cincinnati Gardens on February 1 , 1957 . The change of venue had been said to have been partly suggested by Jack Twyman and Dave Piontek , who were two of several roster players on the new Royals from that area . Cincinnati , which had a strong college basketball fanbase then , and no NFL franchise to compete with ( until the Bengals joined",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "in 1970 after two seasons in the AFL ) , was deemed the best choice for the Harrisons , who also considered other cities . The Royals name continued to fit in Cincinnati , often known as the Queen City .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " During the teams first NBA draft in Cincinnati , the team acquired Clyde Lovellette and guard George King . They teamed with the 1–2 punch of Maurice Stokes and Twyman to produce a budding contender in the teams very first season in the Queen City . But injuries and the loss of star guard Si Green , the #1 overall pick of the 1956 NBA draft , to military service dropped the team into a tie for second place in the NBA Western Division during the 1957–58 seasons second half .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In the seasons finale , All-Pro star Maurice Stokes struck his head when he fell after pursuing a rebound . He shook off the effects of the fall , even as he had briefly been unconscious . After Game One in the playoffs three days later , Stokes head injury was greatly aggravated by airplane cabin pressure during the flight back to Cincinnati for Game Two . He suffered a seizure and was permanently hospitalized , a tragedy that greatly shook the team . Stokes , a tremendous talent who could play center , forward and guard , was 2nd",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "in the NBA in rebounds and 3rd in assists , a double-feat only Wilt Chamberlain has matched for a full season . The impact of losing Stokes was such that the team nearly folded . Six of the teams shaken players simply retired on the spot .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " Fellow All-Star Twyman rose to All-Pro level over the next two seasons for Cincinnati , even as the team posted two 19-win seasons . The 1958–59 Cincinnati team featured five rookies , with Lovellette , King and other key players having left the team in the wake of Stokes tragic injury . The Harrisons , wanting out at this point , sold to a makeshift local group , headed by Thomas Woods , Cincinnati Gardens management , and a number of local businessmen .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Jack Twyman came to the aid of his teammate , and even legally adopted Stokes . Raising funds for Stokes medical treatment , Twyman helped him until his death in April 1970 . The 1973 feature film Maurie , which co-starred actors Bernie Casey and Bo Svenson , dramatized their story .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " Shooting often for the beleaguered team , Twyman was the second NBA player to ever average 30 points per game for an NBA season . Twyman and Stokes were later named Hall of Famers . 1960–1970 : The Oscar Robertson era .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In 1960 , the team was able to land local superstar Oscar Robertson . Robertson led a team that included Twyman , Wayne Embry , Bob Boozer , Bucky Bockhorn , Tom Hawkins and Adrian Smith over the next three seasons . The Royals reversed their fortunes with Robertson and rose to title contender . An ownership dispute in early 1963 scuttled the teams playoff chances when new owner Louis Jacobs booked a circus for Cincinnati Gardens for the week of the playoff series versus the champion Boston Celtics . The Royals home games were at Xavier Universitys Schmidt Field",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "House .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In late 1963 , another local superstar , Jerry Lucas , joined the team . The Royals rose to the second-best record in the NBA . From 1963 to 1966 , the Royals contended strongly against Boston and the Philadelphia 76ers , but won no titles . In the 1964 NBA draft the Royals drafted rookies George Wilson , Bill Chmielewski , Steve Courtin ( later traded to 76ers ) , and Happy Hairston . The teams star players throughout the 1960s were Oscar Robertson and Jerry Lucas . Robertson met with individual success , averaging a triple-double in 1961–62",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "and winning the Most Valuable Player award in 1964 . Robertson was a league-leading scorer and passer each season . Lucas was Rookie Of the Year in 1964 , led the league in shooting , and later averaged 20 rebounds per game over four seasons . Both were All-NBA First Team selections multiple times .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The team failed to keep some promising players , though , and played in the tough NBA East division , dominated by the Boston Celtics , even as a Baltimore team played in the West Division for three years , denying the team likely visits to the NBA Finals .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In 1966 , the team was sold to Max and Jeremy Jacobs . That same season , the Royals began playing some of their home games in neutral sites such as Cleveland ( until the Cavaliers began play in 1970 ) , Dayton and Columbus . This did wound their local fan base in Cincinnati , though , and fortunes for the team continued to steadily decline . That year , they would host the 1966 NBA All-Star Game , with Smith scoring 24 points to be named All-Star MVP . As of 2021 , it is the last time",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "that the franchise has hosted an All-Star Game .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " New coach Bob Cousy traded Lucas in 1969 . Robertson was traded to Milwaukee in 1970 , where he immediately won an NBA title . The declining franchise left Cincinnati shortly thereafter , moving to Kansas City in 1972 . 1972–1985 : Kansas City–Omaha/Kansas City Kings . After moving to Kansas City , the Royals renamed themselves the Kings to avoid confusion with the Royals baseball team . Now dubbed the Kansas City-Omaha Kings , the team split its home games between the 7,316-seat Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City and the 9,300-seat Omaha Civic Auditorium .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Cincinnati Royals had been looking at Omaha as a market as early as 1968 , playing twelve home games in the Nebraska city from 1968 to 1971 . From 1972 to 1975 , the KC–Omaha Kings played a total of 42 regular season contests ( but no playoff games ) in Omaha . In 1975 , the club became simply the Kansas City Kings ( moving into the new 16,785-seat Kemper Arena the previous season ) , but did not abandon Omaha completely , playing several games there through the 1977–78 season . For the next two seasons ,",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "they played several home games at St . Louis .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " 1972–1976 . The team netted a new superstar in point guard Nate Archibald , who led the league in scoring and assists in the 1972–73 season .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "While still in Cincinnati , the team introduced a most unusual uniform design , which placed the players surname below his number . The design remained intact through the first several seasons of the teams run in Sacramento , even when the shade of blue on the road uniforms was changed from royal blue to powder blue , and the script Kansas City which adorned the road jerseys was scrubbed after the move in favor of a repeat of the Kings script on the home shirts . The Kings back jersey template was later adopted by the WNBA and the",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "NBA Development League , as well the NBA during the All-Star Game since 2006 .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Kings had some decent players throughout . Tom Van Arsdale , the shooting forward , Jumpin Johnny Green , and Matt Guokas helped Archibald in the first year in Kansas City . Toby Kimball was a fan favorite . Jimmy Walker teamed with Archibald as the Kings made the playoffs the second year . Sam Lacey , an effective passing center , became one of the most dependable players in the league . Archibald became the first player to lead the league in scoring and assists in the first season in Kansas City . However , the management traded",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Archibald , and wasted high draft picks . Bob Cousy gave way to Phil Johnson , who was fired midyear in 1977 and replaced by Larry Staverman , a player on the team on two separate occasions when it was in Cincinnati and who later became the vice president of operations for the Cleveland Stadium Corporation in June 1981 .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Kings finally achieved some success in their new home when they hired Cotton Fitzsimmons as coach . Fitzsimmons won the Midwest Division in 1978–79 with rookie point guard Phil Ford , who was NBA Rookie of the Year in 1979 . Kansas City was led by shooting guard Otis Birdsong , strong on both offense and defense , all-around shooting forward Scott Wedman , and passing center Sam Lacey , who had a trademark bank shot . They drew an average of 10,789 fans to Kemper Arena that season , the only time during their tenure in KC that",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "average attendance was in five figures ( the attendance at the peak was only two-thirds of Kempers capacity ) . The Kings later played several home games in St . Louis during the early 1980s to large crowds . Most Kansas City sports fans preferred to spend their entertainment dollar on the Royals , who won the American League West division championship four times in five seasons between 1976 and 1980 , and reached the 1980 World Series .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Kings made the playoffs in 1979–80 and again in 1980–81 , despite finishing the 1980–81 regular season at . The Kings made a run in the 1981 NBA Playoffs , reaching the Western Conference finals ; these were the franchises first playoff victories since 1964 , and their only ones ever in Kansas City . Ernie Grunfeld played the point in this run in place of an injured Ford , as KC used a slow half-court game to win the first two rounds . Power forward Reggie King had a remarkable series , dominating the opposition . After upsetting",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "the Phoenix Suns by winning Game 7 at Phoenix in the Conference Semifinals and becoming the second NBA road team to do so after leading a series 3–1 , they bowed out to the Houston Rockets ( also 40–42 in the regular season ) in five games in the Conference Finals . Lacey , the last remaining Cincinnati Royal to play for the Kings , could not keep up with Rockets superstar center Moses Malone . ( The Kings did not win another playoff series for two decades. )",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "However , a series of bad luck incidents prevented the team from building on its success . Cleveland Cavaliers owner Ted Stepien lured Wedman and Birdsong away with big contract offers . In 1979 , the roof literally fell in at Kemper Arena because of a severe storm , forcing the team to play most of the 1979–80 season at the much smaller Municipal Auditorium . The ownership group sold the team to Sacramento interests for $11 million . The general manager was fired in a scandal in which he was found to be reusing marked postage stamps . When",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "the Kings rehired Joe Axelson as general manager , they brought back the man who had previously traded Oscar Robertson , Norm Van Lier , Nate Archibald and Jerry Lucas , and used the third pick in the ABA dispersal draft on Ron Boone . Axelson stayed on after the Kings left Kansas City where , in their last game ever , fans wore Joe Axelson masks . Axelson later said he hoped his plane would never touch down in Kansas City .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Axelson became the first general manager in the history of sports to fail with the same franchise in four cities : Cincinnati , Kansas City , Omaha and Sacramento . He was not fired for good until he rehired coach Phil Johnson , whom he had fired in mid-season in Kansas City ten years before . The Kings also had the misfortune of entering this period competing with the Kansas City Comets for the winter sports dollar , when the Comets were led by marketers—the Leiweke brothers . Their final season in 1984–85 resulted in a record , as fans",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "stayed away from Kemper Arena in droves , with average attendance of 6,410 . Long-time ABA and NBA star , Don Buse , played his final professional season for the Kings .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Ownership began looking for a new home for the team . Poor attendance and lack of sponsorship dollars ( the team was third in sports market share by a significant margin behind the NFLs Chiefs and MLBs Royals ) were the main reasons . Also , Kansas City had a much stronger following for the Kansas Jayhawks college basketball team than they did the NBAs Kings . Seeing the success the NBA was having in fast-growing cities with no NFL or MLB teams like Portland , Oregon , Salt Lake City , Utah , and San Antonio , Texas ,",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "it was decided the team would move to Sacramento , California , a fast-growing city with no competition from the NFL or MLB . The NBA unanimously approved the move , with the caveat that Sacramento had to have an NBA-ready arena finished within three years or the team was free to move again with no penalty .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Kings moved to their current home of Sacramento , California in the 1985–86 NBA season , with their first Sacramento season ending in the first round of the Western Conference 1986 NBA Playoffs . The starting lineup was Reggie Theus , LaSalle Thompson , Mark Olberding , Terry Tyler , and Mike Woodson , with Larry Drew , Eddie Johnson , Otis Thorpe , and Joe Kleine coming off the bench . However , despite fan loyalty the Kings saw little success in subsequent seasons , and the team did not make the playoffs again until the 1996 NBA",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Playoffs in the 1995–96 NBA season . Some of their failure was attributable to misfortunes such as the career-altering car crash suffered by promising point guard Bobby Hurley in 1993 , and the suicide of Ricky Berry during the 1989 off-season ; some was attributed to poor management such as the long tenure of head coach Garry St . Jean and the selection of Never Nervous Pervis Ellison with the first overall pick in the 1989 NBA draft . Former Kings television broadcaster Jerry Reynolds ( 1987 , 1988–90 ) and NBA legend Bill Russell ( 1987–88 ) were the",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "earliest head coaches .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Ricky Berry was selected by the Kings in the first round , 18th pick overall in the 1988 NBA draft . He had a dazzling rookie year in the 1988–89 season shooting 40.6% from three-point range . The Kings also drafted Vinny Del Negro ( selected by the Kings in the second round , 29th overall pick in the 1988 NBA draft ) and acquired Rodney McCray from the Houston Rockets . In his first year with the Kings , McCray made 1988 NBA All-Defensive First Team . It was the first season the Kings would play without Reggie Theus",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "and LaSalle Thompson ( both part in the original team from Kansas City ) or Joe Kleine ( selected by the Kings as first round , sixth pick overall in the 1985 NBA draft ) . Thompson was drafted by the Kings in the first round , fifth overall pick in the 1982 NBA draft . It was also the last year that Michael Jackson ( selected by the New York Knicks in the second round , 47th pick overall in the 1986 NBA draft but who played his entire career with the Kings ) and Ed Pinckney ( selected",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "10th overall by the Phoenix Suns in the 1985 NBA draft and played for the Kings from 1987 to 1989 ) played for the Kings . On February 23 , 1989 , Brad Lohaus and Danny Ainge were traded to the Kings from the Boston Celtics for Joe Kleine and Ed Pinckney . In June of the 1989 off-season , Lohaus was then acquired by the Minnesota Timberwolves in the 1989 NBA Expansion Draft . In August of the 1989 off-season , Berry was found dead from a self-inflicted gunshot wound at his home in Fair Oaks , California just",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "weeks before his 25th birthday following an argument with his wife .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Following the loss of Ricky Berry , 1989–90 season featured Pervis Ellison , who was first overall pick in the 1989 NBA draft by the Kings , and acquisition Wayman Tisdale ( from the Indiana Pacers , second pick overall in the 1985 NBA draft ) . An injury kept Ellison on the sidelines for 48 of 82 games of his rookie year , after which he was traded to the Washington Bullets . Tisdale would go on to play for the Kings for five years . It was the last season that Danny Ainge , Kenny Smith ( who",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "had an impressive showing in the 1990 NBA Slam Dunk Contest ) , Rodney McCray , Harold Pressley ( selected by the Kings in the first round , 17th overall pick in the 1986 NBA draft ) , Vinny Del Negro , Greg Kite , and Ralph Sampson played for the Kings . In 1990 , Ainge was traded to the Portland Trail Blazers , Kenny Smith was traded to the Atlanta Hawks , and Rodney McCray was traded to the Dallas Mavericks .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Lionel Simmons – or L-Train – was drafted by the Kings in the 1990 NBA draft in the first round , 7th pick overall . In his first season , he made the NBA All-Rookie First Team . He would go on to play his entire career ( 1990–1997 ) with the Kings and had 5,833 career points . Antoine Carr ( acquired from the Atlanta Hawks ) played for the Kings in the 1990–91 NBA season and then was traded to the San Antonio Spurs . Free-agent Leon Wood , who would later become an NBA official , played",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "for the Kings but was let go on Christmas Eve of 1990 . Also notable that Bill Wennington was acquired from the Dallas Mavericks and played for the Kings for the 1990–91 season and after a successful career with the Chicago Bulls returned to the Kings for his final season in 1999–2000 .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The early 1990s were difficult for the Kings . Sacramento was known for having strong fan support , and while they won over 60% of their home games , the team struggled on the road , going 1–40 on the road in a single season . But prayers were answered when they acquired Mitch Richmond , who previously played for the Golden State Warriors . The former NBA Rookie of the Year was selected as an All-Star six times while making the All-NBA Second Team three times . Garry St . Jean was chosen as new coach in 1992 and",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "coached the team all the way through 1997 , where he was replaced by Eddie Jordan .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "During the 1990s , Sacramento had other stars like Spud Webb , Kurt Rambis , Wayman Tisdale , Walt Williams , Olden Polynice and Brian Grant , but they only lasted with the team for a few years . After the 1992–93 season , Rambis was traded to the Los Angeles Lakers . After the 1993–94 season , Tisdale was traded to the Phoenix Suns . After the 1994–95 season , Webb was traded to the Atlanta Hawks for Tyrone Corbin . Midway through the 1995–96 season , Williams was traded to the Miami Heat for Billy Owens ( who",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "was drafted by the Kings in 1991 , and traded to Golden State for Richmond ) . After the 1996–97 season , Grant became a free agent and signed with the Portland Trail Blazers .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "One accomplishment the team achieved under St . Jean during their tenures was a playoff appearance in 1996 . The series was lost 3–1 to the Seattle SuperSonics who , led by Gary Payton and Shawn Kemp , finished as that years conference champions . They did not make a playoff appearance again while Richmond was still on the Kings . He was soon traded along with Otis Thorpe to the Washington Wizards for Chris Webber in May 1998 . Although Richmond was lost , this trade proved to be one of the keys to finally achieving playoff success after",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "so many seasons of mediocrity .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " 1998–2004 : The Greatest Show on Court era . The Kings drafted Jason Williams in the 1998 NBA draft , signed Vlade Divac , and traded for Chris Webber prior to the lockout-shortened season of 1998–99 . These acquisitions coincided with the arrival of Peja Stojaković from Serbia , who had been drafted in 1996 . Each of these moves was attributed to general manager Geoff Petrie , who has won the NBA Executive of the Year Award twice .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Led by new head coach Rick Adelman , and aided by former Princeton head coach Pete Carril , the Kings Princeton offense impressed others for its quick style and strong ball movement . Some criticized the Kings for their poor team defense , Williamss flash over substance style with its many turnovers , and Webbers failure to step up in important match-ups . Still , they quickly garnered many fans outside of California , many of whom were drawn to the spectacular pairing of Williams and Webber . In 1998–99 , they went 27–23 , their first winning season in",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "nearly twenty years and their first since moving to Sacramento . The new arrivals Webber , Williams , and Divac all played key roles in this resurgence ; Divac ranked near the top of the team in most statistics , Webber led the league in rebounds and was named to the All-NBA Second Team , and Williams was named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team . In the playoffs , they were matched up against the defending Western Conference Champions , the Utah Jazz . After winning Game 1 by 20 points , the Jazz surrendered two consecutive playoff games",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "to the Kings . They would turn the series around , however , and win the last two to keep the Kings from advancing in the playoffs .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " In 1999–2000 , the Kings only notable transaction was trading shooting guard Tariq Abdul-Wahad to the Orlando Magic in exchange for shooting guard Nick Anderson . They finished eighth in the Western Conference with a 44–38 record and were matched up with the Los Angeles Lakers in the first round of the playoffs . Once again , however , the Kings failed to advance , losing the series 2–3 against the Lakers .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The following season , the Kings traded starting small forward Corliss Williamson to the Toronto Raptors for shooting guard Doug Christie , a move made to improve the subpar defense . They also drafted Turkish power forward Hedo Türkoğlu , further improving their bench rotation . Stojakovic moved into the starting small forward role , where he and Webber proved to complement each other extremely well , and as the Kings continued to improve , their popularity steadily rose , culminating in a February 2001 Sports Illustrated cover story entitled The Greatest Show on Court with Williams , Christie ,",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Stojakovic , Webber , and Divac gracing the cover . That year , they went 55–27 , their best in 40 years . In the playoffs , they won their first series in 20 years , defeating the Phoenix Suns three games to one , before being swept in the second round by the Lakers , who eventually won the NBA Championship .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In July 2001 , Jason Williams was traded , along with Nick Anderson , to the Vancouver Grizzlies for Mike Bibby and Brent Price . Despite Williamss often spectacular play , the Kings had grown tired of his recklessness and turnovers ; Bibby would provide much more stability and control at the point guard position . This move was complemented by the re-signing of Webber to a maximum-salary contract , securing their superstar long term . With Bibby taking over for Williams , they had their best season to date in 2001–02 . Though not as exciting or flashy as",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "they had been in previous years with Williams , the team became much more effective and disciplined with Bibby at the helm . They finished with a league-best record of 61–21 , winning 36 of 41 at home . After easily winning their first two playoff matchups against the Stockton and Malone-led Jazz and the Dirk Nowitzki-led Dallas Mavericks , respectively , the Kings went on to play the archrival and two-time defending champion Los Angeles Lakers in the Western Conference Finals , regarded as one of the greatest playoff matchups in history . In a controversial series , the",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Kings lost in seven games , one game away from what would have been the first NBA Finals and professional sports championship in Sacramento history . This was a crushing blow to the Kings ; after losing to their archrivals in a highly controversial series , the team would begin to decline and age in the years that followed . Many commentators and journalists would question the decisions made by the referees during Game 6 , specifically that the Lakers were awarded a staggering 27 free throws in the fourth quarter , many of which came from what were in",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "retrospect proved to be no-calls . Following Game 6 even print newspapers began to question the legitimacy of the game . Most notably , the New York Post ran a front cover with a headline entitled Foul Play ; it also published a related article suggesting that the game was rigged . NBA analyst David Aldridge ( then working for ESPN ) spoke on the game :",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The 2002 Western Conference finals left many fans wondering whether the Kings could have gone on to win a title , and debate would continue for many years after the events of the series . Later , due to allegations raised by former NBA referee Tim Donaghy , the NBA set up a review of the leagues officiating . Lawrence Pedowitz , who led the review , concluded that while Game 6 featured poor officiating , there was no concrete evidence that the game had been fixed .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Kings went 59–23 and won the division during the following season , seeking to avenge their playoff loss to the Lakers . After defeating the Stockton- and Malone-led Jazz in the first round and winning Game 1 against the Dirk Nowitzki-led Dallas Mavericks in the second round , the Kings appeared to be on the brink of another Western Conference Finals berth . However , Chris Webber sustained a major knee injury in Game 2 , and the Kings lost in a seven-game series . Webbers knee required major surgery . He returned mid-season in 2003–04 a season in",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "which the Kings were seeking another chance to avenge their playoff loss to the Lakers , but without his quickness and athleticism , which had been the focal point of his style of play , it was not the same . Despite that , the Kings still managed to defeat the Dirk Nowitzki-led Dallas Mavericks in the first round and after winning Game 1 against the Kevin Garnett-led Minnesota Timberwolves in the second round , the Kings appeared to be on the brink of their second Western Conference Finals berth in three years , but the Kings ended the season",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "with a defeat to the Timberwolves in a seven-game series .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The 2004–05 season marked change for the Kings , who lost three starters from the famed 2002 team . In the off-season of 2004 , Divac signed with the Lakers , which prompted the Kings to sign Brad Miller to start at center . Early in the season , Christie was traded to the Orlando Magic for Cuttino Mobley , and in February , Webber was traded to the Philadelphia 76ers for three forwards ( Corliss Williamson , Kenny Thomas , and Brian Skinner ) . Thomas and Skinner failed in their attempt to replicate Webbers impact , and as",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "a result the teams record suffered . The Kings lost in the first round of the playoffs to the Seattle SuperSonics . The 2005 off-season continued with changes , when they traded fan-favorite Bobby Jackson for Bonzi Wells and acquired free agent Shareef Abdur-Rahim .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The 2005–06 season started poorly since the Kings had a hard time establishing team chemistry . Newcomers Wells and Abdur-Rahim made major contributions early , but both were injured and missed a significant number of games . As the Kings season continued , general manager Petrie decided to make a major move . Stojakovic was traded for Ron Artest , a talented yet volatile forward known for his temper . Despite doubts that he would be able to replace the huge production of Stojakovic , Artest and the Kings went 20–9 after the 2006 NBA All-Star break , the second",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "best post-All-Star break record that season . Despite a winning record of 44–38 , it was clear that they were not the same team of years past . The Kings were seeded 8th in the Western Conference playoffs and were matched up in the first round against the San Antonio Spurs . Though the Kings were surprisingly competitive , the Spurs eliminated them 4–2 . This was the end of their era of competitiveness and to date , their last winning season and their last playoff season . The 2006 off-season began with the disturbing news that head coach Rick",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Adelmans contract would not be renewed . The Kings named Eric Musselman as his replacement .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In 2006–07 , the disappointing play of the Kings was coupled with the distraction of legal troubles . Coach Eric Musselman pleaded no contest to DUI charges early in the season , while Artest got into trouble for neglect of his dogs , and was later accused of domestic assault . The Kings relieved Artest of basketball duties , pending investigation , then later reinstated him . They finished the season 33–49 ( their worst in 9 years ) which landed them in fifth place in the Pacific Division . They posted a losing record ( 20–21 ) at home",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "for the first time since 1993–94 . Their season included a seven-game losing streak that lasted from January 4 to 19 . The Kings missed the 2007 NBA Playoffs , the first time in eight seasons . Musselman was fired in April . The Kings future appeared to rest on the shoulders of Kevin Martin , who was a lead candidate for 2007 NBA Most-Improved Player of the Year .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The 2007 off-season was a time of change . Head coach Musselman was replaced by former Kings player , Reggie Theus . The Kings selected Spencer Hawes with the 10th overall pick in the 2007 NBA draft . In addition , they acquired Mikki Moore from the New Jersey Nets . Martin signed a contract worth $55 million , extending his period with the team for five more years . The Kings lost key players over the off-season , with backup Ronnie Price leaving for the Utah Jazz , and Corliss Williamson retiring .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "They claimed fourth-year Beno Udrih off waivers from Minnesota . Udrih quickly assumed the starting position for an injured Bibby . It was announced in February that the Kings had traded Bibby to the Atlanta Hawks for Tyronn Lue , Anthony Johnson , Shelden Williams , Lorenzen Wright and a 2nd round draft pick . The move was presumably made to clear cap space . Bibby had been the last player from the Kings team that reached the Western Conference Finals in 2002 .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The Kings improved by five games and finished the 2007–08 season 38–44 , and missed the playoffs by a bigger margin ( 12 games ) than the previous season ( 8 games ) . They went 26–15 at home and 12–29 on the road . After selling out every home game since 1999 , the 2007–08 season sold out only three games at ARCO Arena with attendance averaging 13,500 fans per home game , almost 4,000 below capacity .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Following a quiet 2008 off-season , it was confirmed on July 29 , 2008 , that the Kings would trade Artest and the rights to Patrick Ewing Jr . and Sean Singletary to the Houston Rockets in exchange for former King Bobby Jackson , Donté Greene , a future first-round draft pick , and cash considerations for Rashad McCants and center Calvin Booth .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " Reggie Theus was fired in the middle of the 2008–09 season , giving way to Kenny Natt as the interim head coach . The Kings continued to struggle under Natt , ending up with the NBAs worst record for the 2008–09 season at 17–65 . On April 23 , 2009 , Kings Vice President Geoff Petrie announced the firing of Natt and his four assistants , Rex Kalamian , Jason Hamm , Randy Brown and Bubba Burrage . 2009–2012 : Here we Rise period .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Despite having the best odds to win the top overall pick in the 2009 NBA draft , the Kings obtained the 4th overall pick , the lowest they could possibly pick , to the outrage of many fans . Along with new head coach Paul Westphal , they selected Tyreke Evans . With the 23rd pick , they selected Omri Casspi from Israel .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " On April 27 , 2010 , Evans was the first Sacramento-era player to receive the NBA Rookie of the Year Award . Evans also became the 4th player in NBA history , joining Oscar Robertson , Michael Jordan , and LeBron James , to average 20 points , 5 rebounds , and 5 assists per game as a rookie . On June 24 , 2010 , the Kings selected DeMarcus Cousins with the 5th pick of the 2010 NBA draft . They also selected Hassan Whiteside , with the 33rd pick of the 2010 NBA draft .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Despite the excellent play of Cousins and Evans , both of whom were front-runners in Rookie of the Year voting and received All-Rookie First Team honors , the Kings still ranked near the bottom of the NBA , going 25–57 in Evans rookie year , and 24–58 in Cousins rookie year . Much of this was due to the poor fit of the roster around Evans and Cousins , and the uninspired coaching of Westphal .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The 2010–11 season was marked with uncertainty towards the end of the season . Frustrated by the lack of progress towards an arena and dwindling profits from other businesses , the Maloofs sought an immediate relocation of the franchise to Anaheim . The move seemed certain towards the end of the year , with Grant Napear and Jerry Reynolds emotionally signing off at the final home game vs . the Los Angeles Lakers . But after a vote by the NBA Board of Governors , the relocation effort was ended , to the glee of the fans .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In the 2011 NBA draft the Kings traded for the draft rights of Jimmer Fredette in a three-team deal with the Charlotte Bobcats and the Milwaukee Bucks , with the Kings receiving John Salmons sending Beno Udrih . This move was heavily panned by fans and media ; by moving down in the draft and losing longtime starter Udrih for the unproductive Salmons , most found it difficult to find a bright spot in the deal . Westphal would shortly be fired , with Warriors assistant Keith Smart hired as his replacement . Around this time , the team took",
"title": "Franchise history"
}
] |
/wiki/Sacramento_Kings#P115#4
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What was the home venue of Sacramento Kings in Jul 1975?
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Sacramento Kings The Sacramento Kings are an American professional basketball team based in Sacramento , California . The Kings compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the Western Conference Pacific Division . The Kings are the only team in the major professional North American sports leagues located in Sacramento . The team plays its home games at the Golden 1 Center . Their best seasons to date in the city were in the early 2000s , including the 2001–02 season when they had the best record in the NBA at 61–21 ( a winning percentage of ) . The franchise began with the Rochester Seagrams ( a semi-professional team ) from Rochester , New York , that formed in 1923 and hosted a number of teams there over the next 20 years . They joined the National Basketball League in 1945 as the renamed Rochester Royals , winning that leagues championship in their first season , 1945–46 . They later jumped with three other NBL teams to the Basketball Association of America , forerunner of the NBA , in 1948 . As the Royals , the team was often successful on the court , winning the NBA championship in 1951 . The team , however , found it increasingly difficult to turn a profit in the comparatively small market of Rochester and relocated to Cincinnati in , becoming the Cincinnati Royals . In 1972 , the team relocated again , this time to Kansas City , Missouri , and renamed the Kansas City–Omaha Kings because it initially split its home games between Kansas City and Omaha , Nebraska ; the nickname was changed to avoid confusion with the baseball Royals . After three seasons , the team truncated to Kansas City Kings , but continued to play several home games per season in Omaha , through March 1978 . The franchise again failed to find success in its market and moved after the 1984–85 season to Sacramento , where they presently reside . Franchise history . 1948–1957 : Rochester Royals . The basis of the purely-professional Royals team that came into existence in 1945 , after two decades of sponsored semi-professional team . Seagram was the teams main sponsor and received the bulk of what monies were made . One of the teams early stars was Lester Harrison , a local high school star of some publicity before joining the team . The driven Harrison later became the teams captain , coach , manager and chief scout over the next two decades , and was very key in the teams continued success and existence through hard years in the 1930s . Among visitors to Rochester then to play the team were the Original Celtics , the New York Rens and the Harlem Globetrotters . With news that World War II was approaching its end , the National Basketball League ( NBL ) announced that it was expanding , and Harrison was approached for interest in a franchise . While the sponsored Seagrams balked at additional expenses involved , Harrison and his lawyer brother Jack jumped at the chance . They pooled money to meet the steep entry fee of $25,000 dollars , and were granted an NBL franchise . Their team pushed out the Seagrams locally at their facility , smallish Edgerton Park Arena . With his new team , Harrison took advantage of conditions and rules in 1945 . The best players were the returning Navy and Army players now being released from the war . There was no draft for the league in the selection of new players . So , Harrison was able to scoop up several name stars for his new team , among them Bob Davies , Red Holzman and William Fuzzy Levane , as well as NBL free agents like George Glamack and Al Cervi . The result was a strong league champion in their first season of existence as the Royals during the 1945–46 season . The team had two more seasons of success during their NBL years , which permitted the team to play non-league opponents . During all three years , 1945–1948 , the team played over 300 total games , hosting most of them . The Royals defected to the NBLs rival , the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) , in 1948 . In 1949 , as a result of that years absorption of the NBL by the BAA , the Royals became members of the newly formed NBA along with the Fort Wayne Pistons , Minneapolis Lakers , and Indianapolis ( Kautskys ) Jets . A year later , the BAA absorbed the remaining NBL teams to become the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The move to the BAA took away Rochesters profitable exhibition schedule , and placed it in the same Western Division as the Minneapolis Lakers . Of the two best teams in professional basketball , only one of them could play in the league finals from 1949 to 1954 . Minneapolis , with George Mikan , was almost always better during playoffs than the Royals . With their smallish arena and now-limited schedule , the Royals became less profitable even as Harrison maintained a remarkably high standard for the team , which finished no lower than second in its division in both the NBL and BAA/NBA from 1945 to 1954 . Harrison knew that the NBA was outgrowing Rochester , and spent most of the 1950s looking for a buyer for his team . The Royals won the NBA title in 1951 by defeating the New York Knicks 4–3 . It is the only NBA championship in the franchises history . The title , however , did not translate into profit for the Royals . The roster turned over in 1955 , except for star guard Bobby Wanzer , who soon became the teams new coach . The team moved to the larger Rochester War Memorial in 1955 in an attempt to improve fortunes with a much larger arena . The NBA even agreed to host their All-Star Game there in 1956 . But the Royals were now a losing team filled with rookies , and did not turn a profit . Meanwhile , the NBA was putting pressure on Harrison to sell or relocate his team to a larger city . With this in mind , the 1956–57 season was the Royals last in Rochester . The Royals stay in Rochester featured the services of nine future members of the Basketball Hall of Fame : Al Cervi , Bob Davies , Alex Hannum , Lester Harrison , Red Holzman , Arnie Risen , Maurice Stokes , Jack Twyman , Bobby Wanzer , while others proved prominent in other fields , such as Pro Football Hall of Fame member Otto Graham , Hollywood Walk of Famer Chuck Connors , and Jack McMahon . 1957–1972 : Cincinnati Royals . In April 1957 , the Harrison brothers moved the Royals to Cincinnati , a city that was then trying to obtain an NBA expansion franchise . This move followed a well-received regular-season game played at Cincinnati Gardens on February 1 , 1957 . The change of venue had been said to have been partly suggested by Jack Twyman and Dave Piontek , who were two of several roster players on the new Royals from that area . Cincinnati , which had a strong college basketball fanbase then , and no NFL franchise to compete with ( until the Bengals joined in 1970 after two seasons in the AFL ) , was deemed the best choice for the Harrisons , who also considered other cities . The Royals name continued to fit in Cincinnati , often known as the Queen City . During the teams first NBA draft in Cincinnati , the team acquired Clyde Lovellette and guard George King . They teamed with the 1–2 punch of Maurice Stokes and Twyman to produce a budding contender in the teams very first season in the Queen City . But injuries and the loss of star guard Si Green , the #1 overall pick of the 1956 NBA draft , to military service dropped the team into a tie for second place in the NBA Western Division during the 1957–58 seasons second half . In the seasons finale , All-Pro star Maurice Stokes struck his head when he fell after pursuing a rebound . He shook off the effects of the fall , even as he had briefly been unconscious . After Game One in the playoffs three days later , Stokes head injury was greatly aggravated by airplane cabin pressure during the flight back to Cincinnati for Game Two . He suffered a seizure and was permanently hospitalized , a tragedy that greatly shook the team . Stokes , a tremendous talent who could play center , forward and guard , was 2nd in the NBA in rebounds and 3rd in assists , a double-feat only Wilt Chamberlain has matched for a full season . The impact of losing Stokes was such that the team nearly folded . Six of the teams shaken players simply retired on the spot . Fellow All-Star Twyman rose to All-Pro level over the next two seasons for Cincinnati , even as the team posted two 19-win seasons . The 1958–59 Cincinnati team featured five rookies , with Lovellette , King and other key players having left the team in the wake of Stokes tragic injury . The Harrisons , wanting out at this point , sold to a makeshift local group , headed by Thomas Woods , Cincinnati Gardens management , and a number of local businessmen . Jack Twyman came to the aid of his teammate , and even legally adopted Stokes . Raising funds for Stokes medical treatment , Twyman helped him until his death in April 1970 . The 1973 feature film Maurie , which co-starred actors Bernie Casey and Bo Svenson , dramatized their story . Shooting often for the beleaguered team , Twyman was the second NBA player to ever average 30 points per game for an NBA season . Twyman and Stokes were later named Hall of Famers . 1960–1970 : The Oscar Robertson era . In 1960 , the team was able to land local superstar Oscar Robertson . Robertson led a team that included Twyman , Wayne Embry , Bob Boozer , Bucky Bockhorn , Tom Hawkins and Adrian Smith over the next three seasons . The Royals reversed their fortunes with Robertson and rose to title contender . An ownership dispute in early 1963 scuttled the teams playoff chances when new owner Louis Jacobs booked a circus for Cincinnati Gardens for the week of the playoff series versus the champion Boston Celtics . The Royals home games were at Xavier Universitys Schmidt Field House . In late 1963 , another local superstar , Jerry Lucas , joined the team . The Royals rose to the second-best record in the NBA . From 1963 to 1966 , the Royals contended strongly against Boston and the Philadelphia 76ers , but won no titles . In the 1964 NBA draft the Royals drafted rookies George Wilson , Bill Chmielewski , Steve Courtin ( later traded to 76ers ) , and Happy Hairston . The teams star players throughout the 1960s were Oscar Robertson and Jerry Lucas . Robertson met with individual success , averaging a triple-double in 1961–62 and winning the Most Valuable Player award in 1964 . Robertson was a league-leading scorer and passer each season . Lucas was Rookie Of the Year in 1964 , led the league in shooting , and later averaged 20 rebounds per game over four seasons . Both were All-NBA First Team selections multiple times . The team failed to keep some promising players , though , and played in the tough NBA East division , dominated by the Boston Celtics , even as a Baltimore team played in the West Division for three years , denying the team likely visits to the NBA Finals . In 1966 , the team was sold to Max and Jeremy Jacobs . That same season , the Royals began playing some of their home games in neutral sites such as Cleveland ( until the Cavaliers began play in 1970 ) , Dayton and Columbus . This did wound their local fan base in Cincinnati , though , and fortunes for the team continued to steadily decline . That year , they would host the 1966 NBA All-Star Game , with Smith scoring 24 points to be named All-Star MVP . As of 2021 , it is the last time that the franchise has hosted an All-Star Game . New coach Bob Cousy traded Lucas in 1969 . Robertson was traded to Milwaukee in 1970 , where he immediately won an NBA title . The declining franchise left Cincinnati shortly thereafter , moving to Kansas City in 1972 . 1972–1985 : Kansas City–Omaha/Kansas City Kings . After moving to Kansas City , the Royals renamed themselves the Kings to avoid confusion with the Royals baseball team . Now dubbed the Kansas City-Omaha Kings , the team split its home games between the 7,316-seat Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City and the 9,300-seat Omaha Civic Auditorium . The Cincinnati Royals had been looking at Omaha as a market as early as 1968 , playing twelve home games in the Nebraska city from 1968 to 1971 . From 1972 to 1975 , the KC–Omaha Kings played a total of 42 regular season contests ( but no playoff games ) in Omaha . In 1975 , the club became simply the Kansas City Kings ( moving into the new 16,785-seat Kemper Arena the previous season ) , but did not abandon Omaha completely , playing several games there through the 1977–78 season . For the next two seasons , they played several home games at St . Louis . 1972–1976 . The team netted a new superstar in point guard Nate Archibald , who led the league in scoring and assists in the 1972–73 season . While still in Cincinnati , the team introduced a most unusual uniform design , which placed the players surname below his number . The design remained intact through the first several seasons of the teams run in Sacramento , even when the shade of blue on the road uniforms was changed from royal blue to powder blue , and the script Kansas City which adorned the road jerseys was scrubbed after the move in favor of a repeat of the Kings script on the home shirts . The Kings back jersey template was later adopted by the WNBA and the NBA Development League , as well the NBA during the All-Star Game since 2006 . The Kings had some decent players throughout . Tom Van Arsdale , the shooting forward , Jumpin Johnny Green , and Matt Guokas helped Archibald in the first year in Kansas City . Toby Kimball was a fan favorite . Jimmy Walker teamed with Archibald as the Kings made the playoffs the second year . Sam Lacey , an effective passing center , became one of the most dependable players in the league . Archibald became the first player to lead the league in scoring and assists in the first season in Kansas City . However , the management traded Archibald , and wasted high draft picks . Bob Cousy gave way to Phil Johnson , who was fired midyear in 1977 and replaced by Larry Staverman , a player on the team on two separate occasions when it was in Cincinnati and who later became the vice president of operations for the Cleveland Stadium Corporation in June 1981 . 1976–1984 . The Kings finally achieved some success in their new home when they hired Cotton Fitzsimmons as coach . Fitzsimmons won the Midwest Division in 1978–79 with rookie point guard Phil Ford , who was NBA Rookie of the Year in 1979 . Kansas City was led by shooting guard Otis Birdsong , strong on both offense and defense , all-around shooting forward Scott Wedman , and passing center Sam Lacey , who had a trademark bank shot . They drew an average of 10,789 fans to Kemper Arena that season , the only time during their tenure in KC that average attendance was in five figures ( the attendance at the peak was only two-thirds of Kempers capacity ) . The Kings later played several home games in St . Louis during the early 1980s to large crowds . Most Kansas City sports fans preferred to spend their entertainment dollar on the Royals , who won the American League West division championship four times in five seasons between 1976 and 1980 , and reached the 1980 World Series . The Kings made the playoffs in 1979–80 and again in 1980–81 , despite finishing the 1980–81 regular season at . The Kings made a run in the 1981 NBA Playoffs , reaching the Western Conference finals ; these were the franchises first playoff victories since 1964 , and their only ones ever in Kansas City . Ernie Grunfeld played the point in this run in place of an injured Ford , as KC used a slow half-court game to win the first two rounds . Power forward Reggie King had a remarkable series , dominating the opposition . After upsetting the Phoenix Suns by winning Game 7 at Phoenix in the Conference Semifinals and becoming the second NBA road team to do so after leading a series 3–1 , they bowed out to the Houston Rockets ( also 40–42 in the regular season ) in five games in the Conference Finals . Lacey , the last remaining Cincinnati Royal to play for the Kings , could not keep up with Rockets superstar center Moses Malone . ( The Kings did not win another playoff series for two decades. ) However , a series of bad luck incidents prevented the team from building on its success . Cleveland Cavaliers owner Ted Stepien lured Wedman and Birdsong away with big contract offers . In 1979 , the roof literally fell in at Kemper Arena because of a severe storm , forcing the team to play most of the 1979–80 season at the much smaller Municipal Auditorium . The ownership group sold the team to Sacramento interests for $11 million . The general manager was fired in a scandal in which he was found to be reusing marked postage stamps . When the Kings rehired Joe Axelson as general manager , they brought back the man who had previously traded Oscar Robertson , Norm Van Lier , Nate Archibald and Jerry Lucas , and used the third pick in the ABA dispersal draft on Ron Boone . Axelson stayed on after the Kings left Kansas City where , in their last game ever , fans wore Joe Axelson masks . Axelson later said he hoped his plane would never touch down in Kansas City . Axelson became the first general manager in the history of sports to fail with the same franchise in four cities : Cincinnati , Kansas City , Omaha and Sacramento . He was not fired for good until he rehired coach Phil Johnson , whom he had fired in mid-season in Kansas City ten years before . The Kings also had the misfortune of entering this period competing with the Kansas City Comets for the winter sports dollar , when the Comets were led by marketers—the Leiweke brothers . Their final season in 1984–85 resulted in a record , as fans stayed away from Kemper Arena in droves , with average attendance of 6,410 . Long-time ABA and NBA star , Don Buse , played his final professional season for the Kings . Ownership began looking for a new home for the team . Poor attendance and lack of sponsorship dollars ( the team was third in sports market share by a significant margin behind the NFLs Chiefs and MLBs Royals ) were the main reasons . Also , Kansas City had a much stronger following for the Kansas Jayhawks college basketball team than they did the NBAs Kings . Seeing the success the NBA was having in fast-growing cities with no NFL or MLB teams like Portland , Oregon , Salt Lake City , Utah , and San Antonio , Texas , it was decided the team would move to Sacramento , California , a fast-growing city with no competition from the NFL or MLB . The NBA unanimously approved the move , with the caveat that Sacramento had to have an NBA-ready arena finished within three years or the team was free to move again with no penalty . 1985–present : Sacramento Kings . The Kings moved to their current home of Sacramento , California in the 1985–86 NBA season , with their first Sacramento season ending in the first round of the Western Conference 1986 NBA Playoffs . The starting lineup was Reggie Theus , LaSalle Thompson , Mark Olberding , Terry Tyler , and Mike Woodson , with Larry Drew , Eddie Johnson , Otis Thorpe , and Joe Kleine coming off the bench . However , despite fan loyalty the Kings saw little success in subsequent seasons , and the team did not make the playoffs again until the 1996 NBA Playoffs in the 1995–96 NBA season . Some of their failure was attributable to misfortunes such as the career-altering car crash suffered by promising point guard Bobby Hurley in 1993 , and the suicide of Ricky Berry during the 1989 off-season ; some was attributed to poor management such as the long tenure of head coach Garry St . Jean and the selection of Never Nervous Pervis Ellison with the first overall pick in the 1989 NBA draft . Former Kings television broadcaster Jerry Reynolds ( 1987 , 1988–90 ) and NBA legend Bill Russell ( 1987–88 ) were the earliest head coaches . 1988–1989 : Ricky Berry . Ricky Berry was selected by the Kings in the first round , 18th pick overall in the 1988 NBA draft . He had a dazzling rookie year in the 1988–89 season shooting 40.6% from three-point range . The Kings also drafted Vinny Del Negro ( selected by the Kings in the second round , 29th overall pick in the 1988 NBA draft ) and acquired Rodney McCray from the Houston Rockets . In his first year with the Kings , McCray made 1988 NBA All-Defensive First Team . It was the first season the Kings would play without Reggie Theus and LaSalle Thompson ( both part in the original team from Kansas City ) or Joe Kleine ( selected by the Kings as first round , sixth pick overall in the 1985 NBA draft ) . Thompson was drafted by the Kings in the first round , fifth overall pick in the 1982 NBA draft . It was also the last year that Michael Jackson ( selected by the New York Knicks in the second round , 47th pick overall in the 1986 NBA draft but who played his entire career with the Kings ) and Ed Pinckney ( selected 10th overall by the Phoenix Suns in the 1985 NBA draft and played for the Kings from 1987 to 1989 ) played for the Kings . On February 23 , 1989 , Brad Lohaus and Danny Ainge were traded to the Kings from the Boston Celtics for Joe Kleine and Ed Pinckney . In June of the 1989 off-season , Lohaus was then acquired by the Minnesota Timberwolves in the 1989 NBA Expansion Draft . In August of the 1989 off-season , Berry was found dead from a self-inflicted gunshot wound at his home in Fair Oaks , California just weeks before his 25th birthday following an argument with his wife . 1989–1990 : Pervis Ellison . Following the loss of Ricky Berry , 1989–90 season featured Pervis Ellison , who was first overall pick in the 1989 NBA draft by the Kings , and acquisition Wayman Tisdale ( from the Indiana Pacers , second pick overall in the 1985 NBA draft ) . An injury kept Ellison on the sidelines for 48 of 82 games of his rookie year , after which he was traded to the Washington Bullets . Tisdale would go on to play for the Kings for five years . It was the last season that Danny Ainge , Kenny Smith ( who had an impressive showing in the 1990 NBA Slam Dunk Contest ) , Rodney McCray , Harold Pressley ( selected by the Kings in the first round , 17th overall pick in the 1986 NBA draft ) , Vinny Del Negro , Greg Kite , and Ralph Sampson played for the Kings . In 1990 , Ainge was traded to the Portland Trail Blazers , Kenny Smith was traded to the Atlanta Hawks , and Rodney McCray was traded to the Dallas Mavericks . 1990–1991 : Lionel Simmons . Lionel Simmons – or L-Train – was drafted by the Kings in the 1990 NBA draft in the first round , 7th pick overall . In his first season , he made the NBA All-Rookie First Team . He would go on to play his entire career ( 1990–1997 ) with the Kings and had 5,833 career points . Antoine Carr ( acquired from the Atlanta Hawks ) played for the Kings in the 1990–91 NBA season and then was traded to the San Antonio Spurs . Free-agent Leon Wood , who would later become an NBA official , played for the Kings but was let go on Christmas Eve of 1990 . Also notable that Bill Wennington was acquired from the Dallas Mavericks and played for the Kings for the 1990–91 season and after a successful career with the Chicago Bulls returned to the Kings for his final season in 1999–2000 . 1991–1998 : The Mitch Richmond era . The early 1990s were difficult for the Kings . Sacramento was known for having strong fan support , and while they won over 60% of their home games , the team struggled on the road , going 1–40 on the road in a single season . But prayers were answered when they acquired Mitch Richmond , who previously played for the Golden State Warriors . The former NBA Rookie of the Year was selected as an All-Star six times while making the All-NBA Second Team three times . Garry St . Jean was chosen as new coach in 1992 and coached the team all the way through 1997 , where he was replaced by Eddie Jordan . During the 1990s , Sacramento had other stars like Spud Webb , Kurt Rambis , Wayman Tisdale , Walt Williams , Olden Polynice and Brian Grant , but they only lasted with the team for a few years . After the 1992–93 season , Rambis was traded to the Los Angeles Lakers . After the 1993–94 season , Tisdale was traded to the Phoenix Suns . After the 1994–95 season , Webb was traded to the Atlanta Hawks for Tyrone Corbin . Midway through the 1995–96 season , Williams was traded to the Miami Heat for Billy Owens ( who was drafted by the Kings in 1991 , and traded to Golden State for Richmond ) . After the 1996–97 season , Grant became a free agent and signed with the Portland Trail Blazers . One accomplishment the team achieved under St . Jean during their tenures was a playoff appearance in 1996 . The series was lost 3–1 to the Seattle SuperSonics who , led by Gary Payton and Shawn Kemp , finished as that years conference champions . They did not make a playoff appearance again while Richmond was still on the Kings . He was soon traded along with Otis Thorpe to the Washington Wizards for Chris Webber in May 1998 . Although Richmond was lost , this trade proved to be one of the keys to finally achieving playoff success after so many seasons of mediocrity . 1998–2004 : The Greatest Show on Court era . The Kings drafted Jason Williams in the 1998 NBA draft , signed Vlade Divac , and traded for Chris Webber prior to the lockout-shortened season of 1998–99 . These acquisitions coincided with the arrival of Peja Stojaković from Serbia , who had been drafted in 1996 . Each of these moves was attributed to general manager Geoff Petrie , who has won the NBA Executive of the Year Award twice . Led by new head coach Rick Adelman , and aided by former Princeton head coach Pete Carril , the Kings Princeton offense impressed others for its quick style and strong ball movement . Some criticized the Kings for their poor team defense , Williamss flash over substance style with its many turnovers , and Webbers failure to step up in important match-ups . Still , they quickly garnered many fans outside of California , many of whom were drawn to the spectacular pairing of Williams and Webber . In 1998–99 , they went 27–23 , their first winning season in nearly twenty years and their first since moving to Sacramento . The new arrivals Webber , Williams , and Divac all played key roles in this resurgence ; Divac ranked near the top of the team in most statistics , Webber led the league in rebounds and was named to the All-NBA Second Team , and Williams was named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team . In the playoffs , they were matched up against the defending Western Conference Champions , the Utah Jazz . After winning Game 1 by 20 points , the Jazz surrendered two consecutive playoff games to the Kings . They would turn the series around , however , and win the last two to keep the Kings from advancing in the playoffs . In 1999–2000 , the Kings only notable transaction was trading shooting guard Tariq Abdul-Wahad to the Orlando Magic in exchange for shooting guard Nick Anderson . They finished eighth in the Western Conference with a 44–38 record and were matched up with the Los Angeles Lakers in the first round of the playoffs . Once again , however , the Kings failed to advance , losing the series 2–3 against the Lakers . The following season , the Kings traded starting small forward Corliss Williamson to the Toronto Raptors for shooting guard Doug Christie , a move made to improve the subpar defense . They also drafted Turkish power forward Hedo Türkoğlu , further improving their bench rotation . Stojakovic moved into the starting small forward role , where he and Webber proved to complement each other extremely well , and as the Kings continued to improve , their popularity steadily rose , culminating in a February 2001 Sports Illustrated cover story entitled The Greatest Show on Court with Williams , Christie , Stojakovic , Webber , and Divac gracing the cover . That year , they went 55–27 , their best in 40 years . In the playoffs , they won their first series in 20 years , defeating the Phoenix Suns three games to one , before being swept in the second round by the Lakers , who eventually won the NBA Championship . In July 2001 , Jason Williams was traded , along with Nick Anderson , to the Vancouver Grizzlies for Mike Bibby and Brent Price . Despite Williamss often spectacular play , the Kings had grown tired of his recklessness and turnovers ; Bibby would provide much more stability and control at the point guard position . This move was complemented by the re-signing of Webber to a maximum-salary contract , securing their superstar long term . With Bibby taking over for Williams , they had their best season to date in 2001–02 . Though not as exciting or flashy as they had been in previous years with Williams , the team became much more effective and disciplined with Bibby at the helm . They finished with a league-best record of 61–21 , winning 36 of 41 at home . After easily winning their first two playoff matchups against the Stockton and Malone-led Jazz and the Dirk Nowitzki-led Dallas Mavericks , respectively , the Kings went on to play the archrival and two-time defending champion Los Angeles Lakers in the Western Conference Finals , regarded as one of the greatest playoff matchups in history . In a controversial series , the Kings lost in seven games , one game away from what would have been the first NBA Finals and professional sports championship in Sacramento history . This was a crushing blow to the Kings ; after losing to their archrivals in a highly controversial series , the team would begin to decline and age in the years that followed . Many commentators and journalists would question the decisions made by the referees during Game 6 , specifically that the Lakers were awarded a staggering 27 free throws in the fourth quarter , many of which came from what were in retrospect proved to be no-calls . Following Game 6 even print newspapers began to question the legitimacy of the game . Most notably , the New York Post ran a front cover with a headline entitled Foul Play ; it also published a related article suggesting that the game was rigged . NBA analyst David Aldridge ( then working for ESPN ) spoke on the game : The 2002 Western Conference finals left many fans wondering whether the Kings could have gone on to win a title , and debate would continue for many years after the events of the series . Later , due to allegations raised by former NBA referee Tim Donaghy , the NBA set up a review of the leagues officiating . Lawrence Pedowitz , who led the review , concluded that while Game 6 featured poor officiating , there was no concrete evidence that the game had been fixed . The Kings went 59–23 and won the division during the following season , seeking to avenge their playoff loss to the Lakers . After defeating the Stockton- and Malone-led Jazz in the first round and winning Game 1 against the Dirk Nowitzki-led Dallas Mavericks in the second round , the Kings appeared to be on the brink of another Western Conference Finals berth . However , Chris Webber sustained a major knee injury in Game 2 , and the Kings lost in a seven-game series . Webbers knee required major surgery . He returned mid-season in 2003–04 a season in which the Kings were seeking another chance to avenge their playoff loss to the Lakers , but without his quickness and athleticism , which had been the focal point of his style of play , it was not the same . Despite that , the Kings still managed to defeat the Dirk Nowitzki-led Dallas Mavericks in the first round and after winning Game 1 against the Kevin Garnett-led Minnesota Timberwolves in the second round , the Kings appeared to be on the brink of their second Western Conference Finals berth in three years , but the Kings ended the season with a defeat to the Timberwolves in a seven-game series . 2004–2006 : Decline . The 2004–05 season marked change for the Kings , who lost three starters from the famed 2002 team . In the off-season of 2004 , Divac signed with the Lakers , which prompted the Kings to sign Brad Miller to start at center . Early in the season , Christie was traded to the Orlando Magic for Cuttino Mobley , and in February , Webber was traded to the Philadelphia 76ers for three forwards ( Corliss Williamson , Kenny Thomas , and Brian Skinner ) . Thomas and Skinner failed in their attempt to replicate Webbers impact , and as a result the teams record suffered . The Kings lost in the first round of the playoffs to the Seattle SuperSonics . The 2005 off-season continued with changes , when they traded fan-favorite Bobby Jackson for Bonzi Wells and acquired free agent Shareef Abdur-Rahim . The 2005–06 season started poorly since the Kings had a hard time establishing team chemistry . Newcomers Wells and Abdur-Rahim made major contributions early , but both were injured and missed a significant number of games . As the Kings season continued , general manager Petrie decided to make a major move . Stojakovic was traded for Ron Artest , a talented yet volatile forward known for his temper . Despite doubts that he would be able to replace the huge production of Stojakovic , Artest and the Kings went 20–9 after the 2006 NBA All-Star break , the second best post-All-Star break record that season . Despite a winning record of 44–38 , it was clear that they were not the same team of years past . The Kings were seeded 8th in the Western Conference playoffs and were matched up in the first round against the San Antonio Spurs . Though the Kings were surprisingly competitive , the Spurs eliminated them 4–2 . This was the end of their era of competitiveness and to date , their last winning season and their last playoff season . The 2006 off-season began with the disturbing news that head coach Rick Adelmans contract would not be renewed . The Kings named Eric Musselman as his replacement . 2006–2009 : Change and transition . In 2006–07 , the disappointing play of the Kings was coupled with the distraction of legal troubles . Coach Eric Musselman pleaded no contest to DUI charges early in the season , while Artest got into trouble for neglect of his dogs , and was later accused of domestic assault . The Kings relieved Artest of basketball duties , pending investigation , then later reinstated him . They finished the season 33–49 ( their worst in 9 years ) which landed them in fifth place in the Pacific Division . They posted a losing record ( 20–21 ) at home for the first time since 1993–94 . Their season included a seven-game losing streak that lasted from January 4 to 19 . The Kings missed the 2007 NBA Playoffs , the first time in eight seasons . Musselman was fired in April . The Kings future appeared to rest on the shoulders of Kevin Martin , who was a lead candidate for 2007 NBA Most-Improved Player of the Year . The 2007 off-season was a time of change . Head coach Musselman was replaced by former Kings player , Reggie Theus . The Kings selected Spencer Hawes with the 10th overall pick in the 2007 NBA draft . In addition , they acquired Mikki Moore from the New Jersey Nets . Martin signed a contract worth $55 million , extending his period with the team for five more years . The Kings lost key players over the off-season , with backup Ronnie Price leaving for the Utah Jazz , and Corliss Williamson retiring . They claimed fourth-year Beno Udrih off waivers from Minnesota . Udrih quickly assumed the starting position for an injured Bibby . It was announced in February that the Kings had traded Bibby to the Atlanta Hawks for Tyronn Lue , Anthony Johnson , Shelden Williams , Lorenzen Wright and a 2nd round draft pick . The move was presumably made to clear cap space . Bibby had been the last player from the Kings team that reached the Western Conference Finals in 2002 . The Kings improved by five games and finished the 2007–08 season 38–44 , and missed the playoffs by a bigger margin ( 12 games ) than the previous season ( 8 games ) . They went 26–15 at home and 12–29 on the road . After selling out every home game since 1999 , the 2007–08 season sold out only three games at ARCO Arena with attendance averaging 13,500 fans per home game , almost 4,000 below capacity . Following a quiet 2008 off-season , it was confirmed on July 29 , 2008 , that the Kings would trade Artest and the rights to Patrick Ewing Jr . and Sean Singletary to the Houston Rockets in exchange for former King Bobby Jackson , Donté Greene , a future first-round draft pick , and cash considerations for Rashad McCants and center Calvin Booth . Reggie Theus was fired in the middle of the 2008–09 season , giving way to Kenny Natt as the interim head coach . The Kings continued to struggle under Natt , ending up with the NBAs worst record for the 2008–09 season at 17–65 . On April 23 , 2009 , Kings Vice President Geoff Petrie announced the firing of Natt and his four assistants , Rex Kalamian , Jason Hamm , Randy Brown and Bubba Burrage . 2009–2012 : Here we Rise period . Despite having the best odds to win the top overall pick in the 2009 NBA draft , the Kings obtained the 4th overall pick , the lowest they could possibly pick , to the outrage of many fans . Along with new head coach Paul Westphal , they selected Tyreke Evans . With the 23rd pick , they selected Omri Casspi from Israel . On April 27 , 2010 , Evans was the first Sacramento-era player to receive the NBA Rookie of the Year Award . Evans also became the 4th player in NBA history , joining Oscar Robertson , Michael Jordan , and LeBron James , to average 20 points , 5 rebounds , and 5 assists per game as a rookie . On June 24 , 2010 , the Kings selected DeMarcus Cousins with the 5th pick of the 2010 NBA draft . They also selected Hassan Whiteside , with the 33rd pick of the 2010 NBA draft . Despite the excellent play of Cousins and Evans , both of whom were front-runners in Rookie of the Year voting and received All-Rookie First Team honors , the Kings still ranked near the bottom of the NBA , going 25–57 in Evans rookie year , and 24–58 in Cousins rookie year . Much of this was due to the poor fit of the roster around Evans and Cousins , and the uninspired coaching of Westphal . The 2010–11 season was marked with uncertainty towards the end of the season . Frustrated by the lack of progress towards an arena and dwindling profits from other businesses , the Maloofs sought an immediate relocation of the franchise to Anaheim . The move seemed certain towards the end of the year , with Grant Napear and Jerry Reynolds emotionally signing off at the final home game vs . the Los Angeles Lakers . But after a vote by the NBA Board of Governors , the relocation effort was ended , to the glee of the fans . In the 2011 NBA draft the Kings traded for the draft rights of Jimmer Fredette in a three-team deal with the Charlotte Bobcats and the Milwaukee Bucks , with the Kings receiving John Salmons sending Beno Udrih . This move was heavily panned by fans and media ; by moving down in the draft and losing longtime starter Udrih for the unproductive Salmons , most found it difficult to find a bright spot in the deal . Westphal would shortly be fired , with Warriors assistant Keith Smart hired as his replacement . Around this time , the team took the slogan Here we rise ! for its marketing campaign . Amidst various relocation rumors and locker room tensions , the Kings had yet another unsuccessful season . One of their few bright spots was rookie Isaiah Thomas . Due to criticisms about his height ( 59 in shoes ) and playmaking ability , Thomas slipped to the 60th and final pick of the draft . Despite this , and the presence of college superstar Fredette , Thomas earned the starting spot , finishing the season with averages of 11 points and 4 assists per game and earned a selection to the NBA All-Rookie team . In the 2012 NBA draft they selected Thomas Robinson out of Kansas . Because of an unproductive rookie season by Robinson , he was traded with Francisco García and Tyler Honeycutt to the Houston Rockets in exchange for Patrick Patterson , Toney Douglas and Cole Aldrich . 2013–2015 : Franchise restructuring . On May 16 , 2013 , the Maloof family reached agreement to sell the Kings to a group led by Silicon Valley tech entrepreneur Vivek Ranadivé for a then-record NBA franchise valuation of $535 million . Ranadivé , 55 , named Raj Bhathal , 71 , founder of Tustin-based Raj Manufacturing , one of the largest swimwear companies in the nation , as one of the investors in a consortium to buy a majority stake in the Kings from the franchises longtime owners , the Maloof family , for a reported $348 million . The group fought off a rival bid that would have moved the team to Seattle after the NBAs Board of Governors rejected investor Chris Hansens bid to relocate the team . The new owners intend to keep the team in Sacramento . On May 28 , the NBA Board of Governors unanimously approved the sale , ending several years of efforts by other cities to take possession and move the Kings out of Sacramento . On May 31 , 2013 , the Kings closed escrow , finalizing the sale to the Ranadivé group at a record valuation of $534 million , beginning a new era for the franchise . Plans were already underway to move forward on an arena , as the Downtown Plaza was reportedly being sold to the Sacramento ownership group . A month later , on July 30 , Turner Construction was selected to be the builder of the arena . Once the sale had closed and ownership was transferred to Ranadivé , the Kings began making changes to the management and staff . Geoff Petrie and Keith Smart were released ; Mike Malone and Pete DAlessandro were brought in to replace them . Corliss Williamson , Brendan Malone , Chris Jent , and Dee Brown were brought in as assistant coaches . On July 10 , NBA executive Chris Granger was hired as team president . On September 23 , 2013 , Shaquille ONeal purchased a minority share of the team , jokingly dubbing the teams new organization the Shaqramento Kings . These hires coincided with several roster moves . In the 2013 NBA draft on June 27 , the Kings selected Kansas shooting guard Ben McLemore , who was widely projected to go top-five , with the seventh overall pick . They also selected point guard and former McDonalds All-American Ray McCallum , Jr . from the University of Detroit with the 36th pick . One week later , on July 5 , the Kings sent former NBA Rookie of the Year Tyreke Evans to the New Orleans Pelicans in a three-team deal involving Robin Lopez , Greivis Vásquez , Jeff Withey , Terrel Harris , and picks . On July 9 , the Kings traded a future second-round draft pick to the Bucks in exchange for defensive small forward Luc Richard Mbah a Moute , and on July 15 , the Kings signed Carl Landry , who had played a stint with the team in its previous ownership , to a 4-year deal worth $28 million . The 2013–14 season was widely anticipated by Kings fans . Playing their first game on October 30 , against the Nuggets , the Kings won 90–88 , despite being without projected starters Landry and Mbah a Moute . They were led by a 30-point , 14 rebound performance from DeMarcus Cousins , and a putback dunk by Jason Thompson with under a minute to play which sealed the victory for the Kings . After the poor play of starting forwards John Salmons and Patrick Patterson through November , the Kings sought a change . On November 26 , newly acquired Luc Richard Mbah a Moute was traded for power forward Derrick Williams . Nearly two weeks later , on December 8 , they acquired Rudy Gay in a blockbuster seven-player deal that sent the struggling Patterson and Salmons to Toronto along with Chuck Hayes and off-season acquisition Greivis Vásquez . Quincy Acy and Aaron Gray were also sent to the Kings . The organization sought to add depth to their lineup during the 2014 off-season to complement the Kings star duo DeMarcus Cousins and Rudy Gay . Sacramento added Darren Collison , Ryan Hollins and Ramon Sessions through free agency signings , as well as drafting Nik Stauskas prior to the start of the 2014–15 season . After an 11–13 start to the 2014–15 season , head coach Michael Malone was fired by the Sacramento Kings organization . Tyrone Corbin filled in for the Kings until Hall of Fame coach George Karl replaced him in February 2015 . On January 30 , 2015 , DeMarcus Cousins was named to replace the injured Kobe Bryant as a Western Conference All-Star in the 2015 NBA All-Star Game . Cousins selection marked the first time a Kings player earned All-Star honors since Brad Miller and Peja Stojaković represented Sacramento in 2004 . 2015–2017 : Divac as general manager , new arena . On March 3 , 2015 , the Kings announced former Sacramento center Vlade Divac as the new vice president of basketball operations . Following the end of Sacramentos 29–53 season for 2014–15 , The Kings made aggressive off-season moves in drafting Willie Cauley-Stein and acquiring Rajon Rondo , Kosta Koufos , Marco Belinelli , and Caron Butler in preparation for the 2015–16 season . To free up cap space , Divac traded Nik Stauskas , Carl Landry , Jason Thompson , a future top 10 protected first-round pick , and the right to swap two future first-round picks to the Philadelphia 76ers for the rights to second-round picks Artūras Gudaitis and Luka Mitrović . While the 76ers gave up nearly nothing to acquire draft assets that would result in the selection of number 1 overall pick Markelle Fultz , the Kings remained one of the worst teams in the NBA . It was regarded by many as one of the most lopsided trades in NBA history . On April 14 , 2016 , after a 33–49 season , the Kings fired head coach George Karl . Karl compiled a record of 44-68 with the Kings . The 2016–17 season brought several changes . The Kings moved into their new arena , the Golden 1 Center . On May 9 , 2016 , the Kings hired former Memphis Grizzlies coach Dave Joerger as head coach . During the 2016 NBA draft , the Kings traded the 8th pick to the Phoenix Suns for the 13th and 28th pick in the draft , as well as the rights to Serbian guard Bogdan Bogdanović . Later in the evening , the Kings traded Marco Belinelli to the Charlotte Hornets in exchange for the 22nd pick in the draft . The Kings selected four players in the 2016 NBA draft – Greek center Georgios Papagiannis with the 13th pick , Syracuse shooting guard Malachi Richardson with the 22nd pick , Kentucky forward Skal Labissiere with the 28th pick , and Oklahoma guard Isaiah Cousins with the 59th pick . In free agency , the Kings signed Anthony Tolliver , Garrett Temple , Arron Afflalo , Matt Barnes , and Ty Lawson . 2017–2020 : Rebuilding post-DeMarcus Cousins . On February 20 , 2017 , the Kings traded DeMarcus Cousins , alongside Omri Casspi to the New Orleans Pelicans for Tyreke Evans , Buddy Hield , Langston Galloway and two future draft picks . The Kings finished the 2016–17 season with a 32–50 record . In the 2017 NBA draft the team selected Kentucky point guard DeAaron Fox with the fifth pick . They also selected North Carolina forward Justin Jackson with the 15th pick , Duke center Harry Giles with the 20th pick,and Kansas point guard Frank Mason III with the 34th pick . With four rookie pickups , Divac wanted to add veteran presences on the roster . On July 10 , 2017 , the team signed three veterans – Vince Carter , Zach Randolph , and George Hill . The team finished the 2017–18 season with a 27–55 record , placing 12th in the Western Conference . Giles sat out the entire season due to a leg injury despite previous reports that he would make his rookie debut in January . Hill was traded to the Cleveland Cavaliers . Greek center Papagiannis , who was selected in the first round of the 2016 draft , averaged only 2.1 points in the 16 games played . During the 2018 NBA draft , the Kings selected Duke center Marvin Bagley III . The team was criticized following the draft for not selecting Luka Dončić , while Divac would go on to say he was confident in Bagley . Prior to the 2018–19 season , multiple analysts picked Sacramento to finish last in the Western Conference , calling their recent draft a missed opportunity to build and their lack of a veteran presence to offset their rookie lineup . The Kings lost to the Utah Jazz 123–117 in their season opener on October 17 , 2018 . Despite starting the season 1–3 , including a loss to the Pelicans in which they gave up 149 points , the team would go onto win their next five games to hold a winning record . By December 30 , the team held a 19–16 record . Ultimately , the Kings finished the season in ninth place in the Western Conference posting a record of 39–43 ; they again missed the playoffs . However , this was the team’s best regular-season record since their last playoff appearance in the 2005–06 season . In spite of this , head coach Joerger was fired after the conclusion of the season , and Luke Walton was hired as his replacement three days later . Earlier in the season , the Kings were rocked by the discovery that their former chief revenue officer , Jeff David , had embezzled $13.4 million in sponsorship payments from the Kings and their corporate partners over four years . David , who had taken a similar position with the Miami Heat , pleaded guilty to wire fraud and identity theft and was sentenced to seven years in federal prison . Following the suspension of the 2019–20 NBA season , the Kings were one of the 22 teams invited to the NBA Bubble to participate in the final 8 games of the regular season . However , Sacramento finished these games with a 3-5 record , missing the play-in game and extending their playoff drought for the 14th consecutive season . 2020–present : The Monte McNair era . On August 14 , 2020 , the Sacramento Kings announced that general manager Vlade Divac would resign from his position . Joe Dumars , a former player and executive for the Detroit Pistons , would be named interim Executive Vice President of Basketball Operations ; Dumars had joined the Kings as a special advisor in June of the previous year . Following a month-long search , the Sacramento Kings announced on September 17 , 2020 , that Houston Rockets executive Monte McNair would be hired as the franchises new general manager . With the Rockets , McNair spent thirteen years working under Daryl Morey , serving in various roles ; he was most recently named assistant general manager in 2018 . Following this hire , interim executive Joe Dumars was named as the chief strategy officer of the organization . Other candidates for the position included Minnesota Timberwolves executive vice president Sachin Gupta , Denver Nuggets general manager Calvin Booth , and former Atlanta Hawks general manager Wes Wilcox . McNair announced three additional hires on October 14 , 2020 ; these included the aforementioned Wes Wilcox who became an assistant GM , former Philadelphia 76ers scouting director Phil Jabour as vice president of player personnel , and Oklahoma City Blue executive Paul Johnson as director of basketball operations . Team logo , uniform and colors . Rochester Royals . The initial Rochester Royals logo featured a blue and white shield with the word ROCHESTER on the top , with a white banner with the word ROYALS on it . From the beginning , the road uniforms were blue with the city name written in front , while home uniforms were white with the team name written in front . Red accents were added later in their Rochester tenure . Cincinnati Royals . Upon moving to Cincinnati in 1957 , the team logo became a basketball with a cartoon face . The basketball was depicted as wearing a crown with the city of Cincinnati within it . The word CINCINNATI was featured above the logo while the word ROYALS was below . The crown also had the team name on it . This logo was white with blue outlines . The uniforms remained blue on the road and white at home , again with red accents and the city/team name designation on the respective uniforms . In the late 1960s the Royals wore a uniform with the team name written vertically on the left side , with the number on the right . In 1971 , the team adopted a red crown with a blue half-basketball below it . The word CINCINNATI , in blue , was placed above the logo . The word ROYALS , in white , was placed on the crown . The logo change also reflected on the uniforms , now featuring a script Royals in front with red numbers . However , blue names and numbers at home , and white names and numbers on the road were written at the back of the uniform , with the unusual arrangement of the number above the name being used for the first time ( normally , the players name is shown above the back number ) . Kansas City–Omaha/Kansas City Kings . For the 1972–73 season , the renamed and relocated Kansas City-Omaha Kings kept their uniforms and logos , with the exception of the name change . After settling in Kansas City for good in 1975 , the Kings changed their road uniforms back to reading the city name in front . Beginning with the 1981–82 season , the road uniforms reverted to the team name in front , while numbers in front took on the same color schemes as the numbers in the back . Sacramento Kings . Following their move from Kansas City in 1985 the Kings still used the same color scheme of red , white and blue . The logo of a crown atop a bottom half of the basketball was also carried over . However , the shades of blue used on their home and road uniforms were different for five seasons . The home uniforms use royal blue , while the road uniforms use powder blue . The striping patterns were also different between the two uniforms , with the script Kings wordmark on the sides of the road shorts , and basic side stripes on the home uniforms . Carrying over from Kansas City was the unusual placement of player names at the bottom of the number at the front of the uniforms . The uniforms changed slightly in 1990 , with royal blue now used on the road ; the shorts now incorporate the Kings logo , and the name and number on the back switched places to the standard positions of the name being on the top , then the players number below it . The player names were now in a standard monotone serif font which was used by several NBA teams . This version would mark the last time the classic script Kings wordmark was used until 2005 . Change to purple and black . In 1994 , the Kings radically changed their look , adopting a new color scheme of purple , silver , black and white . The uniform set consists of one wide side stripe running through the right leg of the shorts , with the primary Kings logo prominently featured . The home uniform is in white , while the road uniform is in black ( by later coincidence , the NHLs Los Angeles Kings would use that exact color scheme ) . From 1994 to 1997 , a half-purple , half-black uniform , featuring checkerboard side panels , was used as an alternate uniform , which was panned by fans . However , the uniform was revived for the 2012–13 season during Hardwood Classics Nights . A new purple uniform , which shares the same template from the home and road uniforms , was introduced in the 1997–98 season . Before the start of the 2002–03 NBA season , the Kings changed their uniforms once again . This set included a modernized version of the Kings script on the home jersey , and the city name on the purple road jersey . The side stripes now run through the uniform . In the 2005–06 season they introduced a gold alternate uniform , featuring the classic script Kings wordmark . However , this alternate lasted only two seasons . In 2008 , the team introduced a new style of uniforms , with the names switching designations with a modernized Kings script on the road jersey in black text , and Sacramento on the home jersey still in white text . In doing this , the Kings became unique ; most professional franchises place the team nickname on the home jerseys and the city name on the road jerseys . The numbers are black on both uniforms . The side panels were revamped , now only featured on the shorts and at the top half of the uniform . Before the 2011–12 season a black alternate uniform was introduced , sharing the same template as the home and road uniforms , but with the classic script Kings wordmark and silver numbers . For the 2014–15 season , the Kings made a few tweaks to their home and away uniforms . While the team kept the 2008-era template , they brought back the 1994–2002 Kings script from the primary logo on both uniforms , along with purple ( home ) and white ( away ) numbers . The black alternate uniform was kept without any alterations . In addition , the crown logo at the back was replaced by the NBA logo , while a gold tab above it represents the franchises 1951 NBA championship . For the 2016–17 season , the Kings are changing their brand once more , adopting a logo reminiscent of their 1971–1994 design and dispatched black from their logo while keeping the purple and silver . The Kings unveiled their new uniforms on June 15 , 2016 , featuring four designs . Both the home white and purple away uniforms feature a modernized Kings script , an updated crown on top , and gray side stripes . The so-called City uniforms are similar to the away uniforms , except that the abbreviation SAC in gray appears in front . The black Global uniforms substitute the crown for a standing lion crest on top , along with a solid gray side stripe on the right and the primary logo on the left leg . All uniforms feature a baby blue collar , stitches , and tab that says Sacramento Proud , a nod to the franchises first few seasons in Sacramento . Beginning with the 2017–18 season , the jerseys will be sponsored by Blue Diamond Growers . As part of the switch to Nike as the NBAs uniform provider , the home and away uniform designations were abolished . The Kings kept their uniforms mostly intact , but the erstwhile primary purple uniforms were retired in favor of the City alternate purple uniforms . The Kings primary uniform set now consists of the white Association uniforms , the purple Icon uniforms and the black Statement uniforms . City special edition uniforms . Nike also released a special edition City uniform that pays tribute to both local culture and team heritage . Sacramentos 2017–18 City uniforms feature a white and powder blue base with red trim , echoing the road uniform colors the team wore from 1985 to 1990 . A recolored lion head logo in red and gray is also emblazoned in front . For the 2018–19 season , the Kings tweaked the City uniforms , replacing the lion head logo with the wordmark Sactown . The same uniform design was carried over for the 2019–20 season , but with red as the base color and powder blue as the trim color . The Sactown theme was retained for the 2020–21 City uniform , but with four design cues taken from prior uniforms . The black base paid homage to the 1994–2002 black uniforms . The checkerboard patterns were taken from their 1994–1997 purple/black alternate uniforms . The powder blue and red trim of the 1985–1990 road uniforms and of previous City uniforms were carried over to this design . Classic uniforms . During the 2002–03 season , the Kings brought back the 1960s Cincinnati Royals white uniform for a few games as a tribute to Oscar Robertson . The following season , they wore the mid-1970s Kansas City Kings white uniform for select games to honor Nate Archibald . The Kings mid-1980s powder blue jerseys were first brought back in the 2004–05 season to celebrate the franchises 20th season in Sacramento . They would return in 2015–16 for the teams final season at Sleep Train Arena , and the following season upon moving to Golden 1 Center . During the 2010–11 season , the Kings honored the 1950–51 Rochester Royals championship team by wearing throwback uniforms from that era . The team also wore blue versions of the Rochester throwbacks in the 2014–15 season . For the 2019–20 season , the Kings will bring back their blue uniforms worn from 1990 to 1994 in commemoration of the franchises 35th season in Sacramento . Mascot . Since the 1997–98 season , the official Kings mascot has been Slamson the Lion . Prior to that , the Kings mascot was The Gorilla . Season-by-season record . List of the last five seasons completed by the Kings . For the full season-by-season history , see List of Sacramento Kings seasons . Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , W–L% = Winning percentage Home arenas . - Edgerton Park Arena ( 1949–1954 ) - Rochester War Memorial ( 1955–1957 ) - Cincinnati Gardens ( 1957–1972 ) - Omaha Civic Auditorium ( 1972–1978 ) - Kansas City Municipal Auditorium ( 1972–1974 ) & ( 1979-1980 ) - Kemper Arena ( 1974–1985 ) - ARCO Arena I ( 1985–1988 ) - Sleep Train Arena ( formerly ARCO Arena II/Power Balance Pavilion ) ( 1988–2016 ) - Golden 1 Center ( 2016–present ) Rivalries . Prior to moving to Ohio , the Royals biggest rival was the Syracuse Nationals , which went on to become the Philadelphia 76ers . This left upstate New York without a team until the Buffalo Braves were established in 1970 . This third attempt did not last , with the Braves moving to San Diego , California in 1978 to become the San Diego Clippers . In 1970 , the Cleveland Cavaliers were established . This brought a new rival for the Royals , as well as a new team in Ohio . This rivalry did not last , and the Royals moved to Kansas City only a few years later . Although the NBA previously had a team in St . Louis , Missouri in the form of the St . Louis Hawks , that team moved to Atlanta in 1968 , thus preventing a potential new rivalry for the Kings . This made the Kings the first team in the state in four years . 13 years later , the Kings moved to California , leaving Missouri without a team . Players . Retained draft rights . The Kings hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA . A drafted player , either an international draftee or a college draftee who is not signed by the team that drafted him , is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams . In this case , the team retains the players draft rights in the NBA until one year after the players contract with the non-NBA team ends . This list includes draft rights that were acquired from trades with other teams . Retired numbers . All of the Kings retired numbers are hanging in the rafters of the Golden 1 Center . Naismith Basketball Hall of Famers . Notes : - In total , Robertson was inducted into the Hall of Fame twice – as player and as a member of the 1960 Olympic team . - In total , Lucas was inducted into the Hall of Fame twice – as player and as a member of the 1960 Olympic team . - Inducted as contributor for being the first African American to manage a team in the NBA . He also played for the team in 1958–1966 . - Also played for the team ( 1975 ) . - In total , Russell was inducted into the Hall of Fame twice – as a player and as coach .
|
[
"Omaha Civic Auditorium"
] |
[
{
"text": "The Sacramento Kings are an American professional basketball team based in Sacramento , California . The Kings compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the Western Conference Pacific Division . The Kings are the only team in the major professional North American sports leagues located in Sacramento . The team plays its home games at the Golden 1 Center . Their best seasons to date in the city were in the early 2000s , including the 2001–02 season when they had the best record in the NBA at 61–21 ( a winning percentage of",
"title": "Sacramento Kings"
},
{
"text": ") .",
"title": "Sacramento Kings"
},
{
"text": "The franchise began with the Rochester Seagrams ( a semi-professional team ) from Rochester , New York , that formed in 1923 and hosted a number of teams there over the next 20 years . They joined the National Basketball League in 1945 as the renamed Rochester Royals , winning that leagues championship in their first season , 1945–46 . They later jumped with three other NBL teams to the Basketball Association of America , forerunner of the NBA , in 1948 . As the Royals , the team was often successful on the court , winning the NBA championship",
"title": "Sacramento Kings"
},
{
"text": "in 1951 . The team , however , found it increasingly difficult to turn a profit in the comparatively small market of Rochester and relocated to Cincinnati in , becoming the Cincinnati Royals .",
"title": "Sacramento Kings"
},
{
"text": " In 1972 , the team relocated again , this time to Kansas City , Missouri , and renamed the Kansas City–Omaha Kings because it initially split its home games between Kansas City and Omaha , Nebraska ; the nickname was changed to avoid confusion with the baseball Royals . After three seasons , the team truncated to Kansas City Kings , but continued to play several home games per season in Omaha , through March 1978 .",
"title": "Sacramento Kings"
},
{
"text": "The franchise again failed to find success in its market and moved after the 1984–85 season to Sacramento , where they presently reside .",
"title": "Sacramento Kings"
},
{
"text": "The basis of the purely-professional Royals team that came into existence in 1945 , after two decades of sponsored semi-professional team . Seagram was the teams main sponsor and received the bulk of what monies were made . One of the teams early stars was Lester Harrison , a local high school star of some publicity before joining the team . The driven Harrison later became the teams captain , coach , manager and chief scout over the next two decades , and was very key in the teams continued success and existence through hard years in the 1930s .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Among visitors to Rochester then to play the team were the Original Celtics , the New York Rens and the Harlem Globetrotters .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " With news that World War II was approaching its end , the National Basketball League ( NBL ) announced that it was expanding , and Harrison was approached for interest in a franchise . While the sponsored Seagrams balked at additional expenses involved , Harrison and his lawyer brother Jack jumped at the chance . They pooled money to meet the steep entry fee of $25,000 dollars , and were granted an NBL franchise . Their team pushed out the Seagrams locally at their facility , smallish Edgerton Park Arena .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "With his new team , Harrison took advantage of conditions and rules in 1945 . The best players were the returning Navy and Army players now being released from the war . There was no draft for the league in the selection of new players . So , Harrison was able to scoop up several name stars for his new team , among them Bob Davies , Red Holzman and William Fuzzy Levane , as well as NBL free agents like George Glamack and Al Cervi . The result was a strong league champion in their first season of existence",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "as the Royals during the 1945–46 season .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The team had two more seasons of success during their NBL years , which permitted the team to play non-league opponents . During all three years , 1945–1948 , the team played over 300 total games , hosting most of them .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Royals defected to the NBLs rival , the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) , in 1948 . In 1949 , as a result of that years absorption of the NBL by the BAA , the Royals became members of the newly formed NBA along with the Fort Wayne Pistons , Minneapolis Lakers , and Indianapolis ( Kautskys ) Jets . A year later , the BAA absorbed the remaining NBL teams to become the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The move to the BAA took away Rochesters profitable exhibition schedule , and placed it in the same Western Division as the Minneapolis Lakers . Of the two best teams in professional basketball , only one of them could play in the league finals from 1949 to 1954 . Minneapolis , with George Mikan , was almost always better during playoffs than the Royals . With their smallish arena and now-limited schedule , the Royals became less profitable even as Harrison maintained a remarkably high standard for the team , which finished no lower than second in its division in",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "both the NBL and BAA/NBA from 1945 to 1954 . Harrison knew that the NBA was outgrowing Rochester , and spent most of the 1950s looking for a buyer for his team .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Royals won the NBA title in 1951 by defeating the New York Knicks 4–3 . It is the only NBA championship in the franchises history . The title , however , did not translate into profit for the Royals . The roster turned over in 1955 , except for star guard Bobby Wanzer , who soon became the teams new coach . The team moved to the larger Rochester War Memorial in 1955 in an attempt to improve fortunes with a much larger arena . The NBA even agreed to host their All-Star Game there in 1956 . But",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "the Royals were now a losing team filled with rookies , and did not turn a profit . Meanwhile , the NBA was putting pressure on Harrison to sell or relocate his team to a larger city . With this in mind , the 1956–57 season was the Royals last in Rochester .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The Royals stay in Rochester featured the services of nine future members of the Basketball Hall of Fame : Al Cervi , Bob Davies , Alex Hannum , Lester Harrison , Red Holzman , Arnie Risen , Maurice Stokes , Jack Twyman , Bobby Wanzer , while others proved prominent in other fields , such as Pro Football Hall of Fame member Otto Graham , Hollywood Walk of Famer Chuck Connors , and Jack McMahon . 1957–1972 : Cincinnati Royals .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In April 1957 , the Harrison brothers moved the Royals to Cincinnati , a city that was then trying to obtain an NBA expansion franchise . This move followed a well-received regular-season game played at Cincinnati Gardens on February 1 , 1957 . The change of venue had been said to have been partly suggested by Jack Twyman and Dave Piontek , who were two of several roster players on the new Royals from that area . Cincinnati , which had a strong college basketball fanbase then , and no NFL franchise to compete with ( until the Bengals joined",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "in 1970 after two seasons in the AFL ) , was deemed the best choice for the Harrisons , who also considered other cities . The Royals name continued to fit in Cincinnati , often known as the Queen City .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " During the teams first NBA draft in Cincinnati , the team acquired Clyde Lovellette and guard George King . They teamed with the 1–2 punch of Maurice Stokes and Twyman to produce a budding contender in the teams very first season in the Queen City . But injuries and the loss of star guard Si Green , the #1 overall pick of the 1956 NBA draft , to military service dropped the team into a tie for second place in the NBA Western Division during the 1957–58 seasons second half .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In the seasons finale , All-Pro star Maurice Stokes struck his head when he fell after pursuing a rebound . He shook off the effects of the fall , even as he had briefly been unconscious . After Game One in the playoffs three days later , Stokes head injury was greatly aggravated by airplane cabin pressure during the flight back to Cincinnati for Game Two . He suffered a seizure and was permanently hospitalized , a tragedy that greatly shook the team . Stokes , a tremendous talent who could play center , forward and guard , was 2nd",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "in the NBA in rebounds and 3rd in assists , a double-feat only Wilt Chamberlain has matched for a full season . The impact of losing Stokes was such that the team nearly folded . Six of the teams shaken players simply retired on the spot .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " Fellow All-Star Twyman rose to All-Pro level over the next two seasons for Cincinnati , even as the team posted two 19-win seasons . The 1958–59 Cincinnati team featured five rookies , with Lovellette , King and other key players having left the team in the wake of Stokes tragic injury . The Harrisons , wanting out at this point , sold to a makeshift local group , headed by Thomas Woods , Cincinnati Gardens management , and a number of local businessmen .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Jack Twyman came to the aid of his teammate , and even legally adopted Stokes . Raising funds for Stokes medical treatment , Twyman helped him until his death in April 1970 . The 1973 feature film Maurie , which co-starred actors Bernie Casey and Bo Svenson , dramatized their story .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " Shooting often for the beleaguered team , Twyman was the second NBA player to ever average 30 points per game for an NBA season . Twyman and Stokes were later named Hall of Famers . 1960–1970 : The Oscar Robertson era .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In 1960 , the team was able to land local superstar Oscar Robertson . Robertson led a team that included Twyman , Wayne Embry , Bob Boozer , Bucky Bockhorn , Tom Hawkins and Adrian Smith over the next three seasons . The Royals reversed their fortunes with Robertson and rose to title contender . An ownership dispute in early 1963 scuttled the teams playoff chances when new owner Louis Jacobs booked a circus for Cincinnati Gardens for the week of the playoff series versus the champion Boston Celtics . The Royals home games were at Xavier Universitys Schmidt Field",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "House .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In late 1963 , another local superstar , Jerry Lucas , joined the team . The Royals rose to the second-best record in the NBA . From 1963 to 1966 , the Royals contended strongly against Boston and the Philadelphia 76ers , but won no titles . In the 1964 NBA draft the Royals drafted rookies George Wilson , Bill Chmielewski , Steve Courtin ( later traded to 76ers ) , and Happy Hairston . The teams star players throughout the 1960s were Oscar Robertson and Jerry Lucas . Robertson met with individual success , averaging a triple-double in 1961–62",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "and winning the Most Valuable Player award in 1964 . Robertson was a league-leading scorer and passer each season . Lucas was Rookie Of the Year in 1964 , led the league in shooting , and later averaged 20 rebounds per game over four seasons . Both were All-NBA First Team selections multiple times .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The team failed to keep some promising players , though , and played in the tough NBA East division , dominated by the Boston Celtics , even as a Baltimore team played in the West Division for three years , denying the team likely visits to the NBA Finals .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In 1966 , the team was sold to Max and Jeremy Jacobs . That same season , the Royals began playing some of their home games in neutral sites such as Cleveland ( until the Cavaliers began play in 1970 ) , Dayton and Columbus . This did wound their local fan base in Cincinnati , though , and fortunes for the team continued to steadily decline . That year , they would host the 1966 NBA All-Star Game , with Smith scoring 24 points to be named All-Star MVP . As of 2021 , it is the last time",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "that the franchise has hosted an All-Star Game .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " New coach Bob Cousy traded Lucas in 1969 . Robertson was traded to Milwaukee in 1970 , where he immediately won an NBA title . The declining franchise left Cincinnati shortly thereafter , moving to Kansas City in 1972 . 1972–1985 : Kansas City–Omaha/Kansas City Kings . After moving to Kansas City , the Royals renamed themselves the Kings to avoid confusion with the Royals baseball team . Now dubbed the Kansas City-Omaha Kings , the team split its home games between the 7,316-seat Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City and the 9,300-seat Omaha Civic Auditorium .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Cincinnati Royals had been looking at Omaha as a market as early as 1968 , playing twelve home games in the Nebraska city from 1968 to 1971 . From 1972 to 1975 , the KC–Omaha Kings played a total of 42 regular season contests ( but no playoff games ) in Omaha . In 1975 , the club became simply the Kansas City Kings ( moving into the new 16,785-seat Kemper Arena the previous season ) , but did not abandon Omaha completely , playing several games there through the 1977–78 season . For the next two seasons ,",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "they played several home games at St . Louis .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " 1972–1976 . The team netted a new superstar in point guard Nate Archibald , who led the league in scoring and assists in the 1972–73 season .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "While still in Cincinnati , the team introduced a most unusual uniform design , which placed the players surname below his number . The design remained intact through the first several seasons of the teams run in Sacramento , even when the shade of blue on the road uniforms was changed from royal blue to powder blue , and the script Kansas City which adorned the road jerseys was scrubbed after the move in favor of a repeat of the Kings script on the home shirts . The Kings back jersey template was later adopted by the WNBA and the",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "NBA Development League , as well the NBA during the All-Star Game since 2006 .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Kings had some decent players throughout . Tom Van Arsdale , the shooting forward , Jumpin Johnny Green , and Matt Guokas helped Archibald in the first year in Kansas City . Toby Kimball was a fan favorite . Jimmy Walker teamed with Archibald as the Kings made the playoffs the second year . Sam Lacey , an effective passing center , became one of the most dependable players in the league . Archibald became the first player to lead the league in scoring and assists in the first season in Kansas City . However , the management traded",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Archibald , and wasted high draft picks . Bob Cousy gave way to Phil Johnson , who was fired midyear in 1977 and replaced by Larry Staverman , a player on the team on two separate occasions when it was in Cincinnati and who later became the vice president of operations for the Cleveland Stadium Corporation in June 1981 .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Kings finally achieved some success in their new home when they hired Cotton Fitzsimmons as coach . Fitzsimmons won the Midwest Division in 1978–79 with rookie point guard Phil Ford , who was NBA Rookie of the Year in 1979 . Kansas City was led by shooting guard Otis Birdsong , strong on both offense and defense , all-around shooting forward Scott Wedman , and passing center Sam Lacey , who had a trademark bank shot . They drew an average of 10,789 fans to Kemper Arena that season , the only time during their tenure in KC that",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "average attendance was in five figures ( the attendance at the peak was only two-thirds of Kempers capacity ) . The Kings later played several home games in St . Louis during the early 1980s to large crowds . Most Kansas City sports fans preferred to spend their entertainment dollar on the Royals , who won the American League West division championship four times in five seasons between 1976 and 1980 , and reached the 1980 World Series .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Kings made the playoffs in 1979–80 and again in 1980–81 , despite finishing the 1980–81 regular season at . The Kings made a run in the 1981 NBA Playoffs , reaching the Western Conference finals ; these were the franchises first playoff victories since 1964 , and their only ones ever in Kansas City . Ernie Grunfeld played the point in this run in place of an injured Ford , as KC used a slow half-court game to win the first two rounds . Power forward Reggie King had a remarkable series , dominating the opposition . After upsetting",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "the Phoenix Suns by winning Game 7 at Phoenix in the Conference Semifinals and becoming the second NBA road team to do so after leading a series 3–1 , they bowed out to the Houston Rockets ( also 40–42 in the regular season ) in five games in the Conference Finals . Lacey , the last remaining Cincinnati Royal to play for the Kings , could not keep up with Rockets superstar center Moses Malone . ( The Kings did not win another playoff series for two decades. )",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "However , a series of bad luck incidents prevented the team from building on its success . Cleveland Cavaliers owner Ted Stepien lured Wedman and Birdsong away with big contract offers . In 1979 , the roof literally fell in at Kemper Arena because of a severe storm , forcing the team to play most of the 1979–80 season at the much smaller Municipal Auditorium . The ownership group sold the team to Sacramento interests for $11 million . The general manager was fired in a scandal in which he was found to be reusing marked postage stamps . When",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "the Kings rehired Joe Axelson as general manager , they brought back the man who had previously traded Oscar Robertson , Norm Van Lier , Nate Archibald and Jerry Lucas , and used the third pick in the ABA dispersal draft on Ron Boone . Axelson stayed on after the Kings left Kansas City where , in their last game ever , fans wore Joe Axelson masks . Axelson later said he hoped his plane would never touch down in Kansas City .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Axelson became the first general manager in the history of sports to fail with the same franchise in four cities : Cincinnati , Kansas City , Omaha and Sacramento . He was not fired for good until he rehired coach Phil Johnson , whom he had fired in mid-season in Kansas City ten years before . The Kings also had the misfortune of entering this period competing with the Kansas City Comets for the winter sports dollar , when the Comets were led by marketers—the Leiweke brothers . Their final season in 1984–85 resulted in a record , as fans",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "stayed away from Kemper Arena in droves , with average attendance of 6,410 . Long-time ABA and NBA star , Don Buse , played his final professional season for the Kings .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Ownership began looking for a new home for the team . Poor attendance and lack of sponsorship dollars ( the team was third in sports market share by a significant margin behind the NFLs Chiefs and MLBs Royals ) were the main reasons . Also , Kansas City had a much stronger following for the Kansas Jayhawks college basketball team than they did the NBAs Kings . Seeing the success the NBA was having in fast-growing cities with no NFL or MLB teams like Portland , Oregon , Salt Lake City , Utah , and San Antonio , Texas ,",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "it was decided the team would move to Sacramento , California , a fast-growing city with no competition from the NFL or MLB . The NBA unanimously approved the move , with the caveat that Sacramento had to have an NBA-ready arena finished within three years or the team was free to move again with no penalty .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Kings moved to their current home of Sacramento , California in the 1985–86 NBA season , with their first Sacramento season ending in the first round of the Western Conference 1986 NBA Playoffs . The starting lineup was Reggie Theus , LaSalle Thompson , Mark Olberding , Terry Tyler , and Mike Woodson , with Larry Drew , Eddie Johnson , Otis Thorpe , and Joe Kleine coming off the bench . However , despite fan loyalty the Kings saw little success in subsequent seasons , and the team did not make the playoffs again until the 1996 NBA",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Playoffs in the 1995–96 NBA season . Some of their failure was attributable to misfortunes such as the career-altering car crash suffered by promising point guard Bobby Hurley in 1993 , and the suicide of Ricky Berry during the 1989 off-season ; some was attributed to poor management such as the long tenure of head coach Garry St . Jean and the selection of Never Nervous Pervis Ellison with the first overall pick in the 1989 NBA draft . Former Kings television broadcaster Jerry Reynolds ( 1987 , 1988–90 ) and NBA legend Bill Russell ( 1987–88 ) were the",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "earliest head coaches .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Ricky Berry was selected by the Kings in the first round , 18th pick overall in the 1988 NBA draft . He had a dazzling rookie year in the 1988–89 season shooting 40.6% from three-point range . The Kings also drafted Vinny Del Negro ( selected by the Kings in the second round , 29th overall pick in the 1988 NBA draft ) and acquired Rodney McCray from the Houston Rockets . In his first year with the Kings , McCray made 1988 NBA All-Defensive First Team . It was the first season the Kings would play without Reggie Theus",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "and LaSalle Thompson ( both part in the original team from Kansas City ) or Joe Kleine ( selected by the Kings as first round , sixth pick overall in the 1985 NBA draft ) . Thompson was drafted by the Kings in the first round , fifth overall pick in the 1982 NBA draft . It was also the last year that Michael Jackson ( selected by the New York Knicks in the second round , 47th pick overall in the 1986 NBA draft but who played his entire career with the Kings ) and Ed Pinckney ( selected",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "10th overall by the Phoenix Suns in the 1985 NBA draft and played for the Kings from 1987 to 1989 ) played for the Kings . On February 23 , 1989 , Brad Lohaus and Danny Ainge were traded to the Kings from the Boston Celtics for Joe Kleine and Ed Pinckney . In June of the 1989 off-season , Lohaus was then acquired by the Minnesota Timberwolves in the 1989 NBA Expansion Draft . In August of the 1989 off-season , Berry was found dead from a self-inflicted gunshot wound at his home in Fair Oaks , California just",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "weeks before his 25th birthday following an argument with his wife .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Following the loss of Ricky Berry , 1989–90 season featured Pervis Ellison , who was first overall pick in the 1989 NBA draft by the Kings , and acquisition Wayman Tisdale ( from the Indiana Pacers , second pick overall in the 1985 NBA draft ) . An injury kept Ellison on the sidelines for 48 of 82 games of his rookie year , after which he was traded to the Washington Bullets . Tisdale would go on to play for the Kings for five years . It was the last season that Danny Ainge , Kenny Smith ( who",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "had an impressive showing in the 1990 NBA Slam Dunk Contest ) , Rodney McCray , Harold Pressley ( selected by the Kings in the first round , 17th overall pick in the 1986 NBA draft ) , Vinny Del Negro , Greg Kite , and Ralph Sampson played for the Kings . In 1990 , Ainge was traded to the Portland Trail Blazers , Kenny Smith was traded to the Atlanta Hawks , and Rodney McCray was traded to the Dallas Mavericks .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Lionel Simmons – or L-Train – was drafted by the Kings in the 1990 NBA draft in the first round , 7th pick overall . In his first season , he made the NBA All-Rookie First Team . He would go on to play his entire career ( 1990–1997 ) with the Kings and had 5,833 career points . Antoine Carr ( acquired from the Atlanta Hawks ) played for the Kings in the 1990–91 NBA season and then was traded to the San Antonio Spurs . Free-agent Leon Wood , who would later become an NBA official , played",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "for the Kings but was let go on Christmas Eve of 1990 . Also notable that Bill Wennington was acquired from the Dallas Mavericks and played for the Kings for the 1990–91 season and after a successful career with the Chicago Bulls returned to the Kings for his final season in 1999–2000 .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The early 1990s were difficult for the Kings . Sacramento was known for having strong fan support , and while they won over 60% of their home games , the team struggled on the road , going 1–40 on the road in a single season . But prayers were answered when they acquired Mitch Richmond , who previously played for the Golden State Warriors . The former NBA Rookie of the Year was selected as an All-Star six times while making the All-NBA Second Team three times . Garry St . Jean was chosen as new coach in 1992 and",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "coached the team all the way through 1997 , where he was replaced by Eddie Jordan .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "During the 1990s , Sacramento had other stars like Spud Webb , Kurt Rambis , Wayman Tisdale , Walt Williams , Olden Polynice and Brian Grant , but they only lasted with the team for a few years . After the 1992–93 season , Rambis was traded to the Los Angeles Lakers . After the 1993–94 season , Tisdale was traded to the Phoenix Suns . After the 1994–95 season , Webb was traded to the Atlanta Hawks for Tyrone Corbin . Midway through the 1995–96 season , Williams was traded to the Miami Heat for Billy Owens ( who",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "was drafted by the Kings in 1991 , and traded to Golden State for Richmond ) . After the 1996–97 season , Grant became a free agent and signed with the Portland Trail Blazers .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "One accomplishment the team achieved under St . Jean during their tenures was a playoff appearance in 1996 . The series was lost 3–1 to the Seattle SuperSonics who , led by Gary Payton and Shawn Kemp , finished as that years conference champions . They did not make a playoff appearance again while Richmond was still on the Kings . He was soon traded along with Otis Thorpe to the Washington Wizards for Chris Webber in May 1998 . Although Richmond was lost , this trade proved to be one of the keys to finally achieving playoff success after",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "so many seasons of mediocrity .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " 1998–2004 : The Greatest Show on Court era . The Kings drafted Jason Williams in the 1998 NBA draft , signed Vlade Divac , and traded for Chris Webber prior to the lockout-shortened season of 1998–99 . These acquisitions coincided with the arrival of Peja Stojaković from Serbia , who had been drafted in 1996 . Each of these moves was attributed to general manager Geoff Petrie , who has won the NBA Executive of the Year Award twice .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Led by new head coach Rick Adelman , and aided by former Princeton head coach Pete Carril , the Kings Princeton offense impressed others for its quick style and strong ball movement . Some criticized the Kings for their poor team defense , Williamss flash over substance style with its many turnovers , and Webbers failure to step up in important match-ups . Still , they quickly garnered many fans outside of California , many of whom were drawn to the spectacular pairing of Williams and Webber . In 1998–99 , they went 27–23 , their first winning season in",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "nearly twenty years and their first since moving to Sacramento . The new arrivals Webber , Williams , and Divac all played key roles in this resurgence ; Divac ranked near the top of the team in most statistics , Webber led the league in rebounds and was named to the All-NBA Second Team , and Williams was named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team . In the playoffs , they were matched up against the defending Western Conference Champions , the Utah Jazz . After winning Game 1 by 20 points , the Jazz surrendered two consecutive playoff games",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "to the Kings . They would turn the series around , however , and win the last two to keep the Kings from advancing in the playoffs .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " In 1999–2000 , the Kings only notable transaction was trading shooting guard Tariq Abdul-Wahad to the Orlando Magic in exchange for shooting guard Nick Anderson . They finished eighth in the Western Conference with a 44–38 record and were matched up with the Los Angeles Lakers in the first round of the playoffs . Once again , however , the Kings failed to advance , losing the series 2–3 against the Lakers .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The following season , the Kings traded starting small forward Corliss Williamson to the Toronto Raptors for shooting guard Doug Christie , a move made to improve the subpar defense . They also drafted Turkish power forward Hedo Türkoğlu , further improving their bench rotation . Stojakovic moved into the starting small forward role , where he and Webber proved to complement each other extremely well , and as the Kings continued to improve , their popularity steadily rose , culminating in a February 2001 Sports Illustrated cover story entitled The Greatest Show on Court with Williams , Christie ,",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Stojakovic , Webber , and Divac gracing the cover . That year , they went 55–27 , their best in 40 years . In the playoffs , they won their first series in 20 years , defeating the Phoenix Suns three games to one , before being swept in the second round by the Lakers , who eventually won the NBA Championship .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In July 2001 , Jason Williams was traded , along with Nick Anderson , to the Vancouver Grizzlies for Mike Bibby and Brent Price . Despite Williamss often spectacular play , the Kings had grown tired of his recklessness and turnovers ; Bibby would provide much more stability and control at the point guard position . This move was complemented by the re-signing of Webber to a maximum-salary contract , securing their superstar long term . With Bibby taking over for Williams , they had their best season to date in 2001–02 . Though not as exciting or flashy as",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "they had been in previous years with Williams , the team became much more effective and disciplined with Bibby at the helm . They finished with a league-best record of 61–21 , winning 36 of 41 at home . After easily winning their first two playoff matchups against the Stockton and Malone-led Jazz and the Dirk Nowitzki-led Dallas Mavericks , respectively , the Kings went on to play the archrival and two-time defending champion Los Angeles Lakers in the Western Conference Finals , regarded as one of the greatest playoff matchups in history . In a controversial series , the",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Kings lost in seven games , one game away from what would have been the first NBA Finals and professional sports championship in Sacramento history . This was a crushing blow to the Kings ; after losing to their archrivals in a highly controversial series , the team would begin to decline and age in the years that followed . Many commentators and journalists would question the decisions made by the referees during Game 6 , specifically that the Lakers were awarded a staggering 27 free throws in the fourth quarter , many of which came from what were in",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "retrospect proved to be no-calls . Following Game 6 even print newspapers began to question the legitimacy of the game . Most notably , the New York Post ran a front cover with a headline entitled Foul Play ; it also published a related article suggesting that the game was rigged . NBA analyst David Aldridge ( then working for ESPN ) spoke on the game :",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The 2002 Western Conference finals left many fans wondering whether the Kings could have gone on to win a title , and debate would continue for many years after the events of the series . Later , due to allegations raised by former NBA referee Tim Donaghy , the NBA set up a review of the leagues officiating . Lawrence Pedowitz , who led the review , concluded that while Game 6 featured poor officiating , there was no concrete evidence that the game had been fixed .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Kings went 59–23 and won the division during the following season , seeking to avenge their playoff loss to the Lakers . After defeating the Stockton- and Malone-led Jazz in the first round and winning Game 1 against the Dirk Nowitzki-led Dallas Mavericks in the second round , the Kings appeared to be on the brink of another Western Conference Finals berth . However , Chris Webber sustained a major knee injury in Game 2 , and the Kings lost in a seven-game series . Webbers knee required major surgery . He returned mid-season in 2003–04 a season in",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "which the Kings were seeking another chance to avenge their playoff loss to the Lakers , but without his quickness and athleticism , which had been the focal point of his style of play , it was not the same . Despite that , the Kings still managed to defeat the Dirk Nowitzki-led Dallas Mavericks in the first round and after winning Game 1 against the Kevin Garnett-led Minnesota Timberwolves in the second round , the Kings appeared to be on the brink of their second Western Conference Finals berth in three years , but the Kings ended the season",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "with a defeat to the Timberwolves in a seven-game series .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The 2004–05 season marked change for the Kings , who lost three starters from the famed 2002 team . In the off-season of 2004 , Divac signed with the Lakers , which prompted the Kings to sign Brad Miller to start at center . Early in the season , Christie was traded to the Orlando Magic for Cuttino Mobley , and in February , Webber was traded to the Philadelphia 76ers for three forwards ( Corliss Williamson , Kenny Thomas , and Brian Skinner ) . Thomas and Skinner failed in their attempt to replicate Webbers impact , and as",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "a result the teams record suffered . The Kings lost in the first round of the playoffs to the Seattle SuperSonics . The 2005 off-season continued with changes , when they traded fan-favorite Bobby Jackson for Bonzi Wells and acquired free agent Shareef Abdur-Rahim .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The 2005–06 season started poorly since the Kings had a hard time establishing team chemistry . Newcomers Wells and Abdur-Rahim made major contributions early , but both were injured and missed a significant number of games . As the Kings season continued , general manager Petrie decided to make a major move . Stojakovic was traded for Ron Artest , a talented yet volatile forward known for his temper . Despite doubts that he would be able to replace the huge production of Stojakovic , Artest and the Kings went 20–9 after the 2006 NBA All-Star break , the second",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "best post-All-Star break record that season . Despite a winning record of 44–38 , it was clear that they were not the same team of years past . The Kings were seeded 8th in the Western Conference playoffs and were matched up in the first round against the San Antonio Spurs . Though the Kings were surprisingly competitive , the Spurs eliminated them 4–2 . This was the end of their era of competitiveness and to date , their last winning season and their last playoff season . The 2006 off-season began with the disturbing news that head coach Rick",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Adelmans contract would not be renewed . The Kings named Eric Musselman as his replacement .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In 2006–07 , the disappointing play of the Kings was coupled with the distraction of legal troubles . Coach Eric Musselman pleaded no contest to DUI charges early in the season , while Artest got into trouble for neglect of his dogs , and was later accused of domestic assault . The Kings relieved Artest of basketball duties , pending investigation , then later reinstated him . They finished the season 33–49 ( their worst in 9 years ) which landed them in fifth place in the Pacific Division . They posted a losing record ( 20–21 ) at home",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "for the first time since 1993–94 . Their season included a seven-game losing streak that lasted from January 4 to 19 . The Kings missed the 2007 NBA Playoffs , the first time in eight seasons . Musselman was fired in April . The Kings future appeared to rest on the shoulders of Kevin Martin , who was a lead candidate for 2007 NBA Most-Improved Player of the Year .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The 2007 off-season was a time of change . Head coach Musselman was replaced by former Kings player , Reggie Theus . The Kings selected Spencer Hawes with the 10th overall pick in the 2007 NBA draft . In addition , they acquired Mikki Moore from the New Jersey Nets . Martin signed a contract worth $55 million , extending his period with the team for five more years . The Kings lost key players over the off-season , with backup Ronnie Price leaving for the Utah Jazz , and Corliss Williamson retiring .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "They claimed fourth-year Beno Udrih off waivers from Minnesota . Udrih quickly assumed the starting position for an injured Bibby . It was announced in February that the Kings had traded Bibby to the Atlanta Hawks for Tyronn Lue , Anthony Johnson , Shelden Williams , Lorenzen Wright and a 2nd round draft pick . The move was presumably made to clear cap space . Bibby had been the last player from the Kings team that reached the Western Conference Finals in 2002 .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The Kings improved by five games and finished the 2007–08 season 38–44 , and missed the playoffs by a bigger margin ( 12 games ) than the previous season ( 8 games ) . They went 26–15 at home and 12–29 on the road . After selling out every home game since 1999 , the 2007–08 season sold out only three games at ARCO Arena with attendance averaging 13,500 fans per home game , almost 4,000 below capacity .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Following a quiet 2008 off-season , it was confirmed on July 29 , 2008 , that the Kings would trade Artest and the rights to Patrick Ewing Jr . and Sean Singletary to the Houston Rockets in exchange for former King Bobby Jackson , Donté Greene , a future first-round draft pick , and cash considerations for Rashad McCants and center Calvin Booth .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " Reggie Theus was fired in the middle of the 2008–09 season , giving way to Kenny Natt as the interim head coach . The Kings continued to struggle under Natt , ending up with the NBAs worst record for the 2008–09 season at 17–65 . On April 23 , 2009 , Kings Vice President Geoff Petrie announced the firing of Natt and his four assistants , Rex Kalamian , Jason Hamm , Randy Brown and Bubba Burrage . 2009–2012 : Here we Rise period .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Despite having the best odds to win the top overall pick in the 2009 NBA draft , the Kings obtained the 4th overall pick , the lowest they could possibly pick , to the outrage of many fans . Along with new head coach Paul Westphal , they selected Tyreke Evans . With the 23rd pick , they selected Omri Casspi from Israel .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " On April 27 , 2010 , Evans was the first Sacramento-era player to receive the NBA Rookie of the Year Award . Evans also became the 4th player in NBA history , joining Oscar Robertson , Michael Jordan , and LeBron James , to average 20 points , 5 rebounds , and 5 assists per game as a rookie . On June 24 , 2010 , the Kings selected DeMarcus Cousins with the 5th pick of the 2010 NBA draft . They also selected Hassan Whiteside , with the 33rd pick of the 2010 NBA draft .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Despite the excellent play of Cousins and Evans , both of whom were front-runners in Rookie of the Year voting and received All-Rookie First Team honors , the Kings still ranked near the bottom of the NBA , going 25–57 in Evans rookie year , and 24–58 in Cousins rookie year . Much of this was due to the poor fit of the roster around Evans and Cousins , and the uninspired coaching of Westphal .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The 2010–11 season was marked with uncertainty towards the end of the season . Frustrated by the lack of progress towards an arena and dwindling profits from other businesses , the Maloofs sought an immediate relocation of the franchise to Anaheim . The move seemed certain towards the end of the year , with Grant Napear and Jerry Reynolds emotionally signing off at the final home game vs . the Los Angeles Lakers . But after a vote by the NBA Board of Governors , the relocation effort was ended , to the glee of the fans .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In the 2011 NBA draft the Kings traded for the draft rights of Jimmer Fredette in a three-team deal with the Charlotte Bobcats and the Milwaukee Bucks , with the Kings receiving John Salmons sending Beno Udrih . This move was heavily panned by fans and media ; by moving down in the draft and losing longtime starter Udrih for the unproductive Salmons , most found it difficult to find a bright spot in the deal . Westphal would shortly be fired , with Warriors assistant Keith Smart hired as his replacement . Around this time , the team took",
"title": "Franchise history"
}
] |
/wiki/Sacramento_Kings#P115#5
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What was the home venue of Sacramento Kings in early 1980s?
|
Sacramento Kings The Sacramento Kings are an American professional basketball team based in Sacramento , California . The Kings compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the Western Conference Pacific Division . The Kings are the only team in the major professional North American sports leagues located in Sacramento . The team plays its home games at the Golden 1 Center . Their best seasons to date in the city were in the early 2000s , including the 2001–02 season when they had the best record in the NBA at 61–21 ( a winning percentage of ) . The franchise began with the Rochester Seagrams ( a semi-professional team ) from Rochester , New York , that formed in 1923 and hosted a number of teams there over the next 20 years . They joined the National Basketball League in 1945 as the renamed Rochester Royals , winning that leagues championship in their first season , 1945–46 . They later jumped with three other NBL teams to the Basketball Association of America , forerunner of the NBA , in 1948 . As the Royals , the team was often successful on the court , winning the NBA championship in 1951 . The team , however , found it increasingly difficult to turn a profit in the comparatively small market of Rochester and relocated to Cincinnati in , becoming the Cincinnati Royals . In 1972 , the team relocated again , this time to Kansas City , Missouri , and renamed the Kansas City–Omaha Kings because it initially split its home games between Kansas City and Omaha , Nebraska ; the nickname was changed to avoid confusion with the baseball Royals . After three seasons , the team truncated to Kansas City Kings , but continued to play several home games per season in Omaha , through March 1978 . The franchise again failed to find success in its market and moved after the 1984–85 season to Sacramento , where they presently reside . Franchise history . 1948–1957 : Rochester Royals . The basis of the purely-professional Royals team that came into existence in 1945 , after two decades of sponsored semi-professional team . Seagram was the teams main sponsor and received the bulk of what monies were made . One of the teams early stars was Lester Harrison , a local high school star of some publicity before joining the team . The driven Harrison later became the teams captain , coach , manager and chief scout over the next two decades , and was very key in the teams continued success and existence through hard years in the 1930s . Among visitors to Rochester then to play the team were the Original Celtics , the New York Rens and the Harlem Globetrotters . With news that World War II was approaching its end , the National Basketball League ( NBL ) announced that it was expanding , and Harrison was approached for interest in a franchise . While the sponsored Seagrams balked at additional expenses involved , Harrison and his lawyer brother Jack jumped at the chance . They pooled money to meet the steep entry fee of $25,000 dollars , and were granted an NBL franchise . Their team pushed out the Seagrams locally at their facility , smallish Edgerton Park Arena . With his new team , Harrison took advantage of conditions and rules in 1945 . The best players were the returning Navy and Army players now being released from the war . There was no draft for the league in the selection of new players . So , Harrison was able to scoop up several name stars for his new team , among them Bob Davies , Red Holzman and William Fuzzy Levane , as well as NBL free agents like George Glamack and Al Cervi . The result was a strong league champion in their first season of existence as the Royals during the 1945–46 season . The team had two more seasons of success during their NBL years , which permitted the team to play non-league opponents . During all three years , 1945–1948 , the team played over 300 total games , hosting most of them . The Royals defected to the NBLs rival , the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) , in 1948 . In 1949 , as a result of that years absorption of the NBL by the BAA , the Royals became members of the newly formed NBA along with the Fort Wayne Pistons , Minneapolis Lakers , and Indianapolis ( Kautskys ) Jets . A year later , the BAA absorbed the remaining NBL teams to become the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The move to the BAA took away Rochesters profitable exhibition schedule , and placed it in the same Western Division as the Minneapolis Lakers . Of the two best teams in professional basketball , only one of them could play in the league finals from 1949 to 1954 . Minneapolis , with George Mikan , was almost always better during playoffs than the Royals . With their smallish arena and now-limited schedule , the Royals became less profitable even as Harrison maintained a remarkably high standard for the team , which finished no lower than second in its division in both the NBL and BAA/NBA from 1945 to 1954 . Harrison knew that the NBA was outgrowing Rochester , and spent most of the 1950s looking for a buyer for his team . The Royals won the NBA title in 1951 by defeating the New York Knicks 4–3 . It is the only NBA championship in the franchises history . The title , however , did not translate into profit for the Royals . The roster turned over in 1955 , except for star guard Bobby Wanzer , who soon became the teams new coach . The team moved to the larger Rochester War Memorial in 1955 in an attempt to improve fortunes with a much larger arena . The NBA even agreed to host their All-Star Game there in 1956 . But the Royals were now a losing team filled with rookies , and did not turn a profit . Meanwhile , the NBA was putting pressure on Harrison to sell or relocate his team to a larger city . With this in mind , the 1956–57 season was the Royals last in Rochester . The Royals stay in Rochester featured the services of nine future members of the Basketball Hall of Fame : Al Cervi , Bob Davies , Alex Hannum , Lester Harrison , Red Holzman , Arnie Risen , Maurice Stokes , Jack Twyman , Bobby Wanzer , while others proved prominent in other fields , such as Pro Football Hall of Fame member Otto Graham , Hollywood Walk of Famer Chuck Connors , and Jack McMahon . 1957–1972 : Cincinnati Royals . In April 1957 , the Harrison brothers moved the Royals to Cincinnati , a city that was then trying to obtain an NBA expansion franchise . This move followed a well-received regular-season game played at Cincinnati Gardens on February 1 , 1957 . The change of venue had been said to have been partly suggested by Jack Twyman and Dave Piontek , who were two of several roster players on the new Royals from that area . Cincinnati , which had a strong college basketball fanbase then , and no NFL franchise to compete with ( until the Bengals joined in 1970 after two seasons in the AFL ) , was deemed the best choice for the Harrisons , who also considered other cities . The Royals name continued to fit in Cincinnati , often known as the Queen City . During the teams first NBA draft in Cincinnati , the team acquired Clyde Lovellette and guard George King . They teamed with the 1–2 punch of Maurice Stokes and Twyman to produce a budding contender in the teams very first season in the Queen City . But injuries and the loss of star guard Si Green , the #1 overall pick of the 1956 NBA draft , to military service dropped the team into a tie for second place in the NBA Western Division during the 1957–58 seasons second half . In the seasons finale , All-Pro star Maurice Stokes struck his head when he fell after pursuing a rebound . He shook off the effects of the fall , even as he had briefly been unconscious . After Game One in the playoffs three days later , Stokes head injury was greatly aggravated by airplane cabin pressure during the flight back to Cincinnati for Game Two . He suffered a seizure and was permanently hospitalized , a tragedy that greatly shook the team . Stokes , a tremendous talent who could play center , forward and guard , was 2nd in the NBA in rebounds and 3rd in assists , a double-feat only Wilt Chamberlain has matched for a full season . The impact of losing Stokes was such that the team nearly folded . Six of the teams shaken players simply retired on the spot . Fellow All-Star Twyman rose to All-Pro level over the next two seasons for Cincinnati , even as the team posted two 19-win seasons . The 1958–59 Cincinnati team featured five rookies , with Lovellette , King and other key players having left the team in the wake of Stokes tragic injury . The Harrisons , wanting out at this point , sold to a makeshift local group , headed by Thomas Woods , Cincinnati Gardens management , and a number of local businessmen . Jack Twyman came to the aid of his teammate , and even legally adopted Stokes . Raising funds for Stokes medical treatment , Twyman helped him until his death in April 1970 . The 1973 feature film Maurie , which co-starred actors Bernie Casey and Bo Svenson , dramatized their story . Shooting often for the beleaguered team , Twyman was the second NBA player to ever average 30 points per game for an NBA season . Twyman and Stokes were later named Hall of Famers . 1960–1970 : The Oscar Robertson era . In 1960 , the team was able to land local superstar Oscar Robertson . Robertson led a team that included Twyman , Wayne Embry , Bob Boozer , Bucky Bockhorn , Tom Hawkins and Adrian Smith over the next three seasons . The Royals reversed their fortunes with Robertson and rose to title contender . An ownership dispute in early 1963 scuttled the teams playoff chances when new owner Louis Jacobs booked a circus for Cincinnati Gardens for the week of the playoff series versus the champion Boston Celtics . The Royals home games were at Xavier Universitys Schmidt Field House . In late 1963 , another local superstar , Jerry Lucas , joined the team . The Royals rose to the second-best record in the NBA . From 1963 to 1966 , the Royals contended strongly against Boston and the Philadelphia 76ers , but won no titles . In the 1964 NBA draft the Royals drafted rookies George Wilson , Bill Chmielewski , Steve Courtin ( later traded to 76ers ) , and Happy Hairston . The teams star players throughout the 1960s were Oscar Robertson and Jerry Lucas . Robertson met with individual success , averaging a triple-double in 1961–62 and winning the Most Valuable Player award in 1964 . Robertson was a league-leading scorer and passer each season . Lucas was Rookie Of the Year in 1964 , led the league in shooting , and later averaged 20 rebounds per game over four seasons . Both were All-NBA First Team selections multiple times . The team failed to keep some promising players , though , and played in the tough NBA East division , dominated by the Boston Celtics , even as a Baltimore team played in the West Division for three years , denying the team likely visits to the NBA Finals . In 1966 , the team was sold to Max and Jeremy Jacobs . That same season , the Royals began playing some of their home games in neutral sites such as Cleveland ( until the Cavaliers began play in 1970 ) , Dayton and Columbus . This did wound their local fan base in Cincinnati , though , and fortunes for the team continued to steadily decline . That year , they would host the 1966 NBA All-Star Game , with Smith scoring 24 points to be named All-Star MVP . As of 2021 , it is the last time that the franchise has hosted an All-Star Game . New coach Bob Cousy traded Lucas in 1969 . Robertson was traded to Milwaukee in 1970 , where he immediately won an NBA title . The declining franchise left Cincinnati shortly thereafter , moving to Kansas City in 1972 . 1972–1985 : Kansas City–Omaha/Kansas City Kings . After moving to Kansas City , the Royals renamed themselves the Kings to avoid confusion with the Royals baseball team . Now dubbed the Kansas City-Omaha Kings , the team split its home games between the 7,316-seat Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City and the 9,300-seat Omaha Civic Auditorium . The Cincinnati Royals had been looking at Omaha as a market as early as 1968 , playing twelve home games in the Nebraska city from 1968 to 1971 . From 1972 to 1975 , the KC–Omaha Kings played a total of 42 regular season contests ( but no playoff games ) in Omaha . In 1975 , the club became simply the Kansas City Kings ( moving into the new 16,785-seat Kemper Arena the previous season ) , but did not abandon Omaha completely , playing several games there through the 1977–78 season . For the next two seasons , they played several home games at St . Louis . 1972–1976 . The team netted a new superstar in point guard Nate Archibald , who led the league in scoring and assists in the 1972–73 season . While still in Cincinnati , the team introduced a most unusual uniform design , which placed the players surname below his number . The design remained intact through the first several seasons of the teams run in Sacramento , even when the shade of blue on the road uniforms was changed from royal blue to powder blue , and the script Kansas City which adorned the road jerseys was scrubbed after the move in favor of a repeat of the Kings script on the home shirts . The Kings back jersey template was later adopted by the WNBA and the NBA Development League , as well the NBA during the All-Star Game since 2006 . The Kings had some decent players throughout . Tom Van Arsdale , the shooting forward , Jumpin Johnny Green , and Matt Guokas helped Archibald in the first year in Kansas City . Toby Kimball was a fan favorite . Jimmy Walker teamed with Archibald as the Kings made the playoffs the second year . Sam Lacey , an effective passing center , became one of the most dependable players in the league . Archibald became the first player to lead the league in scoring and assists in the first season in Kansas City . However , the management traded Archibald , and wasted high draft picks . Bob Cousy gave way to Phil Johnson , who was fired midyear in 1977 and replaced by Larry Staverman , a player on the team on two separate occasions when it was in Cincinnati and who later became the vice president of operations for the Cleveland Stadium Corporation in June 1981 . 1976–1984 . The Kings finally achieved some success in their new home when they hired Cotton Fitzsimmons as coach . Fitzsimmons won the Midwest Division in 1978–79 with rookie point guard Phil Ford , who was NBA Rookie of the Year in 1979 . Kansas City was led by shooting guard Otis Birdsong , strong on both offense and defense , all-around shooting forward Scott Wedman , and passing center Sam Lacey , who had a trademark bank shot . They drew an average of 10,789 fans to Kemper Arena that season , the only time during their tenure in KC that average attendance was in five figures ( the attendance at the peak was only two-thirds of Kempers capacity ) . The Kings later played several home games in St . Louis during the early 1980s to large crowds . Most Kansas City sports fans preferred to spend their entertainment dollar on the Royals , who won the American League West division championship four times in five seasons between 1976 and 1980 , and reached the 1980 World Series . The Kings made the playoffs in 1979–80 and again in 1980–81 , despite finishing the 1980–81 regular season at . The Kings made a run in the 1981 NBA Playoffs , reaching the Western Conference finals ; these were the franchises first playoff victories since 1964 , and their only ones ever in Kansas City . Ernie Grunfeld played the point in this run in place of an injured Ford , as KC used a slow half-court game to win the first two rounds . Power forward Reggie King had a remarkable series , dominating the opposition . After upsetting the Phoenix Suns by winning Game 7 at Phoenix in the Conference Semifinals and becoming the second NBA road team to do so after leading a series 3–1 , they bowed out to the Houston Rockets ( also 40–42 in the regular season ) in five games in the Conference Finals . Lacey , the last remaining Cincinnati Royal to play for the Kings , could not keep up with Rockets superstar center Moses Malone . ( The Kings did not win another playoff series for two decades. ) However , a series of bad luck incidents prevented the team from building on its success . Cleveland Cavaliers owner Ted Stepien lured Wedman and Birdsong away with big contract offers . In 1979 , the roof literally fell in at Kemper Arena because of a severe storm , forcing the team to play most of the 1979–80 season at the much smaller Municipal Auditorium . The ownership group sold the team to Sacramento interests for $11 million . The general manager was fired in a scandal in which he was found to be reusing marked postage stamps . When the Kings rehired Joe Axelson as general manager , they brought back the man who had previously traded Oscar Robertson , Norm Van Lier , Nate Archibald and Jerry Lucas , and used the third pick in the ABA dispersal draft on Ron Boone . Axelson stayed on after the Kings left Kansas City where , in their last game ever , fans wore Joe Axelson masks . Axelson later said he hoped his plane would never touch down in Kansas City . Axelson became the first general manager in the history of sports to fail with the same franchise in four cities : Cincinnati , Kansas City , Omaha and Sacramento . He was not fired for good until he rehired coach Phil Johnson , whom he had fired in mid-season in Kansas City ten years before . The Kings also had the misfortune of entering this period competing with the Kansas City Comets for the winter sports dollar , when the Comets were led by marketers—the Leiweke brothers . Their final season in 1984–85 resulted in a record , as fans stayed away from Kemper Arena in droves , with average attendance of 6,410 . Long-time ABA and NBA star , Don Buse , played his final professional season for the Kings . Ownership began looking for a new home for the team . Poor attendance and lack of sponsorship dollars ( the team was third in sports market share by a significant margin behind the NFLs Chiefs and MLBs Royals ) were the main reasons . Also , Kansas City had a much stronger following for the Kansas Jayhawks college basketball team than they did the NBAs Kings . Seeing the success the NBA was having in fast-growing cities with no NFL or MLB teams like Portland , Oregon , Salt Lake City , Utah , and San Antonio , Texas , it was decided the team would move to Sacramento , California , a fast-growing city with no competition from the NFL or MLB . The NBA unanimously approved the move , with the caveat that Sacramento had to have an NBA-ready arena finished within three years or the team was free to move again with no penalty . 1985–present : Sacramento Kings . The Kings moved to their current home of Sacramento , California in the 1985–86 NBA season , with their first Sacramento season ending in the first round of the Western Conference 1986 NBA Playoffs . The starting lineup was Reggie Theus , LaSalle Thompson , Mark Olberding , Terry Tyler , and Mike Woodson , with Larry Drew , Eddie Johnson , Otis Thorpe , and Joe Kleine coming off the bench . However , despite fan loyalty the Kings saw little success in subsequent seasons , and the team did not make the playoffs again until the 1996 NBA Playoffs in the 1995–96 NBA season . Some of their failure was attributable to misfortunes such as the career-altering car crash suffered by promising point guard Bobby Hurley in 1993 , and the suicide of Ricky Berry during the 1989 off-season ; some was attributed to poor management such as the long tenure of head coach Garry St . Jean and the selection of Never Nervous Pervis Ellison with the first overall pick in the 1989 NBA draft . Former Kings television broadcaster Jerry Reynolds ( 1987 , 1988–90 ) and NBA legend Bill Russell ( 1987–88 ) were the earliest head coaches . 1988–1989 : Ricky Berry . Ricky Berry was selected by the Kings in the first round , 18th pick overall in the 1988 NBA draft . He had a dazzling rookie year in the 1988–89 season shooting 40.6% from three-point range . The Kings also drafted Vinny Del Negro ( selected by the Kings in the second round , 29th overall pick in the 1988 NBA draft ) and acquired Rodney McCray from the Houston Rockets . In his first year with the Kings , McCray made 1988 NBA All-Defensive First Team . It was the first season the Kings would play without Reggie Theus and LaSalle Thompson ( both part in the original team from Kansas City ) or Joe Kleine ( selected by the Kings as first round , sixth pick overall in the 1985 NBA draft ) . Thompson was drafted by the Kings in the first round , fifth overall pick in the 1982 NBA draft . It was also the last year that Michael Jackson ( selected by the New York Knicks in the second round , 47th pick overall in the 1986 NBA draft but who played his entire career with the Kings ) and Ed Pinckney ( selected 10th overall by the Phoenix Suns in the 1985 NBA draft and played for the Kings from 1987 to 1989 ) played for the Kings . On February 23 , 1989 , Brad Lohaus and Danny Ainge were traded to the Kings from the Boston Celtics for Joe Kleine and Ed Pinckney . In June of the 1989 off-season , Lohaus was then acquired by the Minnesota Timberwolves in the 1989 NBA Expansion Draft . In August of the 1989 off-season , Berry was found dead from a self-inflicted gunshot wound at his home in Fair Oaks , California just weeks before his 25th birthday following an argument with his wife . 1989–1990 : Pervis Ellison . Following the loss of Ricky Berry , 1989–90 season featured Pervis Ellison , who was first overall pick in the 1989 NBA draft by the Kings , and acquisition Wayman Tisdale ( from the Indiana Pacers , second pick overall in the 1985 NBA draft ) . An injury kept Ellison on the sidelines for 48 of 82 games of his rookie year , after which he was traded to the Washington Bullets . Tisdale would go on to play for the Kings for five years . It was the last season that Danny Ainge , Kenny Smith ( who had an impressive showing in the 1990 NBA Slam Dunk Contest ) , Rodney McCray , Harold Pressley ( selected by the Kings in the first round , 17th overall pick in the 1986 NBA draft ) , Vinny Del Negro , Greg Kite , and Ralph Sampson played for the Kings . In 1990 , Ainge was traded to the Portland Trail Blazers , Kenny Smith was traded to the Atlanta Hawks , and Rodney McCray was traded to the Dallas Mavericks . 1990–1991 : Lionel Simmons . Lionel Simmons – or L-Train – was drafted by the Kings in the 1990 NBA draft in the first round , 7th pick overall . In his first season , he made the NBA All-Rookie First Team . He would go on to play his entire career ( 1990–1997 ) with the Kings and had 5,833 career points . Antoine Carr ( acquired from the Atlanta Hawks ) played for the Kings in the 1990–91 NBA season and then was traded to the San Antonio Spurs . Free-agent Leon Wood , who would later become an NBA official , played for the Kings but was let go on Christmas Eve of 1990 . Also notable that Bill Wennington was acquired from the Dallas Mavericks and played for the Kings for the 1990–91 season and after a successful career with the Chicago Bulls returned to the Kings for his final season in 1999–2000 . 1991–1998 : The Mitch Richmond era . The early 1990s were difficult for the Kings . Sacramento was known for having strong fan support , and while they won over 60% of their home games , the team struggled on the road , going 1–40 on the road in a single season . But prayers were answered when they acquired Mitch Richmond , who previously played for the Golden State Warriors . The former NBA Rookie of the Year was selected as an All-Star six times while making the All-NBA Second Team three times . Garry St . Jean was chosen as new coach in 1992 and coached the team all the way through 1997 , where he was replaced by Eddie Jordan . During the 1990s , Sacramento had other stars like Spud Webb , Kurt Rambis , Wayman Tisdale , Walt Williams , Olden Polynice and Brian Grant , but they only lasted with the team for a few years . After the 1992–93 season , Rambis was traded to the Los Angeles Lakers . After the 1993–94 season , Tisdale was traded to the Phoenix Suns . After the 1994–95 season , Webb was traded to the Atlanta Hawks for Tyrone Corbin . Midway through the 1995–96 season , Williams was traded to the Miami Heat for Billy Owens ( who was drafted by the Kings in 1991 , and traded to Golden State for Richmond ) . After the 1996–97 season , Grant became a free agent and signed with the Portland Trail Blazers . One accomplishment the team achieved under St . Jean during their tenures was a playoff appearance in 1996 . The series was lost 3–1 to the Seattle SuperSonics who , led by Gary Payton and Shawn Kemp , finished as that years conference champions . They did not make a playoff appearance again while Richmond was still on the Kings . He was soon traded along with Otis Thorpe to the Washington Wizards for Chris Webber in May 1998 . Although Richmond was lost , this trade proved to be one of the keys to finally achieving playoff success after so many seasons of mediocrity . 1998–2004 : The Greatest Show on Court era . The Kings drafted Jason Williams in the 1998 NBA draft , signed Vlade Divac , and traded for Chris Webber prior to the lockout-shortened season of 1998–99 . These acquisitions coincided with the arrival of Peja Stojaković from Serbia , who had been drafted in 1996 . Each of these moves was attributed to general manager Geoff Petrie , who has won the NBA Executive of the Year Award twice . Led by new head coach Rick Adelman , and aided by former Princeton head coach Pete Carril , the Kings Princeton offense impressed others for its quick style and strong ball movement . Some criticized the Kings for their poor team defense , Williamss flash over substance style with its many turnovers , and Webbers failure to step up in important match-ups . Still , they quickly garnered many fans outside of California , many of whom were drawn to the spectacular pairing of Williams and Webber . In 1998–99 , they went 27–23 , their first winning season in nearly twenty years and their first since moving to Sacramento . The new arrivals Webber , Williams , and Divac all played key roles in this resurgence ; Divac ranked near the top of the team in most statistics , Webber led the league in rebounds and was named to the All-NBA Second Team , and Williams was named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team . In the playoffs , they were matched up against the defending Western Conference Champions , the Utah Jazz . After winning Game 1 by 20 points , the Jazz surrendered two consecutive playoff games to the Kings . They would turn the series around , however , and win the last two to keep the Kings from advancing in the playoffs . In 1999–2000 , the Kings only notable transaction was trading shooting guard Tariq Abdul-Wahad to the Orlando Magic in exchange for shooting guard Nick Anderson . They finished eighth in the Western Conference with a 44–38 record and were matched up with the Los Angeles Lakers in the first round of the playoffs . Once again , however , the Kings failed to advance , losing the series 2–3 against the Lakers . The following season , the Kings traded starting small forward Corliss Williamson to the Toronto Raptors for shooting guard Doug Christie , a move made to improve the subpar defense . They also drafted Turkish power forward Hedo Türkoğlu , further improving their bench rotation . Stojakovic moved into the starting small forward role , where he and Webber proved to complement each other extremely well , and as the Kings continued to improve , their popularity steadily rose , culminating in a February 2001 Sports Illustrated cover story entitled The Greatest Show on Court with Williams , Christie , Stojakovic , Webber , and Divac gracing the cover . That year , they went 55–27 , their best in 40 years . In the playoffs , they won their first series in 20 years , defeating the Phoenix Suns three games to one , before being swept in the second round by the Lakers , who eventually won the NBA Championship . In July 2001 , Jason Williams was traded , along with Nick Anderson , to the Vancouver Grizzlies for Mike Bibby and Brent Price . Despite Williamss often spectacular play , the Kings had grown tired of his recklessness and turnovers ; Bibby would provide much more stability and control at the point guard position . This move was complemented by the re-signing of Webber to a maximum-salary contract , securing their superstar long term . With Bibby taking over for Williams , they had their best season to date in 2001–02 . Though not as exciting or flashy as they had been in previous years with Williams , the team became much more effective and disciplined with Bibby at the helm . They finished with a league-best record of 61–21 , winning 36 of 41 at home . After easily winning their first two playoff matchups against the Stockton and Malone-led Jazz and the Dirk Nowitzki-led Dallas Mavericks , respectively , the Kings went on to play the archrival and two-time defending champion Los Angeles Lakers in the Western Conference Finals , regarded as one of the greatest playoff matchups in history . In a controversial series , the Kings lost in seven games , one game away from what would have been the first NBA Finals and professional sports championship in Sacramento history . This was a crushing blow to the Kings ; after losing to their archrivals in a highly controversial series , the team would begin to decline and age in the years that followed . Many commentators and journalists would question the decisions made by the referees during Game 6 , specifically that the Lakers were awarded a staggering 27 free throws in the fourth quarter , many of which came from what were in retrospect proved to be no-calls . Following Game 6 even print newspapers began to question the legitimacy of the game . Most notably , the New York Post ran a front cover with a headline entitled Foul Play ; it also published a related article suggesting that the game was rigged . NBA analyst David Aldridge ( then working for ESPN ) spoke on the game : The 2002 Western Conference finals left many fans wondering whether the Kings could have gone on to win a title , and debate would continue for many years after the events of the series . Later , due to allegations raised by former NBA referee Tim Donaghy , the NBA set up a review of the leagues officiating . Lawrence Pedowitz , who led the review , concluded that while Game 6 featured poor officiating , there was no concrete evidence that the game had been fixed . The Kings went 59–23 and won the division during the following season , seeking to avenge their playoff loss to the Lakers . After defeating the Stockton- and Malone-led Jazz in the first round and winning Game 1 against the Dirk Nowitzki-led Dallas Mavericks in the second round , the Kings appeared to be on the brink of another Western Conference Finals berth . However , Chris Webber sustained a major knee injury in Game 2 , and the Kings lost in a seven-game series . Webbers knee required major surgery . He returned mid-season in 2003–04 a season in which the Kings were seeking another chance to avenge their playoff loss to the Lakers , but without his quickness and athleticism , which had been the focal point of his style of play , it was not the same . Despite that , the Kings still managed to defeat the Dirk Nowitzki-led Dallas Mavericks in the first round and after winning Game 1 against the Kevin Garnett-led Minnesota Timberwolves in the second round , the Kings appeared to be on the brink of their second Western Conference Finals berth in three years , but the Kings ended the season with a defeat to the Timberwolves in a seven-game series . 2004–2006 : Decline . The 2004–05 season marked change for the Kings , who lost three starters from the famed 2002 team . In the off-season of 2004 , Divac signed with the Lakers , which prompted the Kings to sign Brad Miller to start at center . Early in the season , Christie was traded to the Orlando Magic for Cuttino Mobley , and in February , Webber was traded to the Philadelphia 76ers for three forwards ( Corliss Williamson , Kenny Thomas , and Brian Skinner ) . Thomas and Skinner failed in their attempt to replicate Webbers impact , and as a result the teams record suffered . The Kings lost in the first round of the playoffs to the Seattle SuperSonics . The 2005 off-season continued with changes , when they traded fan-favorite Bobby Jackson for Bonzi Wells and acquired free agent Shareef Abdur-Rahim . The 2005–06 season started poorly since the Kings had a hard time establishing team chemistry . Newcomers Wells and Abdur-Rahim made major contributions early , but both were injured and missed a significant number of games . As the Kings season continued , general manager Petrie decided to make a major move . Stojakovic was traded for Ron Artest , a talented yet volatile forward known for his temper . Despite doubts that he would be able to replace the huge production of Stojakovic , Artest and the Kings went 20–9 after the 2006 NBA All-Star break , the second best post-All-Star break record that season . Despite a winning record of 44–38 , it was clear that they were not the same team of years past . The Kings were seeded 8th in the Western Conference playoffs and were matched up in the first round against the San Antonio Spurs . Though the Kings were surprisingly competitive , the Spurs eliminated them 4–2 . This was the end of their era of competitiveness and to date , their last winning season and their last playoff season . The 2006 off-season began with the disturbing news that head coach Rick Adelmans contract would not be renewed . The Kings named Eric Musselman as his replacement . 2006–2009 : Change and transition . In 2006–07 , the disappointing play of the Kings was coupled with the distraction of legal troubles . Coach Eric Musselman pleaded no contest to DUI charges early in the season , while Artest got into trouble for neglect of his dogs , and was later accused of domestic assault . The Kings relieved Artest of basketball duties , pending investigation , then later reinstated him . They finished the season 33–49 ( their worst in 9 years ) which landed them in fifth place in the Pacific Division . They posted a losing record ( 20–21 ) at home for the first time since 1993–94 . Their season included a seven-game losing streak that lasted from January 4 to 19 . The Kings missed the 2007 NBA Playoffs , the first time in eight seasons . Musselman was fired in April . The Kings future appeared to rest on the shoulders of Kevin Martin , who was a lead candidate for 2007 NBA Most-Improved Player of the Year . The 2007 off-season was a time of change . Head coach Musselman was replaced by former Kings player , Reggie Theus . The Kings selected Spencer Hawes with the 10th overall pick in the 2007 NBA draft . In addition , they acquired Mikki Moore from the New Jersey Nets . Martin signed a contract worth $55 million , extending his period with the team for five more years . The Kings lost key players over the off-season , with backup Ronnie Price leaving for the Utah Jazz , and Corliss Williamson retiring . They claimed fourth-year Beno Udrih off waivers from Minnesota . Udrih quickly assumed the starting position for an injured Bibby . It was announced in February that the Kings had traded Bibby to the Atlanta Hawks for Tyronn Lue , Anthony Johnson , Shelden Williams , Lorenzen Wright and a 2nd round draft pick . The move was presumably made to clear cap space . Bibby had been the last player from the Kings team that reached the Western Conference Finals in 2002 . The Kings improved by five games and finished the 2007–08 season 38–44 , and missed the playoffs by a bigger margin ( 12 games ) than the previous season ( 8 games ) . They went 26–15 at home and 12–29 on the road . After selling out every home game since 1999 , the 2007–08 season sold out only three games at ARCO Arena with attendance averaging 13,500 fans per home game , almost 4,000 below capacity . Following a quiet 2008 off-season , it was confirmed on July 29 , 2008 , that the Kings would trade Artest and the rights to Patrick Ewing Jr . and Sean Singletary to the Houston Rockets in exchange for former King Bobby Jackson , Donté Greene , a future first-round draft pick , and cash considerations for Rashad McCants and center Calvin Booth . Reggie Theus was fired in the middle of the 2008–09 season , giving way to Kenny Natt as the interim head coach . The Kings continued to struggle under Natt , ending up with the NBAs worst record for the 2008–09 season at 17–65 . On April 23 , 2009 , Kings Vice President Geoff Petrie announced the firing of Natt and his four assistants , Rex Kalamian , Jason Hamm , Randy Brown and Bubba Burrage . 2009–2012 : Here we Rise period . Despite having the best odds to win the top overall pick in the 2009 NBA draft , the Kings obtained the 4th overall pick , the lowest they could possibly pick , to the outrage of many fans . Along with new head coach Paul Westphal , they selected Tyreke Evans . With the 23rd pick , they selected Omri Casspi from Israel . On April 27 , 2010 , Evans was the first Sacramento-era player to receive the NBA Rookie of the Year Award . Evans also became the 4th player in NBA history , joining Oscar Robertson , Michael Jordan , and LeBron James , to average 20 points , 5 rebounds , and 5 assists per game as a rookie . On June 24 , 2010 , the Kings selected DeMarcus Cousins with the 5th pick of the 2010 NBA draft . They also selected Hassan Whiteside , with the 33rd pick of the 2010 NBA draft . Despite the excellent play of Cousins and Evans , both of whom were front-runners in Rookie of the Year voting and received All-Rookie First Team honors , the Kings still ranked near the bottom of the NBA , going 25–57 in Evans rookie year , and 24–58 in Cousins rookie year . Much of this was due to the poor fit of the roster around Evans and Cousins , and the uninspired coaching of Westphal . The 2010–11 season was marked with uncertainty towards the end of the season . Frustrated by the lack of progress towards an arena and dwindling profits from other businesses , the Maloofs sought an immediate relocation of the franchise to Anaheim . The move seemed certain towards the end of the year , with Grant Napear and Jerry Reynolds emotionally signing off at the final home game vs . the Los Angeles Lakers . But after a vote by the NBA Board of Governors , the relocation effort was ended , to the glee of the fans . In the 2011 NBA draft the Kings traded for the draft rights of Jimmer Fredette in a three-team deal with the Charlotte Bobcats and the Milwaukee Bucks , with the Kings receiving John Salmons sending Beno Udrih . This move was heavily panned by fans and media ; by moving down in the draft and losing longtime starter Udrih for the unproductive Salmons , most found it difficult to find a bright spot in the deal . Westphal would shortly be fired , with Warriors assistant Keith Smart hired as his replacement . Around this time , the team took the slogan Here we rise ! for its marketing campaign . Amidst various relocation rumors and locker room tensions , the Kings had yet another unsuccessful season . One of their few bright spots was rookie Isaiah Thomas . Due to criticisms about his height ( 59 in shoes ) and playmaking ability , Thomas slipped to the 60th and final pick of the draft . Despite this , and the presence of college superstar Fredette , Thomas earned the starting spot , finishing the season with averages of 11 points and 4 assists per game and earned a selection to the NBA All-Rookie team . In the 2012 NBA draft they selected Thomas Robinson out of Kansas . Because of an unproductive rookie season by Robinson , he was traded with Francisco García and Tyler Honeycutt to the Houston Rockets in exchange for Patrick Patterson , Toney Douglas and Cole Aldrich . 2013–2015 : Franchise restructuring . On May 16 , 2013 , the Maloof family reached agreement to sell the Kings to a group led by Silicon Valley tech entrepreneur Vivek Ranadivé for a then-record NBA franchise valuation of $535 million . Ranadivé , 55 , named Raj Bhathal , 71 , founder of Tustin-based Raj Manufacturing , one of the largest swimwear companies in the nation , as one of the investors in a consortium to buy a majority stake in the Kings from the franchises longtime owners , the Maloof family , for a reported $348 million . The group fought off a rival bid that would have moved the team to Seattle after the NBAs Board of Governors rejected investor Chris Hansens bid to relocate the team . The new owners intend to keep the team in Sacramento . On May 28 , the NBA Board of Governors unanimously approved the sale , ending several years of efforts by other cities to take possession and move the Kings out of Sacramento . On May 31 , 2013 , the Kings closed escrow , finalizing the sale to the Ranadivé group at a record valuation of $534 million , beginning a new era for the franchise . Plans were already underway to move forward on an arena , as the Downtown Plaza was reportedly being sold to the Sacramento ownership group . A month later , on July 30 , Turner Construction was selected to be the builder of the arena . Once the sale had closed and ownership was transferred to Ranadivé , the Kings began making changes to the management and staff . Geoff Petrie and Keith Smart were released ; Mike Malone and Pete DAlessandro were brought in to replace them . Corliss Williamson , Brendan Malone , Chris Jent , and Dee Brown were brought in as assistant coaches . On July 10 , NBA executive Chris Granger was hired as team president . On September 23 , 2013 , Shaquille ONeal purchased a minority share of the team , jokingly dubbing the teams new organization the Shaqramento Kings . These hires coincided with several roster moves . In the 2013 NBA draft on June 27 , the Kings selected Kansas shooting guard Ben McLemore , who was widely projected to go top-five , with the seventh overall pick . They also selected point guard and former McDonalds All-American Ray McCallum , Jr . from the University of Detroit with the 36th pick . One week later , on July 5 , the Kings sent former NBA Rookie of the Year Tyreke Evans to the New Orleans Pelicans in a three-team deal involving Robin Lopez , Greivis Vásquez , Jeff Withey , Terrel Harris , and picks . On July 9 , the Kings traded a future second-round draft pick to the Bucks in exchange for defensive small forward Luc Richard Mbah a Moute , and on July 15 , the Kings signed Carl Landry , who had played a stint with the team in its previous ownership , to a 4-year deal worth $28 million . The 2013–14 season was widely anticipated by Kings fans . Playing their first game on October 30 , against the Nuggets , the Kings won 90–88 , despite being without projected starters Landry and Mbah a Moute . They were led by a 30-point , 14 rebound performance from DeMarcus Cousins , and a putback dunk by Jason Thompson with under a minute to play which sealed the victory for the Kings . After the poor play of starting forwards John Salmons and Patrick Patterson through November , the Kings sought a change . On November 26 , newly acquired Luc Richard Mbah a Moute was traded for power forward Derrick Williams . Nearly two weeks later , on December 8 , they acquired Rudy Gay in a blockbuster seven-player deal that sent the struggling Patterson and Salmons to Toronto along with Chuck Hayes and off-season acquisition Greivis Vásquez . Quincy Acy and Aaron Gray were also sent to the Kings . The organization sought to add depth to their lineup during the 2014 off-season to complement the Kings star duo DeMarcus Cousins and Rudy Gay . Sacramento added Darren Collison , Ryan Hollins and Ramon Sessions through free agency signings , as well as drafting Nik Stauskas prior to the start of the 2014–15 season . After an 11–13 start to the 2014–15 season , head coach Michael Malone was fired by the Sacramento Kings organization . Tyrone Corbin filled in for the Kings until Hall of Fame coach George Karl replaced him in February 2015 . On January 30 , 2015 , DeMarcus Cousins was named to replace the injured Kobe Bryant as a Western Conference All-Star in the 2015 NBA All-Star Game . Cousins selection marked the first time a Kings player earned All-Star honors since Brad Miller and Peja Stojaković represented Sacramento in 2004 . 2015–2017 : Divac as general manager , new arena . On March 3 , 2015 , the Kings announced former Sacramento center Vlade Divac as the new vice president of basketball operations . Following the end of Sacramentos 29–53 season for 2014–15 , The Kings made aggressive off-season moves in drafting Willie Cauley-Stein and acquiring Rajon Rondo , Kosta Koufos , Marco Belinelli , and Caron Butler in preparation for the 2015–16 season . To free up cap space , Divac traded Nik Stauskas , Carl Landry , Jason Thompson , a future top 10 protected first-round pick , and the right to swap two future first-round picks to the Philadelphia 76ers for the rights to second-round picks Artūras Gudaitis and Luka Mitrović . While the 76ers gave up nearly nothing to acquire draft assets that would result in the selection of number 1 overall pick Markelle Fultz , the Kings remained one of the worst teams in the NBA . It was regarded by many as one of the most lopsided trades in NBA history . On April 14 , 2016 , after a 33–49 season , the Kings fired head coach George Karl . Karl compiled a record of 44-68 with the Kings . The 2016–17 season brought several changes . The Kings moved into their new arena , the Golden 1 Center . On May 9 , 2016 , the Kings hired former Memphis Grizzlies coach Dave Joerger as head coach . During the 2016 NBA draft , the Kings traded the 8th pick to the Phoenix Suns for the 13th and 28th pick in the draft , as well as the rights to Serbian guard Bogdan Bogdanović . Later in the evening , the Kings traded Marco Belinelli to the Charlotte Hornets in exchange for the 22nd pick in the draft . The Kings selected four players in the 2016 NBA draft – Greek center Georgios Papagiannis with the 13th pick , Syracuse shooting guard Malachi Richardson with the 22nd pick , Kentucky forward Skal Labissiere with the 28th pick , and Oklahoma guard Isaiah Cousins with the 59th pick . In free agency , the Kings signed Anthony Tolliver , Garrett Temple , Arron Afflalo , Matt Barnes , and Ty Lawson . 2017–2020 : Rebuilding post-DeMarcus Cousins . On February 20 , 2017 , the Kings traded DeMarcus Cousins , alongside Omri Casspi to the New Orleans Pelicans for Tyreke Evans , Buddy Hield , Langston Galloway and two future draft picks . The Kings finished the 2016–17 season with a 32–50 record . In the 2017 NBA draft the team selected Kentucky point guard DeAaron Fox with the fifth pick . They also selected North Carolina forward Justin Jackson with the 15th pick , Duke center Harry Giles with the 20th pick,and Kansas point guard Frank Mason III with the 34th pick . With four rookie pickups , Divac wanted to add veteran presences on the roster . On July 10 , 2017 , the team signed three veterans – Vince Carter , Zach Randolph , and George Hill . The team finished the 2017–18 season with a 27–55 record , placing 12th in the Western Conference . Giles sat out the entire season due to a leg injury despite previous reports that he would make his rookie debut in January . Hill was traded to the Cleveland Cavaliers . Greek center Papagiannis , who was selected in the first round of the 2016 draft , averaged only 2.1 points in the 16 games played . During the 2018 NBA draft , the Kings selected Duke center Marvin Bagley III . The team was criticized following the draft for not selecting Luka Dončić , while Divac would go on to say he was confident in Bagley . Prior to the 2018–19 season , multiple analysts picked Sacramento to finish last in the Western Conference , calling their recent draft a missed opportunity to build and their lack of a veteran presence to offset their rookie lineup . The Kings lost to the Utah Jazz 123–117 in their season opener on October 17 , 2018 . Despite starting the season 1–3 , including a loss to the Pelicans in which they gave up 149 points , the team would go onto win their next five games to hold a winning record . By December 30 , the team held a 19–16 record . Ultimately , the Kings finished the season in ninth place in the Western Conference posting a record of 39–43 ; they again missed the playoffs . However , this was the team’s best regular-season record since their last playoff appearance in the 2005–06 season . In spite of this , head coach Joerger was fired after the conclusion of the season , and Luke Walton was hired as his replacement three days later . Earlier in the season , the Kings were rocked by the discovery that their former chief revenue officer , Jeff David , had embezzled $13.4 million in sponsorship payments from the Kings and their corporate partners over four years . David , who had taken a similar position with the Miami Heat , pleaded guilty to wire fraud and identity theft and was sentenced to seven years in federal prison . Following the suspension of the 2019–20 NBA season , the Kings were one of the 22 teams invited to the NBA Bubble to participate in the final 8 games of the regular season . However , Sacramento finished these games with a 3-5 record , missing the play-in game and extending their playoff drought for the 14th consecutive season . 2020–present : The Monte McNair era . On August 14 , 2020 , the Sacramento Kings announced that general manager Vlade Divac would resign from his position . Joe Dumars , a former player and executive for the Detroit Pistons , would be named interim Executive Vice President of Basketball Operations ; Dumars had joined the Kings as a special advisor in June of the previous year . Following a month-long search , the Sacramento Kings announced on September 17 , 2020 , that Houston Rockets executive Monte McNair would be hired as the franchises new general manager . With the Rockets , McNair spent thirteen years working under Daryl Morey , serving in various roles ; he was most recently named assistant general manager in 2018 . Following this hire , interim executive Joe Dumars was named as the chief strategy officer of the organization . Other candidates for the position included Minnesota Timberwolves executive vice president Sachin Gupta , Denver Nuggets general manager Calvin Booth , and former Atlanta Hawks general manager Wes Wilcox . McNair announced three additional hires on October 14 , 2020 ; these included the aforementioned Wes Wilcox who became an assistant GM , former Philadelphia 76ers scouting director Phil Jabour as vice president of player personnel , and Oklahoma City Blue executive Paul Johnson as director of basketball operations . Team logo , uniform and colors . Rochester Royals . The initial Rochester Royals logo featured a blue and white shield with the word ROCHESTER on the top , with a white banner with the word ROYALS on it . From the beginning , the road uniforms were blue with the city name written in front , while home uniforms were white with the team name written in front . Red accents were added later in their Rochester tenure . Cincinnati Royals . Upon moving to Cincinnati in 1957 , the team logo became a basketball with a cartoon face . The basketball was depicted as wearing a crown with the city of Cincinnati within it . The word CINCINNATI was featured above the logo while the word ROYALS was below . The crown also had the team name on it . This logo was white with blue outlines . The uniforms remained blue on the road and white at home , again with red accents and the city/team name designation on the respective uniforms . In the late 1960s the Royals wore a uniform with the team name written vertically on the left side , with the number on the right . In 1971 , the team adopted a red crown with a blue half-basketball below it . The word CINCINNATI , in blue , was placed above the logo . The word ROYALS , in white , was placed on the crown . The logo change also reflected on the uniforms , now featuring a script Royals in front with red numbers . However , blue names and numbers at home , and white names and numbers on the road were written at the back of the uniform , with the unusual arrangement of the number above the name being used for the first time ( normally , the players name is shown above the back number ) . Kansas City–Omaha/Kansas City Kings . For the 1972–73 season , the renamed and relocated Kansas City-Omaha Kings kept their uniforms and logos , with the exception of the name change . After settling in Kansas City for good in 1975 , the Kings changed their road uniforms back to reading the city name in front . Beginning with the 1981–82 season , the road uniforms reverted to the team name in front , while numbers in front took on the same color schemes as the numbers in the back . Sacramento Kings . Following their move from Kansas City in 1985 the Kings still used the same color scheme of red , white and blue . The logo of a crown atop a bottom half of the basketball was also carried over . However , the shades of blue used on their home and road uniforms were different for five seasons . The home uniforms use royal blue , while the road uniforms use powder blue . The striping patterns were also different between the two uniforms , with the script Kings wordmark on the sides of the road shorts , and basic side stripes on the home uniforms . Carrying over from Kansas City was the unusual placement of player names at the bottom of the number at the front of the uniforms . The uniforms changed slightly in 1990 , with royal blue now used on the road ; the shorts now incorporate the Kings logo , and the name and number on the back switched places to the standard positions of the name being on the top , then the players number below it . The player names were now in a standard monotone serif font which was used by several NBA teams . This version would mark the last time the classic script Kings wordmark was used until 2005 . Change to purple and black . In 1994 , the Kings radically changed their look , adopting a new color scheme of purple , silver , black and white . The uniform set consists of one wide side stripe running through the right leg of the shorts , with the primary Kings logo prominently featured . The home uniform is in white , while the road uniform is in black ( by later coincidence , the NHLs Los Angeles Kings would use that exact color scheme ) . From 1994 to 1997 , a half-purple , half-black uniform , featuring checkerboard side panels , was used as an alternate uniform , which was panned by fans . However , the uniform was revived for the 2012–13 season during Hardwood Classics Nights . A new purple uniform , which shares the same template from the home and road uniforms , was introduced in the 1997–98 season . Before the start of the 2002–03 NBA season , the Kings changed their uniforms once again . This set included a modernized version of the Kings script on the home jersey , and the city name on the purple road jersey . The side stripes now run through the uniform . In the 2005–06 season they introduced a gold alternate uniform , featuring the classic script Kings wordmark . However , this alternate lasted only two seasons . In 2008 , the team introduced a new style of uniforms , with the names switching designations with a modernized Kings script on the road jersey in black text , and Sacramento on the home jersey still in white text . In doing this , the Kings became unique ; most professional franchises place the team nickname on the home jerseys and the city name on the road jerseys . The numbers are black on both uniforms . The side panels were revamped , now only featured on the shorts and at the top half of the uniform . Before the 2011–12 season a black alternate uniform was introduced , sharing the same template as the home and road uniforms , but with the classic script Kings wordmark and silver numbers . For the 2014–15 season , the Kings made a few tweaks to their home and away uniforms . While the team kept the 2008-era template , they brought back the 1994–2002 Kings script from the primary logo on both uniforms , along with purple ( home ) and white ( away ) numbers . The black alternate uniform was kept without any alterations . In addition , the crown logo at the back was replaced by the NBA logo , while a gold tab above it represents the franchises 1951 NBA championship . For the 2016–17 season , the Kings are changing their brand once more , adopting a logo reminiscent of their 1971–1994 design and dispatched black from their logo while keeping the purple and silver . The Kings unveiled their new uniforms on June 15 , 2016 , featuring four designs . Both the home white and purple away uniforms feature a modernized Kings script , an updated crown on top , and gray side stripes . The so-called City uniforms are similar to the away uniforms , except that the abbreviation SAC in gray appears in front . The black Global uniforms substitute the crown for a standing lion crest on top , along with a solid gray side stripe on the right and the primary logo on the left leg . All uniforms feature a baby blue collar , stitches , and tab that says Sacramento Proud , a nod to the franchises first few seasons in Sacramento . Beginning with the 2017–18 season , the jerseys will be sponsored by Blue Diamond Growers . As part of the switch to Nike as the NBAs uniform provider , the home and away uniform designations were abolished . The Kings kept their uniforms mostly intact , but the erstwhile primary purple uniforms were retired in favor of the City alternate purple uniforms . The Kings primary uniform set now consists of the white Association uniforms , the purple Icon uniforms and the black Statement uniforms . City special edition uniforms . Nike also released a special edition City uniform that pays tribute to both local culture and team heritage . Sacramentos 2017–18 City uniforms feature a white and powder blue base with red trim , echoing the road uniform colors the team wore from 1985 to 1990 . A recolored lion head logo in red and gray is also emblazoned in front . For the 2018–19 season , the Kings tweaked the City uniforms , replacing the lion head logo with the wordmark Sactown . The same uniform design was carried over for the 2019–20 season , but with red as the base color and powder blue as the trim color . The Sactown theme was retained for the 2020–21 City uniform , but with four design cues taken from prior uniforms . The black base paid homage to the 1994–2002 black uniforms . The checkerboard patterns were taken from their 1994–1997 purple/black alternate uniforms . The powder blue and red trim of the 1985–1990 road uniforms and of previous City uniforms were carried over to this design . Classic uniforms . During the 2002–03 season , the Kings brought back the 1960s Cincinnati Royals white uniform for a few games as a tribute to Oscar Robertson . The following season , they wore the mid-1970s Kansas City Kings white uniform for select games to honor Nate Archibald . The Kings mid-1980s powder blue jerseys were first brought back in the 2004–05 season to celebrate the franchises 20th season in Sacramento . They would return in 2015–16 for the teams final season at Sleep Train Arena , and the following season upon moving to Golden 1 Center . During the 2010–11 season , the Kings honored the 1950–51 Rochester Royals championship team by wearing throwback uniforms from that era . The team also wore blue versions of the Rochester throwbacks in the 2014–15 season . For the 2019–20 season , the Kings will bring back their blue uniforms worn from 1990 to 1994 in commemoration of the franchises 35th season in Sacramento . Mascot . Since the 1997–98 season , the official Kings mascot has been Slamson the Lion . Prior to that , the Kings mascot was The Gorilla . Season-by-season record . List of the last five seasons completed by the Kings . For the full season-by-season history , see List of Sacramento Kings seasons . Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , W–L% = Winning percentage Home arenas . - Edgerton Park Arena ( 1949–1954 ) - Rochester War Memorial ( 1955–1957 ) - Cincinnati Gardens ( 1957–1972 ) - Omaha Civic Auditorium ( 1972–1978 ) - Kansas City Municipal Auditorium ( 1972–1974 ) & ( 1979-1980 ) - Kemper Arena ( 1974–1985 ) - ARCO Arena I ( 1985–1988 ) - Sleep Train Arena ( formerly ARCO Arena II/Power Balance Pavilion ) ( 1988–2016 ) - Golden 1 Center ( 2016–present ) Rivalries . Prior to moving to Ohio , the Royals biggest rival was the Syracuse Nationals , which went on to become the Philadelphia 76ers . This left upstate New York without a team until the Buffalo Braves were established in 1970 . This third attempt did not last , with the Braves moving to San Diego , California in 1978 to become the San Diego Clippers . In 1970 , the Cleveland Cavaliers were established . This brought a new rival for the Royals , as well as a new team in Ohio . This rivalry did not last , and the Royals moved to Kansas City only a few years later . Although the NBA previously had a team in St . Louis , Missouri in the form of the St . Louis Hawks , that team moved to Atlanta in 1968 , thus preventing a potential new rivalry for the Kings . This made the Kings the first team in the state in four years . 13 years later , the Kings moved to California , leaving Missouri without a team . Players . Retained draft rights . The Kings hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA . A drafted player , either an international draftee or a college draftee who is not signed by the team that drafted him , is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams . In this case , the team retains the players draft rights in the NBA until one year after the players contract with the non-NBA team ends . This list includes draft rights that were acquired from trades with other teams . Retired numbers . All of the Kings retired numbers are hanging in the rafters of the Golden 1 Center . Naismith Basketball Hall of Famers . Notes : - In total , Robertson was inducted into the Hall of Fame twice – as player and as a member of the 1960 Olympic team . - In total , Lucas was inducted into the Hall of Fame twice – as player and as a member of the 1960 Olympic team . - Inducted as contributor for being the first African American to manage a team in the NBA . He also played for the team in 1958–1966 . - Also played for the team ( 1975 ) . - In total , Russell was inducted into the Hall of Fame twice – as a player and as coach .
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[
{
"text": "The Sacramento Kings are an American professional basketball team based in Sacramento , California . The Kings compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the Western Conference Pacific Division . The Kings are the only team in the major professional North American sports leagues located in Sacramento . The team plays its home games at the Golden 1 Center . Their best seasons to date in the city were in the early 2000s , including the 2001–02 season when they had the best record in the NBA at 61–21 ( a winning percentage of",
"title": "Sacramento Kings"
},
{
"text": ") .",
"title": "Sacramento Kings"
},
{
"text": "The franchise began with the Rochester Seagrams ( a semi-professional team ) from Rochester , New York , that formed in 1923 and hosted a number of teams there over the next 20 years . They joined the National Basketball League in 1945 as the renamed Rochester Royals , winning that leagues championship in their first season , 1945–46 . They later jumped with three other NBL teams to the Basketball Association of America , forerunner of the NBA , in 1948 . As the Royals , the team was often successful on the court , winning the NBA championship",
"title": "Sacramento Kings"
},
{
"text": "in 1951 . The team , however , found it increasingly difficult to turn a profit in the comparatively small market of Rochester and relocated to Cincinnati in , becoming the Cincinnati Royals .",
"title": "Sacramento Kings"
},
{
"text": " In 1972 , the team relocated again , this time to Kansas City , Missouri , and renamed the Kansas City–Omaha Kings because it initially split its home games between Kansas City and Omaha , Nebraska ; the nickname was changed to avoid confusion with the baseball Royals . After three seasons , the team truncated to Kansas City Kings , but continued to play several home games per season in Omaha , through March 1978 .",
"title": "Sacramento Kings"
},
{
"text": "The franchise again failed to find success in its market and moved after the 1984–85 season to Sacramento , where they presently reside .",
"title": "Sacramento Kings"
},
{
"text": "The basis of the purely-professional Royals team that came into existence in 1945 , after two decades of sponsored semi-professional team . Seagram was the teams main sponsor and received the bulk of what monies were made . One of the teams early stars was Lester Harrison , a local high school star of some publicity before joining the team . The driven Harrison later became the teams captain , coach , manager and chief scout over the next two decades , and was very key in the teams continued success and existence through hard years in the 1930s .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Among visitors to Rochester then to play the team were the Original Celtics , the New York Rens and the Harlem Globetrotters .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " With news that World War II was approaching its end , the National Basketball League ( NBL ) announced that it was expanding , and Harrison was approached for interest in a franchise . While the sponsored Seagrams balked at additional expenses involved , Harrison and his lawyer brother Jack jumped at the chance . They pooled money to meet the steep entry fee of $25,000 dollars , and were granted an NBL franchise . Their team pushed out the Seagrams locally at their facility , smallish Edgerton Park Arena .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "With his new team , Harrison took advantage of conditions and rules in 1945 . The best players were the returning Navy and Army players now being released from the war . There was no draft for the league in the selection of new players . So , Harrison was able to scoop up several name stars for his new team , among them Bob Davies , Red Holzman and William Fuzzy Levane , as well as NBL free agents like George Glamack and Al Cervi . The result was a strong league champion in their first season of existence",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "as the Royals during the 1945–46 season .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The team had two more seasons of success during their NBL years , which permitted the team to play non-league opponents . During all three years , 1945–1948 , the team played over 300 total games , hosting most of them .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Royals defected to the NBLs rival , the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) , in 1948 . In 1949 , as a result of that years absorption of the NBL by the BAA , the Royals became members of the newly formed NBA along with the Fort Wayne Pistons , Minneapolis Lakers , and Indianapolis ( Kautskys ) Jets . A year later , the BAA absorbed the remaining NBL teams to become the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The move to the BAA took away Rochesters profitable exhibition schedule , and placed it in the same Western Division as the Minneapolis Lakers . Of the two best teams in professional basketball , only one of them could play in the league finals from 1949 to 1954 . Minneapolis , with George Mikan , was almost always better during playoffs than the Royals . With their smallish arena and now-limited schedule , the Royals became less profitable even as Harrison maintained a remarkably high standard for the team , which finished no lower than second in its division in",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "both the NBL and BAA/NBA from 1945 to 1954 . Harrison knew that the NBA was outgrowing Rochester , and spent most of the 1950s looking for a buyer for his team .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Royals won the NBA title in 1951 by defeating the New York Knicks 4–3 . It is the only NBA championship in the franchises history . The title , however , did not translate into profit for the Royals . The roster turned over in 1955 , except for star guard Bobby Wanzer , who soon became the teams new coach . The team moved to the larger Rochester War Memorial in 1955 in an attempt to improve fortunes with a much larger arena . The NBA even agreed to host their All-Star Game there in 1956 . But",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "the Royals were now a losing team filled with rookies , and did not turn a profit . Meanwhile , the NBA was putting pressure on Harrison to sell or relocate his team to a larger city . With this in mind , the 1956–57 season was the Royals last in Rochester .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The Royals stay in Rochester featured the services of nine future members of the Basketball Hall of Fame : Al Cervi , Bob Davies , Alex Hannum , Lester Harrison , Red Holzman , Arnie Risen , Maurice Stokes , Jack Twyman , Bobby Wanzer , while others proved prominent in other fields , such as Pro Football Hall of Fame member Otto Graham , Hollywood Walk of Famer Chuck Connors , and Jack McMahon . 1957–1972 : Cincinnati Royals .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In April 1957 , the Harrison brothers moved the Royals to Cincinnati , a city that was then trying to obtain an NBA expansion franchise . This move followed a well-received regular-season game played at Cincinnati Gardens on February 1 , 1957 . The change of venue had been said to have been partly suggested by Jack Twyman and Dave Piontek , who were two of several roster players on the new Royals from that area . Cincinnati , which had a strong college basketball fanbase then , and no NFL franchise to compete with ( until the Bengals joined",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "in 1970 after two seasons in the AFL ) , was deemed the best choice for the Harrisons , who also considered other cities . The Royals name continued to fit in Cincinnati , often known as the Queen City .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " During the teams first NBA draft in Cincinnati , the team acquired Clyde Lovellette and guard George King . They teamed with the 1–2 punch of Maurice Stokes and Twyman to produce a budding contender in the teams very first season in the Queen City . But injuries and the loss of star guard Si Green , the #1 overall pick of the 1956 NBA draft , to military service dropped the team into a tie for second place in the NBA Western Division during the 1957–58 seasons second half .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In the seasons finale , All-Pro star Maurice Stokes struck his head when he fell after pursuing a rebound . He shook off the effects of the fall , even as he had briefly been unconscious . After Game One in the playoffs three days later , Stokes head injury was greatly aggravated by airplane cabin pressure during the flight back to Cincinnati for Game Two . He suffered a seizure and was permanently hospitalized , a tragedy that greatly shook the team . Stokes , a tremendous talent who could play center , forward and guard , was 2nd",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "in the NBA in rebounds and 3rd in assists , a double-feat only Wilt Chamberlain has matched for a full season . The impact of losing Stokes was such that the team nearly folded . Six of the teams shaken players simply retired on the spot .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " Fellow All-Star Twyman rose to All-Pro level over the next two seasons for Cincinnati , even as the team posted two 19-win seasons . The 1958–59 Cincinnati team featured five rookies , with Lovellette , King and other key players having left the team in the wake of Stokes tragic injury . The Harrisons , wanting out at this point , sold to a makeshift local group , headed by Thomas Woods , Cincinnati Gardens management , and a number of local businessmen .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Jack Twyman came to the aid of his teammate , and even legally adopted Stokes . Raising funds for Stokes medical treatment , Twyman helped him until his death in April 1970 . The 1973 feature film Maurie , which co-starred actors Bernie Casey and Bo Svenson , dramatized their story .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " Shooting often for the beleaguered team , Twyman was the second NBA player to ever average 30 points per game for an NBA season . Twyman and Stokes were later named Hall of Famers . 1960–1970 : The Oscar Robertson era .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In 1960 , the team was able to land local superstar Oscar Robertson . Robertson led a team that included Twyman , Wayne Embry , Bob Boozer , Bucky Bockhorn , Tom Hawkins and Adrian Smith over the next three seasons . The Royals reversed their fortunes with Robertson and rose to title contender . An ownership dispute in early 1963 scuttled the teams playoff chances when new owner Louis Jacobs booked a circus for Cincinnati Gardens for the week of the playoff series versus the champion Boston Celtics . The Royals home games were at Xavier Universitys Schmidt Field",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "House .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In late 1963 , another local superstar , Jerry Lucas , joined the team . The Royals rose to the second-best record in the NBA . From 1963 to 1966 , the Royals contended strongly against Boston and the Philadelphia 76ers , but won no titles . In the 1964 NBA draft the Royals drafted rookies George Wilson , Bill Chmielewski , Steve Courtin ( later traded to 76ers ) , and Happy Hairston . The teams star players throughout the 1960s were Oscar Robertson and Jerry Lucas . Robertson met with individual success , averaging a triple-double in 1961–62",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "and winning the Most Valuable Player award in 1964 . Robertson was a league-leading scorer and passer each season . Lucas was Rookie Of the Year in 1964 , led the league in shooting , and later averaged 20 rebounds per game over four seasons . Both were All-NBA First Team selections multiple times .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The team failed to keep some promising players , though , and played in the tough NBA East division , dominated by the Boston Celtics , even as a Baltimore team played in the West Division for three years , denying the team likely visits to the NBA Finals .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In 1966 , the team was sold to Max and Jeremy Jacobs . That same season , the Royals began playing some of their home games in neutral sites such as Cleveland ( until the Cavaliers began play in 1970 ) , Dayton and Columbus . This did wound their local fan base in Cincinnati , though , and fortunes for the team continued to steadily decline . That year , they would host the 1966 NBA All-Star Game , with Smith scoring 24 points to be named All-Star MVP . As of 2021 , it is the last time",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "that the franchise has hosted an All-Star Game .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " New coach Bob Cousy traded Lucas in 1969 . Robertson was traded to Milwaukee in 1970 , where he immediately won an NBA title . The declining franchise left Cincinnati shortly thereafter , moving to Kansas City in 1972 . 1972–1985 : Kansas City–Omaha/Kansas City Kings . After moving to Kansas City , the Royals renamed themselves the Kings to avoid confusion with the Royals baseball team . Now dubbed the Kansas City-Omaha Kings , the team split its home games between the 7,316-seat Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City and the 9,300-seat Omaha Civic Auditorium .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Cincinnati Royals had been looking at Omaha as a market as early as 1968 , playing twelve home games in the Nebraska city from 1968 to 1971 . From 1972 to 1975 , the KC–Omaha Kings played a total of 42 regular season contests ( but no playoff games ) in Omaha . In 1975 , the club became simply the Kansas City Kings ( moving into the new 16,785-seat Kemper Arena the previous season ) , but did not abandon Omaha completely , playing several games there through the 1977–78 season . For the next two seasons ,",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "they played several home games at St . Louis .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " 1972–1976 . The team netted a new superstar in point guard Nate Archibald , who led the league in scoring and assists in the 1972–73 season .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "While still in Cincinnati , the team introduced a most unusual uniform design , which placed the players surname below his number . The design remained intact through the first several seasons of the teams run in Sacramento , even when the shade of blue on the road uniforms was changed from royal blue to powder blue , and the script Kansas City which adorned the road jerseys was scrubbed after the move in favor of a repeat of the Kings script on the home shirts . The Kings back jersey template was later adopted by the WNBA and the",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "NBA Development League , as well the NBA during the All-Star Game since 2006 .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Kings had some decent players throughout . Tom Van Arsdale , the shooting forward , Jumpin Johnny Green , and Matt Guokas helped Archibald in the first year in Kansas City . Toby Kimball was a fan favorite . Jimmy Walker teamed with Archibald as the Kings made the playoffs the second year . Sam Lacey , an effective passing center , became one of the most dependable players in the league . Archibald became the first player to lead the league in scoring and assists in the first season in Kansas City . However , the management traded",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Archibald , and wasted high draft picks . Bob Cousy gave way to Phil Johnson , who was fired midyear in 1977 and replaced by Larry Staverman , a player on the team on two separate occasions when it was in Cincinnati and who later became the vice president of operations for the Cleveland Stadium Corporation in June 1981 .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Kings finally achieved some success in their new home when they hired Cotton Fitzsimmons as coach . Fitzsimmons won the Midwest Division in 1978–79 with rookie point guard Phil Ford , who was NBA Rookie of the Year in 1979 . Kansas City was led by shooting guard Otis Birdsong , strong on both offense and defense , all-around shooting forward Scott Wedman , and passing center Sam Lacey , who had a trademark bank shot . They drew an average of 10,789 fans to Kemper Arena that season , the only time during their tenure in KC that",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "average attendance was in five figures ( the attendance at the peak was only two-thirds of Kempers capacity ) . The Kings later played several home games in St . Louis during the early 1980s to large crowds . Most Kansas City sports fans preferred to spend their entertainment dollar on the Royals , who won the American League West division championship four times in five seasons between 1976 and 1980 , and reached the 1980 World Series .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Kings made the playoffs in 1979–80 and again in 1980–81 , despite finishing the 1980–81 regular season at . The Kings made a run in the 1981 NBA Playoffs , reaching the Western Conference finals ; these were the franchises first playoff victories since 1964 , and their only ones ever in Kansas City . Ernie Grunfeld played the point in this run in place of an injured Ford , as KC used a slow half-court game to win the first two rounds . Power forward Reggie King had a remarkable series , dominating the opposition . After upsetting",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "the Phoenix Suns by winning Game 7 at Phoenix in the Conference Semifinals and becoming the second NBA road team to do so after leading a series 3–1 , they bowed out to the Houston Rockets ( also 40–42 in the regular season ) in five games in the Conference Finals . Lacey , the last remaining Cincinnati Royal to play for the Kings , could not keep up with Rockets superstar center Moses Malone . ( The Kings did not win another playoff series for two decades. )",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "However , a series of bad luck incidents prevented the team from building on its success . Cleveland Cavaliers owner Ted Stepien lured Wedman and Birdsong away with big contract offers . In 1979 , the roof literally fell in at Kemper Arena because of a severe storm , forcing the team to play most of the 1979–80 season at the much smaller Municipal Auditorium . The ownership group sold the team to Sacramento interests for $11 million . The general manager was fired in a scandal in which he was found to be reusing marked postage stamps . When",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "the Kings rehired Joe Axelson as general manager , they brought back the man who had previously traded Oscar Robertson , Norm Van Lier , Nate Archibald and Jerry Lucas , and used the third pick in the ABA dispersal draft on Ron Boone . Axelson stayed on after the Kings left Kansas City where , in their last game ever , fans wore Joe Axelson masks . Axelson later said he hoped his plane would never touch down in Kansas City .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Axelson became the first general manager in the history of sports to fail with the same franchise in four cities : Cincinnati , Kansas City , Omaha and Sacramento . He was not fired for good until he rehired coach Phil Johnson , whom he had fired in mid-season in Kansas City ten years before . The Kings also had the misfortune of entering this period competing with the Kansas City Comets for the winter sports dollar , when the Comets were led by marketers—the Leiweke brothers . Their final season in 1984–85 resulted in a record , as fans",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "stayed away from Kemper Arena in droves , with average attendance of 6,410 . Long-time ABA and NBA star , Don Buse , played his final professional season for the Kings .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Ownership began looking for a new home for the team . Poor attendance and lack of sponsorship dollars ( the team was third in sports market share by a significant margin behind the NFLs Chiefs and MLBs Royals ) were the main reasons . Also , Kansas City had a much stronger following for the Kansas Jayhawks college basketball team than they did the NBAs Kings . Seeing the success the NBA was having in fast-growing cities with no NFL or MLB teams like Portland , Oregon , Salt Lake City , Utah , and San Antonio , Texas ,",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "it was decided the team would move to Sacramento , California , a fast-growing city with no competition from the NFL or MLB . The NBA unanimously approved the move , with the caveat that Sacramento had to have an NBA-ready arena finished within three years or the team was free to move again with no penalty .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Kings moved to their current home of Sacramento , California in the 1985–86 NBA season , with their first Sacramento season ending in the first round of the Western Conference 1986 NBA Playoffs . The starting lineup was Reggie Theus , LaSalle Thompson , Mark Olberding , Terry Tyler , and Mike Woodson , with Larry Drew , Eddie Johnson , Otis Thorpe , and Joe Kleine coming off the bench . However , despite fan loyalty the Kings saw little success in subsequent seasons , and the team did not make the playoffs again until the 1996 NBA",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Playoffs in the 1995–96 NBA season . Some of their failure was attributable to misfortunes such as the career-altering car crash suffered by promising point guard Bobby Hurley in 1993 , and the suicide of Ricky Berry during the 1989 off-season ; some was attributed to poor management such as the long tenure of head coach Garry St . Jean and the selection of Never Nervous Pervis Ellison with the first overall pick in the 1989 NBA draft . Former Kings television broadcaster Jerry Reynolds ( 1987 , 1988–90 ) and NBA legend Bill Russell ( 1987–88 ) were the",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "earliest head coaches .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Ricky Berry was selected by the Kings in the first round , 18th pick overall in the 1988 NBA draft . He had a dazzling rookie year in the 1988–89 season shooting 40.6% from three-point range . The Kings also drafted Vinny Del Negro ( selected by the Kings in the second round , 29th overall pick in the 1988 NBA draft ) and acquired Rodney McCray from the Houston Rockets . In his first year with the Kings , McCray made 1988 NBA All-Defensive First Team . It was the first season the Kings would play without Reggie Theus",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "and LaSalle Thompson ( both part in the original team from Kansas City ) or Joe Kleine ( selected by the Kings as first round , sixth pick overall in the 1985 NBA draft ) . Thompson was drafted by the Kings in the first round , fifth overall pick in the 1982 NBA draft . It was also the last year that Michael Jackson ( selected by the New York Knicks in the second round , 47th pick overall in the 1986 NBA draft but who played his entire career with the Kings ) and Ed Pinckney ( selected",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "10th overall by the Phoenix Suns in the 1985 NBA draft and played for the Kings from 1987 to 1989 ) played for the Kings . On February 23 , 1989 , Brad Lohaus and Danny Ainge were traded to the Kings from the Boston Celtics for Joe Kleine and Ed Pinckney . In June of the 1989 off-season , Lohaus was then acquired by the Minnesota Timberwolves in the 1989 NBA Expansion Draft . In August of the 1989 off-season , Berry was found dead from a self-inflicted gunshot wound at his home in Fair Oaks , California just",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "weeks before his 25th birthday following an argument with his wife .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Following the loss of Ricky Berry , 1989–90 season featured Pervis Ellison , who was first overall pick in the 1989 NBA draft by the Kings , and acquisition Wayman Tisdale ( from the Indiana Pacers , second pick overall in the 1985 NBA draft ) . An injury kept Ellison on the sidelines for 48 of 82 games of his rookie year , after which he was traded to the Washington Bullets . Tisdale would go on to play for the Kings for five years . It was the last season that Danny Ainge , Kenny Smith ( who",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "had an impressive showing in the 1990 NBA Slam Dunk Contest ) , Rodney McCray , Harold Pressley ( selected by the Kings in the first round , 17th overall pick in the 1986 NBA draft ) , Vinny Del Negro , Greg Kite , and Ralph Sampson played for the Kings . In 1990 , Ainge was traded to the Portland Trail Blazers , Kenny Smith was traded to the Atlanta Hawks , and Rodney McCray was traded to the Dallas Mavericks .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Lionel Simmons – or L-Train – was drafted by the Kings in the 1990 NBA draft in the first round , 7th pick overall . In his first season , he made the NBA All-Rookie First Team . He would go on to play his entire career ( 1990–1997 ) with the Kings and had 5,833 career points . Antoine Carr ( acquired from the Atlanta Hawks ) played for the Kings in the 1990–91 NBA season and then was traded to the San Antonio Spurs . Free-agent Leon Wood , who would later become an NBA official , played",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "for the Kings but was let go on Christmas Eve of 1990 . Also notable that Bill Wennington was acquired from the Dallas Mavericks and played for the Kings for the 1990–91 season and after a successful career with the Chicago Bulls returned to the Kings for his final season in 1999–2000 .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The early 1990s were difficult for the Kings . Sacramento was known for having strong fan support , and while they won over 60% of their home games , the team struggled on the road , going 1–40 on the road in a single season . But prayers were answered when they acquired Mitch Richmond , who previously played for the Golden State Warriors . The former NBA Rookie of the Year was selected as an All-Star six times while making the All-NBA Second Team three times . Garry St . Jean was chosen as new coach in 1992 and",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "coached the team all the way through 1997 , where he was replaced by Eddie Jordan .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "During the 1990s , Sacramento had other stars like Spud Webb , Kurt Rambis , Wayman Tisdale , Walt Williams , Olden Polynice and Brian Grant , but they only lasted with the team for a few years . After the 1992–93 season , Rambis was traded to the Los Angeles Lakers . After the 1993–94 season , Tisdale was traded to the Phoenix Suns . After the 1994–95 season , Webb was traded to the Atlanta Hawks for Tyrone Corbin . Midway through the 1995–96 season , Williams was traded to the Miami Heat for Billy Owens ( who",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "was drafted by the Kings in 1991 , and traded to Golden State for Richmond ) . After the 1996–97 season , Grant became a free agent and signed with the Portland Trail Blazers .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "One accomplishment the team achieved under St . Jean during their tenures was a playoff appearance in 1996 . The series was lost 3–1 to the Seattle SuperSonics who , led by Gary Payton and Shawn Kemp , finished as that years conference champions . They did not make a playoff appearance again while Richmond was still on the Kings . He was soon traded along with Otis Thorpe to the Washington Wizards for Chris Webber in May 1998 . Although Richmond was lost , this trade proved to be one of the keys to finally achieving playoff success after",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "so many seasons of mediocrity .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " 1998–2004 : The Greatest Show on Court era . The Kings drafted Jason Williams in the 1998 NBA draft , signed Vlade Divac , and traded for Chris Webber prior to the lockout-shortened season of 1998–99 . These acquisitions coincided with the arrival of Peja Stojaković from Serbia , who had been drafted in 1996 . Each of these moves was attributed to general manager Geoff Petrie , who has won the NBA Executive of the Year Award twice .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Led by new head coach Rick Adelman , and aided by former Princeton head coach Pete Carril , the Kings Princeton offense impressed others for its quick style and strong ball movement . Some criticized the Kings for their poor team defense , Williamss flash over substance style with its many turnovers , and Webbers failure to step up in important match-ups . Still , they quickly garnered many fans outside of California , many of whom were drawn to the spectacular pairing of Williams and Webber . In 1998–99 , they went 27–23 , their first winning season in",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "nearly twenty years and their first since moving to Sacramento . The new arrivals Webber , Williams , and Divac all played key roles in this resurgence ; Divac ranked near the top of the team in most statistics , Webber led the league in rebounds and was named to the All-NBA Second Team , and Williams was named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team . In the playoffs , they were matched up against the defending Western Conference Champions , the Utah Jazz . After winning Game 1 by 20 points , the Jazz surrendered two consecutive playoff games",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "to the Kings . They would turn the series around , however , and win the last two to keep the Kings from advancing in the playoffs .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " In 1999–2000 , the Kings only notable transaction was trading shooting guard Tariq Abdul-Wahad to the Orlando Magic in exchange for shooting guard Nick Anderson . They finished eighth in the Western Conference with a 44–38 record and were matched up with the Los Angeles Lakers in the first round of the playoffs . Once again , however , the Kings failed to advance , losing the series 2–3 against the Lakers .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The following season , the Kings traded starting small forward Corliss Williamson to the Toronto Raptors for shooting guard Doug Christie , a move made to improve the subpar defense . They also drafted Turkish power forward Hedo Türkoğlu , further improving their bench rotation . Stojakovic moved into the starting small forward role , where he and Webber proved to complement each other extremely well , and as the Kings continued to improve , their popularity steadily rose , culminating in a February 2001 Sports Illustrated cover story entitled The Greatest Show on Court with Williams , Christie ,",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Stojakovic , Webber , and Divac gracing the cover . That year , they went 55–27 , their best in 40 years . In the playoffs , they won their first series in 20 years , defeating the Phoenix Suns three games to one , before being swept in the second round by the Lakers , who eventually won the NBA Championship .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In July 2001 , Jason Williams was traded , along with Nick Anderson , to the Vancouver Grizzlies for Mike Bibby and Brent Price . Despite Williamss often spectacular play , the Kings had grown tired of his recklessness and turnovers ; Bibby would provide much more stability and control at the point guard position . This move was complemented by the re-signing of Webber to a maximum-salary contract , securing their superstar long term . With Bibby taking over for Williams , they had their best season to date in 2001–02 . Though not as exciting or flashy as",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "they had been in previous years with Williams , the team became much more effective and disciplined with Bibby at the helm . They finished with a league-best record of 61–21 , winning 36 of 41 at home . After easily winning their first two playoff matchups against the Stockton and Malone-led Jazz and the Dirk Nowitzki-led Dallas Mavericks , respectively , the Kings went on to play the archrival and two-time defending champion Los Angeles Lakers in the Western Conference Finals , regarded as one of the greatest playoff matchups in history . In a controversial series , the",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Kings lost in seven games , one game away from what would have been the first NBA Finals and professional sports championship in Sacramento history . This was a crushing blow to the Kings ; after losing to their archrivals in a highly controversial series , the team would begin to decline and age in the years that followed . Many commentators and journalists would question the decisions made by the referees during Game 6 , specifically that the Lakers were awarded a staggering 27 free throws in the fourth quarter , many of which came from what were in",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "retrospect proved to be no-calls . Following Game 6 even print newspapers began to question the legitimacy of the game . Most notably , the New York Post ran a front cover with a headline entitled Foul Play ; it also published a related article suggesting that the game was rigged . NBA analyst David Aldridge ( then working for ESPN ) spoke on the game :",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The 2002 Western Conference finals left many fans wondering whether the Kings could have gone on to win a title , and debate would continue for many years after the events of the series . Later , due to allegations raised by former NBA referee Tim Donaghy , the NBA set up a review of the leagues officiating . Lawrence Pedowitz , who led the review , concluded that while Game 6 featured poor officiating , there was no concrete evidence that the game had been fixed .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Kings went 59–23 and won the division during the following season , seeking to avenge their playoff loss to the Lakers . After defeating the Stockton- and Malone-led Jazz in the first round and winning Game 1 against the Dirk Nowitzki-led Dallas Mavericks in the second round , the Kings appeared to be on the brink of another Western Conference Finals berth . However , Chris Webber sustained a major knee injury in Game 2 , and the Kings lost in a seven-game series . Webbers knee required major surgery . He returned mid-season in 2003–04 a season in",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "which the Kings were seeking another chance to avenge their playoff loss to the Lakers , but without his quickness and athleticism , which had been the focal point of his style of play , it was not the same . Despite that , the Kings still managed to defeat the Dirk Nowitzki-led Dallas Mavericks in the first round and after winning Game 1 against the Kevin Garnett-led Minnesota Timberwolves in the second round , the Kings appeared to be on the brink of their second Western Conference Finals berth in three years , but the Kings ended the season",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "with a defeat to the Timberwolves in a seven-game series .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The 2004–05 season marked change for the Kings , who lost three starters from the famed 2002 team . In the off-season of 2004 , Divac signed with the Lakers , which prompted the Kings to sign Brad Miller to start at center . Early in the season , Christie was traded to the Orlando Magic for Cuttino Mobley , and in February , Webber was traded to the Philadelphia 76ers for three forwards ( Corliss Williamson , Kenny Thomas , and Brian Skinner ) . Thomas and Skinner failed in their attempt to replicate Webbers impact , and as",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "a result the teams record suffered . The Kings lost in the first round of the playoffs to the Seattle SuperSonics . The 2005 off-season continued with changes , when they traded fan-favorite Bobby Jackson for Bonzi Wells and acquired free agent Shareef Abdur-Rahim .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The 2005–06 season started poorly since the Kings had a hard time establishing team chemistry . Newcomers Wells and Abdur-Rahim made major contributions early , but both were injured and missed a significant number of games . As the Kings season continued , general manager Petrie decided to make a major move . Stojakovic was traded for Ron Artest , a talented yet volatile forward known for his temper . Despite doubts that he would be able to replace the huge production of Stojakovic , Artest and the Kings went 20–9 after the 2006 NBA All-Star break , the second",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "best post-All-Star break record that season . Despite a winning record of 44–38 , it was clear that they were not the same team of years past . The Kings were seeded 8th in the Western Conference playoffs and were matched up in the first round against the San Antonio Spurs . Though the Kings were surprisingly competitive , the Spurs eliminated them 4–2 . This was the end of their era of competitiveness and to date , their last winning season and their last playoff season . The 2006 off-season began with the disturbing news that head coach Rick",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Adelmans contract would not be renewed . The Kings named Eric Musselman as his replacement .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In 2006–07 , the disappointing play of the Kings was coupled with the distraction of legal troubles . Coach Eric Musselman pleaded no contest to DUI charges early in the season , while Artest got into trouble for neglect of his dogs , and was later accused of domestic assault . The Kings relieved Artest of basketball duties , pending investigation , then later reinstated him . They finished the season 33–49 ( their worst in 9 years ) which landed them in fifth place in the Pacific Division . They posted a losing record ( 20–21 ) at home",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "for the first time since 1993–94 . Their season included a seven-game losing streak that lasted from January 4 to 19 . The Kings missed the 2007 NBA Playoffs , the first time in eight seasons . Musselman was fired in April . The Kings future appeared to rest on the shoulders of Kevin Martin , who was a lead candidate for 2007 NBA Most-Improved Player of the Year .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The 2007 off-season was a time of change . Head coach Musselman was replaced by former Kings player , Reggie Theus . The Kings selected Spencer Hawes with the 10th overall pick in the 2007 NBA draft . In addition , they acquired Mikki Moore from the New Jersey Nets . Martin signed a contract worth $55 million , extending his period with the team for five more years . The Kings lost key players over the off-season , with backup Ronnie Price leaving for the Utah Jazz , and Corliss Williamson retiring .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "They claimed fourth-year Beno Udrih off waivers from Minnesota . Udrih quickly assumed the starting position for an injured Bibby . It was announced in February that the Kings had traded Bibby to the Atlanta Hawks for Tyronn Lue , Anthony Johnson , Shelden Williams , Lorenzen Wright and a 2nd round draft pick . The move was presumably made to clear cap space . Bibby had been the last player from the Kings team that reached the Western Conference Finals in 2002 .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The Kings improved by five games and finished the 2007–08 season 38–44 , and missed the playoffs by a bigger margin ( 12 games ) than the previous season ( 8 games ) . They went 26–15 at home and 12–29 on the road . After selling out every home game since 1999 , the 2007–08 season sold out only three games at ARCO Arena with attendance averaging 13,500 fans per home game , almost 4,000 below capacity .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Following a quiet 2008 off-season , it was confirmed on July 29 , 2008 , that the Kings would trade Artest and the rights to Patrick Ewing Jr . and Sean Singletary to the Houston Rockets in exchange for former King Bobby Jackson , Donté Greene , a future first-round draft pick , and cash considerations for Rashad McCants and center Calvin Booth .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " Reggie Theus was fired in the middle of the 2008–09 season , giving way to Kenny Natt as the interim head coach . The Kings continued to struggle under Natt , ending up with the NBAs worst record for the 2008–09 season at 17–65 . On April 23 , 2009 , Kings Vice President Geoff Petrie announced the firing of Natt and his four assistants , Rex Kalamian , Jason Hamm , Randy Brown and Bubba Burrage . 2009–2012 : Here we Rise period .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Despite having the best odds to win the top overall pick in the 2009 NBA draft , the Kings obtained the 4th overall pick , the lowest they could possibly pick , to the outrage of many fans . Along with new head coach Paul Westphal , they selected Tyreke Evans . With the 23rd pick , they selected Omri Casspi from Israel .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " On April 27 , 2010 , Evans was the first Sacramento-era player to receive the NBA Rookie of the Year Award . Evans also became the 4th player in NBA history , joining Oscar Robertson , Michael Jordan , and LeBron James , to average 20 points , 5 rebounds , and 5 assists per game as a rookie . On June 24 , 2010 , the Kings selected DeMarcus Cousins with the 5th pick of the 2010 NBA draft . They also selected Hassan Whiteside , with the 33rd pick of the 2010 NBA draft .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Despite the excellent play of Cousins and Evans , both of whom were front-runners in Rookie of the Year voting and received All-Rookie First Team honors , the Kings still ranked near the bottom of the NBA , going 25–57 in Evans rookie year , and 24–58 in Cousins rookie year . Much of this was due to the poor fit of the roster around Evans and Cousins , and the uninspired coaching of Westphal .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The 2010–11 season was marked with uncertainty towards the end of the season . Frustrated by the lack of progress towards an arena and dwindling profits from other businesses , the Maloofs sought an immediate relocation of the franchise to Anaheim . The move seemed certain towards the end of the year , with Grant Napear and Jerry Reynolds emotionally signing off at the final home game vs . the Los Angeles Lakers . But after a vote by the NBA Board of Governors , the relocation effort was ended , to the glee of the fans .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In the 2011 NBA draft the Kings traded for the draft rights of Jimmer Fredette in a three-team deal with the Charlotte Bobcats and the Milwaukee Bucks , with the Kings receiving John Salmons sending Beno Udrih . This move was heavily panned by fans and media ; by moving down in the draft and losing longtime starter Udrih for the unproductive Salmons , most found it difficult to find a bright spot in the deal . Westphal would shortly be fired , with Warriors assistant Keith Smart hired as his replacement . Around this time , the team took",
"title": "Franchise history"
}
] |
/wiki/Sacramento_Kings#P115#6
|
What was the home venue of Sacramento Kings between Jan 1993 and Sep 1999?
|
Sacramento Kings The Sacramento Kings are an American professional basketball team based in Sacramento , California . The Kings compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the Western Conference Pacific Division . The Kings are the only team in the major professional North American sports leagues located in Sacramento . The team plays its home games at the Golden 1 Center . Their best seasons to date in the city were in the early 2000s , including the 2001–02 season when they had the best record in the NBA at 61–21 ( a winning percentage of ) . The franchise began with the Rochester Seagrams ( a semi-professional team ) from Rochester , New York , that formed in 1923 and hosted a number of teams there over the next 20 years . They joined the National Basketball League in 1945 as the renamed Rochester Royals , winning that leagues championship in their first season , 1945–46 . They later jumped with three other NBL teams to the Basketball Association of America , forerunner of the NBA , in 1948 . As the Royals , the team was often successful on the court , winning the NBA championship in 1951 . The team , however , found it increasingly difficult to turn a profit in the comparatively small market of Rochester and relocated to Cincinnati in , becoming the Cincinnati Royals . In 1972 , the team relocated again , this time to Kansas City , Missouri , and renamed the Kansas City–Omaha Kings because it initially split its home games between Kansas City and Omaha , Nebraska ; the nickname was changed to avoid confusion with the baseball Royals . After three seasons , the team truncated to Kansas City Kings , but continued to play several home games per season in Omaha , through March 1978 . The franchise again failed to find success in its market and moved after the 1984–85 season to Sacramento , where they presently reside . Franchise history . 1948–1957 : Rochester Royals . The basis of the purely-professional Royals team that came into existence in 1945 , after two decades of sponsored semi-professional team . Seagram was the teams main sponsor and received the bulk of what monies were made . One of the teams early stars was Lester Harrison , a local high school star of some publicity before joining the team . The driven Harrison later became the teams captain , coach , manager and chief scout over the next two decades , and was very key in the teams continued success and existence through hard years in the 1930s . Among visitors to Rochester then to play the team were the Original Celtics , the New York Rens and the Harlem Globetrotters . With news that World War II was approaching its end , the National Basketball League ( NBL ) announced that it was expanding , and Harrison was approached for interest in a franchise . While the sponsored Seagrams balked at additional expenses involved , Harrison and his lawyer brother Jack jumped at the chance . They pooled money to meet the steep entry fee of $25,000 dollars , and were granted an NBL franchise . Their team pushed out the Seagrams locally at their facility , smallish Edgerton Park Arena . With his new team , Harrison took advantage of conditions and rules in 1945 . The best players were the returning Navy and Army players now being released from the war . There was no draft for the league in the selection of new players . So , Harrison was able to scoop up several name stars for his new team , among them Bob Davies , Red Holzman and William Fuzzy Levane , as well as NBL free agents like George Glamack and Al Cervi . The result was a strong league champion in their first season of existence as the Royals during the 1945–46 season . The team had two more seasons of success during their NBL years , which permitted the team to play non-league opponents . During all three years , 1945–1948 , the team played over 300 total games , hosting most of them . The Royals defected to the NBLs rival , the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) , in 1948 . In 1949 , as a result of that years absorption of the NBL by the BAA , the Royals became members of the newly formed NBA along with the Fort Wayne Pistons , Minneapolis Lakers , and Indianapolis ( Kautskys ) Jets . A year later , the BAA absorbed the remaining NBL teams to become the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The move to the BAA took away Rochesters profitable exhibition schedule , and placed it in the same Western Division as the Minneapolis Lakers . Of the two best teams in professional basketball , only one of them could play in the league finals from 1949 to 1954 . Minneapolis , with George Mikan , was almost always better during playoffs than the Royals . With their smallish arena and now-limited schedule , the Royals became less profitable even as Harrison maintained a remarkably high standard for the team , which finished no lower than second in its division in both the NBL and BAA/NBA from 1945 to 1954 . Harrison knew that the NBA was outgrowing Rochester , and spent most of the 1950s looking for a buyer for his team . The Royals won the NBA title in 1951 by defeating the New York Knicks 4–3 . It is the only NBA championship in the franchises history . The title , however , did not translate into profit for the Royals . The roster turned over in 1955 , except for star guard Bobby Wanzer , who soon became the teams new coach . The team moved to the larger Rochester War Memorial in 1955 in an attempt to improve fortunes with a much larger arena . The NBA even agreed to host their All-Star Game there in 1956 . But the Royals were now a losing team filled with rookies , and did not turn a profit . Meanwhile , the NBA was putting pressure on Harrison to sell or relocate his team to a larger city . With this in mind , the 1956–57 season was the Royals last in Rochester . The Royals stay in Rochester featured the services of nine future members of the Basketball Hall of Fame : Al Cervi , Bob Davies , Alex Hannum , Lester Harrison , Red Holzman , Arnie Risen , Maurice Stokes , Jack Twyman , Bobby Wanzer , while others proved prominent in other fields , such as Pro Football Hall of Fame member Otto Graham , Hollywood Walk of Famer Chuck Connors , and Jack McMahon . 1957–1972 : Cincinnati Royals . In April 1957 , the Harrison brothers moved the Royals to Cincinnati , a city that was then trying to obtain an NBA expansion franchise . This move followed a well-received regular-season game played at Cincinnati Gardens on February 1 , 1957 . The change of venue had been said to have been partly suggested by Jack Twyman and Dave Piontek , who were two of several roster players on the new Royals from that area . Cincinnati , which had a strong college basketball fanbase then , and no NFL franchise to compete with ( until the Bengals joined in 1970 after two seasons in the AFL ) , was deemed the best choice for the Harrisons , who also considered other cities . The Royals name continued to fit in Cincinnati , often known as the Queen City . During the teams first NBA draft in Cincinnati , the team acquired Clyde Lovellette and guard George King . They teamed with the 1–2 punch of Maurice Stokes and Twyman to produce a budding contender in the teams very first season in the Queen City . But injuries and the loss of star guard Si Green , the #1 overall pick of the 1956 NBA draft , to military service dropped the team into a tie for second place in the NBA Western Division during the 1957–58 seasons second half . In the seasons finale , All-Pro star Maurice Stokes struck his head when he fell after pursuing a rebound . He shook off the effects of the fall , even as he had briefly been unconscious . After Game One in the playoffs three days later , Stokes head injury was greatly aggravated by airplane cabin pressure during the flight back to Cincinnati for Game Two . He suffered a seizure and was permanently hospitalized , a tragedy that greatly shook the team . Stokes , a tremendous talent who could play center , forward and guard , was 2nd in the NBA in rebounds and 3rd in assists , a double-feat only Wilt Chamberlain has matched for a full season . The impact of losing Stokes was such that the team nearly folded . Six of the teams shaken players simply retired on the spot . Fellow All-Star Twyman rose to All-Pro level over the next two seasons for Cincinnati , even as the team posted two 19-win seasons . The 1958–59 Cincinnati team featured five rookies , with Lovellette , King and other key players having left the team in the wake of Stokes tragic injury . The Harrisons , wanting out at this point , sold to a makeshift local group , headed by Thomas Woods , Cincinnati Gardens management , and a number of local businessmen . Jack Twyman came to the aid of his teammate , and even legally adopted Stokes . Raising funds for Stokes medical treatment , Twyman helped him until his death in April 1970 . The 1973 feature film Maurie , which co-starred actors Bernie Casey and Bo Svenson , dramatized their story . Shooting often for the beleaguered team , Twyman was the second NBA player to ever average 30 points per game for an NBA season . Twyman and Stokes were later named Hall of Famers . 1960–1970 : The Oscar Robertson era . In 1960 , the team was able to land local superstar Oscar Robertson . Robertson led a team that included Twyman , Wayne Embry , Bob Boozer , Bucky Bockhorn , Tom Hawkins and Adrian Smith over the next three seasons . The Royals reversed their fortunes with Robertson and rose to title contender . An ownership dispute in early 1963 scuttled the teams playoff chances when new owner Louis Jacobs booked a circus for Cincinnati Gardens for the week of the playoff series versus the champion Boston Celtics . The Royals home games were at Xavier Universitys Schmidt Field House . In late 1963 , another local superstar , Jerry Lucas , joined the team . The Royals rose to the second-best record in the NBA . From 1963 to 1966 , the Royals contended strongly against Boston and the Philadelphia 76ers , but won no titles . In the 1964 NBA draft the Royals drafted rookies George Wilson , Bill Chmielewski , Steve Courtin ( later traded to 76ers ) , and Happy Hairston . The teams star players throughout the 1960s were Oscar Robertson and Jerry Lucas . Robertson met with individual success , averaging a triple-double in 1961–62 and winning the Most Valuable Player award in 1964 . Robertson was a league-leading scorer and passer each season . Lucas was Rookie Of the Year in 1964 , led the league in shooting , and later averaged 20 rebounds per game over four seasons . Both were All-NBA First Team selections multiple times . The team failed to keep some promising players , though , and played in the tough NBA East division , dominated by the Boston Celtics , even as a Baltimore team played in the West Division for three years , denying the team likely visits to the NBA Finals . In 1966 , the team was sold to Max and Jeremy Jacobs . That same season , the Royals began playing some of their home games in neutral sites such as Cleveland ( until the Cavaliers began play in 1970 ) , Dayton and Columbus . This did wound their local fan base in Cincinnati , though , and fortunes for the team continued to steadily decline . That year , they would host the 1966 NBA All-Star Game , with Smith scoring 24 points to be named All-Star MVP . As of 2021 , it is the last time that the franchise has hosted an All-Star Game . New coach Bob Cousy traded Lucas in 1969 . Robertson was traded to Milwaukee in 1970 , where he immediately won an NBA title . The declining franchise left Cincinnati shortly thereafter , moving to Kansas City in 1972 . 1972–1985 : Kansas City–Omaha/Kansas City Kings . After moving to Kansas City , the Royals renamed themselves the Kings to avoid confusion with the Royals baseball team . Now dubbed the Kansas City-Omaha Kings , the team split its home games between the 7,316-seat Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City and the 9,300-seat Omaha Civic Auditorium . The Cincinnati Royals had been looking at Omaha as a market as early as 1968 , playing twelve home games in the Nebraska city from 1968 to 1971 . From 1972 to 1975 , the KC–Omaha Kings played a total of 42 regular season contests ( but no playoff games ) in Omaha . In 1975 , the club became simply the Kansas City Kings ( moving into the new 16,785-seat Kemper Arena the previous season ) , but did not abandon Omaha completely , playing several games there through the 1977–78 season . For the next two seasons , they played several home games at St . Louis . 1972–1976 . The team netted a new superstar in point guard Nate Archibald , who led the league in scoring and assists in the 1972–73 season . While still in Cincinnati , the team introduced a most unusual uniform design , which placed the players surname below his number . The design remained intact through the first several seasons of the teams run in Sacramento , even when the shade of blue on the road uniforms was changed from royal blue to powder blue , and the script Kansas City which adorned the road jerseys was scrubbed after the move in favor of a repeat of the Kings script on the home shirts . The Kings back jersey template was later adopted by the WNBA and the NBA Development League , as well the NBA during the All-Star Game since 2006 . The Kings had some decent players throughout . Tom Van Arsdale , the shooting forward , Jumpin Johnny Green , and Matt Guokas helped Archibald in the first year in Kansas City . Toby Kimball was a fan favorite . Jimmy Walker teamed with Archibald as the Kings made the playoffs the second year . Sam Lacey , an effective passing center , became one of the most dependable players in the league . Archibald became the first player to lead the league in scoring and assists in the first season in Kansas City . However , the management traded Archibald , and wasted high draft picks . Bob Cousy gave way to Phil Johnson , who was fired midyear in 1977 and replaced by Larry Staverman , a player on the team on two separate occasions when it was in Cincinnati and who later became the vice president of operations for the Cleveland Stadium Corporation in June 1981 . 1976–1984 . The Kings finally achieved some success in their new home when they hired Cotton Fitzsimmons as coach . Fitzsimmons won the Midwest Division in 1978–79 with rookie point guard Phil Ford , who was NBA Rookie of the Year in 1979 . Kansas City was led by shooting guard Otis Birdsong , strong on both offense and defense , all-around shooting forward Scott Wedman , and passing center Sam Lacey , who had a trademark bank shot . They drew an average of 10,789 fans to Kemper Arena that season , the only time during their tenure in KC that average attendance was in five figures ( the attendance at the peak was only two-thirds of Kempers capacity ) . The Kings later played several home games in St . Louis during the early 1980s to large crowds . Most Kansas City sports fans preferred to spend their entertainment dollar on the Royals , who won the American League West division championship four times in five seasons between 1976 and 1980 , and reached the 1980 World Series . The Kings made the playoffs in 1979–80 and again in 1980–81 , despite finishing the 1980–81 regular season at . The Kings made a run in the 1981 NBA Playoffs , reaching the Western Conference finals ; these were the franchises first playoff victories since 1964 , and their only ones ever in Kansas City . Ernie Grunfeld played the point in this run in place of an injured Ford , as KC used a slow half-court game to win the first two rounds . Power forward Reggie King had a remarkable series , dominating the opposition . After upsetting the Phoenix Suns by winning Game 7 at Phoenix in the Conference Semifinals and becoming the second NBA road team to do so after leading a series 3–1 , they bowed out to the Houston Rockets ( also 40–42 in the regular season ) in five games in the Conference Finals . Lacey , the last remaining Cincinnati Royal to play for the Kings , could not keep up with Rockets superstar center Moses Malone . ( The Kings did not win another playoff series for two decades. ) However , a series of bad luck incidents prevented the team from building on its success . Cleveland Cavaliers owner Ted Stepien lured Wedman and Birdsong away with big contract offers . In 1979 , the roof literally fell in at Kemper Arena because of a severe storm , forcing the team to play most of the 1979–80 season at the much smaller Municipal Auditorium . The ownership group sold the team to Sacramento interests for $11 million . The general manager was fired in a scandal in which he was found to be reusing marked postage stamps . When the Kings rehired Joe Axelson as general manager , they brought back the man who had previously traded Oscar Robertson , Norm Van Lier , Nate Archibald and Jerry Lucas , and used the third pick in the ABA dispersal draft on Ron Boone . Axelson stayed on after the Kings left Kansas City where , in their last game ever , fans wore Joe Axelson masks . Axelson later said he hoped his plane would never touch down in Kansas City . Axelson became the first general manager in the history of sports to fail with the same franchise in four cities : Cincinnati , Kansas City , Omaha and Sacramento . He was not fired for good until he rehired coach Phil Johnson , whom he had fired in mid-season in Kansas City ten years before . The Kings also had the misfortune of entering this period competing with the Kansas City Comets for the winter sports dollar , when the Comets were led by marketers—the Leiweke brothers . Their final season in 1984–85 resulted in a record , as fans stayed away from Kemper Arena in droves , with average attendance of 6,410 . Long-time ABA and NBA star , Don Buse , played his final professional season for the Kings . Ownership began looking for a new home for the team . Poor attendance and lack of sponsorship dollars ( the team was third in sports market share by a significant margin behind the NFLs Chiefs and MLBs Royals ) were the main reasons . Also , Kansas City had a much stronger following for the Kansas Jayhawks college basketball team than they did the NBAs Kings . Seeing the success the NBA was having in fast-growing cities with no NFL or MLB teams like Portland , Oregon , Salt Lake City , Utah , and San Antonio , Texas , it was decided the team would move to Sacramento , California , a fast-growing city with no competition from the NFL or MLB . The NBA unanimously approved the move , with the caveat that Sacramento had to have an NBA-ready arena finished within three years or the team was free to move again with no penalty . 1985–present : Sacramento Kings . The Kings moved to their current home of Sacramento , California in the 1985–86 NBA season , with their first Sacramento season ending in the first round of the Western Conference 1986 NBA Playoffs . The starting lineup was Reggie Theus , LaSalle Thompson , Mark Olberding , Terry Tyler , and Mike Woodson , with Larry Drew , Eddie Johnson , Otis Thorpe , and Joe Kleine coming off the bench . However , despite fan loyalty the Kings saw little success in subsequent seasons , and the team did not make the playoffs again until the 1996 NBA Playoffs in the 1995–96 NBA season . Some of their failure was attributable to misfortunes such as the career-altering car crash suffered by promising point guard Bobby Hurley in 1993 , and the suicide of Ricky Berry during the 1989 off-season ; some was attributed to poor management such as the long tenure of head coach Garry St . Jean and the selection of Never Nervous Pervis Ellison with the first overall pick in the 1989 NBA draft . Former Kings television broadcaster Jerry Reynolds ( 1987 , 1988–90 ) and NBA legend Bill Russell ( 1987–88 ) were the earliest head coaches . 1988–1989 : Ricky Berry . Ricky Berry was selected by the Kings in the first round , 18th pick overall in the 1988 NBA draft . He had a dazzling rookie year in the 1988–89 season shooting 40.6% from three-point range . The Kings also drafted Vinny Del Negro ( selected by the Kings in the second round , 29th overall pick in the 1988 NBA draft ) and acquired Rodney McCray from the Houston Rockets . In his first year with the Kings , McCray made 1988 NBA All-Defensive First Team . It was the first season the Kings would play without Reggie Theus and LaSalle Thompson ( both part in the original team from Kansas City ) or Joe Kleine ( selected by the Kings as first round , sixth pick overall in the 1985 NBA draft ) . Thompson was drafted by the Kings in the first round , fifth overall pick in the 1982 NBA draft . It was also the last year that Michael Jackson ( selected by the New York Knicks in the second round , 47th pick overall in the 1986 NBA draft but who played his entire career with the Kings ) and Ed Pinckney ( selected 10th overall by the Phoenix Suns in the 1985 NBA draft and played for the Kings from 1987 to 1989 ) played for the Kings . On February 23 , 1989 , Brad Lohaus and Danny Ainge were traded to the Kings from the Boston Celtics for Joe Kleine and Ed Pinckney . In June of the 1989 off-season , Lohaus was then acquired by the Minnesota Timberwolves in the 1989 NBA Expansion Draft . In August of the 1989 off-season , Berry was found dead from a self-inflicted gunshot wound at his home in Fair Oaks , California just weeks before his 25th birthday following an argument with his wife . 1989–1990 : Pervis Ellison . Following the loss of Ricky Berry , 1989–90 season featured Pervis Ellison , who was first overall pick in the 1989 NBA draft by the Kings , and acquisition Wayman Tisdale ( from the Indiana Pacers , second pick overall in the 1985 NBA draft ) . An injury kept Ellison on the sidelines for 48 of 82 games of his rookie year , after which he was traded to the Washington Bullets . Tisdale would go on to play for the Kings for five years . It was the last season that Danny Ainge , Kenny Smith ( who had an impressive showing in the 1990 NBA Slam Dunk Contest ) , Rodney McCray , Harold Pressley ( selected by the Kings in the first round , 17th overall pick in the 1986 NBA draft ) , Vinny Del Negro , Greg Kite , and Ralph Sampson played for the Kings . In 1990 , Ainge was traded to the Portland Trail Blazers , Kenny Smith was traded to the Atlanta Hawks , and Rodney McCray was traded to the Dallas Mavericks . 1990–1991 : Lionel Simmons . Lionel Simmons – or L-Train – was drafted by the Kings in the 1990 NBA draft in the first round , 7th pick overall . In his first season , he made the NBA All-Rookie First Team . He would go on to play his entire career ( 1990–1997 ) with the Kings and had 5,833 career points . Antoine Carr ( acquired from the Atlanta Hawks ) played for the Kings in the 1990–91 NBA season and then was traded to the San Antonio Spurs . Free-agent Leon Wood , who would later become an NBA official , played for the Kings but was let go on Christmas Eve of 1990 . Also notable that Bill Wennington was acquired from the Dallas Mavericks and played for the Kings for the 1990–91 season and after a successful career with the Chicago Bulls returned to the Kings for his final season in 1999–2000 . 1991–1998 : The Mitch Richmond era . The early 1990s were difficult for the Kings . Sacramento was known for having strong fan support , and while they won over 60% of their home games , the team struggled on the road , going 1–40 on the road in a single season . But prayers were answered when they acquired Mitch Richmond , who previously played for the Golden State Warriors . The former NBA Rookie of the Year was selected as an All-Star six times while making the All-NBA Second Team three times . Garry St . Jean was chosen as new coach in 1992 and coached the team all the way through 1997 , where he was replaced by Eddie Jordan . During the 1990s , Sacramento had other stars like Spud Webb , Kurt Rambis , Wayman Tisdale , Walt Williams , Olden Polynice and Brian Grant , but they only lasted with the team for a few years . After the 1992–93 season , Rambis was traded to the Los Angeles Lakers . After the 1993–94 season , Tisdale was traded to the Phoenix Suns . After the 1994–95 season , Webb was traded to the Atlanta Hawks for Tyrone Corbin . Midway through the 1995–96 season , Williams was traded to the Miami Heat for Billy Owens ( who was drafted by the Kings in 1991 , and traded to Golden State for Richmond ) . After the 1996–97 season , Grant became a free agent and signed with the Portland Trail Blazers . One accomplishment the team achieved under St . Jean during their tenures was a playoff appearance in 1996 . The series was lost 3–1 to the Seattle SuperSonics who , led by Gary Payton and Shawn Kemp , finished as that years conference champions . They did not make a playoff appearance again while Richmond was still on the Kings . He was soon traded along with Otis Thorpe to the Washington Wizards for Chris Webber in May 1998 . Although Richmond was lost , this trade proved to be one of the keys to finally achieving playoff success after so many seasons of mediocrity . 1998–2004 : The Greatest Show on Court era . The Kings drafted Jason Williams in the 1998 NBA draft , signed Vlade Divac , and traded for Chris Webber prior to the lockout-shortened season of 1998–99 . These acquisitions coincided with the arrival of Peja Stojaković from Serbia , who had been drafted in 1996 . Each of these moves was attributed to general manager Geoff Petrie , who has won the NBA Executive of the Year Award twice . Led by new head coach Rick Adelman , and aided by former Princeton head coach Pete Carril , the Kings Princeton offense impressed others for its quick style and strong ball movement . Some criticized the Kings for their poor team defense , Williamss flash over substance style with its many turnovers , and Webbers failure to step up in important match-ups . Still , they quickly garnered many fans outside of California , many of whom were drawn to the spectacular pairing of Williams and Webber . In 1998–99 , they went 27–23 , their first winning season in nearly twenty years and their first since moving to Sacramento . The new arrivals Webber , Williams , and Divac all played key roles in this resurgence ; Divac ranked near the top of the team in most statistics , Webber led the league in rebounds and was named to the All-NBA Second Team , and Williams was named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team . In the playoffs , they were matched up against the defending Western Conference Champions , the Utah Jazz . After winning Game 1 by 20 points , the Jazz surrendered two consecutive playoff games to the Kings . They would turn the series around , however , and win the last two to keep the Kings from advancing in the playoffs . In 1999–2000 , the Kings only notable transaction was trading shooting guard Tariq Abdul-Wahad to the Orlando Magic in exchange for shooting guard Nick Anderson . They finished eighth in the Western Conference with a 44–38 record and were matched up with the Los Angeles Lakers in the first round of the playoffs . Once again , however , the Kings failed to advance , losing the series 2–3 against the Lakers . The following season , the Kings traded starting small forward Corliss Williamson to the Toronto Raptors for shooting guard Doug Christie , a move made to improve the subpar defense . They also drafted Turkish power forward Hedo Türkoğlu , further improving their bench rotation . Stojakovic moved into the starting small forward role , where he and Webber proved to complement each other extremely well , and as the Kings continued to improve , their popularity steadily rose , culminating in a February 2001 Sports Illustrated cover story entitled The Greatest Show on Court with Williams , Christie , Stojakovic , Webber , and Divac gracing the cover . That year , they went 55–27 , their best in 40 years . In the playoffs , they won their first series in 20 years , defeating the Phoenix Suns three games to one , before being swept in the second round by the Lakers , who eventually won the NBA Championship . In July 2001 , Jason Williams was traded , along with Nick Anderson , to the Vancouver Grizzlies for Mike Bibby and Brent Price . Despite Williamss often spectacular play , the Kings had grown tired of his recklessness and turnovers ; Bibby would provide much more stability and control at the point guard position . This move was complemented by the re-signing of Webber to a maximum-salary contract , securing their superstar long term . With Bibby taking over for Williams , they had their best season to date in 2001–02 . Though not as exciting or flashy as they had been in previous years with Williams , the team became much more effective and disciplined with Bibby at the helm . They finished with a league-best record of 61–21 , winning 36 of 41 at home . After easily winning their first two playoff matchups against the Stockton and Malone-led Jazz and the Dirk Nowitzki-led Dallas Mavericks , respectively , the Kings went on to play the archrival and two-time defending champion Los Angeles Lakers in the Western Conference Finals , regarded as one of the greatest playoff matchups in history . In a controversial series , the Kings lost in seven games , one game away from what would have been the first NBA Finals and professional sports championship in Sacramento history . This was a crushing blow to the Kings ; after losing to their archrivals in a highly controversial series , the team would begin to decline and age in the years that followed . Many commentators and journalists would question the decisions made by the referees during Game 6 , specifically that the Lakers were awarded a staggering 27 free throws in the fourth quarter , many of which came from what were in retrospect proved to be no-calls . Following Game 6 even print newspapers began to question the legitimacy of the game . Most notably , the New York Post ran a front cover with a headline entitled Foul Play ; it also published a related article suggesting that the game was rigged . NBA analyst David Aldridge ( then working for ESPN ) spoke on the game : The 2002 Western Conference finals left many fans wondering whether the Kings could have gone on to win a title , and debate would continue for many years after the events of the series . Later , due to allegations raised by former NBA referee Tim Donaghy , the NBA set up a review of the leagues officiating . Lawrence Pedowitz , who led the review , concluded that while Game 6 featured poor officiating , there was no concrete evidence that the game had been fixed . The Kings went 59–23 and won the division during the following season , seeking to avenge their playoff loss to the Lakers . After defeating the Stockton- and Malone-led Jazz in the first round and winning Game 1 against the Dirk Nowitzki-led Dallas Mavericks in the second round , the Kings appeared to be on the brink of another Western Conference Finals berth . However , Chris Webber sustained a major knee injury in Game 2 , and the Kings lost in a seven-game series . Webbers knee required major surgery . He returned mid-season in 2003–04 a season in which the Kings were seeking another chance to avenge their playoff loss to the Lakers , but without his quickness and athleticism , which had been the focal point of his style of play , it was not the same . Despite that , the Kings still managed to defeat the Dirk Nowitzki-led Dallas Mavericks in the first round and after winning Game 1 against the Kevin Garnett-led Minnesota Timberwolves in the second round , the Kings appeared to be on the brink of their second Western Conference Finals berth in three years , but the Kings ended the season with a defeat to the Timberwolves in a seven-game series . 2004–2006 : Decline . The 2004–05 season marked change for the Kings , who lost three starters from the famed 2002 team . In the off-season of 2004 , Divac signed with the Lakers , which prompted the Kings to sign Brad Miller to start at center . Early in the season , Christie was traded to the Orlando Magic for Cuttino Mobley , and in February , Webber was traded to the Philadelphia 76ers for three forwards ( Corliss Williamson , Kenny Thomas , and Brian Skinner ) . Thomas and Skinner failed in their attempt to replicate Webbers impact , and as a result the teams record suffered . The Kings lost in the first round of the playoffs to the Seattle SuperSonics . The 2005 off-season continued with changes , when they traded fan-favorite Bobby Jackson for Bonzi Wells and acquired free agent Shareef Abdur-Rahim . The 2005–06 season started poorly since the Kings had a hard time establishing team chemistry . Newcomers Wells and Abdur-Rahim made major contributions early , but both were injured and missed a significant number of games . As the Kings season continued , general manager Petrie decided to make a major move . Stojakovic was traded for Ron Artest , a talented yet volatile forward known for his temper . Despite doubts that he would be able to replace the huge production of Stojakovic , Artest and the Kings went 20–9 after the 2006 NBA All-Star break , the second best post-All-Star break record that season . Despite a winning record of 44–38 , it was clear that they were not the same team of years past . The Kings were seeded 8th in the Western Conference playoffs and were matched up in the first round against the San Antonio Spurs . Though the Kings were surprisingly competitive , the Spurs eliminated them 4–2 . This was the end of their era of competitiveness and to date , their last winning season and their last playoff season . The 2006 off-season began with the disturbing news that head coach Rick Adelmans contract would not be renewed . The Kings named Eric Musselman as his replacement . 2006–2009 : Change and transition . In 2006–07 , the disappointing play of the Kings was coupled with the distraction of legal troubles . Coach Eric Musselman pleaded no contest to DUI charges early in the season , while Artest got into trouble for neglect of his dogs , and was later accused of domestic assault . The Kings relieved Artest of basketball duties , pending investigation , then later reinstated him . They finished the season 33–49 ( their worst in 9 years ) which landed them in fifth place in the Pacific Division . They posted a losing record ( 20–21 ) at home for the first time since 1993–94 . Their season included a seven-game losing streak that lasted from January 4 to 19 . The Kings missed the 2007 NBA Playoffs , the first time in eight seasons . Musselman was fired in April . The Kings future appeared to rest on the shoulders of Kevin Martin , who was a lead candidate for 2007 NBA Most-Improved Player of the Year . The 2007 off-season was a time of change . Head coach Musselman was replaced by former Kings player , Reggie Theus . The Kings selected Spencer Hawes with the 10th overall pick in the 2007 NBA draft . In addition , they acquired Mikki Moore from the New Jersey Nets . Martin signed a contract worth $55 million , extending his period with the team for five more years . The Kings lost key players over the off-season , with backup Ronnie Price leaving for the Utah Jazz , and Corliss Williamson retiring . They claimed fourth-year Beno Udrih off waivers from Minnesota . Udrih quickly assumed the starting position for an injured Bibby . It was announced in February that the Kings had traded Bibby to the Atlanta Hawks for Tyronn Lue , Anthony Johnson , Shelden Williams , Lorenzen Wright and a 2nd round draft pick . The move was presumably made to clear cap space . Bibby had been the last player from the Kings team that reached the Western Conference Finals in 2002 . The Kings improved by five games and finished the 2007–08 season 38–44 , and missed the playoffs by a bigger margin ( 12 games ) than the previous season ( 8 games ) . They went 26–15 at home and 12–29 on the road . After selling out every home game since 1999 , the 2007–08 season sold out only three games at ARCO Arena with attendance averaging 13,500 fans per home game , almost 4,000 below capacity . Following a quiet 2008 off-season , it was confirmed on July 29 , 2008 , that the Kings would trade Artest and the rights to Patrick Ewing Jr . and Sean Singletary to the Houston Rockets in exchange for former King Bobby Jackson , Donté Greene , a future first-round draft pick , and cash considerations for Rashad McCants and center Calvin Booth . Reggie Theus was fired in the middle of the 2008–09 season , giving way to Kenny Natt as the interim head coach . The Kings continued to struggle under Natt , ending up with the NBAs worst record for the 2008–09 season at 17–65 . On April 23 , 2009 , Kings Vice President Geoff Petrie announced the firing of Natt and his four assistants , Rex Kalamian , Jason Hamm , Randy Brown and Bubba Burrage . 2009–2012 : Here we Rise period . Despite having the best odds to win the top overall pick in the 2009 NBA draft , the Kings obtained the 4th overall pick , the lowest they could possibly pick , to the outrage of many fans . Along with new head coach Paul Westphal , they selected Tyreke Evans . With the 23rd pick , they selected Omri Casspi from Israel . On April 27 , 2010 , Evans was the first Sacramento-era player to receive the NBA Rookie of the Year Award . Evans also became the 4th player in NBA history , joining Oscar Robertson , Michael Jordan , and LeBron James , to average 20 points , 5 rebounds , and 5 assists per game as a rookie . On June 24 , 2010 , the Kings selected DeMarcus Cousins with the 5th pick of the 2010 NBA draft . They also selected Hassan Whiteside , with the 33rd pick of the 2010 NBA draft . Despite the excellent play of Cousins and Evans , both of whom were front-runners in Rookie of the Year voting and received All-Rookie First Team honors , the Kings still ranked near the bottom of the NBA , going 25–57 in Evans rookie year , and 24–58 in Cousins rookie year . Much of this was due to the poor fit of the roster around Evans and Cousins , and the uninspired coaching of Westphal . The 2010–11 season was marked with uncertainty towards the end of the season . Frustrated by the lack of progress towards an arena and dwindling profits from other businesses , the Maloofs sought an immediate relocation of the franchise to Anaheim . The move seemed certain towards the end of the year , with Grant Napear and Jerry Reynolds emotionally signing off at the final home game vs . the Los Angeles Lakers . But after a vote by the NBA Board of Governors , the relocation effort was ended , to the glee of the fans . In the 2011 NBA draft the Kings traded for the draft rights of Jimmer Fredette in a three-team deal with the Charlotte Bobcats and the Milwaukee Bucks , with the Kings receiving John Salmons sending Beno Udrih . This move was heavily panned by fans and media ; by moving down in the draft and losing longtime starter Udrih for the unproductive Salmons , most found it difficult to find a bright spot in the deal . Westphal would shortly be fired , with Warriors assistant Keith Smart hired as his replacement . Around this time , the team took the slogan Here we rise ! for its marketing campaign . Amidst various relocation rumors and locker room tensions , the Kings had yet another unsuccessful season . One of their few bright spots was rookie Isaiah Thomas . Due to criticisms about his height ( 59 in shoes ) and playmaking ability , Thomas slipped to the 60th and final pick of the draft . Despite this , and the presence of college superstar Fredette , Thomas earned the starting spot , finishing the season with averages of 11 points and 4 assists per game and earned a selection to the NBA All-Rookie team . In the 2012 NBA draft they selected Thomas Robinson out of Kansas . Because of an unproductive rookie season by Robinson , he was traded with Francisco García and Tyler Honeycutt to the Houston Rockets in exchange for Patrick Patterson , Toney Douglas and Cole Aldrich . 2013–2015 : Franchise restructuring . On May 16 , 2013 , the Maloof family reached agreement to sell the Kings to a group led by Silicon Valley tech entrepreneur Vivek Ranadivé for a then-record NBA franchise valuation of $535 million . Ranadivé , 55 , named Raj Bhathal , 71 , founder of Tustin-based Raj Manufacturing , one of the largest swimwear companies in the nation , as one of the investors in a consortium to buy a majority stake in the Kings from the franchises longtime owners , the Maloof family , for a reported $348 million . The group fought off a rival bid that would have moved the team to Seattle after the NBAs Board of Governors rejected investor Chris Hansens bid to relocate the team . The new owners intend to keep the team in Sacramento . On May 28 , the NBA Board of Governors unanimously approved the sale , ending several years of efforts by other cities to take possession and move the Kings out of Sacramento . On May 31 , 2013 , the Kings closed escrow , finalizing the sale to the Ranadivé group at a record valuation of $534 million , beginning a new era for the franchise . Plans were already underway to move forward on an arena , as the Downtown Plaza was reportedly being sold to the Sacramento ownership group . A month later , on July 30 , Turner Construction was selected to be the builder of the arena . Once the sale had closed and ownership was transferred to Ranadivé , the Kings began making changes to the management and staff . Geoff Petrie and Keith Smart were released ; Mike Malone and Pete DAlessandro were brought in to replace them . Corliss Williamson , Brendan Malone , Chris Jent , and Dee Brown were brought in as assistant coaches . On July 10 , NBA executive Chris Granger was hired as team president . On September 23 , 2013 , Shaquille ONeal purchased a minority share of the team , jokingly dubbing the teams new organization the Shaqramento Kings . These hires coincided with several roster moves . In the 2013 NBA draft on June 27 , the Kings selected Kansas shooting guard Ben McLemore , who was widely projected to go top-five , with the seventh overall pick . They also selected point guard and former McDonalds All-American Ray McCallum , Jr . from the University of Detroit with the 36th pick . One week later , on July 5 , the Kings sent former NBA Rookie of the Year Tyreke Evans to the New Orleans Pelicans in a three-team deal involving Robin Lopez , Greivis Vásquez , Jeff Withey , Terrel Harris , and picks . On July 9 , the Kings traded a future second-round draft pick to the Bucks in exchange for defensive small forward Luc Richard Mbah a Moute , and on July 15 , the Kings signed Carl Landry , who had played a stint with the team in its previous ownership , to a 4-year deal worth $28 million . The 2013–14 season was widely anticipated by Kings fans . Playing their first game on October 30 , against the Nuggets , the Kings won 90–88 , despite being without projected starters Landry and Mbah a Moute . They were led by a 30-point , 14 rebound performance from DeMarcus Cousins , and a putback dunk by Jason Thompson with under a minute to play which sealed the victory for the Kings . After the poor play of starting forwards John Salmons and Patrick Patterson through November , the Kings sought a change . On November 26 , newly acquired Luc Richard Mbah a Moute was traded for power forward Derrick Williams . Nearly two weeks later , on December 8 , they acquired Rudy Gay in a blockbuster seven-player deal that sent the struggling Patterson and Salmons to Toronto along with Chuck Hayes and off-season acquisition Greivis Vásquez . Quincy Acy and Aaron Gray were also sent to the Kings . The organization sought to add depth to their lineup during the 2014 off-season to complement the Kings star duo DeMarcus Cousins and Rudy Gay . Sacramento added Darren Collison , Ryan Hollins and Ramon Sessions through free agency signings , as well as drafting Nik Stauskas prior to the start of the 2014–15 season . After an 11–13 start to the 2014–15 season , head coach Michael Malone was fired by the Sacramento Kings organization . Tyrone Corbin filled in for the Kings until Hall of Fame coach George Karl replaced him in February 2015 . On January 30 , 2015 , DeMarcus Cousins was named to replace the injured Kobe Bryant as a Western Conference All-Star in the 2015 NBA All-Star Game . Cousins selection marked the first time a Kings player earned All-Star honors since Brad Miller and Peja Stojaković represented Sacramento in 2004 . 2015–2017 : Divac as general manager , new arena . On March 3 , 2015 , the Kings announced former Sacramento center Vlade Divac as the new vice president of basketball operations . Following the end of Sacramentos 29–53 season for 2014–15 , The Kings made aggressive off-season moves in drafting Willie Cauley-Stein and acquiring Rajon Rondo , Kosta Koufos , Marco Belinelli , and Caron Butler in preparation for the 2015–16 season . To free up cap space , Divac traded Nik Stauskas , Carl Landry , Jason Thompson , a future top 10 protected first-round pick , and the right to swap two future first-round picks to the Philadelphia 76ers for the rights to second-round picks Artūras Gudaitis and Luka Mitrović . While the 76ers gave up nearly nothing to acquire draft assets that would result in the selection of number 1 overall pick Markelle Fultz , the Kings remained one of the worst teams in the NBA . It was regarded by many as one of the most lopsided trades in NBA history . On April 14 , 2016 , after a 33–49 season , the Kings fired head coach George Karl . Karl compiled a record of 44-68 with the Kings . The 2016–17 season brought several changes . The Kings moved into their new arena , the Golden 1 Center . On May 9 , 2016 , the Kings hired former Memphis Grizzlies coach Dave Joerger as head coach . During the 2016 NBA draft , the Kings traded the 8th pick to the Phoenix Suns for the 13th and 28th pick in the draft , as well as the rights to Serbian guard Bogdan Bogdanović . Later in the evening , the Kings traded Marco Belinelli to the Charlotte Hornets in exchange for the 22nd pick in the draft . The Kings selected four players in the 2016 NBA draft – Greek center Georgios Papagiannis with the 13th pick , Syracuse shooting guard Malachi Richardson with the 22nd pick , Kentucky forward Skal Labissiere with the 28th pick , and Oklahoma guard Isaiah Cousins with the 59th pick . In free agency , the Kings signed Anthony Tolliver , Garrett Temple , Arron Afflalo , Matt Barnes , and Ty Lawson . 2017–2020 : Rebuilding post-DeMarcus Cousins . On February 20 , 2017 , the Kings traded DeMarcus Cousins , alongside Omri Casspi to the New Orleans Pelicans for Tyreke Evans , Buddy Hield , Langston Galloway and two future draft picks . The Kings finished the 2016–17 season with a 32–50 record . In the 2017 NBA draft the team selected Kentucky point guard DeAaron Fox with the fifth pick . They also selected North Carolina forward Justin Jackson with the 15th pick , Duke center Harry Giles with the 20th pick,and Kansas point guard Frank Mason III with the 34th pick . With four rookie pickups , Divac wanted to add veteran presences on the roster . On July 10 , 2017 , the team signed three veterans – Vince Carter , Zach Randolph , and George Hill . The team finished the 2017–18 season with a 27–55 record , placing 12th in the Western Conference . Giles sat out the entire season due to a leg injury despite previous reports that he would make his rookie debut in January . Hill was traded to the Cleveland Cavaliers . Greek center Papagiannis , who was selected in the first round of the 2016 draft , averaged only 2.1 points in the 16 games played . During the 2018 NBA draft , the Kings selected Duke center Marvin Bagley III . The team was criticized following the draft for not selecting Luka Dončić , while Divac would go on to say he was confident in Bagley . Prior to the 2018–19 season , multiple analysts picked Sacramento to finish last in the Western Conference , calling their recent draft a missed opportunity to build and their lack of a veteran presence to offset their rookie lineup . The Kings lost to the Utah Jazz 123–117 in their season opener on October 17 , 2018 . Despite starting the season 1–3 , including a loss to the Pelicans in which they gave up 149 points , the team would go onto win their next five games to hold a winning record . By December 30 , the team held a 19–16 record . Ultimately , the Kings finished the season in ninth place in the Western Conference posting a record of 39–43 ; they again missed the playoffs . However , this was the team’s best regular-season record since their last playoff appearance in the 2005–06 season . In spite of this , head coach Joerger was fired after the conclusion of the season , and Luke Walton was hired as his replacement three days later . Earlier in the season , the Kings were rocked by the discovery that their former chief revenue officer , Jeff David , had embezzled $13.4 million in sponsorship payments from the Kings and their corporate partners over four years . David , who had taken a similar position with the Miami Heat , pleaded guilty to wire fraud and identity theft and was sentenced to seven years in federal prison . Following the suspension of the 2019–20 NBA season , the Kings were one of the 22 teams invited to the NBA Bubble to participate in the final 8 games of the regular season . However , Sacramento finished these games with a 3-5 record , missing the play-in game and extending their playoff drought for the 14th consecutive season . 2020–present : The Monte McNair era . On August 14 , 2020 , the Sacramento Kings announced that general manager Vlade Divac would resign from his position . Joe Dumars , a former player and executive for the Detroit Pistons , would be named interim Executive Vice President of Basketball Operations ; Dumars had joined the Kings as a special advisor in June of the previous year . Following a month-long search , the Sacramento Kings announced on September 17 , 2020 , that Houston Rockets executive Monte McNair would be hired as the franchises new general manager . With the Rockets , McNair spent thirteen years working under Daryl Morey , serving in various roles ; he was most recently named assistant general manager in 2018 . Following this hire , interim executive Joe Dumars was named as the chief strategy officer of the organization . Other candidates for the position included Minnesota Timberwolves executive vice president Sachin Gupta , Denver Nuggets general manager Calvin Booth , and former Atlanta Hawks general manager Wes Wilcox . McNair announced three additional hires on October 14 , 2020 ; these included the aforementioned Wes Wilcox who became an assistant GM , former Philadelphia 76ers scouting director Phil Jabour as vice president of player personnel , and Oklahoma City Blue executive Paul Johnson as director of basketball operations . Team logo , uniform and colors . Rochester Royals . The initial Rochester Royals logo featured a blue and white shield with the word ROCHESTER on the top , with a white banner with the word ROYALS on it . From the beginning , the road uniforms were blue with the city name written in front , while home uniforms were white with the team name written in front . Red accents were added later in their Rochester tenure . Cincinnati Royals . Upon moving to Cincinnati in 1957 , the team logo became a basketball with a cartoon face . The basketball was depicted as wearing a crown with the city of Cincinnati within it . The word CINCINNATI was featured above the logo while the word ROYALS was below . The crown also had the team name on it . This logo was white with blue outlines . The uniforms remained blue on the road and white at home , again with red accents and the city/team name designation on the respective uniforms . In the late 1960s the Royals wore a uniform with the team name written vertically on the left side , with the number on the right . In 1971 , the team adopted a red crown with a blue half-basketball below it . The word CINCINNATI , in blue , was placed above the logo . The word ROYALS , in white , was placed on the crown . The logo change also reflected on the uniforms , now featuring a script Royals in front with red numbers . However , blue names and numbers at home , and white names and numbers on the road were written at the back of the uniform , with the unusual arrangement of the number above the name being used for the first time ( normally , the players name is shown above the back number ) . Kansas City–Omaha/Kansas City Kings . For the 1972–73 season , the renamed and relocated Kansas City-Omaha Kings kept their uniforms and logos , with the exception of the name change . After settling in Kansas City for good in 1975 , the Kings changed their road uniforms back to reading the city name in front . Beginning with the 1981–82 season , the road uniforms reverted to the team name in front , while numbers in front took on the same color schemes as the numbers in the back . Sacramento Kings . Following their move from Kansas City in 1985 the Kings still used the same color scheme of red , white and blue . The logo of a crown atop a bottom half of the basketball was also carried over . However , the shades of blue used on their home and road uniforms were different for five seasons . The home uniforms use royal blue , while the road uniforms use powder blue . The striping patterns were also different between the two uniforms , with the script Kings wordmark on the sides of the road shorts , and basic side stripes on the home uniforms . Carrying over from Kansas City was the unusual placement of player names at the bottom of the number at the front of the uniforms . The uniforms changed slightly in 1990 , with royal blue now used on the road ; the shorts now incorporate the Kings logo , and the name and number on the back switched places to the standard positions of the name being on the top , then the players number below it . The player names were now in a standard monotone serif font which was used by several NBA teams . This version would mark the last time the classic script Kings wordmark was used until 2005 . Change to purple and black . In 1994 , the Kings radically changed their look , adopting a new color scheme of purple , silver , black and white . The uniform set consists of one wide side stripe running through the right leg of the shorts , with the primary Kings logo prominently featured . The home uniform is in white , while the road uniform is in black ( by later coincidence , the NHLs Los Angeles Kings would use that exact color scheme ) . From 1994 to 1997 , a half-purple , half-black uniform , featuring checkerboard side panels , was used as an alternate uniform , which was panned by fans . However , the uniform was revived for the 2012–13 season during Hardwood Classics Nights . A new purple uniform , which shares the same template from the home and road uniforms , was introduced in the 1997–98 season . Before the start of the 2002–03 NBA season , the Kings changed their uniforms once again . This set included a modernized version of the Kings script on the home jersey , and the city name on the purple road jersey . The side stripes now run through the uniform . In the 2005–06 season they introduced a gold alternate uniform , featuring the classic script Kings wordmark . However , this alternate lasted only two seasons . In 2008 , the team introduced a new style of uniforms , with the names switching designations with a modernized Kings script on the road jersey in black text , and Sacramento on the home jersey still in white text . In doing this , the Kings became unique ; most professional franchises place the team nickname on the home jerseys and the city name on the road jerseys . The numbers are black on both uniforms . The side panels were revamped , now only featured on the shorts and at the top half of the uniform . Before the 2011–12 season a black alternate uniform was introduced , sharing the same template as the home and road uniforms , but with the classic script Kings wordmark and silver numbers . For the 2014–15 season , the Kings made a few tweaks to their home and away uniforms . While the team kept the 2008-era template , they brought back the 1994–2002 Kings script from the primary logo on both uniforms , along with purple ( home ) and white ( away ) numbers . The black alternate uniform was kept without any alterations . In addition , the crown logo at the back was replaced by the NBA logo , while a gold tab above it represents the franchises 1951 NBA championship . For the 2016–17 season , the Kings are changing their brand once more , adopting a logo reminiscent of their 1971–1994 design and dispatched black from their logo while keeping the purple and silver . The Kings unveiled their new uniforms on June 15 , 2016 , featuring four designs . Both the home white and purple away uniforms feature a modernized Kings script , an updated crown on top , and gray side stripes . The so-called City uniforms are similar to the away uniforms , except that the abbreviation SAC in gray appears in front . The black Global uniforms substitute the crown for a standing lion crest on top , along with a solid gray side stripe on the right and the primary logo on the left leg . All uniforms feature a baby blue collar , stitches , and tab that says Sacramento Proud , a nod to the franchises first few seasons in Sacramento . Beginning with the 2017–18 season , the jerseys will be sponsored by Blue Diamond Growers . As part of the switch to Nike as the NBAs uniform provider , the home and away uniform designations were abolished . The Kings kept their uniforms mostly intact , but the erstwhile primary purple uniforms were retired in favor of the City alternate purple uniforms . The Kings primary uniform set now consists of the white Association uniforms , the purple Icon uniforms and the black Statement uniforms . City special edition uniforms . Nike also released a special edition City uniform that pays tribute to both local culture and team heritage . Sacramentos 2017–18 City uniforms feature a white and powder blue base with red trim , echoing the road uniform colors the team wore from 1985 to 1990 . A recolored lion head logo in red and gray is also emblazoned in front . For the 2018–19 season , the Kings tweaked the City uniforms , replacing the lion head logo with the wordmark Sactown . The same uniform design was carried over for the 2019–20 season , but with red as the base color and powder blue as the trim color . The Sactown theme was retained for the 2020–21 City uniform , but with four design cues taken from prior uniforms . The black base paid homage to the 1994–2002 black uniforms . The checkerboard patterns were taken from their 1994–1997 purple/black alternate uniforms . The powder blue and red trim of the 1985–1990 road uniforms and of previous City uniforms were carried over to this design . Classic uniforms . During the 2002–03 season , the Kings brought back the 1960s Cincinnati Royals white uniform for a few games as a tribute to Oscar Robertson . The following season , they wore the mid-1970s Kansas City Kings white uniform for select games to honor Nate Archibald . The Kings mid-1980s powder blue jerseys were first brought back in the 2004–05 season to celebrate the franchises 20th season in Sacramento . They would return in 2015–16 for the teams final season at Sleep Train Arena , and the following season upon moving to Golden 1 Center . During the 2010–11 season , the Kings honored the 1950–51 Rochester Royals championship team by wearing throwback uniforms from that era . The team also wore blue versions of the Rochester throwbacks in the 2014–15 season . For the 2019–20 season , the Kings will bring back their blue uniforms worn from 1990 to 1994 in commemoration of the franchises 35th season in Sacramento . Mascot . Since the 1997–98 season , the official Kings mascot has been Slamson the Lion . Prior to that , the Kings mascot was The Gorilla . Season-by-season record . List of the last five seasons completed by the Kings . For the full season-by-season history , see List of Sacramento Kings seasons . Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , W–L% = Winning percentage Home arenas . - Edgerton Park Arena ( 1949–1954 ) - Rochester War Memorial ( 1955–1957 ) - Cincinnati Gardens ( 1957–1972 ) - Omaha Civic Auditorium ( 1972–1978 ) - Kansas City Municipal Auditorium ( 1972–1974 ) & ( 1979-1980 ) - Kemper Arena ( 1974–1985 ) - ARCO Arena I ( 1985–1988 ) - Sleep Train Arena ( formerly ARCO Arena II/Power Balance Pavilion ) ( 1988–2016 ) - Golden 1 Center ( 2016–present ) Rivalries . Prior to moving to Ohio , the Royals biggest rival was the Syracuse Nationals , which went on to become the Philadelphia 76ers . This left upstate New York without a team until the Buffalo Braves were established in 1970 . This third attempt did not last , with the Braves moving to San Diego , California in 1978 to become the San Diego Clippers . In 1970 , the Cleveland Cavaliers were established . This brought a new rival for the Royals , as well as a new team in Ohio . This rivalry did not last , and the Royals moved to Kansas City only a few years later . Although the NBA previously had a team in St . Louis , Missouri in the form of the St . Louis Hawks , that team moved to Atlanta in 1968 , thus preventing a potential new rivalry for the Kings . This made the Kings the first team in the state in four years . 13 years later , the Kings moved to California , leaving Missouri without a team . Players . Retained draft rights . The Kings hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA . A drafted player , either an international draftee or a college draftee who is not signed by the team that drafted him , is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams . In this case , the team retains the players draft rights in the NBA until one year after the players contract with the non-NBA team ends . This list includes draft rights that were acquired from trades with other teams . Retired numbers . All of the Kings retired numbers are hanging in the rafters of the Golden 1 Center . Naismith Basketball Hall of Famers . Notes : - In total , Robertson was inducted into the Hall of Fame twice – as player and as a member of the 1960 Olympic team . - In total , Lucas was inducted into the Hall of Fame twice – as player and as a member of the 1960 Olympic team . - Inducted as contributor for being the first African American to manage a team in the NBA . He also played for the team in 1958–1966 . - Also played for the team ( 1975 ) . - In total , Russell was inducted into the Hall of Fame twice – as a player and as coach .
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{
"text": "The Sacramento Kings are an American professional basketball team based in Sacramento , California . The Kings compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the Western Conference Pacific Division . The Kings are the only team in the major professional North American sports leagues located in Sacramento . The team plays its home games at the Golden 1 Center . Their best seasons to date in the city were in the early 2000s , including the 2001–02 season when they had the best record in the NBA at 61–21 ( a winning percentage of",
"title": "Sacramento Kings"
},
{
"text": ") .",
"title": "Sacramento Kings"
},
{
"text": "The franchise began with the Rochester Seagrams ( a semi-professional team ) from Rochester , New York , that formed in 1923 and hosted a number of teams there over the next 20 years . They joined the National Basketball League in 1945 as the renamed Rochester Royals , winning that leagues championship in their first season , 1945–46 . They later jumped with three other NBL teams to the Basketball Association of America , forerunner of the NBA , in 1948 . As the Royals , the team was often successful on the court , winning the NBA championship",
"title": "Sacramento Kings"
},
{
"text": "in 1951 . The team , however , found it increasingly difficult to turn a profit in the comparatively small market of Rochester and relocated to Cincinnati in , becoming the Cincinnati Royals .",
"title": "Sacramento Kings"
},
{
"text": " In 1972 , the team relocated again , this time to Kansas City , Missouri , and renamed the Kansas City–Omaha Kings because it initially split its home games between Kansas City and Omaha , Nebraska ; the nickname was changed to avoid confusion with the baseball Royals . After three seasons , the team truncated to Kansas City Kings , but continued to play several home games per season in Omaha , through March 1978 .",
"title": "Sacramento Kings"
},
{
"text": "The franchise again failed to find success in its market and moved after the 1984–85 season to Sacramento , where they presently reside .",
"title": "Sacramento Kings"
},
{
"text": "The basis of the purely-professional Royals team that came into existence in 1945 , after two decades of sponsored semi-professional team . Seagram was the teams main sponsor and received the bulk of what monies were made . One of the teams early stars was Lester Harrison , a local high school star of some publicity before joining the team . The driven Harrison later became the teams captain , coach , manager and chief scout over the next two decades , and was very key in the teams continued success and existence through hard years in the 1930s .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Among visitors to Rochester then to play the team were the Original Celtics , the New York Rens and the Harlem Globetrotters .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " With news that World War II was approaching its end , the National Basketball League ( NBL ) announced that it was expanding , and Harrison was approached for interest in a franchise . While the sponsored Seagrams balked at additional expenses involved , Harrison and his lawyer brother Jack jumped at the chance . They pooled money to meet the steep entry fee of $25,000 dollars , and were granted an NBL franchise . Their team pushed out the Seagrams locally at their facility , smallish Edgerton Park Arena .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "With his new team , Harrison took advantage of conditions and rules in 1945 . The best players were the returning Navy and Army players now being released from the war . There was no draft for the league in the selection of new players . So , Harrison was able to scoop up several name stars for his new team , among them Bob Davies , Red Holzman and William Fuzzy Levane , as well as NBL free agents like George Glamack and Al Cervi . The result was a strong league champion in their first season of existence",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "as the Royals during the 1945–46 season .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The team had two more seasons of success during their NBL years , which permitted the team to play non-league opponents . During all three years , 1945–1948 , the team played over 300 total games , hosting most of them .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Royals defected to the NBLs rival , the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) , in 1948 . In 1949 , as a result of that years absorption of the NBL by the BAA , the Royals became members of the newly formed NBA along with the Fort Wayne Pistons , Minneapolis Lakers , and Indianapolis ( Kautskys ) Jets . A year later , the BAA absorbed the remaining NBL teams to become the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The move to the BAA took away Rochesters profitable exhibition schedule , and placed it in the same Western Division as the Minneapolis Lakers . Of the two best teams in professional basketball , only one of them could play in the league finals from 1949 to 1954 . Minneapolis , with George Mikan , was almost always better during playoffs than the Royals . With their smallish arena and now-limited schedule , the Royals became less profitable even as Harrison maintained a remarkably high standard for the team , which finished no lower than second in its division in",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "both the NBL and BAA/NBA from 1945 to 1954 . Harrison knew that the NBA was outgrowing Rochester , and spent most of the 1950s looking for a buyer for his team .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Royals won the NBA title in 1951 by defeating the New York Knicks 4–3 . It is the only NBA championship in the franchises history . The title , however , did not translate into profit for the Royals . The roster turned over in 1955 , except for star guard Bobby Wanzer , who soon became the teams new coach . The team moved to the larger Rochester War Memorial in 1955 in an attempt to improve fortunes with a much larger arena . The NBA even agreed to host their All-Star Game there in 1956 . But",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "the Royals were now a losing team filled with rookies , and did not turn a profit . Meanwhile , the NBA was putting pressure on Harrison to sell or relocate his team to a larger city . With this in mind , the 1956–57 season was the Royals last in Rochester .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The Royals stay in Rochester featured the services of nine future members of the Basketball Hall of Fame : Al Cervi , Bob Davies , Alex Hannum , Lester Harrison , Red Holzman , Arnie Risen , Maurice Stokes , Jack Twyman , Bobby Wanzer , while others proved prominent in other fields , such as Pro Football Hall of Fame member Otto Graham , Hollywood Walk of Famer Chuck Connors , and Jack McMahon . 1957–1972 : Cincinnati Royals .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In April 1957 , the Harrison brothers moved the Royals to Cincinnati , a city that was then trying to obtain an NBA expansion franchise . This move followed a well-received regular-season game played at Cincinnati Gardens on February 1 , 1957 . The change of venue had been said to have been partly suggested by Jack Twyman and Dave Piontek , who were two of several roster players on the new Royals from that area . Cincinnati , which had a strong college basketball fanbase then , and no NFL franchise to compete with ( until the Bengals joined",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "in 1970 after two seasons in the AFL ) , was deemed the best choice for the Harrisons , who also considered other cities . The Royals name continued to fit in Cincinnati , often known as the Queen City .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " During the teams first NBA draft in Cincinnati , the team acquired Clyde Lovellette and guard George King . They teamed with the 1–2 punch of Maurice Stokes and Twyman to produce a budding contender in the teams very first season in the Queen City . But injuries and the loss of star guard Si Green , the #1 overall pick of the 1956 NBA draft , to military service dropped the team into a tie for second place in the NBA Western Division during the 1957–58 seasons second half .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In the seasons finale , All-Pro star Maurice Stokes struck his head when he fell after pursuing a rebound . He shook off the effects of the fall , even as he had briefly been unconscious . After Game One in the playoffs three days later , Stokes head injury was greatly aggravated by airplane cabin pressure during the flight back to Cincinnati for Game Two . He suffered a seizure and was permanently hospitalized , a tragedy that greatly shook the team . Stokes , a tremendous talent who could play center , forward and guard , was 2nd",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "in the NBA in rebounds and 3rd in assists , a double-feat only Wilt Chamberlain has matched for a full season . The impact of losing Stokes was such that the team nearly folded . Six of the teams shaken players simply retired on the spot .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " Fellow All-Star Twyman rose to All-Pro level over the next two seasons for Cincinnati , even as the team posted two 19-win seasons . The 1958–59 Cincinnati team featured five rookies , with Lovellette , King and other key players having left the team in the wake of Stokes tragic injury . The Harrisons , wanting out at this point , sold to a makeshift local group , headed by Thomas Woods , Cincinnati Gardens management , and a number of local businessmen .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Jack Twyman came to the aid of his teammate , and even legally adopted Stokes . Raising funds for Stokes medical treatment , Twyman helped him until his death in April 1970 . The 1973 feature film Maurie , which co-starred actors Bernie Casey and Bo Svenson , dramatized their story .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " Shooting often for the beleaguered team , Twyman was the second NBA player to ever average 30 points per game for an NBA season . Twyman and Stokes were later named Hall of Famers . 1960–1970 : The Oscar Robertson era .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In 1960 , the team was able to land local superstar Oscar Robertson . Robertson led a team that included Twyman , Wayne Embry , Bob Boozer , Bucky Bockhorn , Tom Hawkins and Adrian Smith over the next three seasons . The Royals reversed their fortunes with Robertson and rose to title contender . An ownership dispute in early 1963 scuttled the teams playoff chances when new owner Louis Jacobs booked a circus for Cincinnati Gardens for the week of the playoff series versus the champion Boston Celtics . The Royals home games were at Xavier Universitys Schmidt Field",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "House .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In late 1963 , another local superstar , Jerry Lucas , joined the team . The Royals rose to the second-best record in the NBA . From 1963 to 1966 , the Royals contended strongly against Boston and the Philadelphia 76ers , but won no titles . In the 1964 NBA draft the Royals drafted rookies George Wilson , Bill Chmielewski , Steve Courtin ( later traded to 76ers ) , and Happy Hairston . The teams star players throughout the 1960s were Oscar Robertson and Jerry Lucas . Robertson met with individual success , averaging a triple-double in 1961–62",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "and winning the Most Valuable Player award in 1964 . Robertson was a league-leading scorer and passer each season . Lucas was Rookie Of the Year in 1964 , led the league in shooting , and later averaged 20 rebounds per game over four seasons . Both were All-NBA First Team selections multiple times .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The team failed to keep some promising players , though , and played in the tough NBA East division , dominated by the Boston Celtics , even as a Baltimore team played in the West Division for three years , denying the team likely visits to the NBA Finals .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In 1966 , the team was sold to Max and Jeremy Jacobs . That same season , the Royals began playing some of their home games in neutral sites such as Cleveland ( until the Cavaliers began play in 1970 ) , Dayton and Columbus . This did wound their local fan base in Cincinnati , though , and fortunes for the team continued to steadily decline . That year , they would host the 1966 NBA All-Star Game , with Smith scoring 24 points to be named All-Star MVP . As of 2021 , it is the last time",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "that the franchise has hosted an All-Star Game .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " New coach Bob Cousy traded Lucas in 1969 . Robertson was traded to Milwaukee in 1970 , where he immediately won an NBA title . The declining franchise left Cincinnati shortly thereafter , moving to Kansas City in 1972 . 1972–1985 : Kansas City–Omaha/Kansas City Kings . After moving to Kansas City , the Royals renamed themselves the Kings to avoid confusion with the Royals baseball team . Now dubbed the Kansas City-Omaha Kings , the team split its home games between the 7,316-seat Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City and the 9,300-seat Omaha Civic Auditorium .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Cincinnati Royals had been looking at Omaha as a market as early as 1968 , playing twelve home games in the Nebraska city from 1968 to 1971 . From 1972 to 1975 , the KC–Omaha Kings played a total of 42 regular season contests ( but no playoff games ) in Omaha . In 1975 , the club became simply the Kansas City Kings ( moving into the new 16,785-seat Kemper Arena the previous season ) , but did not abandon Omaha completely , playing several games there through the 1977–78 season . For the next two seasons ,",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "they played several home games at St . Louis .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " 1972–1976 . The team netted a new superstar in point guard Nate Archibald , who led the league in scoring and assists in the 1972–73 season .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "While still in Cincinnati , the team introduced a most unusual uniform design , which placed the players surname below his number . The design remained intact through the first several seasons of the teams run in Sacramento , even when the shade of blue on the road uniforms was changed from royal blue to powder blue , and the script Kansas City which adorned the road jerseys was scrubbed after the move in favor of a repeat of the Kings script on the home shirts . The Kings back jersey template was later adopted by the WNBA and the",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "NBA Development League , as well the NBA during the All-Star Game since 2006 .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Kings had some decent players throughout . Tom Van Arsdale , the shooting forward , Jumpin Johnny Green , and Matt Guokas helped Archibald in the first year in Kansas City . Toby Kimball was a fan favorite . Jimmy Walker teamed with Archibald as the Kings made the playoffs the second year . Sam Lacey , an effective passing center , became one of the most dependable players in the league . Archibald became the first player to lead the league in scoring and assists in the first season in Kansas City . However , the management traded",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Archibald , and wasted high draft picks . Bob Cousy gave way to Phil Johnson , who was fired midyear in 1977 and replaced by Larry Staverman , a player on the team on two separate occasions when it was in Cincinnati and who later became the vice president of operations for the Cleveland Stadium Corporation in June 1981 .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Kings finally achieved some success in their new home when they hired Cotton Fitzsimmons as coach . Fitzsimmons won the Midwest Division in 1978–79 with rookie point guard Phil Ford , who was NBA Rookie of the Year in 1979 . Kansas City was led by shooting guard Otis Birdsong , strong on both offense and defense , all-around shooting forward Scott Wedman , and passing center Sam Lacey , who had a trademark bank shot . They drew an average of 10,789 fans to Kemper Arena that season , the only time during their tenure in KC that",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "average attendance was in five figures ( the attendance at the peak was only two-thirds of Kempers capacity ) . The Kings later played several home games in St . Louis during the early 1980s to large crowds . Most Kansas City sports fans preferred to spend their entertainment dollar on the Royals , who won the American League West division championship four times in five seasons between 1976 and 1980 , and reached the 1980 World Series .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Kings made the playoffs in 1979–80 and again in 1980–81 , despite finishing the 1980–81 regular season at . The Kings made a run in the 1981 NBA Playoffs , reaching the Western Conference finals ; these were the franchises first playoff victories since 1964 , and their only ones ever in Kansas City . Ernie Grunfeld played the point in this run in place of an injured Ford , as KC used a slow half-court game to win the first two rounds . Power forward Reggie King had a remarkable series , dominating the opposition . After upsetting",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "the Phoenix Suns by winning Game 7 at Phoenix in the Conference Semifinals and becoming the second NBA road team to do so after leading a series 3–1 , they bowed out to the Houston Rockets ( also 40–42 in the regular season ) in five games in the Conference Finals . Lacey , the last remaining Cincinnati Royal to play for the Kings , could not keep up with Rockets superstar center Moses Malone . ( The Kings did not win another playoff series for two decades. )",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "However , a series of bad luck incidents prevented the team from building on its success . Cleveland Cavaliers owner Ted Stepien lured Wedman and Birdsong away with big contract offers . In 1979 , the roof literally fell in at Kemper Arena because of a severe storm , forcing the team to play most of the 1979–80 season at the much smaller Municipal Auditorium . The ownership group sold the team to Sacramento interests for $11 million . The general manager was fired in a scandal in which he was found to be reusing marked postage stamps . When",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "the Kings rehired Joe Axelson as general manager , they brought back the man who had previously traded Oscar Robertson , Norm Van Lier , Nate Archibald and Jerry Lucas , and used the third pick in the ABA dispersal draft on Ron Boone . Axelson stayed on after the Kings left Kansas City where , in their last game ever , fans wore Joe Axelson masks . Axelson later said he hoped his plane would never touch down in Kansas City .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Axelson became the first general manager in the history of sports to fail with the same franchise in four cities : Cincinnati , Kansas City , Omaha and Sacramento . He was not fired for good until he rehired coach Phil Johnson , whom he had fired in mid-season in Kansas City ten years before . The Kings also had the misfortune of entering this period competing with the Kansas City Comets for the winter sports dollar , when the Comets were led by marketers—the Leiweke brothers . Their final season in 1984–85 resulted in a record , as fans",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "stayed away from Kemper Arena in droves , with average attendance of 6,410 . Long-time ABA and NBA star , Don Buse , played his final professional season for the Kings .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Ownership began looking for a new home for the team . Poor attendance and lack of sponsorship dollars ( the team was third in sports market share by a significant margin behind the NFLs Chiefs and MLBs Royals ) were the main reasons . Also , Kansas City had a much stronger following for the Kansas Jayhawks college basketball team than they did the NBAs Kings . Seeing the success the NBA was having in fast-growing cities with no NFL or MLB teams like Portland , Oregon , Salt Lake City , Utah , and San Antonio , Texas ,",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "it was decided the team would move to Sacramento , California , a fast-growing city with no competition from the NFL or MLB . The NBA unanimously approved the move , with the caveat that Sacramento had to have an NBA-ready arena finished within three years or the team was free to move again with no penalty .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Kings moved to their current home of Sacramento , California in the 1985–86 NBA season , with their first Sacramento season ending in the first round of the Western Conference 1986 NBA Playoffs . The starting lineup was Reggie Theus , LaSalle Thompson , Mark Olberding , Terry Tyler , and Mike Woodson , with Larry Drew , Eddie Johnson , Otis Thorpe , and Joe Kleine coming off the bench . However , despite fan loyalty the Kings saw little success in subsequent seasons , and the team did not make the playoffs again until the 1996 NBA",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Playoffs in the 1995–96 NBA season . Some of their failure was attributable to misfortunes such as the career-altering car crash suffered by promising point guard Bobby Hurley in 1993 , and the suicide of Ricky Berry during the 1989 off-season ; some was attributed to poor management such as the long tenure of head coach Garry St . Jean and the selection of Never Nervous Pervis Ellison with the first overall pick in the 1989 NBA draft . Former Kings television broadcaster Jerry Reynolds ( 1987 , 1988–90 ) and NBA legend Bill Russell ( 1987–88 ) were the",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "earliest head coaches .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Ricky Berry was selected by the Kings in the first round , 18th pick overall in the 1988 NBA draft . He had a dazzling rookie year in the 1988–89 season shooting 40.6% from three-point range . The Kings also drafted Vinny Del Negro ( selected by the Kings in the second round , 29th overall pick in the 1988 NBA draft ) and acquired Rodney McCray from the Houston Rockets . In his first year with the Kings , McCray made 1988 NBA All-Defensive First Team . It was the first season the Kings would play without Reggie Theus",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "and LaSalle Thompson ( both part in the original team from Kansas City ) or Joe Kleine ( selected by the Kings as first round , sixth pick overall in the 1985 NBA draft ) . Thompson was drafted by the Kings in the first round , fifth overall pick in the 1982 NBA draft . It was also the last year that Michael Jackson ( selected by the New York Knicks in the second round , 47th pick overall in the 1986 NBA draft but who played his entire career with the Kings ) and Ed Pinckney ( selected",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "10th overall by the Phoenix Suns in the 1985 NBA draft and played for the Kings from 1987 to 1989 ) played for the Kings . On February 23 , 1989 , Brad Lohaus and Danny Ainge were traded to the Kings from the Boston Celtics for Joe Kleine and Ed Pinckney . In June of the 1989 off-season , Lohaus was then acquired by the Minnesota Timberwolves in the 1989 NBA Expansion Draft . In August of the 1989 off-season , Berry was found dead from a self-inflicted gunshot wound at his home in Fair Oaks , California just",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "weeks before his 25th birthday following an argument with his wife .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Following the loss of Ricky Berry , 1989–90 season featured Pervis Ellison , who was first overall pick in the 1989 NBA draft by the Kings , and acquisition Wayman Tisdale ( from the Indiana Pacers , second pick overall in the 1985 NBA draft ) . An injury kept Ellison on the sidelines for 48 of 82 games of his rookie year , after which he was traded to the Washington Bullets . Tisdale would go on to play for the Kings for five years . It was the last season that Danny Ainge , Kenny Smith ( who",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "had an impressive showing in the 1990 NBA Slam Dunk Contest ) , Rodney McCray , Harold Pressley ( selected by the Kings in the first round , 17th overall pick in the 1986 NBA draft ) , Vinny Del Negro , Greg Kite , and Ralph Sampson played for the Kings . In 1990 , Ainge was traded to the Portland Trail Blazers , Kenny Smith was traded to the Atlanta Hawks , and Rodney McCray was traded to the Dallas Mavericks .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Lionel Simmons – or L-Train – was drafted by the Kings in the 1990 NBA draft in the first round , 7th pick overall . In his first season , he made the NBA All-Rookie First Team . He would go on to play his entire career ( 1990–1997 ) with the Kings and had 5,833 career points . Antoine Carr ( acquired from the Atlanta Hawks ) played for the Kings in the 1990–91 NBA season and then was traded to the San Antonio Spurs . Free-agent Leon Wood , who would later become an NBA official , played",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "for the Kings but was let go on Christmas Eve of 1990 . Also notable that Bill Wennington was acquired from the Dallas Mavericks and played for the Kings for the 1990–91 season and after a successful career with the Chicago Bulls returned to the Kings for his final season in 1999–2000 .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The early 1990s were difficult for the Kings . Sacramento was known for having strong fan support , and while they won over 60% of their home games , the team struggled on the road , going 1–40 on the road in a single season . But prayers were answered when they acquired Mitch Richmond , who previously played for the Golden State Warriors . The former NBA Rookie of the Year was selected as an All-Star six times while making the All-NBA Second Team three times . Garry St . Jean was chosen as new coach in 1992 and",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "coached the team all the way through 1997 , where he was replaced by Eddie Jordan .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "During the 1990s , Sacramento had other stars like Spud Webb , Kurt Rambis , Wayman Tisdale , Walt Williams , Olden Polynice and Brian Grant , but they only lasted with the team for a few years . After the 1992–93 season , Rambis was traded to the Los Angeles Lakers . After the 1993–94 season , Tisdale was traded to the Phoenix Suns . After the 1994–95 season , Webb was traded to the Atlanta Hawks for Tyrone Corbin . Midway through the 1995–96 season , Williams was traded to the Miami Heat for Billy Owens ( who",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "was drafted by the Kings in 1991 , and traded to Golden State for Richmond ) . After the 1996–97 season , Grant became a free agent and signed with the Portland Trail Blazers .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "One accomplishment the team achieved under St . Jean during their tenures was a playoff appearance in 1996 . The series was lost 3–1 to the Seattle SuperSonics who , led by Gary Payton and Shawn Kemp , finished as that years conference champions . They did not make a playoff appearance again while Richmond was still on the Kings . He was soon traded along with Otis Thorpe to the Washington Wizards for Chris Webber in May 1998 . Although Richmond was lost , this trade proved to be one of the keys to finally achieving playoff success after",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "so many seasons of mediocrity .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " 1998–2004 : The Greatest Show on Court era . The Kings drafted Jason Williams in the 1998 NBA draft , signed Vlade Divac , and traded for Chris Webber prior to the lockout-shortened season of 1998–99 . These acquisitions coincided with the arrival of Peja Stojaković from Serbia , who had been drafted in 1996 . Each of these moves was attributed to general manager Geoff Petrie , who has won the NBA Executive of the Year Award twice .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Led by new head coach Rick Adelman , and aided by former Princeton head coach Pete Carril , the Kings Princeton offense impressed others for its quick style and strong ball movement . Some criticized the Kings for their poor team defense , Williamss flash over substance style with its many turnovers , and Webbers failure to step up in important match-ups . Still , they quickly garnered many fans outside of California , many of whom were drawn to the spectacular pairing of Williams and Webber . In 1998–99 , they went 27–23 , their first winning season in",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "nearly twenty years and their first since moving to Sacramento . The new arrivals Webber , Williams , and Divac all played key roles in this resurgence ; Divac ranked near the top of the team in most statistics , Webber led the league in rebounds and was named to the All-NBA Second Team , and Williams was named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team . In the playoffs , they were matched up against the defending Western Conference Champions , the Utah Jazz . After winning Game 1 by 20 points , the Jazz surrendered two consecutive playoff games",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "to the Kings . They would turn the series around , however , and win the last two to keep the Kings from advancing in the playoffs .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " In 1999–2000 , the Kings only notable transaction was trading shooting guard Tariq Abdul-Wahad to the Orlando Magic in exchange for shooting guard Nick Anderson . They finished eighth in the Western Conference with a 44–38 record and were matched up with the Los Angeles Lakers in the first round of the playoffs . Once again , however , the Kings failed to advance , losing the series 2–3 against the Lakers .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The following season , the Kings traded starting small forward Corliss Williamson to the Toronto Raptors for shooting guard Doug Christie , a move made to improve the subpar defense . They also drafted Turkish power forward Hedo Türkoğlu , further improving their bench rotation . Stojakovic moved into the starting small forward role , where he and Webber proved to complement each other extremely well , and as the Kings continued to improve , their popularity steadily rose , culminating in a February 2001 Sports Illustrated cover story entitled The Greatest Show on Court with Williams , Christie ,",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Stojakovic , Webber , and Divac gracing the cover . That year , they went 55–27 , their best in 40 years . In the playoffs , they won their first series in 20 years , defeating the Phoenix Suns three games to one , before being swept in the second round by the Lakers , who eventually won the NBA Championship .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In July 2001 , Jason Williams was traded , along with Nick Anderson , to the Vancouver Grizzlies for Mike Bibby and Brent Price . Despite Williamss often spectacular play , the Kings had grown tired of his recklessness and turnovers ; Bibby would provide much more stability and control at the point guard position . This move was complemented by the re-signing of Webber to a maximum-salary contract , securing their superstar long term . With Bibby taking over for Williams , they had their best season to date in 2001–02 . Though not as exciting or flashy as",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "they had been in previous years with Williams , the team became much more effective and disciplined with Bibby at the helm . They finished with a league-best record of 61–21 , winning 36 of 41 at home . After easily winning their first two playoff matchups against the Stockton and Malone-led Jazz and the Dirk Nowitzki-led Dallas Mavericks , respectively , the Kings went on to play the archrival and two-time defending champion Los Angeles Lakers in the Western Conference Finals , regarded as one of the greatest playoff matchups in history . In a controversial series , the",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Kings lost in seven games , one game away from what would have been the first NBA Finals and professional sports championship in Sacramento history . This was a crushing blow to the Kings ; after losing to their archrivals in a highly controversial series , the team would begin to decline and age in the years that followed . Many commentators and journalists would question the decisions made by the referees during Game 6 , specifically that the Lakers were awarded a staggering 27 free throws in the fourth quarter , many of which came from what were in",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "retrospect proved to be no-calls . Following Game 6 even print newspapers began to question the legitimacy of the game . Most notably , the New York Post ran a front cover with a headline entitled Foul Play ; it also published a related article suggesting that the game was rigged . NBA analyst David Aldridge ( then working for ESPN ) spoke on the game :",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The 2002 Western Conference finals left many fans wondering whether the Kings could have gone on to win a title , and debate would continue for many years after the events of the series . Later , due to allegations raised by former NBA referee Tim Donaghy , the NBA set up a review of the leagues officiating . Lawrence Pedowitz , who led the review , concluded that while Game 6 featured poor officiating , there was no concrete evidence that the game had been fixed .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The Kings went 59–23 and won the division during the following season , seeking to avenge their playoff loss to the Lakers . After defeating the Stockton- and Malone-led Jazz in the first round and winning Game 1 against the Dirk Nowitzki-led Dallas Mavericks in the second round , the Kings appeared to be on the brink of another Western Conference Finals berth . However , Chris Webber sustained a major knee injury in Game 2 , and the Kings lost in a seven-game series . Webbers knee required major surgery . He returned mid-season in 2003–04 a season in",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "which the Kings were seeking another chance to avenge their playoff loss to the Lakers , but without his quickness and athleticism , which had been the focal point of his style of play , it was not the same . Despite that , the Kings still managed to defeat the Dirk Nowitzki-led Dallas Mavericks in the first round and after winning Game 1 against the Kevin Garnett-led Minnesota Timberwolves in the second round , the Kings appeared to be on the brink of their second Western Conference Finals berth in three years , but the Kings ended the season",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "with a defeat to the Timberwolves in a seven-game series .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The 2004–05 season marked change for the Kings , who lost three starters from the famed 2002 team . In the off-season of 2004 , Divac signed with the Lakers , which prompted the Kings to sign Brad Miller to start at center . Early in the season , Christie was traded to the Orlando Magic for Cuttino Mobley , and in February , Webber was traded to the Philadelphia 76ers for three forwards ( Corliss Williamson , Kenny Thomas , and Brian Skinner ) . Thomas and Skinner failed in their attempt to replicate Webbers impact , and as",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "a result the teams record suffered . The Kings lost in the first round of the playoffs to the Seattle SuperSonics . The 2005 off-season continued with changes , when they traded fan-favorite Bobby Jackson for Bonzi Wells and acquired free agent Shareef Abdur-Rahim .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "The 2005–06 season started poorly since the Kings had a hard time establishing team chemistry . Newcomers Wells and Abdur-Rahim made major contributions early , but both were injured and missed a significant number of games . As the Kings season continued , general manager Petrie decided to make a major move . Stojakovic was traded for Ron Artest , a talented yet volatile forward known for his temper . Despite doubts that he would be able to replace the huge production of Stojakovic , Artest and the Kings went 20–9 after the 2006 NBA All-Star break , the second",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "best post-All-Star break record that season . Despite a winning record of 44–38 , it was clear that they were not the same team of years past . The Kings were seeded 8th in the Western Conference playoffs and were matched up in the first round against the San Antonio Spurs . Though the Kings were surprisingly competitive , the Spurs eliminated them 4–2 . This was the end of their era of competitiveness and to date , their last winning season and their last playoff season . The 2006 off-season began with the disturbing news that head coach Rick",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Adelmans contract would not be renewed . The Kings named Eric Musselman as his replacement .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In 2006–07 , the disappointing play of the Kings was coupled with the distraction of legal troubles . Coach Eric Musselman pleaded no contest to DUI charges early in the season , while Artest got into trouble for neglect of his dogs , and was later accused of domestic assault . The Kings relieved Artest of basketball duties , pending investigation , then later reinstated him . They finished the season 33–49 ( their worst in 9 years ) which landed them in fifth place in the Pacific Division . They posted a losing record ( 20–21 ) at home",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "for the first time since 1993–94 . Their season included a seven-game losing streak that lasted from January 4 to 19 . The Kings missed the 2007 NBA Playoffs , the first time in eight seasons . Musselman was fired in April . The Kings future appeared to rest on the shoulders of Kevin Martin , who was a lead candidate for 2007 NBA Most-Improved Player of the Year .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The 2007 off-season was a time of change . Head coach Musselman was replaced by former Kings player , Reggie Theus . The Kings selected Spencer Hawes with the 10th overall pick in the 2007 NBA draft . In addition , they acquired Mikki Moore from the New Jersey Nets . Martin signed a contract worth $55 million , extending his period with the team for five more years . The Kings lost key players over the off-season , with backup Ronnie Price leaving for the Utah Jazz , and Corliss Williamson retiring .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "They claimed fourth-year Beno Udrih off waivers from Minnesota . Udrih quickly assumed the starting position for an injured Bibby . It was announced in February that the Kings had traded Bibby to the Atlanta Hawks for Tyronn Lue , Anthony Johnson , Shelden Williams , Lorenzen Wright and a 2nd round draft pick . The move was presumably made to clear cap space . Bibby had been the last player from the Kings team that reached the Western Conference Finals in 2002 .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The Kings improved by five games and finished the 2007–08 season 38–44 , and missed the playoffs by a bigger margin ( 12 games ) than the previous season ( 8 games ) . They went 26–15 at home and 12–29 on the road . After selling out every home game since 1999 , the 2007–08 season sold out only three games at ARCO Arena with attendance averaging 13,500 fans per home game , almost 4,000 below capacity .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Following a quiet 2008 off-season , it was confirmed on July 29 , 2008 , that the Kings would trade Artest and the rights to Patrick Ewing Jr . and Sean Singletary to the Houston Rockets in exchange for former King Bobby Jackson , Donté Greene , a future first-round draft pick , and cash considerations for Rashad McCants and center Calvin Booth .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " Reggie Theus was fired in the middle of the 2008–09 season , giving way to Kenny Natt as the interim head coach . The Kings continued to struggle under Natt , ending up with the NBAs worst record for the 2008–09 season at 17–65 . On April 23 , 2009 , Kings Vice President Geoff Petrie announced the firing of Natt and his four assistants , Rex Kalamian , Jason Hamm , Randy Brown and Bubba Burrage . 2009–2012 : Here we Rise period .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Despite having the best odds to win the top overall pick in the 2009 NBA draft , the Kings obtained the 4th overall pick , the lowest they could possibly pick , to the outrage of many fans . Along with new head coach Paul Westphal , they selected Tyreke Evans . With the 23rd pick , they selected Omri Casspi from Israel .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " On April 27 , 2010 , Evans was the first Sacramento-era player to receive the NBA Rookie of the Year Award . Evans also became the 4th player in NBA history , joining Oscar Robertson , Michael Jordan , and LeBron James , to average 20 points , 5 rebounds , and 5 assists per game as a rookie . On June 24 , 2010 , the Kings selected DeMarcus Cousins with the 5th pick of the 2010 NBA draft . They also selected Hassan Whiteside , with the 33rd pick of the 2010 NBA draft .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "Despite the excellent play of Cousins and Evans , both of whom were front-runners in Rookie of the Year voting and received All-Rookie First Team honors , the Kings still ranked near the bottom of the NBA , going 25–57 in Evans rookie year , and 24–58 in Cousins rookie year . Much of this was due to the poor fit of the roster around Evans and Cousins , and the uninspired coaching of Westphal .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": " The 2010–11 season was marked with uncertainty towards the end of the season . Frustrated by the lack of progress towards an arena and dwindling profits from other businesses , the Maloofs sought an immediate relocation of the franchise to Anaheim . The move seemed certain towards the end of the year , with Grant Napear and Jerry Reynolds emotionally signing off at the final home game vs . the Los Angeles Lakers . But after a vote by the NBA Board of Governors , the relocation effort was ended , to the glee of the fans .",
"title": "Franchise history"
},
{
"text": "In the 2011 NBA draft the Kings traded for the draft rights of Jimmer Fredette in a three-team deal with the Charlotte Bobcats and the Milwaukee Bucks , with the Kings receiving John Salmons sending Beno Udrih . This move was heavily panned by fans and media ; by moving down in the draft and losing longtime starter Udrih for the unproductive Salmons , most found it difficult to find a bright spot in the deal . Westphal would shortly be fired , with Warriors assistant Keith Smart hired as his replacement . Around this time , the team took",
"title": "Franchise history"
}
] |
/wiki/Milan_Metro_Line_2#P559#0
|
What was the terminus of Milan Metro Line 2 between Mar 1971 and Sep 1971?
|
Milan Metro Line 2 Line 2 ( Linea Due in Italian ) , is a subway line serving Milan , Italy , operated by ATM as part of the Milan Metro . It is also called the Green Line , ( Linea Verde in Italian ) , as it is visually identified by green signs . The line runs from the southern to the north-eastern neighborhoods passing through the city centre , serving the north-eastern metropolitan area with two different branches . The line is long and has 35 stations . Line 2 is the longest line of the Milan Metro and is the only one running partially overground . The branch to Cologno Nord runs mostly on viaducts , while those to Assago and Gessate run on the surface . The line has the southernmost and easternmost stations on the network ( Assago Forum and Gessate ) . History . The first part of the line , from Caiazzo to Cascina Gobba , was opened on September 1969 . The interurban sections of Line 2 were originally built as part of a fast tramway , the Linee celeri dellAdda ( Adda fast lines ) , opened in 1968 from Cimiano up to Gorgonzola . After few years , in 1972 , the section was included in the newly born Metro line . The same section was extended in 1985 up to Gessate , the present terminus . Route . The line , 40.4-kilometre long with 35 stations , has a central section that runs from Cascina Gobba to Famagosta , and forks at both ends . The North branch runs from Cologno Sud to Cologno Nord , the North-East branch runs from Vimodrone to Gessate , the South-East branch consists of the Abbiategrasso station , the South branch runs from Assago Milanofiori Nord to Assago Milanofiori Forum . Rolling stock . There are 2 types of trains in service on the line . The first type is the ET245 , which was introduced in 1969 with the opening of the line and was the first train operated on Line 2 . ET245 are formed by three-car consists , with Bo-Bo powered units at both ends and a car between them ; normally , two consists are coupled to form a single train . This series came in two different versions for urban and suburban routes . The first had 8 doors per car and regular seats , while the latter was equipped with only 6 doors per car and more seats . Original ET245 trains are still in service on the line . Of these , some have been renewed in latest years . The second type in operation is the new AnsaldoBreda Meneghino train . The first train was introduced in April 2009 . In 2015 , the 3000 Series Leonardo followed , with the two newer series jointly replacing all the other stock , which is due to be retired by 2020 . Originally , as its own trains were not ready yet , Line 2 provisionally operated with 100/200 Series trains transferred from Line 1 . As the 300/400 Series trains were delivered starting from 1970 , the 100/200 Series trains were moved back to line 1 . The three-doors 300/400 Series trains were manufactured between 1970 and 1981 , and in 1985 the 350 Series was introduced , which was an improved version of the earlier 300 Series with four doors instead of three . 350 Series trains were produced in 2 batches between 1985 and 1991 . In 1987 the 500 Series was introduced , consisting of three experimental trains designed to test the new GTO-VVVF inverters that were to equip Line 3s 8000 Series . Planned extensions . An extension on the north from Cologno to Vimercate is planned . The new section was expected to be completed by 2015 , before the Expo , but works were halted due to lack of funds . Bibliography . - Giorgio Meregalli : Gli impianti ferroviari della linea 2 della metropolitana di Milano . In : ″Ingegneria Ferroviaria″ , May 1971 , p . 469–492 . References . - Milan Metro Network Map - Milan Metro in Figures
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Line 2 ( Linea Due in Italian ) , is a subway line serving Milan , Italy , operated by ATM as part of the Milan Metro . It is also called the Green Line , ( Linea Verde in Italian ) , as it is visually identified by green signs .",
"title": "Milan Metro Line 2"
},
{
"text": "The line runs from the southern to the north-eastern neighborhoods passing through the city centre , serving the north-eastern metropolitan area with two different branches . The line is long and has 35 stations . Line 2 is the longest line of the Milan Metro and is the only one running partially overground . The branch to Cologno Nord runs mostly on viaducts , while those to Assago and Gessate run on the surface .",
"title": "Milan Metro Line 2"
},
{
"text": " The line has the southernmost and easternmost stations on the network ( Assago Forum and Gessate ) .",
"title": "Milan Metro Line 2"
},
{
"text": " The first part of the line , from Caiazzo to Cascina Gobba , was opened on September 1969 . The interurban sections of Line 2 were originally built as part of a fast tramway , the Linee celeri dellAdda ( Adda fast lines ) , opened in 1968 from Cimiano up to Gorgonzola . After few years , in 1972 , the section was included in the newly born Metro line . The same section was extended in 1985 up to Gessate , the present terminus .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The line , 40.4-kilometre long with 35 stations , has a central section that runs from Cascina Gobba to Famagosta , and forks at both ends . The North branch runs from Cologno Sud to Cologno Nord , the North-East branch runs from Vimodrone to Gessate , the South-East branch consists of the Abbiategrasso station , the South branch runs from Assago Milanofiori Nord to Assago Milanofiori Forum .",
"title": "Route"
},
{
"text": " There are 2 types of trains in service on the line . The first type is the ET245 , which was introduced in 1969 with the opening of the line and was the first train operated on Line 2 . ET245 are formed by three-car consists , with Bo-Bo powered units at both ends and a car between them ; normally , two consists are coupled to form a single train .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": "This series came in two different versions for urban and suburban routes . The first had 8 doors per car and regular seats , while the latter was equipped with only 6 doors per car and more seats .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": " Original ET245 trains are still in service on the line . Of these , some have been renewed in latest years . The second type in operation is the new AnsaldoBreda Meneghino train . The first train was introduced in April 2009 . In 2015 , the 3000 Series Leonardo followed , with the two newer series jointly replacing all the other stock , which is due to be retired by 2020 . Originally , as its own trains were not ready yet , Line 2 provisionally operated with 100/200 Series trains transferred from Line 1 .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": "As the 300/400 Series trains were delivered starting from 1970 , the 100/200 Series trains were moved back to line 1 .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": " The three-doors 300/400 Series trains were manufactured between 1970 and 1981 , and in 1985 the 350 Series was introduced , which was an improved version of the earlier 300 Series with four doors instead of three . 350 Series trains were produced in 2 batches between 1985 and 1991 . In 1987 the 500 Series was introduced , consisting of three experimental trains designed to test the new GTO-VVVF inverters that were to equip Line 3s 8000 Series .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": " An extension on the north from Cologno to Vimercate is planned . The new section was expected to be completed by 2015 , before the Expo , but works were halted due to lack of funds .",
"title": "Planned extensions"
},
{
"text": " - Giorgio Meregalli : Gli impianti ferroviari della linea 2 della metropolitana di Milano . In : ″Ingegneria Ferroviaria″ , May 1971 , p . 469–492 .",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - Milan Metro Network Map - Milan Metro in Figures",
"title": "References"
}
] |
/wiki/Milan_Metro_Line_2#P559#1
|
What was the terminus of Milan Metro Line 2 between Jan 1973 and Mar 1978?
|
Milan Metro Line 2 Line 2 ( Linea Due in Italian ) , is a subway line serving Milan , Italy , operated by ATM as part of the Milan Metro . It is also called the Green Line , ( Linea Verde in Italian ) , as it is visually identified by green signs . The line runs from the southern to the north-eastern neighborhoods passing through the city centre , serving the north-eastern metropolitan area with two different branches . The line is long and has 35 stations . Line 2 is the longest line of the Milan Metro and is the only one running partially overground . The branch to Cologno Nord runs mostly on viaducts , while those to Assago and Gessate run on the surface . The line has the southernmost and easternmost stations on the network ( Assago Forum and Gessate ) . History . The first part of the line , from Caiazzo to Cascina Gobba , was opened on September 1969 . The interurban sections of Line 2 were originally built as part of a fast tramway , the Linee celeri dellAdda ( Adda fast lines ) , opened in 1968 from Cimiano up to Gorgonzola . After few years , in 1972 , the section was included in the newly born Metro line . The same section was extended in 1985 up to Gessate , the present terminus . Route . The line , 40.4-kilometre long with 35 stations , has a central section that runs from Cascina Gobba to Famagosta , and forks at both ends . The North branch runs from Cologno Sud to Cologno Nord , the North-East branch runs from Vimodrone to Gessate , the South-East branch consists of the Abbiategrasso station , the South branch runs from Assago Milanofiori Nord to Assago Milanofiori Forum . Rolling stock . There are 2 types of trains in service on the line . The first type is the ET245 , which was introduced in 1969 with the opening of the line and was the first train operated on Line 2 . ET245 are formed by three-car consists , with Bo-Bo powered units at both ends and a car between them ; normally , two consists are coupled to form a single train . This series came in two different versions for urban and suburban routes . The first had 8 doors per car and regular seats , while the latter was equipped with only 6 doors per car and more seats . Original ET245 trains are still in service on the line . Of these , some have been renewed in latest years . The second type in operation is the new AnsaldoBreda Meneghino train . The first train was introduced in April 2009 . In 2015 , the 3000 Series Leonardo followed , with the two newer series jointly replacing all the other stock , which is due to be retired by 2020 . Originally , as its own trains were not ready yet , Line 2 provisionally operated with 100/200 Series trains transferred from Line 1 . As the 300/400 Series trains were delivered starting from 1970 , the 100/200 Series trains were moved back to line 1 . The three-doors 300/400 Series trains were manufactured between 1970 and 1981 , and in 1985 the 350 Series was introduced , which was an improved version of the earlier 300 Series with four doors instead of three . 350 Series trains were produced in 2 batches between 1985 and 1991 . In 1987 the 500 Series was introduced , consisting of three experimental trains designed to test the new GTO-VVVF inverters that were to equip Line 3s 8000 Series . Planned extensions . An extension on the north from Cologno to Vimercate is planned . The new section was expected to be completed by 2015 , before the Expo , but works were halted due to lack of funds . Bibliography . - Giorgio Meregalli : Gli impianti ferroviari della linea 2 della metropolitana di Milano . In : ″Ingegneria Ferroviaria″ , May 1971 , p . 469–492 . References . - Milan Metro Network Map - Milan Metro in Figures
|
[
"Gorgonzola"
] |
[
{
"text": " Line 2 ( Linea Due in Italian ) , is a subway line serving Milan , Italy , operated by ATM as part of the Milan Metro . It is also called the Green Line , ( Linea Verde in Italian ) , as it is visually identified by green signs .",
"title": "Milan Metro Line 2"
},
{
"text": "The line runs from the southern to the north-eastern neighborhoods passing through the city centre , serving the north-eastern metropolitan area with two different branches . The line is long and has 35 stations . Line 2 is the longest line of the Milan Metro and is the only one running partially overground . The branch to Cologno Nord runs mostly on viaducts , while those to Assago and Gessate run on the surface .",
"title": "Milan Metro Line 2"
},
{
"text": " The line has the southernmost and easternmost stations on the network ( Assago Forum and Gessate ) .",
"title": "Milan Metro Line 2"
},
{
"text": " The first part of the line , from Caiazzo to Cascina Gobba , was opened on September 1969 . The interurban sections of Line 2 were originally built as part of a fast tramway , the Linee celeri dellAdda ( Adda fast lines ) , opened in 1968 from Cimiano up to Gorgonzola . After few years , in 1972 , the section was included in the newly born Metro line . The same section was extended in 1985 up to Gessate , the present terminus .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The line , 40.4-kilometre long with 35 stations , has a central section that runs from Cascina Gobba to Famagosta , and forks at both ends . The North branch runs from Cologno Sud to Cologno Nord , the North-East branch runs from Vimodrone to Gessate , the South-East branch consists of the Abbiategrasso station , the South branch runs from Assago Milanofiori Nord to Assago Milanofiori Forum .",
"title": "Route"
},
{
"text": " There are 2 types of trains in service on the line . The first type is the ET245 , which was introduced in 1969 with the opening of the line and was the first train operated on Line 2 . ET245 are formed by three-car consists , with Bo-Bo powered units at both ends and a car between them ; normally , two consists are coupled to form a single train .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": "This series came in two different versions for urban and suburban routes . The first had 8 doors per car and regular seats , while the latter was equipped with only 6 doors per car and more seats .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": " Original ET245 trains are still in service on the line . Of these , some have been renewed in latest years . The second type in operation is the new AnsaldoBreda Meneghino train . The first train was introduced in April 2009 . In 2015 , the 3000 Series Leonardo followed , with the two newer series jointly replacing all the other stock , which is due to be retired by 2020 . Originally , as its own trains were not ready yet , Line 2 provisionally operated with 100/200 Series trains transferred from Line 1 .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": "As the 300/400 Series trains were delivered starting from 1970 , the 100/200 Series trains were moved back to line 1 .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": " The three-doors 300/400 Series trains were manufactured between 1970 and 1981 , and in 1985 the 350 Series was introduced , which was an improved version of the earlier 300 Series with four doors instead of three . 350 Series trains were produced in 2 batches between 1985 and 1991 . In 1987 the 500 Series was introduced , consisting of three experimental trains designed to test the new GTO-VVVF inverters that were to equip Line 3s 8000 Series .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": " An extension on the north from Cologno to Vimercate is planned . The new section was expected to be completed by 2015 , before the Expo , but works were halted due to lack of funds .",
"title": "Planned extensions"
},
{
"text": " - Giorgio Meregalli : Gli impianti ferroviari della linea 2 della metropolitana di Milano . In : ″Ingegneria Ferroviaria″ , May 1971 , p . 469–492 .",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - Milan Metro Network Map - Milan Metro in Figures",
"title": "References"
}
] |
/wiki/Milan_Metro_Line_2#P559#2
|
What was the terminus of Milan Metro Line 2 between Feb 1981 and Mar 1981?
|
Milan Metro Line 2 Line 2 ( Linea Due in Italian ) , is a subway line serving Milan , Italy , operated by ATM as part of the Milan Metro . It is also called the Green Line , ( Linea Verde in Italian ) , as it is visually identified by green signs . The line runs from the southern to the north-eastern neighborhoods passing through the city centre , serving the north-eastern metropolitan area with two different branches . The line is long and has 35 stations . Line 2 is the longest line of the Milan Metro and is the only one running partially overground . The branch to Cologno Nord runs mostly on viaducts , while those to Assago and Gessate run on the surface . The line has the southernmost and easternmost stations on the network ( Assago Forum and Gessate ) . History . The first part of the line , from Caiazzo to Cascina Gobba , was opened on September 1969 . The interurban sections of Line 2 were originally built as part of a fast tramway , the Linee celeri dellAdda ( Adda fast lines ) , opened in 1968 from Cimiano up to Gorgonzola . After few years , in 1972 , the section was included in the newly born Metro line . The same section was extended in 1985 up to Gessate , the present terminus . Route . The line , 40.4-kilometre long with 35 stations , has a central section that runs from Cascina Gobba to Famagosta , and forks at both ends . The North branch runs from Cologno Sud to Cologno Nord , the North-East branch runs from Vimodrone to Gessate , the South-East branch consists of the Abbiategrasso station , the South branch runs from Assago Milanofiori Nord to Assago Milanofiori Forum . Rolling stock . There are 2 types of trains in service on the line . The first type is the ET245 , which was introduced in 1969 with the opening of the line and was the first train operated on Line 2 . ET245 are formed by three-car consists , with Bo-Bo powered units at both ends and a car between them ; normally , two consists are coupled to form a single train . This series came in two different versions for urban and suburban routes . The first had 8 doors per car and regular seats , while the latter was equipped with only 6 doors per car and more seats . Original ET245 trains are still in service on the line . Of these , some have been renewed in latest years . The second type in operation is the new AnsaldoBreda Meneghino train . The first train was introduced in April 2009 . In 2015 , the 3000 Series Leonardo followed , with the two newer series jointly replacing all the other stock , which is due to be retired by 2020 . Originally , as its own trains were not ready yet , Line 2 provisionally operated with 100/200 Series trains transferred from Line 1 . As the 300/400 Series trains were delivered starting from 1970 , the 100/200 Series trains were moved back to line 1 . The three-doors 300/400 Series trains were manufactured between 1970 and 1981 , and in 1985 the 350 Series was introduced , which was an improved version of the earlier 300 Series with four doors instead of three . 350 Series trains were produced in 2 batches between 1985 and 1991 . In 1987 the 500 Series was introduced , consisting of three experimental trains designed to test the new GTO-VVVF inverters that were to equip Line 3s 8000 Series . Planned extensions . An extension on the north from Cologno to Vimercate is planned . The new section was expected to be completed by 2015 , before the Expo , but works were halted due to lack of funds . Bibliography . - Giorgio Meregalli : Gli impianti ferroviari della linea 2 della metropolitana di Milano . In : ″Ingegneria Ferroviaria″ , May 1971 , p . 469–492 . References . - Milan Metro Network Map - Milan Metro in Figures
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Line 2 ( Linea Due in Italian ) , is a subway line serving Milan , Italy , operated by ATM as part of the Milan Metro . It is also called the Green Line , ( Linea Verde in Italian ) , as it is visually identified by green signs .",
"title": "Milan Metro Line 2"
},
{
"text": "The line runs from the southern to the north-eastern neighborhoods passing through the city centre , serving the north-eastern metropolitan area with two different branches . The line is long and has 35 stations . Line 2 is the longest line of the Milan Metro and is the only one running partially overground . The branch to Cologno Nord runs mostly on viaducts , while those to Assago and Gessate run on the surface .",
"title": "Milan Metro Line 2"
},
{
"text": " The line has the southernmost and easternmost stations on the network ( Assago Forum and Gessate ) .",
"title": "Milan Metro Line 2"
},
{
"text": " The first part of the line , from Caiazzo to Cascina Gobba , was opened on September 1969 . The interurban sections of Line 2 were originally built as part of a fast tramway , the Linee celeri dellAdda ( Adda fast lines ) , opened in 1968 from Cimiano up to Gorgonzola . After few years , in 1972 , the section was included in the newly born Metro line . The same section was extended in 1985 up to Gessate , the present terminus .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The line , 40.4-kilometre long with 35 stations , has a central section that runs from Cascina Gobba to Famagosta , and forks at both ends . The North branch runs from Cologno Sud to Cologno Nord , the North-East branch runs from Vimodrone to Gessate , the South-East branch consists of the Abbiategrasso station , the South branch runs from Assago Milanofiori Nord to Assago Milanofiori Forum .",
"title": "Route"
},
{
"text": " There are 2 types of trains in service on the line . The first type is the ET245 , which was introduced in 1969 with the opening of the line and was the first train operated on Line 2 . ET245 are formed by three-car consists , with Bo-Bo powered units at both ends and a car between them ; normally , two consists are coupled to form a single train .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": "This series came in two different versions for urban and suburban routes . The first had 8 doors per car and regular seats , while the latter was equipped with only 6 doors per car and more seats .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": " Original ET245 trains are still in service on the line . Of these , some have been renewed in latest years . The second type in operation is the new AnsaldoBreda Meneghino train . The first train was introduced in April 2009 . In 2015 , the 3000 Series Leonardo followed , with the two newer series jointly replacing all the other stock , which is due to be retired by 2020 . Originally , as its own trains were not ready yet , Line 2 provisionally operated with 100/200 Series trains transferred from Line 1 .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": "As the 300/400 Series trains were delivered starting from 1970 , the 100/200 Series trains were moved back to line 1 .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": " The three-doors 300/400 Series trains were manufactured between 1970 and 1981 , and in 1985 the 350 Series was introduced , which was an improved version of the earlier 300 Series with four doors instead of three . 350 Series trains were produced in 2 batches between 1985 and 1991 . In 1987 the 500 Series was introduced , consisting of three experimental trains designed to test the new GTO-VVVF inverters that were to equip Line 3s 8000 Series .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": " An extension on the north from Cologno to Vimercate is planned . The new section was expected to be completed by 2015 , before the Expo , but works were halted due to lack of funds .",
"title": "Planned extensions"
},
{
"text": " - Giorgio Meregalli : Gli impianti ferroviari della linea 2 della metropolitana di Milano . In : ″Ingegneria Ferroviaria″ , May 1971 , p . 469–492 .",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - Milan Metro Network Map - Milan Metro in Figures",
"title": "References"
}
] |
/wiki/Milan_Metro_Line_2#P559#3
|
What was the terminus of Milan Metro Line 2 in Aug 1983?
|
Milan Metro Line 2 Line 2 ( Linea Due in Italian ) , is a subway line serving Milan , Italy , operated by ATM as part of the Milan Metro . It is also called the Green Line , ( Linea Verde in Italian ) , as it is visually identified by green signs . The line runs from the southern to the north-eastern neighborhoods passing through the city centre , serving the north-eastern metropolitan area with two different branches . The line is long and has 35 stations . Line 2 is the longest line of the Milan Metro and is the only one running partially overground . The branch to Cologno Nord runs mostly on viaducts , while those to Assago and Gessate run on the surface . The line has the southernmost and easternmost stations on the network ( Assago Forum and Gessate ) . History . The first part of the line , from Caiazzo to Cascina Gobba , was opened on September 1969 . The interurban sections of Line 2 were originally built as part of a fast tramway , the Linee celeri dellAdda ( Adda fast lines ) , opened in 1968 from Cimiano up to Gorgonzola . After few years , in 1972 , the section was included in the newly born Metro line . The same section was extended in 1985 up to Gessate , the present terminus . Route . The line , 40.4-kilometre long with 35 stations , has a central section that runs from Cascina Gobba to Famagosta , and forks at both ends . The North branch runs from Cologno Sud to Cologno Nord , the North-East branch runs from Vimodrone to Gessate , the South-East branch consists of the Abbiategrasso station , the South branch runs from Assago Milanofiori Nord to Assago Milanofiori Forum . Rolling stock . There are 2 types of trains in service on the line . The first type is the ET245 , which was introduced in 1969 with the opening of the line and was the first train operated on Line 2 . ET245 are formed by three-car consists , with Bo-Bo powered units at both ends and a car between them ; normally , two consists are coupled to form a single train . This series came in two different versions for urban and suburban routes . The first had 8 doors per car and regular seats , while the latter was equipped with only 6 doors per car and more seats . Original ET245 trains are still in service on the line . Of these , some have been renewed in latest years . The second type in operation is the new AnsaldoBreda Meneghino train . The first train was introduced in April 2009 . In 2015 , the 3000 Series Leonardo followed , with the two newer series jointly replacing all the other stock , which is due to be retired by 2020 . Originally , as its own trains were not ready yet , Line 2 provisionally operated with 100/200 Series trains transferred from Line 1 . As the 300/400 Series trains were delivered starting from 1970 , the 100/200 Series trains were moved back to line 1 . The three-doors 300/400 Series trains were manufactured between 1970 and 1981 , and in 1985 the 350 Series was introduced , which was an improved version of the earlier 300 Series with four doors instead of three . 350 Series trains were produced in 2 batches between 1985 and 1991 . In 1987 the 500 Series was introduced , consisting of three experimental trains designed to test the new GTO-VVVF inverters that were to equip Line 3s 8000 Series . Planned extensions . An extension on the north from Cologno to Vimercate is planned . The new section was expected to be completed by 2015 , before the Expo , but works were halted due to lack of funds . Bibliography . - Giorgio Meregalli : Gli impianti ferroviari della linea 2 della metropolitana di Milano . In : ″Ingegneria Ferroviaria″ , May 1971 , p . 469–492 . References . - Milan Metro Network Map - Milan Metro in Figures
|
[
"Cologno Nord"
] |
[
{
"text": " Line 2 ( Linea Due in Italian ) , is a subway line serving Milan , Italy , operated by ATM as part of the Milan Metro . It is also called the Green Line , ( Linea Verde in Italian ) , as it is visually identified by green signs .",
"title": "Milan Metro Line 2"
},
{
"text": "The line runs from the southern to the north-eastern neighborhoods passing through the city centre , serving the north-eastern metropolitan area with two different branches . The line is long and has 35 stations . Line 2 is the longest line of the Milan Metro and is the only one running partially overground . The branch to Cologno Nord runs mostly on viaducts , while those to Assago and Gessate run on the surface .",
"title": "Milan Metro Line 2"
},
{
"text": " The line has the southernmost and easternmost stations on the network ( Assago Forum and Gessate ) .",
"title": "Milan Metro Line 2"
},
{
"text": " The first part of the line , from Caiazzo to Cascina Gobba , was opened on September 1969 . The interurban sections of Line 2 were originally built as part of a fast tramway , the Linee celeri dellAdda ( Adda fast lines ) , opened in 1968 from Cimiano up to Gorgonzola . After few years , in 1972 , the section was included in the newly born Metro line . The same section was extended in 1985 up to Gessate , the present terminus .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The line , 40.4-kilometre long with 35 stations , has a central section that runs from Cascina Gobba to Famagosta , and forks at both ends . The North branch runs from Cologno Sud to Cologno Nord , the North-East branch runs from Vimodrone to Gessate , the South-East branch consists of the Abbiategrasso station , the South branch runs from Assago Milanofiori Nord to Assago Milanofiori Forum .",
"title": "Route"
},
{
"text": " There are 2 types of trains in service on the line . The first type is the ET245 , which was introduced in 1969 with the opening of the line and was the first train operated on Line 2 . ET245 are formed by three-car consists , with Bo-Bo powered units at both ends and a car between them ; normally , two consists are coupled to form a single train .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": "This series came in two different versions for urban and suburban routes . The first had 8 doors per car and regular seats , while the latter was equipped with only 6 doors per car and more seats .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": " Original ET245 trains are still in service on the line . Of these , some have been renewed in latest years . The second type in operation is the new AnsaldoBreda Meneghino train . The first train was introduced in April 2009 . In 2015 , the 3000 Series Leonardo followed , with the two newer series jointly replacing all the other stock , which is due to be retired by 2020 . Originally , as its own trains were not ready yet , Line 2 provisionally operated with 100/200 Series trains transferred from Line 1 .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": "As the 300/400 Series trains were delivered starting from 1970 , the 100/200 Series trains were moved back to line 1 .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": " The three-doors 300/400 Series trains were manufactured between 1970 and 1981 , and in 1985 the 350 Series was introduced , which was an improved version of the earlier 300 Series with four doors instead of three . 350 Series trains were produced in 2 batches between 1985 and 1991 . In 1987 the 500 Series was introduced , consisting of three experimental trains designed to test the new GTO-VVVF inverters that were to equip Line 3s 8000 Series .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": " An extension on the north from Cologno to Vimercate is planned . The new section was expected to be completed by 2015 , before the Expo , but works were halted due to lack of funds .",
"title": "Planned extensions"
},
{
"text": " - Giorgio Meregalli : Gli impianti ferroviari della linea 2 della metropolitana di Milano . In : ″Ingegneria Ferroviaria″ , May 1971 , p . 469–492 .",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - Milan Metro Network Map - Milan Metro in Figures",
"title": "References"
}
] |
/wiki/Milan_Metro_Line_2#P559#4
|
What was the terminus of Milan Metro Line 2 after Mar 1985?
|
Milan Metro Line 2 Line 2 ( Linea Due in Italian ) , is a subway line serving Milan , Italy , operated by ATM as part of the Milan Metro . It is also called the Green Line , ( Linea Verde in Italian ) , as it is visually identified by green signs . The line runs from the southern to the north-eastern neighborhoods passing through the city centre , serving the north-eastern metropolitan area with two different branches . The line is long and has 35 stations . Line 2 is the longest line of the Milan Metro and is the only one running partially overground . The branch to Cologno Nord runs mostly on viaducts , while those to Assago and Gessate run on the surface . The line has the southernmost and easternmost stations on the network ( Assago Forum and Gessate ) . History . The first part of the line , from Caiazzo to Cascina Gobba , was opened on September 1969 . The interurban sections of Line 2 were originally built as part of a fast tramway , the Linee celeri dellAdda ( Adda fast lines ) , opened in 1968 from Cimiano up to Gorgonzola . After few years , in 1972 , the section was included in the newly born Metro line . The same section was extended in 1985 up to Gessate , the present terminus . Route . The line , 40.4-kilometre long with 35 stations , has a central section that runs from Cascina Gobba to Famagosta , and forks at both ends . The North branch runs from Cologno Sud to Cologno Nord , the North-East branch runs from Vimodrone to Gessate , the South-East branch consists of the Abbiategrasso station , the South branch runs from Assago Milanofiori Nord to Assago Milanofiori Forum . Rolling stock . There are 2 types of trains in service on the line . The first type is the ET245 , which was introduced in 1969 with the opening of the line and was the first train operated on Line 2 . ET245 are formed by three-car consists , with Bo-Bo powered units at both ends and a car between them ; normally , two consists are coupled to form a single train . This series came in two different versions for urban and suburban routes . The first had 8 doors per car and regular seats , while the latter was equipped with only 6 doors per car and more seats . Original ET245 trains are still in service on the line . Of these , some have been renewed in latest years . The second type in operation is the new AnsaldoBreda Meneghino train . The first train was introduced in April 2009 . In 2015 , the 3000 Series Leonardo followed , with the two newer series jointly replacing all the other stock , which is due to be retired by 2020 . Originally , as its own trains were not ready yet , Line 2 provisionally operated with 100/200 Series trains transferred from Line 1 . As the 300/400 Series trains were delivered starting from 1970 , the 100/200 Series trains were moved back to line 1 . The three-doors 300/400 Series trains were manufactured between 1970 and 1981 , and in 1985 the 350 Series was introduced , which was an improved version of the earlier 300 Series with four doors instead of three . 350 Series trains were produced in 2 batches between 1985 and 1991 . In 1987 the 500 Series was introduced , consisting of three experimental trains designed to test the new GTO-VVVF inverters that were to equip Line 3s 8000 Series . Planned extensions . An extension on the north from Cologno to Vimercate is planned . The new section was expected to be completed by 2015 , before the Expo , but works were halted due to lack of funds . Bibliography . - Giorgio Meregalli : Gli impianti ferroviari della linea 2 della metropolitana di Milano . In : ″Ingegneria Ferroviaria″ , May 1971 , p . 469–492 . References . - Milan Metro Network Map - Milan Metro in Figures
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Line 2 ( Linea Due in Italian ) , is a subway line serving Milan , Italy , operated by ATM as part of the Milan Metro . It is also called the Green Line , ( Linea Verde in Italian ) , as it is visually identified by green signs .",
"title": "Milan Metro Line 2"
},
{
"text": "The line runs from the southern to the north-eastern neighborhoods passing through the city centre , serving the north-eastern metropolitan area with two different branches . The line is long and has 35 stations . Line 2 is the longest line of the Milan Metro and is the only one running partially overground . The branch to Cologno Nord runs mostly on viaducts , while those to Assago and Gessate run on the surface .",
"title": "Milan Metro Line 2"
},
{
"text": " The line has the southernmost and easternmost stations on the network ( Assago Forum and Gessate ) .",
"title": "Milan Metro Line 2"
},
{
"text": " The first part of the line , from Caiazzo to Cascina Gobba , was opened on September 1969 . The interurban sections of Line 2 were originally built as part of a fast tramway , the Linee celeri dellAdda ( Adda fast lines ) , opened in 1968 from Cimiano up to Gorgonzola . After few years , in 1972 , the section was included in the newly born Metro line . The same section was extended in 1985 up to Gessate , the present terminus .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The line , 40.4-kilometre long with 35 stations , has a central section that runs from Cascina Gobba to Famagosta , and forks at both ends . The North branch runs from Cologno Sud to Cologno Nord , the North-East branch runs from Vimodrone to Gessate , the South-East branch consists of the Abbiategrasso station , the South branch runs from Assago Milanofiori Nord to Assago Milanofiori Forum .",
"title": "Route"
},
{
"text": " There are 2 types of trains in service on the line . The first type is the ET245 , which was introduced in 1969 with the opening of the line and was the first train operated on Line 2 . ET245 are formed by three-car consists , with Bo-Bo powered units at both ends and a car between them ; normally , two consists are coupled to form a single train .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": "This series came in two different versions for urban and suburban routes . The first had 8 doors per car and regular seats , while the latter was equipped with only 6 doors per car and more seats .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": " Original ET245 trains are still in service on the line . Of these , some have been renewed in latest years . The second type in operation is the new AnsaldoBreda Meneghino train . The first train was introduced in April 2009 . In 2015 , the 3000 Series Leonardo followed , with the two newer series jointly replacing all the other stock , which is due to be retired by 2020 . Originally , as its own trains were not ready yet , Line 2 provisionally operated with 100/200 Series trains transferred from Line 1 .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": "As the 300/400 Series trains were delivered starting from 1970 , the 100/200 Series trains were moved back to line 1 .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": " The three-doors 300/400 Series trains were manufactured between 1970 and 1981 , and in 1985 the 350 Series was introduced , which was an improved version of the earlier 300 Series with four doors instead of three . 350 Series trains were produced in 2 batches between 1985 and 1991 . In 1987 the 500 Series was introduced , consisting of three experimental trains designed to test the new GTO-VVVF inverters that were to equip Line 3s 8000 Series .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": " An extension on the north from Cologno to Vimercate is planned . The new section was expected to be completed by 2015 , before the Expo , but works were halted due to lack of funds .",
"title": "Planned extensions"
},
{
"text": " - Giorgio Meregalli : Gli impianti ferroviari della linea 2 della metropolitana di Milano . In : ″Ingegneria Ferroviaria″ , May 1971 , p . 469–492 .",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - Milan Metro Network Map - Milan Metro in Figures",
"title": "References"
}
] |
/wiki/Ajit_Rudra#P241#0
|
What was the military branch of Ajit Rudra in Aug 1917?
|
Ajit Rudra Major General Ajit Anil Jik Rudra OBE ( 20 October 1896 – 3 November 1993 ) was an Indian military officer who served as General Officer Commanding , Southern Command of the Indian Army . Early life and education . Born in Delhi to the famous educationist S . K . Rudra and Priyobala Singha , he was educated at St . Stephens College , Delhi and at Trinity College , Kandy in Ceylon . He thereafter went on to attend University of Cambridge . Military career . With the out break of World War I , Rudra enlisted in the British Army leaving Cambridge to join the University and Public School Brigade and took part in the Battle of Mons . Having not been qualified for a commission he joined the 2nd Battalion of the Royal Fusiliers and took part in the Battle of the Somme having been one of the 80 odd survivors of the charge of the 500 Fusiliers . He went on to become a sergeant and was wounded . In 1918 , he was selected for OTC at Inns of court but was not able to complete it as the war ended . Having been declined a commission , he requested to be discharged from the Army . The war office instead sent him to India . After World War I concluded in 1918 , the Indian politicians raised a demand to grant Indians the Kings Commission . After strict screening , Rudra was selected for the first batch that underwent rigorous pre-commission training . In 1919 , he joined the first batch of the Kings Commissioned Indian Officers ( KCIOs ) at the Daly College in Indore . His batchmates included Kodandera M . Cariappa , who later went on to become a Field Marshal of the Indian Army . On 1 December 1919 , Rudra was commissioned into the 28th Punjabis as a temporary second lieutenant in the British Indian Army , and was posted in Palestine ; seven months later , on 17 July 1920 , he was appointed to a permanent commission as a second lieutenant , with seniority from the date of his temporary commission . Promoted to temporary lieutenant on 1 December 1920 , he took part in the Third Afghan War and served in the North-West Frontier , Baluchistan , Waziristan and Peshawar , receiving promotion to the substantive rank of lieutenant on 17 July 1921 . Rudra was promoted to captain on 17 October 1927 ; he was promoted to major on 27 March 1939 . During World War II , he took part in the Arakan Campaign 1942–43 . During this period , he was promoted to acting lieutenant-colonel on 15 June 1943 and to temporary lieutenant-colonel on 14 September 1943 . In 1943 , Lieutenant Colonel Rudra was transferred to the General Staff at GHQ India by General Claude Auchinleck , and was promoted to acting colonel on 3 April 1945 . He was further promoted to temporary colonel on 3 October 1945 and to acting brigadier on 27 March 1946 . In June 1946 , Rudra was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( Military Division ) in the British governments Birthday Honours List . The following month , on 17 July 1946 , by then a temporary brigadier and Director of Morale , GHQ , he was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant-colonel . In 1948 , the year after India gained its independence , Brigadier Rudra was serving as the Military Secretary at GHQ and was instrumental in the formation of the post independence Indian Army . He was subsequently promoted to acting major-general and given command of a division , with promotion to substantive major-general on 1 January 1950 . During the Annexation of Hyderabad he led a field force that attacked from Vijayawada . He was appointed General Officer Commanding , Southern Command and retired in 1959 . He died in 1993 at the age of 97 after prolonged illness . Further reading . - Palit , Major General D.K . ( 1997 ) . Major General A.A . Rudra , His Service in Three Armies and Two World Wars , New Delhi : Reliance Publishing House
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Major General Ajit Anil Jik Rudra OBE ( 20 October 1896 – 3 November 1993 ) was an Indian military officer who served as General Officer Commanding , Southern Command of the Indian Army . Early life and education . Born in Delhi to the famous educationist S . K . Rudra and Priyobala Singha , he was educated at St . Stephens College , Delhi and at Trinity College , Kandy in Ceylon . He thereafter went on to attend University of Cambridge .",
"title": "Ajit Rudra"
},
{
"text": "With the out break of World War I , Rudra enlisted in the British Army leaving Cambridge to join the University and Public School Brigade and took part in the Battle of Mons . Having not been qualified for a commission he joined the 2nd Battalion of the Royal Fusiliers and took part in the Battle of the Somme having been one of the 80 odd survivors of the charge of the 500 Fusiliers . He went on to become a sergeant and was wounded . In 1918 , he was selected for OTC at Inns of court but was",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": "not able to complete it as the war ended . Having been declined a commission , he requested to be discharged from the Army . The war office instead sent him to India .",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": " After World War I concluded in 1918 , the Indian politicians raised a demand to grant Indians the Kings Commission . After strict screening , Rudra was selected for the first batch that underwent rigorous pre-commission training . In 1919 , he joined the first batch of the Kings Commissioned Indian Officers ( KCIOs ) at the Daly College in Indore . His batchmates included Kodandera M . Cariappa , who later went on to become a Field Marshal of the Indian Army .",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": "On 1 December 1919 , Rudra was commissioned into the 28th Punjabis as a temporary second lieutenant in the British Indian Army , and was posted in Palestine ; seven months later , on 17 July 1920 , he was appointed to a permanent commission as a second lieutenant , with seniority from the date of his temporary commission . Promoted to temporary lieutenant on 1 December 1920 , he took part in the Third Afghan War and served in the North-West Frontier , Baluchistan , Waziristan and Peshawar , receiving promotion to the substantive rank of lieutenant on 17",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": "July 1921 .",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": " Rudra was promoted to captain on 17 October 1927 ; he was promoted to major on 27 March 1939 . During World War II , he took part in the Arakan Campaign 1942–43 . During this period , he was promoted to acting lieutenant-colonel on 15 June 1943 and to temporary lieutenant-colonel on 14 September 1943 .",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": "In 1943 , Lieutenant Colonel Rudra was transferred to the General Staff at GHQ India by General Claude Auchinleck , and was promoted to acting colonel on 3 April 1945 . He was further promoted to temporary colonel on 3 October 1945 and to acting brigadier on 27 March 1946 . In June 1946 , Rudra was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( Military Division ) in the British governments Birthday Honours List . The following month , on 17 July 1946 , by then a temporary brigadier and Director of Morale , GHQ ,",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": "he was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant-colonel . In 1948 , the year after India gained its independence , Brigadier Rudra was serving as the Military Secretary at GHQ and was instrumental in the formation of the post independence Indian Army . He was subsequently promoted to acting major-general and given command of a division , with promotion to substantive major-general on 1 January 1950 . During the Annexation of Hyderabad he led a field force that attacked from Vijayawada . He was appointed General Officer Commanding , Southern Command and retired in 1959 .",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": " - Palit , Major General D.K . ( 1997 ) . Major General A.A . Rudra , His Service in Three Armies and Two World Wars , New Delhi : Reliance Publishing House",
"title": "Further reading"
}
] |
/wiki/Ajit_Rudra#P241#1
|
What was the military branch of Ajit Rudra between Mar 1935 and Mar 1947?
|
Ajit Rudra Major General Ajit Anil Jik Rudra OBE ( 20 October 1896 – 3 November 1993 ) was an Indian military officer who served as General Officer Commanding , Southern Command of the Indian Army . Early life and education . Born in Delhi to the famous educationist S . K . Rudra and Priyobala Singha , he was educated at St . Stephens College , Delhi and at Trinity College , Kandy in Ceylon . He thereafter went on to attend University of Cambridge . Military career . With the out break of World War I , Rudra enlisted in the British Army leaving Cambridge to join the University and Public School Brigade and took part in the Battle of Mons . Having not been qualified for a commission he joined the 2nd Battalion of the Royal Fusiliers and took part in the Battle of the Somme having been one of the 80 odd survivors of the charge of the 500 Fusiliers . He went on to become a sergeant and was wounded . In 1918 , he was selected for OTC at Inns of court but was not able to complete it as the war ended . Having been declined a commission , he requested to be discharged from the Army . The war office instead sent him to India . After World War I concluded in 1918 , the Indian politicians raised a demand to grant Indians the Kings Commission . After strict screening , Rudra was selected for the first batch that underwent rigorous pre-commission training . In 1919 , he joined the first batch of the Kings Commissioned Indian Officers ( KCIOs ) at the Daly College in Indore . His batchmates included Kodandera M . Cariappa , who later went on to become a Field Marshal of the Indian Army . On 1 December 1919 , Rudra was commissioned into the 28th Punjabis as a temporary second lieutenant in the British Indian Army , and was posted in Palestine ; seven months later , on 17 July 1920 , he was appointed to a permanent commission as a second lieutenant , with seniority from the date of his temporary commission . Promoted to temporary lieutenant on 1 December 1920 , he took part in the Third Afghan War and served in the North-West Frontier , Baluchistan , Waziristan and Peshawar , receiving promotion to the substantive rank of lieutenant on 17 July 1921 . Rudra was promoted to captain on 17 October 1927 ; he was promoted to major on 27 March 1939 . During World War II , he took part in the Arakan Campaign 1942–43 . During this period , he was promoted to acting lieutenant-colonel on 15 June 1943 and to temporary lieutenant-colonel on 14 September 1943 . In 1943 , Lieutenant Colonel Rudra was transferred to the General Staff at GHQ India by General Claude Auchinleck , and was promoted to acting colonel on 3 April 1945 . He was further promoted to temporary colonel on 3 October 1945 and to acting brigadier on 27 March 1946 . In June 1946 , Rudra was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( Military Division ) in the British governments Birthday Honours List . The following month , on 17 July 1946 , by then a temporary brigadier and Director of Morale , GHQ , he was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant-colonel . In 1948 , the year after India gained its independence , Brigadier Rudra was serving as the Military Secretary at GHQ and was instrumental in the formation of the post independence Indian Army . He was subsequently promoted to acting major-general and given command of a division , with promotion to substantive major-general on 1 January 1950 . During the Annexation of Hyderabad he led a field force that attacked from Vijayawada . He was appointed General Officer Commanding , Southern Command and retired in 1959 . He died in 1993 at the age of 97 after prolonged illness . Further reading . - Palit , Major General D.K . ( 1997 ) . Major General A.A . Rudra , His Service in Three Armies and Two World Wars , New Delhi : Reliance Publishing House
|
[
"Indian Army"
] |
[
{
"text": " Major General Ajit Anil Jik Rudra OBE ( 20 October 1896 – 3 November 1993 ) was an Indian military officer who served as General Officer Commanding , Southern Command of the Indian Army . Early life and education . Born in Delhi to the famous educationist S . K . Rudra and Priyobala Singha , he was educated at St . Stephens College , Delhi and at Trinity College , Kandy in Ceylon . He thereafter went on to attend University of Cambridge .",
"title": "Ajit Rudra"
},
{
"text": "With the out break of World War I , Rudra enlisted in the British Army leaving Cambridge to join the University and Public School Brigade and took part in the Battle of Mons . Having not been qualified for a commission he joined the 2nd Battalion of the Royal Fusiliers and took part in the Battle of the Somme having been one of the 80 odd survivors of the charge of the 500 Fusiliers . He went on to become a sergeant and was wounded . In 1918 , he was selected for OTC at Inns of court but was",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": "not able to complete it as the war ended . Having been declined a commission , he requested to be discharged from the Army . The war office instead sent him to India .",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": " After World War I concluded in 1918 , the Indian politicians raised a demand to grant Indians the Kings Commission . After strict screening , Rudra was selected for the first batch that underwent rigorous pre-commission training . In 1919 , he joined the first batch of the Kings Commissioned Indian Officers ( KCIOs ) at the Daly College in Indore . His batchmates included Kodandera M . Cariappa , who later went on to become a Field Marshal of the Indian Army .",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": "On 1 December 1919 , Rudra was commissioned into the 28th Punjabis as a temporary second lieutenant in the British Indian Army , and was posted in Palestine ; seven months later , on 17 July 1920 , he was appointed to a permanent commission as a second lieutenant , with seniority from the date of his temporary commission . Promoted to temporary lieutenant on 1 December 1920 , he took part in the Third Afghan War and served in the North-West Frontier , Baluchistan , Waziristan and Peshawar , receiving promotion to the substantive rank of lieutenant on 17",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": "July 1921 .",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": " Rudra was promoted to captain on 17 October 1927 ; he was promoted to major on 27 March 1939 . During World War II , he took part in the Arakan Campaign 1942–43 . During this period , he was promoted to acting lieutenant-colonel on 15 June 1943 and to temporary lieutenant-colonel on 14 September 1943 .",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": "In 1943 , Lieutenant Colonel Rudra was transferred to the General Staff at GHQ India by General Claude Auchinleck , and was promoted to acting colonel on 3 April 1945 . He was further promoted to temporary colonel on 3 October 1945 and to acting brigadier on 27 March 1946 . In June 1946 , Rudra was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( Military Division ) in the British governments Birthday Honours List . The following month , on 17 July 1946 , by then a temporary brigadier and Director of Morale , GHQ ,",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": "he was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant-colonel . In 1948 , the year after India gained its independence , Brigadier Rudra was serving as the Military Secretary at GHQ and was instrumental in the formation of the post independence Indian Army . He was subsequently promoted to acting major-general and given command of a division , with promotion to substantive major-general on 1 January 1950 . During the Annexation of Hyderabad he led a field force that attacked from Vijayawada . He was appointed General Officer Commanding , Southern Command and retired in 1959 .",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": " - Palit , Major General D.K . ( 1997 ) . Major General A.A . Rudra , His Service in Three Armies and Two World Wars , New Delhi : Reliance Publishing House",
"title": "Further reading"
}
] |
/wiki/Ajit_Rudra#P241#2
|
What was the military branch of Ajit Rudra in late 1940s?
|
Ajit Rudra Major General Ajit Anil Jik Rudra OBE ( 20 October 1896 – 3 November 1993 ) was an Indian military officer who served as General Officer Commanding , Southern Command of the Indian Army . Early life and education . Born in Delhi to the famous educationist S . K . Rudra and Priyobala Singha , he was educated at St . Stephens College , Delhi and at Trinity College , Kandy in Ceylon . He thereafter went on to attend University of Cambridge . Military career . With the out break of World War I , Rudra enlisted in the British Army leaving Cambridge to join the University and Public School Brigade and took part in the Battle of Mons . Having not been qualified for a commission he joined the 2nd Battalion of the Royal Fusiliers and took part in the Battle of the Somme having been one of the 80 odd survivors of the charge of the 500 Fusiliers . He went on to become a sergeant and was wounded . In 1918 , he was selected for OTC at Inns of court but was not able to complete it as the war ended . Having been declined a commission , he requested to be discharged from the Army . The war office instead sent him to India . After World War I concluded in 1918 , the Indian politicians raised a demand to grant Indians the Kings Commission . After strict screening , Rudra was selected for the first batch that underwent rigorous pre-commission training . In 1919 , he joined the first batch of the Kings Commissioned Indian Officers ( KCIOs ) at the Daly College in Indore . His batchmates included Kodandera M . Cariappa , who later went on to become a Field Marshal of the Indian Army . On 1 December 1919 , Rudra was commissioned into the 28th Punjabis as a temporary second lieutenant in the British Indian Army , and was posted in Palestine ; seven months later , on 17 July 1920 , he was appointed to a permanent commission as a second lieutenant , with seniority from the date of his temporary commission . Promoted to temporary lieutenant on 1 December 1920 , he took part in the Third Afghan War and served in the North-West Frontier , Baluchistan , Waziristan and Peshawar , receiving promotion to the substantive rank of lieutenant on 17 July 1921 . Rudra was promoted to captain on 17 October 1927 ; he was promoted to major on 27 March 1939 . During World War II , he took part in the Arakan Campaign 1942–43 . During this period , he was promoted to acting lieutenant-colonel on 15 June 1943 and to temporary lieutenant-colonel on 14 September 1943 . In 1943 , Lieutenant Colonel Rudra was transferred to the General Staff at GHQ India by General Claude Auchinleck , and was promoted to acting colonel on 3 April 1945 . He was further promoted to temporary colonel on 3 October 1945 and to acting brigadier on 27 March 1946 . In June 1946 , Rudra was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( Military Division ) in the British governments Birthday Honours List . The following month , on 17 July 1946 , by then a temporary brigadier and Director of Morale , GHQ , he was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant-colonel . In 1948 , the year after India gained its independence , Brigadier Rudra was serving as the Military Secretary at GHQ and was instrumental in the formation of the post independence Indian Army . He was subsequently promoted to acting major-general and given command of a division , with promotion to substantive major-general on 1 January 1950 . During the Annexation of Hyderabad he led a field force that attacked from Vijayawada . He was appointed General Officer Commanding , Southern Command and retired in 1959 . He died in 1993 at the age of 97 after prolonged illness . Further reading . - Palit , Major General D.K . ( 1997 ) . Major General A.A . Rudra , His Service in Three Armies and Two World Wars , New Delhi : Reliance Publishing House
|
[
"Indian Army"
] |
[
{
"text": " Major General Ajit Anil Jik Rudra OBE ( 20 October 1896 – 3 November 1993 ) was an Indian military officer who served as General Officer Commanding , Southern Command of the Indian Army . Early life and education . Born in Delhi to the famous educationist S . K . Rudra and Priyobala Singha , he was educated at St . Stephens College , Delhi and at Trinity College , Kandy in Ceylon . He thereafter went on to attend University of Cambridge .",
"title": "Ajit Rudra"
},
{
"text": "With the out break of World War I , Rudra enlisted in the British Army leaving Cambridge to join the University and Public School Brigade and took part in the Battle of Mons . Having not been qualified for a commission he joined the 2nd Battalion of the Royal Fusiliers and took part in the Battle of the Somme having been one of the 80 odd survivors of the charge of the 500 Fusiliers . He went on to become a sergeant and was wounded . In 1918 , he was selected for OTC at Inns of court but was",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": "not able to complete it as the war ended . Having been declined a commission , he requested to be discharged from the Army . The war office instead sent him to India .",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": " After World War I concluded in 1918 , the Indian politicians raised a demand to grant Indians the Kings Commission . After strict screening , Rudra was selected for the first batch that underwent rigorous pre-commission training . In 1919 , he joined the first batch of the Kings Commissioned Indian Officers ( KCIOs ) at the Daly College in Indore . His batchmates included Kodandera M . Cariappa , who later went on to become a Field Marshal of the Indian Army .",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": "On 1 December 1919 , Rudra was commissioned into the 28th Punjabis as a temporary second lieutenant in the British Indian Army , and was posted in Palestine ; seven months later , on 17 July 1920 , he was appointed to a permanent commission as a second lieutenant , with seniority from the date of his temporary commission . Promoted to temporary lieutenant on 1 December 1920 , he took part in the Third Afghan War and served in the North-West Frontier , Baluchistan , Waziristan and Peshawar , receiving promotion to the substantive rank of lieutenant on 17",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": "July 1921 .",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": " Rudra was promoted to captain on 17 October 1927 ; he was promoted to major on 27 March 1939 . During World War II , he took part in the Arakan Campaign 1942–43 . During this period , he was promoted to acting lieutenant-colonel on 15 June 1943 and to temporary lieutenant-colonel on 14 September 1943 .",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": "In 1943 , Lieutenant Colonel Rudra was transferred to the General Staff at GHQ India by General Claude Auchinleck , and was promoted to acting colonel on 3 April 1945 . He was further promoted to temporary colonel on 3 October 1945 and to acting brigadier on 27 March 1946 . In June 1946 , Rudra was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( Military Division ) in the British governments Birthday Honours List . The following month , on 17 July 1946 , by then a temporary brigadier and Director of Morale , GHQ ,",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": "he was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant-colonel . In 1948 , the year after India gained its independence , Brigadier Rudra was serving as the Military Secretary at GHQ and was instrumental in the formation of the post independence Indian Army . He was subsequently promoted to acting major-general and given command of a division , with promotion to substantive major-general on 1 January 1950 . During the Annexation of Hyderabad he led a field force that attacked from Vijayawada . He was appointed General Officer Commanding , Southern Command and retired in 1959 .",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": " - Palit , Major General D.K . ( 1997 ) . Major General A.A . Rudra , His Service in Three Armies and Two World Wars , New Delhi : Reliance Publishing House",
"title": "Further reading"
}
] |
/wiki/Luke_Falk#P69#0
|
Luke Falk went to which school before May 2010?
|
Luke Falk Lucas Andrew Falk ( born December 28 , 1994 ) is an American football quarterback for the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . He played college football at Washington State , and was drafted by the Tennessee Titans in the sixth round of the 2018 NFL Draft . He has played for the Tennessee Titans , Miami Dolphins , and the New York Jets . Falk started the 2019 season as the third quarterback on the roster of the New York Jets and played in three games , due to an illness affecting starting quarterback Sam Darnold and an injury to Trevor Siemian sustained in week two of the regular season . Falk struggled with the Jets and was released mid-season following Darnolds return . Early years . Falk was born in Logan , Utah and moved to California where he attended Oaks Christian School in Westlake Village . He has two older sisters , Alexa Shea Falk Johns and Natalee Marie Falk , who formed a sibling country music duo Falk . Prior to his junior year , he moved back to Logan and attended Logan High School . As a senior , he threw for 3,618 yards with 36 touchdowns and broke Utah records for pass attempts ( 562 ) and pass completions ( 330 ) . College career . Falk originally committed to Cornell University but de-committed following the departure of head coach Kent Austin . Falk then joined Washington State University as a walk-on . After redshirting in 2013 , Falk entered 2014 as the backup to Connor Halliday . After Halliday was injured , Falk took over as the starter for the final three games . In his first career start he threw for 471 yards and five touchdowns and earned conference offensive player and national quarterback of the week honors . Overall , he appeared in six games , completing 156 of 243 passes for 1,859 yards with 13 touchdowns and seven interceptions . He retained his starting job for the 2015 season and proceeded to lead the nation in passing yards per game ( 380.5 ) , while finishing second in the nation in pass completion percentage ( 69.45 ) , and earning first-team all-Pac-12 honors , becoming the ninth Washington State quarterback in the 100-year of the conference to be named first-team . He guided the 2015 Cougars to a 9-3 record that included a Sun Bowl win over Miami and dramatic , come-from-behind victories over UCLA , Oregon and Rutgers . Falk adheres to a strict diet to enhance performance , and wears a signature wristband in every game to salute his favorite youth basketball coach who died unexpectedly . As of week 12 of the 2017 season , Falk holds Pac-12 Football records for career passing attempts , completions , completion percentage , passing yards , and passing touchdowns . On January 26 , 2018 , Falk announced that he would forgo the Senior Bowl to attend a funeral for Tyler Hilinski . Professional career . Tennessee Titans . Falk was drafted by the Tennessee Titans in the sixth round ( 199th overall ) of the 2018 NFL Draft . He played in every preseason game while starting the final game against the Vikings . On September 1 , 2018 , Falk was waived by the Titans . Miami Dolphins . On September 2 , 2018 , Falk was claimed off waivers by the Miami Dolphins . He was placed on injured reserve on October 5 , 2018 with a wrist injury . On May 1 , 2019 , the Dolphins waived Falk . New York Jets . On May 2 , 2019 , Falk was claimed off waivers by the New York Jets . He was waived on August 31 , 2019 and was signed to the practice squad the next day . On September 12 , 2019 , Falk was promoted to the active roster . He made his NFL regular season debut on Monday Night Football against the Cleveland Browns on September 16 , 2019 after an injury to backup quarterback Trevor Siemian , who himself made the start in place of Sam Darnold , who was out with mononucleosis . Falk finished his first NFL game 20-of-25 with 198 yards and a quarterback rating of 99.7 . Making his first career start against the defending Super Bowl champion New England Patriots in Week 3 , Falk was only able to pull off 98 passing yards on 12 out of 22 completions with an interception as the Jets lost 30-14 . Following a bye week , Falk made his second career start against the Philadelphia Eagles in Week 5 , where he finished with 120 passing yards and 2 interceptions as the Jets lost 31-6 . He was waived on October 12 . Falk had a tryout with the San Francisco 49ers on August 13 , 2020 . Saskatchewan Roughriders . Falk signed with the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the CFL on February 19 , 2021 . External links . - New York Jets bio - Washington State Cougars bio
|
[
"Oaks Christian School"
] |
[
{
"text": " Lucas Andrew Falk ( born December 28 , 1994 ) is an American football quarterback for the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . He played college football at Washington State , and was drafted by the Tennessee Titans in the sixth round of the 2018 NFL Draft . He has played for the Tennessee Titans , Miami Dolphins , and the New York Jets .",
"title": "Luke Falk"
},
{
"text": "Falk started the 2019 season as the third quarterback on the roster of the New York Jets and played in three games , due to an illness affecting starting quarterback Sam Darnold and an injury to Trevor Siemian sustained in week two of the regular season . Falk struggled with the Jets and was released mid-season following Darnolds return .",
"title": "Luke Falk"
},
{
"text": " Falk was born in Logan , Utah and moved to California where he attended Oaks Christian School in Westlake Village . He has two older sisters , Alexa Shea Falk Johns and Natalee Marie Falk , who formed a sibling country music duo Falk . Prior to his junior year , he moved back to Logan and attended Logan High School . As a senior , he threw for 3,618 yards with 36 touchdowns and broke Utah records for pass attempts ( 562 ) and pass completions ( 330 ) .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "Falk originally committed to Cornell University but de-committed following the departure of head coach Kent Austin . Falk then joined Washington State University as a walk-on . After redshirting in 2013 , Falk entered 2014 as the backup to Connor Halliday . After Halliday was injured , Falk took over as the starter for the final three games . In his first career start he threw for 471 yards and five touchdowns and earned conference offensive player and national quarterback of the week honors . Overall , he appeared in six games , completing 156 of 243 passes for 1,859",
"title": "College career"
},
{
"text": "yards with 13 touchdowns and seven interceptions . He retained his starting job for the 2015 season and proceeded to lead the nation in passing yards per game ( 380.5 ) , while finishing second in the nation in pass completion percentage ( 69.45 ) , and earning first-team all-Pac-12 honors , becoming the ninth Washington State quarterback in the 100-year of the conference to be named first-team . He guided the 2015 Cougars to a 9-3 record that included a Sun Bowl win over Miami and dramatic , come-from-behind victories over UCLA , Oregon and Rutgers . Falk adheres",
"title": "College career"
},
{
"text": "to a strict diet to enhance performance , and wears a signature wristband in every game to salute his favorite youth basketball coach who died unexpectedly . As of week 12 of the 2017 season , Falk holds Pac-12 Football records for career passing attempts , completions , completion percentage , passing yards , and passing touchdowns . On January 26 , 2018 , Falk announced that he would forgo the Senior Bowl to attend a funeral for Tyler Hilinski .",
"title": "College career"
},
{
"text": " Falk was drafted by the Tennessee Titans in the sixth round ( 199th overall ) of the 2018 NFL Draft . He played in every preseason game while starting the final game against the Vikings . On September 1 , 2018 , Falk was waived by the Titans .",
"title": "Tennessee Titans"
},
{
"text": " On September 2 , 2018 , Falk was claimed off waivers by the Miami Dolphins . He was placed on injured reserve on October 5 , 2018 with a wrist injury . On May 1 , 2019 , the Dolphins waived Falk .",
"title": "Miami Dolphins"
},
{
"text": "On May 2 , 2019 , Falk was claimed off waivers by the New York Jets . He was waived on August 31 , 2019 and was signed to the practice squad the next day . On September 12 , 2019 , Falk was promoted to the active roster . He made his NFL regular season debut on Monday Night Football against the Cleveland Browns on September 16 , 2019 after an injury to backup quarterback Trevor Siemian , who himself made the start in place of Sam Darnold , who was out with mononucleosis . Falk finished his first",
"title": "New York Jets"
},
{
"text": "NFL game 20-of-25 with 198 yards and a quarterback rating of 99.7 . Making his first career start against the defending Super Bowl champion New England Patriots in Week 3 , Falk was only able to pull off 98 passing yards on 12 out of 22 completions with an interception as the Jets lost 30-14 . Following a bye week , Falk made his second career start against the Philadelphia Eagles in Week 5 , where he finished with 120 passing yards and 2 interceptions as the Jets lost 31-6 . He was waived on October 12 .",
"title": "New York Jets"
},
{
"text": " Falk had a tryout with the San Francisco 49ers on August 13 , 2020 .",
"title": "New York Jets"
},
{
"text": " Falk signed with the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the CFL on February 19 , 2021 .",
"title": "Saskatchewan Roughriders"
},
{
"text": " - New York Jets bio - Washington State Cougars bio",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Luke_Falk#P69#1
|
Luke Falk went to which school between Mar 2012 and Apr 2012?
|
Luke Falk Lucas Andrew Falk ( born December 28 , 1994 ) is an American football quarterback for the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . He played college football at Washington State , and was drafted by the Tennessee Titans in the sixth round of the 2018 NFL Draft . He has played for the Tennessee Titans , Miami Dolphins , and the New York Jets . Falk started the 2019 season as the third quarterback on the roster of the New York Jets and played in three games , due to an illness affecting starting quarterback Sam Darnold and an injury to Trevor Siemian sustained in week two of the regular season . Falk struggled with the Jets and was released mid-season following Darnolds return . Early years . Falk was born in Logan , Utah and moved to California where he attended Oaks Christian School in Westlake Village . He has two older sisters , Alexa Shea Falk Johns and Natalee Marie Falk , who formed a sibling country music duo Falk . Prior to his junior year , he moved back to Logan and attended Logan High School . As a senior , he threw for 3,618 yards with 36 touchdowns and broke Utah records for pass attempts ( 562 ) and pass completions ( 330 ) . College career . Falk originally committed to Cornell University but de-committed following the departure of head coach Kent Austin . Falk then joined Washington State University as a walk-on . After redshirting in 2013 , Falk entered 2014 as the backup to Connor Halliday . After Halliday was injured , Falk took over as the starter for the final three games . In his first career start he threw for 471 yards and five touchdowns and earned conference offensive player and national quarterback of the week honors . Overall , he appeared in six games , completing 156 of 243 passes for 1,859 yards with 13 touchdowns and seven interceptions . He retained his starting job for the 2015 season and proceeded to lead the nation in passing yards per game ( 380.5 ) , while finishing second in the nation in pass completion percentage ( 69.45 ) , and earning first-team all-Pac-12 honors , becoming the ninth Washington State quarterback in the 100-year of the conference to be named first-team . He guided the 2015 Cougars to a 9-3 record that included a Sun Bowl win over Miami and dramatic , come-from-behind victories over UCLA , Oregon and Rutgers . Falk adheres to a strict diet to enhance performance , and wears a signature wristband in every game to salute his favorite youth basketball coach who died unexpectedly . As of week 12 of the 2017 season , Falk holds Pac-12 Football records for career passing attempts , completions , completion percentage , passing yards , and passing touchdowns . On January 26 , 2018 , Falk announced that he would forgo the Senior Bowl to attend a funeral for Tyler Hilinski . Professional career . Tennessee Titans . Falk was drafted by the Tennessee Titans in the sixth round ( 199th overall ) of the 2018 NFL Draft . He played in every preseason game while starting the final game against the Vikings . On September 1 , 2018 , Falk was waived by the Titans . Miami Dolphins . On September 2 , 2018 , Falk was claimed off waivers by the Miami Dolphins . He was placed on injured reserve on October 5 , 2018 with a wrist injury . On May 1 , 2019 , the Dolphins waived Falk . New York Jets . On May 2 , 2019 , Falk was claimed off waivers by the New York Jets . He was waived on August 31 , 2019 and was signed to the practice squad the next day . On September 12 , 2019 , Falk was promoted to the active roster . He made his NFL regular season debut on Monday Night Football against the Cleveland Browns on September 16 , 2019 after an injury to backup quarterback Trevor Siemian , who himself made the start in place of Sam Darnold , who was out with mononucleosis . Falk finished his first NFL game 20-of-25 with 198 yards and a quarterback rating of 99.7 . Making his first career start against the defending Super Bowl champion New England Patriots in Week 3 , Falk was only able to pull off 98 passing yards on 12 out of 22 completions with an interception as the Jets lost 30-14 . Following a bye week , Falk made his second career start against the Philadelphia Eagles in Week 5 , where he finished with 120 passing yards and 2 interceptions as the Jets lost 31-6 . He was waived on October 12 . Falk had a tryout with the San Francisco 49ers on August 13 , 2020 . Saskatchewan Roughriders . Falk signed with the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the CFL on February 19 , 2021 . External links . - New York Jets bio - Washington State Cougars bio
|
[
"Logan High School"
] |
[
{
"text": " Lucas Andrew Falk ( born December 28 , 1994 ) is an American football quarterback for the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . He played college football at Washington State , and was drafted by the Tennessee Titans in the sixth round of the 2018 NFL Draft . He has played for the Tennessee Titans , Miami Dolphins , and the New York Jets .",
"title": "Luke Falk"
},
{
"text": "Falk started the 2019 season as the third quarterback on the roster of the New York Jets and played in three games , due to an illness affecting starting quarterback Sam Darnold and an injury to Trevor Siemian sustained in week two of the regular season . Falk struggled with the Jets and was released mid-season following Darnolds return .",
"title": "Luke Falk"
},
{
"text": " Falk was born in Logan , Utah and moved to California where he attended Oaks Christian School in Westlake Village . He has two older sisters , Alexa Shea Falk Johns and Natalee Marie Falk , who formed a sibling country music duo Falk . Prior to his junior year , he moved back to Logan and attended Logan High School . As a senior , he threw for 3,618 yards with 36 touchdowns and broke Utah records for pass attempts ( 562 ) and pass completions ( 330 ) .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "Falk originally committed to Cornell University but de-committed following the departure of head coach Kent Austin . Falk then joined Washington State University as a walk-on . After redshirting in 2013 , Falk entered 2014 as the backup to Connor Halliday . After Halliday was injured , Falk took over as the starter for the final three games . In his first career start he threw for 471 yards and five touchdowns and earned conference offensive player and national quarterback of the week honors . Overall , he appeared in six games , completing 156 of 243 passes for 1,859",
"title": "College career"
},
{
"text": "yards with 13 touchdowns and seven interceptions . He retained his starting job for the 2015 season and proceeded to lead the nation in passing yards per game ( 380.5 ) , while finishing second in the nation in pass completion percentage ( 69.45 ) , and earning first-team all-Pac-12 honors , becoming the ninth Washington State quarterback in the 100-year of the conference to be named first-team . He guided the 2015 Cougars to a 9-3 record that included a Sun Bowl win over Miami and dramatic , come-from-behind victories over UCLA , Oregon and Rutgers . Falk adheres",
"title": "College career"
},
{
"text": "to a strict diet to enhance performance , and wears a signature wristband in every game to salute his favorite youth basketball coach who died unexpectedly . As of week 12 of the 2017 season , Falk holds Pac-12 Football records for career passing attempts , completions , completion percentage , passing yards , and passing touchdowns . On January 26 , 2018 , Falk announced that he would forgo the Senior Bowl to attend a funeral for Tyler Hilinski .",
"title": "College career"
},
{
"text": " Falk was drafted by the Tennessee Titans in the sixth round ( 199th overall ) of the 2018 NFL Draft . He played in every preseason game while starting the final game against the Vikings . On September 1 , 2018 , Falk was waived by the Titans .",
"title": "Tennessee Titans"
},
{
"text": " On September 2 , 2018 , Falk was claimed off waivers by the Miami Dolphins . He was placed on injured reserve on October 5 , 2018 with a wrist injury . On May 1 , 2019 , the Dolphins waived Falk .",
"title": "Miami Dolphins"
},
{
"text": "On May 2 , 2019 , Falk was claimed off waivers by the New York Jets . He was waived on August 31 , 2019 and was signed to the practice squad the next day . On September 12 , 2019 , Falk was promoted to the active roster . He made his NFL regular season debut on Monday Night Football against the Cleveland Browns on September 16 , 2019 after an injury to backup quarterback Trevor Siemian , who himself made the start in place of Sam Darnold , who was out with mononucleosis . Falk finished his first",
"title": "New York Jets"
},
{
"text": "NFL game 20-of-25 with 198 yards and a quarterback rating of 99.7 . Making his first career start against the defending Super Bowl champion New England Patriots in Week 3 , Falk was only able to pull off 98 passing yards on 12 out of 22 completions with an interception as the Jets lost 30-14 . Following a bye week , Falk made his second career start against the Philadelphia Eagles in Week 5 , where he finished with 120 passing yards and 2 interceptions as the Jets lost 31-6 . He was waived on October 12 .",
"title": "New York Jets"
},
{
"text": " Falk had a tryout with the San Francisco 49ers on August 13 , 2020 .",
"title": "New York Jets"
},
{
"text": " Falk signed with the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the CFL on February 19 , 2021 .",
"title": "Saskatchewan Roughriders"
},
{
"text": " - New York Jets bio - Washington State Cougars bio",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Luke_Falk#P69#2
|
Luke Falk went to which school after Jul 2013?
|
Luke Falk Lucas Andrew Falk ( born December 28 , 1994 ) is an American football quarterback for the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . He played college football at Washington State , and was drafted by the Tennessee Titans in the sixth round of the 2018 NFL Draft . He has played for the Tennessee Titans , Miami Dolphins , and the New York Jets . Falk started the 2019 season as the third quarterback on the roster of the New York Jets and played in three games , due to an illness affecting starting quarterback Sam Darnold and an injury to Trevor Siemian sustained in week two of the regular season . Falk struggled with the Jets and was released mid-season following Darnolds return . Early years . Falk was born in Logan , Utah and moved to California where he attended Oaks Christian School in Westlake Village . He has two older sisters , Alexa Shea Falk Johns and Natalee Marie Falk , who formed a sibling country music duo Falk . Prior to his junior year , he moved back to Logan and attended Logan High School . As a senior , he threw for 3,618 yards with 36 touchdowns and broke Utah records for pass attempts ( 562 ) and pass completions ( 330 ) . College career . Falk originally committed to Cornell University but de-committed following the departure of head coach Kent Austin . Falk then joined Washington State University as a walk-on . After redshirting in 2013 , Falk entered 2014 as the backup to Connor Halliday . After Halliday was injured , Falk took over as the starter for the final three games . In his first career start he threw for 471 yards and five touchdowns and earned conference offensive player and national quarterback of the week honors . Overall , he appeared in six games , completing 156 of 243 passes for 1,859 yards with 13 touchdowns and seven interceptions . He retained his starting job for the 2015 season and proceeded to lead the nation in passing yards per game ( 380.5 ) , while finishing second in the nation in pass completion percentage ( 69.45 ) , and earning first-team all-Pac-12 honors , becoming the ninth Washington State quarterback in the 100-year of the conference to be named first-team . He guided the 2015 Cougars to a 9-3 record that included a Sun Bowl win over Miami and dramatic , come-from-behind victories over UCLA , Oregon and Rutgers . Falk adheres to a strict diet to enhance performance , and wears a signature wristband in every game to salute his favorite youth basketball coach who died unexpectedly . As of week 12 of the 2017 season , Falk holds Pac-12 Football records for career passing attempts , completions , completion percentage , passing yards , and passing touchdowns . On January 26 , 2018 , Falk announced that he would forgo the Senior Bowl to attend a funeral for Tyler Hilinski . Professional career . Tennessee Titans . Falk was drafted by the Tennessee Titans in the sixth round ( 199th overall ) of the 2018 NFL Draft . He played in every preseason game while starting the final game against the Vikings . On September 1 , 2018 , Falk was waived by the Titans . Miami Dolphins . On September 2 , 2018 , Falk was claimed off waivers by the Miami Dolphins . He was placed on injured reserve on October 5 , 2018 with a wrist injury . On May 1 , 2019 , the Dolphins waived Falk . New York Jets . On May 2 , 2019 , Falk was claimed off waivers by the New York Jets . He was waived on August 31 , 2019 and was signed to the practice squad the next day . On September 12 , 2019 , Falk was promoted to the active roster . He made his NFL regular season debut on Monday Night Football against the Cleveland Browns on September 16 , 2019 after an injury to backup quarterback Trevor Siemian , who himself made the start in place of Sam Darnold , who was out with mononucleosis . Falk finished his first NFL game 20-of-25 with 198 yards and a quarterback rating of 99.7 . Making his first career start against the defending Super Bowl champion New England Patriots in Week 3 , Falk was only able to pull off 98 passing yards on 12 out of 22 completions with an interception as the Jets lost 30-14 . Following a bye week , Falk made his second career start against the Philadelphia Eagles in Week 5 , where he finished with 120 passing yards and 2 interceptions as the Jets lost 31-6 . He was waived on October 12 . Falk had a tryout with the San Francisco 49ers on August 13 , 2020 . Saskatchewan Roughriders . Falk signed with the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the CFL on February 19 , 2021 . External links . - New York Jets bio - Washington State Cougars bio
|
[
"Washington State University"
] |
[
{
"text": " Lucas Andrew Falk ( born December 28 , 1994 ) is an American football quarterback for the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . He played college football at Washington State , and was drafted by the Tennessee Titans in the sixth round of the 2018 NFL Draft . He has played for the Tennessee Titans , Miami Dolphins , and the New York Jets .",
"title": "Luke Falk"
},
{
"text": "Falk started the 2019 season as the third quarterback on the roster of the New York Jets and played in three games , due to an illness affecting starting quarterback Sam Darnold and an injury to Trevor Siemian sustained in week two of the regular season . Falk struggled with the Jets and was released mid-season following Darnolds return .",
"title": "Luke Falk"
},
{
"text": " Falk was born in Logan , Utah and moved to California where he attended Oaks Christian School in Westlake Village . He has two older sisters , Alexa Shea Falk Johns and Natalee Marie Falk , who formed a sibling country music duo Falk . Prior to his junior year , he moved back to Logan and attended Logan High School . As a senior , he threw for 3,618 yards with 36 touchdowns and broke Utah records for pass attempts ( 562 ) and pass completions ( 330 ) .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "Falk originally committed to Cornell University but de-committed following the departure of head coach Kent Austin . Falk then joined Washington State University as a walk-on . After redshirting in 2013 , Falk entered 2014 as the backup to Connor Halliday . After Halliday was injured , Falk took over as the starter for the final three games . In his first career start he threw for 471 yards and five touchdowns and earned conference offensive player and national quarterback of the week honors . Overall , he appeared in six games , completing 156 of 243 passes for 1,859",
"title": "College career"
},
{
"text": "yards with 13 touchdowns and seven interceptions . He retained his starting job for the 2015 season and proceeded to lead the nation in passing yards per game ( 380.5 ) , while finishing second in the nation in pass completion percentage ( 69.45 ) , and earning first-team all-Pac-12 honors , becoming the ninth Washington State quarterback in the 100-year of the conference to be named first-team . He guided the 2015 Cougars to a 9-3 record that included a Sun Bowl win over Miami and dramatic , come-from-behind victories over UCLA , Oregon and Rutgers . Falk adheres",
"title": "College career"
},
{
"text": "to a strict diet to enhance performance , and wears a signature wristband in every game to salute his favorite youth basketball coach who died unexpectedly . As of week 12 of the 2017 season , Falk holds Pac-12 Football records for career passing attempts , completions , completion percentage , passing yards , and passing touchdowns . On January 26 , 2018 , Falk announced that he would forgo the Senior Bowl to attend a funeral for Tyler Hilinski .",
"title": "College career"
},
{
"text": " Falk was drafted by the Tennessee Titans in the sixth round ( 199th overall ) of the 2018 NFL Draft . He played in every preseason game while starting the final game against the Vikings . On September 1 , 2018 , Falk was waived by the Titans .",
"title": "Tennessee Titans"
},
{
"text": " On September 2 , 2018 , Falk was claimed off waivers by the Miami Dolphins . He was placed on injured reserve on October 5 , 2018 with a wrist injury . On May 1 , 2019 , the Dolphins waived Falk .",
"title": "Miami Dolphins"
},
{
"text": "On May 2 , 2019 , Falk was claimed off waivers by the New York Jets . He was waived on August 31 , 2019 and was signed to the practice squad the next day . On September 12 , 2019 , Falk was promoted to the active roster . He made his NFL regular season debut on Monday Night Football against the Cleveland Browns on September 16 , 2019 after an injury to backup quarterback Trevor Siemian , who himself made the start in place of Sam Darnold , who was out with mononucleosis . Falk finished his first",
"title": "New York Jets"
},
{
"text": "NFL game 20-of-25 with 198 yards and a quarterback rating of 99.7 . Making his first career start against the defending Super Bowl champion New England Patriots in Week 3 , Falk was only able to pull off 98 passing yards on 12 out of 22 completions with an interception as the Jets lost 30-14 . Following a bye week , Falk made his second career start against the Philadelphia Eagles in Week 5 , where he finished with 120 passing yards and 2 interceptions as the Jets lost 31-6 . He was waived on October 12 .",
"title": "New York Jets"
},
{
"text": " Falk had a tryout with the San Francisco 49ers on August 13 , 2020 .",
"title": "New York Jets"
},
{
"text": " Falk signed with the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the CFL on February 19 , 2021 .",
"title": "Saskatchewan Roughriders"
},
{
"text": " - New York Jets bio - Washington State Cougars bio",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Thomas_Oppermann#P39#0
|
What was the position of Thomas Oppermann between Nov 1999 and Jan 2001?
|
Thomas Oppermann Thomas Ludwig Albert Oppermann ( 27 April 195425 October 2020 ) was a German politician and member of the Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) . From October 2017 until his death he served as Vice President of the Bundestag . In his earlier career , he served as First Secretary ( 2007–2013 ) and later as chairman ( 2013–2017 ) of the SPD Parliamentary Group in the Bundestag . Oppermann belonged to the right wing of the SPD , known as Seeheimer Kreis . Life and career . Oppermann was born in Freckenhorst on 27 April 1954 . Oppermann received his abitur from the Goetheschule in Einbeck . Afterwards , he studied German studies and English studies at University of Tübingen . From 1976 to 1978 , he worked at Action Reconciliation Service for Peace ( ARSP ) in the United States . After his return to Germany , he went to law school at University of Göttingen , finishing in 1986 . From then until 1990 , Oppermann was an administrative court judge in Hanover and later in Braunschweig . From 1988 to 1989 , he was seconded to serve as chief legal affairs officer for the city of Hann . Münden . Oppermann had three daughters and one son . Political career . Role in regional politics . Oppermann has been a member of the ( SPD ) since 1980 and president of the regional SPD in Göttingen since 1989 . He was a member of the Lower Saxon Landtag from 1990 to 2005 . He was speaker for legal affairs there from 1990 to 1998 . Between 1998 and 2003 , Oppermann served as State Minister for Science and Culture in the cabinets of Minister-Presidents Gerhard Schröder , Gerhard Glogowski and Sigmar Gabriel . In 1999 , after Glogowskis resignation , Oppermann lost an internal party vote against Gabriel on becoming the next Minister-President . From 2003 to 2005 , Oppermann was the economic speaker of the state SPD parliamentary group . National politics . From the 2005 federal election until his death in 2020 , Oppermann served as a member of the Bundestag ( German parliament ) . Within his parliamentary group , he was part of the Seeheim Circle . From March 2006 to November 2007 , he was speaker of the working group and leader of the SPD delegation on the committee to investigate the secret services ( Geheimdienst-Untersuchungsausschuss ) . Oppermann was elected as the First Parliamentary Secretary of the SPD parliamentary group in November 2007 , succeeding Olaf Scholz ; he was subsequently re-elected in 2011 and 2013 . In this capacity , he also joined the parliaments Council of Elders , which – among other duties – determines daily legislative agenda items and assigning committee chairpersons based on party representation . He also became a member of the Parliamentary Oversight Panel ( PKGr ) , which provides parliamentary oversight of Germanys intelligence services BND , BfV and MAD . Between 2006 and 2013 , Oppermann was the Deputy Chairman of the German-Israeli Parliamentary Friendship Group . From 2009 , he served on the parliamentary body in charge of appointing judges to the Highest Courts of Justice , namely the Federal Court of Justice ( BGH ) , the Federal Administrative Court ( BVerwG ) , the Federal Fiscal Court ( BFH ) , the Federal Labour Court ( BAG ) , and the Federal Social Court ( BSG ) . Ahead of the 2009 elections , German foreign minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier included Oppermann , then relatively unknown face to the German public , in his shadow cabinet of 10 women and eight men for the Social Democrats’ campaign to unseat incumbent Angela Merkel as chancellor . During the campaign , Oppermann served as shadow minister for interior affairs and therefore as counterpart of incumbent Wolfgang Schäuble . Chairman of the SPD Parliamentary Group , 2013–2017 . In the negotiations to form a so-called Grand Coalition following the 2013 federal elections , Oppermann led the SPD delegation in the internal and legal affairs working group ; his co-chair was Hans-Peter Friedrich of the CSU . When Frank-Walter Steinmeier resigned as Chairman of the SPD Parliamentary Group to serve once again as foreign minister in Angela Merkels second Grand Coalition , Oppermann was elected as his successor on 16 December 2013 . Oppermann also served on the Committee on the Election of Judges ( Wahlausschuss ) , which is in charge of appointing judges to the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany . In late 2015 , the SPDs board under the leadership of Sigmar Gabriel mandated Oppermann and Manuela Schwesig with the task of drafting an electoral program for the 2017 federal elections . In the Social Democrats’ campaign to unseat incumbent Angela Merkel as chancellor , Oppermann focused on defence policy , thereby being a counterweight to incumbent Ursula von der Leyen . Vice-President of the German Bundestag , 2017–2020 . After the Social Democrats experienced their worst result in German post-war history , the new chairman Martin Schulz nominated Andrea Nahles to replace Oppermann as leader of the partys group in the German Parliament . He also served on the Committee on Foreign Affairs . From 2019 , he was a member of the German delegation to the Franco-German Parliamentary Assembly . In August 2020 , Oppermann announced that he would not stand in the 2021 federal elections but instead resign from active politics by the end of the parliamentary term . Political positions . In 2011 , Oppermann publicly spoke out in favor of holding a national referendum over fundamental principles of the European Union on the day of the 2013 parliamentary election . In 2013 , Oppermann criticized the government of Chancellor Angela Merkel as news emerged of its intentions to sell arms to Saudi Arabia , saying that the conservatives wanted to totally upgrade the countrys military capabilities . Faced with 800,000 migrants arriving in Germany in 2015 , Oppermann said his party would never accept a CSU proposal to create transit zones near the border , where asylum seekers with no chance of staying could be quickly sent back home . Other activities . Corporate boards . - EnBW , Member of the Advisory Board ( 2005–2006 ) Non-profits . - German Football Association ( DFB ) , Chairman of the Ethic Commission ( since 2019 ) - Hertie School of Governance , Member of the Board of Trustees - Friedrich Ebert Foundation ( FES ) , Member - Friends of the Center for Palliative Care of the University of Göttingen , Member of the Board of Trustees - Berlin Institute for Advanced Study , Member of the Board of Trustees ( until April 2015 ) - Göttingen International Handel Festival , Member of the Supervisory Board - Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry , Member of the Board of Trustees - Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization , Member of the Board of Trustees - Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research , Member of the Board of Trustees - Volkswagen Foundation , Member of the Board of Trustees - ZDF , Member of the Television Board - Das Progressive Zentrum , Member of the Circle of Friends - Fraunhofer Society , Member of the Senate ( 2006–2008 ) <ref Niedersachsen/Bremen 2006></ref> Controversy . When former member of parliament Sebastian Edathy in December 2014 appeared before a Bundestag inquiry into his purchase of child pornography , he was asked about whether a tip-off from party colleagues gave him time to destroy evidence ahead of a police raid on his home and office . Edathy said senior SPD members , particularly Oppermann , breached legal privilege by discussing the case with colleagues and staff . During a closed-door hearing of the Committee on Internal Affairs earlier that year , Oppermann had denied that he or any of his fellow high-ranking SPD officials indirectly or directly informed or even warned Sebastian Edathy of the investigation or our knowledge of it . Death . Oppermann collapsed while waiting for a TV appearance and was transported to a hospital in Göttingen , where he died on 25 October 2020 , at the age of 66 . External links . - Retrieved 12 March 2010
|
[
"State Minister for Science and Culture"
] |
[
{
"text": " Thomas Ludwig Albert Oppermann ( 27 April 195425 October 2020 ) was a German politician and member of the Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) . From October 2017 until his death he served as Vice President of the Bundestag . In his earlier career , he served as First Secretary ( 2007–2013 ) and later as chairman ( 2013–2017 ) of the SPD Parliamentary Group in the Bundestag . Oppermann belonged to the right wing of the SPD , known as Seeheimer Kreis .",
"title": "Thomas Oppermann"
},
{
"text": " Oppermann was born in Freckenhorst on 27 April 1954 . Oppermann received his abitur from the Goetheschule in Einbeck . Afterwards , he studied German studies and English studies at University of Tübingen . From 1976 to 1978 , he worked at Action Reconciliation Service for Peace ( ARSP ) in the United States . After his return to Germany , he went to law school at University of Göttingen , finishing in 1986 .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "From then until 1990 , Oppermann was an administrative court judge in Hanover and later in Braunschweig . From 1988 to 1989 , he was seconded to serve as chief legal affairs officer for the city of Hann . Münden . Oppermann had three daughters and one son .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " Role in regional politics . Oppermann has been a member of the ( SPD ) since 1980 and president of the regional SPD in Göttingen since 1989 . He was a member of the Lower Saxon Landtag from 1990 to 2005 . He was speaker for legal affairs there from 1990 to 1998 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Between 1998 and 2003 , Oppermann served as State Minister for Science and Culture in the cabinets of Minister-Presidents Gerhard Schröder , Gerhard Glogowski and Sigmar Gabriel . In 1999 , after Glogowskis resignation , Oppermann lost an internal party vote against Gabriel on becoming the next Minister-President .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " From 2003 to 2005 , Oppermann was the economic speaker of the state SPD parliamentary group .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " From the 2005 federal election until his death in 2020 , Oppermann served as a member of the Bundestag ( German parliament ) . Within his parliamentary group , he was part of the Seeheim Circle . From March 2006 to November 2007 , he was speaker of the working group and leader of the SPD delegation on the committee to investigate the secret services ( Geheimdienst-Untersuchungsausschuss ) .",
"title": "National politics"
},
{
"text": "Oppermann was elected as the First Parliamentary Secretary of the SPD parliamentary group in November 2007 , succeeding Olaf Scholz ; he was subsequently re-elected in 2011 and 2013 . In this capacity , he also joined the parliaments Council of Elders , which – among other duties – determines daily legislative agenda items and assigning committee chairpersons based on party representation . He also became a member of the Parliamentary Oversight Panel ( PKGr ) , which provides parliamentary oversight of Germanys intelligence services BND , BfV and MAD .",
"title": "National politics"
},
{
"text": " Between 2006 and 2013 , Oppermann was the Deputy Chairman of the German-Israeli Parliamentary Friendship Group . From 2009 , he served on the parliamentary body in charge of appointing judges to the Highest Courts of Justice , namely the Federal Court of Justice ( BGH ) , the Federal Administrative Court ( BVerwG ) , the Federal Fiscal Court ( BFH ) , the Federal Labour Court ( BAG ) , and the Federal Social Court ( BSG ) .",
"title": "National politics"
},
{
"text": "Ahead of the 2009 elections , German foreign minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier included Oppermann , then relatively unknown face to the German public , in his shadow cabinet of 10 women and eight men for the Social Democrats’ campaign to unseat incumbent Angela Merkel as chancellor . During the campaign , Oppermann served as shadow minister for interior affairs and therefore as counterpart of incumbent Wolfgang Schäuble .",
"title": "National politics"
},
{
"text": " Chairman of the SPD Parliamentary Group , 2013–2017 . In the negotiations to form a so-called Grand Coalition following the 2013 federal elections , Oppermann led the SPD delegation in the internal and legal affairs working group ; his co-chair was Hans-Peter Friedrich of the CSU . When Frank-Walter Steinmeier resigned as Chairman of the SPD Parliamentary Group to serve once again as foreign minister in Angela Merkels second Grand Coalition , Oppermann was elected as his successor on 16 December 2013 .",
"title": "National politics"
},
{
"text": "Oppermann also served on the Committee on the Election of Judges ( Wahlausschuss ) , which is in charge of appointing judges to the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany .",
"title": "National politics"
},
{
"text": " In late 2015 , the SPDs board under the leadership of Sigmar Gabriel mandated Oppermann and Manuela Schwesig with the task of drafting an electoral program for the 2017 federal elections . In the Social Democrats’ campaign to unseat incumbent Angela Merkel as chancellor , Oppermann focused on defence policy , thereby being a counterweight to incumbent Ursula von der Leyen . Vice-President of the German Bundestag , 2017–2020 .",
"title": "National politics"
},
{
"text": "After the Social Democrats experienced their worst result in German post-war history , the new chairman Martin Schulz nominated Andrea Nahles to replace Oppermann as leader of the partys group in the German Parliament . He also served on the Committee on Foreign Affairs . From 2019 , he was a member of the German delegation to the Franco-German Parliamentary Assembly .",
"title": "National politics"
},
{
"text": " In August 2020 , Oppermann announced that he would not stand in the 2021 federal elections but instead resign from active politics by the end of the parliamentary term .",
"title": "National politics"
},
{
"text": " In 2011 , Oppermann publicly spoke out in favor of holding a national referendum over fundamental principles of the European Union on the day of the 2013 parliamentary election . In 2013 , Oppermann criticized the government of Chancellor Angela Merkel as news emerged of its intentions to sell arms to Saudi Arabia , saying that the conservatives wanted to totally upgrade the countrys military capabilities .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": "Faced with 800,000 migrants arriving in Germany in 2015 , Oppermann said his party would never accept a CSU proposal to create transit zones near the border , where asylum seekers with no chance of staying could be quickly sent back home .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": " - German Football Association ( DFB ) , Chairman of the Ethic Commission ( since 2019 ) - Hertie School of Governance , Member of the Board of Trustees - Friedrich Ebert Foundation ( FES ) , Member - Friends of the Center for Palliative Care of the University of Göttingen , Member of the Board of Trustees - Berlin Institute for Advanced Study , Member of the Board of Trustees ( until April 2015 ) - Göttingen International Handel Festival , Member of the Supervisory Board",
"title": "Non-profits"
},
{
"text": "- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry , Member of the Board of Trustees",
"title": "Non-profits"
},
{
"text": " - Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization , Member of the Board of Trustees - Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research , Member of the Board of Trustees - Volkswagen Foundation , Member of the Board of Trustees - ZDF , Member of the Television Board - Das Progressive Zentrum , Member of the Circle of Friends - Fraunhofer Society , Member of the Senate ( 2006–2008 ) <ref Niedersachsen/Bremen 2006></ref>",
"title": "Non-profits"
},
{
"text": "When former member of parliament Sebastian Edathy in December 2014 appeared before a Bundestag inquiry into his purchase of child pornography , he was asked about whether a tip-off from party colleagues gave him time to destroy evidence ahead of a police raid on his home and office . Edathy said senior SPD members , particularly Oppermann , breached legal privilege by discussing the case with colleagues and staff . During a closed-door hearing of the Committee on Internal Affairs earlier that year , Oppermann had denied that he or any of his fellow high-ranking SPD officials indirectly or directly",
"title": "Controversy"
},
{
"text": "informed or even warned Sebastian Edathy of the investigation or our knowledge of it .",
"title": "Controversy"
},
{
"text": " Oppermann collapsed while waiting for a TV appearance and was transported to a hospital in Göttingen , where he died on 25 October 2020 , at the age of 66 .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " - Retrieved 12 March 2010",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Thomas_Oppermann#P39#1
|
What was the position of Thomas Oppermann between Oct 2007 and Nov 2007?
|
Thomas Oppermann Thomas Ludwig Albert Oppermann ( 27 April 195425 October 2020 ) was a German politician and member of the Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) . From October 2017 until his death he served as Vice President of the Bundestag . In his earlier career , he served as First Secretary ( 2007–2013 ) and later as chairman ( 2013–2017 ) of the SPD Parliamentary Group in the Bundestag . Oppermann belonged to the right wing of the SPD , known as Seeheimer Kreis . Life and career . Oppermann was born in Freckenhorst on 27 April 1954 . Oppermann received his abitur from the Goetheschule in Einbeck . Afterwards , he studied German studies and English studies at University of Tübingen . From 1976 to 1978 , he worked at Action Reconciliation Service for Peace ( ARSP ) in the United States . After his return to Germany , he went to law school at University of Göttingen , finishing in 1986 . From then until 1990 , Oppermann was an administrative court judge in Hanover and later in Braunschweig . From 1988 to 1989 , he was seconded to serve as chief legal affairs officer for the city of Hann . Münden . Oppermann had three daughters and one son . Political career . Role in regional politics . Oppermann has been a member of the ( SPD ) since 1980 and president of the regional SPD in Göttingen since 1989 . He was a member of the Lower Saxon Landtag from 1990 to 2005 . He was speaker for legal affairs there from 1990 to 1998 . Between 1998 and 2003 , Oppermann served as State Minister for Science and Culture in the cabinets of Minister-Presidents Gerhard Schröder , Gerhard Glogowski and Sigmar Gabriel . In 1999 , after Glogowskis resignation , Oppermann lost an internal party vote against Gabriel on becoming the next Minister-President . From 2003 to 2005 , Oppermann was the economic speaker of the state SPD parliamentary group . National politics . From the 2005 federal election until his death in 2020 , Oppermann served as a member of the Bundestag ( German parliament ) . Within his parliamentary group , he was part of the Seeheim Circle . From March 2006 to November 2007 , he was speaker of the working group and leader of the SPD delegation on the committee to investigate the secret services ( Geheimdienst-Untersuchungsausschuss ) . Oppermann was elected as the First Parliamentary Secretary of the SPD parliamentary group in November 2007 , succeeding Olaf Scholz ; he was subsequently re-elected in 2011 and 2013 . In this capacity , he also joined the parliaments Council of Elders , which – among other duties – determines daily legislative agenda items and assigning committee chairpersons based on party representation . He also became a member of the Parliamentary Oversight Panel ( PKGr ) , which provides parliamentary oversight of Germanys intelligence services BND , BfV and MAD . Between 2006 and 2013 , Oppermann was the Deputy Chairman of the German-Israeli Parliamentary Friendship Group . From 2009 , he served on the parliamentary body in charge of appointing judges to the Highest Courts of Justice , namely the Federal Court of Justice ( BGH ) , the Federal Administrative Court ( BVerwG ) , the Federal Fiscal Court ( BFH ) , the Federal Labour Court ( BAG ) , and the Federal Social Court ( BSG ) . Ahead of the 2009 elections , German foreign minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier included Oppermann , then relatively unknown face to the German public , in his shadow cabinet of 10 women and eight men for the Social Democrats’ campaign to unseat incumbent Angela Merkel as chancellor . During the campaign , Oppermann served as shadow minister for interior affairs and therefore as counterpart of incumbent Wolfgang Schäuble . Chairman of the SPD Parliamentary Group , 2013–2017 . In the negotiations to form a so-called Grand Coalition following the 2013 federal elections , Oppermann led the SPD delegation in the internal and legal affairs working group ; his co-chair was Hans-Peter Friedrich of the CSU . When Frank-Walter Steinmeier resigned as Chairman of the SPD Parliamentary Group to serve once again as foreign minister in Angela Merkels second Grand Coalition , Oppermann was elected as his successor on 16 December 2013 . Oppermann also served on the Committee on the Election of Judges ( Wahlausschuss ) , which is in charge of appointing judges to the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany . In late 2015 , the SPDs board under the leadership of Sigmar Gabriel mandated Oppermann and Manuela Schwesig with the task of drafting an electoral program for the 2017 federal elections . In the Social Democrats’ campaign to unseat incumbent Angela Merkel as chancellor , Oppermann focused on defence policy , thereby being a counterweight to incumbent Ursula von der Leyen . Vice-President of the German Bundestag , 2017–2020 . After the Social Democrats experienced their worst result in German post-war history , the new chairman Martin Schulz nominated Andrea Nahles to replace Oppermann as leader of the partys group in the German Parliament . He also served on the Committee on Foreign Affairs . From 2019 , he was a member of the German delegation to the Franco-German Parliamentary Assembly . In August 2020 , Oppermann announced that he would not stand in the 2021 federal elections but instead resign from active politics by the end of the parliamentary term . Political positions . In 2011 , Oppermann publicly spoke out in favor of holding a national referendum over fundamental principles of the European Union on the day of the 2013 parliamentary election . In 2013 , Oppermann criticized the government of Chancellor Angela Merkel as news emerged of its intentions to sell arms to Saudi Arabia , saying that the conservatives wanted to totally upgrade the countrys military capabilities . Faced with 800,000 migrants arriving in Germany in 2015 , Oppermann said his party would never accept a CSU proposal to create transit zones near the border , where asylum seekers with no chance of staying could be quickly sent back home . Other activities . Corporate boards . - EnBW , Member of the Advisory Board ( 2005–2006 ) Non-profits . - German Football Association ( DFB ) , Chairman of the Ethic Commission ( since 2019 ) - Hertie School of Governance , Member of the Board of Trustees - Friedrich Ebert Foundation ( FES ) , Member - Friends of the Center for Palliative Care of the University of Göttingen , Member of the Board of Trustees - Berlin Institute for Advanced Study , Member of the Board of Trustees ( until April 2015 ) - Göttingen International Handel Festival , Member of the Supervisory Board - Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry , Member of the Board of Trustees - Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization , Member of the Board of Trustees - Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research , Member of the Board of Trustees - Volkswagen Foundation , Member of the Board of Trustees - ZDF , Member of the Television Board - Das Progressive Zentrum , Member of the Circle of Friends - Fraunhofer Society , Member of the Senate ( 2006–2008 ) <ref Niedersachsen/Bremen 2006></ref> Controversy . When former member of parliament Sebastian Edathy in December 2014 appeared before a Bundestag inquiry into his purchase of child pornography , he was asked about whether a tip-off from party colleagues gave him time to destroy evidence ahead of a police raid on his home and office . Edathy said senior SPD members , particularly Oppermann , breached legal privilege by discussing the case with colleagues and staff . During a closed-door hearing of the Committee on Internal Affairs earlier that year , Oppermann had denied that he or any of his fellow high-ranking SPD officials indirectly or directly informed or even warned Sebastian Edathy of the investigation or our knowledge of it . Death . Oppermann collapsed while waiting for a TV appearance and was transported to a hospital in Göttingen , where he died on 25 October 2020 , at the age of 66 . External links . - Retrieved 12 March 2010
|
[
"member of the Bundestag ( German parliament )"
] |
[
{
"text": " Thomas Ludwig Albert Oppermann ( 27 April 195425 October 2020 ) was a German politician and member of the Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) . From October 2017 until his death he served as Vice President of the Bundestag . In his earlier career , he served as First Secretary ( 2007–2013 ) and later as chairman ( 2013–2017 ) of the SPD Parliamentary Group in the Bundestag . Oppermann belonged to the right wing of the SPD , known as Seeheimer Kreis .",
"title": "Thomas Oppermann"
},
{
"text": " Oppermann was born in Freckenhorst on 27 April 1954 . Oppermann received his abitur from the Goetheschule in Einbeck . Afterwards , he studied German studies and English studies at University of Tübingen . From 1976 to 1978 , he worked at Action Reconciliation Service for Peace ( ARSP ) in the United States . After his return to Germany , he went to law school at University of Göttingen , finishing in 1986 .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "From then until 1990 , Oppermann was an administrative court judge in Hanover and later in Braunschweig . From 1988 to 1989 , he was seconded to serve as chief legal affairs officer for the city of Hann . Münden . Oppermann had three daughters and one son .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " Role in regional politics . Oppermann has been a member of the ( SPD ) since 1980 and president of the regional SPD in Göttingen since 1989 . He was a member of the Lower Saxon Landtag from 1990 to 2005 . He was speaker for legal affairs there from 1990 to 1998 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Between 1998 and 2003 , Oppermann served as State Minister for Science and Culture in the cabinets of Minister-Presidents Gerhard Schröder , Gerhard Glogowski and Sigmar Gabriel . In 1999 , after Glogowskis resignation , Oppermann lost an internal party vote against Gabriel on becoming the next Minister-President .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " From 2003 to 2005 , Oppermann was the economic speaker of the state SPD parliamentary group .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " From the 2005 federal election until his death in 2020 , Oppermann served as a member of the Bundestag ( German parliament ) . Within his parliamentary group , he was part of the Seeheim Circle . From March 2006 to November 2007 , he was speaker of the working group and leader of the SPD delegation on the committee to investigate the secret services ( Geheimdienst-Untersuchungsausschuss ) .",
"title": "National politics"
},
{
"text": "Oppermann was elected as the First Parliamentary Secretary of the SPD parliamentary group in November 2007 , succeeding Olaf Scholz ; he was subsequently re-elected in 2011 and 2013 . In this capacity , he also joined the parliaments Council of Elders , which – among other duties – determines daily legislative agenda items and assigning committee chairpersons based on party representation . He also became a member of the Parliamentary Oversight Panel ( PKGr ) , which provides parliamentary oversight of Germanys intelligence services BND , BfV and MAD .",
"title": "National politics"
},
{
"text": " Between 2006 and 2013 , Oppermann was the Deputy Chairman of the German-Israeli Parliamentary Friendship Group . From 2009 , he served on the parliamentary body in charge of appointing judges to the Highest Courts of Justice , namely the Federal Court of Justice ( BGH ) , the Federal Administrative Court ( BVerwG ) , the Federal Fiscal Court ( BFH ) , the Federal Labour Court ( BAG ) , and the Federal Social Court ( BSG ) .",
"title": "National politics"
},
{
"text": "Ahead of the 2009 elections , German foreign minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier included Oppermann , then relatively unknown face to the German public , in his shadow cabinet of 10 women and eight men for the Social Democrats’ campaign to unseat incumbent Angela Merkel as chancellor . During the campaign , Oppermann served as shadow minister for interior affairs and therefore as counterpart of incumbent Wolfgang Schäuble .",
"title": "National politics"
},
{
"text": " Chairman of the SPD Parliamentary Group , 2013–2017 . In the negotiations to form a so-called Grand Coalition following the 2013 federal elections , Oppermann led the SPD delegation in the internal and legal affairs working group ; his co-chair was Hans-Peter Friedrich of the CSU . When Frank-Walter Steinmeier resigned as Chairman of the SPD Parliamentary Group to serve once again as foreign minister in Angela Merkels second Grand Coalition , Oppermann was elected as his successor on 16 December 2013 .",
"title": "National politics"
},
{
"text": "Oppermann also served on the Committee on the Election of Judges ( Wahlausschuss ) , which is in charge of appointing judges to the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany .",
"title": "National politics"
},
{
"text": " In late 2015 , the SPDs board under the leadership of Sigmar Gabriel mandated Oppermann and Manuela Schwesig with the task of drafting an electoral program for the 2017 federal elections . In the Social Democrats’ campaign to unseat incumbent Angela Merkel as chancellor , Oppermann focused on defence policy , thereby being a counterweight to incumbent Ursula von der Leyen . Vice-President of the German Bundestag , 2017–2020 .",
"title": "National politics"
},
{
"text": "After the Social Democrats experienced their worst result in German post-war history , the new chairman Martin Schulz nominated Andrea Nahles to replace Oppermann as leader of the partys group in the German Parliament . He also served on the Committee on Foreign Affairs . From 2019 , he was a member of the German delegation to the Franco-German Parliamentary Assembly .",
"title": "National politics"
},
{
"text": " In August 2020 , Oppermann announced that he would not stand in the 2021 federal elections but instead resign from active politics by the end of the parliamentary term .",
"title": "National politics"
},
{
"text": " In 2011 , Oppermann publicly spoke out in favor of holding a national referendum over fundamental principles of the European Union on the day of the 2013 parliamentary election . In 2013 , Oppermann criticized the government of Chancellor Angela Merkel as news emerged of its intentions to sell arms to Saudi Arabia , saying that the conservatives wanted to totally upgrade the countrys military capabilities .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": "Faced with 800,000 migrants arriving in Germany in 2015 , Oppermann said his party would never accept a CSU proposal to create transit zones near the border , where asylum seekers with no chance of staying could be quickly sent back home .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": " - German Football Association ( DFB ) , Chairman of the Ethic Commission ( since 2019 ) - Hertie School of Governance , Member of the Board of Trustees - Friedrich Ebert Foundation ( FES ) , Member - Friends of the Center for Palliative Care of the University of Göttingen , Member of the Board of Trustees - Berlin Institute for Advanced Study , Member of the Board of Trustees ( until April 2015 ) - Göttingen International Handel Festival , Member of the Supervisory Board",
"title": "Non-profits"
},
{
"text": "- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry , Member of the Board of Trustees",
"title": "Non-profits"
},
{
"text": " - Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization , Member of the Board of Trustees - Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research , Member of the Board of Trustees - Volkswagen Foundation , Member of the Board of Trustees - ZDF , Member of the Television Board - Das Progressive Zentrum , Member of the Circle of Friends - Fraunhofer Society , Member of the Senate ( 2006–2008 ) <ref Niedersachsen/Bremen 2006></ref>",
"title": "Non-profits"
},
{
"text": "When former member of parliament Sebastian Edathy in December 2014 appeared before a Bundestag inquiry into his purchase of child pornography , he was asked about whether a tip-off from party colleagues gave him time to destroy evidence ahead of a police raid on his home and office . Edathy said senior SPD members , particularly Oppermann , breached legal privilege by discussing the case with colleagues and staff . During a closed-door hearing of the Committee on Internal Affairs earlier that year , Oppermann had denied that he or any of his fellow high-ranking SPD officials indirectly or directly",
"title": "Controversy"
},
{
"text": "informed or even warned Sebastian Edathy of the investigation or our knowledge of it .",
"title": "Controversy"
},
{
"text": " Oppermann collapsed while waiting for a TV appearance and was transported to a hospital in Göttingen , where he died on 25 October 2020 , at the age of 66 .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " - Retrieved 12 March 2010",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Thomas_Oppermann#P39#2
|
What was the position of Thomas Oppermann in late 2000s?
|
Thomas Oppermann Thomas Ludwig Albert Oppermann ( 27 April 195425 October 2020 ) was a German politician and member of the Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) . From October 2017 until his death he served as Vice President of the Bundestag . In his earlier career , he served as First Secretary ( 2007–2013 ) and later as chairman ( 2013–2017 ) of the SPD Parliamentary Group in the Bundestag . Oppermann belonged to the right wing of the SPD , known as Seeheimer Kreis . Life and career . Oppermann was born in Freckenhorst on 27 April 1954 . Oppermann received his abitur from the Goetheschule in Einbeck . Afterwards , he studied German studies and English studies at University of Tübingen . From 1976 to 1978 , he worked at Action Reconciliation Service for Peace ( ARSP ) in the United States . After his return to Germany , he went to law school at University of Göttingen , finishing in 1986 . From then until 1990 , Oppermann was an administrative court judge in Hanover and later in Braunschweig . From 1988 to 1989 , he was seconded to serve as chief legal affairs officer for the city of Hann . Münden . Oppermann had three daughters and one son . Political career . Role in regional politics . Oppermann has been a member of the ( SPD ) since 1980 and president of the regional SPD in Göttingen since 1989 . He was a member of the Lower Saxon Landtag from 1990 to 2005 . He was speaker for legal affairs there from 1990 to 1998 . Between 1998 and 2003 , Oppermann served as State Minister for Science and Culture in the cabinets of Minister-Presidents Gerhard Schröder , Gerhard Glogowski and Sigmar Gabriel . In 1999 , after Glogowskis resignation , Oppermann lost an internal party vote against Gabriel on becoming the next Minister-President . From 2003 to 2005 , Oppermann was the economic speaker of the state SPD parliamentary group . National politics . From the 2005 federal election until his death in 2020 , Oppermann served as a member of the Bundestag ( German parliament ) . Within his parliamentary group , he was part of the Seeheim Circle . From March 2006 to November 2007 , he was speaker of the working group and leader of the SPD delegation on the committee to investigate the secret services ( Geheimdienst-Untersuchungsausschuss ) . Oppermann was elected as the First Parliamentary Secretary of the SPD parliamentary group in November 2007 , succeeding Olaf Scholz ; he was subsequently re-elected in 2011 and 2013 . In this capacity , he also joined the parliaments Council of Elders , which – among other duties – determines daily legislative agenda items and assigning committee chairpersons based on party representation . He also became a member of the Parliamentary Oversight Panel ( PKGr ) , which provides parliamentary oversight of Germanys intelligence services BND , BfV and MAD . Between 2006 and 2013 , Oppermann was the Deputy Chairman of the German-Israeli Parliamentary Friendship Group . From 2009 , he served on the parliamentary body in charge of appointing judges to the Highest Courts of Justice , namely the Federal Court of Justice ( BGH ) , the Federal Administrative Court ( BVerwG ) , the Federal Fiscal Court ( BFH ) , the Federal Labour Court ( BAG ) , and the Federal Social Court ( BSG ) . Ahead of the 2009 elections , German foreign minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier included Oppermann , then relatively unknown face to the German public , in his shadow cabinet of 10 women and eight men for the Social Democrats’ campaign to unseat incumbent Angela Merkel as chancellor . During the campaign , Oppermann served as shadow minister for interior affairs and therefore as counterpart of incumbent Wolfgang Schäuble . Chairman of the SPD Parliamentary Group , 2013–2017 . In the negotiations to form a so-called Grand Coalition following the 2013 federal elections , Oppermann led the SPD delegation in the internal and legal affairs working group ; his co-chair was Hans-Peter Friedrich of the CSU . When Frank-Walter Steinmeier resigned as Chairman of the SPD Parliamentary Group to serve once again as foreign minister in Angela Merkels second Grand Coalition , Oppermann was elected as his successor on 16 December 2013 . Oppermann also served on the Committee on the Election of Judges ( Wahlausschuss ) , which is in charge of appointing judges to the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany . In late 2015 , the SPDs board under the leadership of Sigmar Gabriel mandated Oppermann and Manuela Schwesig with the task of drafting an electoral program for the 2017 federal elections . In the Social Democrats’ campaign to unseat incumbent Angela Merkel as chancellor , Oppermann focused on defence policy , thereby being a counterweight to incumbent Ursula von der Leyen . Vice-President of the German Bundestag , 2017–2020 . After the Social Democrats experienced their worst result in German post-war history , the new chairman Martin Schulz nominated Andrea Nahles to replace Oppermann as leader of the partys group in the German Parliament . He also served on the Committee on Foreign Affairs . From 2019 , he was a member of the German delegation to the Franco-German Parliamentary Assembly . In August 2020 , Oppermann announced that he would not stand in the 2021 federal elections but instead resign from active politics by the end of the parliamentary term . Political positions . In 2011 , Oppermann publicly spoke out in favor of holding a national referendum over fundamental principles of the European Union on the day of the 2013 parliamentary election . In 2013 , Oppermann criticized the government of Chancellor Angela Merkel as news emerged of its intentions to sell arms to Saudi Arabia , saying that the conservatives wanted to totally upgrade the countrys military capabilities . Faced with 800,000 migrants arriving in Germany in 2015 , Oppermann said his party would never accept a CSU proposal to create transit zones near the border , where asylum seekers with no chance of staying could be quickly sent back home . Other activities . Corporate boards . - EnBW , Member of the Advisory Board ( 2005–2006 ) Non-profits . - German Football Association ( DFB ) , Chairman of the Ethic Commission ( since 2019 ) - Hertie School of Governance , Member of the Board of Trustees - Friedrich Ebert Foundation ( FES ) , Member - Friends of the Center for Palliative Care of the University of Göttingen , Member of the Board of Trustees - Berlin Institute for Advanced Study , Member of the Board of Trustees ( until April 2015 ) - Göttingen International Handel Festival , Member of the Supervisory Board - Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry , Member of the Board of Trustees - Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization , Member of the Board of Trustees - Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research , Member of the Board of Trustees - Volkswagen Foundation , Member of the Board of Trustees - ZDF , Member of the Television Board - Das Progressive Zentrum , Member of the Circle of Friends - Fraunhofer Society , Member of the Senate ( 2006–2008 ) <ref Niedersachsen/Bremen 2006></ref> Controversy . When former member of parliament Sebastian Edathy in December 2014 appeared before a Bundestag inquiry into his purchase of child pornography , he was asked about whether a tip-off from party colleagues gave him time to destroy evidence ahead of a police raid on his home and office . Edathy said senior SPD members , particularly Oppermann , breached legal privilege by discussing the case with colleagues and staff . During a closed-door hearing of the Committee on Internal Affairs earlier that year , Oppermann had denied that he or any of his fellow high-ranking SPD officials indirectly or directly informed or even warned Sebastian Edathy of the investigation or our knowledge of it . Death . Oppermann collapsed while waiting for a TV appearance and was transported to a hospital in Göttingen , where he died on 25 October 2020 , at the age of 66 . External links . - Retrieved 12 March 2010
|
[
"First Parliamentary Secretary of the SPD parliamentary group"
] |
[
{
"text": " Thomas Ludwig Albert Oppermann ( 27 April 195425 October 2020 ) was a German politician and member of the Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) . From October 2017 until his death he served as Vice President of the Bundestag . In his earlier career , he served as First Secretary ( 2007–2013 ) and later as chairman ( 2013–2017 ) of the SPD Parliamentary Group in the Bundestag . Oppermann belonged to the right wing of the SPD , known as Seeheimer Kreis .",
"title": "Thomas Oppermann"
},
{
"text": " Oppermann was born in Freckenhorst on 27 April 1954 . Oppermann received his abitur from the Goetheschule in Einbeck . Afterwards , he studied German studies and English studies at University of Tübingen . From 1976 to 1978 , he worked at Action Reconciliation Service for Peace ( ARSP ) in the United States . After his return to Germany , he went to law school at University of Göttingen , finishing in 1986 .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "From then until 1990 , Oppermann was an administrative court judge in Hanover and later in Braunschweig . From 1988 to 1989 , he was seconded to serve as chief legal affairs officer for the city of Hann . Münden . Oppermann had three daughters and one son .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " Role in regional politics . Oppermann has been a member of the ( SPD ) since 1980 and president of the regional SPD in Göttingen since 1989 . He was a member of the Lower Saxon Landtag from 1990 to 2005 . He was speaker for legal affairs there from 1990 to 1998 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Between 1998 and 2003 , Oppermann served as State Minister for Science and Culture in the cabinets of Minister-Presidents Gerhard Schröder , Gerhard Glogowski and Sigmar Gabriel . In 1999 , after Glogowskis resignation , Oppermann lost an internal party vote against Gabriel on becoming the next Minister-President .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " From 2003 to 2005 , Oppermann was the economic speaker of the state SPD parliamentary group .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " From the 2005 federal election until his death in 2020 , Oppermann served as a member of the Bundestag ( German parliament ) . Within his parliamentary group , he was part of the Seeheim Circle . From March 2006 to November 2007 , he was speaker of the working group and leader of the SPD delegation on the committee to investigate the secret services ( Geheimdienst-Untersuchungsausschuss ) .",
"title": "National politics"
},
{
"text": "Oppermann was elected as the First Parliamentary Secretary of the SPD parliamentary group in November 2007 , succeeding Olaf Scholz ; he was subsequently re-elected in 2011 and 2013 . In this capacity , he also joined the parliaments Council of Elders , which – among other duties – determines daily legislative agenda items and assigning committee chairpersons based on party representation . He also became a member of the Parliamentary Oversight Panel ( PKGr ) , which provides parliamentary oversight of Germanys intelligence services BND , BfV and MAD .",
"title": "National politics"
},
{
"text": " Between 2006 and 2013 , Oppermann was the Deputy Chairman of the German-Israeli Parliamentary Friendship Group . From 2009 , he served on the parliamentary body in charge of appointing judges to the Highest Courts of Justice , namely the Federal Court of Justice ( BGH ) , the Federal Administrative Court ( BVerwG ) , the Federal Fiscal Court ( BFH ) , the Federal Labour Court ( BAG ) , and the Federal Social Court ( BSG ) .",
"title": "National politics"
},
{
"text": "Ahead of the 2009 elections , German foreign minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier included Oppermann , then relatively unknown face to the German public , in his shadow cabinet of 10 women and eight men for the Social Democrats’ campaign to unseat incumbent Angela Merkel as chancellor . During the campaign , Oppermann served as shadow minister for interior affairs and therefore as counterpart of incumbent Wolfgang Schäuble .",
"title": "National politics"
},
{
"text": " Chairman of the SPD Parliamentary Group , 2013–2017 . In the negotiations to form a so-called Grand Coalition following the 2013 federal elections , Oppermann led the SPD delegation in the internal and legal affairs working group ; his co-chair was Hans-Peter Friedrich of the CSU . When Frank-Walter Steinmeier resigned as Chairman of the SPD Parliamentary Group to serve once again as foreign minister in Angela Merkels second Grand Coalition , Oppermann was elected as his successor on 16 December 2013 .",
"title": "National politics"
},
{
"text": "Oppermann also served on the Committee on the Election of Judges ( Wahlausschuss ) , which is in charge of appointing judges to the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany .",
"title": "National politics"
},
{
"text": " In late 2015 , the SPDs board under the leadership of Sigmar Gabriel mandated Oppermann and Manuela Schwesig with the task of drafting an electoral program for the 2017 federal elections . In the Social Democrats’ campaign to unseat incumbent Angela Merkel as chancellor , Oppermann focused on defence policy , thereby being a counterweight to incumbent Ursula von der Leyen . Vice-President of the German Bundestag , 2017–2020 .",
"title": "National politics"
},
{
"text": "After the Social Democrats experienced their worst result in German post-war history , the new chairman Martin Schulz nominated Andrea Nahles to replace Oppermann as leader of the partys group in the German Parliament . He also served on the Committee on Foreign Affairs . From 2019 , he was a member of the German delegation to the Franco-German Parliamentary Assembly .",
"title": "National politics"
},
{
"text": " In August 2020 , Oppermann announced that he would not stand in the 2021 federal elections but instead resign from active politics by the end of the parliamentary term .",
"title": "National politics"
},
{
"text": " In 2011 , Oppermann publicly spoke out in favor of holding a national referendum over fundamental principles of the European Union on the day of the 2013 parliamentary election . In 2013 , Oppermann criticized the government of Chancellor Angela Merkel as news emerged of its intentions to sell arms to Saudi Arabia , saying that the conservatives wanted to totally upgrade the countrys military capabilities .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": "Faced with 800,000 migrants arriving in Germany in 2015 , Oppermann said his party would never accept a CSU proposal to create transit zones near the border , where asylum seekers with no chance of staying could be quickly sent back home .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": " - German Football Association ( DFB ) , Chairman of the Ethic Commission ( since 2019 ) - Hertie School of Governance , Member of the Board of Trustees - Friedrich Ebert Foundation ( FES ) , Member - Friends of the Center for Palliative Care of the University of Göttingen , Member of the Board of Trustees - Berlin Institute for Advanced Study , Member of the Board of Trustees ( until April 2015 ) - Göttingen International Handel Festival , Member of the Supervisory Board",
"title": "Non-profits"
},
{
"text": "- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry , Member of the Board of Trustees",
"title": "Non-profits"
},
{
"text": " - Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization , Member of the Board of Trustees - Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research , Member of the Board of Trustees - Volkswagen Foundation , Member of the Board of Trustees - ZDF , Member of the Television Board - Das Progressive Zentrum , Member of the Circle of Friends - Fraunhofer Society , Member of the Senate ( 2006–2008 ) <ref Niedersachsen/Bremen 2006></ref>",
"title": "Non-profits"
},
{
"text": "When former member of parliament Sebastian Edathy in December 2014 appeared before a Bundestag inquiry into his purchase of child pornography , he was asked about whether a tip-off from party colleagues gave him time to destroy evidence ahead of a police raid on his home and office . Edathy said senior SPD members , particularly Oppermann , breached legal privilege by discussing the case with colleagues and staff . During a closed-door hearing of the Committee on Internal Affairs earlier that year , Oppermann had denied that he or any of his fellow high-ranking SPD officials indirectly or directly",
"title": "Controversy"
},
{
"text": "informed or even warned Sebastian Edathy of the investigation or our knowledge of it .",
"title": "Controversy"
},
{
"text": " Oppermann collapsed while waiting for a TV appearance and was transported to a hospital in Göttingen , where he died on 25 October 2020 , at the age of 66 .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " - Retrieved 12 March 2010",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Thomas_Oppermann#P39#3
|
What was the position of Thomas Oppermann between May 2017 and Jun 2017?
|
Thomas Oppermann Thomas Ludwig Albert Oppermann ( 27 April 195425 October 2020 ) was a German politician and member of the Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) . From October 2017 until his death he served as Vice President of the Bundestag . In his earlier career , he served as First Secretary ( 2007–2013 ) and later as chairman ( 2013–2017 ) of the SPD Parliamentary Group in the Bundestag . Oppermann belonged to the right wing of the SPD , known as Seeheimer Kreis . Life and career . Oppermann was born in Freckenhorst on 27 April 1954 . Oppermann received his abitur from the Goetheschule in Einbeck . Afterwards , he studied German studies and English studies at University of Tübingen . From 1976 to 1978 , he worked at Action Reconciliation Service for Peace ( ARSP ) in the United States . After his return to Germany , he went to law school at University of Göttingen , finishing in 1986 . From then until 1990 , Oppermann was an administrative court judge in Hanover and later in Braunschweig . From 1988 to 1989 , he was seconded to serve as chief legal affairs officer for the city of Hann . Münden . Oppermann had three daughters and one son . Political career . Role in regional politics . Oppermann has been a member of the ( SPD ) since 1980 and president of the regional SPD in Göttingen since 1989 . He was a member of the Lower Saxon Landtag from 1990 to 2005 . He was speaker for legal affairs there from 1990 to 1998 . Between 1998 and 2003 , Oppermann served as State Minister for Science and Culture in the cabinets of Minister-Presidents Gerhard Schröder , Gerhard Glogowski and Sigmar Gabriel . In 1999 , after Glogowskis resignation , Oppermann lost an internal party vote against Gabriel on becoming the next Minister-President . From 2003 to 2005 , Oppermann was the economic speaker of the state SPD parliamentary group . National politics . From the 2005 federal election until his death in 2020 , Oppermann served as a member of the Bundestag ( German parliament ) . Within his parliamentary group , he was part of the Seeheim Circle . From March 2006 to November 2007 , he was speaker of the working group and leader of the SPD delegation on the committee to investigate the secret services ( Geheimdienst-Untersuchungsausschuss ) . Oppermann was elected as the First Parliamentary Secretary of the SPD parliamentary group in November 2007 , succeeding Olaf Scholz ; he was subsequently re-elected in 2011 and 2013 . In this capacity , he also joined the parliaments Council of Elders , which – among other duties – determines daily legislative agenda items and assigning committee chairpersons based on party representation . He also became a member of the Parliamentary Oversight Panel ( PKGr ) , which provides parliamentary oversight of Germanys intelligence services BND , BfV and MAD . Between 2006 and 2013 , Oppermann was the Deputy Chairman of the German-Israeli Parliamentary Friendship Group . From 2009 , he served on the parliamentary body in charge of appointing judges to the Highest Courts of Justice , namely the Federal Court of Justice ( BGH ) , the Federal Administrative Court ( BVerwG ) , the Federal Fiscal Court ( BFH ) , the Federal Labour Court ( BAG ) , and the Federal Social Court ( BSG ) . Ahead of the 2009 elections , German foreign minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier included Oppermann , then relatively unknown face to the German public , in his shadow cabinet of 10 women and eight men for the Social Democrats’ campaign to unseat incumbent Angela Merkel as chancellor . During the campaign , Oppermann served as shadow minister for interior affairs and therefore as counterpart of incumbent Wolfgang Schäuble . Chairman of the SPD Parliamentary Group , 2013–2017 . In the negotiations to form a so-called Grand Coalition following the 2013 federal elections , Oppermann led the SPD delegation in the internal and legal affairs working group ; his co-chair was Hans-Peter Friedrich of the CSU . When Frank-Walter Steinmeier resigned as Chairman of the SPD Parliamentary Group to serve once again as foreign minister in Angela Merkels second Grand Coalition , Oppermann was elected as his successor on 16 December 2013 . Oppermann also served on the Committee on the Election of Judges ( Wahlausschuss ) , which is in charge of appointing judges to the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany . In late 2015 , the SPDs board under the leadership of Sigmar Gabriel mandated Oppermann and Manuela Schwesig with the task of drafting an electoral program for the 2017 federal elections . In the Social Democrats’ campaign to unseat incumbent Angela Merkel as chancellor , Oppermann focused on defence policy , thereby being a counterweight to incumbent Ursula von der Leyen . Vice-President of the German Bundestag , 2017–2020 . After the Social Democrats experienced their worst result in German post-war history , the new chairman Martin Schulz nominated Andrea Nahles to replace Oppermann as leader of the partys group in the German Parliament . He also served on the Committee on Foreign Affairs . From 2019 , he was a member of the German delegation to the Franco-German Parliamentary Assembly . In August 2020 , Oppermann announced that he would not stand in the 2021 federal elections but instead resign from active politics by the end of the parliamentary term . Political positions . In 2011 , Oppermann publicly spoke out in favor of holding a national referendum over fundamental principles of the European Union on the day of the 2013 parliamentary election . In 2013 , Oppermann criticized the government of Chancellor Angela Merkel as news emerged of its intentions to sell arms to Saudi Arabia , saying that the conservatives wanted to totally upgrade the countrys military capabilities . Faced with 800,000 migrants arriving in Germany in 2015 , Oppermann said his party would never accept a CSU proposal to create transit zones near the border , where asylum seekers with no chance of staying could be quickly sent back home . Other activities . Corporate boards . - EnBW , Member of the Advisory Board ( 2005–2006 ) Non-profits . - German Football Association ( DFB ) , Chairman of the Ethic Commission ( since 2019 ) - Hertie School of Governance , Member of the Board of Trustees - Friedrich Ebert Foundation ( FES ) , Member - Friends of the Center for Palliative Care of the University of Göttingen , Member of the Board of Trustees - Berlin Institute for Advanced Study , Member of the Board of Trustees ( until April 2015 ) - Göttingen International Handel Festival , Member of the Supervisory Board - Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry , Member of the Board of Trustees - Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization , Member of the Board of Trustees - Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research , Member of the Board of Trustees - Volkswagen Foundation , Member of the Board of Trustees - ZDF , Member of the Television Board - Das Progressive Zentrum , Member of the Circle of Friends - Fraunhofer Society , Member of the Senate ( 2006–2008 ) <ref Niedersachsen/Bremen 2006></ref> Controversy . When former member of parliament Sebastian Edathy in December 2014 appeared before a Bundestag inquiry into his purchase of child pornography , he was asked about whether a tip-off from party colleagues gave him time to destroy evidence ahead of a police raid on his home and office . Edathy said senior SPD members , particularly Oppermann , breached legal privilege by discussing the case with colleagues and staff . During a closed-door hearing of the Committee on Internal Affairs earlier that year , Oppermann had denied that he or any of his fellow high-ranking SPD officials indirectly or directly informed or even warned Sebastian Edathy of the investigation or our knowledge of it . Death . Oppermann collapsed while waiting for a TV appearance and was transported to a hospital in Göttingen , where he died on 25 October 2020 , at the age of 66 . External links . - Retrieved 12 March 2010
|
[
"Chairman of the SPD Parliamentary Group"
] |
[
{
"text": " Thomas Ludwig Albert Oppermann ( 27 April 195425 October 2020 ) was a German politician and member of the Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) . From October 2017 until his death he served as Vice President of the Bundestag . In his earlier career , he served as First Secretary ( 2007–2013 ) and later as chairman ( 2013–2017 ) of the SPD Parliamentary Group in the Bundestag . Oppermann belonged to the right wing of the SPD , known as Seeheimer Kreis .",
"title": "Thomas Oppermann"
},
{
"text": " Oppermann was born in Freckenhorst on 27 April 1954 . Oppermann received his abitur from the Goetheschule in Einbeck . Afterwards , he studied German studies and English studies at University of Tübingen . From 1976 to 1978 , he worked at Action Reconciliation Service for Peace ( ARSP ) in the United States . After his return to Germany , he went to law school at University of Göttingen , finishing in 1986 .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "From then until 1990 , Oppermann was an administrative court judge in Hanover and later in Braunschweig . From 1988 to 1989 , he was seconded to serve as chief legal affairs officer for the city of Hann . Münden . Oppermann had three daughters and one son .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " Role in regional politics . Oppermann has been a member of the ( SPD ) since 1980 and president of the regional SPD in Göttingen since 1989 . He was a member of the Lower Saxon Landtag from 1990 to 2005 . He was speaker for legal affairs there from 1990 to 1998 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Between 1998 and 2003 , Oppermann served as State Minister for Science and Culture in the cabinets of Minister-Presidents Gerhard Schröder , Gerhard Glogowski and Sigmar Gabriel . In 1999 , after Glogowskis resignation , Oppermann lost an internal party vote against Gabriel on becoming the next Minister-President .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " From 2003 to 2005 , Oppermann was the economic speaker of the state SPD parliamentary group .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " From the 2005 federal election until his death in 2020 , Oppermann served as a member of the Bundestag ( German parliament ) . Within his parliamentary group , he was part of the Seeheim Circle . From March 2006 to November 2007 , he was speaker of the working group and leader of the SPD delegation on the committee to investigate the secret services ( Geheimdienst-Untersuchungsausschuss ) .",
"title": "National politics"
},
{
"text": "Oppermann was elected as the First Parliamentary Secretary of the SPD parliamentary group in November 2007 , succeeding Olaf Scholz ; he was subsequently re-elected in 2011 and 2013 . In this capacity , he also joined the parliaments Council of Elders , which – among other duties – determines daily legislative agenda items and assigning committee chairpersons based on party representation . He also became a member of the Parliamentary Oversight Panel ( PKGr ) , which provides parliamentary oversight of Germanys intelligence services BND , BfV and MAD .",
"title": "National politics"
},
{
"text": " Between 2006 and 2013 , Oppermann was the Deputy Chairman of the German-Israeli Parliamentary Friendship Group . From 2009 , he served on the parliamentary body in charge of appointing judges to the Highest Courts of Justice , namely the Federal Court of Justice ( BGH ) , the Federal Administrative Court ( BVerwG ) , the Federal Fiscal Court ( BFH ) , the Federal Labour Court ( BAG ) , and the Federal Social Court ( BSG ) .",
"title": "National politics"
},
{
"text": "Ahead of the 2009 elections , German foreign minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier included Oppermann , then relatively unknown face to the German public , in his shadow cabinet of 10 women and eight men for the Social Democrats’ campaign to unseat incumbent Angela Merkel as chancellor . During the campaign , Oppermann served as shadow minister for interior affairs and therefore as counterpart of incumbent Wolfgang Schäuble .",
"title": "National politics"
},
{
"text": " Chairman of the SPD Parliamentary Group , 2013–2017 . In the negotiations to form a so-called Grand Coalition following the 2013 federal elections , Oppermann led the SPD delegation in the internal and legal affairs working group ; his co-chair was Hans-Peter Friedrich of the CSU . When Frank-Walter Steinmeier resigned as Chairman of the SPD Parliamentary Group to serve once again as foreign minister in Angela Merkels second Grand Coalition , Oppermann was elected as his successor on 16 December 2013 .",
"title": "National politics"
},
{
"text": "Oppermann also served on the Committee on the Election of Judges ( Wahlausschuss ) , which is in charge of appointing judges to the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany .",
"title": "National politics"
},
{
"text": " In late 2015 , the SPDs board under the leadership of Sigmar Gabriel mandated Oppermann and Manuela Schwesig with the task of drafting an electoral program for the 2017 federal elections . In the Social Democrats’ campaign to unseat incumbent Angela Merkel as chancellor , Oppermann focused on defence policy , thereby being a counterweight to incumbent Ursula von der Leyen . Vice-President of the German Bundestag , 2017–2020 .",
"title": "National politics"
},
{
"text": "After the Social Democrats experienced their worst result in German post-war history , the new chairman Martin Schulz nominated Andrea Nahles to replace Oppermann as leader of the partys group in the German Parliament . He also served on the Committee on Foreign Affairs . From 2019 , he was a member of the German delegation to the Franco-German Parliamentary Assembly .",
"title": "National politics"
},
{
"text": " In August 2020 , Oppermann announced that he would not stand in the 2021 federal elections but instead resign from active politics by the end of the parliamentary term .",
"title": "National politics"
},
{
"text": " In 2011 , Oppermann publicly spoke out in favor of holding a national referendum over fundamental principles of the European Union on the day of the 2013 parliamentary election . In 2013 , Oppermann criticized the government of Chancellor Angela Merkel as news emerged of its intentions to sell arms to Saudi Arabia , saying that the conservatives wanted to totally upgrade the countrys military capabilities .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": "Faced with 800,000 migrants arriving in Germany in 2015 , Oppermann said his party would never accept a CSU proposal to create transit zones near the border , where asylum seekers with no chance of staying could be quickly sent back home .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": " - German Football Association ( DFB ) , Chairman of the Ethic Commission ( since 2019 ) - Hertie School of Governance , Member of the Board of Trustees - Friedrich Ebert Foundation ( FES ) , Member - Friends of the Center for Palliative Care of the University of Göttingen , Member of the Board of Trustees - Berlin Institute for Advanced Study , Member of the Board of Trustees ( until April 2015 ) - Göttingen International Handel Festival , Member of the Supervisory Board",
"title": "Non-profits"
},
{
"text": "- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry , Member of the Board of Trustees",
"title": "Non-profits"
},
{
"text": " - Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization , Member of the Board of Trustees - Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research , Member of the Board of Trustees - Volkswagen Foundation , Member of the Board of Trustees - ZDF , Member of the Television Board - Das Progressive Zentrum , Member of the Circle of Friends - Fraunhofer Society , Member of the Senate ( 2006–2008 ) <ref Niedersachsen/Bremen 2006></ref>",
"title": "Non-profits"
},
{
"text": "When former member of parliament Sebastian Edathy in December 2014 appeared before a Bundestag inquiry into his purchase of child pornography , he was asked about whether a tip-off from party colleagues gave him time to destroy evidence ahead of a police raid on his home and office . Edathy said senior SPD members , particularly Oppermann , breached legal privilege by discussing the case with colleagues and staff . During a closed-door hearing of the Committee on Internal Affairs earlier that year , Oppermann had denied that he or any of his fellow high-ranking SPD officials indirectly or directly",
"title": "Controversy"
},
{
"text": "informed or even warned Sebastian Edathy of the investigation or our knowledge of it .",
"title": "Controversy"
},
{
"text": " Oppermann collapsed while waiting for a TV appearance and was transported to a hospital in Göttingen , where he died on 25 October 2020 , at the age of 66 .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " - Retrieved 12 March 2010",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Thomas_Oppermann#P39#4
|
What was the position of Thomas Oppermann after Feb 2018?
|
Thomas Oppermann Thomas Ludwig Albert Oppermann ( 27 April 195425 October 2020 ) was a German politician and member of the Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) . From October 2017 until his death he served as Vice President of the Bundestag . In his earlier career , he served as First Secretary ( 2007–2013 ) and later as chairman ( 2013–2017 ) of the SPD Parliamentary Group in the Bundestag . Oppermann belonged to the right wing of the SPD , known as Seeheimer Kreis . Life and career . Oppermann was born in Freckenhorst on 27 April 1954 . Oppermann received his abitur from the Goetheschule in Einbeck . Afterwards , he studied German studies and English studies at University of Tübingen . From 1976 to 1978 , he worked at Action Reconciliation Service for Peace ( ARSP ) in the United States . After his return to Germany , he went to law school at University of Göttingen , finishing in 1986 . From then until 1990 , Oppermann was an administrative court judge in Hanover and later in Braunschweig . From 1988 to 1989 , he was seconded to serve as chief legal affairs officer for the city of Hann . Münden . Oppermann had three daughters and one son . Political career . Role in regional politics . Oppermann has been a member of the ( SPD ) since 1980 and president of the regional SPD in Göttingen since 1989 . He was a member of the Lower Saxon Landtag from 1990 to 2005 . He was speaker for legal affairs there from 1990 to 1998 . Between 1998 and 2003 , Oppermann served as State Minister for Science and Culture in the cabinets of Minister-Presidents Gerhard Schröder , Gerhard Glogowski and Sigmar Gabriel . In 1999 , after Glogowskis resignation , Oppermann lost an internal party vote against Gabriel on becoming the next Minister-President . From 2003 to 2005 , Oppermann was the economic speaker of the state SPD parliamentary group . National politics . From the 2005 federal election until his death in 2020 , Oppermann served as a member of the Bundestag ( German parliament ) . Within his parliamentary group , he was part of the Seeheim Circle . From March 2006 to November 2007 , he was speaker of the working group and leader of the SPD delegation on the committee to investigate the secret services ( Geheimdienst-Untersuchungsausschuss ) . Oppermann was elected as the First Parliamentary Secretary of the SPD parliamentary group in November 2007 , succeeding Olaf Scholz ; he was subsequently re-elected in 2011 and 2013 . In this capacity , he also joined the parliaments Council of Elders , which – among other duties – determines daily legislative agenda items and assigning committee chairpersons based on party representation . He also became a member of the Parliamentary Oversight Panel ( PKGr ) , which provides parliamentary oversight of Germanys intelligence services BND , BfV and MAD . Between 2006 and 2013 , Oppermann was the Deputy Chairman of the German-Israeli Parliamentary Friendship Group . From 2009 , he served on the parliamentary body in charge of appointing judges to the Highest Courts of Justice , namely the Federal Court of Justice ( BGH ) , the Federal Administrative Court ( BVerwG ) , the Federal Fiscal Court ( BFH ) , the Federal Labour Court ( BAG ) , and the Federal Social Court ( BSG ) . Ahead of the 2009 elections , German foreign minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier included Oppermann , then relatively unknown face to the German public , in his shadow cabinet of 10 women and eight men for the Social Democrats’ campaign to unseat incumbent Angela Merkel as chancellor . During the campaign , Oppermann served as shadow minister for interior affairs and therefore as counterpart of incumbent Wolfgang Schäuble . Chairman of the SPD Parliamentary Group , 2013–2017 . In the negotiations to form a so-called Grand Coalition following the 2013 federal elections , Oppermann led the SPD delegation in the internal and legal affairs working group ; his co-chair was Hans-Peter Friedrich of the CSU . When Frank-Walter Steinmeier resigned as Chairman of the SPD Parliamentary Group to serve once again as foreign minister in Angela Merkels second Grand Coalition , Oppermann was elected as his successor on 16 December 2013 . Oppermann also served on the Committee on the Election of Judges ( Wahlausschuss ) , which is in charge of appointing judges to the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany . In late 2015 , the SPDs board under the leadership of Sigmar Gabriel mandated Oppermann and Manuela Schwesig with the task of drafting an electoral program for the 2017 federal elections . In the Social Democrats’ campaign to unseat incumbent Angela Merkel as chancellor , Oppermann focused on defence policy , thereby being a counterweight to incumbent Ursula von der Leyen . Vice-President of the German Bundestag , 2017–2020 . After the Social Democrats experienced their worst result in German post-war history , the new chairman Martin Schulz nominated Andrea Nahles to replace Oppermann as leader of the partys group in the German Parliament . He also served on the Committee on Foreign Affairs . From 2019 , he was a member of the German delegation to the Franco-German Parliamentary Assembly . In August 2020 , Oppermann announced that he would not stand in the 2021 federal elections but instead resign from active politics by the end of the parliamentary term . Political positions . In 2011 , Oppermann publicly spoke out in favor of holding a national referendum over fundamental principles of the European Union on the day of the 2013 parliamentary election . In 2013 , Oppermann criticized the government of Chancellor Angela Merkel as news emerged of its intentions to sell arms to Saudi Arabia , saying that the conservatives wanted to totally upgrade the countrys military capabilities . Faced with 800,000 migrants arriving in Germany in 2015 , Oppermann said his party would never accept a CSU proposal to create transit zones near the border , where asylum seekers with no chance of staying could be quickly sent back home . Other activities . Corporate boards . - EnBW , Member of the Advisory Board ( 2005–2006 ) Non-profits . - German Football Association ( DFB ) , Chairman of the Ethic Commission ( since 2019 ) - Hertie School of Governance , Member of the Board of Trustees - Friedrich Ebert Foundation ( FES ) , Member - Friends of the Center for Palliative Care of the University of Göttingen , Member of the Board of Trustees - Berlin Institute for Advanced Study , Member of the Board of Trustees ( until April 2015 ) - Göttingen International Handel Festival , Member of the Supervisory Board - Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry , Member of the Board of Trustees - Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization , Member of the Board of Trustees - Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research , Member of the Board of Trustees - Volkswagen Foundation , Member of the Board of Trustees - ZDF , Member of the Television Board - Das Progressive Zentrum , Member of the Circle of Friends - Fraunhofer Society , Member of the Senate ( 2006–2008 ) <ref Niedersachsen/Bremen 2006></ref> Controversy . When former member of parliament Sebastian Edathy in December 2014 appeared before a Bundestag inquiry into his purchase of child pornography , he was asked about whether a tip-off from party colleagues gave him time to destroy evidence ahead of a police raid on his home and office . Edathy said senior SPD members , particularly Oppermann , breached legal privilege by discussing the case with colleagues and staff . During a closed-door hearing of the Committee on Internal Affairs earlier that year , Oppermann had denied that he or any of his fellow high-ranking SPD officials indirectly or directly informed or even warned Sebastian Edathy of the investigation or our knowledge of it . Death . Oppermann collapsed while waiting for a TV appearance and was transported to a hospital in Göttingen , where he died on 25 October 2020 , at the age of 66 . External links . - Retrieved 12 March 2010
|
[
"member of the Bundestag"
] |
[
{
"text": " Thomas Ludwig Albert Oppermann ( 27 April 195425 October 2020 ) was a German politician and member of the Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) . From October 2017 until his death he served as Vice President of the Bundestag . In his earlier career , he served as First Secretary ( 2007–2013 ) and later as chairman ( 2013–2017 ) of the SPD Parliamentary Group in the Bundestag . Oppermann belonged to the right wing of the SPD , known as Seeheimer Kreis .",
"title": "Thomas Oppermann"
},
{
"text": " Oppermann was born in Freckenhorst on 27 April 1954 . Oppermann received his abitur from the Goetheschule in Einbeck . Afterwards , he studied German studies and English studies at University of Tübingen . From 1976 to 1978 , he worked at Action Reconciliation Service for Peace ( ARSP ) in the United States . After his return to Germany , he went to law school at University of Göttingen , finishing in 1986 .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "From then until 1990 , Oppermann was an administrative court judge in Hanover and later in Braunschweig . From 1988 to 1989 , he was seconded to serve as chief legal affairs officer for the city of Hann . Münden . Oppermann had three daughters and one son .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " Role in regional politics . Oppermann has been a member of the ( SPD ) since 1980 and president of the regional SPD in Göttingen since 1989 . He was a member of the Lower Saxon Landtag from 1990 to 2005 . He was speaker for legal affairs there from 1990 to 1998 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Between 1998 and 2003 , Oppermann served as State Minister for Science and Culture in the cabinets of Minister-Presidents Gerhard Schröder , Gerhard Glogowski and Sigmar Gabriel . In 1999 , after Glogowskis resignation , Oppermann lost an internal party vote against Gabriel on becoming the next Minister-President .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " From 2003 to 2005 , Oppermann was the economic speaker of the state SPD parliamentary group .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " From the 2005 federal election until his death in 2020 , Oppermann served as a member of the Bundestag ( German parliament ) . Within his parliamentary group , he was part of the Seeheim Circle . From March 2006 to November 2007 , he was speaker of the working group and leader of the SPD delegation on the committee to investigate the secret services ( Geheimdienst-Untersuchungsausschuss ) .",
"title": "National politics"
},
{
"text": "Oppermann was elected as the First Parliamentary Secretary of the SPD parliamentary group in November 2007 , succeeding Olaf Scholz ; he was subsequently re-elected in 2011 and 2013 . In this capacity , he also joined the parliaments Council of Elders , which – among other duties – determines daily legislative agenda items and assigning committee chairpersons based on party representation . He also became a member of the Parliamentary Oversight Panel ( PKGr ) , which provides parliamentary oversight of Germanys intelligence services BND , BfV and MAD .",
"title": "National politics"
},
{
"text": " Between 2006 and 2013 , Oppermann was the Deputy Chairman of the German-Israeli Parliamentary Friendship Group . From 2009 , he served on the parliamentary body in charge of appointing judges to the Highest Courts of Justice , namely the Federal Court of Justice ( BGH ) , the Federal Administrative Court ( BVerwG ) , the Federal Fiscal Court ( BFH ) , the Federal Labour Court ( BAG ) , and the Federal Social Court ( BSG ) .",
"title": "National politics"
},
{
"text": "Ahead of the 2009 elections , German foreign minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier included Oppermann , then relatively unknown face to the German public , in his shadow cabinet of 10 women and eight men for the Social Democrats’ campaign to unseat incumbent Angela Merkel as chancellor . During the campaign , Oppermann served as shadow minister for interior affairs and therefore as counterpart of incumbent Wolfgang Schäuble .",
"title": "National politics"
},
{
"text": " Chairman of the SPD Parliamentary Group , 2013–2017 . In the negotiations to form a so-called Grand Coalition following the 2013 federal elections , Oppermann led the SPD delegation in the internal and legal affairs working group ; his co-chair was Hans-Peter Friedrich of the CSU . When Frank-Walter Steinmeier resigned as Chairman of the SPD Parliamentary Group to serve once again as foreign minister in Angela Merkels second Grand Coalition , Oppermann was elected as his successor on 16 December 2013 .",
"title": "National politics"
},
{
"text": "Oppermann also served on the Committee on the Election of Judges ( Wahlausschuss ) , which is in charge of appointing judges to the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany .",
"title": "National politics"
},
{
"text": " In late 2015 , the SPDs board under the leadership of Sigmar Gabriel mandated Oppermann and Manuela Schwesig with the task of drafting an electoral program for the 2017 federal elections . In the Social Democrats’ campaign to unseat incumbent Angela Merkel as chancellor , Oppermann focused on defence policy , thereby being a counterweight to incumbent Ursula von der Leyen . Vice-President of the German Bundestag , 2017–2020 .",
"title": "National politics"
},
{
"text": "After the Social Democrats experienced their worst result in German post-war history , the new chairman Martin Schulz nominated Andrea Nahles to replace Oppermann as leader of the partys group in the German Parliament . He also served on the Committee on Foreign Affairs . From 2019 , he was a member of the German delegation to the Franco-German Parliamentary Assembly .",
"title": "National politics"
},
{
"text": " In August 2020 , Oppermann announced that he would not stand in the 2021 federal elections but instead resign from active politics by the end of the parliamentary term .",
"title": "National politics"
},
{
"text": " In 2011 , Oppermann publicly spoke out in favor of holding a national referendum over fundamental principles of the European Union on the day of the 2013 parliamentary election . In 2013 , Oppermann criticized the government of Chancellor Angela Merkel as news emerged of its intentions to sell arms to Saudi Arabia , saying that the conservatives wanted to totally upgrade the countrys military capabilities .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": "Faced with 800,000 migrants arriving in Germany in 2015 , Oppermann said his party would never accept a CSU proposal to create transit zones near the border , where asylum seekers with no chance of staying could be quickly sent back home .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": " - German Football Association ( DFB ) , Chairman of the Ethic Commission ( since 2019 ) - Hertie School of Governance , Member of the Board of Trustees - Friedrich Ebert Foundation ( FES ) , Member - Friends of the Center for Palliative Care of the University of Göttingen , Member of the Board of Trustees - Berlin Institute for Advanced Study , Member of the Board of Trustees ( until April 2015 ) - Göttingen International Handel Festival , Member of the Supervisory Board",
"title": "Non-profits"
},
{
"text": "- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry , Member of the Board of Trustees",
"title": "Non-profits"
},
{
"text": " - Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization , Member of the Board of Trustees - Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research , Member of the Board of Trustees - Volkswagen Foundation , Member of the Board of Trustees - ZDF , Member of the Television Board - Das Progressive Zentrum , Member of the Circle of Friends - Fraunhofer Society , Member of the Senate ( 2006–2008 ) <ref Niedersachsen/Bremen 2006></ref>",
"title": "Non-profits"
},
{
"text": "When former member of parliament Sebastian Edathy in December 2014 appeared before a Bundestag inquiry into his purchase of child pornography , he was asked about whether a tip-off from party colleagues gave him time to destroy evidence ahead of a police raid on his home and office . Edathy said senior SPD members , particularly Oppermann , breached legal privilege by discussing the case with colleagues and staff . During a closed-door hearing of the Committee on Internal Affairs earlier that year , Oppermann had denied that he or any of his fellow high-ranking SPD officials indirectly or directly",
"title": "Controversy"
},
{
"text": "informed or even warned Sebastian Edathy of the investigation or our knowledge of it .",
"title": "Controversy"
},
{
"text": " Oppermann collapsed while waiting for a TV appearance and was transported to a hospital in Göttingen , where he died on 25 October 2020 , at the age of 66 .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " - Retrieved 12 March 2010",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/John_Early_(educator)#P39#0
|
John Early (educator) took which position in Nov 1849?
|
John Early ( educator ) John Early ( July 1 , 1814 – May 23 , 1873 ) was an Irish-American Catholic priest and Jesuit educator who was the president of the College of the Holy Cross and Georgetown University , as well as the founder and first president of Loyola College in Maryland . Born in Ireland , he emigrated to the United States at the age of nineteen . Upon his arrival , he enrolled at Mount St . Marys Seminary in Maryland , and entered the Society of Jesus , completing his education at Georgetown University in Washington , D.C . Early became president of the College of the Holy Cross in 1848 , where he unsuccessfully petitioned the state legislature to charter the school . Four years later , he was charged with establishing Loyola College in Maryland , which was intended to educate the lay students who attended St . Marys Seminary and College , which the Sulpicians sought to keep as a seminary only . While also serving as the first pastor of St . Ignatius Church , he oversaw the early years of Loyola College . He also established its high school division , which later became Loyola Blakefield . In 1858 , Early left to become president of Georgetown University . During the Civil War , instruction continued uninterrupted , despite intermittent occupation by the Union Army and dwindling enrollment . Early then returned to Loyola College in 1866 as president for four years , where he resumed the annual conferral of degrees . In 1870 , he once again became president of Georgetown University . He died suddenly in his third year of office . Early life . John Early was born on July 1 , 1814 , in Maguiresbridge , County Fermanagh , Ireland . He studied the classics at home , before entering the Armagh Academy in 1832 , which he attended for nine months . He then applied for admission to the seminary at St Patricks College , Maynooth , but there were no vacancies , and he was not admitted . As a result of his failure to gain admission , Early emigrated to the United States in July 1833 . Education in the United States . Seeking to become a priest , Early enrolled at Mount St . Marys Seminary in Emmitsburg , Maryland , the following September to study rhetoric . In February 1834 , he advanced to Georgetown University in Washington , D.C. , where he remained until August 23 , 1834 , when he entered the Society of Jesus , and proceeded to the novitiate in Frederick , Maryland . Upon the completion of his novitiate in 1836 , Early returned to Georgetown for the next nine years to study philosophy and theology . While studying , he also taught and was head prefect during the academic year of 1843 to 1844 . On July 1 , 1845 , Early was ordained a priest at Holy Trinity Church in Georgetown . He then taught philosophy at Georgetown for two years , and ministered as a missionary in Laurel , Maryland . He began ministering at Old St . Josephs Church in Philadelphia in 1847 . He professed his final vows on September 8 , 1853 . College of the Holy Cross . On August 29 , 1848 , Early was appointed president of the College of the Holy Cross , succeeding James A . Ryder . His most immediate concern was securing a charter for the college , which would allow it to confer degrees on the four students who were ready to graduate the following year . Up to that point , the college awarded degrees in the name of Georgetown University , as it had been denied a charter . In March 1849 , Early petitioned the Massachusetts General Court to charter the college , and appeared before the legislature alongside Orestes Brownson . In accordance with Bishop John Bernard Fitzpatricks insistence , the petition for a charter included a provision that the college would be exclusively for the benefit of one [ Roman Catholic ] denomination only , and , therefore , having no claims whatever upon the Commonwealth . This was met with opposition in the House of Representatives , which was motivated by a mix of both anti-Catholicism and concerns about the separation of church and state . This provision was eventually removed , but the legislature nonetheless voted to deny the charter . Earlys term came to an end in 1851 , and he was succeeded by Anthony F . Ciampi . Early then returned to Frederick , Maryland for a year . Founding Loyola College in Maryland . In 1852 , the Sulpician priests who ran St . Marys Seminary and College in Baltimore decided that they would discontinue the college portion , which educated lay students , and focus only on the seminary . They asked the Jesuits to continue educating the laity in the city , and in response , the Jesuits established Loyola College in Maryland on September 15 , 1852 , in two rented houses on Holliday Street in Baltimore . Early was appointed the schools first president . The Maryland General Assembly granted Loyola College a charter in April 1853 . At the same time as the colleges founding , St . Ignatius Church . Early became its first pastor , and oversaw of the church building in August 1855 , adjacent to the college . The church was consecrated on August 15 , 1856 . Early is also considered the founder of Loyola Blakefield , which was established as Loyola High School and operated as a component of Loyola College until its separation in 1921 . Two years after its founding , the college purchased a plot of land on the corner of North Calvert and Madison Streets . Construction of a college building was completed in February 1855 , and the college officially relocated to the new campus on February 22 . Being called to Georgetown University , Earlys tenure as president came to an end in the autumn of 1858 , and he was succeeded by William Francis Clarke . Georgetown University . Early was appointed to succeed Bernard A . Maguire as president of Georgetown University in 1858 . He took office during a time of great national tension , preceding the Civil War . Soon thereafter , he received notice from the College of William & Mary that its library had been destroyed by fire ; Early donated a case of 100 books to aid it in rebuilding . In 1860 , Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the United States , and the southern states seceded from the Union . At the start of the academic year of 1861 , many southern students left the college for their homes , followed by northern students doing the same . Though it looked doubtful that the college would be able to continue operating , Georgetown endured as an active school , carrying on with classes throughout the Civil War for the few remaining students . On May 4 , 1861 , Early was notified that the college would be commandeered by the 69th Infantry Regiment of the New York National Guard , which remained until May 24 . Shortly thereafter , he was again informed that the school would be occupied by the 79th New York Regiment , which remained from June 3 to July 4 . The college was occupied for a third time on August 29 , 1862 , as a hospital for the soldiers of Major General John Popes army wounded at the Second Battle of Bull Run . Due to the many wounded , Holy Trinity Church was also commandeered . The campus remained a military hospital until February 2 , 1863 . Earlys term as president came to an end in 1865 , and he was succeeded by his predecessor , Maguire , on January 1 , 1866 . Early then went to Boston , where he engaged in missionary work until July of that year . Return to Loyola College . Early was once again appointed president of Loyola College in the summer of 1866 , to replace Ciampi . He also again became pastor of St . Ignatius Church . The college fared well during his leadership . While there had been a pause in the conferral of degrees during the Civil War , Early saw that students completed their course of study and received degrees . The Loyola Dramatic Association , which was founded in 1865 , was especially active during his term . After four years , his presidency came to an end in July 1870 , when he again returned to Georgetown . He was succeeded by Edward Henchy as president of Loyola , and as pastor of St . Ignatius . Later years at Georgetown . Early returned to Georgetown as president on July 14 , 1870 , to replace Maguire . Following King Victor Emmanuel IIs invasion of Rome , the students held a meeting to denounce the invasion as an indignity to the pope , and voted to contribute a Peters Pence to the pontiff . The universitys Law Department had been established at the end of Maguires presidency , and it began its first classes in October 1870 . The Georgetown College Journal began publishing in December 1872 , as the universitys first student-produced newspaper . That year , Early began to experience the effects of a disease of his kidneys , which affected his eyesight . As a result , the vice president , Patrick Francis Healy , largely took over the administration of the university ; Healy would later succeed Early as president . On May 22 , 1873 , Early suffered a stroke , which left him unable to speak and half his body paralyzed . He died the following day . It was estimated that 5,000 people attended his funeral , and he was buried in the Jesuit Community Cemetery at Georgetown .
|
[
"president of the College of the Holy Cross"
] |
[
{
"text": " John Early ( July 1 , 1814 – May 23 , 1873 ) was an Irish-American Catholic priest and Jesuit educator who was the president of the College of the Holy Cross and Georgetown University , as well as the founder and first president of Loyola College in Maryland . Born in Ireland , he emigrated to the United States at the age of nineteen . Upon his arrival , he enrolled at Mount St . Marys Seminary in Maryland , and entered the Society of Jesus , completing his education at Georgetown University in Washington , D.C .",
"title": "John Early ( educator )"
},
{
"text": "Early became president of the College of the Holy Cross in 1848 , where he unsuccessfully petitioned the state legislature to charter the school . Four years later , he was charged with establishing Loyola College in Maryland , which was intended to educate the lay students who attended St . Marys Seminary and College , which the Sulpicians sought to keep as a seminary only . While also serving as the first pastor of St . Ignatius Church , he oversaw the early years of Loyola College . He also established its high school division , which later became",
"title": "John Early ( educator )"
},
{
"text": "Loyola Blakefield . In 1858 , Early left to become president of Georgetown University . During the Civil War , instruction continued uninterrupted , despite intermittent occupation by the Union Army and dwindling enrollment .",
"title": "John Early ( educator )"
},
{
"text": " Early then returned to Loyola College in 1866 as president for four years , where he resumed the annual conferral of degrees . In 1870 , he once again became president of Georgetown University . He died suddenly in his third year of office .",
"title": "John Early ( educator )"
},
{
"text": " John Early was born on July 1 , 1814 , in Maguiresbridge , County Fermanagh , Ireland . He studied the classics at home , before entering the Armagh Academy in 1832 , which he attended for nine months . He then applied for admission to the seminary at St Patricks College , Maynooth , but there were no vacancies , and he was not admitted . As a result of his failure to gain admission , Early emigrated to the United States in July 1833 . Education in the United States .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Seeking to become a priest , Early enrolled at Mount St . Marys Seminary in Emmitsburg , Maryland , the following September to study rhetoric . In February 1834 , he advanced to Georgetown University in Washington , D.C. , where he remained until August 23 , 1834 , when he entered the Society of Jesus , and proceeded to the novitiate in Frederick , Maryland . Upon the completion of his novitiate in 1836 , Early returned to Georgetown for the next nine years to study philosophy and theology . While studying , he also taught and was head",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "prefect during the academic year of 1843 to 1844 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " On July 1 , 1845 , Early was ordained a priest at Holy Trinity Church in Georgetown . He then taught philosophy at Georgetown for two years , and ministered as a missionary in Laurel , Maryland . He began ministering at Old St . Josephs Church in Philadelphia in 1847 . He professed his final vows on September 8 , 1853 . College of the Holy Cross .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "On August 29 , 1848 , Early was appointed president of the College of the Holy Cross , succeeding James A . Ryder . His most immediate concern was securing a charter for the college , which would allow it to confer degrees on the four students who were ready to graduate the following year . Up to that point , the college awarded degrees in the name of Georgetown University , as it had been denied a charter . In March 1849 , Early petitioned the Massachusetts General Court to charter the college , and appeared before the legislature",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "alongside Orestes Brownson .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In accordance with Bishop John Bernard Fitzpatricks insistence , the petition for a charter included a provision that the college would be exclusively for the benefit of one [ Roman Catholic ] denomination only , and , therefore , having no claims whatever upon the Commonwealth . This was met with opposition in the House of Representatives , which was motivated by a mix of both anti-Catholicism and concerns about the separation of church and state . This provision was eventually removed , but the legislature nonetheless voted to deny the charter . Earlys term came to an end in",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "1851 , and he was succeeded by Anthony F . Ciampi . Early then returned to Frederick , Maryland for a year .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In 1852 , the Sulpician priests who ran St . Marys Seminary and College in Baltimore decided that they would discontinue the college portion , which educated lay students , and focus only on the seminary . They asked the Jesuits to continue educating the laity in the city , and in response , the Jesuits established Loyola College in Maryland on September 15 , 1852 , in two rented houses on Holliday Street in Baltimore . Early was appointed the schools first president . The Maryland General Assembly granted Loyola College a charter in April 1853 . At the",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "same time as the colleges founding , St . Ignatius Church . Early became its first pastor , and oversaw of the church building in August 1855 , adjacent to the college . The church was consecrated on August 15 , 1856 . Early is also considered the founder of Loyola Blakefield , which was established as Loyola High School and operated as a component of Loyola College until its separation in 1921 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Two years after its founding , the college purchased a plot of land on the corner of North Calvert and Madison Streets . Construction of a college building was completed in February 1855 , and the college officially relocated to the new campus on February 22 . Being called to Georgetown University , Earlys tenure as president came to an end in the autumn of 1858 , and he was succeeded by William Francis Clarke .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Early was appointed to succeed Bernard A . Maguire as president of Georgetown University in 1858 . He took office during a time of great national tension , preceding the Civil War . Soon thereafter , he received notice from the College of William & Mary that its library had been destroyed by fire ; Early donated a case of 100 books to aid it in rebuilding . In 1860 , Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the United States , and the southern states seceded from the Union . At the start of the academic year of 1861 ,",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "many southern students left the college for their homes , followed by northern students doing the same . Though it looked doubtful that the college would be able to continue operating , Georgetown endured as an active school , carrying on with classes throughout the Civil War for the few remaining students .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "On May 4 , 1861 , Early was notified that the college would be commandeered by the 69th Infantry Regiment of the New York National Guard , which remained until May 24 . Shortly thereafter , he was again informed that the school would be occupied by the 79th New York Regiment , which remained from June 3 to July 4 . The college was occupied for a third time on August 29 , 1862 , as a hospital for the soldiers of Major General John Popes army wounded at the Second Battle of Bull Run . Due to the",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "many wounded , Holy Trinity Church was also commandeered . The campus remained a military hospital until February 2 , 1863 .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": " Earlys term as president came to an end in 1865 , and he was succeeded by his predecessor , Maguire , on January 1 , 1866 . Early then went to Boston , where he engaged in missionary work until July of that year . Return to Loyola College .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "Early was once again appointed president of Loyola College in the summer of 1866 , to replace Ciampi . He also again became pastor of St . Ignatius Church . The college fared well during his leadership . While there had been a pause in the conferral of degrees during the Civil War , Early saw that students completed their course of study and received degrees . The Loyola Dramatic Association , which was founded in 1865 , was especially active during his term . After four years , his presidency came to an end in July 1870 , when",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "he again returned to Georgetown . He was succeeded by Edward Henchy as president of Loyola , and as pastor of St . Ignatius .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": " Later years at Georgetown . Early returned to Georgetown as president on July 14 , 1870 , to replace Maguire . Following King Victor Emmanuel IIs invasion of Rome , the students held a meeting to denounce the invasion as an indignity to the pope , and voted to contribute a Peters Pence to the pontiff . The universitys Law Department had been established at the end of Maguires presidency , and it began its first classes in October 1870 . The Georgetown College Journal began publishing in December 1872 , as the universitys first student-produced newspaper .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "That year , Early began to experience the effects of a disease of his kidneys , which affected his eyesight . As a result , the vice president , Patrick Francis Healy , largely took over the administration of the university ; Healy would later succeed Early as president . On May 22 , 1873 , Early suffered a stroke , which left him unable to speak and half his body paralyzed . He died the following day . It was estimated that 5,000 people attended his funeral , and he was buried in the Jesuit Community Cemetery at Georgetown",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Georgetown University"
}
] |
/wiki/John_Early_(educator)#P39#1
|
John Early (educator) took which position in Apr 1855?
|
John Early ( educator ) John Early ( July 1 , 1814 – May 23 , 1873 ) was an Irish-American Catholic priest and Jesuit educator who was the president of the College of the Holy Cross and Georgetown University , as well as the founder and first president of Loyola College in Maryland . Born in Ireland , he emigrated to the United States at the age of nineteen . Upon his arrival , he enrolled at Mount St . Marys Seminary in Maryland , and entered the Society of Jesus , completing his education at Georgetown University in Washington , D.C . Early became president of the College of the Holy Cross in 1848 , where he unsuccessfully petitioned the state legislature to charter the school . Four years later , he was charged with establishing Loyola College in Maryland , which was intended to educate the lay students who attended St . Marys Seminary and College , which the Sulpicians sought to keep as a seminary only . While also serving as the first pastor of St . Ignatius Church , he oversaw the early years of Loyola College . He also established its high school division , which later became Loyola Blakefield . In 1858 , Early left to become president of Georgetown University . During the Civil War , instruction continued uninterrupted , despite intermittent occupation by the Union Army and dwindling enrollment . Early then returned to Loyola College in 1866 as president for four years , where he resumed the annual conferral of degrees . In 1870 , he once again became president of Georgetown University . He died suddenly in his third year of office . Early life . John Early was born on July 1 , 1814 , in Maguiresbridge , County Fermanagh , Ireland . He studied the classics at home , before entering the Armagh Academy in 1832 , which he attended for nine months . He then applied for admission to the seminary at St Patricks College , Maynooth , but there were no vacancies , and he was not admitted . As a result of his failure to gain admission , Early emigrated to the United States in July 1833 . Education in the United States . Seeking to become a priest , Early enrolled at Mount St . Marys Seminary in Emmitsburg , Maryland , the following September to study rhetoric . In February 1834 , he advanced to Georgetown University in Washington , D.C. , where he remained until August 23 , 1834 , when he entered the Society of Jesus , and proceeded to the novitiate in Frederick , Maryland . Upon the completion of his novitiate in 1836 , Early returned to Georgetown for the next nine years to study philosophy and theology . While studying , he also taught and was head prefect during the academic year of 1843 to 1844 . On July 1 , 1845 , Early was ordained a priest at Holy Trinity Church in Georgetown . He then taught philosophy at Georgetown for two years , and ministered as a missionary in Laurel , Maryland . He began ministering at Old St . Josephs Church in Philadelphia in 1847 . He professed his final vows on September 8 , 1853 . College of the Holy Cross . On August 29 , 1848 , Early was appointed president of the College of the Holy Cross , succeeding James A . Ryder . His most immediate concern was securing a charter for the college , which would allow it to confer degrees on the four students who were ready to graduate the following year . Up to that point , the college awarded degrees in the name of Georgetown University , as it had been denied a charter . In March 1849 , Early petitioned the Massachusetts General Court to charter the college , and appeared before the legislature alongside Orestes Brownson . In accordance with Bishop John Bernard Fitzpatricks insistence , the petition for a charter included a provision that the college would be exclusively for the benefit of one [ Roman Catholic ] denomination only , and , therefore , having no claims whatever upon the Commonwealth . This was met with opposition in the House of Representatives , which was motivated by a mix of both anti-Catholicism and concerns about the separation of church and state . This provision was eventually removed , but the legislature nonetheless voted to deny the charter . Earlys term came to an end in 1851 , and he was succeeded by Anthony F . Ciampi . Early then returned to Frederick , Maryland for a year . Founding Loyola College in Maryland . In 1852 , the Sulpician priests who ran St . Marys Seminary and College in Baltimore decided that they would discontinue the college portion , which educated lay students , and focus only on the seminary . They asked the Jesuits to continue educating the laity in the city , and in response , the Jesuits established Loyola College in Maryland on September 15 , 1852 , in two rented houses on Holliday Street in Baltimore . Early was appointed the schools first president . The Maryland General Assembly granted Loyola College a charter in April 1853 . At the same time as the colleges founding , St . Ignatius Church . Early became its first pastor , and oversaw of the church building in August 1855 , adjacent to the college . The church was consecrated on August 15 , 1856 . Early is also considered the founder of Loyola Blakefield , which was established as Loyola High School and operated as a component of Loyola College until its separation in 1921 . Two years after its founding , the college purchased a plot of land on the corner of North Calvert and Madison Streets . Construction of a college building was completed in February 1855 , and the college officially relocated to the new campus on February 22 . Being called to Georgetown University , Earlys tenure as president came to an end in the autumn of 1858 , and he was succeeded by William Francis Clarke . Georgetown University . Early was appointed to succeed Bernard A . Maguire as president of Georgetown University in 1858 . He took office during a time of great national tension , preceding the Civil War . Soon thereafter , he received notice from the College of William & Mary that its library had been destroyed by fire ; Early donated a case of 100 books to aid it in rebuilding . In 1860 , Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the United States , and the southern states seceded from the Union . At the start of the academic year of 1861 , many southern students left the college for their homes , followed by northern students doing the same . Though it looked doubtful that the college would be able to continue operating , Georgetown endured as an active school , carrying on with classes throughout the Civil War for the few remaining students . On May 4 , 1861 , Early was notified that the college would be commandeered by the 69th Infantry Regiment of the New York National Guard , which remained until May 24 . Shortly thereafter , he was again informed that the school would be occupied by the 79th New York Regiment , which remained from June 3 to July 4 . The college was occupied for a third time on August 29 , 1862 , as a hospital for the soldiers of Major General John Popes army wounded at the Second Battle of Bull Run . Due to the many wounded , Holy Trinity Church was also commandeered . The campus remained a military hospital until February 2 , 1863 . Earlys term as president came to an end in 1865 , and he was succeeded by his predecessor , Maguire , on January 1 , 1866 . Early then went to Boston , where he engaged in missionary work until July of that year . Return to Loyola College . Early was once again appointed president of Loyola College in the summer of 1866 , to replace Ciampi . He also again became pastor of St . Ignatius Church . The college fared well during his leadership . While there had been a pause in the conferral of degrees during the Civil War , Early saw that students completed their course of study and received degrees . The Loyola Dramatic Association , which was founded in 1865 , was especially active during his term . After four years , his presidency came to an end in July 1870 , when he again returned to Georgetown . He was succeeded by Edward Henchy as president of Loyola , and as pastor of St . Ignatius . Later years at Georgetown . Early returned to Georgetown as president on July 14 , 1870 , to replace Maguire . Following King Victor Emmanuel IIs invasion of Rome , the students held a meeting to denounce the invasion as an indignity to the pope , and voted to contribute a Peters Pence to the pontiff . The universitys Law Department had been established at the end of Maguires presidency , and it began its first classes in October 1870 . The Georgetown College Journal began publishing in December 1872 , as the universitys first student-produced newspaper . That year , Early began to experience the effects of a disease of his kidneys , which affected his eyesight . As a result , the vice president , Patrick Francis Healy , largely took over the administration of the university ; Healy would later succeed Early as president . On May 22 , 1873 , Early suffered a stroke , which left him unable to speak and half his body paralyzed . He died the following day . It was estimated that 5,000 people attended his funeral , and he was buried in the Jesuit Community Cemetery at Georgetown .
|
[
"pastor"
] |
[
{
"text": " John Early ( July 1 , 1814 – May 23 , 1873 ) was an Irish-American Catholic priest and Jesuit educator who was the president of the College of the Holy Cross and Georgetown University , as well as the founder and first president of Loyola College in Maryland . Born in Ireland , he emigrated to the United States at the age of nineteen . Upon his arrival , he enrolled at Mount St . Marys Seminary in Maryland , and entered the Society of Jesus , completing his education at Georgetown University in Washington , D.C .",
"title": "John Early ( educator )"
},
{
"text": "Early became president of the College of the Holy Cross in 1848 , where he unsuccessfully petitioned the state legislature to charter the school . Four years later , he was charged with establishing Loyola College in Maryland , which was intended to educate the lay students who attended St . Marys Seminary and College , which the Sulpicians sought to keep as a seminary only . While also serving as the first pastor of St . Ignatius Church , he oversaw the early years of Loyola College . He also established its high school division , which later became",
"title": "John Early ( educator )"
},
{
"text": "Loyola Blakefield . In 1858 , Early left to become president of Georgetown University . During the Civil War , instruction continued uninterrupted , despite intermittent occupation by the Union Army and dwindling enrollment .",
"title": "John Early ( educator )"
},
{
"text": " Early then returned to Loyola College in 1866 as president for four years , where he resumed the annual conferral of degrees . In 1870 , he once again became president of Georgetown University . He died suddenly in his third year of office .",
"title": "John Early ( educator )"
},
{
"text": " John Early was born on July 1 , 1814 , in Maguiresbridge , County Fermanagh , Ireland . He studied the classics at home , before entering the Armagh Academy in 1832 , which he attended for nine months . He then applied for admission to the seminary at St Patricks College , Maynooth , but there were no vacancies , and he was not admitted . As a result of his failure to gain admission , Early emigrated to the United States in July 1833 . Education in the United States .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Seeking to become a priest , Early enrolled at Mount St . Marys Seminary in Emmitsburg , Maryland , the following September to study rhetoric . In February 1834 , he advanced to Georgetown University in Washington , D.C. , where he remained until August 23 , 1834 , when he entered the Society of Jesus , and proceeded to the novitiate in Frederick , Maryland . Upon the completion of his novitiate in 1836 , Early returned to Georgetown for the next nine years to study philosophy and theology . While studying , he also taught and was head",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "prefect during the academic year of 1843 to 1844 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " On July 1 , 1845 , Early was ordained a priest at Holy Trinity Church in Georgetown . He then taught philosophy at Georgetown for two years , and ministered as a missionary in Laurel , Maryland . He began ministering at Old St . Josephs Church in Philadelphia in 1847 . He professed his final vows on September 8 , 1853 . College of the Holy Cross .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "On August 29 , 1848 , Early was appointed president of the College of the Holy Cross , succeeding James A . Ryder . His most immediate concern was securing a charter for the college , which would allow it to confer degrees on the four students who were ready to graduate the following year . Up to that point , the college awarded degrees in the name of Georgetown University , as it had been denied a charter . In March 1849 , Early petitioned the Massachusetts General Court to charter the college , and appeared before the legislature",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "alongside Orestes Brownson .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In accordance with Bishop John Bernard Fitzpatricks insistence , the petition for a charter included a provision that the college would be exclusively for the benefit of one [ Roman Catholic ] denomination only , and , therefore , having no claims whatever upon the Commonwealth . This was met with opposition in the House of Representatives , which was motivated by a mix of both anti-Catholicism and concerns about the separation of church and state . This provision was eventually removed , but the legislature nonetheless voted to deny the charter . Earlys term came to an end in",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "1851 , and he was succeeded by Anthony F . Ciampi . Early then returned to Frederick , Maryland for a year .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In 1852 , the Sulpician priests who ran St . Marys Seminary and College in Baltimore decided that they would discontinue the college portion , which educated lay students , and focus only on the seminary . They asked the Jesuits to continue educating the laity in the city , and in response , the Jesuits established Loyola College in Maryland on September 15 , 1852 , in two rented houses on Holliday Street in Baltimore . Early was appointed the schools first president . The Maryland General Assembly granted Loyola College a charter in April 1853 . At the",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "same time as the colleges founding , St . Ignatius Church . Early became its first pastor , and oversaw of the church building in August 1855 , adjacent to the college . The church was consecrated on August 15 , 1856 . Early is also considered the founder of Loyola Blakefield , which was established as Loyola High School and operated as a component of Loyola College until its separation in 1921 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Two years after its founding , the college purchased a plot of land on the corner of North Calvert and Madison Streets . Construction of a college building was completed in February 1855 , and the college officially relocated to the new campus on February 22 . Being called to Georgetown University , Earlys tenure as president came to an end in the autumn of 1858 , and he was succeeded by William Francis Clarke .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Early was appointed to succeed Bernard A . Maguire as president of Georgetown University in 1858 . He took office during a time of great national tension , preceding the Civil War . Soon thereafter , he received notice from the College of William & Mary that its library had been destroyed by fire ; Early donated a case of 100 books to aid it in rebuilding . In 1860 , Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the United States , and the southern states seceded from the Union . At the start of the academic year of 1861 ,",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "many southern students left the college for their homes , followed by northern students doing the same . Though it looked doubtful that the college would be able to continue operating , Georgetown endured as an active school , carrying on with classes throughout the Civil War for the few remaining students .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "On May 4 , 1861 , Early was notified that the college would be commandeered by the 69th Infantry Regiment of the New York National Guard , which remained until May 24 . Shortly thereafter , he was again informed that the school would be occupied by the 79th New York Regiment , which remained from June 3 to July 4 . The college was occupied for a third time on August 29 , 1862 , as a hospital for the soldiers of Major General John Popes army wounded at the Second Battle of Bull Run . Due to the",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "many wounded , Holy Trinity Church was also commandeered . The campus remained a military hospital until February 2 , 1863 .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": " Earlys term as president came to an end in 1865 , and he was succeeded by his predecessor , Maguire , on January 1 , 1866 . Early then went to Boston , where he engaged in missionary work until July of that year . Return to Loyola College .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "Early was once again appointed president of Loyola College in the summer of 1866 , to replace Ciampi . He also again became pastor of St . Ignatius Church . The college fared well during his leadership . While there had been a pause in the conferral of degrees during the Civil War , Early saw that students completed their course of study and received degrees . The Loyola Dramatic Association , which was founded in 1865 , was especially active during his term . After four years , his presidency came to an end in July 1870 , when",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "he again returned to Georgetown . He was succeeded by Edward Henchy as president of Loyola , and as pastor of St . Ignatius .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": " Later years at Georgetown . Early returned to Georgetown as president on July 14 , 1870 , to replace Maguire . Following King Victor Emmanuel IIs invasion of Rome , the students held a meeting to denounce the invasion as an indignity to the pope , and voted to contribute a Peters Pence to the pontiff . The universitys Law Department had been established at the end of Maguires presidency , and it began its first classes in October 1870 . The Georgetown College Journal began publishing in December 1872 , as the universitys first student-produced newspaper .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "That year , Early began to experience the effects of a disease of his kidneys , which affected his eyesight . As a result , the vice president , Patrick Francis Healy , largely took over the administration of the university ; Healy would later succeed Early as president . On May 22 , 1873 , Early suffered a stroke , which left him unable to speak and half his body paralyzed . He died the following day . It was estimated that 5,000 people attended his funeral , and he was buried in the Jesuit Community Cemetery at Georgetown",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Georgetown University"
}
] |
/wiki/John_Early_(educator)#P39#2
|
John Early (educator) took which position between Feb 1859 and Aug 1862?
|
John Early ( educator ) John Early ( July 1 , 1814 – May 23 , 1873 ) was an Irish-American Catholic priest and Jesuit educator who was the president of the College of the Holy Cross and Georgetown University , as well as the founder and first president of Loyola College in Maryland . Born in Ireland , he emigrated to the United States at the age of nineteen . Upon his arrival , he enrolled at Mount St . Marys Seminary in Maryland , and entered the Society of Jesus , completing his education at Georgetown University in Washington , D.C . Early became president of the College of the Holy Cross in 1848 , where he unsuccessfully petitioned the state legislature to charter the school . Four years later , he was charged with establishing Loyola College in Maryland , which was intended to educate the lay students who attended St . Marys Seminary and College , which the Sulpicians sought to keep as a seminary only . While also serving as the first pastor of St . Ignatius Church , he oversaw the early years of Loyola College . He also established its high school division , which later became Loyola Blakefield . In 1858 , Early left to become president of Georgetown University . During the Civil War , instruction continued uninterrupted , despite intermittent occupation by the Union Army and dwindling enrollment . Early then returned to Loyola College in 1866 as president for four years , where he resumed the annual conferral of degrees . In 1870 , he once again became president of Georgetown University . He died suddenly in his third year of office . Early life . John Early was born on July 1 , 1814 , in Maguiresbridge , County Fermanagh , Ireland . He studied the classics at home , before entering the Armagh Academy in 1832 , which he attended for nine months . He then applied for admission to the seminary at St Patricks College , Maynooth , but there were no vacancies , and he was not admitted . As a result of his failure to gain admission , Early emigrated to the United States in July 1833 . Education in the United States . Seeking to become a priest , Early enrolled at Mount St . Marys Seminary in Emmitsburg , Maryland , the following September to study rhetoric . In February 1834 , he advanced to Georgetown University in Washington , D.C. , where he remained until August 23 , 1834 , when he entered the Society of Jesus , and proceeded to the novitiate in Frederick , Maryland . Upon the completion of his novitiate in 1836 , Early returned to Georgetown for the next nine years to study philosophy and theology . While studying , he also taught and was head prefect during the academic year of 1843 to 1844 . On July 1 , 1845 , Early was ordained a priest at Holy Trinity Church in Georgetown . He then taught philosophy at Georgetown for two years , and ministered as a missionary in Laurel , Maryland . He began ministering at Old St . Josephs Church in Philadelphia in 1847 . He professed his final vows on September 8 , 1853 . College of the Holy Cross . On August 29 , 1848 , Early was appointed president of the College of the Holy Cross , succeeding James A . Ryder . His most immediate concern was securing a charter for the college , which would allow it to confer degrees on the four students who were ready to graduate the following year . Up to that point , the college awarded degrees in the name of Georgetown University , as it had been denied a charter . In March 1849 , Early petitioned the Massachusetts General Court to charter the college , and appeared before the legislature alongside Orestes Brownson . In accordance with Bishop John Bernard Fitzpatricks insistence , the petition for a charter included a provision that the college would be exclusively for the benefit of one [ Roman Catholic ] denomination only , and , therefore , having no claims whatever upon the Commonwealth . This was met with opposition in the House of Representatives , which was motivated by a mix of both anti-Catholicism and concerns about the separation of church and state . This provision was eventually removed , but the legislature nonetheless voted to deny the charter . Earlys term came to an end in 1851 , and he was succeeded by Anthony F . Ciampi . Early then returned to Frederick , Maryland for a year . Founding Loyola College in Maryland . In 1852 , the Sulpician priests who ran St . Marys Seminary and College in Baltimore decided that they would discontinue the college portion , which educated lay students , and focus only on the seminary . They asked the Jesuits to continue educating the laity in the city , and in response , the Jesuits established Loyola College in Maryland on September 15 , 1852 , in two rented houses on Holliday Street in Baltimore . Early was appointed the schools first president . The Maryland General Assembly granted Loyola College a charter in April 1853 . At the same time as the colleges founding , St . Ignatius Church . Early became its first pastor , and oversaw of the church building in August 1855 , adjacent to the college . The church was consecrated on August 15 , 1856 . Early is also considered the founder of Loyola Blakefield , which was established as Loyola High School and operated as a component of Loyola College until its separation in 1921 . Two years after its founding , the college purchased a plot of land on the corner of North Calvert and Madison Streets . Construction of a college building was completed in February 1855 , and the college officially relocated to the new campus on February 22 . Being called to Georgetown University , Earlys tenure as president came to an end in the autumn of 1858 , and he was succeeded by William Francis Clarke . Georgetown University . Early was appointed to succeed Bernard A . Maguire as president of Georgetown University in 1858 . He took office during a time of great national tension , preceding the Civil War . Soon thereafter , he received notice from the College of William & Mary that its library had been destroyed by fire ; Early donated a case of 100 books to aid it in rebuilding . In 1860 , Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the United States , and the southern states seceded from the Union . At the start of the academic year of 1861 , many southern students left the college for their homes , followed by northern students doing the same . Though it looked doubtful that the college would be able to continue operating , Georgetown endured as an active school , carrying on with classes throughout the Civil War for the few remaining students . On May 4 , 1861 , Early was notified that the college would be commandeered by the 69th Infantry Regiment of the New York National Guard , which remained until May 24 . Shortly thereafter , he was again informed that the school would be occupied by the 79th New York Regiment , which remained from June 3 to July 4 . The college was occupied for a third time on August 29 , 1862 , as a hospital for the soldiers of Major General John Popes army wounded at the Second Battle of Bull Run . Due to the many wounded , Holy Trinity Church was also commandeered . The campus remained a military hospital until February 2 , 1863 . Earlys term as president came to an end in 1865 , and he was succeeded by his predecessor , Maguire , on January 1 , 1866 . Early then went to Boston , where he engaged in missionary work until July of that year . Return to Loyola College . Early was once again appointed president of Loyola College in the summer of 1866 , to replace Ciampi . He also again became pastor of St . Ignatius Church . The college fared well during his leadership . While there had been a pause in the conferral of degrees during the Civil War , Early saw that students completed their course of study and received degrees . The Loyola Dramatic Association , which was founded in 1865 , was especially active during his term . After four years , his presidency came to an end in July 1870 , when he again returned to Georgetown . He was succeeded by Edward Henchy as president of Loyola , and as pastor of St . Ignatius . Later years at Georgetown . Early returned to Georgetown as president on July 14 , 1870 , to replace Maguire . Following King Victor Emmanuel IIs invasion of Rome , the students held a meeting to denounce the invasion as an indignity to the pope , and voted to contribute a Peters Pence to the pontiff . The universitys Law Department had been established at the end of Maguires presidency , and it began its first classes in October 1870 . The Georgetown College Journal began publishing in December 1872 , as the universitys first student-produced newspaper . That year , Early began to experience the effects of a disease of his kidneys , which affected his eyesight . As a result , the vice president , Patrick Francis Healy , largely took over the administration of the university ; Healy would later succeed Early as president . On May 22 , 1873 , Early suffered a stroke , which left him unable to speak and half his body paralyzed . He died the following day . It was estimated that 5,000 people attended his funeral , and he was buried in the Jesuit Community Cemetery at Georgetown .
|
[
"president of Georgetown University"
] |
[
{
"text": " John Early ( July 1 , 1814 – May 23 , 1873 ) was an Irish-American Catholic priest and Jesuit educator who was the president of the College of the Holy Cross and Georgetown University , as well as the founder and first president of Loyola College in Maryland . Born in Ireland , he emigrated to the United States at the age of nineteen . Upon his arrival , he enrolled at Mount St . Marys Seminary in Maryland , and entered the Society of Jesus , completing his education at Georgetown University in Washington , D.C .",
"title": "John Early ( educator )"
},
{
"text": "Early became president of the College of the Holy Cross in 1848 , where he unsuccessfully petitioned the state legislature to charter the school . Four years later , he was charged with establishing Loyola College in Maryland , which was intended to educate the lay students who attended St . Marys Seminary and College , which the Sulpicians sought to keep as a seminary only . While also serving as the first pastor of St . Ignatius Church , he oversaw the early years of Loyola College . He also established its high school division , which later became",
"title": "John Early ( educator )"
},
{
"text": "Loyola Blakefield . In 1858 , Early left to become president of Georgetown University . During the Civil War , instruction continued uninterrupted , despite intermittent occupation by the Union Army and dwindling enrollment .",
"title": "John Early ( educator )"
},
{
"text": " Early then returned to Loyola College in 1866 as president for four years , where he resumed the annual conferral of degrees . In 1870 , he once again became president of Georgetown University . He died suddenly in his third year of office .",
"title": "John Early ( educator )"
},
{
"text": " John Early was born on July 1 , 1814 , in Maguiresbridge , County Fermanagh , Ireland . He studied the classics at home , before entering the Armagh Academy in 1832 , which he attended for nine months . He then applied for admission to the seminary at St Patricks College , Maynooth , but there were no vacancies , and he was not admitted . As a result of his failure to gain admission , Early emigrated to the United States in July 1833 . Education in the United States .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Seeking to become a priest , Early enrolled at Mount St . Marys Seminary in Emmitsburg , Maryland , the following September to study rhetoric . In February 1834 , he advanced to Georgetown University in Washington , D.C. , where he remained until August 23 , 1834 , when he entered the Society of Jesus , and proceeded to the novitiate in Frederick , Maryland . Upon the completion of his novitiate in 1836 , Early returned to Georgetown for the next nine years to study philosophy and theology . While studying , he also taught and was head",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "prefect during the academic year of 1843 to 1844 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " On July 1 , 1845 , Early was ordained a priest at Holy Trinity Church in Georgetown . He then taught philosophy at Georgetown for two years , and ministered as a missionary in Laurel , Maryland . He began ministering at Old St . Josephs Church in Philadelphia in 1847 . He professed his final vows on September 8 , 1853 . College of the Holy Cross .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "On August 29 , 1848 , Early was appointed president of the College of the Holy Cross , succeeding James A . Ryder . His most immediate concern was securing a charter for the college , which would allow it to confer degrees on the four students who were ready to graduate the following year . Up to that point , the college awarded degrees in the name of Georgetown University , as it had been denied a charter . In March 1849 , Early petitioned the Massachusetts General Court to charter the college , and appeared before the legislature",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "alongside Orestes Brownson .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In accordance with Bishop John Bernard Fitzpatricks insistence , the petition for a charter included a provision that the college would be exclusively for the benefit of one [ Roman Catholic ] denomination only , and , therefore , having no claims whatever upon the Commonwealth . This was met with opposition in the House of Representatives , which was motivated by a mix of both anti-Catholicism and concerns about the separation of church and state . This provision was eventually removed , but the legislature nonetheless voted to deny the charter . Earlys term came to an end in",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "1851 , and he was succeeded by Anthony F . Ciampi . Early then returned to Frederick , Maryland for a year .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In 1852 , the Sulpician priests who ran St . Marys Seminary and College in Baltimore decided that they would discontinue the college portion , which educated lay students , and focus only on the seminary . They asked the Jesuits to continue educating the laity in the city , and in response , the Jesuits established Loyola College in Maryland on September 15 , 1852 , in two rented houses on Holliday Street in Baltimore . Early was appointed the schools first president . The Maryland General Assembly granted Loyola College a charter in April 1853 . At the",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "same time as the colleges founding , St . Ignatius Church . Early became its first pastor , and oversaw of the church building in August 1855 , adjacent to the college . The church was consecrated on August 15 , 1856 . Early is also considered the founder of Loyola Blakefield , which was established as Loyola High School and operated as a component of Loyola College until its separation in 1921 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Two years after its founding , the college purchased a plot of land on the corner of North Calvert and Madison Streets . Construction of a college building was completed in February 1855 , and the college officially relocated to the new campus on February 22 . Being called to Georgetown University , Earlys tenure as president came to an end in the autumn of 1858 , and he was succeeded by William Francis Clarke .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Early was appointed to succeed Bernard A . Maguire as president of Georgetown University in 1858 . He took office during a time of great national tension , preceding the Civil War . Soon thereafter , he received notice from the College of William & Mary that its library had been destroyed by fire ; Early donated a case of 100 books to aid it in rebuilding . In 1860 , Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the United States , and the southern states seceded from the Union . At the start of the academic year of 1861 ,",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "many southern students left the college for their homes , followed by northern students doing the same . Though it looked doubtful that the college would be able to continue operating , Georgetown endured as an active school , carrying on with classes throughout the Civil War for the few remaining students .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "On May 4 , 1861 , Early was notified that the college would be commandeered by the 69th Infantry Regiment of the New York National Guard , which remained until May 24 . Shortly thereafter , he was again informed that the school would be occupied by the 79th New York Regiment , which remained from June 3 to July 4 . The college was occupied for a third time on August 29 , 1862 , as a hospital for the soldiers of Major General John Popes army wounded at the Second Battle of Bull Run . Due to the",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "many wounded , Holy Trinity Church was also commandeered . The campus remained a military hospital until February 2 , 1863 .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": " Earlys term as president came to an end in 1865 , and he was succeeded by his predecessor , Maguire , on January 1 , 1866 . Early then went to Boston , where he engaged in missionary work until July of that year . Return to Loyola College .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "Early was once again appointed president of Loyola College in the summer of 1866 , to replace Ciampi . He also again became pastor of St . Ignatius Church . The college fared well during his leadership . While there had been a pause in the conferral of degrees during the Civil War , Early saw that students completed their course of study and received degrees . The Loyola Dramatic Association , which was founded in 1865 , was especially active during his term . After four years , his presidency came to an end in July 1870 , when",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "he again returned to Georgetown . He was succeeded by Edward Henchy as president of Loyola , and as pastor of St . Ignatius .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": " Later years at Georgetown . Early returned to Georgetown as president on July 14 , 1870 , to replace Maguire . Following King Victor Emmanuel IIs invasion of Rome , the students held a meeting to denounce the invasion as an indignity to the pope , and voted to contribute a Peters Pence to the pontiff . The universitys Law Department had been established at the end of Maguires presidency , and it began its first classes in October 1870 . The Georgetown College Journal began publishing in December 1872 , as the universitys first student-produced newspaper .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "That year , Early began to experience the effects of a disease of his kidneys , which affected his eyesight . As a result , the vice president , Patrick Francis Healy , largely took over the administration of the university ; Healy would later succeed Early as president . On May 22 , 1873 , Early suffered a stroke , which left him unable to speak and half his body paralyzed . He died the following day . It was estimated that 5,000 people attended his funeral , and he was buried in the Jesuit Community Cemetery at Georgetown",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Georgetown University"
}
] |
/wiki/John_Early_(educator)#P39#3
|
John Early (educator) took which position between Jun 1868 and Feb 1869?
|
John Early ( educator ) John Early ( July 1 , 1814 – May 23 , 1873 ) was an Irish-American Catholic priest and Jesuit educator who was the president of the College of the Holy Cross and Georgetown University , as well as the founder and first president of Loyola College in Maryland . Born in Ireland , he emigrated to the United States at the age of nineteen . Upon his arrival , he enrolled at Mount St . Marys Seminary in Maryland , and entered the Society of Jesus , completing his education at Georgetown University in Washington , D.C . Early became president of the College of the Holy Cross in 1848 , where he unsuccessfully petitioned the state legislature to charter the school . Four years later , he was charged with establishing Loyola College in Maryland , which was intended to educate the lay students who attended St . Marys Seminary and College , which the Sulpicians sought to keep as a seminary only . While also serving as the first pastor of St . Ignatius Church , he oversaw the early years of Loyola College . He also established its high school division , which later became Loyola Blakefield . In 1858 , Early left to become president of Georgetown University . During the Civil War , instruction continued uninterrupted , despite intermittent occupation by the Union Army and dwindling enrollment . Early then returned to Loyola College in 1866 as president for four years , where he resumed the annual conferral of degrees . In 1870 , he once again became president of Georgetown University . He died suddenly in his third year of office . Early life . John Early was born on July 1 , 1814 , in Maguiresbridge , County Fermanagh , Ireland . He studied the classics at home , before entering the Armagh Academy in 1832 , which he attended for nine months . He then applied for admission to the seminary at St Patricks College , Maynooth , but there were no vacancies , and he was not admitted . As a result of his failure to gain admission , Early emigrated to the United States in July 1833 . Education in the United States . Seeking to become a priest , Early enrolled at Mount St . Marys Seminary in Emmitsburg , Maryland , the following September to study rhetoric . In February 1834 , he advanced to Georgetown University in Washington , D.C. , where he remained until August 23 , 1834 , when he entered the Society of Jesus , and proceeded to the novitiate in Frederick , Maryland . Upon the completion of his novitiate in 1836 , Early returned to Georgetown for the next nine years to study philosophy and theology . While studying , he also taught and was head prefect during the academic year of 1843 to 1844 . On July 1 , 1845 , Early was ordained a priest at Holy Trinity Church in Georgetown . He then taught philosophy at Georgetown for two years , and ministered as a missionary in Laurel , Maryland . He began ministering at Old St . Josephs Church in Philadelphia in 1847 . He professed his final vows on September 8 , 1853 . College of the Holy Cross . On August 29 , 1848 , Early was appointed president of the College of the Holy Cross , succeeding James A . Ryder . His most immediate concern was securing a charter for the college , which would allow it to confer degrees on the four students who were ready to graduate the following year . Up to that point , the college awarded degrees in the name of Georgetown University , as it had been denied a charter . In March 1849 , Early petitioned the Massachusetts General Court to charter the college , and appeared before the legislature alongside Orestes Brownson . In accordance with Bishop John Bernard Fitzpatricks insistence , the petition for a charter included a provision that the college would be exclusively for the benefit of one [ Roman Catholic ] denomination only , and , therefore , having no claims whatever upon the Commonwealth . This was met with opposition in the House of Representatives , which was motivated by a mix of both anti-Catholicism and concerns about the separation of church and state . This provision was eventually removed , but the legislature nonetheless voted to deny the charter . Earlys term came to an end in 1851 , and he was succeeded by Anthony F . Ciampi . Early then returned to Frederick , Maryland for a year . Founding Loyola College in Maryland . In 1852 , the Sulpician priests who ran St . Marys Seminary and College in Baltimore decided that they would discontinue the college portion , which educated lay students , and focus only on the seminary . They asked the Jesuits to continue educating the laity in the city , and in response , the Jesuits established Loyola College in Maryland on September 15 , 1852 , in two rented houses on Holliday Street in Baltimore . Early was appointed the schools first president . The Maryland General Assembly granted Loyola College a charter in April 1853 . At the same time as the colleges founding , St . Ignatius Church . Early became its first pastor , and oversaw of the church building in August 1855 , adjacent to the college . The church was consecrated on August 15 , 1856 . Early is also considered the founder of Loyola Blakefield , which was established as Loyola High School and operated as a component of Loyola College until its separation in 1921 . Two years after its founding , the college purchased a plot of land on the corner of North Calvert and Madison Streets . Construction of a college building was completed in February 1855 , and the college officially relocated to the new campus on February 22 . Being called to Georgetown University , Earlys tenure as president came to an end in the autumn of 1858 , and he was succeeded by William Francis Clarke . Georgetown University . Early was appointed to succeed Bernard A . Maguire as president of Georgetown University in 1858 . He took office during a time of great national tension , preceding the Civil War . Soon thereafter , he received notice from the College of William & Mary that its library had been destroyed by fire ; Early donated a case of 100 books to aid it in rebuilding . In 1860 , Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the United States , and the southern states seceded from the Union . At the start of the academic year of 1861 , many southern students left the college for their homes , followed by northern students doing the same . Though it looked doubtful that the college would be able to continue operating , Georgetown endured as an active school , carrying on with classes throughout the Civil War for the few remaining students . On May 4 , 1861 , Early was notified that the college would be commandeered by the 69th Infantry Regiment of the New York National Guard , which remained until May 24 . Shortly thereafter , he was again informed that the school would be occupied by the 79th New York Regiment , which remained from June 3 to July 4 . The college was occupied for a third time on August 29 , 1862 , as a hospital for the soldiers of Major General John Popes army wounded at the Second Battle of Bull Run . Due to the many wounded , Holy Trinity Church was also commandeered . The campus remained a military hospital until February 2 , 1863 . Earlys term as president came to an end in 1865 , and he was succeeded by his predecessor , Maguire , on January 1 , 1866 . Early then went to Boston , where he engaged in missionary work until July of that year . Return to Loyola College . Early was once again appointed president of Loyola College in the summer of 1866 , to replace Ciampi . He also again became pastor of St . Ignatius Church . The college fared well during his leadership . While there had been a pause in the conferral of degrees during the Civil War , Early saw that students completed their course of study and received degrees . The Loyola Dramatic Association , which was founded in 1865 , was especially active during his term . After four years , his presidency came to an end in July 1870 , when he again returned to Georgetown . He was succeeded by Edward Henchy as president of Loyola , and as pastor of St . Ignatius . Later years at Georgetown . Early returned to Georgetown as president on July 14 , 1870 , to replace Maguire . Following King Victor Emmanuel IIs invasion of Rome , the students held a meeting to denounce the invasion as an indignity to the pope , and voted to contribute a Peters Pence to the pontiff . The universitys Law Department had been established at the end of Maguires presidency , and it began its first classes in October 1870 . The Georgetown College Journal began publishing in December 1872 , as the universitys first student-produced newspaper . That year , Early began to experience the effects of a disease of his kidneys , which affected his eyesight . As a result , the vice president , Patrick Francis Healy , largely took over the administration of the university ; Healy would later succeed Early as president . On May 22 , 1873 , Early suffered a stroke , which left him unable to speak and half his body paralyzed . He died the following day . It was estimated that 5,000 people attended his funeral , and he was buried in the Jesuit Community Cemetery at Georgetown .
|
[
"pastor"
] |
[
{
"text": " John Early ( July 1 , 1814 – May 23 , 1873 ) was an Irish-American Catholic priest and Jesuit educator who was the president of the College of the Holy Cross and Georgetown University , as well as the founder and first president of Loyola College in Maryland . Born in Ireland , he emigrated to the United States at the age of nineteen . Upon his arrival , he enrolled at Mount St . Marys Seminary in Maryland , and entered the Society of Jesus , completing his education at Georgetown University in Washington , D.C .",
"title": "John Early ( educator )"
},
{
"text": "Early became president of the College of the Holy Cross in 1848 , where he unsuccessfully petitioned the state legislature to charter the school . Four years later , he was charged with establishing Loyola College in Maryland , which was intended to educate the lay students who attended St . Marys Seminary and College , which the Sulpicians sought to keep as a seminary only . While also serving as the first pastor of St . Ignatius Church , he oversaw the early years of Loyola College . He also established its high school division , which later became",
"title": "John Early ( educator )"
},
{
"text": "Loyola Blakefield . In 1858 , Early left to become president of Georgetown University . During the Civil War , instruction continued uninterrupted , despite intermittent occupation by the Union Army and dwindling enrollment .",
"title": "John Early ( educator )"
},
{
"text": " Early then returned to Loyola College in 1866 as president for four years , where he resumed the annual conferral of degrees . In 1870 , he once again became president of Georgetown University . He died suddenly in his third year of office .",
"title": "John Early ( educator )"
},
{
"text": " John Early was born on July 1 , 1814 , in Maguiresbridge , County Fermanagh , Ireland . He studied the classics at home , before entering the Armagh Academy in 1832 , which he attended for nine months . He then applied for admission to the seminary at St Patricks College , Maynooth , but there were no vacancies , and he was not admitted . As a result of his failure to gain admission , Early emigrated to the United States in July 1833 . Education in the United States .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Seeking to become a priest , Early enrolled at Mount St . Marys Seminary in Emmitsburg , Maryland , the following September to study rhetoric . In February 1834 , he advanced to Georgetown University in Washington , D.C. , where he remained until August 23 , 1834 , when he entered the Society of Jesus , and proceeded to the novitiate in Frederick , Maryland . Upon the completion of his novitiate in 1836 , Early returned to Georgetown for the next nine years to study philosophy and theology . While studying , he also taught and was head",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "prefect during the academic year of 1843 to 1844 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " On July 1 , 1845 , Early was ordained a priest at Holy Trinity Church in Georgetown . He then taught philosophy at Georgetown for two years , and ministered as a missionary in Laurel , Maryland . He began ministering at Old St . Josephs Church in Philadelphia in 1847 . He professed his final vows on September 8 , 1853 . College of the Holy Cross .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "On August 29 , 1848 , Early was appointed president of the College of the Holy Cross , succeeding James A . Ryder . His most immediate concern was securing a charter for the college , which would allow it to confer degrees on the four students who were ready to graduate the following year . Up to that point , the college awarded degrees in the name of Georgetown University , as it had been denied a charter . In March 1849 , Early petitioned the Massachusetts General Court to charter the college , and appeared before the legislature",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "alongside Orestes Brownson .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In accordance with Bishop John Bernard Fitzpatricks insistence , the petition for a charter included a provision that the college would be exclusively for the benefit of one [ Roman Catholic ] denomination only , and , therefore , having no claims whatever upon the Commonwealth . This was met with opposition in the House of Representatives , which was motivated by a mix of both anti-Catholicism and concerns about the separation of church and state . This provision was eventually removed , but the legislature nonetheless voted to deny the charter . Earlys term came to an end in",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "1851 , and he was succeeded by Anthony F . Ciampi . Early then returned to Frederick , Maryland for a year .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In 1852 , the Sulpician priests who ran St . Marys Seminary and College in Baltimore decided that they would discontinue the college portion , which educated lay students , and focus only on the seminary . They asked the Jesuits to continue educating the laity in the city , and in response , the Jesuits established Loyola College in Maryland on September 15 , 1852 , in two rented houses on Holliday Street in Baltimore . Early was appointed the schools first president . The Maryland General Assembly granted Loyola College a charter in April 1853 . At the",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "same time as the colleges founding , St . Ignatius Church . Early became its first pastor , and oversaw of the church building in August 1855 , adjacent to the college . The church was consecrated on August 15 , 1856 . Early is also considered the founder of Loyola Blakefield , which was established as Loyola High School and operated as a component of Loyola College until its separation in 1921 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Two years after its founding , the college purchased a plot of land on the corner of North Calvert and Madison Streets . Construction of a college building was completed in February 1855 , and the college officially relocated to the new campus on February 22 . Being called to Georgetown University , Earlys tenure as president came to an end in the autumn of 1858 , and he was succeeded by William Francis Clarke .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Early was appointed to succeed Bernard A . Maguire as president of Georgetown University in 1858 . He took office during a time of great national tension , preceding the Civil War . Soon thereafter , he received notice from the College of William & Mary that its library had been destroyed by fire ; Early donated a case of 100 books to aid it in rebuilding . In 1860 , Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the United States , and the southern states seceded from the Union . At the start of the academic year of 1861 ,",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "many southern students left the college for their homes , followed by northern students doing the same . Though it looked doubtful that the college would be able to continue operating , Georgetown endured as an active school , carrying on with classes throughout the Civil War for the few remaining students .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "On May 4 , 1861 , Early was notified that the college would be commandeered by the 69th Infantry Regiment of the New York National Guard , which remained until May 24 . Shortly thereafter , he was again informed that the school would be occupied by the 79th New York Regiment , which remained from June 3 to July 4 . The college was occupied for a third time on August 29 , 1862 , as a hospital for the soldiers of Major General John Popes army wounded at the Second Battle of Bull Run . Due to the",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "many wounded , Holy Trinity Church was also commandeered . The campus remained a military hospital until February 2 , 1863 .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": " Earlys term as president came to an end in 1865 , and he was succeeded by his predecessor , Maguire , on January 1 , 1866 . Early then went to Boston , where he engaged in missionary work until July of that year . Return to Loyola College .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "Early was once again appointed president of Loyola College in the summer of 1866 , to replace Ciampi . He also again became pastor of St . Ignatius Church . The college fared well during his leadership . While there had been a pause in the conferral of degrees during the Civil War , Early saw that students completed their course of study and received degrees . The Loyola Dramatic Association , which was founded in 1865 , was especially active during his term . After four years , his presidency came to an end in July 1870 , when",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "he again returned to Georgetown . He was succeeded by Edward Henchy as president of Loyola , and as pastor of St . Ignatius .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": " Later years at Georgetown . Early returned to Georgetown as president on July 14 , 1870 , to replace Maguire . Following King Victor Emmanuel IIs invasion of Rome , the students held a meeting to denounce the invasion as an indignity to the pope , and voted to contribute a Peters Pence to the pontiff . The universitys Law Department had been established at the end of Maguires presidency , and it began its first classes in October 1870 . The Georgetown College Journal began publishing in December 1872 , as the universitys first student-produced newspaper .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "That year , Early began to experience the effects of a disease of his kidneys , which affected his eyesight . As a result , the vice president , Patrick Francis Healy , largely took over the administration of the university ; Healy would later succeed Early as president . On May 22 , 1873 , Early suffered a stroke , which left him unable to speak and half his body paralyzed . He died the following day . It was estimated that 5,000 people attended his funeral , and he was buried in the Jesuit Community Cemetery at Georgetown",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Georgetown University"
}
] |
/wiki/John_Early_(educator)#P39#4
|
John Early (educator) took which position after Oct 1871?
|
John Early ( educator ) John Early ( July 1 , 1814 – May 23 , 1873 ) was an Irish-American Catholic priest and Jesuit educator who was the president of the College of the Holy Cross and Georgetown University , as well as the founder and first president of Loyola College in Maryland . Born in Ireland , he emigrated to the United States at the age of nineteen . Upon his arrival , he enrolled at Mount St . Marys Seminary in Maryland , and entered the Society of Jesus , completing his education at Georgetown University in Washington , D.C . Early became president of the College of the Holy Cross in 1848 , where he unsuccessfully petitioned the state legislature to charter the school . Four years later , he was charged with establishing Loyola College in Maryland , which was intended to educate the lay students who attended St . Marys Seminary and College , which the Sulpicians sought to keep as a seminary only . While also serving as the first pastor of St . Ignatius Church , he oversaw the early years of Loyola College . He also established its high school division , which later became Loyola Blakefield . In 1858 , Early left to become president of Georgetown University . During the Civil War , instruction continued uninterrupted , despite intermittent occupation by the Union Army and dwindling enrollment . Early then returned to Loyola College in 1866 as president for four years , where he resumed the annual conferral of degrees . In 1870 , he once again became president of Georgetown University . He died suddenly in his third year of office . Early life . John Early was born on July 1 , 1814 , in Maguiresbridge , County Fermanagh , Ireland . He studied the classics at home , before entering the Armagh Academy in 1832 , which he attended for nine months . He then applied for admission to the seminary at St Patricks College , Maynooth , but there were no vacancies , and he was not admitted . As a result of his failure to gain admission , Early emigrated to the United States in July 1833 . Education in the United States . Seeking to become a priest , Early enrolled at Mount St . Marys Seminary in Emmitsburg , Maryland , the following September to study rhetoric . In February 1834 , he advanced to Georgetown University in Washington , D.C. , where he remained until August 23 , 1834 , when he entered the Society of Jesus , and proceeded to the novitiate in Frederick , Maryland . Upon the completion of his novitiate in 1836 , Early returned to Georgetown for the next nine years to study philosophy and theology . While studying , he also taught and was head prefect during the academic year of 1843 to 1844 . On July 1 , 1845 , Early was ordained a priest at Holy Trinity Church in Georgetown . He then taught philosophy at Georgetown for two years , and ministered as a missionary in Laurel , Maryland . He began ministering at Old St . Josephs Church in Philadelphia in 1847 . He professed his final vows on September 8 , 1853 . College of the Holy Cross . On August 29 , 1848 , Early was appointed president of the College of the Holy Cross , succeeding James A . Ryder . His most immediate concern was securing a charter for the college , which would allow it to confer degrees on the four students who were ready to graduate the following year . Up to that point , the college awarded degrees in the name of Georgetown University , as it had been denied a charter . In March 1849 , Early petitioned the Massachusetts General Court to charter the college , and appeared before the legislature alongside Orestes Brownson . In accordance with Bishop John Bernard Fitzpatricks insistence , the petition for a charter included a provision that the college would be exclusively for the benefit of one [ Roman Catholic ] denomination only , and , therefore , having no claims whatever upon the Commonwealth . This was met with opposition in the House of Representatives , which was motivated by a mix of both anti-Catholicism and concerns about the separation of church and state . This provision was eventually removed , but the legislature nonetheless voted to deny the charter . Earlys term came to an end in 1851 , and he was succeeded by Anthony F . Ciampi . Early then returned to Frederick , Maryland for a year . Founding Loyola College in Maryland . In 1852 , the Sulpician priests who ran St . Marys Seminary and College in Baltimore decided that they would discontinue the college portion , which educated lay students , and focus only on the seminary . They asked the Jesuits to continue educating the laity in the city , and in response , the Jesuits established Loyola College in Maryland on September 15 , 1852 , in two rented houses on Holliday Street in Baltimore . Early was appointed the schools first president . The Maryland General Assembly granted Loyola College a charter in April 1853 . At the same time as the colleges founding , St . Ignatius Church . Early became its first pastor , and oversaw of the church building in August 1855 , adjacent to the college . The church was consecrated on August 15 , 1856 . Early is also considered the founder of Loyola Blakefield , which was established as Loyola High School and operated as a component of Loyola College until its separation in 1921 . Two years after its founding , the college purchased a plot of land on the corner of North Calvert and Madison Streets . Construction of a college building was completed in February 1855 , and the college officially relocated to the new campus on February 22 . Being called to Georgetown University , Earlys tenure as president came to an end in the autumn of 1858 , and he was succeeded by William Francis Clarke . Georgetown University . Early was appointed to succeed Bernard A . Maguire as president of Georgetown University in 1858 . He took office during a time of great national tension , preceding the Civil War . Soon thereafter , he received notice from the College of William & Mary that its library had been destroyed by fire ; Early donated a case of 100 books to aid it in rebuilding . In 1860 , Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the United States , and the southern states seceded from the Union . At the start of the academic year of 1861 , many southern students left the college for their homes , followed by northern students doing the same . Though it looked doubtful that the college would be able to continue operating , Georgetown endured as an active school , carrying on with classes throughout the Civil War for the few remaining students . On May 4 , 1861 , Early was notified that the college would be commandeered by the 69th Infantry Regiment of the New York National Guard , which remained until May 24 . Shortly thereafter , he was again informed that the school would be occupied by the 79th New York Regiment , which remained from June 3 to July 4 . The college was occupied for a third time on August 29 , 1862 , as a hospital for the soldiers of Major General John Popes army wounded at the Second Battle of Bull Run . Due to the many wounded , Holy Trinity Church was also commandeered . The campus remained a military hospital until February 2 , 1863 . Earlys term as president came to an end in 1865 , and he was succeeded by his predecessor , Maguire , on January 1 , 1866 . Early then went to Boston , where he engaged in missionary work until July of that year . Return to Loyola College . Early was once again appointed president of Loyola College in the summer of 1866 , to replace Ciampi . He also again became pastor of St . Ignatius Church . The college fared well during his leadership . While there had been a pause in the conferral of degrees during the Civil War , Early saw that students completed their course of study and received degrees . The Loyola Dramatic Association , which was founded in 1865 , was especially active during his term . After four years , his presidency came to an end in July 1870 , when he again returned to Georgetown . He was succeeded by Edward Henchy as president of Loyola , and as pastor of St . Ignatius . Later years at Georgetown . Early returned to Georgetown as president on July 14 , 1870 , to replace Maguire . Following King Victor Emmanuel IIs invasion of Rome , the students held a meeting to denounce the invasion as an indignity to the pope , and voted to contribute a Peters Pence to the pontiff . The universitys Law Department had been established at the end of Maguires presidency , and it began its first classes in October 1870 . The Georgetown College Journal began publishing in December 1872 , as the universitys first student-produced newspaper . That year , Early began to experience the effects of a disease of his kidneys , which affected his eyesight . As a result , the vice president , Patrick Francis Healy , largely took over the administration of the university ; Healy would later succeed Early as president . On May 22 , 1873 , Early suffered a stroke , which left him unable to speak and half his body paralyzed . He died the following day . It was estimated that 5,000 people attended his funeral , and he was buried in the Jesuit Community Cemetery at Georgetown .
|
[
"president of Georgetown University"
] |
[
{
"text": " John Early ( July 1 , 1814 – May 23 , 1873 ) was an Irish-American Catholic priest and Jesuit educator who was the president of the College of the Holy Cross and Georgetown University , as well as the founder and first president of Loyola College in Maryland . Born in Ireland , he emigrated to the United States at the age of nineteen . Upon his arrival , he enrolled at Mount St . Marys Seminary in Maryland , and entered the Society of Jesus , completing his education at Georgetown University in Washington , D.C .",
"title": "John Early ( educator )"
},
{
"text": "Early became president of the College of the Holy Cross in 1848 , where he unsuccessfully petitioned the state legislature to charter the school . Four years later , he was charged with establishing Loyola College in Maryland , which was intended to educate the lay students who attended St . Marys Seminary and College , which the Sulpicians sought to keep as a seminary only . While also serving as the first pastor of St . Ignatius Church , he oversaw the early years of Loyola College . He also established its high school division , which later became",
"title": "John Early ( educator )"
},
{
"text": "Loyola Blakefield . In 1858 , Early left to become president of Georgetown University . During the Civil War , instruction continued uninterrupted , despite intermittent occupation by the Union Army and dwindling enrollment .",
"title": "John Early ( educator )"
},
{
"text": " Early then returned to Loyola College in 1866 as president for four years , where he resumed the annual conferral of degrees . In 1870 , he once again became president of Georgetown University . He died suddenly in his third year of office .",
"title": "John Early ( educator )"
},
{
"text": " John Early was born on July 1 , 1814 , in Maguiresbridge , County Fermanagh , Ireland . He studied the classics at home , before entering the Armagh Academy in 1832 , which he attended for nine months . He then applied for admission to the seminary at St Patricks College , Maynooth , but there were no vacancies , and he was not admitted . As a result of his failure to gain admission , Early emigrated to the United States in July 1833 . Education in the United States .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Seeking to become a priest , Early enrolled at Mount St . Marys Seminary in Emmitsburg , Maryland , the following September to study rhetoric . In February 1834 , he advanced to Georgetown University in Washington , D.C. , where he remained until August 23 , 1834 , when he entered the Society of Jesus , and proceeded to the novitiate in Frederick , Maryland . Upon the completion of his novitiate in 1836 , Early returned to Georgetown for the next nine years to study philosophy and theology . While studying , he also taught and was head",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "prefect during the academic year of 1843 to 1844 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " On July 1 , 1845 , Early was ordained a priest at Holy Trinity Church in Georgetown . He then taught philosophy at Georgetown for two years , and ministered as a missionary in Laurel , Maryland . He began ministering at Old St . Josephs Church in Philadelphia in 1847 . He professed his final vows on September 8 , 1853 . College of the Holy Cross .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "On August 29 , 1848 , Early was appointed president of the College of the Holy Cross , succeeding James A . Ryder . His most immediate concern was securing a charter for the college , which would allow it to confer degrees on the four students who were ready to graduate the following year . Up to that point , the college awarded degrees in the name of Georgetown University , as it had been denied a charter . In March 1849 , Early petitioned the Massachusetts General Court to charter the college , and appeared before the legislature",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "alongside Orestes Brownson .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In accordance with Bishop John Bernard Fitzpatricks insistence , the petition for a charter included a provision that the college would be exclusively for the benefit of one [ Roman Catholic ] denomination only , and , therefore , having no claims whatever upon the Commonwealth . This was met with opposition in the House of Representatives , which was motivated by a mix of both anti-Catholicism and concerns about the separation of church and state . This provision was eventually removed , but the legislature nonetheless voted to deny the charter . Earlys term came to an end in",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "1851 , and he was succeeded by Anthony F . Ciampi . Early then returned to Frederick , Maryland for a year .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In 1852 , the Sulpician priests who ran St . Marys Seminary and College in Baltimore decided that they would discontinue the college portion , which educated lay students , and focus only on the seminary . They asked the Jesuits to continue educating the laity in the city , and in response , the Jesuits established Loyola College in Maryland on September 15 , 1852 , in two rented houses on Holliday Street in Baltimore . Early was appointed the schools first president . The Maryland General Assembly granted Loyola College a charter in April 1853 . At the",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "same time as the colleges founding , St . Ignatius Church . Early became its first pastor , and oversaw of the church building in August 1855 , adjacent to the college . The church was consecrated on August 15 , 1856 . Early is also considered the founder of Loyola Blakefield , which was established as Loyola High School and operated as a component of Loyola College until its separation in 1921 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Two years after its founding , the college purchased a plot of land on the corner of North Calvert and Madison Streets . Construction of a college building was completed in February 1855 , and the college officially relocated to the new campus on February 22 . Being called to Georgetown University , Earlys tenure as president came to an end in the autumn of 1858 , and he was succeeded by William Francis Clarke .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Early was appointed to succeed Bernard A . Maguire as president of Georgetown University in 1858 . He took office during a time of great national tension , preceding the Civil War . Soon thereafter , he received notice from the College of William & Mary that its library had been destroyed by fire ; Early donated a case of 100 books to aid it in rebuilding . In 1860 , Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the United States , and the southern states seceded from the Union . At the start of the academic year of 1861 ,",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "many southern students left the college for their homes , followed by northern students doing the same . Though it looked doubtful that the college would be able to continue operating , Georgetown endured as an active school , carrying on with classes throughout the Civil War for the few remaining students .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "On May 4 , 1861 , Early was notified that the college would be commandeered by the 69th Infantry Regiment of the New York National Guard , which remained until May 24 . Shortly thereafter , he was again informed that the school would be occupied by the 79th New York Regiment , which remained from June 3 to July 4 . The college was occupied for a third time on August 29 , 1862 , as a hospital for the soldiers of Major General John Popes army wounded at the Second Battle of Bull Run . Due to the",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "many wounded , Holy Trinity Church was also commandeered . The campus remained a military hospital until February 2 , 1863 .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": " Earlys term as president came to an end in 1865 , and he was succeeded by his predecessor , Maguire , on January 1 , 1866 . Early then went to Boston , where he engaged in missionary work until July of that year . Return to Loyola College .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "Early was once again appointed president of Loyola College in the summer of 1866 , to replace Ciampi . He also again became pastor of St . Ignatius Church . The college fared well during his leadership . While there had been a pause in the conferral of degrees during the Civil War , Early saw that students completed their course of study and received degrees . The Loyola Dramatic Association , which was founded in 1865 , was especially active during his term . After four years , his presidency came to an end in July 1870 , when",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "he again returned to Georgetown . He was succeeded by Edward Henchy as president of Loyola , and as pastor of St . Ignatius .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": " Later years at Georgetown . Early returned to Georgetown as president on July 14 , 1870 , to replace Maguire . Following King Victor Emmanuel IIs invasion of Rome , the students held a meeting to denounce the invasion as an indignity to the pope , and voted to contribute a Peters Pence to the pontiff . The universitys Law Department had been established at the end of Maguires presidency , and it began its first classes in October 1870 . The Georgetown College Journal began publishing in December 1872 , as the universitys first student-produced newspaper .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "That year , Early began to experience the effects of a disease of his kidneys , which affected his eyesight . As a result , the vice president , Patrick Francis Healy , largely took over the administration of the university ; Healy would later succeed Early as president . On May 22 , 1873 , Early suffered a stroke , which left him unable to speak and half his body paralyzed . He died the following day . It was estimated that 5,000 people attended his funeral , and he was buried in the Jesuit Community Cemetery at Georgetown",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Georgetown University"
}
] |
/wiki/Osnabrück#P17#0
|
Which country did Osnabrück belong to before Mar 1500?
|
Osnabrück Osnabrück ( ; ; archaic Osnaburg ) is a city in the German state of Lower Saxony . It is situated on the river Hase in a valley penned between the Wiehen Hills and the northern tip of the Teutoburg Forest . With a population of 168,145 Osnabrück is one of the four largest cities in Lower Saxony . The city is the centrepoint of the Osnabrück Land region as well as the District of Osnabrück . The founding of Osnabrück was linked to its positioning on important European trading routes . Charlemagne founded the Diocese of Osnabrück in 780 . The city was also a member of the Hanseatic League . At the end of the Thirty Years War ( 1618–1648 ) , the Peace of Westphalia was negotiated in Osnabrück and the nearby city of Münster . In recognition of its role as the site of negotiations , Osnabrück later adopted the title Friedensstadt ( city of peace ) . The city is also known as the birthplace of anti-war novelist Erich-Maria Remarque and painter Felix Nussbaum . More recently Osnabrück has become well known for its industry . Numerous companies in the automobile , paper , steel and grocery sectors are located in the city and its surrounding area.<ref ( application/pdf-Objekt ) ></ref> In spite of the massive destruction inflicted on the city during World War II , the Altstadt ( old town ) was eventually reconstructed extensively with designs loyal to the original medieval architecture there . Osnabrück was also the home of the largest British garrison outside the United Kingdom . Osnabrücks modern , urban image is enhanced by the presence of more than 22,000 students studying at the University and the University of Applied Sciences . Although part of the state of Lower Saxony , historically , culturally and linguistically Osnabrück is considered part of the region of Westphalia . Name . The origin of the name Osnabrück is disputed . The suffix -brück suggests a bridge over or to something ( from German Brücke = bridge ) but the prefix Osna- is explained in at least two different ways : the traditional explanation is that todays name is a corruption of Ossenbrügge ( westphalian meaning oxen bridge ) , which is etymologically and historically impossible , because the town is older than this corruption of consonants ( documented in 13 . century , Osnabrück was founded in 8 . century ) , but others state that it is derived from the name of the Hase River which is arguably derived from Asen ( Æsir ) , thus giving Osnabrück the meaning bridge to the gods , and previously Tacitus named people living near the grey river ( Hase ) Chasuarii . It may also be noted that Osnabrück is situated on the northern end of the Teutoburg Forest , which until the 19th century was known as the Osning . The way in which the citys name is pronounced can also serve as a means of telling if the speaker is a native of Osnabrück or a visitor : most locals stress the last syllable , while those from elsewhere tend to stress the first one . The city gave its name to the textile fabric of osnaburg . History . Medieval . Osnabrück initially developed as a marketplace next to the bishopric founded by Charlemagne , King of the Franks , in 780 . Some time prior to 803 , the city became the seat of the Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück . Although the precise date is uncertain , it is likely that Osnabrück is the oldest bishopric in Lower Saxony . In the year 804 Charlemagne was said to have founded the Gymnasium Carolinum in Osnabrück . This would make it the oldest German Gymnasium school , but the charter date is disputed by historians , some of whom believe it could be a forgery . In 889 the town was given merchant , customs , and coinage privileges by King Arnulf of Carinthia . Osnabrück was first referred to in records as a city in 1147 . A decade later , Emperor Frederick Barbarossa granted the city fortification privileges ( Befestigungsrecht ) . Most of the towers which were part of the original fortifications are still visible in the city . Osnabrück became a member of the Hanseatic League in the 12th century , as well as a member of the Westphalian Federation of Cities . The history of the town in the later Middle Ages was recorded in a chronicle by Albert Suho , one of Osnabrücks most important clerics in the 15th century . Early Modern age . From 1561 to 1639 there was a considerable amount of social unrest and tension in Osnabrück due to the Protestant Reformation , the Thirty Years War and also witch hunting . In 1582 , during the rule of Mayor Hammacher ( 1565–1588 ) , 163 women were executed as alleged witches ; most of them were burned alive . In total , 276 women were executed , along with 2 men who had been charged with wizardry . The first Lutheran services were held in Osnabrück in 1543 . Over the next century , Lutheranism expanded in the city and several Protestant bishops were elected . However , the Catholic churches continued to operate , and the city never became completely Lutheran . After the Thirty Years War broke out , a Catholic bishop was elected in 1623 , and the city was occupied by troops of the Catholic League in 1628 . The Gymnasium Carolinum was upgraded to a Jesuit university in 1632 , but the university was closed a year later when the city was taken by Swedish troops and restored to Protestant control . Peace negotiations took place in Osnabrück and the nearby city of Münster from 1643 to 1648 . The twin Treaties of Osnabrück and Münster , collectively known as the Peace of Westphalia , ended the Thirty Years War . Osnabrück was officially recognized as bi-confessional Catholic and Lutheran . The prince-bishopric would be held alternately by a Catholic bishop and a Lutheran bishop . The Protestant bishop would be selected from the descendants of the Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg , with priority given to the cadets of what became the House of Hanover . From 1667 , prince-bishop Ernest Augustus , Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg , built the new baroque palace . His son , George I of Great Britain , died in the palace , at the time residence of his younger brother , prince-bishop Ernest Augustus , Duke of York and Albany , on a travel on 11 June 1727 . In the early 18th century , renowned local jurist and social theorist Justus Möser wrote a highly influential constitutional history of the town , the Osnabrücker Geschichte . Following the Seven Years War , the towns population fell below 6,000 , however an economic revival linked to the linen and tobacco industries caused it to rise again from the 1780s onwards . 19th century . The French Revolutionary Wars brought Prussian troops into the city in 1795 , followed by the French in 1803 . As a result , the towns population was kept below 10,000 for the whole first decade of the 19th century . The Napoleonic period saw possession of the city change hands several times . Control of Osnabrück passed to the Electorate of Hanover in 1803 during the German Mediatisation , and then briefly to the Kingdom of Prussia in 1806 . From 1807 to 1810 the city was part of the Kingdom of Westphalia , after which it passed to the First French Empire . After 1815 , it became part of the Kingdom of Hanover . The towns first railway line was built in 1855 , connecting it with Löhne . Further rail connections appeared over the following decades , connecting Osnabrück with Emden from 1856 , Cologne from 1871 and Hamburg from 1874 . In 1866 , Osnabrück was annexed by Prussia after the Austro-Prussian War and administered as part of the Province of Hanover . Growth of the local economy and population was fuelled by expansion in the engineering and textile industries , with the Hammersen Weaving Mill established in 1869 and the Osnabrücker Kupfer- und Drahtwerk metallurgical firm following in 1873 . The later 19th century also saw growth in the number of schools and the arrival of electricity and modern sanitation . 20th century . By 1914 , Osnabrück had over 70,000 inhabitants . The outbreak of the First World War necessitated food rationing ; the Allied blockade and a harsh winter in 1917 led to further shortages . Following Germanys defeat in 1918 , a council made up of workers and soldiers took control during the November Revolution , but were replaced by the new Weimar Republic the following year . Similarly to many other German cities , Osnabrück experienced considerable inflation and unemployment in the 1920s , with over 2,000 out of work by 1923 and nearly 14,000 receiving some form of government assistance by 1928 . Politically , Osnabrück in the 1920s was a stronghold of support for the Social Democrats and the Catholic Centre Party . However , in the Reichstag elections of September 1930 , the Nazi Party received the greatest percentage of votes in the city ( nearly 28% ) – a more than seven-fold increase from their electoral performance in Osnabrück two years prior . During the campaigns prior to the two federal elections in 1932 , both Adolf Hitler and Joseph Goebbels made well-attended speeches in the city . Following the Nazis seizure of power in January 1933 , Osnabrück was subjected to the implementation of National Socialist economic , political , and social programmes . These resulted in economic growth for ethnic Germans who did not run afoul of the new regime , and the town went from having over 10,000 unemployed in early 1933 to actually having a labour shortage five years later . However , dissenters , supporters of opposition parties and German Jews ( who had experienced centuries of discrimination in the city ) did not share in this growth and found themselves discriminated against , imprisoned or forced to close their businesses and leave town . During World War II , both Jews and Romany were deported to concentration camps and extermination camps en masse . The war ended for Osnabrück on 4 April 1945 , when the XVII Corps of Field Marshal Bernard Montgomerys Second Army entered the city with little resistance . By the end of the war the city had been extensively bombed and required major reconstructive programmes following the wars end . Leading Nazis fled the city and the British appointed a new mayor , Johannes Petermann . However , during the allied occupation of Germany a British military governor , Colonel Geoffrey Day was placed in charge of administering the city . Relations between the occupiers and the citizens of Osnabrück were generally peaceful , though tensions existed ; some minor fights broke out between British soldiers and local youths and some Osnabrückers resented the relationships that developed between the occupiers and local women . Additionally , the British took over more than seventy homes for their own use by the middle of 1946 . Amidst shortages , the black market thrived and became one of the main focuses of police activity . After World War II West Germany realigned its states ; Osnabrück became part of the new state of Lower Saxony in 1946 . The British continued to maintain Osnabrück Garrison , a garrison near the city , which at one point was the largest British garrison in the world , housing some 4,000 troops and employing around 500 local civilians . It was the target of a PIRA attack in 1996 . Due to budget cuts , the troops were withdrawn in 2008 and the property returned to the local government . After three centuries , the city finally obtained its university when the government of Lower Saxony established the University of Osnabrück in 1974 . Largest foreign resident groups in Osnabrück : Main sights . - Town Hall - St . Peters Cathedral , founded in the 11th century . It has two façade towers , originally the same size - Gerdrudenberg Monastery - Marienkirche - Heger Tor ( Heger Gate ) , a monument to the soldiers from Osnabrück who died at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 - Bucksturm , the oldest tower in the city , and once part of the city walls . It was once used as a prison for women accused of witchcraft - Ruwe Fountain ( 1985 ) , created to mark the citys 1200th birthday - Gladiator 2000 ( 1986 ) , a gigantic painting measuring ( 45 × 6 meters ) , by Nicu Covaci - Felix Nussbaum Haus , a gallery and museum dedicated to the Jewish artist and painter Felix Nussbaum , who died during the Holocaust . It was designed by the architect Daniel Libeskind - Kalkriese Museum , situated on the battlefield of the Battle of the Teutoburger Wald in the Wiehen Hills , where German tribes under Arminius destroyed three Roman legions . It exhibits artefacts unearthed on the battlefield and tells the story of the battle - Osnabrücker Schloss ( castle/palace ) 17th century Baroque construction , nowadays the main building of the University of Osnabrück - Botanischer Garten der Universität Osnabrück , the universitys botanical garden - Old town with its small streets and medieval buildings - Osnabrück Zoo - Vitischanze – formerly a defence station in the north-west of the old city , it has the only undestroyed bridge in Europe with a defence walk below its surface . It is also the site of certain faculty of the University of Applied Science . It was earlier used as a casino - Haseuferweg - Katharinenkirche ( St . Catherines Church ) , which dates back to 1248 and is one of the 150 tallest churches in the world , and also the tallest medieval building in Lower Saxony - Hyde Park , a traditional music hall established in 1976 , a haven of pop music and youth culture - Leysieffer , a traditional German chocolate producer founded in Osnabrück . The main Leysieffer site is in the city centre . Education . There are two higher education institutions in Osnabrück , University of Osnabrück and Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences with more than 25,000 students . All of the types of German grammar schools are represented in the city , including seven Gymnasien . Gymnasium Carolinum claims to be the oldest still existing school in Germany . Another well-known Gymnasium is the Ursulaschule , a private school , located directly opposite the Carolinum . The University of Osnabrück invested heavily in infrastructure to take on more students for the following years . Sport . The citys football team is VfL Osnabrück , founded in 1899 . Its basketball team was founded the same year . Transport . The city of Osnabrück is connected by road to the A1 , the A30 and the A33 . It shares its airport with Münster . Osnabrück Hauptbahnhof ( central railway station ) is an important rail travel hub . Travellers from the Netherlands heading to either Hamburg , Denmark , or Eastern Europe often have to change here . An extensive bus network operated by the Stadtwerke Osnabrück ( public utility provider ) provides public transport within the city and the surrounding region . The central hub is situated on Neumarkt close to the main shopping street , roughly 10 minutes walk from the railway station . Districts of Osnabrück . The city is divided into 23 districts : Twin towns – sister cities . Osnabrück is twinned with : - Haarlem , Netherlands ( 1961 ) - Angers , France ( 1964 ) - Gmünd , Austria ( 1971 ) - Derby , United Kingdom ( 1976 ) - Greifswald , Germany ( 1988 ) - Tver , Russia ( 1991 ) - Evansville , United States ( 1991 ) - Gwangmyeong , South Korea ( 1997 ) - Çanakkale , Turkey ( 2004 ) - Vila Real , Portugal ( 2005 ) - Hefei , China ( 2006 ) Twinning with Derby . Previously Osnabrück had made contact with the British authorities as early as 1948 , hoping to find an English twin town and therefore achieve greater understanding with their former enemies in the Second World War . Unfortunately , this attempt was unsuccessful and Osnabrück did not actively consider the idea again for another quarter-century . The twinning agreement with Derby was signed on 17 February 1976 . Every year since then the two cities have exchanged envoys . Derby also has a square named after Osnabrück in honour of the twinning arrangement ; this features an obelisk among other things . Notable people . Public Service & commerce . - Albert Suho ( c . 1380 – c . 1450 ) , clergyman , theologian , historian - Friedrich Staphylus ( 1512–1564 ) , theologian - Johann Wilhelm Petersen ( 1649–1727 ) , evangelical theologian - Ernest Augustus , Duke of York and Albany ( 1674–1728 ) , brother of George I of Great Britain - Sophia von Kielmansegg , Countess of Darlington ( 1675–1725 ) , courtier and a half-sister of George I of Great Britain - Justus Möser ( 1720–1794 ) , jurist and social theorist - Ernst zu Münster ( 1766–1839 ) , politician , statesman in the service of House of Hannover - Bernhard Rudolf Abeken ( 1780–1866 ) , philologist - Karl Fortlage ( 1806–1881 ) , philosopher - Heinrich Abeken ( 1809–1872 ) , evangelical theologian - Friedrich Blass ( 1843–1907 ) , classical scholar - Friedrich Westmeyer ( 1873–1917 ) , politician and trade unionist - Walter Warlimont ( 1894–1976 ) , General of the Artillery - Elfriede Scholz ( 1903–1943 ) , victim of national socialism - Hans Georg Calmeyer ( 1903–1972 ) , attorney , Righteous Among the Nations - Fritz Buntrock ( 1909–1948 ) , SS officer and war criminal - Rudolf Beckmann ( 1910–1943 ) , SS-Oberscharführer and war criminal - Franz Lucas ( 1911–1994 ) , concentration camp doctor - Wilhelm Schitli ( 1912–1945? ) , SS officer - Hubertus Brandenburg ( 1923–2009 ) , Bishop of Stockholm - Reinhold Remmert ( 1930–2016 ) , mathematician - Jürgen Kühling ( 1934–2019 ) , lawyer , former judge at the Federal Constitutional Court - Inge Schmitz-Feuerhake ( born 1935 ) , physicist and mathematician - Rudolf Seiters ( born 1937 ) , politician ( CDU ) , Vice-President of the Bundestag 1998–2002 - Hans Huchzermeyer ( born 1939 ) , physician and musicologist - Paul Kirchhof ( born 1943 ) , former judge of the Federal Constitutional Court , prof . of tax law - Hans-Gert Pöttering ( born 1945 ) , lawyer and politician , former President of the European Parliament - Ferdinand Kirchhof ( born 1950 ) , judge at the Federal Constitutional Court , professor of tax law - Thomas Bellut ( born 1955 ) , journalist - Olaf Scholz ( born 1958 ) , politician ( SPD ) - Christian Wulff ( born 1959 ) , politician and lawyer , President of Germany from 2010 to 2012 - Sabine R . Huebner ( born 1976 ) , ancient historian The Arts . - Gerlach Flicke ( c . 1500–1558 ) , painter - John Closterman ( 1660–1711 ) , portrait painter - Friedrich Clemens Gerke ( 1801–1888 ) , writer , journalist and pioneer of telegraphy - August von Kreling ( 1819–1876 ) , painter and sculptor - Alfred Runge ( 1881–1946 ) , architect - Erich Maria Remarque ( 1898–1970 ) , writer - Friedrich Vordemberge-Gildewart ( 1899–1962 ) , painter - Mathias Wieman ( 1902–1969 ) , actor - Felix Nussbaum ( 1904–1944 ) , surrealist painter - Herbert Tiede ( 1915–1987 ) , actor - Benno Sterzenbach ( 1916–1985 ) , actor - Ursula Levy ( born 1935 ) , American author , child psychologist and Holocaust survivor - Birgitta Tolksdorf ( born 1947 ) , German-American actress - Evelyn Herlitzius ( born 1963 ) , opera singer - Gentleman ( born 1974 ) , reggae musician - Robin Schulz ( born 1987 ) , musician , DJ and record producer - Waterdown ( 1999–2012 ) , hardcore punk band
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Osnabrück ( ; ; archaic Osnaburg ) is a city in the German state of Lower Saxony . It is situated on the river Hase in a valley penned between the Wiehen Hills and the northern tip of the Teutoburg Forest . With a population of 168,145 Osnabrück is one of the four largest cities in Lower Saxony . The city is the centrepoint of the Osnabrück Land region as well as the District of Osnabrück .",
"title": "Osnabrück"
},
{
"text": "The founding of Osnabrück was linked to its positioning on important European trading routes . Charlemagne founded the Diocese of Osnabrück in 780 . The city was also a member of the Hanseatic League . At the end of the Thirty Years War ( 1618–1648 ) , the Peace of Westphalia was negotiated in Osnabrück and the nearby city of Münster . In recognition of its role as the site of negotiations , Osnabrück later adopted the title Friedensstadt ( city of peace ) . The city is also known as the birthplace of anti-war novelist Erich-Maria Remarque and painter",
"title": "Osnabrück"
},
{
"text": "Felix Nussbaum .",
"title": "Osnabrück"
},
{
"text": "More recently Osnabrück has become well known for its industry . Numerous companies in the automobile , paper , steel and grocery sectors are located in the city and its surrounding area.<ref ( application/pdf-Objekt ) ></ref> In spite of the massive destruction inflicted on the city during World War II , the Altstadt ( old town ) was eventually reconstructed extensively with designs loyal to the original medieval architecture there . Osnabrück was also the home of the largest British garrison outside the United Kingdom . Osnabrücks modern , urban image is enhanced by the presence of more than 22,000",
"title": "Osnabrück"
},
{
"text": "students studying at the University and the University of Applied Sciences . Although part of the state of Lower Saxony , historically , culturally and linguistically Osnabrück is considered part of the region of Westphalia .",
"title": "Osnabrück"
},
{
"text": "The origin of the name Osnabrück is disputed . The suffix -brück suggests a bridge over or to something ( from German Brücke = bridge ) but the prefix Osna- is explained in at least two different ways : the traditional explanation is that todays name is a corruption of Ossenbrügge ( westphalian meaning oxen bridge ) , which is etymologically and historically impossible , because the town is older than this corruption of consonants ( documented in 13 . century , Osnabrück was founded in 8 . century ) , but others state that it is derived from the",
"title": "Name"
},
{
"text": "name of the Hase River which is arguably derived from Asen ( Æsir ) , thus giving Osnabrück the meaning bridge to the gods , and previously Tacitus named people living near the grey river ( Hase ) Chasuarii . It may also be noted that Osnabrück is situated on the northern end of the Teutoburg Forest , which until the 19th century was known as the Osning . The way in which the citys name is pronounced can also serve as a means of telling if the speaker is a native of Osnabrück or a visitor : most locals",
"title": "Name"
},
{
"text": "stress the last syllable , while those from elsewhere tend to stress the first one .",
"title": "Name"
},
{
"text": " Osnabrück initially developed as a marketplace next to the bishopric founded by Charlemagne , King of the Franks , in 780 . Some time prior to 803 , the city became the seat of the Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück . Although the precise date is uncertain , it is likely that Osnabrück is the oldest bishopric in Lower Saxony .",
"title": "Medieval"
},
{
"text": "In the year 804 Charlemagne was said to have founded the Gymnasium Carolinum in Osnabrück . This would make it the oldest German Gymnasium school , but the charter date is disputed by historians , some of whom believe it could be a forgery .",
"title": "Medieval"
},
{
"text": " In 889 the town was given merchant , customs , and coinage privileges by King Arnulf of Carinthia . Osnabrück was first referred to in records as a city in 1147 . A decade later , Emperor Frederick Barbarossa granted the city fortification privileges ( Befestigungsrecht ) . Most of the towers which were part of the original fortifications are still visible in the city . Osnabrück became a member of the Hanseatic League in the 12th century , as well as a member of the Westphalian Federation of Cities .",
"title": "Medieval"
},
{
"text": "The history of the town in the later Middle Ages was recorded in a chronicle by Albert Suho , one of Osnabrücks most important clerics in the 15th century .",
"title": "Medieval"
},
{
"text": " From 1561 to 1639 there was a considerable amount of social unrest and tension in Osnabrück due to the Protestant Reformation , the Thirty Years War and also witch hunting . In 1582 , during the rule of Mayor Hammacher ( 1565–1588 ) , 163 women were executed as alleged witches ; most of them were burned alive . In total , 276 women were executed , along with 2 men who had been charged with wizardry .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "The first Lutheran services were held in Osnabrück in 1543 . Over the next century , Lutheranism expanded in the city and several Protestant bishops were elected . However , the Catholic churches continued to operate , and the city never became completely Lutheran . After the Thirty Years War broke out , a Catholic bishop was elected in 1623 , and the city was occupied by troops of the Catholic League in 1628 . The Gymnasium Carolinum was upgraded to a Jesuit university in 1632 , but the university was closed a year later when the city was taken",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "by Swedish troops and restored to Protestant control .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "Peace negotiations took place in Osnabrück and the nearby city of Münster from 1643 to 1648 . The twin Treaties of Osnabrück and Münster , collectively known as the Peace of Westphalia , ended the Thirty Years War . Osnabrück was officially recognized as bi-confessional Catholic and Lutheran . The prince-bishopric would be held alternately by a Catholic bishop and a Lutheran bishop . The Protestant bishop would be selected from the descendants of the Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg , with priority given to the cadets of what became the House of Hanover . From 1667 , prince-bishop Ernest Augustus ,",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg , built the new baroque palace . His son , George I of Great Britain , died in the palace , at the time residence of his younger brother , prince-bishop Ernest Augustus , Duke of York and Albany , on a travel on 11 June 1727 .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": " In the early 18th century , renowned local jurist and social theorist Justus Möser wrote a highly influential constitutional history of the town , the Osnabrücker Geschichte . Following the Seven Years War , the towns population fell below 6,000 , however an economic revival linked to the linen and tobacco industries caused it to rise again from the 1780s onwards . 19th century .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "The French Revolutionary Wars brought Prussian troops into the city in 1795 , followed by the French in 1803 . As a result , the towns population was kept below 10,000 for the whole first decade of the 19th century . The Napoleonic period saw possession of the city change hands several times . Control of Osnabrück passed to the Electorate of Hanover in 1803 during the German Mediatisation , and then briefly to the Kingdom of Prussia in 1806 . From 1807 to 1810 the city was part of the Kingdom of Westphalia , after which it passed to",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "the First French Empire . After 1815 , it became part of the Kingdom of Hanover .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "The towns first railway line was built in 1855 , connecting it with Löhne . Further rail connections appeared over the following decades , connecting Osnabrück with Emden from 1856 , Cologne from 1871 and Hamburg from 1874 . In 1866 , Osnabrück was annexed by Prussia after the Austro-Prussian War and administered as part of the Province of Hanover . Growth of the local economy and population was fuelled by expansion in the engineering and textile industries , with the Hammersen Weaving Mill established in 1869 and the Osnabrücker Kupfer- und Drahtwerk metallurgical firm following in 1873 . The",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "later 19th century also saw growth in the number of schools and the arrival of electricity and modern sanitation .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "By 1914 , Osnabrück had over 70,000 inhabitants . The outbreak of the First World War necessitated food rationing ; the Allied blockade and a harsh winter in 1917 led to further shortages . Following Germanys defeat in 1918 , a council made up of workers and soldiers took control during the November Revolution , but were replaced by the new Weimar Republic the following year . Similarly to many other German cities , Osnabrück experienced considerable inflation and unemployment in the 1920s , with over 2,000 out of work by 1923 and nearly 14,000 receiving some form of government",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "assistance by 1928 .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": " Politically , Osnabrück in the 1920s was a stronghold of support for the Social Democrats and the Catholic Centre Party . However , in the Reichstag elections of September 1930 , the Nazi Party received the greatest percentage of votes in the city ( nearly 28% ) – a more than seven-fold increase from their electoral performance in Osnabrück two years prior . During the campaigns prior to the two federal elections in 1932 , both Adolf Hitler and Joseph Goebbels made well-attended speeches in the city .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "Following the Nazis seizure of power in January 1933 , Osnabrück was subjected to the implementation of National Socialist economic , political , and social programmes . These resulted in economic growth for ethnic Germans who did not run afoul of the new regime , and the town went from having over 10,000 unemployed in early 1933 to actually having a labour shortage five years later . However , dissenters , supporters of opposition parties and German Jews ( who had experienced centuries of discrimination in the city ) did not share in this growth and found themselves discriminated against",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": ", imprisoned or forced to close their businesses and leave town . During World War II , both Jews and Romany were deported to concentration camps and extermination camps en masse .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "The war ended for Osnabrück on 4 April 1945 , when the XVII Corps of Field Marshal Bernard Montgomerys Second Army entered the city with little resistance . By the end of the war the city had been extensively bombed and required major reconstructive programmes following the wars end . Leading Nazis fled the city and the British appointed a new mayor , Johannes Petermann . However , during the allied occupation of Germany a British military governor , Colonel Geoffrey Day was placed in charge of administering the city . Relations between the occupiers and the citizens of Osnabrück",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "were generally peaceful , though tensions existed ; some minor fights broke out between British soldiers and local youths and some Osnabrückers resented the relationships that developed between the occupiers and local women . Additionally , the British took over more than seventy homes for their own use by the middle of 1946 . Amidst shortages , the black market thrived and became one of the main focuses of police activity .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": " After World War II West Germany realigned its states ; Osnabrück became part of the new state of Lower Saxony in 1946 . The British continued to maintain Osnabrück Garrison , a garrison near the city , which at one point was the largest British garrison in the world , housing some 4,000 troops and employing around 500 local civilians . It was the target of a PIRA attack in 1996 . Due to budget cuts , the troops were withdrawn in 2008 and the property returned to the local government .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "After three centuries , the city finally obtained its university when the government of Lower Saxony established the University of Osnabrück in 1974 .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": " - Town Hall - St . Peters Cathedral , founded in the 11th century . It has two façade towers , originally the same size - Gerdrudenberg Monastery - Marienkirche - Heger Tor ( Heger Gate ) , a monument to the soldiers from Osnabrück who died at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 - Bucksturm , the oldest tower in the city , and once part of the city walls . It was once used as a prison for women accused of witchcraft - Ruwe Fountain ( 1985 ) , created to mark the citys 1200th birthday",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": "- Gladiator 2000 ( 1986 ) , a gigantic painting measuring ( 45 × 6 meters ) , by Nicu Covaci",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": " - Felix Nussbaum Haus , a gallery and museum dedicated to the Jewish artist and painter Felix Nussbaum , who died during the Holocaust . It was designed by the architect Daniel Libeskind - Kalkriese Museum , situated on the battlefield of the Battle of the Teutoburger Wald in the Wiehen Hills , where German tribes under Arminius destroyed three Roman legions . It exhibits artefacts unearthed on the battlefield and tells the story of the battle - Osnabrücker Schloss ( castle/palace ) 17th century Baroque construction , nowadays the main building of the University of Osnabrück",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": "- Botanischer Garten der Universität Osnabrück , the universitys botanical garden",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": " - Old town with its small streets and medieval buildings - Osnabrück Zoo - Vitischanze – formerly a defence station in the north-west of the old city , it has the only undestroyed bridge in Europe with a defence walk below its surface . It is also the site of certain faculty of the University of Applied Science . It was earlier used as a casino - Haseuferweg",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": "- Katharinenkirche ( St . Catherines Church ) , which dates back to 1248 and is one of the 150 tallest churches in the world , and also the tallest medieval building in Lower Saxony",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": " - Hyde Park , a traditional music hall established in 1976 , a haven of pop music and youth culture - Leysieffer , a traditional German chocolate producer founded in Osnabrück . The main Leysieffer site is in the city centre .",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": " There are two higher education institutions in Osnabrück , University of Osnabrück and Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences with more than 25,000 students . All of the types of German grammar schools are represented in the city , including seven Gymnasien . Gymnasium Carolinum claims to be the oldest still existing school in Germany . Another well-known Gymnasium is the Ursulaschule , a private school , located directly opposite the Carolinum . The University of Osnabrück invested heavily in infrastructure to take on more students for the following years .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " The citys football team is VfL Osnabrück , founded in 1899 . Its basketball team was founded the same year .",
"title": "Sport"
},
{
"text": " The city of Osnabrück is connected by road to the A1 , the A30 and the A33 . It shares its airport with Münster . Osnabrück Hauptbahnhof ( central railway station ) is an important rail travel hub . Travellers from the Netherlands heading to either Hamburg , Denmark , or Eastern Europe often have to change here .",
"title": "Transport"
},
{
"text": "An extensive bus network operated by the Stadtwerke Osnabrück ( public utility provider ) provides public transport within the city and the surrounding region . The central hub is situated on Neumarkt close to the main shopping street , roughly 10 minutes walk from the railway station .",
"title": "Transport"
},
{
"text": " The city is divided into 23 districts : Twin towns – sister cities . Osnabrück is twinned with : - Haarlem , Netherlands ( 1961 ) - Angers , France ( 1964 ) - Gmünd , Austria ( 1971 ) - Derby , United Kingdom ( 1976 ) - Greifswald , Germany ( 1988 ) - Tver , Russia ( 1991 ) - Evansville , United States ( 1991 ) - Gwangmyeong , South Korea ( 1997 ) - Çanakkale , Turkey ( 2004 ) - Vila Real , Portugal ( 2005 )",
"title": "Districts of Osnabrück"
},
{
"text": "- Hefei , China ( 2006 )",
"title": "Districts of Osnabrück"
},
{
"text": "Previously Osnabrück had made contact with the British authorities as early as 1948 , hoping to find an English twin town and therefore achieve greater understanding with their former enemies in the Second World War . Unfortunately , this attempt was unsuccessful and Osnabrück did not actively consider the idea again for another quarter-century . The twinning agreement with Derby was signed on 17 February 1976 . Every year since then the two cities have exchanged envoys . Derby also has a square named after Osnabrück in honour of the twinning arrangement ; this features an obelisk among other things",
"title": "Twinning with Derby"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Twinning with Derby"
},
{
"text": " Public Service & commerce . - Albert Suho ( c . 1380 – c . 1450 ) , clergyman , theologian , historian - Friedrich Staphylus ( 1512–1564 ) , theologian - Johann Wilhelm Petersen ( 1649–1727 ) , evangelical theologian - Ernest Augustus , Duke of York and Albany ( 1674–1728 ) , brother of George I of Great Britain - Sophia von Kielmansegg , Countess of Darlington ( 1675–1725 ) , courtier and a half-sister of George I of Great Britain - Justus Möser ( 1720–1794 ) , jurist and social theorist",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Ernst zu Münster ( 1766–1839 ) , politician , statesman in the service of House of Hannover",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Bernhard Rudolf Abeken ( 1780–1866 ) , philologist - Karl Fortlage ( 1806–1881 ) , philosopher - Heinrich Abeken ( 1809–1872 ) , evangelical theologian - Friedrich Blass ( 1843–1907 ) , classical scholar - Friedrich Westmeyer ( 1873–1917 ) , politician and trade unionist - Walter Warlimont ( 1894–1976 ) , General of the Artillery - Elfriede Scholz ( 1903–1943 ) , victim of national socialism - Hans Georg Calmeyer ( 1903–1972 ) , attorney , Righteous Among the Nations - Fritz Buntrock ( 1909–1948 ) , SS officer and war criminal",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Rudolf Beckmann ( 1910–1943 ) , SS-Oberscharführer and war criminal",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Franz Lucas ( 1911–1994 ) , concentration camp doctor - Wilhelm Schitli ( 1912–1945? ) , SS officer - Hubertus Brandenburg ( 1923–2009 ) , Bishop of Stockholm - Reinhold Remmert ( 1930–2016 ) , mathematician - Jürgen Kühling ( 1934–2019 ) , lawyer , former judge at the Federal Constitutional Court - Inge Schmitz-Feuerhake ( born 1935 ) , physicist and mathematician - Rudolf Seiters ( born 1937 ) , politician ( CDU ) , Vice-President of the Bundestag 1998–2002 - Hans Huchzermeyer ( born 1939 ) , physician and musicologist",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Paul Kirchhof ( born 1943 ) , former judge of the Federal Constitutional Court , prof . of tax law",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Hans-Gert Pöttering ( born 1945 ) , lawyer and politician , former President of the European Parliament - Ferdinand Kirchhof ( born 1950 ) , judge at the Federal Constitutional Court , professor of tax law - Thomas Bellut ( born 1955 ) , journalist - Olaf Scholz ( born 1958 ) , politician ( SPD ) - Christian Wulff ( born 1959 ) , politician and lawyer , President of Germany from 2010 to 2012 - Sabine R . Huebner ( born 1976 ) , ancient historian",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Gerlach Flicke ( c . 1500–1558 ) , painter - John Closterman ( 1660–1711 ) , portrait painter - Friedrich Clemens Gerke ( 1801–1888 ) , writer , journalist and pioneer of telegraphy - August von Kreling ( 1819–1876 ) , painter and sculptor - Alfred Runge ( 1881–1946 ) , architect - Erich Maria Remarque ( 1898–1970 ) , writer - Friedrich Vordemberge-Gildewart ( 1899–1962 ) , painter - Mathias Wieman ( 1902–1969 ) , actor - Felix Nussbaum ( 1904–1944 ) , surrealist painter - Herbert Tiede ( 1915–1987 ) , actor",
"title": "The Arts"
},
{
"text": "- Benno Sterzenbach ( 1916–1985 ) , actor",
"title": "The Arts"
},
{
"text": " - Ursula Levy ( born 1935 ) , American author , child psychologist and Holocaust survivor - Birgitta Tolksdorf ( born 1947 ) , German-American actress - Evelyn Herlitzius ( born 1963 ) , opera singer - Gentleman ( born 1974 ) , reggae musician - Robin Schulz ( born 1987 ) , musician , DJ and record producer - Waterdown ( 1999–2012 ) , hardcore punk band",
"title": "The Arts"
}
] |
/wiki/Osnabrück#P17#1
|
Which country did Osnabrück belong to between Feb 1804 and Mar 1813?
|
Osnabrück Osnabrück ( ; ; archaic Osnaburg ) is a city in the German state of Lower Saxony . It is situated on the river Hase in a valley penned between the Wiehen Hills and the northern tip of the Teutoburg Forest . With a population of 168,145 Osnabrück is one of the four largest cities in Lower Saxony . The city is the centrepoint of the Osnabrück Land region as well as the District of Osnabrück . The founding of Osnabrück was linked to its positioning on important European trading routes . Charlemagne founded the Diocese of Osnabrück in 780 . The city was also a member of the Hanseatic League . At the end of the Thirty Years War ( 1618–1648 ) , the Peace of Westphalia was negotiated in Osnabrück and the nearby city of Münster . In recognition of its role as the site of negotiations , Osnabrück later adopted the title Friedensstadt ( city of peace ) . The city is also known as the birthplace of anti-war novelist Erich-Maria Remarque and painter Felix Nussbaum . More recently Osnabrück has become well known for its industry . Numerous companies in the automobile , paper , steel and grocery sectors are located in the city and its surrounding area.<ref ( application/pdf-Objekt ) ></ref> In spite of the massive destruction inflicted on the city during World War II , the Altstadt ( old town ) was eventually reconstructed extensively with designs loyal to the original medieval architecture there . Osnabrück was also the home of the largest British garrison outside the United Kingdom . Osnabrücks modern , urban image is enhanced by the presence of more than 22,000 students studying at the University and the University of Applied Sciences . Although part of the state of Lower Saxony , historically , culturally and linguistically Osnabrück is considered part of the region of Westphalia . Name . The origin of the name Osnabrück is disputed . The suffix -brück suggests a bridge over or to something ( from German Brücke = bridge ) but the prefix Osna- is explained in at least two different ways : the traditional explanation is that todays name is a corruption of Ossenbrügge ( westphalian meaning oxen bridge ) , which is etymologically and historically impossible , because the town is older than this corruption of consonants ( documented in 13 . century , Osnabrück was founded in 8 . century ) , but others state that it is derived from the name of the Hase River which is arguably derived from Asen ( Æsir ) , thus giving Osnabrück the meaning bridge to the gods , and previously Tacitus named people living near the grey river ( Hase ) Chasuarii . It may also be noted that Osnabrück is situated on the northern end of the Teutoburg Forest , which until the 19th century was known as the Osning . The way in which the citys name is pronounced can also serve as a means of telling if the speaker is a native of Osnabrück or a visitor : most locals stress the last syllable , while those from elsewhere tend to stress the first one . The city gave its name to the textile fabric of osnaburg . History . Medieval . Osnabrück initially developed as a marketplace next to the bishopric founded by Charlemagne , King of the Franks , in 780 . Some time prior to 803 , the city became the seat of the Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück . Although the precise date is uncertain , it is likely that Osnabrück is the oldest bishopric in Lower Saxony . In the year 804 Charlemagne was said to have founded the Gymnasium Carolinum in Osnabrück . This would make it the oldest German Gymnasium school , but the charter date is disputed by historians , some of whom believe it could be a forgery . In 889 the town was given merchant , customs , and coinage privileges by King Arnulf of Carinthia . Osnabrück was first referred to in records as a city in 1147 . A decade later , Emperor Frederick Barbarossa granted the city fortification privileges ( Befestigungsrecht ) . Most of the towers which were part of the original fortifications are still visible in the city . Osnabrück became a member of the Hanseatic League in the 12th century , as well as a member of the Westphalian Federation of Cities . The history of the town in the later Middle Ages was recorded in a chronicle by Albert Suho , one of Osnabrücks most important clerics in the 15th century . Early Modern age . From 1561 to 1639 there was a considerable amount of social unrest and tension in Osnabrück due to the Protestant Reformation , the Thirty Years War and also witch hunting . In 1582 , during the rule of Mayor Hammacher ( 1565–1588 ) , 163 women were executed as alleged witches ; most of them were burned alive . In total , 276 women were executed , along with 2 men who had been charged with wizardry . The first Lutheran services were held in Osnabrück in 1543 . Over the next century , Lutheranism expanded in the city and several Protestant bishops were elected . However , the Catholic churches continued to operate , and the city never became completely Lutheran . After the Thirty Years War broke out , a Catholic bishop was elected in 1623 , and the city was occupied by troops of the Catholic League in 1628 . The Gymnasium Carolinum was upgraded to a Jesuit university in 1632 , but the university was closed a year later when the city was taken by Swedish troops and restored to Protestant control . Peace negotiations took place in Osnabrück and the nearby city of Münster from 1643 to 1648 . The twin Treaties of Osnabrück and Münster , collectively known as the Peace of Westphalia , ended the Thirty Years War . Osnabrück was officially recognized as bi-confessional Catholic and Lutheran . The prince-bishopric would be held alternately by a Catholic bishop and a Lutheran bishop . The Protestant bishop would be selected from the descendants of the Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg , with priority given to the cadets of what became the House of Hanover . From 1667 , prince-bishop Ernest Augustus , Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg , built the new baroque palace . His son , George I of Great Britain , died in the palace , at the time residence of his younger brother , prince-bishop Ernest Augustus , Duke of York and Albany , on a travel on 11 June 1727 . In the early 18th century , renowned local jurist and social theorist Justus Möser wrote a highly influential constitutional history of the town , the Osnabrücker Geschichte . Following the Seven Years War , the towns population fell below 6,000 , however an economic revival linked to the linen and tobacco industries caused it to rise again from the 1780s onwards . 19th century . The French Revolutionary Wars brought Prussian troops into the city in 1795 , followed by the French in 1803 . As a result , the towns population was kept below 10,000 for the whole first decade of the 19th century . The Napoleonic period saw possession of the city change hands several times . Control of Osnabrück passed to the Electorate of Hanover in 1803 during the German Mediatisation , and then briefly to the Kingdom of Prussia in 1806 . From 1807 to 1810 the city was part of the Kingdom of Westphalia , after which it passed to the First French Empire . After 1815 , it became part of the Kingdom of Hanover . The towns first railway line was built in 1855 , connecting it with Löhne . Further rail connections appeared over the following decades , connecting Osnabrück with Emden from 1856 , Cologne from 1871 and Hamburg from 1874 . In 1866 , Osnabrück was annexed by Prussia after the Austro-Prussian War and administered as part of the Province of Hanover . Growth of the local economy and population was fuelled by expansion in the engineering and textile industries , with the Hammersen Weaving Mill established in 1869 and the Osnabrücker Kupfer- und Drahtwerk metallurgical firm following in 1873 . The later 19th century also saw growth in the number of schools and the arrival of electricity and modern sanitation . 20th century . By 1914 , Osnabrück had over 70,000 inhabitants . The outbreak of the First World War necessitated food rationing ; the Allied blockade and a harsh winter in 1917 led to further shortages . Following Germanys defeat in 1918 , a council made up of workers and soldiers took control during the November Revolution , but were replaced by the new Weimar Republic the following year . Similarly to many other German cities , Osnabrück experienced considerable inflation and unemployment in the 1920s , with over 2,000 out of work by 1923 and nearly 14,000 receiving some form of government assistance by 1928 . Politically , Osnabrück in the 1920s was a stronghold of support for the Social Democrats and the Catholic Centre Party . However , in the Reichstag elections of September 1930 , the Nazi Party received the greatest percentage of votes in the city ( nearly 28% ) – a more than seven-fold increase from their electoral performance in Osnabrück two years prior . During the campaigns prior to the two federal elections in 1932 , both Adolf Hitler and Joseph Goebbels made well-attended speeches in the city . Following the Nazis seizure of power in January 1933 , Osnabrück was subjected to the implementation of National Socialist economic , political , and social programmes . These resulted in economic growth for ethnic Germans who did not run afoul of the new regime , and the town went from having over 10,000 unemployed in early 1933 to actually having a labour shortage five years later . However , dissenters , supporters of opposition parties and German Jews ( who had experienced centuries of discrimination in the city ) did not share in this growth and found themselves discriminated against , imprisoned or forced to close their businesses and leave town . During World War II , both Jews and Romany were deported to concentration camps and extermination camps en masse . The war ended for Osnabrück on 4 April 1945 , when the XVII Corps of Field Marshal Bernard Montgomerys Second Army entered the city with little resistance . By the end of the war the city had been extensively bombed and required major reconstructive programmes following the wars end . Leading Nazis fled the city and the British appointed a new mayor , Johannes Petermann . However , during the allied occupation of Germany a British military governor , Colonel Geoffrey Day was placed in charge of administering the city . Relations between the occupiers and the citizens of Osnabrück were generally peaceful , though tensions existed ; some minor fights broke out between British soldiers and local youths and some Osnabrückers resented the relationships that developed between the occupiers and local women . Additionally , the British took over more than seventy homes for their own use by the middle of 1946 . Amidst shortages , the black market thrived and became one of the main focuses of police activity . After World War II West Germany realigned its states ; Osnabrück became part of the new state of Lower Saxony in 1946 . The British continued to maintain Osnabrück Garrison , a garrison near the city , which at one point was the largest British garrison in the world , housing some 4,000 troops and employing around 500 local civilians . It was the target of a PIRA attack in 1996 . Due to budget cuts , the troops were withdrawn in 2008 and the property returned to the local government . After three centuries , the city finally obtained its university when the government of Lower Saxony established the University of Osnabrück in 1974 . Largest foreign resident groups in Osnabrück : Main sights . - Town Hall - St . Peters Cathedral , founded in the 11th century . It has two façade towers , originally the same size - Gerdrudenberg Monastery - Marienkirche - Heger Tor ( Heger Gate ) , a monument to the soldiers from Osnabrück who died at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 - Bucksturm , the oldest tower in the city , and once part of the city walls . It was once used as a prison for women accused of witchcraft - Ruwe Fountain ( 1985 ) , created to mark the citys 1200th birthday - Gladiator 2000 ( 1986 ) , a gigantic painting measuring ( 45 × 6 meters ) , by Nicu Covaci - Felix Nussbaum Haus , a gallery and museum dedicated to the Jewish artist and painter Felix Nussbaum , who died during the Holocaust . It was designed by the architect Daniel Libeskind - Kalkriese Museum , situated on the battlefield of the Battle of the Teutoburger Wald in the Wiehen Hills , where German tribes under Arminius destroyed three Roman legions . It exhibits artefacts unearthed on the battlefield and tells the story of the battle - Osnabrücker Schloss ( castle/palace ) 17th century Baroque construction , nowadays the main building of the University of Osnabrück - Botanischer Garten der Universität Osnabrück , the universitys botanical garden - Old town with its small streets and medieval buildings - Osnabrück Zoo - Vitischanze – formerly a defence station in the north-west of the old city , it has the only undestroyed bridge in Europe with a defence walk below its surface . It is also the site of certain faculty of the University of Applied Science . It was earlier used as a casino - Haseuferweg - Katharinenkirche ( St . Catherines Church ) , which dates back to 1248 and is one of the 150 tallest churches in the world , and also the tallest medieval building in Lower Saxony - Hyde Park , a traditional music hall established in 1976 , a haven of pop music and youth culture - Leysieffer , a traditional German chocolate producer founded in Osnabrück . The main Leysieffer site is in the city centre . Education . There are two higher education institutions in Osnabrück , University of Osnabrück and Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences with more than 25,000 students . All of the types of German grammar schools are represented in the city , including seven Gymnasien . Gymnasium Carolinum claims to be the oldest still existing school in Germany . Another well-known Gymnasium is the Ursulaschule , a private school , located directly opposite the Carolinum . The University of Osnabrück invested heavily in infrastructure to take on more students for the following years . Sport . The citys football team is VfL Osnabrück , founded in 1899 . Its basketball team was founded the same year . Transport . The city of Osnabrück is connected by road to the A1 , the A30 and the A33 . It shares its airport with Münster . Osnabrück Hauptbahnhof ( central railway station ) is an important rail travel hub . Travellers from the Netherlands heading to either Hamburg , Denmark , or Eastern Europe often have to change here . An extensive bus network operated by the Stadtwerke Osnabrück ( public utility provider ) provides public transport within the city and the surrounding region . The central hub is situated on Neumarkt close to the main shopping street , roughly 10 minutes walk from the railway station . Districts of Osnabrück . The city is divided into 23 districts : Twin towns – sister cities . Osnabrück is twinned with : - Haarlem , Netherlands ( 1961 ) - Angers , France ( 1964 ) - Gmünd , Austria ( 1971 ) - Derby , United Kingdom ( 1976 ) - Greifswald , Germany ( 1988 ) - Tver , Russia ( 1991 ) - Evansville , United States ( 1991 ) - Gwangmyeong , South Korea ( 1997 ) - Çanakkale , Turkey ( 2004 ) - Vila Real , Portugal ( 2005 ) - Hefei , China ( 2006 ) Twinning with Derby . Previously Osnabrück had made contact with the British authorities as early as 1948 , hoping to find an English twin town and therefore achieve greater understanding with their former enemies in the Second World War . Unfortunately , this attempt was unsuccessful and Osnabrück did not actively consider the idea again for another quarter-century . The twinning agreement with Derby was signed on 17 February 1976 . Every year since then the two cities have exchanged envoys . Derby also has a square named after Osnabrück in honour of the twinning arrangement ; this features an obelisk among other things . Notable people . Public Service & commerce . - Albert Suho ( c . 1380 – c . 1450 ) , clergyman , theologian , historian - Friedrich Staphylus ( 1512–1564 ) , theologian - Johann Wilhelm Petersen ( 1649–1727 ) , evangelical theologian - Ernest Augustus , Duke of York and Albany ( 1674–1728 ) , brother of George I of Great Britain - Sophia von Kielmansegg , Countess of Darlington ( 1675–1725 ) , courtier and a half-sister of George I of Great Britain - Justus Möser ( 1720–1794 ) , jurist and social theorist - Ernst zu Münster ( 1766–1839 ) , politician , statesman in the service of House of Hannover - Bernhard Rudolf Abeken ( 1780–1866 ) , philologist - Karl Fortlage ( 1806–1881 ) , philosopher - Heinrich Abeken ( 1809–1872 ) , evangelical theologian - Friedrich Blass ( 1843–1907 ) , classical scholar - Friedrich Westmeyer ( 1873–1917 ) , politician and trade unionist - Walter Warlimont ( 1894–1976 ) , General of the Artillery - Elfriede Scholz ( 1903–1943 ) , victim of national socialism - Hans Georg Calmeyer ( 1903–1972 ) , attorney , Righteous Among the Nations - Fritz Buntrock ( 1909–1948 ) , SS officer and war criminal - Rudolf Beckmann ( 1910–1943 ) , SS-Oberscharführer and war criminal - Franz Lucas ( 1911–1994 ) , concentration camp doctor - Wilhelm Schitli ( 1912–1945? ) , SS officer - Hubertus Brandenburg ( 1923–2009 ) , Bishop of Stockholm - Reinhold Remmert ( 1930–2016 ) , mathematician - Jürgen Kühling ( 1934–2019 ) , lawyer , former judge at the Federal Constitutional Court - Inge Schmitz-Feuerhake ( born 1935 ) , physicist and mathematician - Rudolf Seiters ( born 1937 ) , politician ( CDU ) , Vice-President of the Bundestag 1998–2002 - Hans Huchzermeyer ( born 1939 ) , physician and musicologist - Paul Kirchhof ( born 1943 ) , former judge of the Federal Constitutional Court , prof . of tax law - Hans-Gert Pöttering ( born 1945 ) , lawyer and politician , former President of the European Parliament - Ferdinand Kirchhof ( born 1950 ) , judge at the Federal Constitutional Court , professor of tax law - Thomas Bellut ( born 1955 ) , journalist - Olaf Scholz ( born 1958 ) , politician ( SPD ) - Christian Wulff ( born 1959 ) , politician and lawyer , President of Germany from 2010 to 2012 - Sabine R . Huebner ( born 1976 ) , ancient historian The Arts . - Gerlach Flicke ( c . 1500–1558 ) , painter - John Closterman ( 1660–1711 ) , portrait painter - Friedrich Clemens Gerke ( 1801–1888 ) , writer , journalist and pioneer of telegraphy - August von Kreling ( 1819–1876 ) , painter and sculptor - Alfred Runge ( 1881–1946 ) , architect - Erich Maria Remarque ( 1898–1970 ) , writer - Friedrich Vordemberge-Gildewart ( 1899–1962 ) , painter - Mathias Wieman ( 1902–1969 ) , actor - Felix Nussbaum ( 1904–1944 ) , surrealist painter - Herbert Tiede ( 1915–1987 ) , actor - Benno Sterzenbach ( 1916–1985 ) , actor - Ursula Levy ( born 1935 ) , American author , child psychologist and Holocaust survivor - Birgitta Tolksdorf ( born 1947 ) , German-American actress - Evelyn Herlitzius ( born 1963 ) , opera singer - Gentleman ( born 1974 ) , reggae musician - Robin Schulz ( born 1987 ) , musician , DJ and record producer - Waterdown ( 1999–2012 ) , hardcore punk band
|
[
"Electorate of Hanover",
"German Mediatisation",
"Kingdom of Prussia",
"Kingdom of Westphalia",
"First French Empire"
] |
[
{
"text": " Osnabrück ( ; ; archaic Osnaburg ) is a city in the German state of Lower Saxony . It is situated on the river Hase in a valley penned between the Wiehen Hills and the northern tip of the Teutoburg Forest . With a population of 168,145 Osnabrück is one of the four largest cities in Lower Saxony . The city is the centrepoint of the Osnabrück Land region as well as the District of Osnabrück .",
"title": "Osnabrück"
},
{
"text": "The founding of Osnabrück was linked to its positioning on important European trading routes . Charlemagne founded the Diocese of Osnabrück in 780 . The city was also a member of the Hanseatic League . At the end of the Thirty Years War ( 1618–1648 ) , the Peace of Westphalia was negotiated in Osnabrück and the nearby city of Münster . In recognition of its role as the site of negotiations , Osnabrück later adopted the title Friedensstadt ( city of peace ) . The city is also known as the birthplace of anti-war novelist Erich-Maria Remarque and painter",
"title": "Osnabrück"
},
{
"text": "Felix Nussbaum .",
"title": "Osnabrück"
},
{
"text": "More recently Osnabrück has become well known for its industry . Numerous companies in the automobile , paper , steel and grocery sectors are located in the city and its surrounding area.<ref ( application/pdf-Objekt ) ></ref> In spite of the massive destruction inflicted on the city during World War II , the Altstadt ( old town ) was eventually reconstructed extensively with designs loyal to the original medieval architecture there . Osnabrück was also the home of the largest British garrison outside the United Kingdom . Osnabrücks modern , urban image is enhanced by the presence of more than 22,000",
"title": "Osnabrück"
},
{
"text": "students studying at the University and the University of Applied Sciences . Although part of the state of Lower Saxony , historically , culturally and linguistically Osnabrück is considered part of the region of Westphalia .",
"title": "Osnabrück"
},
{
"text": "The origin of the name Osnabrück is disputed . The suffix -brück suggests a bridge over or to something ( from German Brücke = bridge ) but the prefix Osna- is explained in at least two different ways : the traditional explanation is that todays name is a corruption of Ossenbrügge ( westphalian meaning oxen bridge ) , which is etymologically and historically impossible , because the town is older than this corruption of consonants ( documented in 13 . century , Osnabrück was founded in 8 . century ) , but others state that it is derived from the",
"title": "Name"
},
{
"text": "name of the Hase River which is arguably derived from Asen ( Æsir ) , thus giving Osnabrück the meaning bridge to the gods , and previously Tacitus named people living near the grey river ( Hase ) Chasuarii . It may also be noted that Osnabrück is situated on the northern end of the Teutoburg Forest , which until the 19th century was known as the Osning . The way in which the citys name is pronounced can also serve as a means of telling if the speaker is a native of Osnabrück or a visitor : most locals",
"title": "Name"
},
{
"text": "stress the last syllable , while those from elsewhere tend to stress the first one .",
"title": "Name"
},
{
"text": " Osnabrück initially developed as a marketplace next to the bishopric founded by Charlemagne , King of the Franks , in 780 . Some time prior to 803 , the city became the seat of the Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück . Although the precise date is uncertain , it is likely that Osnabrück is the oldest bishopric in Lower Saxony .",
"title": "Medieval"
},
{
"text": "In the year 804 Charlemagne was said to have founded the Gymnasium Carolinum in Osnabrück . This would make it the oldest German Gymnasium school , but the charter date is disputed by historians , some of whom believe it could be a forgery .",
"title": "Medieval"
},
{
"text": " In 889 the town was given merchant , customs , and coinage privileges by King Arnulf of Carinthia . Osnabrück was first referred to in records as a city in 1147 . A decade later , Emperor Frederick Barbarossa granted the city fortification privileges ( Befestigungsrecht ) . Most of the towers which were part of the original fortifications are still visible in the city . Osnabrück became a member of the Hanseatic League in the 12th century , as well as a member of the Westphalian Federation of Cities .",
"title": "Medieval"
},
{
"text": "The history of the town in the later Middle Ages was recorded in a chronicle by Albert Suho , one of Osnabrücks most important clerics in the 15th century .",
"title": "Medieval"
},
{
"text": " From 1561 to 1639 there was a considerable amount of social unrest and tension in Osnabrück due to the Protestant Reformation , the Thirty Years War and also witch hunting . In 1582 , during the rule of Mayor Hammacher ( 1565–1588 ) , 163 women were executed as alleged witches ; most of them were burned alive . In total , 276 women were executed , along with 2 men who had been charged with wizardry .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "The first Lutheran services were held in Osnabrück in 1543 . Over the next century , Lutheranism expanded in the city and several Protestant bishops were elected . However , the Catholic churches continued to operate , and the city never became completely Lutheran . After the Thirty Years War broke out , a Catholic bishop was elected in 1623 , and the city was occupied by troops of the Catholic League in 1628 . The Gymnasium Carolinum was upgraded to a Jesuit university in 1632 , but the university was closed a year later when the city was taken",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "by Swedish troops and restored to Protestant control .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "Peace negotiations took place in Osnabrück and the nearby city of Münster from 1643 to 1648 . The twin Treaties of Osnabrück and Münster , collectively known as the Peace of Westphalia , ended the Thirty Years War . Osnabrück was officially recognized as bi-confessional Catholic and Lutheran . The prince-bishopric would be held alternately by a Catholic bishop and a Lutheran bishop . The Protestant bishop would be selected from the descendants of the Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg , with priority given to the cadets of what became the House of Hanover . From 1667 , prince-bishop Ernest Augustus ,",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg , built the new baroque palace . His son , George I of Great Britain , died in the palace , at the time residence of his younger brother , prince-bishop Ernest Augustus , Duke of York and Albany , on a travel on 11 June 1727 .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": " In the early 18th century , renowned local jurist and social theorist Justus Möser wrote a highly influential constitutional history of the town , the Osnabrücker Geschichte . Following the Seven Years War , the towns population fell below 6,000 , however an economic revival linked to the linen and tobacco industries caused it to rise again from the 1780s onwards . 19th century .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "The French Revolutionary Wars brought Prussian troops into the city in 1795 , followed by the French in 1803 . As a result , the towns population was kept below 10,000 for the whole first decade of the 19th century . The Napoleonic period saw possession of the city change hands several times . Control of Osnabrück passed to the Electorate of Hanover in 1803 during the German Mediatisation , and then briefly to the Kingdom of Prussia in 1806 . From 1807 to 1810 the city was part of the Kingdom of Westphalia , after which it passed to",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "the First French Empire . After 1815 , it became part of the Kingdom of Hanover .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "The towns first railway line was built in 1855 , connecting it with Löhne . Further rail connections appeared over the following decades , connecting Osnabrück with Emden from 1856 , Cologne from 1871 and Hamburg from 1874 . In 1866 , Osnabrück was annexed by Prussia after the Austro-Prussian War and administered as part of the Province of Hanover . Growth of the local economy and population was fuelled by expansion in the engineering and textile industries , with the Hammersen Weaving Mill established in 1869 and the Osnabrücker Kupfer- und Drahtwerk metallurgical firm following in 1873 . The",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "later 19th century also saw growth in the number of schools and the arrival of electricity and modern sanitation .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "By 1914 , Osnabrück had over 70,000 inhabitants . The outbreak of the First World War necessitated food rationing ; the Allied blockade and a harsh winter in 1917 led to further shortages . Following Germanys defeat in 1918 , a council made up of workers and soldiers took control during the November Revolution , but were replaced by the new Weimar Republic the following year . Similarly to many other German cities , Osnabrück experienced considerable inflation and unemployment in the 1920s , with over 2,000 out of work by 1923 and nearly 14,000 receiving some form of government",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "assistance by 1928 .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": " Politically , Osnabrück in the 1920s was a stronghold of support for the Social Democrats and the Catholic Centre Party . However , in the Reichstag elections of September 1930 , the Nazi Party received the greatest percentage of votes in the city ( nearly 28% ) – a more than seven-fold increase from their electoral performance in Osnabrück two years prior . During the campaigns prior to the two federal elections in 1932 , both Adolf Hitler and Joseph Goebbels made well-attended speeches in the city .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "Following the Nazis seizure of power in January 1933 , Osnabrück was subjected to the implementation of National Socialist economic , political , and social programmes . These resulted in economic growth for ethnic Germans who did not run afoul of the new regime , and the town went from having over 10,000 unemployed in early 1933 to actually having a labour shortage five years later . However , dissenters , supporters of opposition parties and German Jews ( who had experienced centuries of discrimination in the city ) did not share in this growth and found themselves discriminated against",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": ", imprisoned or forced to close their businesses and leave town . During World War II , both Jews and Romany were deported to concentration camps and extermination camps en masse .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "The war ended for Osnabrück on 4 April 1945 , when the XVII Corps of Field Marshal Bernard Montgomerys Second Army entered the city with little resistance . By the end of the war the city had been extensively bombed and required major reconstructive programmes following the wars end . Leading Nazis fled the city and the British appointed a new mayor , Johannes Petermann . However , during the allied occupation of Germany a British military governor , Colonel Geoffrey Day was placed in charge of administering the city . Relations between the occupiers and the citizens of Osnabrück",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "were generally peaceful , though tensions existed ; some minor fights broke out between British soldiers and local youths and some Osnabrückers resented the relationships that developed between the occupiers and local women . Additionally , the British took over more than seventy homes for their own use by the middle of 1946 . Amidst shortages , the black market thrived and became one of the main focuses of police activity .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": " After World War II West Germany realigned its states ; Osnabrück became part of the new state of Lower Saxony in 1946 . The British continued to maintain Osnabrück Garrison , a garrison near the city , which at one point was the largest British garrison in the world , housing some 4,000 troops and employing around 500 local civilians . It was the target of a PIRA attack in 1996 . Due to budget cuts , the troops were withdrawn in 2008 and the property returned to the local government .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "After three centuries , the city finally obtained its university when the government of Lower Saxony established the University of Osnabrück in 1974 .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": " - Town Hall - St . Peters Cathedral , founded in the 11th century . It has two façade towers , originally the same size - Gerdrudenberg Monastery - Marienkirche - Heger Tor ( Heger Gate ) , a monument to the soldiers from Osnabrück who died at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 - Bucksturm , the oldest tower in the city , and once part of the city walls . It was once used as a prison for women accused of witchcraft - Ruwe Fountain ( 1985 ) , created to mark the citys 1200th birthday",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": "- Gladiator 2000 ( 1986 ) , a gigantic painting measuring ( 45 × 6 meters ) , by Nicu Covaci",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": " - Felix Nussbaum Haus , a gallery and museum dedicated to the Jewish artist and painter Felix Nussbaum , who died during the Holocaust . It was designed by the architect Daniel Libeskind - Kalkriese Museum , situated on the battlefield of the Battle of the Teutoburger Wald in the Wiehen Hills , where German tribes under Arminius destroyed three Roman legions . It exhibits artefacts unearthed on the battlefield and tells the story of the battle - Osnabrücker Schloss ( castle/palace ) 17th century Baroque construction , nowadays the main building of the University of Osnabrück",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": "- Botanischer Garten der Universität Osnabrück , the universitys botanical garden",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": " - Old town with its small streets and medieval buildings - Osnabrück Zoo - Vitischanze – formerly a defence station in the north-west of the old city , it has the only undestroyed bridge in Europe with a defence walk below its surface . It is also the site of certain faculty of the University of Applied Science . It was earlier used as a casino - Haseuferweg",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": "- Katharinenkirche ( St . Catherines Church ) , which dates back to 1248 and is one of the 150 tallest churches in the world , and also the tallest medieval building in Lower Saxony",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": " - Hyde Park , a traditional music hall established in 1976 , a haven of pop music and youth culture - Leysieffer , a traditional German chocolate producer founded in Osnabrück . The main Leysieffer site is in the city centre .",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": " There are two higher education institutions in Osnabrück , University of Osnabrück and Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences with more than 25,000 students . All of the types of German grammar schools are represented in the city , including seven Gymnasien . Gymnasium Carolinum claims to be the oldest still existing school in Germany . Another well-known Gymnasium is the Ursulaschule , a private school , located directly opposite the Carolinum . The University of Osnabrück invested heavily in infrastructure to take on more students for the following years .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " The citys football team is VfL Osnabrück , founded in 1899 . Its basketball team was founded the same year .",
"title": "Sport"
},
{
"text": " The city of Osnabrück is connected by road to the A1 , the A30 and the A33 . It shares its airport with Münster . Osnabrück Hauptbahnhof ( central railway station ) is an important rail travel hub . Travellers from the Netherlands heading to either Hamburg , Denmark , or Eastern Europe often have to change here .",
"title": "Transport"
},
{
"text": "An extensive bus network operated by the Stadtwerke Osnabrück ( public utility provider ) provides public transport within the city and the surrounding region . The central hub is situated on Neumarkt close to the main shopping street , roughly 10 minutes walk from the railway station .",
"title": "Transport"
},
{
"text": " The city is divided into 23 districts : Twin towns – sister cities . Osnabrück is twinned with : - Haarlem , Netherlands ( 1961 ) - Angers , France ( 1964 ) - Gmünd , Austria ( 1971 ) - Derby , United Kingdom ( 1976 ) - Greifswald , Germany ( 1988 ) - Tver , Russia ( 1991 ) - Evansville , United States ( 1991 ) - Gwangmyeong , South Korea ( 1997 ) - Çanakkale , Turkey ( 2004 ) - Vila Real , Portugal ( 2005 )",
"title": "Districts of Osnabrück"
},
{
"text": "- Hefei , China ( 2006 )",
"title": "Districts of Osnabrück"
},
{
"text": "Previously Osnabrück had made contact with the British authorities as early as 1948 , hoping to find an English twin town and therefore achieve greater understanding with their former enemies in the Second World War . Unfortunately , this attempt was unsuccessful and Osnabrück did not actively consider the idea again for another quarter-century . The twinning agreement with Derby was signed on 17 February 1976 . Every year since then the two cities have exchanged envoys . Derby also has a square named after Osnabrück in honour of the twinning arrangement ; this features an obelisk among other things",
"title": "Twinning with Derby"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Twinning with Derby"
},
{
"text": " Public Service & commerce . - Albert Suho ( c . 1380 – c . 1450 ) , clergyman , theologian , historian - Friedrich Staphylus ( 1512–1564 ) , theologian - Johann Wilhelm Petersen ( 1649–1727 ) , evangelical theologian - Ernest Augustus , Duke of York and Albany ( 1674–1728 ) , brother of George I of Great Britain - Sophia von Kielmansegg , Countess of Darlington ( 1675–1725 ) , courtier and a half-sister of George I of Great Britain - Justus Möser ( 1720–1794 ) , jurist and social theorist",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Ernst zu Münster ( 1766–1839 ) , politician , statesman in the service of House of Hannover",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Bernhard Rudolf Abeken ( 1780–1866 ) , philologist - Karl Fortlage ( 1806–1881 ) , philosopher - Heinrich Abeken ( 1809–1872 ) , evangelical theologian - Friedrich Blass ( 1843–1907 ) , classical scholar - Friedrich Westmeyer ( 1873–1917 ) , politician and trade unionist - Walter Warlimont ( 1894–1976 ) , General of the Artillery - Elfriede Scholz ( 1903–1943 ) , victim of national socialism - Hans Georg Calmeyer ( 1903–1972 ) , attorney , Righteous Among the Nations - Fritz Buntrock ( 1909–1948 ) , SS officer and war criminal",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Rudolf Beckmann ( 1910–1943 ) , SS-Oberscharführer and war criminal",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Franz Lucas ( 1911–1994 ) , concentration camp doctor - Wilhelm Schitli ( 1912–1945? ) , SS officer - Hubertus Brandenburg ( 1923–2009 ) , Bishop of Stockholm - Reinhold Remmert ( 1930–2016 ) , mathematician - Jürgen Kühling ( 1934–2019 ) , lawyer , former judge at the Federal Constitutional Court - Inge Schmitz-Feuerhake ( born 1935 ) , physicist and mathematician - Rudolf Seiters ( born 1937 ) , politician ( CDU ) , Vice-President of the Bundestag 1998–2002 - Hans Huchzermeyer ( born 1939 ) , physician and musicologist",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Paul Kirchhof ( born 1943 ) , former judge of the Federal Constitutional Court , prof . of tax law",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Hans-Gert Pöttering ( born 1945 ) , lawyer and politician , former President of the European Parliament - Ferdinand Kirchhof ( born 1950 ) , judge at the Federal Constitutional Court , professor of tax law - Thomas Bellut ( born 1955 ) , journalist - Olaf Scholz ( born 1958 ) , politician ( SPD ) - Christian Wulff ( born 1959 ) , politician and lawyer , President of Germany from 2010 to 2012 - Sabine R . Huebner ( born 1976 ) , ancient historian",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Gerlach Flicke ( c . 1500–1558 ) , painter - John Closterman ( 1660–1711 ) , portrait painter - Friedrich Clemens Gerke ( 1801–1888 ) , writer , journalist and pioneer of telegraphy - August von Kreling ( 1819–1876 ) , painter and sculptor - Alfred Runge ( 1881–1946 ) , architect - Erich Maria Remarque ( 1898–1970 ) , writer - Friedrich Vordemberge-Gildewart ( 1899–1962 ) , painter - Mathias Wieman ( 1902–1969 ) , actor - Felix Nussbaum ( 1904–1944 ) , surrealist painter - Herbert Tiede ( 1915–1987 ) , actor",
"title": "The Arts"
},
{
"text": "- Benno Sterzenbach ( 1916–1985 ) , actor",
"title": "The Arts"
},
{
"text": " - Ursula Levy ( born 1935 ) , American author , child psychologist and Holocaust survivor - Birgitta Tolksdorf ( born 1947 ) , German-American actress - Evelyn Herlitzius ( born 1963 ) , opera singer - Gentleman ( born 1974 ) , reggae musician - Robin Schulz ( born 1987 ) , musician , DJ and record producer - Waterdown ( 1999–2012 ) , hardcore punk band",
"title": "The Arts"
}
] |
/wiki/Osnabrück#P17#2
|
Which country did Osnabrück belong to in late 1810s?
|
Osnabrück Osnabrück ( ; ; archaic Osnaburg ) is a city in the German state of Lower Saxony . It is situated on the river Hase in a valley penned between the Wiehen Hills and the northern tip of the Teutoburg Forest . With a population of 168,145 Osnabrück is one of the four largest cities in Lower Saxony . The city is the centrepoint of the Osnabrück Land region as well as the District of Osnabrück . The founding of Osnabrück was linked to its positioning on important European trading routes . Charlemagne founded the Diocese of Osnabrück in 780 . The city was also a member of the Hanseatic League . At the end of the Thirty Years War ( 1618–1648 ) , the Peace of Westphalia was negotiated in Osnabrück and the nearby city of Münster . In recognition of its role as the site of negotiations , Osnabrück later adopted the title Friedensstadt ( city of peace ) . The city is also known as the birthplace of anti-war novelist Erich-Maria Remarque and painter Felix Nussbaum . More recently Osnabrück has become well known for its industry . Numerous companies in the automobile , paper , steel and grocery sectors are located in the city and its surrounding area.<ref ( application/pdf-Objekt ) ></ref> In spite of the massive destruction inflicted on the city during World War II , the Altstadt ( old town ) was eventually reconstructed extensively with designs loyal to the original medieval architecture there . Osnabrück was also the home of the largest British garrison outside the United Kingdom . Osnabrücks modern , urban image is enhanced by the presence of more than 22,000 students studying at the University and the University of Applied Sciences . Although part of the state of Lower Saxony , historically , culturally and linguistically Osnabrück is considered part of the region of Westphalia . Name . The origin of the name Osnabrück is disputed . The suffix -brück suggests a bridge over or to something ( from German Brücke = bridge ) but the prefix Osna- is explained in at least two different ways : the traditional explanation is that todays name is a corruption of Ossenbrügge ( westphalian meaning oxen bridge ) , which is etymologically and historically impossible , because the town is older than this corruption of consonants ( documented in 13 . century , Osnabrück was founded in 8 . century ) , but others state that it is derived from the name of the Hase River which is arguably derived from Asen ( Æsir ) , thus giving Osnabrück the meaning bridge to the gods , and previously Tacitus named people living near the grey river ( Hase ) Chasuarii . It may also be noted that Osnabrück is situated on the northern end of the Teutoburg Forest , which until the 19th century was known as the Osning . The way in which the citys name is pronounced can also serve as a means of telling if the speaker is a native of Osnabrück or a visitor : most locals stress the last syllable , while those from elsewhere tend to stress the first one . The city gave its name to the textile fabric of osnaburg . History . Medieval . Osnabrück initially developed as a marketplace next to the bishopric founded by Charlemagne , King of the Franks , in 780 . Some time prior to 803 , the city became the seat of the Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück . Although the precise date is uncertain , it is likely that Osnabrück is the oldest bishopric in Lower Saxony . In the year 804 Charlemagne was said to have founded the Gymnasium Carolinum in Osnabrück . This would make it the oldest German Gymnasium school , but the charter date is disputed by historians , some of whom believe it could be a forgery . In 889 the town was given merchant , customs , and coinage privileges by King Arnulf of Carinthia . Osnabrück was first referred to in records as a city in 1147 . A decade later , Emperor Frederick Barbarossa granted the city fortification privileges ( Befestigungsrecht ) . Most of the towers which were part of the original fortifications are still visible in the city . Osnabrück became a member of the Hanseatic League in the 12th century , as well as a member of the Westphalian Federation of Cities . The history of the town in the later Middle Ages was recorded in a chronicle by Albert Suho , one of Osnabrücks most important clerics in the 15th century . Early Modern age . From 1561 to 1639 there was a considerable amount of social unrest and tension in Osnabrück due to the Protestant Reformation , the Thirty Years War and also witch hunting . In 1582 , during the rule of Mayor Hammacher ( 1565–1588 ) , 163 women were executed as alleged witches ; most of them were burned alive . In total , 276 women were executed , along with 2 men who had been charged with wizardry . The first Lutheran services were held in Osnabrück in 1543 . Over the next century , Lutheranism expanded in the city and several Protestant bishops were elected . However , the Catholic churches continued to operate , and the city never became completely Lutheran . After the Thirty Years War broke out , a Catholic bishop was elected in 1623 , and the city was occupied by troops of the Catholic League in 1628 . The Gymnasium Carolinum was upgraded to a Jesuit university in 1632 , but the university was closed a year later when the city was taken by Swedish troops and restored to Protestant control . Peace negotiations took place in Osnabrück and the nearby city of Münster from 1643 to 1648 . The twin Treaties of Osnabrück and Münster , collectively known as the Peace of Westphalia , ended the Thirty Years War . Osnabrück was officially recognized as bi-confessional Catholic and Lutheran . The prince-bishopric would be held alternately by a Catholic bishop and a Lutheran bishop . The Protestant bishop would be selected from the descendants of the Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg , with priority given to the cadets of what became the House of Hanover . From 1667 , prince-bishop Ernest Augustus , Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg , built the new baroque palace . His son , George I of Great Britain , died in the palace , at the time residence of his younger brother , prince-bishop Ernest Augustus , Duke of York and Albany , on a travel on 11 June 1727 . In the early 18th century , renowned local jurist and social theorist Justus Möser wrote a highly influential constitutional history of the town , the Osnabrücker Geschichte . Following the Seven Years War , the towns population fell below 6,000 , however an economic revival linked to the linen and tobacco industries caused it to rise again from the 1780s onwards . 19th century . The French Revolutionary Wars brought Prussian troops into the city in 1795 , followed by the French in 1803 . As a result , the towns population was kept below 10,000 for the whole first decade of the 19th century . The Napoleonic period saw possession of the city change hands several times . Control of Osnabrück passed to the Electorate of Hanover in 1803 during the German Mediatisation , and then briefly to the Kingdom of Prussia in 1806 . From 1807 to 1810 the city was part of the Kingdom of Westphalia , after which it passed to the First French Empire . After 1815 , it became part of the Kingdom of Hanover . The towns first railway line was built in 1855 , connecting it with Löhne . Further rail connections appeared over the following decades , connecting Osnabrück with Emden from 1856 , Cologne from 1871 and Hamburg from 1874 . In 1866 , Osnabrück was annexed by Prussia after the Austro-Prussian War and administered as part of the Province of Hanover . Growth of the local economy and population was fuelled by expansion in the engineering and textile industries , with the Hammersen Weaving Mill established in 1869 and the Osnabrücker Kupfer- und Drahtwerk metallurgical firm following in 1873 . The later 19th century also saw growth in the number of schools and the arrival of electricity and modern sanitation . 20th century . By 1914 , Osnabrück had over 70,000 inhabitants . The outbreak of the First World War necessitated food rationing ; the Allied blockade and a harsh winter in 1917 led to further shortages . Following Germanys defeat in 1918 , a council made up of workers and soldiers took control during the November Revolution , but were replaced by the new Weimar Republic the following year . Similarly to many other German cities , Osnabrück experienced considerable inflation and unemployment in the 1920s , with over 2,000 out of work by 1923 and nearly 14,000 receiving some form of government assistance by 1928 . Politically , Osnabrück in the 1920s was a stronghold of support for the Social Democrats and the Catholic Centre Party . However , in the Reichstag elections of September 1930 , the Nazi Party received the greatest percentage of votes in the city ( nearly 28% ) – a more than seven-fold increase from their electoral performance in Osnabrück two years prior . During the campaigns prior to the two federal elections in 1932 , both Adolf Hitler and Joseph Goebbels made well-attended speeches in the city . Following the Nazis seizure of power in January 1933 , Osnabrück was subjected to the implementation of National Socialist economic , political , and social programmes . These resulted in economic growth for ethnic Germans who did not run afoul of the new regime , and the town went from having over 10,000 unemployed in early 1933 to actually having a labour shortage five years later . However , dissenters , supporters of opposition parties and German Jews ( who had experienced centuries of discrimination in the city ) did not share in this growth and found themselves discriminated against , imprisoned or forced to close their businesses and leave town . During World War II , both Jews and Romany were deported to concentration camps and extermination camps en masse . The war ended for Osnabrück on 4 April 1945 , when the XVII Corps of Field Marshal Bernard Montgomerys Second Army entered the city with little resistance . By the end of the war the city had been extensively bombed and required major reconstructive programmes following the wars end . Leading Nazis fled the city and the British appointed a new mayor , Johannes Petermann . However , during the allied occupation of Germany a British military governor , Colonel Geoffrey Day was placed in charge of administering the city . Relations between the occupiers and the citizens of Osnabrück were generally peaceful , though tensions existed ; some minor fights broke out between British soldiers and local youths and some Osnabrückers resented the relationships that developed between the occupiers and local women . Additionally , the British took over more than seventy homes for their own use by the middle of 1946 . Amidst shortages , the black market thrived and became one of the main focuses of police activity . After World War II West Germany realigned its states ; Osnabrück became part of the new state of Lower Saxony in 1946 . The British continued to maintain Osnabrück Garrison , a garrison near the city , which at one point was the largest British garrison in the world , housing some 4,000 troops and employing around 500 local civilians . It was the target of a PIRA attack in 1996 . Due to budget cuts , the troops were withdrawn in 2008 and the property returned to the local government . After three centuries , the city finally obtained its university when the government of Lower Saxony established the University of Osnabrück in 1974 . Largest foreign resident groups in Osnabrück : Main sights . - Town Hall - St . Peters Cathedral , founded in the 11th century . It has two façade towers , originally the same size - Gerdrudenberg Monastery - Marienkirche - Heger Tor ( Heger Gate ) , a monument to the soldiers from Osnabrück who died at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 - Bucksturm , the oldest tower in the city , and once part of the city walls . It was once used as a prison for women accused of witchcraft - Ruwe Fountain ( 1985 ) , created to mark the citys 1200th birthday - Gladiator 2000 ( 1986 ) , a gigantic painting measuring ( 45 × 6 meters ) , by Nicu Covaci - Felix Nussbaum Haus , a gallery and museum dedicated to the Jewish artist and painter Felix Nussbaum , who died during the Holocaust . It was designed by the architect Daniel Libeskind - Kalkriese Museum , situated on the battlefield of the Battle of the Teutoburger Wald in the Wiehen Hills , where German tribes under Arminius destroyed three Roman legions . It exhibits artefacts unearthed on the battlefield and tells the story of the battle - Osnabrücker Schloss ( castle/palace ) 17th century Baroque construction , nowadays the main building of the University of Osnabrück - Botanischer Garten der Universität Osnabrück , the universitys botanical garden - Old town with its small streets and medieval buildings - Osnabrück Zoo - Vitischanze – formerly a defence station in the north-west of the old city , it has the only undestroyed bridge in Europe with a defence walk below its surface . It is also the site of certain faculty of the University of Applied Science . It was earlier used as a casino - Haseuferweg - Katharinenkirche ( St . Catherines Church ) , which dates back to 1248 and is one of the 150 tallest churches in the world , and also the tallest medieval building in Lower Saxony - Hyde Park , a traditional music hall established in 1976 , a haven of pop music and youth culture - Leysieffer , a traditional German chocolate producer founded in Osnabrück . The main Leysieffer site is in the city centre . Education . There are two higher education institutions in Osnabrück , University of Osnabrück and Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences with more than 25,000 students . All of the types of German grammar schools are represented in the city , including seven Gymnasien . Gymnasium Carolinum claims to be the oldest still existing school in Germany . Another well-known Gymnasium is the Ursulaschule , a private school , located directly opposite the Carolinum . The University of Osnabrück invested heavily in infrastructure to take on more students for the following years . Sport . The citys football team is VfL Osnabrück , founded in 1899 . Its basketball team was founded the same year . Transport . The city of Osnabrück is connected by road to the A1 , the A30 and the A33 . It shares its airport with Münster . Osnabrück Hauptbahnhof ( central railway station ) is an important rail travel hub . Travellers from the Netherlands heading to either Hamburg , Denmark , or Eastern Europe often have to change here . An extensive bus network operated by the Stadtwerke Osnabrück ( public utility provider ) provides public transport within the city and the surrounding region . The central hub is situated on Neumarkt close to the main shopping street , roughly 10 minutes walk from the railway station . Districts of Osnabrück . The city is divided into 23 districts : Twin towns – sister cities . Osnabrück is twinned with : - Haarlem , Netherlands ( 1961 ) - Angers , France ( 1964 ) - Gmünd , Austria ( 1971 ) - Derby , United Kingdom ( 1976 ) - Greifswald , Germany ( 1988 ) - Tver , Russia ( 1991 ) - Evansville , United States ( 1991 ) - Gwangmyeong , South Korea ( 1997 ) - Çanakkale , Turkey ( 2004 ) - Vila Real , Portugal ( 2005 ) - Hefei , China ( 2006 ) Twinning with Derby . Previously Osnabrück had made contact with the British authorities as early as 1948 , hoping to find an English twin town and therefore achieve greater understanding with their former enemies in the Second World War . Unfortunately , this attempt was unsuccessful and Osnabrück did not actively consider the idea again for another quarter-century . The twinning agreement with Derby was signed on 17 February 1976 . Every year since then the two cities have exchanged envoys . Derby also has a square named after Osnabrück in honour of the twinning arrangement ; this features an obelisk among other things . Notable people . Public Service & commerce . - Albert Suho ( c . 1380 – c . 1450 ) , clergyman , theologian , historian - Friedrich Staphylus ( 1512–1564 ) , theologian - Johann Wilhelm Petersen ( 1649–1727 ) , evangelical theologian - Ernest Augustus , Duke of York and Albany ( 1674–1728 ) , brother of George I of Great Britain - Sophia von Kielmansegg , Countess of Darlington ( 1675–1725 ) , courtier and a half-sister of George I of Great Britain - Justus Möser ( 1720–1794 ) , jurist and social theorist - Ernst zu Münster ( 1766–1839 ) , politician , statesman in the service of House of Hannover - Bernhard Rudolf Abeken ( 1780–1866 ) , philologist - Karl Fortlage ( 1806–1881 ) , philosopher - Heinrich Abeken ( 1809–1872 ) , evangelical theologian - Friedrich Blass ( 1843–1907 ) , classical scholar - Friedrich Westmeyer ( 1873–1917 ) , politician and trade unionist - Walter Warlimont ( 1894–1976 ) , General of the Artillery - Elfriede Scholz ( 1903–1943 ) , victim of national socialism - Hans Georg Calmeyer ( 1903–1972 ) , attorney , Righteous Among the Nations - Fritz Buntrock ( 1909–1948 ) , SS officer and war criminal - Rudolf Beckmann ( 1910–1943 ) , SS-Oberscharführer and war criminal - Franz Lucas ( 1911–1994 ) , concentration camp doctor - Wilhelm Schitli ( 1912–1945? ) , SS officer - Hubertus Brandenburg ( 1923–2009 ) , Bishop of Stockholm - Reinhold Remmert ( 1930–2016 ) , mathematician - Jürgen Kühling ( 1934–2019 ) , lawyer , former judge at the Federal Constitutional Court - Inge Schmitz-Feuerhake ( born 1935 ) , physicist and mathematician - Rudolf Seiters ( born 1937 ) , politician ( CDU ) , Vice-President of the Bundestag 1998–2002 - Hans Huchzermeyer ( born 1939 ) , physician and musicologist - Paul Kirchhof ( born 1943 ) , former judge of the Federal Constitutional Court , prof . of tax law - Hans-Gert Pöttering ( born 1945 ) , lawyer and politician , former President of the European Parliament - Ferdinand Kirchhof ( born 1950 ) , judge at the Federal Constitutional Court , professor of tax law - Thomas Bellut ( born 1955 ) , journalist - Olaf Scholz ( born 1958 ) , politician ( SPD ) - Christian Wulff ( born 1959 ) , politician and lawyer , President of Germany from 2010 to 2012 - Sabine R . Huebner ( born 1976 ) , ancient historian The Arts . - Gerlach Flicke ( c . 1500–1558 ) , painter - John Closterman ( 1660–1711 ) , portrait painter - Friedrich Clemens Gerke ( 1801–1888 ) , writer , journalist and pioneer of telegraphy - August von Kreling ( 1819–1876 ) , painter and sculptor - Alfred Runge ( 1881–1946 ) , architect - Erich Maria Remarque ( 1898–1970 ) , writer - Friedrich Vordemberge-Gildewart ( 1899–1962 ) , painter - Mathias Wieman ( 1902–1969 ) , actor - Felix Nussbaum ( 1904–1944 ) , surrealist painter - Herbert Tiede ( 1915–1987 ) , actor - Benno Sterzenbach ( 1916–1985 ) , actor - Ursula Levy ( born 1935 ) , American author , child psychologist and Holocaust survivor - Birgitta Tolksdorf ( born 1947 ) , German-American actress - Evelyn Herlitzius ( born 1963 ) , opera singer - Gentleman ( born 1974 ) , reggae musician - Robin Schulz ( born 1987 ) , musician , DJ and record producer - Waterdown ( 1999–2012 ) , hardcore punk band
|
[
"Kingdom of Hanover"
] |
[
{
"text": " Osnabrück ( ; ; archaic Osnaburg ) is a city in the German state of Lower Saxony . It is situated on the river Hase in a valley penned between the Wiehen Hills and the northern tip of the Teutoburg Forest . With a population of 168,145 Osnabrück is one of the four largest cities in Lower Saxony . The city is the centrepoint of the Osnabrück Land region as well as the District of Osnabrück .",
"title": "Osnabrück"
},
{
"text": "The founding of Osnabrück was linked to its positioning on important European trading routes . Charlemagne founded the Diocese of Osnabrück in 780 . The city was also a member of the Hanseatic League . At the end of the Thirty Years War ( 1618–1648 ) , the Peace of Westphalia was negotiated in Osnabrück and the nearby city of Münster . In recognition of its role as the site of negotiations , Osnabrück later adopted the title Friedensstadt ( city of peace ) . The city is also known as the birthplace of anti-war novelist Erich-Maria Remarque and painter",
"title": "Osnabrück"
},
{
"text": "Felix Nussbaum .",
"title": "Osnabrück"
},
{
"text": "More recently Osnabrück has become well known for its industry . Numerous companies in the automobile , paper , steel and grocery sectors are located in the city and its surrounding area.<ref ( application/pdf-Objekt ) ></ref> In spite of the massive destruction inflicted on the city during World War II , the Altstadt ( old town ) was eventually reconstructed extensively with designs loyal to the original medieval architecture there . Osnabrück was also the home of the largest British garrison outside the United Kingdom . Osnabrücks modern , urban image is enhanced by the presence of more than 22,000",
"title": "Osnabrück"
},
{
"text": "students studying at the University and the University of Applied Sciences . Although part of the state of Lower Saxony , historically , culturally and linguistically Osnabrück is considered part of the region of Westphalia .",
"title": "Osnabrück"
},
{
"text": "The origin of the name Osnabrück is disputed . The suffix -brück suggests a bridge over or to something ( from German Brücke = bridge ) but the prefix Osna- is explained in at least two different ways : the traditional explanation is that todays name is a corruption of Ossenbrügge ( westphalian meaning oxen bridge ) , which is etymologically and historically impossible , because the town is older than this corruption of consonants ( documented in 13 . century , Osnabrück was founded in 8 . century ) , but others state that it is derived from the",
"title": "Name"
},
{
"text": "name of the Hase River which is arguably derived from Asen ( Æsir ) , thus giving Osnabrück the meaning bridge to the gods , and previously Tacitus named people living near the grey river ( Hase ) Chasuarii . It may also be noted that Osnabrück is situated on the northern end of the Teutoburg Forest , which until the 19th century was known as the Osning . The way in which the citys name is pronounced can also serve as a means of telling if the speaker is a native of Osnabrück or a visitor : most locals",
"title": "Name"
},
{
"text": "stress the last syllable , while those from elsewhere tend to stress the first one .",
"title": "Name"
},
{
"text": " Osnabrück initially developed as a marketplace next to the bishopric founded by Charlemagne , King of the Franks , in 780 . Some time prior to 803 , the city became the seat of the Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück . Although the precise date is uncertain , it is likely that Osnabrück is the oldest bishopric in Lower Saxony .",
"title": "Medieval"
},
{
"text": "In the year 804 Charlemagne was said to have founded the Gymnasium Carolinum in Osnabrück . This would make it the oldest German Gymnasium school , but the charter date is disputed by historians , some of whom believe it could be a forgery .",
"title": "Medieval"
},
{
"text": " In 889 the town was given merchant , customs , and coinage privileges by King Arnulf of Carinthia . Osnabrück was first referred to in records as a city in 1147 . A decade later , Emperor Frederick Barbarossa granted the city fortification privileges ( Befestigungsrecht ) . Most of the towers which were part of the original fortifications are still visible in the city . Osnabrück became a member of the Hanseatic League in the 12th century , as well as a member of the Westphalian Federation of Cities .",
"title": "Medieval"
},
{
"text": "The history of the town in the later Middle Ages was recorded in a chronicle by Albert Suho , one of Osnabrücks most important clerics in the 15th century .",
"title": "Medieval"
},
{
"text": " From 1561 to 1639 there was a considerable amount of social unrest and tension in Osnabrück due to the Protestant Reformation , the Thirty Years War and also witch hunting . In 1582 , during the rule of Mayor Hammacher ( 1565–1588 ) , 163 women were executed as alleged witches ; most of them were burned alive . In total , 276 women were executed , along with 2 men who had been charged with wizardry .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "The first Lutheran services were held in Osnabrück in 1543 . Over the next century , Lutheranism expanded in the city and several Protestant bishops were elected . However , the Catholic churches continued to operate , and the city never became completely Lutheran . After the Thirty Years War broke out , a Catholic bishop was elected in 1623 , and the city was occupied by troops of the Catholic League in 1628 . The Gymnasium Carolinum was upgraded to a Jesuit university in 1632 , but the university was closed a year later when the city was taken",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "by Swedish troops and restored to Protestant control .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "Peace negotiations took place in Osnabrück and the nearby city of Münster from 1643 to 1648 . The twin Treaties of Osnabrück and Münster , collectively known as the Peace of Westphalia , ended the Thirty Years War . Osnabrück was officially recognized as bi-confessional Catholic and Lutheran . The prince-bishopric would be held alternately by a Catholic bishop and a Lutheran bishop . The Protestant bishop would be selected from the descendants of the Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg , with priority given to the cadets of what became the House of Hanover . From 1667 , prince-bishop Ernest Augustus ,",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg , built the new baroque palace . His son , George I of Great Britain , died in the palace , at the time residence of his younger brother , prince-bishop Ernest Augustus , Duke of York and Albany , on a travel on 11 June 1727 .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": " In the early 18th century , renowned local jurist and social theorist Justus Möser wrote a highly influential constitutional history of the town , the Osnabrücker Geschichte . Following the Seven Years War , the towns population fell below 6,000 , however an economic revival linked to the linen and tobacco industries caused it to rise again from the 1780s onwards . 19th century .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "The French Revolutionary Wars brought Prussian troops into the city in 1795 , followed by the French in 1803 . As a result , the towns population was kept below 10,000 for the whole first decade of the 19th century . The Napoleonic period saw possession of the city change hands several times . Control of Osnabrück passed to the Electorate of Hanover in 1803 during the German Mediatisation , and then briefly to the Kingdom of Prussia in 1806 . From 1807 to 1810 the city was part of the Kingdom of Westphalia , after which it passed to",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "the First French Empire . After 1815 , it became part of the Kingdom of Hanover .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "The towns first railway line was built in 1855 , connecting it with Löhne . Further rail connections appeared over the following decades , connecting Osnabrück with Emden from 1856 , Cologne from 1871 and Hamburg from 1874 . In 1866 , Osnabrück was annexed by Prussia after the Austro-Prussian War and administered as part of the Province of Hanover . Growth of the local economy and population was fuelled by expansion in the engineering and textile industries , with the Hammersen Weaving Mill established in 1869 and the Osnabrücker Kupfer- und Drahtwerk metallurgical firm following in 1873 . The",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "later 19th century also saw growth in the number of schools and the arrival of electricity and modern sanitation .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "By 1914 , Osnabrück had over 70,000 inhabitants . The outbreak of the First World War necessitated food rationing ; the Allied blockade and a harsh winter in 1917 led to further shortages . Following Germanys defeat in 1918 , a council made up of workers and soldiers took control during the November Revolution , but were replaced by the new Weimar Republic the following year . Similarly to many other German cities , Osnabrück experienced considerable inflation and unemployment in the 1920s , with over 2,000 out of work by 1923 and nearly 14,000 receiving some form of government",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "assistance by 1928 .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": " Politically , Osnabrück in the 1920s was a stronghold of support for the Social Democrats and the Catholic Centre Party . However , in the Reichstag elections of September 1930 , the Nazi Party received the greatest percentage of votes in the city ( nearly 28% ) – a more than seven-fold increase from their electoral performance in Osnabrück two years prior . During the campaigns prior to the two federal elections in 1932 , both Adolf Hitler and Joseph Goebbels made well-attended speeches in the city .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "Following the Nazis seizure of power in January 1933 , Osnabrück was subjected to the implementation of National Socialist economic , political , and social programmes . These resulted in economic growth for ethnic Germans who did not run afoul of the new regime , and the town went from having over 10,000 unemployed in early 1933 to actually having a labour shortage five years later . However , dissenters , supporters of opposition parties and German Jews ( who had experienced centuries of discrimination in the city ) did not share in this growth and found themselves discriminated against",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": ", imprisoned or forced to close their businesses and leave town . During World War II , both Jews and Romany were deported to concentration camps and extermination camps en masse .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "The war ended for Osnabrück on 4 April 1945 , when the XVII Corps of Field Marshal Bernard Montgomerys Second Army entered the city with little resistance . By the end of the war the city had been extensively bombed and required major reconstructive programmes following the wars end . Leading Nazis fled the city and the British appointed a new mayor , Johannes Petermann . However , during the allied occupation of Germany a British military governor , Colonel Geoffrey Day was placed in charge of administering the city . Relations between the occupiers and the citizens of Osnabrück",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "were generally peaceful , though tensions existed ; some minor fights broke out between British soldiers and local youths and some Osnabrückers resented the relationships that developed between the occupiers and local women . Additionally , the British took over more than seventy homes for their own use by the middle of 1946 . Amidst shortages , the black market thrived and became one of the main focuses of police activity .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": " After World War II West Germany realigned its states ; Osnabrück became part of the new state of Lower Saxony in 1946 . The British continued to maintain Osnabrück Garrison , a garrison near the city , which at one point was the largest British garrison in the world , housing some 4,000 troops and employing around 500 local civilians . It was the target of a PIRA attack in 1996 . Due to budget cuts , the troops were withdrawn in 2008 and the property returned to the local government .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "After three centuries , the city finally obtained its university when the government of Lower Saxony established the University of Osnabrück in 1974 .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": " - Town Hall - St . Peters Cathedral , founded in the 11th century . It has two façade towers , originally the same size - Gerdrudenberg Monastery - Marienkirche - Heger Tor ( Heger Gate ) , a monument to the soldiers from Osnabrück who died at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 - Bucksturm , the oldest tower in the city , and once part of the city walls . It was once used as a prison for women accused of witchcraft - Ruwe Fountain ( 1985 ) , created to mark the citys 1200th birthday",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": "- Gladiator 2000 ( 1986 ) , a gigantic painting measuring ( 45 × 6 meters ) , by Nicu Covaci",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": " - Felix Nussbaum Haus , a gallery and museum dedicated to the Jewish artist and painter Felix Nussbaum , who died during the Holocaust . It was designed by the architect Daniel Libeskind - Kalkriese Museum , situated on the battlefield of the Battle of the Teutoburger Wald in the Wiehen Hills , where German tribes under Arminius destroyed three Roman legions . It exhibits artefacts unearthed on the battlefield and tells the story of the battle - Osnabrücker Schloss ( castle/palace ) 17th century Baroque construction , nowadays the main building of the University of Osnabrück",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": "- Botanischer Garten der Universität Osnabrück , the universitys botanical garden",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": " - Old town with its small streets and medieval buildings - Osnabrück Zoo - Vitischanze – formerly a defence station in the north-west of the old city , it has the only undestroyed bridge in Europe with a defence walk below its surface . It is also the site of certain faculty of the University of Applied Science . It was earlier used as a casino - Haseuferweg",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": "- Katharinenkirche ( St . Catherines Church ) , which dates back to 1248 and is one of the 150 tallest churches in the world , and also the tallest medieval building in Lower Saxony",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": " - Hyde Park , a traditional music hall established in 1976 , a haven of pop music and youth culture - Leysieffer , a traditional German chocolate producer founded in Osnabrück . The main Leysieffer site is in the city centre .",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": " There are two higher education institutions in Osnabrück , University of Osnabrück and Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences with more than 25,000 students . All of the types of German grammar schools are represented in the city , including seven Gymnasien . Gymnasium Carolinum claims to be the oldest still existing school in Germany . Another well-known Gymnasium is the Ursulaschule , a private school , located directly opposite the Carolinum . The University of Osnabrück invested heavily in infrastructure to take on more students for the following years .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " The citys football team is VfL Osnabrück , founded in 1899 . Its basketball team was founded the same year .",
"title": "Sport"
},
{
"text": " The city of Osnabrück is connected by road to the A1 , the A30 and the A33 . It shares its airport with Münster . Osnabrück Hauptbahnhof ( central railway station ) is an important rail travel hub . Travellers from the Netherlands heading to either Hamburg , Denmark , or Eastern Europe often have to change here .",
"title": "Transport"
},
{
"text": "An extensive bus network operated by the Stadtwerke Osnabrück ( public utility provider ) provides public transport within the city and the surrounding region . The central hub is situated on Neumarkt close to the main shopping street , roughly 10 minutes walk from the railway station .",
"title": "Transport"
},
{
"text": " The city is divided into 23 districts : Twin towns – sister cities . Osnabrück is twinned with : - Haarlem , Netherlands ( 1961 ) - Angers , France ( 1964 ) - Gmünd , Austria ( 1971 ) - Derby , United Kingdom ( 1976 ) - Greifswald , Germany ( 1988 ) - Tver , Russia ( 1991 ) - Evansville , United States ( 1991 ) - Gwangmyeong , South Korea ( 1997 ) - Çanakkale , Turkey ( 2004 ) - Vila Real , Portugal ( 2005 )",
"title": "Districts of Osnabrück"
},
{
"text": "- Hefei , China ( 2006 )",
"title": "Districts of Osnabrück"
},
{
"text": "Previously Osnabrück had made contact with the British authorities as early as 1948 , hoping to find an English twin town and therefore achieve greater understanding with their former enemies in the Second World War . Unfortunately , this attempt was unsuccessful and Osnabrück did not actively consider the idea again for another quarter-century . The twinning agreement with Derby was signed on 17 February 1976 . Every year since then the two cities have exchanged envoys . Derby also has a square named after Osnabrück in honour of the twinning arrangement ; this features an obelisk among other things",
"title": "Twinning with Derby"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Twinning with Derby"
},
{
"text": " Public Service & commerce . - Albert Suho ( c . 1380 – c . 1450 ) , clergyman , theologian , historian - Friedrich Staphylus ( 1512–1564 ) , theologian - Johann Wilhelm Petersen ( 1649–1727 ) , evangelical theologian - Ernest Augustus , Duke of York and Albany ( 1674–1728 ) , brother of George I of Great Britain - Sophia von Kielmansegg , Countess of Darlington ( 1675–1725 ) , courtier and a half-sister of George I of Great Britain - Justus Möser ( 1720–1794 ) , jurist and social theorist",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Ernst zu Münster ( 1766–1839 ) , politician , statesman in the service of House of Hannover",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Bernhard Rudolf Abeken ( 1780–1866 ) , philologist - Karl Fortlage ( 1806–1881 ) , philosopher - Heinrich Abeken ( 1809–1872 ) , evangelical theologian - Friedrich Blass ( 1843–1907 ) , classical scholar - Friedrich Westmeyer ( 1873–1917 ) , politician and trade unionist - Walter Warlimont ( 1894–1976 ) , General of the Artillery - Elfriede Scholz ( 1903–1943 ) , victim of national socialism - Hans Georg Calmeyer ( 1903–1972 ) , attorney , Righteous Among the Nations - Fritz Buntrock ( 1909–1948 ) , SS officer and war criminal",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Rudolf Beckmann ( 1910–1943 ) , SS-Oberscharführer and war criminal",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Franz Lucas ( 1911–1994 ) , concentration camp doctor - Wilhelm Schitli ( 1912–1945? ) , SS officer - Hubertus Brandenburg ( 1923–2009 ) , Bishop of Stockholm - Reinhold Remmert ( 1930–2016 ) , mathematician - Jürgen Kühling ( 1934–2019 ) , lawyer , former judge at the Federal Constitutional Court - Inge Schmitz-Feuerhake ( born 1935 ) , physicist and mathematician - Rudolf Seiters ( born 1937 ) , politician ( CDU ) , Vice-President of the Bundestag 1998–2002 - Hans Huchzermeyer ( born 1939 ) , physician and musicologist",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Paul Kirchhof ( born 1943 ) , former judge of the Federal Constitutional Court , prof . of tax law",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Hans-Gert Pöttering ( born 1945 ) , lawyer and politician , former President of the European Parliament - Ferdinand Kirchhof ( born 1950 ) , judge at the Federal Constitutional Court , professor of tax law - Thomas Bellut ( born 1955 ) , journalist - Olaf Scholz ( born 1958 ) , politician ( SPD ) - Christian Wulff ( born 1959 ) , politician and lawyer , President of Germany from 2010 to 2012 - Sabine R . Huebner ( born 1976 ) , ancient historian",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Gerlach Flicke ( c . 1500–1558 ) , painter - John Closterman ( 1660–1711 ) , portrait painter - Friedrich Clemens Gerke ( 1801–1888 ) , writer , journalist and pioneer of telegraphy - August von Kreling ( 1819–1876 ) , painter and sculptor - Alfred Runge ( 1881–1946 ) , architect - Erich Maria Remarque ( 1898–1970 ) , writer - Friedrich Vordemberge-Gildewart ( 1899–1962 ) , painter - Mathias Wieman ( 1902–1969 ) , actor - Felix Nussbaum ( 1904–1944 ) , surrealist painter - Herbert Tiede ( 1915–1987 ) , actor",
"title": "The Arts"
},
{
"text": "- Benno Sterzenbach ( 1916–1985 ) , actor",
"title": "The Arts"
},
{
"text": " - Ursula Levy ( born 1935 ) , American author , child psychologist and Holocaust survivor - Birgitta Tolksdorf ( born 1947 ) , German-American actress - Evelyn Herlitzius ( born 1963 ) , opera singer - Gentleman ( born 1974 ) , reggae musician - Robin Schulz ( born 1987 ) , musician , DJ and record producer - Waterdown ( 1999–2012 ) , hardcore punk band",
"title": "The Arts"
}
] |
/wiki/Osnabrück#P17#3
|
Which country did Osnabrück belong to between Feb 1867 and Aug 1869?
|
Osnabrück Osnabrück ( ; ; archaic Osnaburg ) is a city in the German state of Lower Saxony . It is situated on the river Hase in a valley penned between the Wiehen Hills and the northern tip of the Teutoburg Forest . With a population of 168,145 Osnabrück is one of the four largest cities in Lower Saxony . The city is the centrepoint of the Osnabrück Land region as well as the District of Osnabrück . The founding of Osnabrück was linked to its positioning on important European trading routes . Charlemagne founded the Diocese of Osnabrück in 780 . The city was also a member of the Hanseatic League . At the end of the Thirty Years War ( 1618–1648 ) , the Peace of Westphalia was negotiated in Osnabrück and the nearby city of Münster . In recognition of its role as the site of negotiations , Osnabrück later adopted the title Friedensstadt ( city of peace ) . The city is also known as the birthplace of anti-war novelist Erich-Maria Remarque and painter Felix Nussbaum . More recently Osnabrück has become well known for its industry . Numerous companies in the automobile , paper , steel and grocery sectors are located in the city and its surrounding area.<ref ( application/pdf-Objekt ) ></ref> In spite of the massive destruction inflicted on the city during World War II , the Altstadt ( old town ) was eventually reconstructed extensively with designs loyal to the original medieval architecture there . Osnabrück was also the home of the largest British garrison outside the United Kingdom . Osnabrücks modern , urban image is enhanced by the presence of more than 22,000 students studying at the University and the University of Applied Sciences . Although part of the state of Lower Saxony , historically , culturally and linguistically Osnabrück is considered part of the region of Westphalia . Name . The origin of the name Osnabrück is disputed . The suffix -brück suggests a bridge over or to something ( from German Brücke = bridge ) but the prefix Osna- is explained in at least two different ways : the traditional explanation is that todays name is a corruption of Ossenbrügge ( westphalian meaning oxen bridge ) , which is etymologically and historically impossible , because the town is older than this corruption of consonants ( documented in 13 . century , Osnabrück was founded in 8 . century ) , but others state that it is derived from the name of the Hase River which is arguably derived from Asen ( Æsir ) , thus giving Osnabrück the meaning bridge to the gods , and previously Tacitus named people living near the grey river ( Hase ) Chasuarii . It may also be noted that Osnabrück is situated on the northern end of the Teutoburg Forest , which until the 19th century was known as the Osning . The way in which the citys name is pronounced can also serve as a means of telling if the speaker is a native of Osnabrück or a visitor : most locals stress the last syllable , while those from elsewhere tend to stress the first one . The city gave its name to the textile fabric of osnaburg . History . Medieval . Osnabrück initially developed as a marketplace next to the bishopric founded by Charlemagne , King of the Franks , in 780 . Some time prior to 803 , the city became the seat of the Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück . Although the precise date is uncertain , it is likely that Osnabrück is the oldest bishopric in Lower Saxony . In the year 804 Charlemagne was said to have founded the Gymnasium Carolinum in Osnabrück . This would make it the oldest German Gymnasium school , but the charter date is disputed by historians , some of whom believe it could be a forgery . In 889 the town was given merchant , customs , and coinage privileges by King Arnulf of Carinthia . Osnabrück was first referred to in records as a city in 1147 . A decade later , Emperor Frederick Barbarossa granted the city fortification privileges ( Befestigungsrecht ) . Most of the towers which were part of the original fortifications are still visible in the city . Osnabrück became a member of the Hanseatic League in the 12th century , as well as a member of the Westphalian Federation of Cities . The history of the town in the later Middle Ages was recorded in a chronicle by Albert Suho , one of Osnabrücks most important clerics in the 15th century . Early Modern age . From 1561 to 1639 there was a considerable amount of social unrest and tension in Osnabrück due to the Protestant Reformation , the Thirty Years War and also witch hunting . In 1582 , during the rule of Mayor Hammacher ( 1565–1588 ) , 163 women were executed as alleged witches ; most of them were burned alive . In total , 276 women were executed , along with 2 men who had been charged with wizardry . The first Lutheran services were held in Osnabrück in 1543 . Over the next century , Lutheranism expanded in the city and several Protestant bishops were elected . However , the Catholic churches continued to operate , and the city never became completely Lutheran . After the Thirty Years War broke out , a Catholic bishop was elected in 1623 , and the city was occupied by troops of the Catholic League in 1628 . The Gymnasium Carolinum was upgraded to a Jesuit university in 1632 , but the university was closed a year later when the city was taken by Swedish troops and restored to Protestant control . Peace negotiations took place in Osnabrück and the nearby city of Münster from 1643 to 1648 . The twin Treaties of Osnabrück and Münster , collectively known as the Peace of Westphalia , ended the Thirty Years War . Osnabrück was officially recognized as bi-confessional Catholic and Lutheran . The prince-bishopric would be held alternately by a Catholic bishop and a Lutheran bishop . The Protestant bishop would be selected from the descendants of the Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg , with priority given to the cadets of what became the House of Hanover . From 1667 , prince-bishop Ernest Augustus , Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg , built the new baroque palace . His son , George I of Great Britain , died in the palace , at the time residence of his younger brother , prince-bishop Ernest Augustus , Duke of York and Albany , on a travel on 11 June 1727 . In the early 18th century , renowned local jurist and social theorist Justus Möser wrote a highly influential constitutional history of the town , the Osnabrücker Geschichte . Following the Seven Years War , the towns population fell below 6,000 , however an economic revival linked to the linen and tobacco industries caused it to rise again from the 1780s onwards . 19th century . The French Revolutionary Wars brought Prussian troops into the city in 1795 , followed by the French in 1803 . As a result , the towns population was kept below 10,000 for the whole first decade of the 19th century . The Napoleonic period saw possession of the city change hands several times . Control of Osnabrück passed to the Electorate of Hanover in 1803 during the German Mediatisation , and then briefly to the Kingdom of Prussia in 1806 . From 1807 to 1810 the city was part of the Kingdom of Westphalia , after which it passed to the First French Empire . After 1815 , it became part of the Kingdom of Hanover . The towns first railway line was built in 1855 , connecting it with Löhne . Further rail connections appeared over the following decades , connecting Osnabrück with Emden from 1856 , Cologne from 1871 and Hamburg from 1874 . In 1866 , Osnabrück was annexed by Prussia after the Austro-Prussian War and administered as part of the Province of Hanover . Growth of the local economy and population was fuelled by expansion in the engineering and textile industries , with the Hammersen Weaving Mill established in 1869 and the Osnabrücker Kupfer- und Drahtwerk metallurgical firm following in 1873 . The later 19th century also saw growth in the number of schools and the arrival of electricity and modern sanitation . 20th century . By 1914 , Osnabrück had over 70,000 inhabitants . The outbreak of the First World War necessitated food rationing ; the Allied blockade and a harsh winter in 1917 led to further shortages . Following Germanys defeat in 1918 , a council made up of workers and soldiers took control during the November Revolution , but were replaced by the new Weimar Republic the following year . Similarly to many other German cities , Osnabrück experienced considerable inflation and unemployment in the 1920s , with over 2,000 out of work by 1923 and nearly 14,000 receiving some form of government assistance by 1928 . Politically , Osnabrück in the 1920s was a stronghold of support for the Social Democrats and the Catholic Centre Party . However , in the Reichstag elections of September 1930 , the Nazi Party received the greatest percentage of votes in the city ( nearly 28% ) – a more than seven-fold increase from their electoral performance in Osnabrück two years prior . During the campaigns prior to the two federal elections in 1932 , both Adolf Hitler and Joseph Goebbels made well-attended speeches in the city . Following the Nazis seizure of power in January 1933 , Osnabrück was subjected to the implementation of National Socialist economic , political , and social programmes . These resulted in economic growth for ethnic Germans who did not run afoul of the new regime , and the town went from having over 10,000 unemployed in early 1933 to actually having a labour shortage five years later . However , dissenters , supporters of opposition parties and German Jews ( who had experienced centuries of discrimination in the city ) did not share in this growth and found themselves discriminated against , imprisoned or forced to close their businesses and leave town . During World War II , both Jews and Romany were deported to concentration camps and extermination camps en masse . The war ended for Osnabrück on 4 April 1945 , when the XVII Corps of Field Marshal Bernard Montgomerys Second Army entered the city with little resistance . By the end of the war the city had been extensively bombed and required major reconstructive programmes following the wars end . Leading Nazis fled the city and the British appointed a new mayor , Johannes Petermann . However , during the allied occupation of Germany a British military governor , Colonel Geoffrey Day was placed in charge of administering the city . Relations between the occupiers and the citizens of Osnabrück were generally peaceful , though tensions existed ; some minor fights broke out between British soldiers and local youths and some Osnabrückers resented the relationships that developed between the occupiers and local women . Additionally , the British took over more than seventy homes for their own use by the middle of 1946 . Amidst shortages , the black market thrived and became one of the main focuses of police activity . After World War II West Germany realigned its states ; Osnabrück became part of the new state of Lower Saxony in 1946 . The British continued to maintain Osnabrück Garrison , a garrison near the city , which at one point was the largest British garrison in the world , housing some 4,000 troops and employing around 500 local civilians . It was the target of a PIRA attack in 1996 . Due to budget cuts , the troops were withdrawn in 2008 and the property returned to the local government . After three centuries , the city finally obtained its university when the government of Lower Saxony established the University of Osnabrück in 1974 . Largest foreign resident groups in Osnabrück : Main sights . - Town Hall - St . Peters Cathedral , founded in the 11th century . It has two façade towers , originally the same size - Gerdrudenberg Monastery - Marienkirche - Heger Tor ( Heger Gate ) , a monument to the soldiers from Osnabrück who died at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 - Bucksturm , the oldest tower in the city , and once part of the city walls . It was once used as a prison for women accused of witchcraft - Ruwe Fountain ( 1985 ) , created to mark the citys 1200th birthday - Gladiator 2000 ( 1986 ) , a gigantic painting measuring ( 45 × 6 meters ) , by Nicu Covaci - Felix Nussbaum Haus , a gallery and museum dedicated to the Jewish artist and painter Felix Nussbaum , who died during the Holocaust . It was designed by the architect Daniel Libeskind - Kalkriese Museum , situated on the battlefield of the Battle of the Teutoburger Wald in the Wiehen Hills , where German tribes under Arminius destroyed three Roman legions . It exhibits artefacts unearthed on the battlefield and tells the story of the battle - Osnabrücker Schloss ( castle/palace ) 17th century Baroque construction , nowadays the main building of the University of Osnabrück - Botanischer Garten der Universität Osnabrück , the universitys botanical garden - Old town with its small streets and medieval buildings - Osnabrück Zoo - Vitischanze – formerly a defence station in the north-west of the old city , it has the only undestroyed bridge in Europe with a defence walk below its surface . It is also the site of certain faculty of the University of Applied Science . It was earlier used as a casino - Haseuferweg - Katharinenkirche ( St . Catherines Church ) , which dates back to 1248 and is one of the 150 tallest churches in the world , and also the tallest medieval building in Lower Saxony - Hyde Park , a traditional music hall established in 1976 , a haven of pop music and youth culture - Leysieffer , a traditional German chocolate producer founded in Osnabrück . The main Leysieffer site is in the city centre . Education . There are two higher education institutions in Osnabrück , University of Osnabrück and Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences with more than 25,000 students . All of the types of German grammar schools are represented in the city , including seven Gymnasien . Gymnasium Carolinum claims to be the oldest still existing school in Germany . Another well-known Gymnasium is the Ursulaschule , a private school , located directly opposite the Carolinum . The University of Osnabrück invested heavily in infrastructure to take on more students for the following years . Sport . The citys football team is VfL Osnabrück , founded in 1899 . Its basketball team was founded the same year . Transport . The city of Osnabrück is connected by road to the A1 , the A30 and the A33 . It shares its airport with Münster . Osnabrück Hauptbahnhof ( central railway station ) is an important rail travel hub . Travellers from the Netherlands heading to either Hamburg , Denmark , or Eastern Europe often have to change here . An extensive bus network operated by the Stadtwerke Osnabrück ( public utility provider ) provides public transport within the city and the surrounding region . The central hub is situated on Neumarkt close to the main shopping street , roughly 10 minutes walk from the railway station . Districts of Osnabrück . The city is divided into 23 districts : Twin towns – sister cities . Osnabrück is twinned with : - Haarlem , Netherlands ( 1961 ) - Angers , France ( 1964 ) - Gmünd , Austria ( 1971 ) - Derby , United Kingdom ( 1976 ) - Greifswald , Germany ( 1988 ) - Tver , Russia ( 1991 ) - Evansville , United States ( 1991 ) - Gwangmyeong , South Korea ( 1997 ) - Çanakkale , Turkey ( 2004 ) - Vila Real , Portugal ( 2005 ) - Hefei , China ( 2006 ) Twinning with Derby . Previously Osnabrück had made contact with the British authorities as early as 1948 , hoping to find an English twin town and therefore achieve greater understanding with their former enemies in the Second World War . Unfortunately , this attempt was unsuccessful and Osnabrück did not actively consider the idea again for another quarter-century . The twinning agreement with Derby was signed on 17 February 1976 . Every year since then the two cities have exchanged envoys . Derby also has a square named after Osnabrück in honour of the twinning arrangement ; this features an obelisk among other things . Notable people . Public Service & commerce . - Albert Suho ( c . 1380 – c . 1450 ) , clergyman , theologian , historian - Friedrich Staphylus ( 1512–1564 ) , theologian - Johann Wilhelm Petersen ( 1649–1727 ) , evangelical theologian - Ernest Augustus , Duke of York and Albany ( 1674–1728 ) , brother of George I of Great Britain - Sophia von Kielmansegg , Countess of Darlington ( 1675–1725 ) , courtier and a half-sister of George I of Great Britain - Justus Möser ( 1720–1794 ) , jurist and social theorist - Ernst zu Münster ( 1766–1839 ) , politician , statesman in the service of House of Hannover - Bernhard Rudolf Abeken ( 1780–1866 ) , philologist - Karl Fortlage ( 1806–1881 ) , philosopher - Heinrich Abeken ( 1809–1872 ) , evangelical theologian - Friedrich Blass ( 1843–1907 ) , classical scholar - Friedrich Westmeyer ( 1873–1917 ) , politician and trade unionist - Walter Warlimont ( 1894–1976 ) , General of the Artillery - Elfriede Scholz ( 1903–1943 ) , victim of national socialism - Hans Georg Calmeyer ( 1903–1972 ) , attorney , Righteous Among the Nations - Fritz Buntrock ( 1909–1948 ) , SS officer and war criminal - Rudolf Beckmann ( 1910–1943 ) , SS-Oberscharführer and war criminal - Franz Lucas ( 1911–1994 ) , concentration camp doctor - Wilhelm Schitli ( 1912–1945? ) , SS officer - Hubertus Brandenburg ( 1923–2009 ) , Bishop of Stockholm - Reinhold Remmert ( 1930–2016 ) , mathematician - Jürgen Kühling ( 1934–2019 ) , lawyer , former judge at the Federal Constitutional Court - Inge Schmitz-Feuerhake ( born 1935 ) , physicist and mathematician - Rudolf Seiters ( born 1937 ) , politician ( CDU ) , Vice-President of the Bundestag 1998–2002 - Hans Huchzermeyer ( born 1939 ) , physician and musicologist - Paul Kirchhof ( born 1943 ) , former judge of the Federal Constitutional Court , prof . of tax law - Hans-Gert Pöttering ( born 1945 ) , lawyer and politician , former President of the European Parliament - Ferdinand Kirchhof ( born 1950 ) , judge at the Federal Constitutional Court , professor of tax law - Thomas Bellut ( born 1955 ) , journalist - Olaf Scholz ( born 1958 ) , politician ( SPD ) - Christian Wulff ( born 1959 ) , politician and lawyer , President of Germany from 2010 to 2012 - Sabine R . Huebner ( born 1976 ) , ancient historian The Arts . - Gerlach Flicke ( c . 1500–1558 ) , painter - John Closterman ( 1660–1711 ) , portrait painter - Friedrich Clemens Gerke ( 1801–1888 ) , writer , journalist and pioneer of telegraphy - August von Kreling ( 1819–1876 ) , painter and sculptor - Alfred Runge ( 1881–1946 ) , architect - Erich Maria Remarque ( 1898–1970 ) , writer - Friedrich Vordemberge-Gildewart ( 1899–1962 ) , painter - Mathias Wieman ( 1902–1969 ) , actor - Felix Nussbaum ( 1904–1944 ) , surrealist painter - Herbert Tiede ( 1915–1987 ) , actor - Benno Sterzenbach ( 1916–1985 ) , actor - Ursula Levy ( born 1935 ) , American author , child psychologist and Holocaust survivor - Birgitta Tolksdorf ( born 1947 ) , German-American actress - Evelyn Herlitzius ( born 1963 ) , opera singer - Gentleman ( born 1974 ) , reggae musician - Robin Schulz ( born 1987 ) , musician , DJ and record producer - Waterdown ( 1999–2012 ) , hardcore punk band
|
[
"Kingdom of Prussia"
] |
[
{
"text": " Osnabrück ( ; ; archaic Osnaburg ) is a city in the German state of Lower Saxony . It is situated on the river Hase in a valley penned between the Wiehen Hills and the northern tip of the Teutoburg Forest . With a population of 168,145 Osnabrück is one of the four largest cities in Lower Saxony . The city is the centrepoint of the Osnabrück Land region as well as the District of Osnabrück .",
"title": "Osnabrück"
},
{
"text": "The founding of Osnabrück was linked to its positioning on important European trading routes . Charlemagne founded the Diocese of Osnabrück in 780 . The city was also a member of the Hanseatic League . At the end of the Thirty Years War ( 1618–1648 ) , the Peace of Westphalia was negotiated in Osnabrück and the nearby city of Münster . In recognition of its role as the site of negotiations , Osnabrück later adopted the title Friedensstadt ( city of peace ) . The city is also known as the birthplace of anti-war novelist Erich-Maria Remarque and painter",
"title": "Osnabrück"
},
{
"text": "Felix Nussbaum .",
"title": "Osnabrück"
},
{
"text": "More recently Osnabrück has become well known for its industry . Numerous companies in the automobile , paper , steel and grocery sectors are located in the city and its surrounding area.<ref ( application/pdf-Objekt ) ></ref> In spite of the massive destruction inflicted on the city during World War II , the Altstadt ( old town ) was eventually reconstructed extensively with designs loyal to the original medieval architecture there . Osnabrück was also the home of the largest British garrison outside the United Kingdom . Osnabrücks modern , urban image is enhanced by the presence of more than 22,000",
"title": "Osnabrück"
},
{
"text": "students studying at the University and the University of Applied Sciences . Although part of the state of Lower Saxony , historically , culturally and linguistically Osnabrück is considered part of the region of Westphalia .",
"title": "Osnabrück"
},
{
"text": "The origin of the name Osnabrück is disputed . The suffix -brück suggests a bridge over or to something ( from German Brücke = bridge ) but the prefix Osna- is explained in at least two different ways : the traditional explanation is that todays name is a corruption of Ossenbrügge ( westphalian meaning oxen bridge ) , which is etymologically and historically impossible , because the town is older than this corruption of consonants ( documented in 13 . century , Osnabrück was founded in 8 . century ) , but others state that it is derived from the",
"title": "Name"
},
{
"text": "name of the Hase River which is arguably derived from Asen ( Æsir ) , thus giving Osnabrück the meaning bridge to the gods , and previously Tacitus named people living near the grey river ( Hase ) Chasuarii . It may also be noted that Osnabrück is situated on the northern end of the Teutoburg Forest , which until the 19th century was known as the Osning . The way in which the citys name is pronounced can also serve as a means of telling if the speaker is a native of Osnabrück or a visitor : most locals",
"title": "Name"
},
{
"text": "stress the last syllable , while those from elsewhere tend to stress the first one .",
"title": "Name"
},
{
"text": " Osnabrück initially developed as a marketplace next to the bishopric founded by Charlemagne , King of the Franks , in 780 . Some time prior to 803 , the city became the seat of the Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück . Although the precise date is uncertain , it is likely that Osnabrück is the oldest bishopric in Lower Saxony .",
"title": "Medieval"
},
{
"text": "In the year 804 Charlemagne was said to have founded the Gymnasium Carolinum in Osnabrück . This would make it the oldest German Gymnasium school , but the charter date is disputed by historians , some of whom believe it could be a forgery .",
"title": "Medieval"
},
{
"text": " In 889 the town was given merchant , customs , and coinage privileges by King Arnulf of Carinthia . Osnabrück was first referred to in records as a city in 1147 . A decade later , Emperor Frederick Barbarossa granted the city fortification privileges ( Befestigungsrecht ) . Most of the towers which were part of the original fortifications are still visible in the city . Osnabrück became a member of the Hanseatic League in the 12th century , as well as a member of the Westphalian Federation of Cities .",
"title": "Medieval"
},
{
"text": "The history of the town in the later Middle Ages was recorded in a chronicle by Albert Suho , one of Osnabrücks most important clerics in the 15th century .",
"title": "Medieval"
},
{
"text": " From 1561 to 1639 there was a considerable amount of social unrest and tension in Osnabrück due to the Protestant Reformation , the Thirty Years War and also witch hunting . In 1582 , during the rule of Mayor Hammacher ( 1565–1588 ) , 163 women were executed as alleged witches ; most of them were burned alive . In total , 276 women were executed , along with 2 men who had been charged with wizardry .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "The first Lutheran services were held in Osnabrück in 1543 . Over the next century , Lutheranism expanded in the city and several Protestant bishops were elected . However , the Catholic churches continued to operate , and the city never became completely Lutheran . After the Thirty Years War broke out , a Catholic bishop was elected in 1623 , and the city was occupied by troops of the Catholic League in 1628 . The Gymnasium Carolinum was upgraded to a Jesuit university in 1632 , but the university was closed a year later when the city was taken",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "by Swedish troops and restored to Protestant control .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "Peace negotiations took place in Osnabrück and the nearby city of Münster from 1643 to 1648 . The twin Treaties of Osnabrück and Münster , collectively known as the Peace of Westphalia , ended the Thirty Years War . Osnabrück was officially recognized as bi-confessional Catholic and Lutheran . The prince-bishopric would be held alternately by a Catholic bishop and a Lutheran bishop . The Protestant bishop would be selected from the descendants of the Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg , with priority given to the cadets of what became the House of Hanover . From 1667 , prince-bishop Ernest Augustus ,",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg , built the new baroque palace . His son , George I of Great Britain , died in the palace , at the time residence of his younger brother , prince-bishop Ernest Augustus , Duke of York and Albany , on a travel on 11 June 1727 .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": " In the early 18th century , renowned local jurist and social theorist Justus Möser wrote a highly influential constitutional history of the town , the Osnabrücker Geschichte . Following the Seven Years War , the towns population fell below 6,000 , however an economic revival linked to the linen and tobacco industries caused it to rise again from the 1780s onwards . 19th century .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "The French Revolutionary Wars brought Prussian troops into the city in 1795 , followed by the French in 1803 . As a result , the towns population was kept below 10,000 for the whole first decade of the 19th century . The Napoleonic period saw possession of the city change hands several times . Control of Osnabrück passed to the Electorate of Hanover in 1803 during the German Mediatisation , and then briefly to the Kingdom of Prussia in 1806 . From 1807 to 1810 the city was part of the Kingdom of Westphalia , after which it passed to",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "the First French Empire . After 1815 , it became part of the Kingdom of Hanover .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "The towns first railway line was built in 1855 , connecting it with Löhne . Further rail connections appeared over the following decades , connecting Osnabrück with Emden from 1856 , Cologne from 1871 and Hamburg from 1874 . In 1866 , Osnabrück was annexed by Prussia after the Austro-Prussian War and administered as part of the Province of Hanover . Growth of the local economy and population was fuelled by expansion in the engineering and textile industries , with the Hammersen Weaving Mill established in 1869 and the Osnabrücker Kupfer- und Drahtwerk metallurgical firm following in 1873 . The",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "later 19th century also saw growth in the number of schools and the arrival of electricity and modern sanitation .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "By 1914 , Osnabrück had over 70,000 inhabitants . The outbreak of the First World War necessitated food rationing ; the Allied blockade and a harsh winter in 1917 led to further shortages . Following Germanys defeat in 1918 , a council made up of workers and soldiers took control during the November Revolution , but were replaced by the new Weimar Republic the following year . Similarly to many other German cities , Osnabrück experienced considerable inflation and unemployment in the 1920s , with over 2,000 out of work by 1923 and nearly 14,000 receiving some form of government",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "assistance by 1928 .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": " Politically , Osnabrück in the 1920s was a stronghold of support for the Social Democrats and the Catholic Centre Party . However , in the Reichstag elections of September 1930 , the Nazi Party received the greatest percentage of votes in the city ( nearly 28% ) – a more than seven-fold increase from their electoral performance in Osnabrück two years prior . During the campaigns prior to the two federal elections in 1932 , both Adolf Hitler and Joseph Goebbels made well-attended speeches in the city .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "Following the Nazis seizure of power in January 1933 , Osnabrück was subjected to the implementation of National Socialist economic , political , and social programmes . These resulted in economic growth for ethnic Germans who did not run afoul of the new regime , and the town went from having over 10,000 unemployed in early 1933 to actually having a labour shortage five years later . However , dissenters , supporters of opposition parties and German Jews ( who had experienced centuries of discrimination in the city ) did not share in this growth and found themselves discriminated against",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": ", imprisoned or forced to close their businesses and leave town . During World War II , both Jews and Romany were deported to concentration camps and extermination camps en masse .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "The war ended for Osnabrück on 4 April 1945 , when the XVII Corps of Field Marshal Bernard Montgomerys Second Army entered the city with little resistance . By the end of the war the city had been extensively bombed and required major reconstructive programmes following the wars end . Leading Nazis fled the city and the British appointed a new mayor , Johannes Petermann . However , during the allied occupation of Germany a British military governor , Colonel Geoffrey Day was placed in charge of administering the city . Relations between the occupiers and the citizens of Osnabrück",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "were generally peaceful , though tensions existed ; some minor fights broke out between British soldiers and local youths and some Osnabrückers resented the relationships that developed between the occupiers and local women . Additionally , the British took over more than seventy homes for their own use by the middle of 1946 . Amidst shortages , the black market thrived and became one of the main focuses of police activity .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": " After World War II West Germany realigned its states ; Osnabrück became part of the new state of Lower Saxony in 1946 . The British continued to maintain Osnabrück Garrison , a garrison near the city , which at one point was the largest British garrison in the world , housing some 4,000 troops and employing around 500 local civilians . It was the target of a PIRA attack in 1996 . Due to budget cuts , the troops were withdrawn in 2008 and the property returned to the local government .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "After three centuries , the city finally obtained its university when the government of Lower Saxony established the University of Osnabrück in 1974 .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": " - Town Hall - St . Peters Cathedral , founded in the 11th century . It has two façade towers , originally the same size - Gerdrudenberg Monastery - Marienkirche - Heger Tor ( Heger Gate ) , a monument to the soldiers from Osnabrück who died at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 - Bucksturm , the oldest tower in the city , and once part of the city walls . It was once used as a prison for women accused of witchcraft - Ruwe Fountain ( 1985 ) , created to mark the citys 1200th birthday",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": "- Gladiator 2000 ( 1986 ) , a gigantic painting measuring ( 45 × 6 meters ) , by Nicu Covaci",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": " - Felix Nussbaum Haus , a gallery and museum dedicated to the Jewish artist and painter Felix Nussbaum , who died during the Holocaust . It was designed by the architect Daniel Libeskind - Kalkriese Museum , situated on the battlefield of the Battle of the Teutoburger Wald in the Wiehen Hills , where German tribes under Arminius destroyed three Roman legions . It exhibits artefacts unearthed on the battlefield and tells the story of the battle - Osnabrücker Schloss ( castle/palace ) 17th century Baroque construction , nowadays the main building of the University of Osnabrück",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": "- Botanischer Garten der Universität Osnabrück , the universitys botanical garden",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": " - Old town with its small streets and medieval buildings - Osnabrück Zoo - Vitischanze – formerly a defence station in the north-west of the old city , it has the only undestroyed bridge in Europe with a defence walk below its surface . It is also the site of certain faculty of the University of Applied Science . It was earlier used as a casino - Haseuferweg",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": "- Katharinenkirche ( St . Catherines Church ) , which dates back to 1248 and is one of the 150 tallest churches in the world , and also the tallest medieval building in Lower Saxony",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": " - Hyde Park , a traditional music hall established in 1976 , a haven of pop music and youth culture - Leysieffer , a traditional German chocolate producer founded in Osnabrück . The main Leysieffer site is in the city centre .",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": " There are two higher education institutions in Osnabrück , University of Osnabrück and Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences with more than 25,000 students . All of the types of German grammar schools are represented in the city , including seven Gymnasien . Gymnasium Carolinum claims to be the oldest still existing school in Germany . Another well-known Gymnasium is the Ursulaschule , a private school , located directly opposite the Carolinum . The University of Osnabrück invested heavily in infrastructure to take on more students for the following years .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " The citys football team is VfL Osnabrück , founded in 1899 . Its basketball team was founded the same year .",
"title": "Sport"
},
{
"text": " The city of Osnabrück is connected by road to the A1 , the A30 and the A33 . It shares its airport with Münster . Osnabrück Hauptbahnhof ( central railway station ) is an important rail travel hub . Travellers from the Netherlands heading to either Hamburg , Denmark , or Eastern Europe often have to change here .",
"title": "Transport"
},
{
"text": "An extensive bus network operated by the Stadtwerke Osnabrück ( public utility provider ) provides public transport within the city and the surrounding region . The central hub is situated on Neumarkt close to the main shopping street , roughly 10 minutes walk from the railway station .",
"title": "Transport"
},
{
"text": " The city is divided into 23 districts : Twin towns – sister cities . Osnabrück is twinned with : - Haarlem , Netherlands ( 1961 ) - Angers , France ( 1964 ) - Gmünd , Austria ( 1971 ) - Derby , United Kingdom ( 1976 ) - Greifswald , Germany ( 1988 ) - Tver , Russia ( 1991 ) - Evansville , United States ( 1991 ) - Gwangmyeong , South Korea ( 1997 ) - Çanakkale , Turkey ( 2004 ) - Vila Real , Portugal ( 2005 )",
"title": "Districts of Osnabrück"
},
{
"text": "- Hefei , China ( 2006 )",
"title": "Districts of Osnabrück"
},
{
"text": "Previously Osnabrück had made contact with the British authorities as early as 1948 , hoping to find an English twin town and therefore achieve greater understanding with their former enemies in the Second World War . Unfortunately , this attempt was unsuccessful and Osnabrück did not actively consider the idea again for another quarter-century . The twinning agreement with Derby was signed on 17 February 1976 . Every year since then the two cities have exchanged envoys . Derby also has a square named after Osnabrück in honour of the twinning arrangement ; this features an obelisk among other things",
"title": "Twinning with Derby"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Twinning with Derby"
},
{
"text": " Public Service & commerce . - Albert Suho ( c . 1380 – c . 1450 ) , clergyman , theologian , historian - Friedrich Staphylus ( 1512–1564 ) , theologian - Johann Wilhelm Petersen ( 1649–1727 ) , evangelical theologian - Ernest Augustus , Duke of York and Albany ( 1674–1728 ) , brother of George I of Great Britain - Sophia von Kielmansegg , Countess of Darlington ( 1675–1725 ) , courtier and a half-sister of George I of Great Britain - Justus Möser ( 1720–1794 ) , jurist and social theorist",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Ernst zu Münster ( 1766–1839 ) , politician , statesman in the service of House of Hannover",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Bernhard Rudolf Abeken ( 1780–1866 ) , philologist - Karl Fortlage ( 1806–1881 ) , philosopher - Heinrich Abeken ( 1809–1872 ) , evangelical theologian - Friedrich Blass ( 1843–1907 ) , classical scholar - Friedrich Westmeyer ( 1873–1917 ) , politician and trade unionist - Walter Warlimont ( 1894–1976 ) , General of the Artillery - Elfriede Scholz ( 1903–1943 ) , victim of national socialism - Hans Georg Calmeyer ( 1903–1972 ) , attorney , Righteous Among the Nations - Fritz Buntrock ( 1909–1948 ) , SS officer and war criminal",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Rudolf Beckmann ( 1910–1943 ) , SS-Oberscharführer and war criminal",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Franz Lucas ( 1911–1994 ) , concentration camp doctor - Wilhelm Schitli ( 1912–1945? ) , SS officer - Hubertus Brandenburg ( 1923–2009 ) , Bishop of Stockholm - Reinhold Remmert ( 1930–2016 ) , mathematician - Jürgen Kühling ( 1934–2019 ) , lawyer , former judge at the Federal Constitutional Court - Inge Schmitz-Feuerhake ( born 1935 ) , physicist and mathematician - Rudolf Seiters ( born 1937 ) , politician ( CDU ) , Vice-President of the Bundestag 1998–2002 - Hans Huchzermeyer ( born 1939 ) , physician and musicologist",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Paul Kirchhof ( born 1943 ) , former judge of the Federal Constitutional Court , prof . of tax law",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Hans-Gert Pöttering ( born 1945 ) , lawyer and politician , former President of the European Parliament - Ferdinand Kirchhof ( born 1950 ) , judge at the Federal Constitutional Court , professor of tax law - Thomas Bellut ( born 1955 ) , journalist - Olaf Scholz ( born 1958 ) , politician ( SPD ) - Christian Wulff ( born 1959 ) , politician and lawyer , President of Germany from 2010 to 2012 - Sabine R . Huebner ( born 1976 ) , ancient historian",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Gerlach Flicke ( c . 1500–1558 ) , painter - John Closterman ( 1660–1711 ) , portrait painter - Friedrich Clemens Gerke ( 1801–1888 ) , writer , journalist and pioneer of telegraphy - August von Kreling ( 1819–1876 ) , painter and sculptor - Alfred Runge ( 1881–1946 ) , architect - Erich Maria Remarque ( 1898–1970 ) , writer - Friedrich Vordemberge-Gildewart ( 1899–1962 ) , painter - Mathias Wieman ( 1902–1969 ) , actor - Felix Nussbaum ( 1904–1944 ) , surrealist painter - Herbert Tiede ( 1915–1987 ) , actor",
"title": "The Arts"
},
{
"text": "- Benno Sterzenbach ( 1916–1985 ) , actor",
"title": "The Arts"
},
{
"text": " - Ursula Levy ( born 1935 ) , American author , child psychologist and Holocaust survivor - Birgitta Tolksdorf ( born 1947 ) , German-American actress - Evelyn Herlitzius ( born 1963 ) , opera singer - Gentleman ( born 1974 ) , reggae musician - Robin Schulz ( born 1987 ) , musician , DJ and record producer - Waterdown ( 1999–2012 ) , hardcore punk band",
"title": "The Arts"
}
] |
/wiki/Osnabrück#P17#4
|
Which country did Osnabrück belong to between May 1871 and Dec 1871?
|
Osnabrück Osnabrück ( ; ; archaic Osnaburg ) is a city in the German state of Lower Saxony . It is situated on the river Hase in a valley penned between the Wiehen Hills and the northern tip of the Teutoburg Forest . With a population of 168,145 Osnabrück is one of the four largest cities in Lower Saxony . The city is the centrepoint of the Osnabrück Land region as well as the District of Osnabrück . The founding of Osnabrück was linked to its positioning on important European trading routes . Charlemagne founded the Diocese of Osnabrück in 780 . The city was also a member of the Hanseatic League . At the end of the Thirty Years War ( 1618–1648 ) , the Peace of Westphalia was negotiated in Osnabrück and the nearby city of Münster . In recognition of its role as the site of negotiations , Osnabrück later adopted the title Friedensstadt ( city of peace ) . The city is also known as the birthplace of anti-war novelist Erich-Maria Remarque and painter Felix Nussbaum . More recently Osnabrück has become well known for its industry . Numerous companies in the automobile , paper , steel and grocery sectors are located in the city and its surrounding area.<ref ( application/pdf-Objekt ) ></ref> In spite of the massive destruction inflicted on the city during World War II , the Altstadt ( old town ) was eventually reconstructed extensively with designs loyal to the original medieval architecture there . Osnabrück was also the home of the largest British garrison outside the United Kingdom . Osnabrücks modern , urban image is enhanced by the presence of more than 22,000 students studying at the University and the University of Applied Sciences . Although part of the state of Lower Saxony , historically , culturally and linguistically Osnabrück is considered part of the region of Westphalia . Name . The origin of the name Osnabrück is disputed . The suffix -brück suggests a bridge over or to something ( from German Brücke = bridge ) but the prefix Osna- is explained in at least two different ways : the traditional explanation is that todays name is a corruption of Ossenbrügge ( westphalian meaning oxen bridge ) , which is etymologically and historically impossible , because the town is older than this corruption of consonants ( documented in 13 . century , Osnabrück was founded in 8 . century ) , but others state that it is derived from the name of the Hase River which is arguably derived from Asen ( Æsir ) , thus giving Osnabrück the meaning bridge to the gods , and previously Tacitus named people living near the grey river ( Hase ) Chasuarii . It may also be noted that Osnabrück is situated on the northern end of the Teutoburg Forest , which until the 19th century was known as the Osning . The way in which the citys name is pronounced can also serve as a means of telling if the speaker is a native of Osnabrück or a visitor : most locals stress the last syllable , while those from elsewhere tend to stress the first one . The city gave its name to the textile fabric of osnaburg . History . Medieval . Osnabrück initially developed as a marketplace next to the bishopric founded by Charlemagne , King of the Franks , in 780 . Some time prior to 803 , the city became the seat of the Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück . Although the precise date is uncertain , it is likely that Osnabrück is the oldest bishopric in Lower Saxony . In the year 804 Charlemagne was said to have founded the Gymnasium Carolinum in Osnabrück . This would make it the oldest German Gymnasium school , but the charter date is disputed by historians , some of whom believe it could be a forgery . In 889 the town was given merchant , customs , and coinage privileges by King Arnulf of Carinthia . Osnabrück was first referred to in records as a city in 1147 . A decade later , Emperor Frederick Barbarossa granted the city fortification privileges ( Befestigungsrecht ) . Most of the towers which were part of the original fortifications are still visible in the city . Osnabrück became a member of the Hanseatic League in the 12th century , as well as a member of the Westphalian Federation of Cities . The history of the town in the later Middle Ages was recorded in a chronicle by Albert Suho , one of Osnabrücks most important clerics in the 15th century . Early Modern age . From 1561 to 1639 there was a considerable amount of social unrest and tension in Osnabrück due to the Protestant Reformation , the Thirty Years War and also witch hunting . In 1582 , during the rule of Mayor Hammacher ( 1565–1588 ) , 163 women were executed as alleged witches ; most of them were burned alive . In total , 276 women were executed , along with 2 men who had been charged with wizardry . The first Lutheran services were held in Osnabrück in 1543 . Over the next century , Lutheranism expanded in the city and several Protestant bishops were elected . However , the Catholic churches continued to operate , and the city never became completely Lutheran . After the Thirty Years War broke out , a Catholic bishop was elected in 1623 , and the city was occupied by troops of the Catholic League in 1628 . The Gymnasium Carolinum was upgraded to a Jesuit university in 1632 , but the university was closed a year later when the city was taken by Swedish troops and restored to Protestant control . Peace negotiations took place in Osnabrück and the nearby city of Münster from 1643 to 1648 . The twin Treaties of Osnabrück and Münster , collectively known as the Peace of Westphalia , ended the Thirty Years War . Osnabrück was officially recognized as bi-confessional Catholic and Lutheran . The prince-bishopric would be held alternately by a Catholic bishop and a Lutheran bishop . The Protestant bishop would be selected from the descendants of the Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg , with priority given to the cadets of what became the House of Hanover . From 1667 , prince-bishop Ernest Augustus , Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg , built the new baroque palace . His son , George I of Great Britain , died in the palace , at the time residence of his younger brother , prince-bishop Ernest Augustus , Duke of York and Albany , on a travel on 11 June 1727 . In the early 18th century , renowned local jurist and social theorist Justus Möser wrote a highly influential constitutional history of the town , the Osnabrücker Geschichte . Following the Seven Years War , the towns population fell below 6,000 , however an economic revival linked to the linen and tobacco industries caused it to rise again from the 1780s onwards . 19th century . The French Revolutionary Wars brought Prussian troops into the city in 1795 , followed by the French in 1803 . As a result , the towns population was kept below 10,000 for the whole first decade of the 19th century . The Napoleonic period saw possession of the city change hands several times . Control of Osnabrück passed to the Electorate of Hanover in 1803 during the German Mediatisation , and then briefly to the Kingdom of Prussia in 1806 . From 1807 to 1810 the city was part of the Kingdom of Westphalia , after which it passed to the First French Empire . After 1815 , it became part of the Kingdom of Hanover . The towns first railway line was built in 1855 , connecting it with Löhne . Further rail connections appeared over the following decades , connecting Osnabrück with Emden from 1856 , Cologne from 1871 and Hamburg from 1874 . In 1866 , Osnabrück was annexed by Prussia after the Austro-Prussian War and administered as part of the Province of Hanover . Growth of the local economy and population was fuelled by expansion in the engineering and textile industries , with the Hammersen Weaving Mill established in 1869 and the Osnabrücker Kupfer- und Drahtwerk metallurgical firm following in 1873 . The later 19th century also saw growth in the number of schools and the arrival of electricity and modern sanitation . 20th century . By 1914 , Osnabrück had over 70,000 inhabitants . The outbreak of the First World War necessitated food rationing ; the Allied blockade and a harsh winter in 1917 led to further shortages . Following Germanys defeat in 1918 , a council made up of workers and soldiers took control during the November Revolution , but were replaced by the new Weimar Republic the following year . Similarly to many other German cities , Osnabrück experienced considerable inflation and unemployment in the 1920s , with over 2,000 out of work by 1923 and nearly 14,000 receiving some form of government assistance by 1928 . Politically , Osnabrück in the 1920s was a stronghold of support for the Social Democrats and the Catholic Centre Party . However , in the Reichstag elections of September 1930 , the Nazi Party received the greatest percentage of votes in the city ( nearly 28% ) – a more than seven-fold increase from their electoral performance in Osnabrück two years prior . During the campaigns prior to the two federal elections in 1932 , both Adolf Hitler and Joseph Goebbels made well-attended speeches in the city . Following the Nazis seizure of power in January 1933 , Osnabrück was subjected to the implementation of National Socialist economic , political , and social programmes . These resulted in economic growth for ethnic Germans who did not run afoul of the new regime , and the town went from having over 10,000 unemployed in early 1933 to actually having a labour shortage five years later . However , dissenters , supporters of opposition parties and German Jews ( who had experienced centuries of discrimination in the city ) did not share in this growth and found themselves discriminated against , imprisoned or forced to close their businesses and leave town . During World War II , both Jews and Romany were deported to concentration camps and extermination camps en masse . The war ended for Osnabrück on 4 April 1945 , when the XVII Corps of Field Marshal Bernard Montgomerys Second Army entered the city with little resistance . By the end of the war the city had been extensively bombed and required major reconstructive programmes following the wars end . Leading Nazis fled the city and the British appointed a new mayor , Johannes Petermann . However , during the allied occupation of Germany a British military governor , Colonel Geoffrey Day was placed in charge of administering the city . Relations between the occupiers and the citizens of Osnabrück were generally peaceful , though tensions existed ; some minor fights broke out between British soldiers and local youths and some Osnabrückers resented the relationships that developed between the occupiers and local women . Additionally , the British took over more than seventy homes for their own use by the middle of 1946 . Amidst shortages , the black market thrived and became one of the main focuses of police activity . After World War II West Germany realigned its states ; Osnabrück became part of the new state of Lower Saxony in 1946 . The British continued to maintain Osnabrück Garrison , a garrison near the city , which at one point was the largest British garrison in the world , housing some 4,000 troops and employing around 500 local civilians . It was the target of a PIRA attack in 1996 . Due to budget cuts , the troops were withdrawn in 2008 and the property returned to the local government . After three centuries , the city finally obtained its university when the government of Lower Saxony established the University of Osnabrück in 1974 . Largest foreign resident groups in Osnabrück : Main sights . - Town Hall - St . Peters Cathedral , founded in the 11th century . It has two façade towers , originally the same size - Gerdrudenberg Monastery - Marienkirche - Heger Tor ( Heger Gate ) , a monument to the soldiers from Osnabrück who died at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 - Bucksturm , the oldest tower in the city , and once part of the city walls . It was once used as a prison for women accused of witchcraft - Ruwe Fountain ( 1985 ) , created to mark the citys 1200th birthday - Gladiator 2000 ( 1986 ) , a gigantic painting measuring ( 45 × 6 meters ) , by Nicu Covaci - Felix Nussbaum Haus , a gallery and museum dedicated to the Jewish artist and painter Felix Nussbaum , who died during the Holocaust . It was designed by the architect Daniel Libeskind - Kalkriese Museum , situated on the battlefield of the Battle of the Teutoburger Wald in the Wiehen Hills , where German tribes under Arminius destroyed three Roman legions . It exhibits artefacts unearthed on the battlefield and tells the story of the battle - Osnabrücker Schloss ( castle/palace ) 17th century Baroque construction , nowadays the main building of the University of Osnabrück - Botanischer Garten der Universität Osnabrück , the universitys botanical garden - Old town with its small streets and medieval buildings - Osnabrück Zoo - Vitischanze – formerly a defence station in the north-west of the old city , it has the only undestroyed bridge in Europe with a defence walk below its surface . It is also the site of certain faculty of the University of Applied Science . It was earlier used as a casino - Haseuferweg - Katharinenkirche ( St . Catherines Church ) , which dates back to 1248 and is one of the 150 tallest churches in the world , and also the tallest medieval building in Lower Saxony - Hyde Park , a traditional music hall established in 1976 , a haven of pop music and youth culture - Leysieffer , a traditional German chocolate producer founded in Osnabrück . The main Leysieffer site is in the city centre . Education . There are two higher education institutions in Osnabrück , University of Osnabrück and Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences with more than 25,000 students . All of the types of German grammar schools are represented in the city , including seven Gymnasien . Gymnasium Carolinum claims to be the oldest still existing school in Germany . Another well-known Gymnasium is the Ursulaschule , a private school , located directly opposite the Carolinum . The University of Osnabrück invested heavily in infrastructure to take on more students for the following years . Sport . The citys football team is VfL Osnabrück , founded in 1899 . Its basketball team was founded the same year . Transport . The city of Osnabrück is connected by road to the A1 , the A30 and the A33 . It shares its airport with Münster . Osnabrück Hauptbahnhof ( central railway station ) is an important rail travel hub . Travellers from the Netherlands heading to either Hamburg , Denmark , or Eastern Europe often have to change here . An extensive bus network operated by the Stadtwerke Osnabrück ( public utility provider ) provides public transport within the city and the surrounding region . The central hub is situated on Neumarkt close to the main shopping street , roughly 10 minutes walk from the railway station . Districts of Osnabrück . The city is divided into 23 districts : Twin towns – sister cities . Osnabrück is twinned with : - Haarlem , Netherlands ( 1961 ) - Angers , France ( 1964 ) - Gmünd , Austria ( 1971 ) - Derby , United Kingdom ( 1976 ) - Greifswald , Germany ( 1988 ) - Tver , Russia ( 1991 ) - Evansville , United States ( 1991 ) - Gwangmyeong , South Korea ( 1997 ) - Çanakkale , Turkey ( 2004 ) - Vila Real , Portugal ( 2005 ) - Hefei , China ( 2006 ) Twinning with Derby . Previously Osnabrück had made contact with the British authorities as early as 1948 , hoping to find an English twin town and therefore achieve greater understanding with their former enemies in the Second World War . Unfortunately , this attempt was unsuccessful and Osnabrück did not actively consider the idea again for another quarter-century . The twinning agreement with Derby was signed on 17 February 1976 . Every year since then the two cities have exchanged envoys . Derby also has a square named after Osnabrück in honour of the twinning arrangement ; this features an obelisk among other things . Notable people . Public Service & commerce . - Albert Suho ( c . 1380 – c . 1450 ) , clergyman , theologian , historian - Friedrich Staphylus ( 1512–1564 ) , theologian - Johann Wilhelm Petersen ( 1649–1727 ) , evangelical theologian - Ernest Augustus , Duke of York and Albany ( 1674–1728 ) , brother of George I of Great Britain - Sophia von Kielmansegg , Countess of Darlington ( 1675–1725 ) , courtier and a half-sister of George I of Great Britain - Justus Möser ( 1720–1794 ) , jurist and social theorist - Ernst zu Münster ( 1766–1839 ) , politician , statesman in the service of House of Hannover - Bernhard Rudolf Abeken ( 1780–1866 ) , philologist - Karl Fortlage ( 1806–1881 ) , philosopher - Heinrich Abeken ( 1809–1872 ) , evangelical theologian - Friedrich Blass ( 1843–1907 ) , classical scholar - Friedrich Westmeyer ( 1873–1917 ) , politician and trade unionist - Walter Warlimont ( 1894–1976 ) , General of the Artillery - Elfriede Scholz ( 1903–1943 ) , victim of national socialism - Hans Georg Calmeyer ( 1903–1972 ) , attorney , Righteous Among the Nations - Fritz Buntrock ( 1909–1948 ) , SS officer and war criminal - Rudolf Beckmann ( 1910–1943 ) , SS-Oberscharführer and war criminal - Franz Lucas ( 1911–1994 ) , concentration camp doctor - Wilhelm Schitli ( 1912–1945? ) , SS officer - Hubertus Brandenburg ( 1923–2009 ) , Bishop of Stockholm - Reinhold Remmert ( 1930–2016 ) , mathematician - Jürgen Kühling ( 1934–2019 ) , lawyer , former judge at the Federal Constitutional Court - Inge Schmitz-Feuerhake ( born 1935 ) , physicist and mathematician - Rudolf Seiters ( born 1937 ) , politician ( CDU ) , Vice-President of the Bundestag 1998–2002 - Hans Huchzermeyer ( born 1939 ) , physician and musicologist - Paul Kirchhof ( born 1943 ) , former judge of the Federal Constitutional Court , prof . of tax law - Hans-Gert Pöttering ( born 1945 ) , lawyer and politician , former President of the European Parliament - Ferdinand Kirchhof ( born 1950 ) , judge at the Federal Constitutional Court , professor of tax law - Thomas Bellut ( born 1955 ) , journalist - Olaf Scholz ( born 1958 ) , politician ( SPD ) - Christian Wulff ( born 1959 ) , politician and lawyer , President of Germany from 2010 to 2012 - Sabine R . Huebner ( born 1976 ) , ancient historian The Arts . - Gerlach Flicke ( c . 1500–1558 ) , painter - John Closterman ( 1660–1711 ) , portrait painter - Friedrich Clemens Gerke ( 1801–1888 ) , writer , journalist and pioneer of telegraphy - August von Kreling ( 1819–1876 ) , painter and sculptor - Alfred Runge ( 1881–1946 ) , architect - Erich Maria Remarque ( 1898–1970 ) , writer - Friedrich Vordemberge-Gildewart ( 1899–1962 ) , painter - Mathias Wieman ( 1902–1969 ) , actor - Felix Nussbaum ( 1904–1944 ) , surrealist painter - Herbert Tiede ( 1915–1987 ) , actor - Benno Sterzenbach ( 1916–1985 ) , actor - Ursula Levy ( born 1935 ) , American author , child psychologist and Holocaust survivor - Birgitta Tolksdorf ( born 1947 ) , German-American actress - Evelyn Herlitzius ( born 1963 ) , opera singer - Gentleman ( born 1974 ) , reggae musician - Robin Schulz ( born 1987 ) , musician , DJ and record producer - Waterdown ( 1999–2012 ) , hardcore punk band
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Osnabrück ( ; ; archaic Osnaburg ) is a city in the German state of Lower Saxony . It is situated on the river Hase in a valley penned between the Wiehen Hills and the northern tip of the Teutoburg Forest . With a population of 168,145 Osnabrück is one of the four largest cities in Lower Saxony . The city is the centrepoint of the Osnabrück Land region as well as the District of Osnabrück .",
"title": "Osnabrück"
},
{
"text": "The founding of Osnabrück was linked to its positioning on important European trading routes . Charlemagne founded the Diocese of Osnabrück in 780 . The city was also a member of the Hanseatic League . At the end of the Thirty Years War ( 1618–1648 ) , the Peace of Westphalia was negotiated in Osnabrück and the nearby city of Münster . In recognition of its role as the site of negotiations , Osnabrück later adopted the title Friedensstadt ( city of peace ) . The city is also known as the birthplace of anti-war novelist Erich-Maria Remarque and painter",
"title": "Osnabrück"
},
{
"text": "Felix Nussbaum .",
"title": "Osnabrück"
},
{
"text": "More recently Osnabrück has become well known for its industry . Numerous companies in the automobile , paper , steel and grocery sectors are located in the city and its surrounding area.<ref ( application/pdf-Objekt ) ></ref> In spite of the massive destruction inflicted on the city during World War II , the Altstadt ( old town ) was eventually reconstructed extensively with designs loyal to the original medieval architecture there . Osnabrück was also the home of the largest British garrison outside the United Kingdom . Osnabrücks modern , urban image is enhanced by the presence of more than 22,000",
"title": "Osnabrück"
},
{
"text": "students studying at the University and the University of Applied Sciences . Although part of the state of Lower Saxony , historically , culturally and linguistically Osnabrück is considered part of the region of Westphalia .",
"title": "Osnabrück"
},
{
"text": "The origin of the name Osnabrück is disputed . The suffix -brück suggests a bridge over or to something ( from German Brücke = bridge ) but the prefix Osna- is explained in at least two different ways : the traditional explanation is that todays name is a corruption of Ossenbrügge ( westphalian meaning oxen bridge ) , which is etymologically and historically impossible , because the town is older than this corruption of consonants ( documented in 13 . century , Osnabrück was founded in 8 . century ) , but others state that it is derived from the",
"title": "Name"
},
{
"text": "name of the Hase River which is arguably derived from Asen ( Æsir ) , thus giving Osnabrück the meaning bridge to the gods , and previously Tacitus named people living near the grey river ( Hase ) Chasuarii . It may also be noted that Osnabrück is situated on the northern end of the Teutoburg Forest , which until the 19th century was known as the Osning . The way in which the citys name is pronounced can also serve as a means of telling if the speaker is a native of Osnabrück or a visitor : most locals",
"title": "Name"
},
{
"text": "stress the last syllable , while those from elsewhere tend to stress the first one .",
"title": "Name"
},
{
"text": " Osnabrück initially developed as a marketplace next to the bishopric founded by Charlemagne , King of the Franks , in 780 . Some time prior to 803 , the city became the seat of the Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück . Although the precise date is uncertain , it is likely that Osnabrück is the oldest bishopric in Lower Saxony .",
"title": "Medieval"
},
{
"text": "In the year 804 Charlemagne was said to have founded the Gymnasium Carolinum in Osnabrück . This would make it the oldest German Gymnasium school , but the charter date is disputed by historians , some of whom believe it could be a forgery .",
"title": "Medieval"
},
{
"text": " In 889 the town was given merchant , customs , and coinage privileges by King Arnulf of Carinthia . Osnabrück was first referred to in records as a city in 1147 . A decade later , Emperor Frederick Barbarossa granted the city fortification privileges ( Befestigungsrecht ) . Most of the towers which were part of the original fortifications are still visible in the city . Osnabrück became a member of the Hanseatic League in the 12th century , as well as a member of the Westphalian Federation of Cities .",
"title": "Medieval"
},
{
"text": "The history of the town in the later Middle Ages was recorded in a chronicle by Albert Suho , one of Osnabrücks most important clerics in the 15th century .",
"title": "Medieval"
},
{
"text": " From 1561 to 1639 there was a considerable amount of social unrest and tension in Osnabrück due to the Protestant Reformation , the Thirty Years War and also witch hunting . In 1582 , during the rule of Mayor Hammacher ( 1565–1588 ) , 163 women were executed as alleged witches ; most of them were burned alive . In total , 276 women were executed , along with 2 men who had been charged with wizardry .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "The first Lutheran services were held in Osnabrück in 1543 . Over the next century , Lutheranism expanded in the city and several Protestant bishops were elected . However , the Catholic churches continued to operate , and the city never became completely Lutheran . After the Thirty Years War broke out , a Catholic bishop was elected in 1623 , and the city was occupied by troops of the Catholic League in 1628 . The Gymnasium Carolinum was upgraded to a Jesuit university in 1632 , but the university was closed a year later when the city was taken",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "by Swedish troops and restored to Protestant control .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "Peace negotiations took place in Osnabrück and the nearby city of Münster from 1643 to 1648 . The twin Treaties of Osnabrück and Münster , collectively known as the Peace of Westphalia , ended the Thirty Years War . Osnabrück was officially recognized as bi-confessional Catholic and Lutheran . The prince-bishopric would be held alternately by a Catholic bishop and a Lutheran bishop . The Protestant bishop would be selected from the descendants of the Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg , with priority given to the cadets of what became the House of Hanover . From 1667 , prince-bishop Ernest Augustus ,",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg , built the new baroque palace . His son , George I of Great Britain , died in the palace , at the time residence of his younger brother , prince-bishop Ernest Augustus , Duke of York and Albany , on a travel on 11 June 1727 .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": " In the early 18th century , renowned local jurist and social theorist Justus Möser wrote a highly influential constitutional history of the town , the Osnabrücker Geschichte . Following the Seven Years War , the towns population fell below 6,000 , however an economic revival linked to the linen and tobacco industries caused it to rise again from the 1780s onwards . 19th century .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "The French Revolutionary Wars brought Prussian troops into the city in 1795 , followed by the French in 1803 . As a result , the towns population was kept below 10,000 for the whole first decade of the 19th century . The Napoleonic period saw possession of the city change hands several times . Control of Osnabrück passed to the Electorate of Hanover in 1803 during the German Mediatisation , and then briefly to the Kingdom of Prussia in 1806 . From 1807 to 1810 the city was part of the Kingdom of Westphalia , after which it passed to",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "the First French Empire . After 1815 , it became part of the Kingdom of Hanover .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "The towns first railway line was built in 1855 , connecting it with Löhne . Further rail connections appeared over the following decades , connecting Osnabrück with Emden from 1856 , Cologne from 1871 and Hamburg from 1874 . In 1866 , Osnabrück was annexed by Prussia after the Austro-Prussian War and administered as part of the Province of Hanover . Growth of the local economy and population was fuelled by expansion in the engineering and textile industries , with the Hammersen Weaving Mill established in 1869 and the Osnabrücker Kupfer- und Drahtwerk metallurgical firm following in 1873 . The",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "later 19th century also saw growth in the number of schools and the arrival of electricity and modern sanitation .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "By 1914 , Osnabrück had over 70,000 inhabitants . The outbreak of the First World War necessitated food rationing ; the Allied blockade and a harsh winter in 1917 led to further shortages . Following Germanys defeat in 1918 , a council made up of workers and soldiers took control during the November Revolution , but were replaced by the new Weimar Republic the following year . Similarly to many other German cities , Osnabrück experienced considerable inflation and unemployment in the 1920s , with over 2,000 out of work by 1923 and nearly 14,000 receiving some form of government",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "assistance by 1928 .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": " Politically , Osnabrück in the 1920s was a stronghold of support for the Social Democrats and the Catholic Centre Party . However , in the Reichstag elections of September 1930 , the Nazi Party received the greatest percentage of votes in the city ( nearly 28% ) – a more than seven-fold increase from their electoral performance in Osnabrück two years prior . During the campaigns prior to the two federal elections in 1932 , both Adolf Hitler and Joseph Goebbels made well-attended speeches in the city .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "Following the Nazis seizure of power in January 1933 , Osnabrück was subjected to the implementation of National Socialist economic , political , and social programmes . These resulted in economic growth for ethnic Germans who did not run afoul of the new regime , and the town went from having over 10,000 unemployed in early 1933 to actually having a labour shortage five years later . However , dissenters , supporters of opposition parties and German Jews ( who had experienced centuries of discrimination in the city ) did not share in this growth and found themselves discriminated against",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": ", imprisoned or forced to close their businesses and leave town . During World War II , both Jews and Romany were deported to concentration camps and extermination camps en masse .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "The war ended for Osnabrück on 4 April 1945 , when the XVII Corps of Field Marshal Bernard Montgomerys Second Army entered the city with little resistance . By the end of the war the city had been extensively bombed and required major reconstructive programmes following the wars end . Leading Nazis fled the city and the British appointed a new mayor , Johannes Petermann . However , during the allied occupation of Germany a British military governor , Colonel Geoffrey Day was placed in charge of administering the city . Relations between the occupiers and the citizens of Osnabrück",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "were generally peaceful , though tensions existed ; some minor fights broke out between British soldiers and local youths and some Osnabrückers resented the relationships that developed between the occupiers and local women . Additionally , the British took over more than seventy homes for their own use by the middle of 1946 . Amidst shortages , the black market thrived and became one of the main focuses of police activity .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": " After World War II West Germany realigned its states ; Osnabrück became part of the new state of Lower Saxony in 1946 . The British continued to maintain Osnabrück Garrison , a garrison near the city , which at one point was the largest British garrison in the world , housing some 4,000 troops and employing around 500 local civilians . It was the target of a PIRA attack in 1996 . Due to budget cuts , the troops were withdrawn in 2008 and the property returned to the local government .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": "After three centuries , the city finally obtained its university when the government of Lower Saxony established the University of Osnabrück in 1974 .",
"title": "Early Modern age"
},
{
"text": " - Town Hall - St . Peters Cathedral , founded in the 11th century . It has two façade towers , originally the same size - Gerdrudenberg Monastery - Marienkirche - Heger Tor ( Heger Gate ) , a monument to the soldiers from Osnabrück who died at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 - Bucksturm , the oldest tower in the city , and once part of the city walls . It was once used as a prison for women accused of witchcraft - Ruwe Fountain ( 1985 ) , created to mark the citys 1200th birthday",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": "- Gladiator 2000 ( 1986 ) , a gigantic painting measuring ( 45 × 6 meters ) , by Nicu Covaci",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": " - Felix Nussbaum Haus , a gallery and museum dedicated to the Jewish artist and painter Felix Nussbaum , who died during the Holocaust . It was designed by the architect Daniel Libeskind - Kalkriese Museum , situated on the battlefield of the Battle of the Teutoburger Wald in the Wiehen Hills , where German tribes under Arminius destroyed three Roman legions . It exhibits artefacts unearthed on the battlefield and tells the story of the battle - Osnabrücker Schloss ( castle/palace ) 17th century Baroque construction , nowadays the main building of the University of Osnabrück",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": "- Botanischer Garten der Universität Osnabrück , the universitys botanical garden",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": " - Old town with its small streets and medieval buildings - Osnabrück Zoo - Vitischanze – formerly a defence station in the north-west of the old city , it has the only undestroyed bridge in Europe with a defence walk below its surface . It is also the site of certain faculty of the University of Applied Science . It was earlier used as a casino - Haseuferweg",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": "- Katharinenkirche ( St . Catherines Church ) , which dates back to 1248 and is one of the 150 tallest churches in the world , and also the tallest medieval building in Lower Saxony",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": " - Hyde Park , a traditional music hall established in 1976 , a haven of pop music and youth culture - Leysieffer , a traditional German chocolate producer founded in Osnabrück . The main Leysieffer site is in the city centre .",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": " There are two higher education institutions in Osnabrück , University of Osnabrück and Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences with more than 25,000 students . All of the types of German grammar schools are represented in the city , including seven Gymnasien . Gymnasium Carolinum claims to be the oldest still existing school in Germany . Another well-known Gymnasium is the Ursulaschule , a private school , located directly opposite the Carolinum . The University of Osnabrück invested heavily in infrastructure to take on more students for the following years .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " The citys football team is VfL Osnabrück , founded in 1899 . Its basketball team was founded the same year .",
"title": "Sport"
},
{
"text": " The city of Osnabrück is connected by road to the A1 , the A30 and the A33 . It shares its airport with Münster . Osnabrück Hauptbahnhof ( central railway station ) is an important rail travel hub . Travellers from the Netherlands heading to either Hamburg , Denmark , or Eastern Europe often have to change here .",
"title": "Transport"
},
{
"text": "An extensive bus network operated by the Stadtwerke Osnabrück ( public utility provider ) provides public transport within the city and the surrounding region . The central hub is situated on Neumarkt close to the main shopping street , roughly 10 minutes walk from the railway station .",
"title": "Transport"
},
{
"text": " The city is divided into 23 districts : Twin towns – sister cities . Osnabrück is twinned with : - Haarlem , Netherlands ( 1961 ) - Angers , France ( 1964 ) - Gmünd , Austria ( 1971 ) - Derby , United Kingdom ( 1976 ) - Greifswald , Germany ( 1988 ) - Tver , Russia ( 1991 ) - Evansville , United States ( 1991 ) - Gwangmyeong , South Korea ( 1997 ) - Çanakkale , Turkey ( 2004 ) - Vila Real , Portugal ( 2005 )",
"title": "Districts of Osnabrück"
},
{
"text": "- Hefei , China ( 2006 )",
"title": "Districts of Osnabrück"
},
{
"text": "Previously Osnabrück had made contact with the British authorities as early as 1948 , hoping to find an English twin town and therefore achieve greater understanding with their former enemies in the Second World War . Unfortunately , this attempt was unsuccessful and Osnabrück did not actively consider the idea again for another quarter-century . The twinning agreement with Derby was signed on 17 February 1976 . Every year since then the two cities have exchanged envoys . Derby also has a square named after Osnabrück in honour of the twinning arrangement ; this features an obelisk among other things",
"title": "Twinning with Derby"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Twinning with Derby"
},
{
"text": " Public Service & commerce . - Albert Suho ( c . 1380 – c . 1450 ) , clergyman , theologian , historian - Friedrich Staphylus ( 1512–1564 ) , theologian - Johann Wilhelm Petersen ( 1649–1727 ) , evangelical theologian - Ernest Augustus , Duke of York and Albany ( 1674–1728 ) , brother of George I of Great Britain - Sophia von Kielmansegg , Countess of Darlington ( 1675–1725 ) , courtier and a half-sister of George I of Great Britain - Justus Möser ( 1720–1794 ) , jurist and social theorist",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Ernst zu Münster ( 1766–1839 ) , politician , statesman in the service of House of Hannover",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Bernhard Rudolf Abeken ( 1780–1866 ) , philologist - Karl Fortlage ( 1806–1881 ) , philosopher - Heinrich Abeken ( 1809–1872 ) , evangelical theologian - Friedrich Blass ( 1843–1907 ) , classical scholar - Friedrich Westmeyer ( 1873–1917 ) , politician and trade unionist - Walter Warlimont ( 1894–1976 ) , General of the Artillery - Elfriede Scholz ( 1903–1943 ) , victim of national socialism - Hans Georg Calmeyer ( 1903–1972 ) , attorney , Righteous Among the Nations - Fritz Buntrock ( 1909–1948 ) , SS officer and war criminal",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Rudolf Beckmann ( 1910–1943 ) , SS-Oberscharführer and war criminal",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Franz Lucas ( 1911–1994 ) , concentration camp doctor - Wilhelm Schitli ( 1912–1945? ) , SS officer - Hubertus Brandenburg ( 1923–2009 ) , Bishop of Stockholm - Reinhold Remmert ( 1930–2016 ) , mathematician - Jürgen Kühling ( 1934–2019 ) , lawyer , former judge at the Federal Constitutional Court - Inge Schmitz-Feuerhake ( born 1935 ) , physicist and mathematician - Rudolf Seiters ( born 1937 ) , politician ( CDU ) , Vice-President of the Bundestag 1998–2002 - Hans Huchzermeyer ( born 1939 ) , physician and musicologist",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Paul Kirchhof ( born 1943 ) , former judge of the Federal Constitutional Court , prof . of tax law",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Hans-Gert Pöttering ( born 1945 ) , lawyer and politician , former President of the European Parliament - Ferdinand Kirchhof ( born 1950 ) , judge at the Federal Constitutional Court , professor of tax law - Thomas Bellut ( born 1955 ) , journalist - Olaf Scholz ( born 1958 ) , politician ( SPD ) - Christian Wulff ( born 1959 ) , politician and lawyer , President of Germany from 2010 to 2012 - Sabine R . Huebner ( born 1976 ) , ancient historian",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Gerlach Flicke ( c . 1500–1558 ) , painter - John Closterman ( 1660–1711 ) , portrait painter - Friedrich Clemens Gerke ( 1801–1888 ) , writer , journalist and pioneer of telegraphy - August von Kreling ( 1819–1876 ) , painter and sculptor - Alfred Runge ( 1881–1946 ) , architect - Erich Maria Remarque ( 1898–1970 ) , writer - Friedrich Vordemberge-Gildewart ( 1899–1962 ) , painter - Mathias Wieman ( 1902–1969 ) , actor - Felix Nussbaum ( 1904–1944 ) , surrealist painter - Herbert Tiede ( 1915–1987 ) , actor",
"title": "The Arts"
},
{
"text": "- Benno Sterzenbach ( 1916–1985 ) , actor",
"title": "The Arts"
},
{
"text": " - Ursula Levy ( born 1935 ) , American author , child psychologist and Holocaust survivor - Birgitta Tolksdorf ( born 1947 ) , German-American actress - Evelyn Herlitzius ( born 1963 ) , opera singer - Gentleman ( born 1974 ) , reggae musician - Robin Schulz ( born 1987 ) , musician , DJ and record producer - Waterdown ( 1999–2012 ) , hardcore punk band",
"title": "The Arts"
}
] |
/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Village_Historic_District#P1435#0
|
Which site was the heritage designation of Grand Canyon Village Historic District before Sep 1976?
|
Grand Canyon Village Historic District Grand Canyon Village Historic District comprises the historic center of Grand Canyon Village , on the South Rim of the Grand Canyon in Grand Canyon National Park , Arizona . The district includes numerous landmark park structures , many of which are National Historic Landmarks themselves , or are listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The town design as a whole is also significant for its attention to integration with the Grand Canyon landscape , its incorporation of National Park Service Rustic design elements , and for the idiosyncratic design of park concessioner structures such as the El Tovar Hotel . Design and history . Grand Canyon Village was planned by the National Park Service to be a comprehensive development for tourism on the South Rim . It is the largest example of Park Service town planning extant in the national park system . Initially centered on the terminus of the Grand Canyon Railway , the village expanded as both the Park Service and the park concessioner , the Fred Harvey Company , built or expanded facilities . Initial development was centered on the El Tovar Hotel and the Bright Angel Lodge , both concessioner-operated facilities . The El Tovar was opened in 1905 as a destination hotel on the canyon rim by the Atchison , Topeka and Santa Fe Railway , who owned the Grand Canyon spur . A new train depot was built next to the hotel by the railway in 1909 . Nearly all early development at the village was undertaken by concessioners . In 1910 , while the Grand Canyon was still designated a national monument , Secretary of the Interior Richard A . Ballinger suggested that a plan be established before further development took place at the South Rim . Mark Daniels , the general superintendent of the parks from 1914 , called for similar comprehensive planning to establish water and sewer systems , power distribution and telephone networks . A 1924 master plan by National Park Service landscape architect Daniel Ray Hull established a village square at the intersection of the railroad and east road just below the El Tovar . The first park administration building was established there . Hull used the local topography , dictated by Bright Angel Wash valleys topography , with residential neighborhoods on two small hills divided by a branch of the Bright Angel drainage , away from the main south entrance road down Bright Angel and keeping hotel development in the area of the Bright Angel Camp and the El Tovar . Another square or plaza was intended where the new south entrance road approached the rim , surrounded by another administration building , a post office , and a proposed museum . Over time , the plaza became a parking area . Treatment of residential areas varied , including use of bungalows . Park Service housing was arranged so that automobile access was to the rear , with the house fronts oriented to a central communal space . Grand Canyon Village is one of the earliest uses of this arrangement in a planned community , predating its use at Radburn , New Jersey by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright . Housing for Fred Harvey Company personnel was arranged in a more traditional street-facing arrangement , with a parallel system of alleys for access to garages at the rear of the lots . Much of the work that was accomplished in the late 1930s was done by Civilian Conservation Corps labor , particularly the landscaping , which involved the transplantation of native vegetation into areas that had been disturbed by construction . Contributing structures . Many of the contributing features and structures in Grand Canyon Village are simple landscape structures such as sidewalks , retaining walls and culverts . The canyon rim stone wall is the principle defining feature of the area , constructed in stages between 1905 and 1934 . 44 such structures have been identified as contributing features , mostly built of local Kaibab limestone . The district includes a number of significant structures , some of them National Historic Landmarks in their own right , with several others individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The buildings can be divided into two categories : the fanciful structures built by park concessioners , many of which were designed by Mary Colter , and the more restrained examples of National Park Service Rustic architecture designed by Hull and Thomas Chalmers Vint for park administration and housing . Concessioner structures include : - The El Tovar Hotel ( 1905 ) was built by the AT&SF as a resort hotel on the canyons rim . Designed by architect Charles Frederick Whittlesey , the hotel is a National Historic Landmark - The Bright Angel Lodge ( 1935 ) incorporates the Buckey ONeill Cabin and the Red Horse Station , relocated to the site . Formerly the Bright Angel Hotel , the facility was almost entirely rebuilt under the direction of architect Mary Colter . - The Buckey ONeill Cabin ( 1897 ) is the oldest structure at the South Rim , individually listed on the NRHP . - The Lookout Studio ( 1914 ) is just to the west of the Bright Angel Lodge . Designed by Colter , the structure was originally known as The Lookout , which is its primary purpose . The structure includes a small gift shop . It is part of the Mary Jane Colter buildings National Historic Landmark . - Hopi House ( 1905 ) was designed by Colter to resemble a Hopi pueblo . Located to the east of the El Tovar , between the hotel and Verkamps Store , the multistory sandstone structure was built as a living museum in which Hopi artisans would demonstrate and sell their crafts . It is part of the Mary Jane Colter National Historic Landmark . - The El Tovar Stables ( 1904 ) were built to house horses and mules used for transportation around the park in pre-automobile times , and continue to be used to house mules for the Bright Angel Trail to the Phantom Ranch . Individually listed on the NRHP - The Kolb Brothers Studio ( 1904 ) was established by brothers Ellsworth and Emery Kolb , the studio featured the Kolbs films and slide shows of the Grand Canyon in a building perched on and extending over the rim of the canyon at the head of the Bright Angel Trail . The building eventually extended to five stories and includes a small auditorium . - Verkamps Curio Store ( 1906 ) , is now Verkamps Visitor Center , operated by the National Park Service . Built by Ohioan John George Verkamp , who sold Native American crafts and souvenirs , the two-story shingled building has been described as modified Mission style , resembling an adobe building in form but not materials . Members of the Verkamp family lived upstairs through 1978 . By 2008 , when the store was the oldest concessioner in the national park system , the Verkamp family elected not to renew their concession . The store closed and the Park Service renovated the building as a visitor center . - The Grand Canyon Power House was built by the AT&SF to provide electricity to concessioner and park facilities . The power house is notable for its application of rustic design principles to an industrial structure and for its creative use of scale . It is an individually listed National Historic Landmark . - The Grand Canyon Depot ( 1910 ) and Grand Canyon Railway ( 1905 ) were built by the AT&SF . The depot , designed by Francis W . Wilson , is an individually listed National Historical Landmark , and the railway is on the National Register of Historic Places . - The AT&SF Employee residences were built to house concessioner employees . Both the subdivision and the houses themselves are larger than the Park Service equivalent , with garages to the rear of the houses on alleys . Park Service structures include : - The Grand Canyon National Park Superintendents Residence ( 1921 ) was originally the parks first headquarters building . It was designed in the National Park Service Rustic style by Hull , and altered in 1931 by Vint to be the superintendents residence . The residence is individually listed on the NRHP . - The Grand Canyon Park Operations Building ( 1929 ) replaced the first headquarters . Now the parks law enforcement center , it is individually listed as a National Historic Landmark . - The Grand Canyon South Rim Rangers Dormitory ( 1920 ) was built as a workers dormitory , and was converted to house park rangers in 1927 . It is individually listed on the NRHP . - The Park Service Employee residences ( 1924–1933 ) were built under the direction of Hull and Vint on cul-de-sacs , facing inward to a common pedestrian area . The 16 houses were designed in the NPS Rustic style . Other contributing buildings include dormitories , service shops , a jail , a firehouse , the park hospital , a post office and two schools . Non-contributing structures include the Thunderbird and Kachina lodges between the Bright Angel Lodge and the El Tovar . Landmark designation . The villages initial listing on the National Register of Historic Places on November 20 , 1975 included 39 buildings , then was expanded in 1982 to include the Bright Angel Lodge and an additional 25 buildings . The district was declared a National Historic Landmark District on February 18 , 1987 . On October 24 , 1995 the district was again expanded to include the historic center of Grand Canyon Village . The present district includes 247 buildings , 55 landscape structures and three sites . The NRHP district differs from the NHL district by its inclusion of two non-contiguous cemeteries , not part of the NHL since they have no association with park architecture .
|
[
"National Register of Historic Places"
] |
[
{
"text": "Grand Canyon Village Historic District comprises the historic center of Grand Canyon Village , on the South Rim of the Grand Canyon in Grand Canyon National Park , Arizona . The district includes numerous landmark park structures , many of which are National Historic Landmarks themselves , or are listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The town design as a whole is also significant for its attention to integration with the Grand Canyon landscape , its incorporation of National Park Service Rustic design elements , and for the idiosyncratic design of park concessioner structures such as the",
"title": "Grand Canyon Village Historic District"
},
{
"text": "El Tovar Hotel .",
"title": "Grand Canyon Village Historic District"
},
{
"text": "Grand Canyon Village was planned by the National Park Service to be a comprehensive development for tourism on the South Rim . It is the largest example of Park Service town planning extant in the national park system . Initially centered on the terminus of the Grand Canyon Railway , the village expanded as both the Park Service and the park concessioner , the Fred Harvey Company , built or expanded facilities . Initial development was centered on the El Tovar Hotel and the Bright Angel Lodge , both concessioner-operated facilities . The El Tovar was opened in 1905 as",
"title": "Design and history"
},
{
"text": "a destination hotel on the canyon rim by the Atchison , Topeka and Santa Fe Railway , who owned the Grand Canyon spur . A new train depot was built next to the hotel by the railway in 1909 . Nearly all early development at the village was undertaken by concessioners .",
"title": "Design and history"
},
{
"text": "In 1910 , while the Grand Canyon was still designated a national monument , Secretary of the Interior Richard A . Ballinger suggested that a plan be established before further development took place at the South Rim . Mark Daniels , the general superintendent of the parks from 1914 , called for similar comprehensive planning to establish water and sewer systems , power distribution and telephone networks . A 1924 master plan by National Park Service landscape architect Daniel Ray Hull established a village square at the intersection of the railroad and east road just below the El Tovar .",
"title": "Design and history"
},
{
"text": "The first park administration building was established there . Hull used the local topography , dictated by Bright Angel Wash valleys topography , with residential neighborhoods on two small hills divided by a branch of the Bright Angel drainage , away from the main south entrance road down Bright Angel and keeping hotel development in the area of the Bright Angel Camp and the El Tovar . Another square or plaza was intended where the new south entrance road approached the rim , surrounded by another administration building , a post office , and a proposed museum . Over time",
"title": "Design and history"
},
{
"text": ", the plaza became a parking area . Treatment of residential areas varied , including use of bungalows . Park Service housing was arranged so that automobile access was to the rear , with the house fronts oriented to a central communal space . Grand Canyon Village is one of the earliest uses of this arrangement in a planned community , predating its use at Radburn , New Jersey by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright . Housing for Fred Harvey Company personnel was arranged in a more traditional street-facing arrangement , with a parallel system of alleys for access to",
"title": "Design and history"
},
{
"text": "garages at the rear of the lots .",
"title": "Design and history"
},
{
"text": " Much of the work that was accomplished in the late 1930s was done by Civilian Conservation Corps labor , particularly the landscaping , which involved the transplantation of native vegetation into areas that had been disturbed by construction .",
"title": "Design and history"
},
{
"text": " Many of the contributing features and structures in Grand Canyon Village are simple landscape structures such as sidewalks , retaining walls and culverts . The canyon rim stone wall is the principle defining feature of the area , constructed in stages between 1905 and 1934 . 44 such structures have been identified as contributing features , mostly built of local Kaibab limestone .",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": "The district includes a number of significant structures , some of them National Historic Landmarks in their own right , with several others individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The buildings can be divided into two categories : the fanciful structures built by park concessioners , many of which were designed by Mary Colter , and the more restrained examples of National Park Service Rustic architecture designed by Hull and Thomas Chalmers Vint for park administration and housing . Concessioner structures include :",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": " - The El Tovar Hotel ( 1905 ) was built by the AT&SF as a resort hotel on the canyons rim . Designed by architect Charles Frederick Whittlesey , the hotel is a National Historic Landmark - The Bright Angel Lodge ( 1935 ) incorporates the Buckey ONeill Cabin and the Red Horse Station , relocated to the site . Formerly the Bright Angel Hotel , the facility was almost entirely rebuilt under the direction of architect Mary Colter .",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": "- The Buckey ONeill Cabin ( 1897 ) is the oldest structure at the South Rim , individually listed on the NRHP .",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": " - The Lookout Studio ( 1914 ) is just to the west of the Bright Angel Lodge . Designed by Colter , the structure was originally known as The Lookout , which is its primary purpose . The structure includes a small gift shop . It is part of the Mary Jane Colter buildings National Historic Landmark .",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": "- Hopi House ( 1905 ) was designed by Colter to resemble a Hopi pueblo . Located to the east of the El Tovar , between the hotel and Verkamps Store , the multistory sandstone structure was built as a living museum in which Hopi artisans would demonstrate and sell their crafts . It is part of the Mary Jane Colter National Historic Landmark .",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": " - The El Tovar Stables ( 1904 ) were built to house horses and mules used for transportation around the park in pre-automobile times , and continue to be used to house mules for the Bright Angel Trail to the Phantom Ranch . Individually listed on the NRHP",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": "- The Kolb Brothers Studio ( 1904 ) was established by brothers Ellsworth and Emery Kolb , the studio featured the Kolbs films and slide shows of the Grand Canyon in a building perched on and extending over the rim of the canyon at the head of the Bright Angel Trail . The building eventually extended to five stories and includes a small auditorium .",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": "- Verkamps Curio Store ( 1906 ) , is now Verkamps Visitor Center , operated by the National Park Service . Built by Ohioan John George Verkamp , who sold Native American crafts and souvenirs , the two-story shingled building has been described as modified Mission style , resembling an adobe building in form but not materials . Members of the Verkamp family lived upstairs through 1978 . By 2008 , when the store was the oldest concessioner in the national park system , the Verkamp family elected not to renew their concession . The store closed and the Park",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": "Service renovated the building as a visitor center .",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": " - The Grand Canyon Power House was built by the AT&SF to provide electricity to concessioner and park facilities . The power house is notable for its application of rustic design principles to an industrial structure and for its creative use of scale . It is an individually listed National Historic Landmark .",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": "- The Grand Canyon Depot ( 1910 ) and Grand Canyon Railway ( 1905 ) were built by the AT&SF . The depot , designed by Francis W . Wilson , is an individually listed National Historical Landmark , and the railway is on the National Register of Historic Places .",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": " - The AT&SF Employee residences were built to house concessioner employees . Both the subdivision and the houses themselves are larger than the Park Service equivalent , with garages to the rear of the houses on alleys . Park Service structures include : - The Grand Canyon National Park Superintendents Residence ( 1921 ) was originally the parks first headquarters building . It was designed in the National Park Service Rustic style by Hull , and altered in 1931 by Vint to be the superintendents residence . The residence is individually listed on the NRHP .",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": "- The Grand Canyon Park Operations Building ( 1929 ) replaced the first headquarters . Now the parks law enforcement center , it is individually listed as a National Historic Landmark .",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": " - The Grand Canyon South Rim Rangers Dormitory ( 1920 ) was built as a workers dormitory , and was converted to house park rangers in 1927 . It is individually listed on the NRHP . - The Park Service Employee residences ( 1924–1933 ) were built under the direction of Hull and Vint on cul-de-sacs , facing inward to a common pedestrian area . The 16 houses were designed in the NPS Rustic style .",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": "Other contributing buildings include dormitories , service shops , a jail , a firehouse , the park hospital , a post office and two schools . Non-contributing structures include the Thunderbird and Kachina lodges between the Bright Angel Lodge and the El Tovar .",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": "The villages initial listing on the National Register of Historic Places on November 20 , 1975 included 39 buildings , then was expanded in 1982 to include the Bright Angel Lodge and an additional 25 buildings . The district was declared a National Historic Landmark District on February 18 , 1987 . On October 24 , 1995 the district was again expanded to include the historic center of Grand Canyon Village . The present district includes 247 buildings , 55 landscape structures and three sites . The NRHP district differs from the NHL district by its inclusion of two non-contiguous",
"title": "Landmark designation"
},
{
"text": "cemeteries , not part of the NHL since they have no association with park architecture .",
"title": "Landmark designation"
}
] |
/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Village_Historic_District#P1435#1
|
Which site was the heritage designation of Grand Canyon Village Historic District in late 1980s?
|
Grand Canyon Village Historic District Grand Canyon Village Historic District comprises the historic center of Grand Canyon Village , on the South Rim of the Grand Canyon in Grand Canyon National Park , Arizona . The district includes numerous landmark park structures , many of which are National Historic Landmarks themselves , or are listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The town design as a whole is also significant for its attention to integration with the Grand Canyon landscape , its incorporation of National Park Service Rustic design elements , and for the idiosyncratic design of park concessioner structures such as the El Tovar Hotel . Design and history . Grand Canyon Village was planned by the National Park Service to be a comprehensive development for tourism on the South Rim . It is the largest example of Park Service town planning extant in the national park system . Initially centered on the terminus of the Grand Canyon Railway , the village expanded as both the Park Service and the park concessioner , the Fred Harvey Company , built or expanded facilities . Initial development was centered on the El Tovar Hotel and the Bright Angel Lodge , both concessioner-operated facilities . The El Tovar was opened in 1905 as a destination hotel on the canyon rim by the Atchison , Topeka and Santa Fe Railway , who owned the Grand Canyon spur . A new train depot was built next to the hotel by the railway in 1909 . Nearly all early development at the village was undertaken by concessioners . In 1910 , while the Grand Canyon was still designated a national monument , Secretary of the Interior Richard A . Ballinger suggested that a plan be established before further development took place at the South Rim . Mark Daniels , the general superintendent of the parks from 1914 , called for similar comprehensive planning to establish water and sewer systems , power distribution and telephone networks . A 1924 master plan by National Park Service landscape architect Daniel Ray Hull established a village square at the intersection of the railroad and east road just below the El Tovar . The first park administration building was established there . Hull used the local topography , dictated by Bright Angel Wash valleys topography , with residential neighborhoods on two small hills divided by a branch of the Bright Angel drainage , away from the main south entrance road down Bright Angel and keeping hotel development in the area of the Bright Angel Camp and the El Tovar . Another square or plaza was intended where the new south entrance road approached the rim , surrounded by another administration building , a post office , and a proposed museum . Over time , the plaza became a parking area . Treatment of residential areas varied , including use of bungalows . Park Service housing was arranged so that automobile access was to the rear , with the house fronts oriented to a central communal space . Grand Canyon Village is one of the earliest uses of this arrangement in a planned community , predating its use at Radburn , New Jersey by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright . Housing for Fred Harvey Company personnel was arranged in a more traditional street-facing arrangement , with a parallel system of alleys for access to garages at the rear of the lots . Much of the work that was accomplished in the late 1930s was done by Civilian Conservation Corps labor , particularly the landscaping , which involved the transplantation of native vegetation into areas that had been disturbed by construction . Contributing structures . Many of the contributing features and structures in Grand Canyon Village are simple landscape structures such as sidewalks , retaining walls and culverts . The canyon rim stone wall is the principle defining feature of the area , constructed in stages between 1905 and 1934 . 44 such structures have been identified as contributing features , mostly built of local Kaibab limestone . The district includes a number of significant structures , some of them National Historic Landmarks in their own right , with several others individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The buildings can be divided into two categories : the fanciful structures built by park concessioners , many of which were designed by Mary Colter , and the more restrained examples of National Park Service Rustic architecture designed by Hull and Thomas Chalmers Vint for park administration and housing . Concessioner structures include : - The El Tovar Hotel ( 1905 ) was built by the AT&SF as a resort hotel on the canyons rim . Designed by architect Charles Frederick Whittlesey , the hotel is a National Historic Landmark - The Bright Angel Lodge ( 1935 ) incorporates the Buckey ONeill Cabin and the Red Horse Station , relocated to the site . Formerly the Bright Angel Hotel , the facility was almost entirely rebuilt under the direction of architect Mary Colter . - The Buckey ONeill Cabin ( 1897 ) is the oldest structure at the South Rim , individually listed on the NRHP . - The Lookout Studio ( 1914 ) is just to the west of the Bright Angel Lodge . Designed by Colter , the structure was originally known as The Lookout , which is its primary purpose . The structure includes a small gift shop . It is part of the Mary Jane Colter buildings National Historic Landmark . - Hopi House ( 1905 ) was designed by Colter to resemble a Hopi pueblo . Located to the east of the El Tovar , between the hotel and Verkamps Store , the multistory sandstone structure was built as a living museum in which Hopi artisans would demonstrate and sell their crafts . It is part of the Mary Jane Colter National Historic Landmark . - The El Tovar Stables ( 1904 ) were built to house horses and mules used for transportation around the park in pre-automobile times , and continue to be used to house mules for the Bright Angel Trail to the Phantom Ranch . Individually listed on the NRHP - The Kolb Brothers Studio ( 1904 ) was established by brothers Ellsworth and Emery Kolb , the studio featured the Kolbs films and slide shows of the Grand Canyon in a building perched on and extending over the rim of the canyon at the head of the Bright Angel Trail . The building eventually extended to five stories and includes a small auditorium . - Verkamps Curio Store ( 1906 ) , is now Verkamps Visitor Center , operated by the National Park Service . Built by Ohioan John George Verkamp , who sold Native American crafts and souvenirs , the two-story shingled building has been described as modified Mission style , resembling an adobe building in form but not materials . Members of the Verkamp family lived upstairs through 1978 . By 2008 , when the store was the oldest concessioner in the national park system , the Verkamp family elected not to renew their concession . The store closed and the Park Service renovated the building as a visitor center . - The Grand Canyon Power House was built by the AT&SF to provide electricity to concessioner and park facilities . The power house is notable for its application of rustic design principles to an industrial structure and for its creative use of scale . It is an individually listed National Historic Landmark . - The Grand Canyon Depot ( 1910 ) and Grand Canyon Railway ( 1905 ) were built by the AT&SF . The depot , designed by Francis W . Wilson , is an individually listed National Historical Landmark , and the railway is on the National Register of Historic Places . - The AT&SF Employee residences were built to house concessioner employees . Both the subdivision and the houses themselves are larger than the Park Service equivalent , with garages to the rear of the houses on alleys . Park Service structures include : - The Grand Canyon National Park Superintendents Residence ( 1921 ) was originally the parks first headquarters building . It was designed in the National Park Service Rustic style by Hull , and altered in 1931 by Vint to be the superintendents residence . The residence is individually listed on the NRHP . - The Grand Canyon Park Operations Building ( 1929 ) replaced the first headquarters . Now the parks law enforcement center , it is individually listed as a National Historic Landmark . - The Grand Canyon South Rim Rangers Dormitory ( 1920 ) was built as a workers dormitory , and was converted to house park rangers in 1927 . It is individually listed on the NRHP . - The Park Service Employee residences ( 1924–1933 ) were built under the direction of Hull and Vint on cul-de-sacs , facing inward to a common pedestrian area . The 16 houses were designed in the NPS Rustic style . Other contributing buildings include dormitories , service shops , a jail , a firehouse , the park hospital , a post office and two schools . Non-contributing structures include the Thunderbird and Kachina lodges between the Bright Angel Lodge and the El Tovar . Landmark designation . The villages initial listing on the National Register of Historic Places on November 20 , 1975 included 39 buildings , then was expanded in 1982 to include the Bright Angel Lodge and an additional 25 buildings . The district was declared a National Historic Landmark District on February 18 , 1987 . On October 24 , 1995 the district was again expanded to include the historic center of Grand Canyon Village . The present district includes 247 buildings , 55 landscape structures and three sites . The NRHP district differs from the NHL district by its inclusion of two non-contiguous cemeteries , not part of the NHL since they have no association with park architecture .
|
[
"National Historic Landmark District"
] |
[
{
"text": "Grand Canyon Village Historic District comprises the historic center of Grand Canyon Village , on the South Rim of the Grand Canyon in Grand Canyon National Park , Arizona . The district includes numerous landmark park structures , many of which are National Historic Landmarks themselves , or are listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The town design as a whole is also significant for its attention to integration with the Grand Canyon landscape , its incorporation of National Park Service Rustic design elements , and for the idiosyncratic design of park concessioner structures such as the",
"title": "Grand Canyon Village Historic District"
},
{
"text": "El Tovar Hotel .",
"title": "Grand Canyon Village Historic District"
},
{
"text": "Grand Canyon Village was planned by the National Park Service to be a comprehensive development for tourism on the South Rim . It is the largest example of Park Service town planning extant in the national park system . Initially centered on the terminus of the Grand Canyon Railway , the village expanded as both the Park Service and the park concessioner , the Fred Harvey Company , built or expanded facilities . Initial development was centered on the El Tovar Hotel and the Bright Angel Lodge , both concessioner-operated facilities . The El Tovar was opened in 1905 as",
"title": "Design and history"
},
{
"text": "a destination hotel on the canyon rim by the Atchison , Topeka and Santa Fe Railway , who owned the Grand Canyon spur . A new train depot was built next to the hotel by the railway in 1909 . Nearly all early development at the village was undertaken by concessioners .",
"title": "Design and history"
},
{
"text": "In 1910 , while the Grand Canyon was still designated a national monument , Secretary of the Interior Richard A . Ballinger suggested that a plan be established before further development took place at the South Rim . Mark Daniels , the general superintendent of the parks from 1914 , called for similar comprehensive planning to establish water and sewer systems , power distribution and telephone networks . A 1924 master plan by National Park Service landscape architect Daniel Ray Hull established a village square at the intersection of the railroad and east road just below the El Tovar .",
"title": "Design and history"
},
{
"text": "The first park administration building was established there . Hull used the local topography , dictated by Bright Angel Wash valleys topography , with residential neighborhoods on two small hills divided by a branch of the Bright Angel drainage , away from the main south entrance road down Bright Angel and keeping hotel development in the area of the Bright Angel Camp and the El Tovar . Another square or plaza was intended where the new south entrance road approached the rim , surrounded by another administration building , a post office , and a proposed museum . Over time",
"title": "Design and history"
},
{
"text": ", the plaza became a parking area . Treatment of residential areas varied , including use of bungalows . Park Service housing was arranged so that automobile access was to the rear , with the house fronts oriented to a central communal space . Grand Canyon Village is one of the earliest uses of this arrangement in a planned community , predating its use at Radburn , New Jersey by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright . Housing for Fred Harvey Company personnel was arranged in a more traditional street-facing arrangement , with a parallel system of alleys for access to",
"title": "Design and history"
},
{
"text": "garages at the rear of the lots .",
"title": "Design and history"
},
{
"text": " Much of the work that was accomplished in the late 1930s was done by Civilian Conservation Corps labor , particularly the landscaping , which involved the transplantation of native vegetation into areas that had been disturbed by construction .",
"title": "Design and history"
},
{
"text": " Many of the contributing features and structures in Grand Canyon Village are simple landscape structures such as sidewalks , retaining walls and culverts . The canyon rim stone wall is the principle defining feature of the area , constructed in stages between 1905 and 1934 . 44 such structures have been identified as contributing features , mostly built of local Kaibab limestone .",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": "The district includes a number of significant structures , some of them National Historic Landmarks in their own right , with several others individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The buildings can be divided into two categories : the fanciful structures built by park concessioners , many of which were designed by Mary Colter , and the more restrained examples of National Park Service Rustic architecture designed by Hull and Thomas Chalmers Vint for park administration and housing . Concessioner structures include :",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": " - The El Tovar Hotel ( 1905 ) was built by the AT&SF as a resort hotel on the canyons rim . Designed by architect Charles Frederick Whittlesey , the hotel is a National Historic Landmark - The Bright Angel Lodge ( 1935 ) incorporates the Buckey ONeill Cabin and the Red Horse Station , relocated to the site . Formerly the Bright Angel Hotel , the facility was almost entirely rebuilt under the direction of architect Mary Colter .",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": "- The Buckey ONeill Cabin ( 1897 ) is the oldest structure at the South Rim , individually listed on the NRHP .",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": " - The Lookout Studio ( 1914 ) is just to the west of the Bright Angel Lodge . Designed by Colter , the structure was originally known as The Lookout , which is its primary purpose . The structure includes a small gift shop . It is part of the Mary Jane Colter buildings National Historic Landmark .",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": "- Hopi House ( 1905 ) was designed by Colter to resemble a Hopi pueblo . Located to the east of the El Tovar , between the hotel and Verkamps Store , the multistory sandstone structure was built as a living museum in which Hopi artisans would demonstrate and sell their crafts . It is part of the Mary Jane Colter National Historic Landmark .",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": " - The El Tovar Stables ( 1904 ) were built to house horses and mules used for transportation around the park in pre-automobile times , and continue to be used to house mules for the Bright Angel Trail to the Phantom Ranch . Individually listed on the NRHP",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": "- The Kolb Brothers Studio ( 1904 ) was established by brothers Ellsworth and Emery Kolb , the studio featured the Kolbs films and slide shows of the Grand Canyon in a building perched on and extending over the rim of the canyon at the head of the Bright Angel Trail . The building eventually extended to five stories and includes a small auditorium .",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": "- Verkamps Curio Store ( 1906 ) , is now Verkamps Visitor Center , operated by the National Park Service . Built by Ohioan John George Verkamp , who sold Native American crafts and souvenirs , the two-story shingled building has been described as modified Mission style , resembling an adobe building in form but not materials . Members of the Verkamp family lived upstairs through 1978 . By 2008 , when the store was the oldest concessioner in the national park system , the Verkamp family elected not to renew their concession . The store closed and the Park",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": "Service renovated the building as a visitor center .",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": " - The Grand Canyon Power House was built by the AT&SF to provide electricity to concessioner and park facilities . The power house is notable for its application of rustic design principles to an industrial structure and for its creative use of scale . It is an individually listed National Historic Landmark .",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": "- The Grand Canyon Depot ( 1910 ) and Grand Canyon Railway ( 1905 ) were built by the AT&SF . The depot , designed by Francis W . Wilson , is an individually listed National Historical Landmark , and the railway is on the National Register of Historic Places .",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": " - The AT&SF Employee residences were built to house concessioner employees . Both the subdivision and the houses themselves are larger than the Park Service equivalent , with garages to the rear of the houses on alleys . Park Service structures include : - The Grand Canyon National Park Superintendents Residence ( 1921 ) was originally the parks first headquarters building . It was designed in the National Park Service Rustic style by Hull , and altered in 1931 by Vint to be the superintendents residence . The residence is individually listed on the NRHP .",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": "- The Grand Canyon Park Operations Building ( 1929 ) replaced the first headquarters . Now the parks law enforcement center , it is individually listed as a National Historic Landmark .",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": " - The Grand Canyon South Rim Rangers Dormitory ( 1920 ) was built as a workers dormitory , and was converted to house park rangers in 1927 . It is individually listed on the NRHP . - The Park Service Employee residences ( 1924–1933 ) were built under the direction of Hull and Vint on cul-de-sacs , facing inward to a common pedestrian area . The 16 houses were designed in the NPS Rustic style .",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": "Other contributing buildings include dormitories , service shops , a jail , a firehouse , the park hospital , a post office and two schools . Non-contributing structures include the Thunderbird and Kachina lodges between the Bright Angel Lodge and the El Tovar .",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": "The villages initial listing on the National Register of Historic Places on November 20 , 1975 included 39 buildings , then was expanded in 1982 to include the Bright Angel Lodge and an additional 25 buildings . The district was declared a National Historic Landmark District on February 18 , 1987 . On October 24 , 1995 the district was again expanded to include the historic center of Grand Canyon Village . The present district includes 247 buildings , 55 landscape structures and three sites . The NRHP district differs from the NHL district by its inclusion of two non-contiguous",
"title": "Landmark designation"
},
{
"text": "cemeteries , not part of the NHL since they have no association with park architecture .",
"title": "Landmark designation"
}
] |
/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Village_Historic_District#P1435#2
|
Which site was the heritage designation of Grand Canyon Village Historic District in early 1970s?
|
Grand Canyon Village Historic District Grand Canyon Village Historic District comprises the historic center of Grand Canyon Village , on the South Rim of the Grand Canyon in Grand Canyon National Park , Arizona . The district includes numerous landmark park structures , many of which are National Historic Landmarks themselves , or are listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The town design as a whole is also significant for its attention to integration with the Grand Canyon landscape , its incorporation of National Park Service Rustic design elements , and for the idiosyncratic design of park concessioner structures such as the El Tovar Hotel . Design and history . Grand Canyon Village was planned by the National Park Service to be a comprehensive development for tourism on the South Rim . It is the largest example of Park Service town planning extant in the national park system . Initially centered on the terminus of the Grand Canyon Railway , the village expanded as both the Park Service and the park concessioner , the Fred Harvey Company , built or expanded facilities . Initial development was centered on the El Tovar Hotel and the Bright Angel Lodge , both concessioner-operated facilities . The El Tovar was opened in 1905 as a destination hotel on the canyon rim by the Atchison , Topeka and Santa Fe Railway , who owned the Grand Canyon spur . A new train depot was built next to the hotel by the railway in 1909 . Nearly all early development at the village was undertaken by concessioners . In 1910 , while the Grand Canyon was still designated a national monument , Secretary of the Interior Richard A . Ballinger suggested that a plan be established before further development took place at the South Rim . Mark Daniels , the general superintendent of the parks from 1914 , called for similar comprehensive planning to establish water and sewer systems , power distribution and telephone networks . A 1924 master plan by National Park Service landscape architect Daniel Ray Hull established a village square at the intersection of the railroad and east road just below the El Tovar . The first park administration building was established there . Hull used the local topography , dictated by Bright Angel Wash valleys topography , with residential neighborhoods on two small hills divided by a branch of the Bright Angel drainage , away from the main south entrance road down Bright Angel and keeping hotel development in the area of the Bright Angel Camp and the El Tovar . Another square or plaza was intended where the new south entrance road approached the rim , surrounded by another administration building , a post office , and a proposed museum . Over time , the plaza became a parking area . Treatment of residential areas varied , including use of bungalows . Park Service housing was arranged so that automobile access was to the rear , with the house fronts oriented to a central communal space . Grand Canyon Village is one of the earliest uses of this arrangement in a planned community , predating its use at Radburn , New Jersey by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright . Housing for Fred Harvey Company personnel was arranged in a more traditional street-facing arrangement , with a parallel system of alleys for access to garages at the rear of the lots . Much of the work that was accomplished in the late 1930s was done by Civilian Conservation Corps labor , particularly the landscaping , which involved the transplantation of native vegetation into areas that had been disturbed by construction . Contributing structures . Many of the contributing features and structures in Grand Canyon Village are simple landscape structures such as sidewalks , retaining walls and culverts . The canyon rim stone wall is the principle defining feature of the area , constructed in stages between 1905 and 1934 . 44 such structures have been identified as contributing features , mostly built of local Kaibab limestone . The district includes a number of significant structures , some of them National Historic Landmarks in their own right , with several others individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The buildings can be divided into two categories : the fanciful structures built by park concessioners , many of which were designed by Mary Colter , and the more restrained examples of National Park Service Rustic architecture designed by Hull and Thomas Chalmers Vint for park administration and housing . Concessioner structures include : - The El Tovar Hotel ( 1905 ) was built by the AT&SF as a resort hotel on the canyons rim . Designed by architect Charles Frederick Whittlesey , the hotel is a National Historic Landmark - The Bright Angel Lodge ( 1935 ) incorporates the Buckey ONeill Cabin and the Red Horse Station , relocated to the site . Formerly the Bright Angel Hotel , the facility was almost entirely rebuilt under the direction of architect Mary Colter . - The Buckey ONeill Cabin ( 1897 ) is the oldest structure at the South Rim , individually listed on the NRHP . - The Lookout Studio ( 1914 ) is just to the west of the Bright Angel Lodge . Designed by Colter , the structure was originally known as The Lookout , which is its primary purpose . The structure includes a small gift shop . It is part of the Mary Jane Colter buildings National Historic Landmark . - Hopi House ( 1905 ) was designed by Colter to resemble a Hopi pueblo . Located to the east of the El Tovar , between the hotel and Verkamps Store , the multistory sandstone structure was built as a living museum in which Hopi artisans would demonstrate and sell their crafts . It is part of the Mary Jane Colter National Historic Landmark . - The El Tovar Stables ( 1904 ) were built to house horses and mules used for transportation around the park in pre-automobile times , and continue to be used to house mules for the Bright Angel Trail to the Phantom Ranch . Individually listed on the NRHP - The Kolb Brothers Studio ( 1904 ) was established by brothers Ellsworth and Emery Kolb , the studio featured the Kolbs films and slide shows of the Grand Canyon in a building perched on and extending over the rim of the canyon at the head of the Bright Angel Trail . The building eventually extended to five stories and includes a small auditorium . - Verkamps Curio Store ( 1906 ) , is now Verkamps Visitor Center , operated by the National Park Service . Built by Ohioan John George Verkamp , who sold Native American crafts and souvenirs , the two-story shingled building has been described as modified Mission style , resembling an adobe building in form but not materials . Members of the Verkamp family lived upstairs through 1978 . By 2008 , when the store was the oldest concessioner in the national park system , the Verkamp family elected not to renew their concession . The store closed and the Park Service renovated the building as a visitor center . - The Grand Canyon Power House was built by the AT&SF to provide electricity to concessioner and park facilities . The power house is notable for its application of rustic design principles to an industrial structure and for its creative use of scale . It is an individually listed National Historic Landmark . - The Grand Canyon Depot ( 1910 ) and Grand Canyon Railway ( 1905 ) were built by the AT&SF . The depot , designed by Francis W . Wilson , is an individually listed National Historical Landmark , and the railway is on the National Register of Historic Places . - The AT&SF Employee residences were built to house concessioner employees . Both the subdivision and the houses themselves are larger than the Park Service equivalent , with garages to the rear of the houses on alleys . Park Service structures include : - The Grand Canyon National Park Superintendents Residence ( 1921 ) was originally the parks first headquarters building . It was designed in the National Park Service Rustic style by Hull , and altered in 1931 by Vint to be the superintendents residence . The residence is individually listed on the NRHP . - The Grand Canyon Park Operations Building ( 1929 ) replaced the first headquarters . Now the parks law enforcement center , it is individually listed as a National Historic Landmark . - The Grand Canyon South Rim Rangers Dormitory ( 1920 ) was built as a workers dormitory , and was converted to house park rangers in 1927 . It is individually listed on the NRHP . - The Park Service Employee residences ( 1924–1933 ) were built under the direction of Hull and Vint on cul-de-sacs , facing inward to a common pedestrian area . The 16 houses were designed in the NPS Rustic style . Other contributing buildings include dormitories , service shops , a jail , a firehouse , the park hospital , a post office and two schools . Non-contributing structures include the Thunderbird and Kachina lodges between the Bright Angel Lodge and the El Tovar . Landmark designation . The villages initial listing on the National Register of Historic Places on November 20 , 1975 included 39 buildings , then was expanded in 1982 to include the Bright Angel Lodge and an additional 25 buildings . The district was declared a National Historic Landmark District on February 18 , 1987 . On October 24 , 1995 the district was again expanded to include the historic center of Grand Canyon Village . The present district includes 247 buildings , 55 landscape structures and three sites . The NRHP district differs from the NHL district by its inclusion of two non-contiguous cemeteries , not part of the NHL since they have no association with park architecture .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": "Grand Canyon Village Historic District comprises the historic center of Grand Canyon Village , on the South Rim of the Grand Canyon in Grand Canyon National Park , Arizona . The district includes numerous landmark park structures , many of which are National Historic Landmarks themselves , or are listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The town design as a whole is also significant for its attention to integration with the Grand Canyon landscape , its incorporation of National Park Service Rustic design elements , and for the idiosyncratic design of park concessioner structures such as the",
"title": "Grand Canyon Village Historic District"
},
{
"text": "El Tovar Hotel .",
"title": "Grand Canyon Village Historic District"
},
{
"text": "Grand Canyon Village was planned by the National Park Service to be a comprehensive development for tourism on the South Rim . It is the largest example of Park Service town planning extant in the national park system . Initially centered on the terminus of the Grand Canyon Railway , the village expanded as both the Park Service and the park concessioner , the Fred Harvey Company , built or expanded facilities . Initial development was centered on the El Tovar Hotel and the Bright Angel Lodge , both concessioner-operated facilities . The El Tovar was opened in 1905 as",
"title": "Design and history"
},
{
"text": "a destination hotel on the canyon rim by the Atchison , Topeka and Santa Fe Railway , who owned the Grand Canyon spur . A new train depot was built next to the hotel by the railway in 1909 . Nearly all early development at the village was undertaken by concessioners .",
"title": "Design and history"
},
{
"text": "In 1910 , while the Grand Canyon was still designated a national monument , Secretary of the Interior Richard A . Ballinger suggested that a plan be established before further development took place at the South Rim . Mark Daniels , the general superintendent of the parks from 1914 , called for similar comprehensive planning to establish water and sewer systems , power distribution and telephone networks . A 1924 master plan by National Park Service landscape architect Daniel Ray Hull established a village square at the intersection of the railroad and east road just below the El Tovar .",
"title": "Design and history"
},
{
"text": "The first park administration building was established there . Hull used the local topography , dictated by Bright Angel Wash valleys topography , with residential neighborhoods on two small hills divided by a branch of the Bright Angel drainage , away from the main south entrance road down Bright Angel and keeping hotel development in the area of the Bright Angel Camp and the El Tovar . Another square or plaza was intended where the new south entrance road approached the rim , surrounded by another administration building , a post office , and a proposed museum . Over time",
"title": "Design and history"
},
{
"text": ", the plaza became a parking area . Treatment of residential areas varied , including use of bungalows . Park Service housing was arranged so that automobile access was to the rear , with the house fronts oriented to a central communal space . Grand Canyon Village is one of the earliest uses of this arrangement in a planned community , predating its use at Radburn , New Jersey by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright . Housing for Fred Harvey Company personnel was arranged in a more traditional street-facing arrangement , with a parallel system of alleys for access to",
"title": "Design and history"
},
{
"text": "garages at the rear of the lots .",
"title": "Design and history"
},
{
"text": " Much of the work that was accomplished in the late 1930s was done by Civilian Conservation Corps labor , particularly the landscaping , which involved the transplantation of native vegetation into areas that had been disturbed by construction .",
"title": "Design and history"
},
{
"text": " Many of the contributing features and structures in Grand Canyon Village are simple landscape structures such as sidewalks , retaining walls and culverts . The canyon rim stone wall is the principle defining feature of the area , constructed in stages between 1905 and 1934 . 44 such structures have been identified as contributing features , mostly built of local Kaibab limestone .",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": "The district includes a number of significant structures , some of them National Historic Landmarks in their own right , with several others individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The buildings can be divided into two categories : the fanciful structures built by park concessioners , many of which were designed by Mary Colter , and the more restrained examples of National Park Service Rustic architecture designed by Hull and Thomas Chalmers Vint for park administration and housing . Concessioner structures include :",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": " - The El Tovar Hotel ( 1905 ) was built by the AT&SF as a resort hotel on the canyons rim . Designed by architect Charles Frederick Whittlesey , the hotel is a National Historic Landmark - The Bright Angel Lodge ( 1935 ) incorporates the Buckey ONeill Cabin and the Red Horse Station , relocated to the site . Formerly the Bright Angel Hotel , the facility was almost entirely rebuilt under the direction of architect Mary Colter .",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": "- The Buckey ONeill Cabin ( 1897 ) is the oldest structure at the South Rim , individually listed on the NRHP .",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": " - The Lookout Studio ( 1914 ) is just to the west of the Bright Angel Lodge . Designed by Colter , the structure was originally known as The Lookout , which is its primary purpose . The structure includes a small gift shop . It is part of the Mary Jane Colter buildings National Historic Landmark .",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": "- Hopi House ( 1905 ) was designed by Colter to resemble a Hopi pueblo . Located to the east of the El Tovar , between the hotel and Verkamps Store , the multistory sandstone structure was built as a living museum in which Hopi artisans would demonstrate and sell their crafts . It is part of the Mary Jane Colter National Historic Landmark .",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": " - The El Tovar Stables ( 1904 ) were built to house horses and mules used for transportation around the park in pre-automobile times , and continue to be used to house mules for the Bright Angel Trail to the Phantom Ranch . Individually listed on the NRHP",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": "- The Kolb Brothers Studio ( 1904 ) was established by brothers Ellsworth and Emery Kolb , the studio featured the Kolbs films and slide shows of the Grand Canyon in a building perched on and extending over the rim of the canyon at the head of the Bright Angel Trail . The building eventually extended to five stories and includes a small auditorium .",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": "- Verkamps Curio Store ( 1906 ) , is now Verkamps Visitor Center , operated by the National Park Service . Built by Ohioan John George Verkamp , who sold Native American crafts and souvenirs , the two-story shingled building has been described as modified Mission style , resembling an adobe building in form but not materials . Members of the Verkamp family lived upstairs through 1978 . By 2008 , when the store was the oldest concessioner in the national park system , the Verkamp family elected not to renew their concession . The store closed and the Park",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": "Service renovated the building as a visitor center .",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": " - The Grand Canyon Power House was built by the AT&SF to provide electricity to concessioner and park facilities . The power house is notable for its application of rustic design principles to an industrial structure and for its creative use of scale . It is an individually listed National Historic Landmark .",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": "- The Grand Canyon Depot ( 1910 ) and Grand Canyon Railway ( 1905 ) were built by the AT&SF . The depot , designed by Francis W . Wilson , is an individually listed National Historical Landmark , and the railway is on the National Register of Historic Places .",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": " - The AT&SF Employee residences were built to house concessioner employees . Both the subdivision and the houses themselves are larger than the Park Service equivalent , with garages to the rear of the houses on alleys . Park Service structures include : - The Grand Canyon National Park Superintendents Residence ( 1921 ) was originally the parks first headquarters building . It was designed in the National Park Service Rustic style by Hull , and altered in 1931 by Vint to be the superintendents residence . The residence is individually listed on the NRHP .",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": "- The Grand Canyon Park Operations Building ( 1929 ) replaced the first headquarters . Now the parks law enforcement center , it is individually listed as a National Historic Landmark .",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": " - The Grand Canyon South Rim Rangers Dormitory ( 1920 ) was built as a workers dormitory , and was converted to house park rangers in 1927 . It is individually listed on the NRHP . - The Park Service Employee residences ( 1924–1933 ) were built under the direction of Hull and Vint on cul-de-sacs , facing inward to a common pedestrian area . The 16 houses were designed in the NPS Rustic style .",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": "Other contributing buildings include dormitories , service shops , a jail , a firehouse , the park hospital , a post office and two schools . Non-contributing structures include the Thunderbird and Kachina lodges between the Bright Angel Lodge and the El Tovar .",
"title": "Contributing structures"
},
{
"text": "The villages initial listing on the National Register of Historic Places on November 20 , 1975 included 39 buildings , then was expanded in 1982 to include the Bright Angel Lodge and an additional 25 buildings . The district was declared a National Historic Landmark District on February 18 , 1987 . On October 24 , 1995 the district was again expanded to include the historic center of Grand Canyon Village . The present district includes 247 buildings , 55 landscape structures and three sites . The NRHP district differs from the NHL district by its inclusion of two non-contiguous",
"title": "Landmark designation"
},
{
"text": "cemeteries , not part of the NHL since they have no association with park architecture .",
"title": "Landmark designation"
}
] |
/wiki/Oliver_Ernest_Goonetilleke#P39#0
|
What was the position of Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke before Mar 1948?
|
Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke Sir Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke ( ) ( 20 October 1892 – 17 December 1978 ) was a Sri Lankan statesman . Having served as an important figure in the gradual independence of Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) from Britain , he became the third Governor-General of Ceylon ( 1954-1962 ) . He was the first Ceylonese individual to hold the vice-regal post . Early life and education . Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke was born 20 October 1892 in Trincomalee in the northeast of Ceylon . He was the fifth child of eight and only son of Alfred Goonetilleke and Emily Jayasekera . His father who served in the Ceylon Postal Service was the postmaster of Trincomalee at the time of his birth . He was educated at Wesley College in Colombo where he won many prizes and scholarships including the Hill Medal and the Gogerly Scholarship . After completing his secondary education , Goonetilleke joined the teaching staff of Wesley College as an assistant teacher . He later earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of London as an external student . Early career . After gaining his degree , he left his teaching post and joined the Bank of Colombo as a sub-accountant , then became the manager of the Ceylon Daily News . Public service career . Few years later Goonetilleke joined the government service having been appointed as an Assistant Railway Auditor . Auditor General . Goonetilleke was the first Ceylonese to be appointed as Colonial Auditor of the crown colony of Ceylon on 25 June 1931 . With the implementation of the Donoughmore Constitution , the title of the head of the Audit Department was changed to Auditor General of Ceylon and Goonetilleke became the first to hold the new appointment on 7 July 1931 and hold it till February 1946 . As the Colonial Auditor he was an ex-officio member of the Executive Council of Ceylon in 1931 . He took on additional duties as Chairman of the Salaries and Cadres Commission , Civil Defense Commissioner and Food Commissioner . Civil Defense Commissioner . With the onset of World War II in the Far East and the likelihood that Ceylon would face a military threat from Japan , Goonetilleke was given the additional duty as Civil Defence Commissioner in the War Cabinet of Ceylon , heading the newly formed Civil Defence Department to undertake civil defense preparations . Some civil defence works such as knocking down buildings to create fire breaks in Colombo proved unpopular , but proved to be justified when the Imperial Japanese Navy carried out air raids on Colombo and other cities in the spring of 1942 . In this capacity , Ivor Jennings , Principle of the Ceylon University College , served as Goonetillekes deputy , and the two worked closely with D . S . Senanayake , the Minister of Agriculture and Lands . This group was known as the Breakdown Gang as they began to talk about much besides civil defence , including the steps that might be taken to move Ceylon to complete independence after the war . He was knighted in 1944 with a KBE for his services as the Civil Defense Commissioner in the New Year Honours . However , on 18 December 1946 , questions were raised in the House of Commons by Douglas Dodds-Parker on irregularities in the Auditor-Generals Report on Civil Defence Expenditure for 1943–44 and 1944–45 . Negotiations for independence . In 1943 , a declaration was made for grant of government for all the matters of civil administration in Ceylon . The Senanayake , Goonetilleke and Jennings drafted a constitution , known as the Ministers Draft , and submitted it to British Government in February 1944 . At this time Goonetilleke who was appointed the Commissioner of Food went to Britain to discuss an urgent food supplies . There he met Lord Soulbury who had been appointed to lead a Commission to Ceylon , pressing his case for self-rule . Goonetilleke was thereafter advised Senanayake on approaching the members of the Soulbury Commission when they arrived in Ceylon in December 1944 . Goonetilleke became an unofficial secretary to the commission and significantly influenced it . Financial Secretary . With the war drawing to a close and the closure of the Civil Defence Department , Goonetilleke left his post of Colonial Auditor which he held since 1931 to take up appointment as Financial Secretary of Ceylon in February 1946 . The Financial Secretary was head of the Treasury and responsible for all financial policy of the colony . As the Financial Secretary , Goonetilleke sat in both the Board of Ministers and the Executive Council . He was the first Ceylonese to hold the post of Financial Secretary . He held the position until his resignation in September 1947 . He was awarded KCMG in the 1948 New Year Honours for his service as Financial Secretary , Ceylon . Political career . Minister of Home Affairs and Rural Development . With Ceylon gaining dominion status within the British Commonwealth , in 1947 the first cabinet of ministers was formed with Senanayake as Prime Minister after the 1947 general elections . Goonetilleke was appointed as the Minister of Home Affairs and Rural Development on 26 September 1947 . He had been appointed to the newly formed upper house of parliament , the Senate of Ceylon and became the Leader of the Senate when both houses were ceremonially opened by the Duke of Gloucester , marking the independence of Ceylon on 4 February 1948 . High Commissioner to the United Kingdom . His term as a Cabinet Minister did not last long as he resigned on 22 July 1948 and was appointed the first Ceylonese High Commissioner to the United Kingdom . He served as High Commissioner till 1952 in London . Minister of Finance . Following the Prime Minister Dudley Senanayakes resignation after the Hartal 1953 , Sir John Kotelawala succeeded him . Goonetilleke was appointed by Kotelawala to his cabinet as Ministry of Finance and the Treasury on 14 October 1953 , while holding the post of Leader of the Senate . Once again his ministerial tenure was brief , lasting only till June 1954 . Governor-General . Shortly after a visit by Queen Elizabeth II to Ceylon in April 1954 , the decision was taken to appoint a Ceylonese native to the post of Governor-General , succeeding Lord Soulbury . D . S . Senanayake had died in 1952 , and Colonel Sir John Kotalawela was Prime Minister when Goonetilleke succeeded to the position and took up residence in Queens House . He was a friend of the powerful philanthropist Sir Ernest de Silva who assisted him in the ascension to Governor-General . He remained in office after the election of the left-wing S . W . R . D . Bandaranaike as Prime Minister defeating Sir John Kotalawela in the 1956 general elections . Bandaranaike was pressured to remove Goonetilleke , and reduce the pay of the Governor-General by members of his left-wing coalition . 1958 communal riots . On 24 May 1958 Communal riots erupted , Prime Minister Bandaranaike did not make a formal response . With violence spreading throughout the island , Goonetilleke declared a state of emergency on 27 May 1958 and deployed the armed forces to quell the rioting , while Bandaranaike allowed Goonetilleke to take control of the situation and issue orders to the armed forces to suppress the rioting with force . Goonetilleke authorized the armed forces to shoot rioters , and the armed forces restored order in a few days . Bandaranaike assassination . Goonetilleke once again was forced to take decisive action , on 25 September 1959 when Prime Minister Bandaranaike was shot at his home at Rosmead Place while meeting the public . Goonetilleke was at Queens House accepting letters of credence of the Italian Ambassador Count Paolo di Michelis di Sloughhello , when he was informed about the assassination attempt he stopped the ceremony and rushed to Rosmead Place . He informed parliament to continue and at 11 AM declared a state of emergency , bringing the military to full readiness and mobilizing reservists . Bandaranaike , who was rushed to hospital and into emergency surgery , died twenty-two hours after he was shot . Bandaranaike had been scheduled to go to New York to attend the UN General Assembly in late September 1959 . The Leader of the House C . P . de Silva was in London undergoing treatment and Bandaranaike had sent a letter to the Governor General recommending that he appoint Wijeyananda Dahanayake , Minister of Education as acting Prime Minister during his absence . With this letter present , Goonetilleke appointed Dahanayake as Prime Minister on September 26 , 1959 and was later confirmed by Parliament . Political turmoil . Following the assassination of Bandaranaike , the country faced a period of political instability . The Premiership of Dahanayake lasted one year , with many changes to his cabinet . Fresh elections were called , but the elections in March 1960 were in-divisive as Dudley Senanayake formed a government for a brief period . Goonetilleke had a difficult decision when faced with the classic difficulty for a Governor-General , whether to dissolve Parliament , causing a new election , or call on a different faction to form a government when the Prime Minister ( in this case Dudley Senanayake , son of his old friend ) lost Parliaments confidence . He dissolved the parliament and called for fresh elections . He briefly held the portfolio of Minister of Finance from 21 March 1960 to 23 April 1960 . Bandaranaikes widow Sirima Bandaranaike was selected by his party , the Sri Lanka Freedom Party as its leader and won elections in July 1960 . Goonetilleke called on Sirima Bandaranaike to form a government and she became the worlds first female Prime Minister . 1962 attempted military coup . In January 1962 , the information surfaced of attempted military coup against the government of Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike , with the suspected leaders . Prime Ministers nephew Felix Dias Bandaranaike , Parliamentary Secretary for Defence and External Affairs stated in Parliament on 18 February 1962 that Sir Olivers name had come up in the investigations . Goonetilleke indicated he had no objection to be questioned by the police , however Bandaranaikes wanted to replace the Governor-General . Bradman Weerakoon , secretary to the prime minister was dispatched London to present the Prime Ministers request to the Queen to replace her Governor-General in Ceylon . On 26 February 1962 , Radio Ceylon announced that the Queen had accepted the request of the Government of Ceylon to appoint William Gopallawa as Governor-General of Ceylon succeeding Sir Oliver Goonetilleke with effect from 20 March 1962 . William Gopallawa was the Prime Ministers uncle . Goonetilleke quietly left Queens House on 2 March and left the country . His tenor lasted eight years and five prime ministers . Later life . Goonetilleke settled into a retired life in London , in a self-imposed exile . In the investigation into the attempted military coup , some of the crown witnesses tried to link him and former Prime Ministers , Dudley Senanayake and Colonel Sir John Kotelawala , with the conspiracy ; this was never proven . In his retirement in London , Sir Oliver with his considerable accumulated wealth became an underwriting member of Lloyds of London and moved in the social circles of the day . He was also an avid horse racing enthusiast and horse owner with his horses racing at Epsom and Ascot . In 1964 , he was accused by Philip Gunawardena of moves against the government Bandaranaike . Goonetilleke also faced many accusations of exchange fraud , for taking considerable sums of money out from Ceylon . Exchange control offences conviction . In 1972 , he was tried in absentia and sentenced to four years rigorous imprisonment and a fine of Rs 950,000 ( $125,000 ) for exchange control offences by the Criminal Justice Commission . He was not extradited , his daughter Sheila Sathananthan was given a two‐year suspended sentence and fined $72,000 and her husband Coomaraswany Sathananthan was jailed for two years and fined $35,000 . Following the defeat of Bandaranaike in the 1977 general election , the newly elected Prime Minister J . R . Jayewardene , repealed the Criminal Justice Commissions Act and released all who were jailed under the provisions of the Act with an amnesty declared . This allowed Goonetilleke to return to Sri Lanka , where he died after a brief illness in 1978 . Legacy . A biography under the title OEG was written by Charles Joseph Jeffries , and memorials to Goonetilleke include a six-foot bronze statue by sculptor Tissa Ranasinghe , commissioned by his family and installed in 1967 at a major roundabout in Colombo . Personal life . Oliver Goonetilleke first married Esther ( née Jayawardena ) , sister of Brigadier Christopher Allan Hector Perera Jayawardena . They had three children , Joyce Wijesinghe , Shiela Sathananthan and Ernie Goonetilleke . Esther Goonetilleke died of a fatal illness when the three children were very young and before Goonetilleke entered the civil service . During his self-imposed exile in London , Goonetilleke married Phyllis Miller , who was the secretary of the Soulbury Commission , whom he had befriended during the period of the Commission circa 1944 , and lived near Marble Arch at 14 , Albion Gate , Hyde Park Place , London W2 prior to his death in 1978 . He was a Director of the YMCA and held several high positions in the Diocese of the Anglican Church of Ceylon . Honours . Throughout his life , Goonetilleke had close links with Britain , visiting the country many times on official business , and receiving a string of British honours : - Knight Grand Cross of The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George ( GCMG ) -1954 ( KCMG : 1948 ; CMG : 1940 ) - Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order ( KCVO ) -1954 - Knight Commander of The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire ( KBE ) -1944 - Knight of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem
|
[
"Minister of Home Affairs and Rural Development"
] |
[
{
"text": " Sir Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke ( ) ( 20 October 1892 – 17 December 1978 ) was a Sri Lankan statesman . Having served as an important figure in the gradual independence of Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) from Britain , he became the third Governor-General of Ceylon ( 1954-1962 ) . He was the first Ceylonese individual to hold the vice-regal post . Early life and education .",
"title": "Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke"
},
{
"text": "Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke was born 20 October 1892 in Trincomalee in the northeast of Ceylon . He was the fifth child of eight and only son of Alfred Goonetilleke and Emily Jayasekera . His father who served in the Ceylon Postal Service was the postmaster of Trincomalee at the time of his birth .",
"title": "Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke"
},
{
"text": " He was educated at Wesley College in Colombo where he won many prizes and scholarships including the Hill Medal and the Gogerly Scholarship . After completing his secondary education , Goonetilleke joined the teaching staff of Wesley College as an assistant teacher . He later earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of London as an external student .",
"title": "Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke"
},
{
"text": " After gaining his degree , he left his teaching post and joined the Bank of Colombo as a sub-accountant , then became the manager of the Ceylon Daily News .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Few years later Goonetilleke joined the government service having been appointed as an Assistant Railway Auditor .",
"title": "Public service career"
},
{
"text": " Goonetilleke was the first Ceylonese to be appointed as Colonial Auditor of the crown colony of Ceylon on 25 June 1931 . With the implementation of the Donoughmore Constitution , the title of the head of the Audit Department was changed to Auditor General of Ceylon and Goonetilleke became the first to hold the new appointment on 7 July 1931 and hold it till February 1946 .",
"title": "Auditor General"
},
{
"text": "As the Colonial Auditor he was an ex-officio member of the Executive Council of Ceylon in 1931 . He took on additional duties as Chairman of the Salaries and Cadres Commission , Civil Defense Commissioner and Food Commissioner .",
"title": "Auditor General"
},
{
"text": "With the onset of World War II in the Far East and the likelihood that Ceylon would face a military threat from Japan , Goonetilleke was given the additional duty as Civil Defence Commissioner in the War Cabinet of Ceylon , heading the newly formed Civil Defence Department to undertake civil defense preparations . Some civil defence works such as knocking down buildings to create fire breaks in Colombo proved unpopular , but proved to be justified when the Imperial Japanese Navy carried out air raids on Colombo and other cities in the spring of 1942 . In this capacity",
"title": "Civil Defense Commissioner"
},
{
"text": ", Ivor Jennings , Principle of the Ceylon University College , served as Goonetillekes deputy , and the two worked closely with D . S . Senanayake , the Minister of Agriculture and Lands . This group was known as the Breakdown Gang as they began to talk about much besides civil defence , including the steps that might be taken to move Ceylon to complete independence after the war . He was knighted in 1944 with a KBE for his services as the Civil Defense Commissioner in the New Year Honours . However , on 18 December 1946 ,",
"title": "Civil Defense Commissioner"
},
{
"text": "questions were raised in the House of Commons by Douglas Dodds-Parker on irregularities in the Auditor-Generals Report on Civil Defence Expenditure for 1943–44 and 1944–45 .",
"title": "Civil Defense Commissioner"
},
{
"text": "In 1943 , a declaration was made for grant of government for all the matters of civil administration in Ceylon . The Senanayake , Goonetilleke and Jennings drafted a constitution , known as the Ministers Draft , and submitted it to British Government in February 1944 . At this time Goonetilleke who was appointed the Commissioner of Food went to Britain to discuss an urgent food supplies . There he met Lord Soulbury who had been appointed to lead a Commission to Ceylon , pressing his case for self-rule . Goonetilleke was thereafter advised Senanayake on approaching the members of",
"title": "Negotiations for independence"
},
{
"text": "the Soulbury Commission when they arrived in Ceylon in December 1944 . Goonetilleke became an unofficial secretary to the commission and significantly influenced it .",
"title": "Negotiations for independence"
},
{
"text": "With the war drawing to a close and the closure of the Civil Defence Department , Goonetilleke left his post of Colonial Auditor which he held since 1931 to take up appointment as Financial Secretary of Ceylon in February 1946 . The Financial Secretary was head of the Treasury and responsible for all financial policy of the colony . As the Financial Secretary , Goonetilleke sat in both the Board of Ministers and the Executive Council . He was the first Ceylonese to hold the post of Financial Secretary . He held the position until his resignation in September 1947",
"title": "Financial Secretary"
},
{
"text": ". He was awarded KCMG in the 1948 New Year Honours for his service as Financial Secretary , Ceylon .",
"title": "Financial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "With Ceylon gaining dominion status within the British Commonwealth , in 1947 the first cabinet of ministers was formed with Senanayake as Prime Minister after the 1947 general elections . Goonetilleke was appointed as the Minister of Home Affairs and Rural Development on 26 September 1947 . He had been appointed to the newly formed upper house of parliament , the Senate of Ceylon and became the Leader of the Senate when both houses were ceremonially opened by the Duke of Gloucester , marking the independence of Ceylon on 4 February 1948 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " High Commissioner to the United Kingdom . His term as a Cabinet Minister did not last long as he resigned on 22 July 1948 and was appointed the first Ceylonese High Commissioner to the United Kingdom . He served as High Commissioner till 1952 in London .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Following the Prime Minister Dudley Senanayakes resignation after the Hartal 1953 , Sir John Kotelawala succeeded him . Goonetilleke was appointed by Kotelawala to his cabinet as Ministry of Finance and the Treasury on 14 October 1953 , while holding the post of Leader of the Senate . Once again his ministerial tenure was brief , lasting only till June 1954 .",
"title": "Minister of Finance"
},
{
"text": " Shortly after a visit by Queen Elizabeth II to Ceylon in April 1954 , the decision was taken to appoint a Ceylonese native to the post of Governor-General , succeeding Lord Soulbury . D . S . Senanayake had died in 1952 , and Colonel Sir John Kotalawela was Prime Minister when Goonetilleke succeeded to the position and took up residence in Queens House . He was a friend of the powerful philanthropist Sir Ernest de Silva who assisted him in the ascension to Governor-General .",
"title": "Governor-General"
},
{
"text": "He remained in office after the election of the left-wing S . W . R . D . Bandaranaike as Prime Minister defeating Sir John Kotalawela in the 1956 general elections . Bandaranaike was pressured to remove Goonetilleke , and reduce the pay of the Governor-General by members of his left-wing coalition .",
"title": "Governor-General"
},
{
"text": " 1958 communal riots . On 24 May 1958 Communal riots erupted , Prime Minister Bandaranaike did not make a formal response . With violence spreading throughout the island , Goonetilleke declared a state of emergency on 27 May 1958 and deployed the armed forces to quell the rioting , while Bandaranaike allowed Goonetilleke to take control of the situation and issue orders to the armed forces to suppress the rioting with force . Goonetilleke authorized the armed forces to shoot rioters , and the armed forces restored order in a few days .",
"title": "Governor-General"
},
{
"text": "Goonetilleke once again was forced to take decisive action , on 25 September 1959 when Prime Minister Bandaranaike was shot at his home at Rosmead Place while meeting the public . Goonetilleke was at Queens House accepting letters of credence of the Italian Ambassador Count Paolo di Michelis di Sloughhello , when he was informed about the assassination attempt he stopped the ceremony and rushed to Rosmead Place . He informed parliament to continue and at 11 AM declared a state of emergency , bringing the military to full readiness and mobilizing reservists . Bandaranaike , who was rushed to",
"title": "Bandaranaike assassination"
},
{
"text": "hospital and into emergency surgery , died twenty-two hours after he was shot .",
"title": "Bandaranaike assassination"
},
{
"text": " Bandaranaike had been scheduled to go to New York to attend the UN General Assembly in late September 1959 . The Leader of the House C . P . de Silva was in London undergoing treatment and Bandaranaike had sent a letter to the Governor General recommending that he appoint Wijeyananda Dahanayake , Minister of Education as acting Prime Minister during his absence . With this letter present , Goonetilleke appointed Dahanayake as Prime Minister on September 26 , 1959 and was later confirmed by Parliament .",
"title": "Bandaranaike assassination"
},
{
"text": "Following the assassination of Bandaranaike , the country faced a period of political instability . The Premiership of Dahanayake lasted one year , with many changes to his cabinet . Fresh elections were called , but the elections in March 1960 were in-divisive as Dudley Senanayake formed a government for a brief period . Goonetilleke had a difficult decision when faced with the classic difficulty for a Governor-General , whether to dissolve Parliament , causing a new election , or call on a different faction to form a government when the Prime Minister ( in this case Dudley Senanayake ,",
"title": "Political turmoil"
},
{
"text": "son of his old friend ) lost Parliaments confidence . He dissolved the parliament and called for fresh elections . He briefly held the portfolio of Minister of Finance from 21 March 1960 to 23 April 1960 .",
"title": "Political turmoil"
},
{
"text": " Bandaranaikes widow Sirima Bandaranaike was selected by his party , the Sri Lanka Freedom Party as its leader and won elections in July 1960 . Goonetilleke called on Sirima Bandaranaike to form a government and she became the worlds first female Prime Minister . 1962 attempted military coup .",
"title": "Political turmoil"
},
{
"text": "In January 1962 , the information surfaced of attempted military coup against the government of Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike , with the suspected leaders . Prime Ministers nephew Felix Dias Bandaranaike , Parliamentary Secretary for Defence and External Affairs stated in Parliament on 18 February 1962 that Sir Olivers name had come up in the investigations . Goonetilleke indicated he had no objection to be questioned by the police , however Bandaranaikes wanted to replace the Governor-General . Bradman Weerakoon , secretary to the prime minister was dispatched London to present the Prime Ministers request to the Queen to replace",
"title": "Political turmoil"
},
{
"text": "her Governor-General in Ceylon . On 26 February 1962 , Radio Ceylon announced that the Queen had accepted the request of the Government of Ceylon to appoint William Gopallawa as Governor-General of Ceylon succeeding Sir Oliver Goonetilleke with effect from 20 March 1962 . William Gopallawa was the Prime Ministers uncle . Goonetilleke quietly left Queens House on 2 March and left the country . His tenor lasted eight years and five prime ministers .",
"title": "Political turmoil"
},
{
"text": " Goonetilleke settled into a retired life in London , in a self-imposed exile . In the investigation into the attempted military coup , some of the crown witnesses tried to link him and former Prime Ministers , Dudley Senanayake and Colonel Sir John Kotelawala , with the conspiracy ; this was never proven .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": "In his retirement in London , Sir Oliver with his considerable accumulated wealth became an underwriting member of Lloyds of London and moved in the social circles of the day . He was also an avid horse racing enthusiast and horse owner with his horses racing at Epsom and Ascot . In 1964 , he was accused by Philip Gunawardena of moves against the government Bandaranaike . Goonetilleke also faced many accusations of exchange fraud , for taking considerable sums of money out from Ceylon .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " Exchange control offences conviction . In 1972 , he was tried in absentia and sentenced to four years rigorous imprisonment and a fine of Rs 950,000 ( $125,000 ) for exchange control offences by the Criminal Justice Commission . He was not extradited , his daughter Sheila Sathananthan was given a two‐year suspended sentence and fined $72,000 and her husband Coomaraswany Sathananthan was jailed for two years and fined $35,000 .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": "Following the defeat of Bandaranaike in the 1977 general election , the newly elected Prime Minister J . R . Jayewardene , repealed the Criminal Justice Commissions Act and released all who were jailed under the provisions of the Act with an amnesty declared . This allowed Goonetilleke to return to Sri Lanka , where he died after a brief illness in 1978 .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " A biography under the title OEG was written by Charles Joseph Jeffries , and memorials to Goonetilleke include a six-foot bronze statue by sculptor Tissa Ranasinghe , commissioned by his family and installed in 1967 at a major roundabout in Colombo .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "Oliver Goonetilleke first married Esther ( née Jayawardena ) , sister of Brigadier Christopher Allan Hector Perera Jayawardena . They had three children , Joyce Wijesinghe , Shiela Sathananthan and Ernie Goonetilleke . Esther Goonetilleke died of a fatal illness when the three children were very young and before Goonetilleke entered the civil service . During his self-imposed exile in London , Goonetilleke married Phyllis Miller , who was the secretary of the Soulbury Commission , whom he had befriended during the period of the Commission circa 1944 , and lived near Marble Arch at 14 , Albion Gate ,",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Hyde Park Place , London W2 prior to his death in 1978 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " He was a Director of the YMCA and held several high positions in the Diocese of the Anglican Church of Ceylon .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Throughout his life , Goonetilleke had close links with Britain , visiting the country many times on official business , and receiving a string of British honours : - Knight Grand Cross of The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George ( GCMG ) -1954 ( KCMG : 1948 ; CMG : 1940 ) - Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order ( KCVO ) -1954 - Knight Commander of The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire ( KBE ) -1944 - Knight of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem",
"title": "Honours"
}
] |
/wiki/Oliver_Ernest_Goonetilleke#P39#1
|
What was the position of Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke in May 1954?
|
Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke Sir Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke ( ) ( 20 October 1892 – 17 December 1978 ) was a Sri Lankan statesman . Having served as an important figure in the gradual independence of Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) from Britain , he became the third Governor-General of Ceylon ( 1954-1962 ) . He was the first Ceylonese individual to hold the vice-regal post . Early life and education . Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke was born 20 October 1892 in Trincomalee in the northeast of Ceylon . He was the fifth child of eight and only son of Alfred Goonetilleke and Emily Jayasekera . His father who served in the Ceylon Postal Service was the postmaster of Trincomalee at the time of his birth . He was educated at Wesley College in Colombo where he won many prizes and scholarships including the Hill Medal and the Gogerly Scholarship . After completing his secondary education , Goonetilleke joined the teaching staff of Wesley College as an assistant teacher . He later earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of London as an external student . Early career . After gaining his degree , he left his teaching post and joined the Bank of Colombo as a sub-accountant , then became the manager of the Ceylon Daily News . Public service career . Few years later Goonetilleke joined the government service having been appointed as an Assistant Railway Auditor . Auditor General . Goonetilleke was the first Ceylonese to be appointed as Colonial Auditor of the crown colony of Ceylon on 25 June 1931 . With the implementation of the Donoughmore Constitution , the title of the head of the Audit Department was changed to Auditor General of Ceylon and Goonetilleke became the first to hold the new appointment on 7 July 1931 and hold it till February 1946 . As the Colonial Auditor he was an ex-officio member of the Executive Council of Ceylon in 1931 . He took on additional duties as Chairman of the Salaries and Cadres Commission , Civil Defense Commissioner and Food Commissioner . Civil Defense Commissioner . With the onset of World War II in the Far East and the likelihood that Ceylon would face a military threat from Japan , Goonetilleke was given the additional duty as Civil Defence Commissioner in the War Cabinet of Ceylon , heading the newly formed Civil Defence Department to undertake civil defense preparations . Some civil defence works such as knocking down buildings to create fire breaks in Colombo proved unpopular , but proved to be justified when the Imperial Japanese Navy carried out air raids on Colombo and other cities in the spring of 1942 . In this capacity , Ivor Jennings , Principle of the Ceylon University College , served as Goonetillekes deputy , and the two worked closely with D . S . Senanayake , the Minister of Agriculture and Lands . This group was known as the Breakdown Gang as they began to talk about much besides civil defence , including the steps that might be taken to move Ceylon to complete independence after the war . He was knighted in 1944 with a KBE for his services as the Civil Defense Commissioner in the New Year Honours . However , on 18 December 1946 , questions were raised in the House of Commons by Douglas Dodds-Parker on irregularities in the Auditor-Generals Report on Civil Defence Expenditure for 1943–44 and 1944–45 . Negotiations for independence . In 1943 , a declaration was made for grant of government for all the matters of civil administration in Ceylon . The Senanayake , Goonetilleke and Jennings drafted a constitution , known as the Ministers Draft , and submitted it to British Government in February 1944 . At this time Goonetilleke who was appointed the Commissioner of Food went to Britain to discuss an urgent food supplies . There he met Lord Soulbury who had been appointed to lead a Commission to Ceylon , pressing his case for self-rule . Goonetilleke was thereafter advised Senanayake on approaching the members of the Soulbury Commission when they arrived in Ceylon in December 1944 . Goonetilleke became an unofficial secretary to the commission and significantly influenced it . Financial Secretary . With the war drawing to a close and the closure of the Civil Defence Department , Goonetilleke left his post of Colonial Auditor which he held since 1931 to take up appointment as Financial Secretary of Ceylon in February 1946 . The Financial Secretary was head of the Treasury and responsible for all financial policy of the colony . As the Financial Secretary , Goonetilleke sat in both the Board of Ministers and the Executive Council . He was the first Ceylonese to hold the post of Financial Secretary . He held the position until his resignation in September 1947 . He was awarded KCMG in the 1948 New Year Honours for his service as Financial Secretary , Ceylon . Political career . Minister of Home Affairs and Rural Development . With Ceylon gaining dominion status within the British Commonwealth , in 1947 the first cabinet of ministers was formed with Senanayake as Prime Minister after the 1947 general elections . Goonetilleke was appointed as the Minister of Home Affairs and Rural Development on 26 September 1947 . He had been appointed to the newly formed upper house of parliament , the Senate of Ceylon and became the Leader of the Senate when both houses were ceremonially opened by the Duke of Gloucester , marking the independence of Ceylon on 4 February 1948 . High Commissioner to the United Kingdom . His term as a Cabinet Minister did not last long as he resigned on 22 July 1948 and was appointed the first Ceylonese High Commissioner to the United Kingdom . He served as High Commissioner till 1952 in London . Minister of Finance . Following the Prime Minister Dudley Senanayakes resignation after the Hartal 1953 , Sir John Kotelawala succeeded him . Goonetilleke was appointed by Kotelawala to his cabinet as Ministry of Finance and the Treasury on 14 October 1953 , while holding the post of Leader of the Senate . Once again his ministerial tenure was brief , lasting only till June 1954 . Governor-General . Shortly after a visit by Queen Elizabeth II to Ceylon in April 1954 , the decision was taken to appoint a Ceylonese native to the post of Governor-General , succeeding Lord Soulbury . D . S . Senanayake had died in 1952 , and Colonel Sir John Kotalawela was Prime Minister when Goonetilleke succeeded to the position and took up residence in Queens House . He was a friend of the powerful philanthropist Sir Ernest de Silva who assisted him in the ascension to Governor-General . He remained in office after the election of the left-wing S . W . R . D . Bandaranaike as Prime Minister defeating Sir John Kotalawela in the 1956 general elections . Bandaranaike was pressured to remove Goonetilleke , and reduce the pay of the Governor-General by members of his left-wing coalition . 1958 communal riots . On 24 May 1958 Communal riots erupted , Prime Minister Bandaranaike did not make a formal response . With violence spreading throughout the island , Goonetilleke declared a state of emergency on 27 May 1958 and deployed the armed forces to quell the rioting , while Bandaranaike allowed Goonetilleke to take control of the situation and issue orders to the armed forces to suppress the rioting with force . Goonetilleke authorized the armed forces to shoot rioters , and the armed forces restored order in a few days . Bandaranaike assassination . Goonetilleke once again was forced to take decisive action , on 25 September 1959 when Prime Minister Bandaranaike was shot at his home at Rosmead Place while meeting the public . Goonetilleke was at Queens House accepting letters of credence of the Italian Ambassador Count Paolo di Michelis di Sloughhello , when he was informed about the assassination attempt he stopped the ceremony and rushed to Rosmead Place . He informed parliament to continue and at 11 AM declared a state of emergency , bringing the military to full readiness and mobilizing reservists . Bandaranaike , who was rushed to hospital and into emergency surgery , died twenty-two hours after he was shot . Bandaranaike had been scheduled to go to New York to attend the UN General Assembly in late September 1959 . The Leader of the House C . P . de Silva was in London undergoing treatment and Bandaranaike had sent a letter to the Governor General recommending that he appoint Wijeyananda Dahanayake , Minister of Education as acting Prime Minister during his absence . With this letter present , Goonetilleke appointed Dahanayake as Prime Minister on September 26 , 1959 and was later confirmed by Parliament . Political turmoil . Following the assassination of Bandaranaike , the country faced a period of political instability . The Premiership of Dahanayake lasted one year , with many changes to his cabinet . Fresh elections were called , but the elections in March 1960 were in-divisive as Dudley Senanayake formed a government for a brief period . Goonetilleke had a difficult decision when faced with the classic difficulty for a Governor-General , whether to dissolve Parliament , causing a new election , or call on a different faction to form a government when the Prime Minister ( in this case Dudley Senanayake , son of his old friend ) lost Parliaments confidence . He dissolved the parliament and called for fresh elections . He briefly held the portfolio of Minister of Finance from 21 March 1960 to 23 April 1960 . Bandaranaikes widow Sirima Bandaranaike was selected by his party , the Sri Lanka Freedom Party as its leader and won elections in July 1960 . Goonetilleke called on Sirima Bandaranaike to form a government and she became the worlds first female Prime Minister . 1962 attempted military coup . In January 1962 , the information surfaced of attempted military coup against the government of Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike , with the suspected leaders . Prime Ministers nephew Felix Dias Bandaranaike , Parliamentary Secretary for Defence and External Affairs stated in Parliament on 18 February 1962 that Sir Olivers name had come up in the investigations . Goonetilleke indicated he had no objection to be questioned by the police , however Bandaranaikes wanted to replace the Governor-General . Bradman Weerakoon , secretary to the prime minister was dispatched London to present the Prime Ministers request to the Queen to replace her Governor-General in Ceylon . On 26 February 1962 , Radio Ceylon announced that the Queen had accepted the request of the Government of Ceylon to appoint William Gopallawa as Governor-General of Ceylon succeeding Sir Oliver Goonetilleke with effect from 20 March 1962 . William Gopallawa was the Prime Ministers uncle . Goonetilleke quietly left Queens House on 2 March and left the country . His tenor lasted eight years and five prime ministers . Later life . Goonetilleke settled into a retired life in London , in a self-imposed exile . In the investigation into the attempted military coup , some of the crown witnesses tried to link him and former Prime Ministers , Dudley Senanayake and Colonel Sir John Kotelawala , with the conspiracy ; this was never proven . In his retirement in London , Sir Oliver with his considerable accumulated wealth became an underwriting member of Lloyds of London and moved in the social circles of the day . He was also an avid horse racing enthusiast and horse owner with his horses racing at Epsom and Ascot . In 1964 , he was accused by Philip Gunawardena of moves against the government Bandaranaike . Goonetilleke also faced many accusations of exchange fraud , for taking considerable sums of money out from Ceylon . Exchange control offences conviction . In 1972 , he was tried in absentia and sentenced to four years rigorous imprisonment and a fine of Rs 950,000 ( $125,000 ) for exchange control offences by the Criminal Justice Commission . He was not extradited , his daughter Sheila Sathananthan was given a two‐year suspended sentence and fined $72,000 and her husband Coomaraswany Sathananthan was jailed for two years and fined $35,000 . Following the defeat of Bandaranaike in the 1977 general election , the newly elected Prime Minister J . R . Jayewardene , repealed the Criminal Justice Commissions Act and released all who were jailed under the provisions of the Act with an amnesty declared . This allowed Goonetilleke to return to Sri Lanka , where he died after a brief illness in 1978 . Legacy . A biography under the title OEG was written by Charles Joseph Jeffries , and memorials to Goonetilleke include a six-foot bronze statue by sculptor Tissa Ranasinghe , commissioned by his family and installed in 1967 at a major roundabout in Colombo . Personal life . Oliver Goonetilleke first married Esther ( née Jayawardena ) , sister of Brigadier Christopher Allan Hector Perera Jayawardena . They had three children , Joyce Wijesinghe , Shiela Sathananthan and Ernie Goonetilleke . Esther Goonetilleke died of a fatal illness when the three children were very young and before Goonetilleke entered the civil service . During his self-imposed exile in London , Goonetilleke married Phyllis Miller , who was the secretary of the Soulbury Commission , whom he had befriended during the period of the Commission circa 1944 , and lived near Marble Arch at 14 , Albion Gate , Hyde Park Place , London W2 prior to his death in 1978 . He was a Director of the YMCA and held several high positions in the Diocese of the Anglican Church of Ceylon . Honours . Throughout his life , Goonetilleke had close links with Britain , visiting the country many times on official business , and receiving a string of British honours : - Knight Grand Cross of The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George ( GCMG ) -1954 ( KCMG : 1948 ; CMG : 1940 ) - Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order ( KCVO ) -1954 - Knight Commander of The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire ( KBE ) -1944 - Knight of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem
|
[
"Ministry of Finance and the Treasury"
] |
[
{
"text": " Sir Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke ( ) ( 20 October 1892 – 17 December 1978 ) was a Sri Lankan statesman . Having served as an important figure in the gradual independence of Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) from Britain , he became the third Governor-General of Ceylon ( 1954-1962 ) . He was the first Ceylonese individual to hold the vice-regal post . Early life and education .",
"title": "Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke"
},
{
"text": "Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke was born 20 October 1892 in Trincomalee in the northeast of Ceylon . He was the fifth child of eight and only son of Alfred Goonetilleke and Emily Jayasekera . His father who served in the Ceylon Postal Service was the postmaster of Trincomalee at the time of his birth .",
"title": "Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke"
},
{
"text": " He was educated at Wesley College in Colombo where he won many prizes and scholarships including the Hill Medal and the Gogerly Scholarship . After completing his secondary education , Goonetilleke joined the teaching staff of Wesley College as an assistant teacher . He later earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of London as an external student .",
"title": "Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke"
},
{
"text": " After gaining his degree , he left his teaching post and joined the Bank of Colombo as a sub-accountant , then became the manager of the Ceylon Daily News .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Few years later Goonetilleke joined the government service having been appointed as an Assistant Railway Auditor .",
"title": "Public service career"
},
{
"text": " Goonetilleke was the first Ceylonese to be appointed as Colonial Auditor of the crown colony of Ceylon on 25 June 1931 . With the implementation of the Donoughmore Constitution , the title of the head of the Audit Department was changed to Auditor General of Ceylon and Goonetilleke became the first to hold the new appointment on 7 July 1931 and hold it till February 1946 .",
"title": "Auditor General"
},
{
"text": "As the Colonial Auditor he was an ex-officio member of the Executive Council of Ceylon in 1931 . He took on additional duties as Chairman of the Salaries and Cadres Commission , Civil Defense Commissioner and Food Commissioner .",
"title": "Auditor General"
},
{
"text": "With the onset of World War II in the Far East and the likelihood that Ceylon would face a military threat from Japan , Goonetilleke was given the additional duty as Civil Defence Commissioner in the War Cabinet of Ceylon , heading the newly formed Civil Defence Department to undertake civil defense preparations . Some civil defence works such as knocking down buildings to create fire breaks in Colombo proved unpopular , but proved to be justified when the Imperial Japanese Navy carried out air raids on Colombo and other cities in the spring of 1942 . In this capacity",
"title": "Civil Defense Commissioner"
},
{
"text": ", Ivor Jennings , Principle of the Ceylon University College , served as Goonetillekes deputy , and the two worked closely with D . S . Senanayake , the Minister of Agriculture and Lands . This group was known as the Breakdown Gang as they began to talk about much besides civil defence , including the steps that might be taken to move Ceylon to complete independence after the war . He was knighted in 1944 with a KBE for his services as the Civil Defense Commissioner in the New Year Honours . However , on 18 December 1946 ,",
"title": "Civil Defense Commissioner"
},
{
"text": "questions were raised in the House of Commons by Douglas Dodds-Parker on irregularities in the Auditor-Generals Report on Civil Defence Expenditure for 1943–44 and 1944–45 .",
"title": "Civil Defense Commissioner"
},
{
"text": "In 1943 , a declaration was made for grant of government for all the matters of civil administration in Ceylon . The Senanayake , Goonetilleke and Jennings drafted a constitution , known as the Ministers Draft , and submitted it to British Government in February 1944 . At this time Goonetilleke who was appointed the Commissioner of Food went to Britain to discuss an urgent food supplies . There he met Lord Soulbury who had been appointed to lead a Commission to Ceylon , pressing his case for self-rule . Goonetilleke was thereafter advised Senanayake on approaching the members of",
"title": "Negotiations for independence"
},
{
"text": "the Soulbury Commission when they arrived in Ceylon in December 1944 . Goonetilleke became an unofficial secretary to the commission and significantly influenced it .",
"title": "Negotiations for independence"
},
{
"text": "With the war drawing to a close and the closure of the Civil Defence Department , Goonetilleke left his post of Colonial Auditor which he held since 1931 to take up appointment as Financial Secretary of Ceylon in February 1946 . The Financial Secretary was head of the Treasury and responsible for all financial policy of the colony . As the Financial Secretary , Goonetilleke sat in both the Board of Ministers and the Executive Council . He was the first Ceylonese to hold the post of Financial Secretary . He held the position until his resignation in September 1947",
"title": "Financial Secretary"
},
{
"text": ". He was awarded KCMG in the 1948 New Year Honours for his service as Financial Secretary , Ceylon .",
"title": "Financial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "With Ceylon gaining dominion status within the British Commonwealth , in 1947 the first cabinet of ministers was formed with Senanayake as Prime Minister after the 1947 general elections . Goonetilleke was appointed as the Minister of Home Affairs and Rural Development on 26 September 1947 . He had been appointed to the newly formed upper house of parliament , the Senate of Ceylon and became the Leader of the Senate when both houses were ceremonially opened by the Duke of Gloucester , marking the independence of Ceylon on 4 February 1948 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " High Commissioner to the United Kingdom . His term as a Cabinet Minister did not last long as he resigned on 22 July 1948 and was appointed the first Ceylonese High Commissioner to the United Kingdom . He served as High Commissioner till 1952 in London .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Following the Prime Minister Dudley Senanayakes resignation after the Hartal 1953 , Sir John Kotelawala succeeded him . Goonetilleke was appointed by Kotelawala to his cabinet as Ministry of Finance and the Treasury on 14 October 1953 , while holding the post of Leader of the Senate . Once again his ministerial tenure was brief , lasting only till June 1954 .",
"title": "Minister of Finance"
},
{
"text": " Shortly after a visit by Queen Elizabeth II to Ceylon in April 1954 , the decision was taken to appoint a Ceylonese native to the post of Governor-General , succeeding Lord Soulbury . D . S . Senanayake had died in 1952 , and Colonel Sir John Kotalawela was Prime Minister when Goonetilleke succeeded to the position and took up residence in Queens House . He was a friend of the powerful philanthropist Sir Ernest de Silva who assisted him in the ascension to Governor-General .",
"title": "Governor-General"
},
{
"text": "He remained in office after the election of the left-wing S . W . R . D . Bandaranaike as Prime Minister defeating Sir John Kotalawela in the 1956 general elections . Bandaranaike was pressured to remove Goonetilleke , and reduce the pay of the Governor-General by members of his left-wing coalition .",
"title": "Governor-General"
},
{
"text": " 1958 communal riots . On 24 May 1958 Communal riots erupted , Prime Minister Bandaranaike did not make a formal response . With violence spreading throughout the island , Goonetilleke declared a state of emergency on 27 May 1958 and deployed the armed forces to quell the rioting , while Bandaranaike allowed Goonetilleke to take control of the situation and issue orders to the armed forces to suppress the rioting with force . Goonetilleke authorized the armed forces to shoot rioters , and the armed forces restored order in a few days .",
"title": "Governor-General"
},
{
"text": "Goonetilleke once again was forced to take decisive action , on 25 September 1959 when Prime Minister Bandaranaike was shot at his home at Rosmead Place while meeting the public . Goonetilleke was at Queens House accepting letters of credence of the Italian Ambassador Count Paolo di Michelis di Sloughhello , when he was informed about the assassination attempt he stopped the ceremony and rushed to Rosmead Place . He informed parliament to continue and at 11 AM declared a state of emergency , bringing the military to full readiness and mobilizing reservists . Bandaranaike , who was rushed to",
"title": "Bandaranaike assassination"
},
{
"text": "hospital and into emergency surgery , died twenty-two hours after he was shot .",
"title": "Bandaranaike assassination"
},
{
"text": " Bandaranaike had been scheduled to go to New York to attend the UN General Assembly in late September 1959 . The Leader of the House C . P . de Silva was in London undergoing treatment and Bandaranaike had sent a letter to the Governor General recommending that he appoint Wijeyananda Dahanayake , Minister of Education as acting Prime Minister during his absence . With this letter present , Goonetilleke appointed Dahanayake as Prime Minister on September 26 , 1959 and was later confirmed by Parliament .",
"title": "Bandaranaike assassination"
},
{
"text": "Following the assassination of Bandaranaike , the country faced a period of political instability . The Premiership of Dahanayake lasted one year , with many changes to his cabinet . Fresh elections were called , but the elections in March 1960 were in-divisive as Dudley Senanayake formed a government for a brief period . Goonetilleke had a difficult decision when faced with the classic difficulty for a Governor-General , whether to dissolve Parliament , causing a new election , or call on a different faction to form a government when the Prime Minister ( in this case Dudley Senanayake ,",
"title": "Political turmoil"
},
{
"text": "son of his old friend ) lost Parliaments confidence . He dissolved the parliament and called for fresh elections . He briefly held the portfolio of Minister of Finance from 21 March 1960 to 23 April 1960 .",
"title": "Political turmoil"
},
{
"text": " Bandaranaikes widow Sirima Bandaranaike was selected by his party , the Sri Lanka Freedom Party as its leader and won elections in July 1960 . Goonetilleke called on Sirima Bandaranaike to form a government and she became the worlds first female Prime Minister . 1962 attempted military coup .",
"title": "Political turmoil"
},
{
"text": "In January 1962 , the information surfaced of attempted military coup against the government of Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike , with the suspected leaders . Prime Ministers nephew Felix Dias Bandaranaike , Parliamentary Secretary for Defence and External Affairs stated in Parliament on 18 February 1962 that Sir Olivers name had come up in the investigations . Goonetilleke indicated he had no objection to be questioned by the police , however Bandaranaikes wanted to replace the Governor-General . Bradman Weerakoon , secretary to the prime minister was dispatched London to present the Prime Ministers request to the Queen to replace",
"title": "Political turmoil"
},
{
"text": "her Governor-General in Ceylon . On 26 February 1962 , Radio Ceylon announced that the Queen had accepted the request of the Government of Ceylon to appoint William Gopallawa as Governor-General of Ceylon succeeding Sir Oliver Goonetilleke with effect from 20 March 1962 . William Gopallawa was the Prime Ministers uncle . Goonetilleke quietly left Queens House on 2 March and left the country . His tenor lasted eight years and five prime ministers .",
"title": "Political turmoil"
},
{
"text": " Goonetilleke settled into a retired life in London , in a self-imposed exile . In the investigation into the attempted military coup , some of the crown witnesses tried to link him and former Prime Ministers , Dudley Senanayake and Colonel Sir John Kotelawala , with the conspiracy ; this was never proven .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": "In his retirement in London , Sir Oliver with his considerable accumulated wealth became an underwriting member of Lloyds of London and moved in the social circles of the day . He was also an avid horse racing enthusiast and horse owner with his horses racing at Epsom and Ascot . In 1964 , he was accused by Philip Gunawardena of moves against the government Bandaranaike . Goonetilleke also faced many accusations of exchange fraud , for taking considerable sums of money out from Ceylon .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " Exchange control offences conviction . In 1972 , he was tried in absentia and sentenced to four years rigorous imprisonment and a fine of Rs 950,000 ( $125,000 ) for exchange control offences by the Criminal Justice Commission . He was not extradited , his daughter Sheila Sathananthan was given a two‐year suspended sentence and fined $72,000 and her husband Coomaraswany Sathananthan was jailed for two years and fined $35,000 .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": "Following the defeat of Bandaranaike in the 1977 general election , the newly elected Prime Minister J . R . Jayewardene , repealed the Criminal Justice Commissions Act and released all who were jailed under the provisions of the Act with an amnesty declared . This allowed Goonetilleke to return to Sri Lanka , where he died after a brief illness in 1978 .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " A biography under the title OEG was written by Charles Joseph Jeffries , and memorials to Goonetilleke include a six-foot bronze statue by sculptor Tissa Ranasinghe , commissioned by his family and installed in 1967 at a major roundabout in Colombo .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "Oliver Goonetilleke first married Esther ( née Jayawardena ) , sister of Brigadier Christopher Allan Hector Perera Jayawardena . They had three children , Joyce Wijesinghe , Shiela Sathananthan and Ernie Goonetilleke . Esther Goonetilleke died of a fatal illness when the three children were very young and before Goonetilleke entered the civil service . During his self-imposed exile in London , Goonetilleke married Phyllis Miller , who was the secretary of the Soulbury Commission , whom he had befriended during the period of the Commission circa 1944 , and lived near Marble Arch at 14 , Albion Gate ,",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Hyde Park Place , London W2 prior to his death in 1978 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " He was a Director of the YMCA and held several high positions in the Diocese of the Anglican Church of Ceylon .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Throughout his life , Goonetilleke had close links with Britain , visiting the country many times on official business , and receiving a string of British honours : - Knight Grand Cross of The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George ( GCMG ) -1954 ( KCMG : 1948 ; CMG : 1940 ) - Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order ( KCVO ) -1954 - Knight Commander of The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire ( KBE ) -1944 - Knight of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem",
"title": "Honours"
}
] |
/wiki/Oliver_Ernest_Goonetilleke#P39#2
|
What was the position of Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke between May 1957 and Apr 1958?
|
Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke Sir Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke ( ) ( 20 October 1892 – 17 December 1978 ) was a Sri Lankan statesman . Having served as an important figure in the gradual independence of Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) from Britain , he became the third Governor-General of Ceylon ( 1954-1962 ) . He was the first Ceylonese individual to hold the vice-regal post . Early life and education . Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke was born 20 October 1892 in Trincomalee in the northeast of Ceylon . He was the fifth child of eight and only son of Alfred Goonetilleke and Emily Jayasekera . His father who served in the Ceylon Postal Service was the postmaster of Trincomalee at the time of his birth . He was educated at Wesley College in Colombo where he won many prizes and scholarships including the Hill Medal and the Gogerly Scholarship . After completing his secondary education , Goonetilleke joined the teaching staff of Wesley College as an assistant teacher . He later earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of London as an external student . Early career . After gaining his degree , he left his teaching post and joined the Bank of Colombo as a sub-accountant , then became the manager of the Ceylon Daily News . Public service career . Few years later Goonetilleke joined the government service having been appointed as an Assistant Railway Auditor . Auditor General . Goonetilleke was the first Ceylonese to be appointed as Colonial Auditor of the crown colony of Ceylon on 25 June 1931 . With the implementation of the Donoughmore Constitution , the title of the head of the Audit Department was changed to Auditor General of Ceylon and Goonetilleke became the first to hold the new appointment on 7 July 1931 and hold it till February 1946 . As the Colonial Auditor he was an ex-officio member of the Executive Council of Ceylon in 1931 . He took on additional duties as Chairman of the Salaries and Cadres Commission , Civil Defense Commissioner and Food Commissioner . Civil Defense Commissioner . With the onset of World War II in the Far East and the likelihood that Ceylon would face a military threat from Japan , Goonetilleke was given the additional duty as Civil Defence Commissioner in the War Cabinet of Ceylon , heading the newly formed Civil Defence Department to undertake civil defense preparations . Some civil defence works such as knocking down buildings to create fire breaks in Colombo proved unpopular , but proved to be justified when the Imperial Japanese Navy carried out air raids on Colombo and other cities in the spring of 1942 . In this capacity , Ivor Jennings , Principle of the Ceylon University College , served as Goonetillekes deputy , and the two worked closely with D . S . Senanayake , the Minister of Agriculture and Lands . This group was known as the Breakdown Gang as they began to talk about much besides civil defence , including the steps that might be taken to move Ceylon to complete independence after the war . He was knighted in 1944 with a KBE for his services as the Civil Defense Commissioner in the New Year Honours . However , on 18 December 1946 , questions were raised in the House of Commons by Douglas Dodds-Parker on irregularities in the Auditor-Generals Report on Civil Defence Expenditure for 1943–44 and 1944–45 . Negotiations for independence . In 1943 , a declaration was made for grant of government for all the matters of civil administration in Ceylon . The Senanayake , Goonetilleke and Jennings drafted a constitution , known as the Ministers Draft , and submitted it to British Government in February 1944 . At this time Goonetilleke who was appointed the Commissioner of Food went to Britain to discuss an urgent food supplies . There he met Lord Soulbury who had been appointed to lead a Commission to Ceylon , pressing his case for self-rule . Goonetilleke was thereafter advised Senanayake on approaching the members of the Soulbury Commission when they arrived in Ceylon in December 1944 . Goonetilleke became an unofficial secretary to the commission and significantly influenced it . Financial Secretary . With the war drawing to a close and the closure of the Civil Defence Department , Goonetilleke left his post of Colonial Auditor which he held since 1931 to take up appointment as Financial Secretary of Ceylon in February 1946 . The Financial Secretary was head of the Treasury and responsible for all financial policy of the colony . As the Financial Secretary , Goonetilleke sat in both the Board of Ministers and the Executive Council . He was the first Ceylonese to hold the post of Financial Secretary . He held the position until his resignation in September 1947 . He was awarded KCMG in the 1948 New Year Honours for his service as Financial Secretary , Ceylon . Political career . Minister of Home Affairs and Rural Development . With Ceylon gaining dominion status within the British Commonwealth , in 1947 the first cabinet of ministers was formed with Senanayake as Prime Minister after the 1947 general elections . Goonetilleke was appointed as the Minister of Home Affairs and Rural Development on 26 September 1947 . He had been appointed to the newly formed upper house of parliament , the Senate of Ceylon and became the Leader of the Senate when both houses were ceremonially opened by the Duke of Gloucester , marking the independence of Ceylon on 4 February 1948 . High Commissioner to the United Kingdom . His term as a Cabinet Minister did not last long as he resigned on 22 July 1948 and was appointed the first Ceylonese High Commissioner to the United Kingdom . He served as High Commissioner till 1952 in London . Minister of Finance . Following the Prime Minister Dudley Senanayakes resignation after the Hartal 1953 , Sir John Kotelawala succeeded him . Goonetilleke was appointed by Kotelawala to his cabinet as Ministry of Finance and the Treasury on 14 October 1953 , while holding the post of Leader of the Senate . Once again his ministerial tenure was brief , lasting only till June 1954 . Governor-General . Shortly after a visit by Queen Elizabeth II to Ceylon in April 1954 , the decision was taken to appoint a Ceylonese native to the post of Governor-General , succeeding Lord Soulbury . D . S . Senanayake had died in 1952 , and Colonel Sir John Kotalawela was Prime Minister when Goonetilleke succeeded to the position and took up residence in Queens House . He was a friend of the powerful philanthropist Sir Ernest de Silva who assisted him in the ascension to Governor-General . He remained in office after the election of the left-wing S . W . R . D . Bandaranaike as Prime Minister defeating Sir John Kotalawela in the 1956 general elections . Bandaranaike was pressured to remove Goonetilleke , and reduce the pay of the Governor-General by members of his left-wing coalition . 1958 communal riots . On 24 May 1958 Communal riots erupted , Prime Minister Bandaranaike did not make a formal response . With violence spreading throughout the island , Goonetilleke declared a state of emergency on 27 May 1958 and deployed the armed forces to quell the rioting , while Bandaranaike allowed Goonetilleke to take control of the situation and issue orders to the armed forces to suppress the rioting with force . Goonetilleke authorized the armed forces to shoot rioters , and the armed forces restored order in a few days . Bandaranaike assassination . Goonetilleke once again was forced to take decisive action , on 25 September 1959 when Prime Minister Bandaranaike was shot at his home at Rosmead Place while meeting the public . Goonetilleke was at Queens House accepting letters of credence of the Italian Ambassador Count Paolo di Michelis di Sloughhello , when he was informed about the assassination attempt he stopped the ceremony and rushed to Rosmead Place . He informed parliament to continue and at 11 AM declared a state of emergency , bringing the military to full readiness and mobilizing reservists . Bandaranaike , who was rushed to hospital and into emergency surgery , died twenty-two hours after he was shot . Bandaranaike had been scheduled to go to New York to attend the UN General Assembly in late September 1959 . The Leader of the House C . P . de Silva was in London undergoing treatment and Bandaranaike had sent a letter to the Governor General recommending that he appoint Wijeyananda Dahanayake , Minister of Education as acting Prime Minister during his absence . With this letter present , Goonetilleke appointed Dahanayake as Prime Minister on September 26 , 1959 and was later confirmed by Parliament . Political turmoil . Following the assassination of Bandaranaike , the country faced a period of political instability . The Premiership of Dahanayake lasted one year , with many changes to his cabinet . Fresh elections were called , but the elections in March 1960 were in-divisive as Dudley Senanayake formed a government for a brief period . Goonetilleke had a difficult decision when faced with the classic difficulty for a Governor-General , whether to dissolve Parliament , causing a new election , or call on a different faction to form a government when the Prime Minister ( in this case Dudley Senanayake , son of his old friend ) lost Parliaments confidence . He dissolved the parliament and called for fresh elections . He briefly held the portfolio of Minister of Finance from 21 March 1960 to 23 April 1960 . Bandaranaikes widow Sirima Bandaranaike was selected by his party , the Sri Lanka Freedom Party as its leader and won elections in July 1960 . Goonetilleke called on Sirima Bandaranaike to form a government and she became the worlds first female Prime Minister . 1962 attempted military coup . In January 1962 , the information surfaced of attempted military coup against the government of Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike , with the suspected leaders . Prime Ministers nephew Felix Dias Bandaranaike , Parliamentary Secretary for Defence and External Affairs stated in Parliament on 18 February 1962 that Sir Olivers name had come up in the investigations . Goonetilleke indicated he had no objection to be questioned by the police , however Bandaranaikes wanted to replace the Governor-General . Bradman Weerakoon , secretary to the prime minister was dispatched London to present the Prime Ministers request to the Queen to replace her Governor-General in Ceylon . On 26 February 1962 , Radio Ceylon announced that the Queen had accepted the request of the Government of Ceylon to appoint William Gopallawa as Governor-General of Ceylon succeeding Sir Oliver Goonetilleke with effect from 20 March 1962 . William Gopallawa was the Prime Ministers uncle . Goonetilleke quietly left Queens House on 2 March and left the country . His tenor lasted eight years and five prime ministers . Later life . Goonetilleke settled into a retired life in London , in a self-imposed exile . In the investigation into the attempted military coup , some of the crown witnesses tried to link him and former Prime Ministers , Dudley Senanayake and Colonel Sir John Kotelawala , with the conspiracy ; this was never proven . In his retirement in London , Sir Oliver with his considerable accumulated wealth became an underwriting member of Lloyds of London and moved in the social circles of the day . He was also an avid horse racing enthusiast and horse owner with his horses racing at Epsom and Ascot . In 1964 , he was accused by Philip Gunawardena of moves against the government Bandaranaike . Goonetilleke also faced many accusations of exchange fraud , for taking considerable sums of money out from Ceylon . Exchange control offences conviction . In 1972 , he was tried in absentia and sentenced to four years rigorous imprisonment and a fine of Rs 950,000 ( $125,000 ) for exchange control offences by the Criminal Justice Commission . He was not extradited , his daughter Sheila Sathananthan was given a two‐year suspended sentence and fined $72,000 and her husband Coomaraswany Sathananthan was jailed for two years and fined $35,000 . Following the defeat of Bandaranaike in the 1977 general election , the newly elected Prime Minister J . R . Jayewardene , repealed the Criminal Justice Commissions Act and released all who were jailed under the provisions of the Act with an amnesty declared . This allowed Goonetilleke to return to Sri Lanka , where he died after a brief illness in 1978 . Legacy . A biography under the title OEG was written by Charles Joseph Jeffries , and memorials to Goonetilleke include a six-foot bronze statue by sculptor Tissa Ranasinghe , commissioned by his family and installed in 1967 at a major roundabout in Colombo . Personal life . Oliver Goonetilleke first married Esther ( née Jayawardena ) , sister of Brigadier Christopher Allan Hector Perera Jayawardena . They had three children , Joyce Wijesinghe , Shiela Sathananthan and Ernie Goonetilleke . Esther Goonetilleke died of a fatal illness when the three children were very young and before Goonetilleke entered the civil service . During his self-imposed exile in London , Goonetilleke married Phyllis Miller , who was the secretary of the Soulbury Commission , whom he had befriended during the period of the Commission circa 1944 , and lived near Marble Arch at 14 , Albion Gate , Hyde Park Place , London W2 prior to his death in 1978 . He was a Director of the YMCA and held several high positions in the Diocese of the Anglican Church of Ceylon . Honours . Throughout his life , Goonetilleke had close links with Britain , visiting the country many times on official business , and receiving a string of British honours : - Knight Grand Cross of The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George ( GCMG ) -1954 ( KCMG : 1948 ; CMG : 1940 ) - Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order ( KCVO ) -1954 - Knight Commander of The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire ( KBE ) -1944 - Knight of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem
|
[
"Governor-General of Ceylon"
] |
[
{
"text": " Sir Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke ( ) ( 20 October 1892 – 17 December 1978 ) was a Sri Lankan statesman . Having served as an important figure in the gradual independence of Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) from Britain , he became the third Governor-General of Ceylon ( 1954-1962 ) . He was the first Ceylonese individual to hold the vice-regal post . Early life and education .",
"title": "Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke"
},
{
"text": "Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke was born 20 October 1892 in Trincomalee in the northeast of Ceylon . He was the fifth child of eight and only son of Alfred Goonetilleke and Emily Jayasekera . His father who served in the Ceylon Postal Service was the postmaster of Trincomalee at the time of his birth .",
"title": "Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke"
},
{
"text": " He was educated at Wesley College in Colombo where he won many prizes and scholarships including the Hill Medal and the Gogerly Scholarship . After completing his secondary education , Goonetilleke joined the teaching staff of Wesley College as an assistant teacher . He later earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of London as an external student .",
"title": "Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke"
},
{
"text": " After gaining his degree , he left his teaching post and joined the Bank of Colombo as a sub-accountant , then became the manager of the Ceylon Daily News .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Few years later Goonetilleke joined the government service having been appointed as an Assistant Railway Auditor .",
"title": "Public service career"
},
{
"text": " Goonetilleke was the first Ceylonese to be appointed as Colonial Auditor of the crown colony of Ceylon on 25 June 1931 . With the implementation of the Donoughmore Constitution , the title of the head of the Audit Department was changed to Auditor General of Ceylon and Goonetilleke became the first to hold the new appointment on 7 July 1931 and hold it till February 1946 .",
"title": "Auditor General"
},
{
"text": "As the Colonial Auditor he was an ex-officio member of the Executive Council of Ceylon in 1931 . He took on additional duties as Chairman of the Salaries and Cadres Commission , Civil Defense Commissioner and Food Commissioner .",
"title": "Auditor General"
},
{
"text": "With the onset of World War II in the Far East and the likelihood that Ceylon would face a military threat from Japan , Goonetilleke was given the additional duty as Civil Defence Commissioner in the War Cabinet of Ceylon , heading the newly formed Civil Defence Department to undertake civil defense preparations . Some civil defence works such as knocking down buildings to create fire breaks in Colombo proved unpopular , but proved to be justified when the Imperial Japanese Navy carried out air raids on Colombo and other cities in the spring of 1942 . In this capacity",
"title": "Civil Defense Commissioner"
},
{
"text": ", Ivor Jennings , Principle of the Ceylon University College , served as Goonetillekes deputy , and the two worked closely with D . S . Senanayake , the Minister of Agriculture and Lands . This group was known as the Breakdown Gang as they began to talk about much besides civil defence , including the steps that might be taken to move Ceylon to complete independence after the war . He was knighted in 1944 with a KBE for his services as the Civil Defense Commissioner in the New Year Honours . However , on 18 December 1946 ,",
"title": "Civil Defense Commissioner"
},
{
"text": "questions were raised in the House of Commons by Douglas Dodds-Parker on irregularities in the Auditor-Generals Report on Civil Defence Expenditure for 1943–44 and 1944–45 .",
"title": "Civil Defense Commissioner"
},
{
"text": "In 1943 , a declaration was made for grant of government for all the matters of civil administration in Ceylon . The Senanayake , Goonetilleke and Jennings drafted a constitution , known as the Ministers Draft , and submitted it to British Government in February 1944 . At this time Goonetilleke who was appointed the Commissioner of Food went to Britain to discuss an urgent food supplies . There he met Lord Soulbury who had been appointed to lead a Commission to Ceylon , pressing his case for self-rule . Goonetilleke was thereafter advised Senanayake on approaching the members of",
"title": "Negotiations for independence"
},
{
"text": "the Soulbury Commission when they arrived in Ceylon in December 1944 . Goonetilleke became an unofficial secretary to the commission and significantly influenced it .",
"title": "Negotiations for independence"
},
{
"text": "With the war drawing to a close and the closure of the Civil Defence Department , Goonetilleke left his post of Colonial Auditor which he held since 1931 to take up appointment as Financial Secretary of Ceylon in February 1946 . The Financial Secretary was head of the Treasury and responsible for all financial policy of the colony . As the Financial Secretary , Goonetilleke sat in both the Board of Ministers and the Executive Council . He was the first Ceylonese to hold the post of Financial Secretary . He held the position until his resignation in September 1947",
"title": "Financial Secretary"
},
{
"text": ". He was awarded KCMG in the 1948 New Year Honours for his service as Financial Secretary , Ceylon .",
"title": "Financial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "With Ceylon gaining dominion status within the British Commonwealth , in 1947 the first cabinet of ministers was formed with Senanayake as Prime Minister after the 1947 general elections . Goonetilleke was appointed as the Minister of Home Affairs and Rural Development on 26 September 1947 . He had been appointed to the newly formed upper house of parliament , the Senate of Ceylon and became the Leader of the Senate when both houses were ceremonially opened by the Duke of Gloucester , marking the independence of Ceylon on 4 February 1948 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " High Commissioner to the United Kingdom . His term as a Cabinet Minister did not last long as he resigned on 22 July 1948 and was appointed the first Ceylonese High Commissioner to the United Kingdom . He served as High Commissioner till 1952 in London .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Following the Prime Minister Dudley Senanayakes resignation after the Hartal 1953 , Sir John Kotelawala succeeded him . Goonetilleke was appointed by Kotelawala to his cabinet as Ministry of Finance and the Treasury on 14 October 1953 , while holding the post of Leader of the Senate . Once again his ministerial tenure was brief , lasting only till June 1954 .",
"title": "Minister of Finance"
},
{
"text": " Shortly after a visit by Queen Elizabeth II to Ceylon in April 1954 , the decision was taken to appoint a Ceylonese native to the post of Governor-General , succeeding Lord Soulbury . D . S . Senanayake had died in 1952 , and Colonel Sir John Kotalawela was Prime Minister when Goonetilleke succeeded to the position and took up residence in Queens House . He was a friend of the powerful philanthropist Sir Ernest de Silva who assisted him in the ascension to Governor-General .",
"title": "Governor-General"
},
{
"text": "He remained in office after the election of the left-wing S . W . R . D . Bandaranaike as Prime Minister defeating Sir John Kotalawela in the 1956 general elections . Bandaranaike was pressured to remove Goonetilleke , and reduce the pay of the Governor-General by members of his left-wing coalition .",
"title": "Governor-General"
},
{
"text": " 1958 communal riots . On 24 May 1958 Communal riots erupted , Prime Minister Bandaranaike did not make a formal response . With violence spreading throughout the island , Goonetilleke declared a state of emergency on 27 May 1958 and deployed the armed forces to quell the rioting , while Bandaranaike allowed Goonetilleke to take control of the situation and issue orders to the armed forces to suppress the rioting with force . Goonetilleke authorized the armed forces to shoot rioters , and the armed forces restored order in a few days .",
"title": "Governor-General"
},
{
"text": "Goonetilleke once again was forced to take decisive action , on 25 September 1959 when Prime Minister Bandaranaike was shot at his home at Rosmead Place while meeting the public . Goonetilleke was at Queens House accepting letters of credence of the Italian Ambassador Count Paolo di Michelis di Sloughhello , when he was informed about the assassination attempt he stopped the ceremony and rushed to Rosmead Place . He informed parliament to continue and at 11 AM declared a state of emergency , bringing the military to full readiness and mobilizing reservists . Bandaranaike , who was rushed to",
"title": "Bandaranaike assassination"
},
{
"text": "hospital and into emergency surgery , died twenty-two hours after he was shot .",
"title": "Bandaranaike assassination"
},
{
"text": " Bandaranaike had been scheduled to go to New York to attend the UN General Assembly in late September 1959 . The Leader of the House C . P . de Silva was in London undergoing treatment and Bandaranaike had sent a letter to the Governor General recommending that he appoint Wijeyananda Dahanayake , Minister of Education as acting Prime Minister during his absence . With this letter present , Goonetilleke appointed Dahanayake as Prime Minister on September 26 , 1959 and was later confirmed by Parliament .",
"title": "Bandaranaike assassination"
},
{
"text": "Following the assassination of Bandaranaike , the country faced a period of political instability . The Premiership of Dahanayake lasted one year , with many changes to his cabinet . Fresh elections were called , but the elections in March 1960 were in-divisive as Dudley Senanayake formed a government for a brief period . Goonetilleke had a difficult decision when faced with the classic difficulty for a Governor-General , whether to dissolve Parliament , causing a new election , or call on a different faction to form a government when the Prime Minister ( in this case Dudley Senanayake ,",
"title": "Political turmoil"
},
{
"text": "son of his old friend ) lost Parliaments confidence . He dissolved the parliament and called for fresh elections . He briefly held the portfolio of Minister of Finance from 21 March 1960 to 23 April 1960 .",
"title": "Political turmoil"
},
{
"text": " Bandaranaikes widow Sirima Bandaranaike was selected by his party , the Sri Lanka Freedom Party as its leader and won elections in July 1960 . Goonetilleke called on Sirima Bandaranaike to form a government and she became the worlds first female Prime Minister . 1962 attempted military coup .",
"title": "Political turmoil"
},
{
"text": "In January 1962 , the information surfaced of attempted military coup against the government of Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike , with the suspected leaders . Prime Ministers nephew Felix Dias Bandaranaike , Parliamentary Secretary for Defence and External Affairs stated in Parliament on 18 February 1962 that Sir Olivers name had come up in the investigations . Goonetilleke indicated he had no objection to be questioned by the police , however Bandaranaikes wanted to replace the Governor-General . Bradman Weerakoon , secretary to the prime minister was dispatched London to present the Prime Ministers request to the Queen to replace",
"title": "Political turmoil"
},
{
"text": "her Governor-General in Ceylon . On 26 February 1962 , Radio Ceylon announced that the Queen had accepted the request of the Government of Ceylon to appoint William Gopallawa as Governor-General of Ceylon succeeding Sir Oliver Goonetilleke with effect from 20 March 1962 . William Gopallawa was the Prime Ministers uncle . Goonetilleke quietly left Queens House on 2 March and left the country . His tenor lasted eight years and five prime ministers .",
"title": "Political turmoil"
},
{
"text": " Goonetilleke settled into a retired life in London , in a self-imposed exile . In the investigation into the attempted military coup , some of the crown witnesses tried to link him and former Prime Ministers , Dudley Senanayake and Colonel Sir John Kotelawala , with the conspiracy ; this was never proven .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": "In his retirement in London , Sir Oliver with his considerable accumulated wealth became an underwriting member of Lloyds of London and moved in the social circles of the day . He was also an avid horse racing enthusiast and horse owner with his horses racing at Epsom and Ascot . In 1964 , he was accused by Philip Gunawardena of moves against the government Bandaranaike . Goonetilleke also faced many accusations of exchange fraud , for taking considerable sums of money out from Ceylon .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " Exchange control offences conviction . In 1972 , he was tried in absentia and sentenced to four years rigorous imprisonment and a fine of Rs 950,000 ( $125,000 ) for exchange control offences by the Criminal Justice Commission . He was not extradited , his daughter Sheila Sathananthan was given a two‐year suspended sentence and fined $72,000 and her husband Coomaraswany Sathananthan was jailed for two years and fined $35,000 .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": "Following the defeat of Bandaranaike in the 1977 general election , the newly elected Prime Minister J . R . Jayewardene , repealed the Criminal Justice Commissions Act and released all who were jailed under the provisions of the Act with an amnesty declared . This allowed Goonetilleke to return to Sri Lanka , where he died after a brief illness in 1978 .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " A biography under the title OEG was written by Charles Joseph Jeffries , and memorials to Goonetilleke include a six-foot bronze statue by sculptor Tissa Ranasinghe , commissioned by his family and installed in 1967 at a major roundabout in Colombo .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "Oliver Goonetilleke first married Esther ( née Jayawardena ) , sister of Brigadier Christopher Allan Hector Perera Jayawardena . They had three children , Joyce Wijesinghe , Shiela Sathananthan and Ernie Goonetilleke . Esther Goonetilleke died of a fatal illness when the three children were very young and before Goonetilleke entered the civil service . During his self-imposed exile in London , Goonetilleke married Phyllis Miller , who was the secretary of the Soulbury Commission , whom he had befriended during the period of the Commission circa 1944 , and lived near Marble Arch at 14 , Albion Gate ,",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Hyde Park Place , London W2 prior to his death in 1978 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " He was a Director of the YMCA and held several high positions in the Diocese of the Anglican Church of Ceylon .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Throughout his life , Goonetilleke had close links with Britain , visiting the country many times on official business , and receiving a string of British honours : - Knight Grand Cross of The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George ( GCMG ) -1954 ( KCMG : 1948 ; CMG : 1940 ) - Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order ( KCVO ) -1954 - Knight Commander of The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire ( KBE ) -1944 - Knight of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem",
"title": "Honours"
}
] |
/wiki/Oliver_Ernest_Goonetilleke#P39#3
|
What was the position of Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke in Mar 1960?
|
Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke Sir Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke ( ) ( 20 October 1892 – 17 December 1978 ) was a Sri Lankan statesman . Having served as an important figure in the gradual independence of Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) from Britain , he became the third Governor-General of Ceylon ( 1954-1962 ) . He was the first Ceylonese individual to hold the vice-regal post . Early life and education . Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke was born 20 October 1892 in Trincomalee in the northeast of Ceylon . He was the fifth child of eight and only son of Alfred Goonetilleke and Emily Jayasekera . His father who served in the Ceylon Postal Service was the postmaster of Trincomalee at the time of his birth . He was educated at Wesley College in Colombo where he won many prizes and scholarships including the Hill Medal and the Gogerly Scholarship . After completing his secondary education , Goonetilleke joined the teaching staff of Wesley College as an assistant teacher . He later earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of London as an external student . Early career . After gaining his degree , he left his teaching post and joined the Bank of Colombo as a sub-accountant , then became the manager of the Ceylon Daily News . Public service career . Few years later Goonetilleke joined the government service having been appointed as an Assistant Railway Auditor . Auditor General . Goonetilleke was the first Ceylonese to be appointed as Colonial Auditor of the crown colony of Ceylon on 25 June 1931 . With the implementation of the Donoughmore Constitution , the title of the head of the Audit Department was changed to Auditor General of Ceylon and Goonetilleke became the first to hold the new appointment on 7 July 1931 and hold it till February 1946 . As the Colonial Auditor he was an ex-officio member of the Executive Council of Ceylon in 1931 . He took on additional duties as Chairman of the Salaries and Cadres Commission , Civil Defense Commissioner and Food Commissioner . Civil Defense Commissioner . With the onset of World War II in the Far East and the likelihood that Ceylon would face a military threat from Japan , Goonetilleke was given the additional duty as Civil Defence Commissioner in the War Cabinet of Ceylon , heading the newly formed Civil Defence Department to undertake civil defense preparations . Some civil defence works such as knocking down buildings to create fire breaks in Colombo proved unpopular , but proved to be justified when the Imperial Japanese Navy carried out air raids on Colombo and other cities in the spring of 1942 . In this capacity , Ivor Jennings , Principle of the Ceylon University College , served as Goonetillekes deputy , and the two worked closely with D . S . Senanayake , the Minister of Agriculture and Lands . This group was known as the Breakdown Gang as they began to talk about much besides civil defence , including the steps that might be taken to move Ceylon to complete independence after the war . He was knighted in 1944 with a KBE for his services as the Civil Defense Commissioner in the New Year Honours . However , on 18 December 1946 , questions were raised in the House of Commons by Douglas Dodds-Parker on irregularities in the Auditor-Generals Report on Civil Defence Expenditure for 1943–44 and 1944–45 . Negotiations for independence . In 1943 , a declaration was made for grant of government for all the matters of civil administration in Ceylon . The Senanayake , Goonetilleke and Jennings drafted a constitution , known as the Ministers Draft , and submitted it to British Government in February 1944 . At this time Goonetilleke who was appointed the Commissioner of Food went to Britain to discuss an urgent food supplies . There he met Lord Soulbury who had been appointed to lead a Commission to Ceylon , pressing his case for self-rule . Goonetilleke was thereafter advised Senanayake on approaching the members of the Soulbury Commission when they arrived in Ceylon in December 1944 . Goonetilleke became an unofficial secretary to the commission and significantly influenced it . Financial Secretary . With the war drawing to a close and the closure of the Civil Defence Department , Goonetilleke left his post of Colonial Auditor which he held since 1931 to take up appointment as Financial Secretary of Ceylon in February 1946 . The Financial Secretary was head of the Treasury and responsible for all financial policy of the colony . As the Financial Secretary , Goonetilleke sat in both the Board of Ministers and the Executive Council . He was the first Ceylonese to hold the post of Financial Secretary . He held the position until his resignation in September 1947 . He was awarded KCMG in the 1948 New Year Honours for his service as Financial Secretary , Ceylon . Political career . Minister of Home Affairs and Rural Development . With Ceylon gaining dominion status within the British Commonwealth , in 1947 the first cabinet of ministers was formed with Senanayake as Prime Minister after the 1947 general elections . Goonetilleke was appointed as the Minister of Home Affairs and Rural Development on 26 September 1947 . He had been appointed to the newly formed upper house of parliament , the Senate of Ceylon and became the Leader of the Senate when both houses were ceremonially opened by the Duke of Gloucester , marking the independence of Ceylon on 4 February 1948 . High Commissioner to the United Kingdom . His term as a Cabinet Minister did not last long as he resigned on 22 July 1948 and was appointed the first Ceylonese High Commissioner to the United Kingdom . He served as High Commissioner till 1952 in London . Minister of Finance . Following the Prime Minister Dudley Senanayakes resignation after the Hartal 1953 , Sir John Kotelawala succeeded him . Goonetilleke was appointed by Kotelawala to his cabinet as Ministry of Finance and the Treasury on 14 October 1953 , while holding the post of Leader of the Senate . Once again his ministerial tenure was brief , lasting only till June 1954 . Governor-General . Shortly after a visit by Queen Elizabeth II to Ceylon in April 1954 , the decision was taken to appoint a Ceylonese native to the post of Governor-General , succeeding Lord Soulbury . D . S . Senanayake had died in 1952 , and Colonel Sir John Kotalawela was Prime Minister when Goonetilleke succeeded to the position and took up residence in Queens House . He was a friend of the powerful philanthropist Sir Ernest de Silva who assisted him in the ascension to Governor-General . He remained in office after the election of the left-wing S . W . R . D . Bandaranaike as Prime Minister defeating Sir John Kotalawela in the 1956 general elections . Bandaranaike was pressured to remove Goonetilleke , and reduce the pay of the Governor-General by members of his left-wing coalition . 1958 communal riots . On 24 May 1958 Communal riots erupted , Prime Minister Bandaranaike did not make a formal response . With violence spreading throughout the island , Goonetilleke declared a state of emergency on 27 May 1958 and deployed the armed forces to quell the rioting , while Bandaranaike allowed Goonetilleke to take control of the situation and issue orders to the armed forces to suppress the rioting with force . Goonetilleke authorized the armed forces to shoot rioters , and the armed forces restored order in a few days . Bandaranaike assassination . Goonetilleke once again was forced to take decisive action , on 25 September 1959 when Prime Minister Bandaranaike was shot at his home at Rosmead Place while meeting the public . Goonetilleke was at Queens House accepting letters of credence of the Italian Ambassador Count Paolo di Michelis di Sloughhello , when he was informed about the assassination attempt he stopped the ceremony and rushed to Rosmead Place . He informed parliament to continue and at 11 AM declared a state of emergency , bringing the military to full readiness and mobilizing reservists . Bandaranaike , who was rushed to hospital and into emergency surgery , died twenty-two hours after he was shot . Bandaranaike had been scheduled to go to New York to attend the UN General Assembly in late September 1959 . The Leader of the House C . P . de Silva was in London undergoing treatment and Bandaranaike had sent a letter to the Governor General recommending that he appoint Wijeyananda Dahanayake , Minister of Education as acting Prime Minister during his absence . With this letter present , Goonetilleke appointed Dahanayake as Prime Minister on September 26 , 1959 and was later confirmed by Parliament . Political turmoil . Following the assassination of Bandaranaike , the country faced a period of political instability . The Premiership of Dahanayake lasted one year , with many changes to his cabinet . Fresh elections were called , but the elections in March 1960 were in-divisive as Dudley Senanayake formed a government for a brief period . Goonetilleke had a difficult decision when faced with the classic difficulty for a Governor-General , whether to dissolve Parliament , causing a new election , or call on a different faction to form a government when the Prime Minister ( in this case Dudley Senanayake , son of his old friend ) lost Parliaments confidence . He dissolved the parliament and called for fresh elections . He briefly held the portfolio of Minister of Finance from 21 March 1960 to 23 April 1960 . Bandaranaikes widow Sirima Bandaranaike was selected by his party , the Sri Lanka Freedom Party as its leader and won elections in July 1960 . Goonetilleke called on Sirima Bandaranaike to form a government and she became the worlds first female Prime Minister . 1962 attempted military coup . In January 1962 , the information surfaced of attempted military coup against the government of Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike , with the suspected leaders . Prime Ministers nephew Felix Dias Bandaranaike , Parliamentary Secretary for Defence and External Affairs stated in Parliament on 18 February 1962 that Sir Olivers name had come up in the investigations . Goonetilleke indicated he had no objection to be questioned by the police , however Bandaranaikes wanted to replace the Governor-General . Bradman Weerakoon , secretary to the prime minister was dispatched London to present the Prime Ministers request to the Queen to replace her Governor-General in Ceylon . On 26 February 1962 , Radio Ceylon announced that the Queen had accepted the request of the Government of Ceylon to appoint William Gopallawa as Governor-General of Ceylon succeeding Sir Oliver Goonetilleke with effect from 20 March 1962 . William Gopallawa was the Prime Ministers uncle . Goonetilleke quietly left Queens House on 2 March and left the country . His tenor lasted eight years and five prime ministers . Later life . Goonetilleke settled into a retired life in London , in a self-imposed exile . In the investigation into the attempted military coup , some of the crown witnesses tried to link him and former Prime Ministers , Dudley Senanayake and Colonel Sir John Kotelawala , with the conspiracy ; this was never proven . In his retirement in London , Sir Oliver with his considerable accumulated wealth became an underwriting member of Lloyds of London and moved in the social circles of the day . He was also an avid horse racing enthusiast and horse owner with his horses racing at Epsom and Ascot . In 1964 , he was accused by Philip Gunawardena of moves against the government Bandaranaike . Goonetilleke also faced many accusations of exchange fraud , for taking considerable sums of money out from Ceylon . Exchange control offences conviction . In 1972 , he was tried in absentia and sentenced to four years rigorous imprisonment and a fine of Rs 950,000 ( $125,000 ) for exchange control offences by the Criminal Justice Commission . He was not extradited , his daughter Sheila Sathananthan was given a two‐year suspended sentence and fined $72,000 and her husband Coomaraswany Sathananthan was jailed for two years and fined $35,000 . Following the defeat of Bandaranaike in the 1977 general election , the newly elected Prime Minister J . R . Jayewardene , repealed the Criminal Justice Commissions Act and released all who were jailed under the provisions of the Act with an amnesty declared . This allowed Goonetilleke to return to Sri Lanka , where he died after a brief illness in 1978 . Legacy . A biography under the title OEG was written by Charles Joseph Jeffries , and memorials to Goonetilleke include a six-foot bronze statue by sculptor Tissa Ranasinghe , commissioned by his family and installed in 1967 at a major roundabout in Colombo . Personal life . Oliver Goonetilleke first married Esther ( née Jayawardena ) , sister of Brigadier Christopher Allan Hector Perera Jayawardena . They had three children , Joyce Wijesinghe , Shiela Sathananthan and Ernie Goonetilleke . Esther Goonetilleke died of a fatal illness when the three children were very young and before Goonetilleke entered the civil service . During his self-imposed exile in London , Goonetilleke married Phyllis Miller , who was the secretary of the Soulbury Commission , whom he had befriended during the period of the Commission circa 1944 , and lived near Marble Arch at 14 , Albion Gate , Hyde Park Place , London W2 prior to his death in 1978 . He was a Director of the YMCA and held several high positions in the Diocese of the Anglican Church of Ceylon . Honours . Throughout his life , Goonetilleke had close links with Britain , visiting the country many times on official business , and receiving a string of British honours : - Knight Grand Cross of The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George ( GCMG ) -1954 ( KCMG : 1948 ; CMG : 1940 ) - Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order ( KCVO ) -1954 - Knight Commander of The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire ( KBE ) -1944 - Knight of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem
|
[
"Minister of Finance"
] |
[
{
"text": " Sir Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke ( ) ( 20 October 1892 – 17 December 1978 ) was a Sri Lankan statesman . Having served as an important figure in the gradual independence of Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) from Britain , he became the third Governor-General of Ceylon ( 1954-1962 ) . He was the first Ceylonese individual to hold the vice-regal post . Early life and education .",
"title": "Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke"
},
{
"text": "Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke was born 20 October 1892 in Trincomalee in the northeast of Ceylon . He was the fifth child of eight and only son of Alfred Goonetilleke and Emily Jayasekera . His father who served in the Ceylon Postal Service was the postmaster of Trincomalee at the time of his birth .",
"title": "Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke"
},
{
"text": " He was educated at Wesley College in Colombo where he won many prizes and scholarships including the Hill Medal and the Gogerly Scholarship . After completing his secondary education , Goonetilleke joined the teaching staff of Wesley College as an assistant teacher . He later earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of London as an external student .",
"title": "Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke"
},
{
"text": " After gaining his degree , he left his teaching post and joined the Bank of Colombo as a sub-accountant , then became the manager of the Ceylon Daily News .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Few years later Goonetilleke joined the government service having been appointed as an Assistant Railway Auditor .",
"title": "Public service career"
},
{
"text": " Goonetilleke was the first Ceylonese to be appointed as Colonial Auditor of the crown colony of Ceylon on 25 June 1931 . With the implementation of the Donoughmore Constitution , the title of the head of the Audit Department was changed to Auditor General of Ceylon and Goonetilleke became the first to hold the new appointment on 7 July 1931 and hold it till February 1946 .",
"title": "Auditor General"
},
{
"text": "As the Colonial Auditor he was an ex-officio member of the Executive Council of Ceylon in 1931 . He took on additional duties as Chairman of the Salaries and Cadres Commission , Civil Defense Commissioner and Food Commissioner .",
"title": "Auditor General"
},
{
"text": "With the onset of World War II in the Far East and the likelihood that Ceylon would face a military threat from Japan , Goonetilleke was given the additional duty as Civil Defence Commissioner in the War Cabinet of Ceylon , heading the newly formed Civil Defence Department to undertake civil defense preparations . Some civil defence works such as knocking down buildings to create fire breaks in Colombo proved unpopular , but proved to be justified when the Imperial Japanese Navy carried out air raids on Colombo and other cities in the spring of 1942 . In this capacity",
"title": "Civil Defense Commissioner"
},
{
"text": ", Ivor Jennings , Principle of the Ceylon University College , served as Goonetillekes deputy , and the two worked closely with D . S . Senanayake , the Minister of Agriculture and Lands . This group was known as the Breakdown Gang as they began to talk about much besides civil defence , including the steps that might be taken to move Ceylon to complete independence after the war . He was knighted in 1944 with a KBE for his services as the Civil Defense Commissioner in the New Year Honours . However , on 18 December 1946 ,",
"title": "Civil Defense Commissioner"
},
{
"text": "questions were raised in the House of Commons by Douglas Dodds-Parker on irregularities in the Auditor-Generals Report on Civil Defence Expenditure for 1943–44 and 1944–45 .",
"title": "Civil Defense Commissioner"
},
{
"text": "In 1943 , a declaration was made for grant of government for all the matters of civil administration in Ceylon . The Senanayake , Goonetilleke and Jennings drafted a constitution , known as the Ministers Draft , and submitted it to British Government in February 1944 . At this time Goonetilleke who was appointed the Commissioner of Food went to Britain to discuss an urgent food supplies . There he met Lord Soulbury who had been appointed to lead a Commission to Ceylon , pressing his case for self-rule . Goonetilleke was thereafter advised Senanayake on approaching the members of",
"title": "Negotiations for independence"
},
{
"text": "the Soulbury Commission when they arrived in Ceylon in December 1944 . Goonetilleke became an unofficial secretary to the commission and significantly influenced it .",
"title": "Negotiations for independence"
},
{
"text": "With the war drawing to a close and the closure of the Civil Defence Department , Goonetilleke left his post of Colonial Auditor which he held since 1931 to take up appointment as Financial Secretary of Ceylon in February 1946 . The Financial Secretary was head of the Treasury and responsible for all financial policy of the colony . As the Financial Secretary , Goonetilleke sat in both the Board of Ministers and the Executive Council . He was the first Ceylonese to hold the post of Financial Secretary . He held the position until his resignation in September 1947",
"title": "Financial Secretary"
},
{
"text": ". He was awarded KCMG in the 1948 New Year Honours for his service as Financial Secretary , Ceylon .",
"title": "Financial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "With Ceylon gaining dominion status within the British Commonwealth , in 1947 the first cabinet of ministers was formed with Senanayake as Prime Minister after the 1947 general elections . Goonetilleke was appointed as the Minister of Home Affairs and Rural Development on 26 September 1947 . He had been appointed to the newly formed upper house of parliament , the Senate of Ceylon and became the Leader of the Senate when both houses were ceremonially opened by the Duke of Gloucester , marking the independence of Ceylon on 4 February 1948 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " High Commissioner to the United Kingdom . His term as a Cabinet Minister did not last long as he resigned on 22 July 1948 and was appointed the first Ceylonese High Commissioner to the United Kingdom . He served as High Commissioner till 1952 in London .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Following the Prime Minister Dudley Senanayakes resignation after the Hartal 1953 , Sir John Kotelawala succeeded him . Goonetilleke was appointed by Kotelawala to his cabinet as Ministry of Finance and the Treasury on 14 October 1953 , while holding the post of Leader of the Senate . Once again his ministerial tenure was brief , lasting only till June 1954 .",
"title": "Minister of Finance"
},
{
"text": " Shortly after a visit by Queen Elizabeth II to Ceylon in April 1954 , the decision was taken to appoint a Ceylonese native to the post of Governor-General , succeeding Lord Soulbury . D . S . Senanayake had died in 1952 , and Colonel Sir John Kotalawela was Prime Minister when Goonetilleke succeeded to the position and took up residence in Queens House . He was a friend of the powerful philanthropist Sir Ernest de Silva who assisted him in the ascension to Governor-General .",
"title": "Governor-General"
},
{
"text": "He remained in office after the election of the left-wing S . W . R . D . Bandaranaike as Prime Minister defeating Sir John Kotalawela in the 1956 general elections . Bandaranaike was pressured to remove Goonetilleke , and reduce the pay of the Governor-General by members of his left-wing coalition .",
"title": "Governor-General"
},
{
"text": " 1958 communal riots . On 24 May 1958 Communal riots erupted , Prime Minister Bandaranaike did not make a formal response . With violence spreading throughout the island , Goonetilleke declared a state of emergency on 27 May 1958 and deployed the armed forces to quell the rioting , while Bandaranaike allowed Goonetilleke to take control of the situation and issue orders to the armed forces to suppress the rioting with force . Goonetilleke authorized the armed forces to shoot rioters , and the armed forces restored order in a few days .",
"title": "Governor-General"
},
{
"text": "Goonetilleke once again was forced to take decisive action , on 25 September 1959 when Prime Minister Bandaranaike was shot at his home at Rosmead Place while meeting the public . Goonetilleke was at Queens House accepting letters of credence of the Italian Ambassador Count Paolo di Michelis di Sloughhello , when he was informed about the assassination attempt he stopped the ceremony and rushed to Rosmead Place . He informed parliament to continue and at 11 AM declared a state of emergency , bringing the military to full readiness and mobilizing reservists . Bandaranaike , who was rushed to",
"title": "Bandaranaike assassination"
},
{
"text": "hospital and into emergency surgery , died twenty-two hours after he was shot .",
"title": "Bandaranaike assassination"
},
{
"text": " Bandaranaike had been scheduled to go to New York to attend the UN General Assembly in late September 1959 . The Leader of the House C . P . de Silva was in London undergoing treatment and Bandaranaike had sent a letter to the Governor General recommending that he appoint Wijeyananda Dahanayake , Minister of Education as acting Prime Minister during his absence . With this letter present , Goonetilleke appointed Dahanayake as Prime Minister on September 26 , 1959 and was later confirmed by Parliament .",
"title": "Bandaranaike assassination"
},
{
"text": "Following the assassination of Bandaranaike , the country faced a period of political instability . The Premiership of Dahanayake lasted one year , with many changes to his cabinet . Fresh elections were called , but the elections in March 1960 were in-divisive as Dudley Senanayake formed a government for a brief period . Goonetilleke had a difficult decision when faced with the classic difficulty for a Governor-General , whether to dissolve Parliament , causing a new election , or call on a different faction to form a government when the Prime Minister ( in this case Dudley Senanayake ,",
"title": "Political turmoil"
},
{
"text": "son of his old friend ) lost Parliaments confidence . He dissolved the parliament and called for fresh elections . He briefly held the portfolio of Minister of Finance from 21 March 1960 to 23 April 1960 .",
"title": "Political turmoil"
},
{
"text": " Bandaranaikes widow Sirima Bandaranaike was selected by his party , the Sri Lanka Freedom Party as its leader and won elections in July 1960 . Goonetilleke called on Sirima Bandaranaike to form a government and she became the worlds first female Prime Minister . 1962 attempted military coup .",
"title": "Political turmoil"
},
{
"text": "In January 1962 , the information surfaced of attempted military coup against the government of Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike , with the suspected leaders . Prime Ministers nephew Felix Dias Bandaranaike , Parliamentary Secretary for Defence and External Affairs stated in Parliament on 18 February 1962 that Sir Olivers name had come up in the investigations . Goonetilleke indicated he had no objection to be questioned by the police , however Bandaranaikes wanted to replace the Governor-General . Bradman Weerakoon , secretary to the prime minister was dispatched London to present the Prime Ministers request to the Queen to replace",
"title": "Political turmoil"
},
{
"text": "her Governor-General in Ceylon . On 26 February 1962 , Radio Ceylon announced that the Queen had accepted the request of the Government of Ceylon to appoint William Gopallawa as Governor-General of Ceylon succeeding Sir Oliver Goonetilleke with effect from 20 March 1962 . William Gopallawa was the Prime Ministers uncle . Goonetilleke quietly left Queens House on 2 March and left the country . His tenor lasted eight years and five prime ministers .",
"title": "Political turmoil"
},
{
"text": " Goonetilleke settled into a retired life in London , in a self-imposed exile . In the investigation into the attempted military coup , some of the crown witnesses tried to link him and former Prime Ministers , Dudley Senanayake and Colonel Sir John Kotelawala , with the conspiracy ; this was never proven .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": "In his retirement in London , Sir Oliver with his considerable accumulated wealth became an underwriting member of Lloyds of London and moved in the social circles of the day . He was also an avid horse racing enthusiast and horse owner with his horses racing at Epsom and Ascot . In 1964 , he was accused by Philip Gunawardena of moves against the government Bandaranaike . Goonetilleke also faced many accusations of exchange fraud , for taking considerable sums of money out from Ceylon .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " Exchange control offences conviction . In 1972 , he was tried in absentia and sentenced to four years rigorous imprisonment and a fine of Rs 950,000 ( $125,000 ) for exchange control offences by the Criminal Justice Commission . He was not extradited , his daughter Sheila Sathananthan was given a two‐year suspended sentence and fined $72,000 and her husband Coomaraswany Sathananthan was jailed for two years and fined $35,000 .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": "Following the defeat of Bandaranaike in the 1977 general election , the newly elected Prime Minister J . R . Jayewardene , repealed the Criminal Justice Commissions Act and released all who were jailed under the provisions of the Act with an amnesty declared . This allowed Goonetilleke to return to Sri Lanka , where he died after a brief illness in 1978 .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " A biography under the title OEG was written by Charles Joseph Jeffries , and memorials to Goonetilleke include a six-foot bronze statue by sculptor Tissa Ranasinghe , commissioned by his family and installed in 1967 at a major roundabout in Colombo .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "Oliver Goonetilleke first married Esther ( née Jayawardena ) , sister of Brigadier Christopher Allan Hector Perera Jayawardena . They had three children , Joyce Wijesinghe , Shiela Sathananthan and Ernie Goonetilleke . Esther Goonetilleke died of a fatal illness when the three children were very young and before Goonetilleke entered the civil service . During his self-imposed exile in London , Goonetilleke married Phyllis Miller , who was the secretary of the Soulbury Commission , whom he had befriended during the period of the Commission circa 1944 , and lived near Marble Arch at 14 , Albion Gate ,",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Hyde Park Place , London W2 prior to his death in 1978 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " He was a Director of the YMCA and held several high positions in the Diocese of the Anglican Church of Ceylon .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Throughout his life , Goonetilleke had close links with Britain , visiting the country many times on official business , and receiving a string of British honours : - Knight Grand Cross of The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George ( GCMG ) -1954 ( KCMG : 1948 ; CMG : 1940 ) - Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order ( KCVO ) -1954 - Knight Commander of The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire ( KBE ) -1944 - Knight of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem",
"title": "Honours"
}
] |
/wiki/Oliver_Ernest_Goonetilleke#P39#4
|
What was the position of Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke between Jul 1960 and Nov 1961?
|
Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke Sir Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke ( ) ( 20 October 1892 – 17 December 1978 ) was a Sri Lankan statesman . Having served as an important figure in the gradual independence of Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) from Britain , he became the third Governor-General of Ceylon ( 1954-1962 ) . He was the first Ceylonese individual to hold the vice-regal post . Early life and education . Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke was born 20 October 1892 in Trincomalee in the northeast of Ceylon . He was the fifth child of eight and only son of Alfred Goonetilleke and Emily Jayasekera . His father who served in the Ceylon Postal Service was the postmaster of Trincomalee at the time of his birth . He was educated at Wesley College in Colombo where he won many prizes and scholarships including the Hill Medal and the Gogerly Scholarship . After completing his secondary education , Goonetilleke joined the teaching staff of Wesley College as an assistant teacher . He later earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of London as an external student . Early career . After gaining his degree , he left his teaching post and joined the Bank of Colombo as a sub-accountant , then became the manager of the Ceylon Daily News . Public service career . Few years later Goonetilleke joined the government service having been appointed as an Assistant Railway Auditor . Auditor General . Goonetilleke was the first Ceylonese to be appointed as Colonial Auditor of the crown colony of Ceylon on 25 June 1931 . With the implementation of the Donoughmore Constitution , the title of the head of the Audit Department was changed to Auditor General of Ceylon and Goonetilleke became the first to hold the new appointment on 7 July 1931 and hold it till February 1946 . As the Colonial Auditor he was an ex-officio member of the Executive Council of Ceylon in 1931 . He took on additional duties as Chairman of the Salaries and Cadres Commission , Civil Defense Commissioner and Food Commissioner . Civil Defense Commissioner . With the onset of World War II in the Far East and the likelihood that Ceylon would face a military threat from Japan , Goonetilleke was given the additional duty as Civil Defence Commissioner in the War Cabinet of Ceylon , heading the newly formed Civil Defence Department to undertake civil defense preparations . Some civil defence works such as knocking down buildings to create fire breaks in Colombo proved unpopular , but proved to be justified when the Imperial Japanese Navy carried out air raids on Colombo and other cities in the spring of 1942 . In this capacity , Ivor Jennings , Principle of the Ceylon University College , served as Goonetillekes deputy , and the two worked closely with D . S . Senanayake , the Minister of Agriculture and Lands . This group was known as the Breakdown Gang as they began to talk about much besides civil defence , including the steps that might be taken to move Ceylon to complete independence after the war . He was knighted in 1944 with a KBE for his services as the Civil Defense Commissioner in the New Year Honours . However , on 18 December 1946 , questions were raised in the House of Commons by Douglas Dodds-Parker on irregularities in the Auditor-Generals Report on Civil Defence Expenditure for 1943–44 and 1944–45 . Negotiations for independence . In 1943 , a declaration was made for grant of government for all the matters of civil administration in Ceylon . The Senanayake , Goonetilleke and Jennings drafted a constitution , known as the Ministers Draft , and submitted it to British Government in February 1944 . At this time Goonetilleke who was appointed the Commissioner of Food went to Britain to discuss an urgent food supplies . There he met Lord Soulbury who had been appointed to lead a Commission to Ceylon , pressing his case for self-rule . Goonetilleke was thereafter advised Senanayake on approaching the members of the Soulbury Commission when they arrived in Ceylon in December 1944 . Goonetilleke became an unofficial secretary to the commission and significantly influenced it . Financial Secretary . With the war drawing to a close and the closure of the Civil Defence Department , Goonetilleke left his post of Colonial Auditor which he held since 1931 to take up appointment as Financial Secretary of Ceylon in February 1946 . The Financial Secretary was head of the Treasury and responsible for all financial policy of the colony . As the Financial Secretary , Goonetilleke sat in both the Board of Ministers and the Executive Council . He was the first Ceylonese to hold the post of Financial Secretary . He held the position until his resignation in September 1947 . He was awarded KCMG in the 1948 New Year Honours for his service as Financial Secretary , Ceylon . Political career . Minister of Home Affairs and Rural Development . With Ceylon gaining dominion status within the British Commonwealth , in 1947 the first cabinet of ministers was formed with Senanayake as Prime Minister after the 1947 general elections . Goonetilleke was appointed as the Minister of Home Affairs and Rural Development on 26 September 1947 . He had been appointed to the newly formed upper house of parliament , the Senate of Ceylon and became the Leader of the Senate when both houses were ceremonially opened by the Duke of Gloucester , marking the independence of Ceylon on 4 February 1948 . High Commissioner to the United Kingdom . His term as a Cabinet Minister did not last long as he resigned on 22 July 1948 and was appointed the first Ceylonese High Commissioner to the United Kingdom . He served as High Commissioner till 1952 in London . Minister of Finance . Following the Prime Minister Dudley Senanayakes resignation after the Hartal 1953 , Sir John Kotelawala succeeded him . Goonetilleke was appointed by Kotelawala to his cabinet as Ministry of Finance and the Treasury on 14 October 1953 , while holding the post of Leader of the Senate . Once again his ministerial tenure was brief , lasting only till June 1954 . Governor-General . Shortly after a visit by Queen Elizabeth II to Ceylon in April 1954 , the decision was taken to appoint a Ceylonese native to the post of Governor-General , succeeding Lord Soulbury . D . S . Senanayake had died in 1952 , and Colonel Sir John Kotalawela was Prime Minister when Goonetilleke succeeded to the position and took up residence in Queens House . He was a friend of the powerful philanthropist Sir Ernest de Silva who assisted him in the ascension to Governor-General . He remained in office after the election of the left-wing S . W . R . D . Bandaranaike as Prime Minister defeating Sir John Kotalawela in the 1956 general elections . Bandaranaike was pressured to remove Goonetilleke , and reduce the pay of the Governor-General by members of his left-wing coalition . 1958 communal riots . On 24 May 1958 Communal riots erupted , Prime Minister Bandaranaike did not make a formal response . With violence spreading throughout the island , Goonetilleke declared a state of emergency on 27 May 1958 and deployed the armed forces to quell the rioting , while Bandaranaike allowed Goonetilleke to take control of the situation and issue orders to the armed forces to suppress the rioting with force . Goonetilleke authorized the armed forces to shoot rioters , and the armed forces restored order in a few days . Bandaranaike assassination . Goonetilleke once again was forced to take decisive action , on 25 September 1959 when Prime Minister Bandaranaike was shot at his home at Rosmead Place while meeting the public . Goonetilleke was at Queens House accepting letters of credence of the Italian Ambassador Count Paolo di Michelis di Sloughhello , when he was informed about the assassination attempt he stopped the ceremony and rushed to Rosmead Place . He informed parliament to continue and at 11 AM declared a state of emergency , bringing the military to full readiness and mobilizing reservists . Bandaranaike , who was rushed to hospital and into emergency surgery , died twenty-two hours after he was shot . Bandaranaike had been scheduled to go to New York to attend the UN General Assembly in late September 1959 . The Leader of the House C . P . de Silva was in London undergoing treatment and Bandaranaike had sent a letter to the Governor General recommending that he appoint Wijeyananda Dahanayake , Minister of Education as acting Prime Minister during his absence . With this letter present , Goonetilleke appointed Dahanayake as Prime Minister on September 26 , 1959 and was later confirmed by Parliament . Political turmoil . Following the assassination of Bandaranaike , the country faced a period of political instability . The Premiership of Dahanayake lasted one year , with many changes to his cabinet . Fresh elections were called , but the elections in March 1960 were in-divisive as Dudley Senanayake formed a government for a brief period . Goonetilleke had a difficult decision when faced with the classic difficulty for a Governor-General , whether to dissolve Parliament , causing a new election , or call on a different faction to form a government when the Prime Minister ( in this case Dudley Senanayake , son of his old friend ) lost Parliaments confidence . He dissolved the parliament and called for fresh elections . He briefly held the portfolio of Minister of Finance from 21 March 1960 to 23 April 1960 . Bandaranaikes widow Sirima Bandaranaike was selected by his party , the Sri Lanka Freedom Party as its leader and won elections in July 1960 . Goonetilleke called on Sirima Bandaranaike to form a government and she became the worlds first female Prime Minister . 1962 attempted military coup . In January 1962 , the information surfaced of attempted military coup against the government of Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike , with the suspected leaders . Prime Ministers nephew Felix Dias Bandaranaike , Parliamentary Secretary for Defence and External Affairs stated in Parliament on 18 February 1962 that Sir Olivers name had come up in the investigations . Goonetilleke indicated he had no objection to be questioned by the police , however Bandaranaikes wanted to replace the Governor-General . Bradman Weerakoon , secretary to the prime minister was dispatched London to present the Prime Ministers request to the Queen to replace her Governor-General in Ceylon . On 26 February 1962 , Radio Ceylon announced that the Queen had accepted the request of the Government of Ceylon to appoint William Gopallawa as Governor-General of Ceylon succeeding Sir Oliver Goonetilleke with effect from 20 March 1962 . William Gopallawa was the Prime Ministers uncle . Goonetilleke quietly left Queens House on 2 March and left the country . His tenor lasted eight years and five prime ministers . Later life . Goonetilleke settled into a retired life in London , in a self-imposed exile . In the investigation into the attempted military coup , some of the crown witnesses tried to link him and former Prime Ministers , Dudley Senanayake and Colonel Sir John Kotelawala , with the conspiracy ; this was never proven . In his retirement in London , Sir Oliver with his considerable accumulated wealth became an underwriting member of Lloyds of London and moved in the social circles of the day . He was also an avid horse racing enthusiast and horse owner with his horses racing at Epsom and Ascot . In 1964 , he was accused by Philip Gunawardena of moves against the government Bandaranaike . Goonetilleke also faced many accusations of exchange fraud , for taking considerable sums of money out from Ceylon . Exchange control offences conviction . In 1972 , he was tried in absentia and sentenced to four years rigorous imprisonment and a fine of Rs 950,000 ( $125,000 ) for exchange control offences by the Criminal Justice Commission . He was not extradited , his daughter Sheila Sathananthan was given a two‐year suspended sentence and fined $72,000 and her husband Coomaraswany Sathananthan was jailed for two years and fined $35,000 . Following the defeat of Bandaranaike in the 1977 general election , the newly elected Prime Minister J . R . Jayewardene , repealed the Criminal Justice Commissions Act and released all who were jailed under the provisions of the Act with an amnesty declared . This allowed Goonetilleke to return to Sri Lanka , where he died after a brief illness in 1978 . Legacy . A biography under the title OEG was written by Charles Joseph Jeffries , and memorials to Goonetilleke include a six-foot bronze statue by sculptor Tissa Ranasinghe , commissioned by his family and installed in 1967 at a major roundabout in Colombo . Personal life . Oliver Goonetilleke first married Esther ( née Jayawardena ) , sister of Brigadier Christopher Allan Hector Perera Jayawardena . They had three children , Joyce Wijesinghe , Shiela Sathananthan and Ernie Goonetilleke . Esther Goonetilleke died of a fatal illness when the three children were very young and before Goonetilleke entered the civil service . During his self-imposed exile in London , Goonetilleke married Phyllis Miller , who was the secretary of the Soulbury Commission , whom he had befriended during the period of the Commission circa 1944 , and lived near Marble Arch at 14 , Albion Gate , Hyde Park Place , London W2 prior to his death in 1978 . He was a Director of the YMCA and held several high positions in the Diocese of the Anglican Church of Ceylon . Honours . Throughout his life , Goonetilleke had close links with Britain , visiting the country many times on official business , and receiving a string of British honours : - Knight Grand Cross of The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George ( GCMG ) -1954 ( KCMG : 1948 ; CMG : 1940 ) - Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order ( KCVO ) -1954 - Knight Commander of The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire ( KBE ) -1944 - Knight of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem
|
[
"Governor-General of Ceylon"
] |
[
{
"text": " Sir Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke ( ) ( 20 October 1892 – 17 December 1978 ) was a Sri Lankan statesman . Having served as an important figure in the gradual independence of Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) from Britain , he became the third Governor-General of Ceylon ( 1954-1962 ) . He was the first Ceylonese individual to hold the vice-regal post . Early life and education .",
"title": "Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke"
},
{
"text": "Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke was born 20 October 1892 in Trincomalee in the northeast of Ceylon . He was the fifth child of eight and only son of Alfred Goonetilleke and Emily Jayasekera . His father who served in the Ceylon Postal Service was the postmaster of Trincomalee at the time of his birth .",
"title": "Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke"
},
{
"text": " He was educated at Wesley College in Colombo where he won many prizes and scholarships including the Hill Medal and the Gogerly Scholarship . After completing his secondary education , Goonetilleke joined the teaching staff of Wesley College as an assistant teacher . He later earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of London as an external student .",
"title": "Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke"
},
{
"text": " After gaining his degree , he left his teaching post and joined the Bank of Colombo as a sub-accountant , then became the manager of the Ceylon Daily News .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Few years later Goonetilleke joined the government service having been appointed as an Assistant Railway Auditor .",
"title": "Public service career"
},
{
"text": " Goonetilleke was the first Ceylonese to be appointed as Colonial Auditor of the crown colony of Ceylon on 25 June 1931 . With the implementation of the Donoughmore Constitution , the title of the head of the Audit Department was changed to Auditor General of Ceylon and Goonetilleke became the first to hold the new appointment on 7 July 1931 and hold it till February 1946 .",
"title": "Auditor General"
},
{
"text": "As the Colonial Auditor he was an ex-officio member of the Executive Council of Ceylon in 1931 . He took on additional duties as Chairman of the Salaries and Cadres Commission , Civil Defense Commissioner and Food Commissioner .",
"title": "Auditor General"
},
{
"text": "With the onset of World War II in the Far East and the likelihood that Ceylon would face a military threat from Japan , Goonetilleke was given the additional duty as Civil Defence Commissioner in the War Cabinet of Ceylon , heading the newly formed Civil Defence Department to undertake civil defense preparations . Some civil defence works such as knocking down buildings to create fire breaks in Colombo proved unpopular , but proved to be justified when the Imperial Japanese Navy carried out air raids on Colombo and other cities in the spring of 1942 . In this capacity",
"title": "Civil Defense Commissioner"
},
{
"text": ", Ivor Jennings , Principle of the Ceylon University College , served as Goonetillekes deputy , and the two worked closely with D . S . Senanayake , the Minister of Agriculture and Lands . This group was known as the Breakdown Gang as they began to talk about much besides civil defence , including the steps that might be taken to move Ceylon to complete independence after the war . He was knighted in 1944 with a KBE for his services as the Civil Defense Commissioner in the New Year Honours . However , on 18 December 1946 ,",
"title": "Civil Defense Commissioner"
},
{
"text": "questions were raised in the House of Commons by Douglas Dodds-Parker on irregularities in the Auditor-Generals Report on Civil Defence Expenditure for 1943–44 and 1944–45 .",
"title": "Civil Defense Commissioner"
},
{
"text": "In 1943 , a declaration was made for grant of government for all the matters of civil administration in Ceylon . The Senanayake , Goonetilleke and Jennings drafted a constitution , known as the Ministers Draft , and submitted it to British Government in February 1944 . At this time Goonetilleke who was appointed the Commissioner of Food went to Britain to discuss an urgent food supplies . There he met Lord Soulbury who had been appointed to lead a Commission to Ceylon , pressing his case for self-rule . Goonetilleke was thereafter advised Senanayake on approaching the members of",
"title": "Negotiations for independence"
},
{
"text": "the Soulbury Commission when they arrived in Ceylon in December 1944 . Goonetilleke became an unofficial secretary to the commission and significantly influenced it .",
"title": "Negotiations for independence"
},
{
"text": "With the war drawing to a close and the closure of the Civil Defence Department , Goonetilleke left his post of Colonial Auditor which he held since 1931 to take up appointment as Financial Secretary of Ceylon in February 1946 . The Financial Secretary was head of the Treasury and responsible for all financial policy of the colony . As the Financial Secretary , Goonetilleke sat in both the Board of Ministers and the Executive Council . He was the first Ceylonese to hold the post of Financial Secretary . He held the position until his resignation in September 1947",
"title": "Financial Secretary"
},
{
"text": ". He was awarded KCMG in the 1948 New Year Honours for his service as Financial Secretary , Ceylon .",
"title": "Financial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "With Ceylon gaining dominion status within the British Commonwealth , in 1947 the first cabinet of ministers was formed with Senanayake as Prime Minister after the 1947 general elections . Goonetilleke was appointed as the Minister of Home Affairs and Rural Development on 26 September 1947 . He had been appointed to the newly formed upper house of parliament , the Senate of Ceylon and became the Leader of the Senate when both houses were ceremonially opened by the Duke of Gloucester , marking the independence of Ceylon on 4 February 1948 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " High Commissioner to the United Kingdom . His term as a Cabinet Minister did not last long as he resigned on 22 July 1948 and was appointed the first Ceylonese High Commissioner to the United Kingdom . He served as High Commissioner till 1952 in London .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Following the Prime Minister Dudley Senanayakes resignation after the Hartal 1953 , Sir John Kotelawala succeeded him . Goonetilleke was appointed by Kotelawala to his cabinet as Ministry of Finance and the Treasury on 14 October 1953 , while holding the post of Leader of the Senate . Once again his ministerial tenure was brief , lasting only till June 1954 .",
"title": "Minister of Finance"
},
{
"text": " Shortly after a visit by Queen Elizabeth II to Ceylon in April 1954 , the decision was taken to appoint a Ceylonese native to the post of Governor-General , succeeding Lord Soulbury . D . S . Senanayake had died in 1952 , and Colonel Sir John Kotalawela was Prime Minister when Goonetilleke succeeded to the position and took up residence in Queens House . He was a friend of the powerful philanthropist Sir Ernest de Silva who assisted him in the ascension to Governor-General .",
"title": "Governor-General"
},
{
"text": "He remained in office after the election of the left-wing S . W . R . D . Bandaranaike as Prime Minister defeating Sir John Kotalawela in the 1956 general elections . Bandaranaike was pressured to remove Goonetilleke , and reduce the pay of the Governor-General by members of his left-wing coalition .",
"title": "Governor-General"
},
{
"text": " 1958 communal riots . On 24 May 1958 Communal riots erupted , Prime Minister Bandaranaike did not make a formal response . With violence spreading throughout the island , Goonetilleke declared a state of emergency on 27 May 1958 and deployed the armed forces to quell the rioting , while Bandaranaike allowed Goonetilleke to take control of the situation and issue orders to the armed forces to suppress the rioting with force . Goonetilleke authorized the armed forces to shoot rioters , and the armed forces restored order in a few days .",
"title": "Governor-General"
},
{
"text": "Goonetilleke once again was forced to take decisive action , on 25 September 1959 when Prime Minister Bandaranaike was shot at his home at Rosmead Place while meeting the public . Goonetilleke was at Queens House accepting letters of credence of the Italian Ambassador Count Paolo di Michelis di Sloughhello , when he was informed about the assassination attempt he stopped the ceremony and rushed to Rosmead Place . He informed parliament to continue and at 11 AM declared a state of emergency , bringing the military to full readiness and mobilizing reservists . Bandaranaike , who was rushed to",
"title": "Bandaranaike assassination"
},
{
"text": "hospital and into emergency surgery , died twenty-two hours after he was shot .",
"title": "Bandaranaike assassination"
},
{
"text": " Bandaranaike had been scheduled to go to New York to attend the UN General Assembly in late September 1959 . The Leader of the House C . P . de Silva was in London undergoing treatment and Bandaranaike had sent a letter to the Governor General recommending that he appoint Wijeyananda Dahanayake , Minister of Education as acting Prime Minister during his absence . With this letter present , Goonetilleke appointed Dahanayake as Prime Minister on September 26 , 1959 and was later confirmed by Parliament .",
"title": "Bandaranaike assassination"
},
{
"text": "Following the assassination of Bandaranaike , the country faced a period of political instability . The Premiership of Dahanayake lasted one year , with many changes to his cabinet . Fresh elections were called , but the elections in March 1960 were in-divisive as Dudley Senanayake formed a government for a brief period . Goonetilleke had a difficult decision when faced with the classic difficulty for a Governor-General , whether to dissolve Parliament , causing a new election , or call on a different faction to form a government when the Prime Minister ( in this case Dudley Senanayake ,",
"title": "Political turmoil"
},
{
"text": "son of his old friend ) lost Parliaments confidence . He dissolved the parliament and called for fresh elections . He briefly held the portfolio of Minister of Finance from 21 March 1960 to 23 April 1960 .",
"title": "Political turmoil"
},
{
"text": " Bandaranaikes widow Sirima Bandaranaike was selected by his party , the Sri Lanka Freedom Party as its leader and won elections in July 1960 . Goonetilleke called on Sirima Bandaranaike to form a government and she became the worlds first female Prime Minister . 1962 attempted military coup .",
"title": "Political turmoil"
},
{
"text": "In January 1962 , the information surfaced of attempted military coup against the government of Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike , with the suspected leaders . Prime Ministers nephew Felix Dias Bandaranaike , Parliamentary Secretary for Defence and External Affairs stated in Parliament on 18 February 1962 that Sir Olivers name had come up in the investigations . Goonetilleke indicated he had no objection to be questioned by the police , however Bandaranaikes wanted to replace the Governor-General . Bradman Weerakoon , secretary to the prime minister was dispatched London to present the Prime Ministers request to the Queen to replace",
"title": "Political turmoil"
},
{
"text": "her Governor-General in Ceylon . On 26 February 1962 , Radio Ceylon announced that the Queen had accepted the request of the Government of Ceylon to appoint William Gopallawa as Governor-General of Ceylon succeeding Sir Oliver Goonetilleke with effect from 20 March 1962 . William Gopallawa was the Prime Ministers uncle . Goonetilleke quietly left Queens House on 2 March and left the country . His tenor lasted eight years and five prime ministers .",
"title": "Political turmoil"
},
{
"text": " Goonetilleke settled into a retired life in London , in a self-imposed exile . In the investigation into the attempted military coup , some of the crown witnesses tried to link him and former Prime Ministers , Dudley Senanayake and Colonel Sir John Kotelawala , with the conspiracy ; this was never proven .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": "In his retirement in London , Sir Oliver with his considerable accumulated wealth became an underwriting member of Lloyds of London and moved in the social circles of the day . He was also an avid horse racing enthusiast and horse owner with his horses racing at Epsom and Ascot . In 1964 , he was accused by Philip Gunawardena of moves against the government Bandaranaike . Goonetilleke also faced many accusations of exchange fraud , for taking considerable sums of money out from Ceylon .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " Exchange control offences conviction . In 1972 , he was tried in absentia and sentenced to four years rigorous imprisonment and a fine of Rs 950,000 ( $125,000 ) for exchange control offences by the Criminal Justice Commission . He was not extradited , his daughter Sheila Sathananthan was given a two‐year suspended sentence and fined $72,000 and her husband Coomaraswany Sathananthan was jailed for two years and fined $35,000 .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": "Following the defeat of Bandaranaike in the 1977 general election , the newly elected Prime Minister J . R . Jayewardene , repealed the Criminal Justice Commissions Act and released all who were jailed under the provisions of the Act with an amnesty declared . This allowed Goonetilleke to return to Sri Lanka , where he died after a brief illness in 1978 .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " A biography under the title OEG was written by Charles Joseph Jeffries , and memorials to Goonetilleke include a six-foot bronze statue by sculptor Tissa Ranasinghe , commissioned by his family and installed in 1967 at a major roundabout in Colombo .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "Oliver Goonetilleke first married Esther ( née Jayawardena ) , sister of Brigadier Christopher Allan Hector Perera Jayawardena . They had three children , Joyce Wijesinghe , Shiela Sathananthan and Ernie Goonetilleke . Esther Goonetilleke died of a fatal illness when the three children were very young and before Goonetilleke entered the civil service . During his self-imposed exile in London , Goonetilleke married Phyllis Miller , who was the secretary of the Soulbury Commission , whom he had befriended during the period of the Commission circa 1944 , and lived near Marble Arch at 14 , Albion Gate ,",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Hyde Park Place , London W2 prior to his death in 1978 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " He was a Director of the YMCA and held several high positions in the Diocese of the Anglican Church of Ceylon .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Throughout his life , Goonetilleke had close links with Britain , visiting the country many times on official business , and receiving a string of British honours : - Knight Grand Cross of The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George ( GCMG ) -1954 ( KCMG : 1948 ; CMG : 1940 ) - Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order ( KCVO ) -1954 - Knight Commander of The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire ( KBE ) -1944 - Knight of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem",
"title": "Honours"
}
] |
/wiki/Mumtaz_Bhutto#P102#0
|
Which party was Mumtaz Bhutto a member of between Nov 1970 and Nov 1985?
|
Mumtaz Bhutto Mumtaz Ali Khan Bhutto ( , ) ( born 28 November 1933 ) , is a Pakistani politician who has served as 8th Governor of Sindh and later the 13th Chief Minister of Sindh . He is also the first cousin of former Prime Minister , Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto . Early life . Mumtaz Ali Bhutto was born on 28 November 1933 in the village of Pir Bux Bhutto , Larkana District , Sindh , British Raj . Before partition his father Nawab Nabi Bux Khan Bhutto was a member of the legislative assembly and had a strong political background . Education . Bhutto attended St Georges College in Mussoorie and then Lawrence College , Murree , after independence of Pakistan . He got his barrister degree from Lincolns Inn , and undergraduate and masters degrees in 1959 from Oxford University in the United Kingdom . Political career . Bhutto became a member of the National Assembly at the age of 32 years on 5 March 1965 . When he and his cousin Zulfikar Ali Bhutto announced for a new political party Pakistan Peoples Party PPP on 30 March 1967 , he also became the founding member and principal executive committee member of the party . He and his cousin Zulfikar Ali Bhutto fought the election of 17 March 1970 against Muhammad Ayub Khuhro and Qazi Fazlullah Ubaidullah . He got a victory against Qazi Fazalullah . His cousin , Zulfikar Ali Bhutto became the first democratically elected Prime Minister of Pakistan and Mumtaz Ali Bhutto became Governor of Sindh on 24 December 1971 , then Chief Minister of Sindh Province on 1 May 1972 . His cousin always used to call him a talented cousin . Citing differences with Asif Ali Zardari , Bhutto split from Pakistan Peoples Party and created his own party , Sindh National Front in 1989 . In 2017 , he merged SNF with Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf . Chief Minister . As a Chief Minister , he announced Sindhi language as the official language of the Province . Sindhi Language Bill , 1972 was introduced by the Chief Minister Mumtaz Bhutto on July 3 , 1972 , in the Sindh Assembly , Pakistan . The 1972 Language violence in Sindh occurred starting on July 7 , 1972 , when the Sindh Assembly passed The Sind Teaching , Promotion and Use of Sindhi Language Bill , 1972 which established Sindhi language as the sole official language of the province resulting in language violence in Sindh . Due to the clashes , Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , compromised and announced that Urdu and Sindhi will both be official languages of Sindh . The making of Sindhi as an equal language to Urdu for official purposes frustrated the Urdu-speaking people as they did not speak the Sindhi language . On 7 March 1977 he won a National Assembly seat and became a Federal Minister . In the year of 1977 , his cousin nominated him as president of PPP.Sindh . He was arrested during the struggle against the arrest of his cousin and then exiled by General Zias government . On 31 March 1985 he announced for a new political Alliance named Sindhi Baloch Pushtoon Front at London to propagate ethnic nationalism in Pakistan . He also announced support for a new constitutional framework for Pakistan as a weak federation . He became the convenor of the alliance for Pakistan , returned to Pakistan , and once again arrested by the military government of Zia . On 31 March 1989 , he called the workers convention at Hyderabad Sindh and announced a new political party named Sindh National Front S.N.F . He was elected to a seat in the provincial assembly from Larkana on 6 October 1993 . On 6 November 1996 , he became the Chief Minister of Sindh . Now he is the Chairman of S.N.F , which is the largest ethnic nationalist party of Sindh , and also the Chief of the Bhutto community of Pakistan . He has two sons Ameer Bux Bhutto and Ali Bhutto . Criticisms of Asif Zardari . Mumtaz Bhutto has been a critic of Asif Ali Zardari who he accuses of corruption and usurping the Pakistan Peoples Party by the using the Bhutto family name to gain power .
|
[
"Pakistan Peoples Party PPP"
] |
[
{
"text": " Mumtaz Ali Khan Bhutto ( , ) ( born 28 November 1933 ) , is a Pakistani politician who has served as 8th Governor of Sindh and later the 13th Chief Minister of Sindh . He is also the first cousin of former Prime Minister , Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto .",
"title": "Mumtaz Bhutto"
},
{
"text": " Mumtaz Ali Bhutto was born on 28 November 1933 in the village of Pir Bux Bhutto , Larkana District , Sindh , British Raj . Before partition his father Nawab Nabi Bux Khan Bhutto was a member of the legislative assembly and had a strong political background .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Bhutto attended St Georges College in Mussoorie and then Lawrence College , Murree , after independence of Pakistan . He got his barrister degree from Lincolns Inn , and undergraduate and masters degrees in 1959 from Oxford University in the United Kingdom .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " Bhutto became a member of the National Assembly at the age of 32 years on 5 March 1965 . When he and his cousin Zulfikar Ali Bhutto announced for a new political party Pakistan Peoples Party PPP on 30 March 1967 , he also became the founding member and principal executive committee member of the party . He and his cousin Zulfikar Ali Bhutto fought the election of 17 March 1970 against Muhammad Ayub Khuhro and Qazi Fazlullah Ubaidullah . He got a victory against Qazi Fazalullah .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "His cousin , Zulfikar Ali Bhutto became the first democratically elected Prime Minister of Pakistan and Mumtaz Ali Bhutto became Governor of Sindh on 24 December 1971 , then Chief Minister of Sindh Province on 1 May 1972 . His cousin always used to call him a talented cousin .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Citing differences with Asif Ali Zardari , Bhutto split from Pakistan Peoples Party and created his own party , Sindh National Front in 1989 . In 2017 , he merged SNF with Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "As a Chief Minister , he announced Sindhi language as the official language of the Province . Sindhi Language Bill , 1972 was introduced by the Chief Minister Mumtaz Bhutto on July 3 , 1972 , in the Sindh Assembly , Pakistan . The 1972 Language violence in Sindh occurred starting on July 7 , 1972 , when the Sindh Assembly passed The Sind Teaching , Promotion and Use of Sindhi Language Bill , 1972 which established Sindhi language as the sole official language of the province resulting in language violence in Sindh . Due to the clashes , Prime",
"title": "Chief Minister"
},
{
"text": "Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , compromised and announced that Urdu and Sindhi will both be official languages of Sindh . The making of Sindhi as an equal language to Urdu for official purposes frustrated the Urdu-speaking people as they did not speak the Sindhi language . On 7 March 1977 he won a National Assembly seat and became a Federal Minister . In the year of 1977 , his cousin nominated him as president of PPP.Sindh . He was arrested during the struggle against the arrest of his cousin and then exiled by General Zias government . On 31 March",
"title": "Chief Minister"
},
{
"text": "1985 he announced for a new political Alliance named Sindhi Baloch Pushtoon Front at London to propagate ethnic nationalism in Pakistan . He also announced support for a new constitutional framework for Pakistan as a weak federation . He became the convenor of the alliance for Pakistan , returned to Pakistan , and once again arrested by the military government of Zia . On 31 March 1989 , he called the workers convention at Hyderabad Sindh and announced a new political party named Sindh National Front S.N.F . He was elected to a seat in the provincial assembly from Larkana",
"title": "Chief Minister"
},
{
"text": "on 6 October 1993 . On 6 November 1996 , he became the Chief Minister of Sindh . Now he is the Chairman of S.N.F , which is the largest ethnic nationalist party of Sindh , and also the Chief of the Bhutto community of Pakistan .",
"title": "Chief Minister"
},
{
"text": " He has two sons Ameer Bux Bhutto and Ali Bhutto . Criticisms of Asif Zardari . Mumtaz Bhutto has been a critic of Asif Ali Zardari who he accuses of corruption and usurping the Pakistan Peoples Party by the using the Bhutto family name to gain power .",
"title": "Chief Minister"
}
] |
/wiki/Mumtaz_Bhutto#P102#1
|
Which party was Mumtaz Bhutto a member of in Jan 2010?
|
Mumtaz Bhutto Mumtaz Ali Khan Bhutto ( , ) ( born 28 November 1933 ) , is a Pakistani politician who has served as 8th Governor of Sindh and later the 13th Chief Minister of Sindh . He is also the first cousin of former Prime Minister , Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto . Early life . Mumtaz Ali Bhutto was born on 28 November 1933 in the village of Pir Bux Bhutto , Larkana District , Sindh , British Raj . Before partition his father Nawab Nabi Bux Khan Bhutto was a member of the legislative assembly and had a strong political background . Education . Bhutto attended St Georges College in Mussoorie and then Lawrence College , Murree , after independence of Pakistan . He got his barrister degree from Lincolns Inn , and undergraduate and masters degrees in 1959 from Oxford University in the United Kingdom . Political career . Bhutto became a member of the National Assembly at the age of 32 years on 5 March 1965 . When he and his cousin Zulfikar Ali Bhutto announced for a new political party Pakistan Peoples Party PPP on 30 March 1967 , he also became the founding member and principal executive committee member of the party . He and his cousin Zulfikar Ali Bhutto fought the election of 17 March 1970 against Muhammad Ayub Khuhro and Qazi Fazlullah Ubaidullah . He got a victory against Qazi Fazalullah . His cousin , Zulfikar Ali Bhutto became the first democratically elected Prime Minister of Pakistan and Mumtaz Ali Bhutto became Governor of Sindh on 24 December 1971 , then Chief Minister of Sindh Province on 1 May 1972 . His cousin always used to call him a talented cousin . Citing differences with Asif Ali Zardari , Bhutto split from Pakistan Peoples Party and created his own party , Sindh National Front in 1989 . In 2017 , he merged SNF with Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf . Chief Minister . As a Chief Minister , he announced Sindhi language as the official language of the Province . Sindhi Language Bill , 1972 was introduced by the Chief Minister Mumtaz Bhutto on July 3 , 1972 , in the Sindh Assembly , Pakistan . The 1972 Language violence in Sindh occurred starting on July 7 , 1972 , when the Sindh Assembly passed The Sind Teaching , Promotion and Use of Sindhi Language Bill , 1972 which established Sindhi language as the sole official language of the province resulting in language violence in Sindh . Due to the clashes , Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , compromised and announced that Urdu and Sindhi will both be official languages of Sindh . The making of Sindhi as an equal language to Urdu for official purposes frustrated the Urdu-speaking people as they did not speak the Sindhi language . On 7 March 1977 he won a National Assembly seat and became a Federal Minister . In the year of 1977 , his cousin nominated him as president of PPP.Sindh . He was arrested during the struggle against the arrest of his cousin and then exiled by General Zias government . On 31 March 1985 he announced for a new political Alliance named Sindhi Baloch Pushtoon Front at London to propagate ethnic nationalism in Pakistan . He also announced support for a new constitutional framework for Pakistan as a weak federation . He became the convenor of the alliance for Pakistan , returned to Pakistan , and once again arrested by the military government of Zia . On 31 March 1989 , he called the workers convention at Hyderabad Sindh and announced a new political party named Sindh National Front S.N.F . He was elected to a seat in the provincial assembly from Larkana on 6 October 1993 . On 6 November 1996 , he became the Chief Minister of Sindh . Now he is the Chairman of S.N.F , which is the largest ethnic nationalist party of Sindh , and also the Chief of the Bhutto community of Pakistan . He has two sons Ameer Bux Bhutto and Ali Bhutto . Criticisms of Asif Zardari . Mumtaz Bhutto has been a critic of Asif Ali Zardari who he accuses of corruption and usurping the Pakistan Peoples Party by the using the Bhutto family name to gain power .
|
[
"Sindh National Front"
] |
[
{
"text": " Mumtaz Ali Khan Bhutto ( , ) ( born 28 November 1933 ) , is a Pakistani politician who has served as 8th Governor of Sindh and later the 13th Chief Minister of Sindh . He is also the first cousin of former Prime Minister , Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto .",
"title": "Mumtaz Bhutto"
},
{
"text": " Mumtaz Ali Bhutto was born on 28 November 1933 in the village of Pir Bux Bhutto , Larkana District , Sindh , British Raj . Before partition his father Nawab Nabi Bux Khan Bhutto was a member of the legislative assembly and had a strong political background .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Bhutto attended St Georges College in Mussoorie and then Lawrence College , Murree , after independence of Pakistan . He got his barrister degree from Lincolns Inn , and undergraduate and masters degrees in 1959 from Oxford University in the United Kingdom .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " Bhutto became a member of the National Assembly at the age of 32 years on 5 March 1965 . When he and his cousin Zulfikar Ali Bhutto announced for a new political party Pakistan Peoples Party PPP on 30 March 1967 , he also became the founding member and principal executive committee member of the party . He and his cousin Zulfikar Ali Bhutto fought the election of 17 March 1970 against Muhammad Ayub Khuhro and Qazi Fazlullah Ubaidullah . He got a victory against Qazi Fazalullah .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "His cousin , Zulfikar Ali Bhutto became the first democratically elected Prime Minister of Pakistan and Mumtaz Ali Bhutto became Governor of Sindh on 24 December 1971 , then Chief Minister of Sindh Province on 1 May 1972 . His cousin always used to call him a talented cousin .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Citing differences with Asif Ali Zardari , Bhutto split from Pakistan Peoples Party and created his own party , Sindh National Front in 1989 . In 2017 , he merged SNF with Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "As a Chief Minister , he announced Sindhi language as the official language of the Province . Sindhi Language Bill , 1972 was introduced by the Chief Minister Mumtaz Bhutto on July 3 , 1972 , in the Sindh Assembly , Pakistan . The 1972 Language violence in Sindh occurred starting on July 7 , 1972 , when the Sindh Assembly passed The Sind Teaching , Promotion and Use of Sindhi Language Bill , 1972 which established Sindhi language as the sole official language of the province resulting in language violence in Sindh . Due to the clashes , Prime",
"title": "Chief Minister"
},
{
"text": "Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , compromised and announced that Urdu and Sindhi will both be official languages of Sindh . The making of Sindhi as an equal language to Urdu for official purposes frustrated the Urdu-speaking people as they did not speak the Sindhi language . On 7 March 1977 he won a National Assembly seat and became a Federal Minister . In the year of 1977 , his cousin nominated him as president of PPP.Sindh . He was arrested during the struggle against the arrest of his cousin and then exiled by General Zias government . On 31 March",
"title": "Chief Minister"
},
{
"text": "1985 he announced for a new political Alliance named Sindhi Baloch Pushtoon Front at London to propagate ethnic nationalism in Pakistan . He also announced support for a new constitutional framework for Pakistan as a weak federation . He became the convenor of the alliance for Pakistan , returned to Pakistan , and once again arrested by the military government of Zia . On 31 March 1989 , he called the workers convention at Hyderabad Sindh and announced a new political party named Sindh National Front S.N.F . He was elected to a seat in the provincial assembly from Larkana",
"title": "Chief Minister"
},
{
"text": "on 6 October 1993 . On 6 November 1996 , he became the Chief Minister of Sindh . Now he is the Chairman of S.N.F , which is the largest ethnic nationalist party of Sindh , and also the Chief of the Bhutto community of Pakistan .",
"title": "Chief Minister"
},
{
"text": " He has two sons Ameer Bux Bhutto and Ali Bhutto . Criticisms of Asif Zardari . Mumtaz Bhutto has been a critic of Asif Ali Zardari who he accuses of corruption and usurping the Pakistan Peoples Party by the using the Bhutto family name to gain power .",
"title": "Chief Minister"
}
] |
/wiki/Mumtaz_Bhutto#P102#2
|
Which party was Mumtaz Bhutto a member of after Jan 2018?
|
Mumtaz Bhutto Mumtaz Ali Khan Bhutto ( , ) ( born 28 November 1933 ) , is a Pakistani politician who has served as 8th Governor of Sindh and later the 13th Chief Minister of Sindh . He is also the first cousin of former Prime Minister , Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto . Early life . Mumtaz Ali Bhutto was born on 28 November 1933 in the village of Pir Bux Bhutto , Larkana District , Sindh , British Raj . Before partition his father Nawab Nabi Bux Khan Bhutto was a member of the legislative assembly and had a strong political background . Education . Bhutto attended St Georges College in Mussoorie and then Lawrence College , Murree , after independence of Pakistan . He got his barrister degree from Lincolns Inn , and undergraduate and masters degrees in 1959 from Oxford University in the United Kingdom . Political career . Bhutto became a member of the National Assembly at the age of 32 years on 5 March 1965 . When he and his cousin Zulfikar Ali Bhutto announced for a new political party Pakistan Peoples Party PPP on 30 March 1967 , he also became the founding member and principal executive committee member of the party . He and his cousin Zulfikar Ali Bhutto fought the election of 17 March 1970 against Muhammad Ayub Khuhro and Qazi Fazlullah Ubaidullah . He got a victory against Qazi Fazalullah . His cousin , Zulfikar Ali Bhutto became the first democratically elected Prime Minister of Pakistan and Mumtaz Ali Bhutto became Governor of Sindh on 24 December 1971 , then Chief Minister of Sindh Province on 1 May 1972 . His cousin always used to call him a talented cousin . Citing differences with Asif Ali Zardari , Bhutto split from Pakistan Peoples Party and created his own party , Sindh National Front in 1989 . In 2017 , he merged SNF with Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf . Chief Minister . As a Chief Minister , he announced Sindhi language as the official language of the Province . Sindhi Language Bill , 1972 was introduced by the Chief Minister Mumtaz Bhutto on July 3 , 1972 , in the Sindh Assembly , Pakistan . The 1972 Language violence in Sindh occurred starting on July 7 , 1972 , when the Sindh Assembly passed The Sind Teaching , Promotion and Use of Sindhi Language Bill , 1972 which established Sindhi language as the sole official language of the province resulting in language violence in Sindh . Due to the clashes , Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , compromised and announced that Urdu and Sindhi will both be official languages of Sindh . The making of Sindhi as an equal language to Urdu for official purposes frustrated the Urdu-speaking people as they did not speak the Sindhi language . On 7 March 1977 he won a National Assembly seat and became a Federal Minister . In the year of 1977 , his cousin nominated him as president of PPP.Sindh . He was arrested during the struggle against the arrest of his cousin and then exiled by General Zias government . On 31 March 1985 he announced for a new political Alliance named Sindhi Baloch Pushtoon Front at London to propagate ethnic nationalism in Pakistan . He also announced support for a new constitutional framework for Pakistan as a weak federation . He became the convenor of the alliance for Pakistan , returned to Pakistan , and once again arrested by the military government of Zia . On 31 March 1989 , he called the workers convention at Hyderabad Sindh and announced a new political party named Sindh National Front S.N.F . He was elected to a seat in the provincial assembly from Larkana on 6 October 1993 . On 6 November 1996 , he became the Chief Minister of Sindh . Now he is the Chairman of S.N.F , which is the largest ethnic nationalist party of Sindh , and also the Chief of the Bhutto community of Pakistan . He has two sons Ameer Bux Bhutto and Ali Bhutto . Criticisms of Asif Zardari . Mumtaz Bhutto has been a critic of Asif Ali Zardari who he accuses of corruption and usurping the Pakistan Peoples Party by the using the Bhutto family name to gain power .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Mumtaz Ali Khan Bhutto ( , ) ( born 28 November 1933 ) , is a Pakistani politician who has served as 8th Governor of Sindh and later the 13th Chief Minister of Sindh . He is also the first cousin of former Prime Minister , Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto .",
"title": "Mumtaz Bhutto"
},
{
"text": " Mumtaz Ali Bhutto was born on 28 November 1933 in the village of Pir Bux Bhutto , Larkana District , Sindh , British Raj . Before partition his father Nawab Nabi Bux Khan Bhutto was a member of the legislative assembly and had a strong political background .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Bhutto attended St Georges College in Mussoorie and then Lawrence College , Murree , after independence of Pakistan . He got his barrister degree from Lincolns Inn , and undergraduate and masters degrees in 1959 from Oxford University in the United Kingdom .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " Bhutto became a member of the National Assembly at the age of 32 years on 5 March 1965 . When he and his cousin Zulfikar Ali Bhutto announced for a new political party Pakistan Peoples Party PPP on 30 March 1967 , he also became the founding member and principal executive committee member of the party . He and his cousin Zulfikar Ali Bhutto fought the election of 17 March 1970 against Muhammad Ayub Khuhro and Qazi Fazlullah Ubaidullah . He got a victory against Qazi Fazalullah .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "His cousin , Zulfikar Ali Bhutto became the first democratically elected Prime Minister of Pakistan and Mumtaz Ali Bhutto became Governor of Sindh on 24 December 1971 , then Chief Minister of Sindh Province on 1 May 1972 . His cousin always used to call him a talented cousin .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Citing differences with Asif Ali Zardari , Bhutto split from Pakistan Peoples Party and created his own party , Sindh National Front in 1989 . In 2017 , he merged SNF with Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "As a Chief Minister , he announced Sindhi language as the official language of the Province . Sindhi Language Bill , 1972 was introduced by the Chief Minister Mumtaz Bhutto on July 3 , 1972 , in the Sindh Assembly , Pakistan . The 1972 Language violence in Sindh occurred starting on July 7 , 1972 , when the Sindh Assembly passed The Sind Teaching , Promotion and Use of Sindhi Language Bill , 1972 which established Sindhi language as the sole official language of the province resulting in language violence in Sindh . Due to the clashes , Prime",
"title": "Chief Minister"
},
{
"text": "Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , compromised and announced that Urdu and Sindhi will both be official languages of Sindh . The making of Sindhi as an equal language to Urdu for official purposes frustrated the Urdu-speaking people as they did not speak the Sindhi language . On 7 March 1977 he won a National Assembly seat and became a Federal Minister . In the year of 1977 , his cousin nominated him as president of PPP.Sindh . He was arrested during the struggle against the arrest of his cousin and then exiled by General Zias government . On 31 March",
"title": "Chief Minister"
},
{
"text": "1985 he announced for a new political Alliance named Sindhi Baloch Pushtoon Front at London to propagate ethnic nationalism in Pakistan . He also announced support for a new constitutional framework for Pakistan as a weak federation . He became the convenor of the alliance for Pakistan , returned to Pakistan , and once again arrested by the military government of Zia . On 31 March 1989 , he called the workers convention at Hyderabad Sindh and announced a new political party named Sindh National Front S.N.F . He was elected to a seat in the provincial assembly from Larkana",
"title": "Chief Minister"
},
{
"text": "on 6 October 1993 . On 6 November 1996 , he became the Chief Minister of Sindh . Now he is the Chairman of S.N.F , which is the largest ethnic nationalist party of Sindh , and also the Chief of the Bhutto community of Pakistan .",
"title": "Chief Minister"
},
{
"text": " He has two sons Ameer Bux Bhutto and Ali Bhutto . Criticisms of Asif Zardari . Mumtaz Bhutto has been a critic of Asif Ali Zardari who he accuses of corruption and usurping the Pakistan Peoples Party by the using the Bhutto family name to gain power .",
"title": "Chief Minister"
}
] |
/wiki/Nate_Schierholtz#P108#0
|
Nate Schierholtz was an employee for whom before Jul 2011?
|
Nate Schierholtz Nathan John Nate Schierholtz ( born February 15 , 1984 ) is an American former professional baseball right fielder . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the San Francisco Giants ( 2007–2012 ) , Philadelphia Phillies ( 2012 ) , Chicago Cubs ( 2013–2014 ) , and Washington Nationals ( 2014 ) . He also played in Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) for Hiroshima Toyo Carp ( 2015 ) . Schierholtz was a second-round draft pick by the Giants out of Chabot College in 2003 . He reached the major leagues in 2007 , batting over .300 in limited playing time . He spent most of 2008 in the minor leagues but again hit over .300 when he was called up in September . Schierholtz also represented the United States of America at the Summer Olympics that year . In 2009 , he spent the whole season with the Giants , appearing in over 100 games and getting starts in right field . Schierholtz was the Giants starting right fielder for portions of 2010 but ended the year as a defensive substitution for Pat Burrell . He won his first World Series as the Giants defeated the Texas Rangers for their first World Series title in 56 years . In 2011 , he was the Giants starting right fielder for most of the year , until a broken foot sidelined him at the end of August . Though used as the starting right fielder some in 2012 , Schierholtz said in an interview in July that Giants manager Bruce Bochy did not think of him as an everyday player . Shortly afterwards , he was traded to the Phillies , with whom he finished the year . The Giants won the World Series again and gave him a World Series ring for his earlier contributions . In 2013 , Schierholtz signed with the Cubs and received the most playing time of his career , hitting a career-high 21 home runs . He batted .192 with the Cubs the next season and was released mid-season . The Nationals picked him up soon after , and he reached the playoffs with them . In 2015 , Schierholtz attempted to make the Rangers roster out of spring training . Faced with a demotion to the minor leagues , he opted instead to spend a season in Japan with the Toyo Carp . He signed with the Detroit Tigers organization in 2016 and played some games in the minor leagues before getting released in May . Later in the season , Schierholtz failed a test for performance-enhancing drugs , resulting in an 80-game suspension by Major League Baseball . High school and college . Schierholtz was born February 15 , 1984 , in Reno , Nevada . His parents were Vai , Sr. , and Karen Schierholtz , and he was the oldest of four children ( Cainan ; Vai , Jr. ; and Sophia ) . He attended San Ramon Valley High School in Danville , California , the same high school as future San Francisco Giants teammate Randy Winn . At San Ramon Valley , he served as the team captain . Following high school , Schierholtz played for Chabot College , a community college located in Hayward , California . He spent the 2003 season with Chabot , starting at third base . In his lone season at Chabot , he was named an All-American . Professional career . San Francisco Giants . Minor leagues . Schierholtz was drafted by the San Francisco Giants in the second round ( 63rd overall ) of the 2003 Major League Baseball ( MLB ) Draft . He began his minor league career that year as a third baseman with the rookie Arizona League Giants , batting .400 in 11 games before getting promoted to the Single-A short season Salem-Keizer Volcanoes of the Northwest League . In 35 games for Salem-Keizer , he hit .306 with 38 hits , three home runs , and 29 runs batted in ( RBI ) . He began the 2004 season with the Single-A Hagerstown Suns of the South Atlantic League , earning All-star game honors for that league . He batted .296 with 53 RBI in 58 games and was leading the league in home runs ( 15 ) and extra-base hits ( 37 ) before getting promoted to the Single-A advanced San Jose Giants of the California League . At San Jose , though still receiving significant playing time as a third baseman , he began to play the outfield as well . In 62 games with San Jose , he batted .295 with three home runs and 31 RBI . He was second on the team with nine triples after not hitting any with Hagerstown . He was third among Giants prospects with 18 home runs and ranked second with 84 RBI in 2004 . In 2005 , Schierholtz remained at San Jose , where he became an everyday right fielder . Over 128 games , he batted .319 ( fifth in the California League ) with 160 hits ( tied with Chris Lubanski , Seth Smith , and Clay Timpner for fifth ) , 37 doubles ( tied with Danny Putnam for eighth ) , eight triples ( tied with Wladimir Balentien , Danny Richar , and Joe Gaetti for third behind Timpners 12 and Anthony Websters 11 ) , 15 home runs , and 86 RBI . He batted .333 in the playoffs , helping San Jose win the California League championship . Schierholtz moved up to the Double-A Connecticut Defenders of the Eastern League in 2006 . In 125 games , he batted .270 with 127 hits , 14 home runs , and 54 RBI . He led the Defenders in most major batting categories and finished sixth in the Eastern League with seven triples . Entering the 2007 season , Schierholtz was ranked the eighth-best prospect in the Giants organization by Baseball America . That year , he was assigned to the Triple-A Fresno Grizzlies of the Pacific Coast League . He spent most of the season with them . In 109 games , he had 137 hits , 31 doubles , 16 home runs , and 68 RBI . He finished third in the league in batting average ( .333 , behind Geovany Sotos .353 and Delwyn Youngs .337 ) and triples ( seven , tied with Scott Seabol behind Reggie Abercrombies and Jeff Salazars nine ) . 2007 . Giants manager Bruce Bochy considered calling up Schierholtz in May 2007 when Dave Roberts started suffering elbow problems , but an injury to Schierholtz prevented that . On June 11 , Schierholtz was called up to replace Dan Ortmeier and try to give the Giants some offensive help . He made his major league debut that day , against the Toronto Blue Jays as a defensive replacement . He got his first hit the next night , against A . J . Burnett in his first career at bat in a 3–2 victory over Toronto . During this stint , Schierholtz received most of the starts in right field . On June 23 , at AT&T Park against the New York Yankees , he blooped an RBI single into center field against Scott Proctor in the bottom of the 13th inning to win the game 6–5 for the Giants . Despite a .325 batting average in 40 at bats , Schierholtz was sent down at the start of July to make room for Rich Aurilia , who was returning from the disabled list . He was recalled in September , and he received most of the starts in right field that month . In 39 games ( 112 at bats ) , he batted .304 with 34 hits , five doubles , three triples , 10 RBI , and two walks . In 2008 , Baseball America ranked Schierholtz the fourth-best prospect in the Giants system . He attended spring training with the Giants but started the season in Fresno . Schierholtz was batting .314 with fifteen home runs and 65 runs batted in for the Grizzlies when his minor league season ended as a result of his being selected for the 2008 USA Olympic Baseball Team . In the sixth inning of a preliminary round game against China , he collided with China backup catcher Yang Yang at the home plate on a sacrifice fly , a play that resulted in a near brawl between the teams and saw Chinese manager Jim Lefebvre ejected from the game . Schierholtz played nine games with the Americans , batting .216 with four doubles , one home run , and six RBI as the United States earned a bronze medal . Schierholtz was again called up in September 2008 , as the Giants roster expanded , and he was used as the Giants starting right fielder for the remainder of the year . On September 3 , he recorded four hits in a game for the first time in a 9–2 victory over the Colorado Rockies . Three days later , he hit his first career home run against Jesse Chavez in a 7–6 victory over the Pittsburgh Pirates . In 19 games ( 75 at bats ) in 2008 , Schierholtz hit .320 with 24 hits , eight doubles , one triple , one home run , and five RBI . 2009 . Schierholtz started the 2009 season as a pinch hitter . In June , he saw his playing time increase as Randy Winn , the Giants right fielder , began playing left field frequently in place of Fred Lewis . On June 14 , he had an inside-the-park home run , only the fourth in AT&T Park history , in the third inning against Brett Anderson of the Oakland Athletics in a 7–1 victory . He had four hits on June 28 in a 7–0 win over the Milwaukee Brewers . From July 28 through August 12 , he was on the disabled list with a bruised left hip , which he suffered after running into a chain-link fence at Turner Field . He saw his playing time reduced in September as Winn moved back to right field to give Eugenio Vélez and John Bowker opportunities in left . In a career-high 116 games ( 285 at bats ) in 2009 , Schierholtz batted .267 with 76 hits , five home runs , and 29 RBI . He had the third-highest batting average for a pinch hitter in the majors ( .371 , behind Seth Smiths .472 and Hideki Matsuis .381 ) . 2010 . Schierholtz was expected to be the Giants Opening Day right fielder in 2010 , but Bowker won the position after hitting six home runs in spring training . Bowker , however , only held the job for 10 games before Schierholtz replaced him on April 17 . In his first 16 games in the role , he batted .393 , but over his next 19 , he batted .154 . When Buster Posey was called up in late May , Aubrey Huff moved from first base to right field , leaving Schierholtz on the bench . After Bengie Molina was traded , Posey switched from first base to catcher , but Travis Ishikawa began getting some starts at first base , creating a platoon between Schierholtz and Ishikawa , with Huff covering first base or right field depending on who was playing . When José Guillén was acquired on August 13 , Schierholtz was relegated to the role of pinch-hitter and late-inning defensive substitution for the rest of the year . In 137 games ( 227 at bats ) , Schierholtz batted .242 with 55 hits , 13 doubles , three triples , three home runs , and 17 RBI . Schierholtz received regular playing time throughout the postseason as a defensive replacement for starting outfielder Pat Burrell . Whenever the Giants held a lead in the sixth inning or later , Bochy would remove Burrell from the game , shift Cody Ross from right field to left field , and place Schierholtz in right field . This strategy was meant to provide the Giants with the best possible defensive outfield and , thus , the best chance of holding the lead and winning the game . Schierholtz ultimately appeared in 11 of San Franciscos 15 playoff games , accumulating 13 plate appearances and recording an RBI in Game 1 of the 2010 World Series against the Texas Rangers . In Game 4 , a night when Bochy chose to start several of his backups , he got his first start of the postseason , playing right field in the Giants 4–0 victory . The Giants won the World Series in five games , their first World Series victory since 1954 . 2011 . Schierholtz hit a 467-foot home run at Coors Field on April 18 , 2011 , against Esmil Rogers in an 8–1 victory over the Rockies . At the start of May , Schierholtz took over the Giants right field job , due to a slump by Burrell . He hit a game-tying , two-run pinch-hit home run against Grant Balfour on May 22 in an 11-inning , 5–4 victory over Oakland . Ten days later , he had a game-tying RBI single in the ninth inning against Fernando Salas and a game-winning RBI single in the 11th inning against Ryan Franklin in a 7–5 victory over the St . Louis Cardinals . On July 6 , against the San Diego Padres , Schierholtz recorded his first multi-home run game . In the bottom of the 14th inning of that game , he hit a walk-off home run against Pat Neshek that secured a 6–5 victory for the Giants . Two days later , he had a splash hit home run against R.A . Dickey in a 5–2 loss to the New York Mets . Following the acquisition of Carlos Beltrán on July 28 , Schierholtz began playing some left field for the first time in his career . He broke his right foot after hitting a foul ball off it against the Atlanta Braves on August 15 . Schierholtz appeared in five more games after the injury , but it became too severe to play through , and he was placed on the disabled list on August 27 ( retroactive to August 22 ) , and , though initially expected to return , he missed the rest of the season . In 115 games ( 335 at bats ) , Schierholtz hit .278 with 93 hits , 22 doubles , nine home runs , and 41 RBI . He said of his 2011 season , I was able to contribute to the team this year . That was a positive thing I can take from the season . 2012 . In 2012 , Schierholtz started the season as a bench player but soon became the Giants everyday right fielder . On April 23 and 24 , he had back-to-back three-hit games against the Mets . He batted .372 over his first 14 games but hit just .048 over his next seven . When May started , Bochy benched him in favor of Gregor Blanco . On July 18 , in an interview with Henry Schulman of the San Francisco Chronicle , he said that Bochy had told him in May that he did not view him as an everyday player . He said that , while he did not ask for a trade , I think whatever the best fit for the team and me is would be ideal . I cant really make those decisions . Its all up to them . Whether Im here or not Im going to give my best effort every day and bust my tail . That weekend , he started three games against the Philadelphia Phillies in right field , partly because Blanco and Ángel Pagán had been struggling . On July 22 , Schierholtz hit two home runs against Joe Blanton , the second of which forced the game into extra innings . However , the Giants would lose 4–3 in 12 innings . In 77 games ( 175 at bats ) , Schierholtz hit .251 with 44 hits , four doubles , five triples , five home runs , and 16 RBI . At the trade deadline on July 31 , Schierholtz was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies along with minor league catcher Tommy Joseph and minor league pitcher Seth Rosin for outfielder Hunter Pence . Philadelphia Phillies . Upon Schierholtzs arrival in Philadelphia , manager Charlie Manuel said he wanted to give Schierholtz everyday playing time for the rest of the year , in order to assess him . In the transition , Schierholtz changed his number from 12 to 22 . In his debut , Schierholtz homered against Edwin Jackson in a 3–2 victory against the Washington Nationals . However , Schierholtz was sent to the disabled list on August 13 after fouling a ball off his right big toe in a game against the Cardinals . He remained on the disabled list until September 1 . On September 7 , he delivered a game-ending RBI single against Will Harris , giving the Phillies a 3–2 win over Colorado . Schierholtz appeared in 33 games with the Phillies , batting .273 with 18 hits , four doubles , one home run , and five RBI . In 114 games ( 241 at bats ) with Philadelphia and San Francisco , he batted .257 with 62 hits , eight doubles , five triples , six home runs , and 21 RBI . After the season , the Phillies non-tendered Schierholtz , making him a free agent . They chose to non-tender him because they were only projecting him as a fifth outfielder , and Schierholtz was due for a pay raise . Despite being traded to the Phillies , Schierholtz received his second World Series ring from the Giants due to his contributions during the first half of the 2012 season with the team . Chicago Cubs . On December 5 , 2012 , Schierholtz signed a $2.25 million , one-year deal with the Chicago Cubs . He was the Cubs starting right fielder for most of the 2013 season . From June 4 through 18 , he set a career-high with a 10-game hitting streak . On June 14 , he had two triples in a game for the first time in his career in a 14-inning , 6–5 victory over the Cincinnati Reds . On June 22 , he set a career-high with his 10th home run of the season in a 4–3 loss to the Houston Astros . He batted .286 with 11 home runs through June 30 but saw his average sink to .218 for the rest of the season , although he would hit 10 home runs . On July 24 , he had a career-high five RBI , including a game-winning RBI double against David Hernandez in the 12th inning of a 7–6 victory over the Arizona Diamondbacks . Three days later , he hit a home run against Sergio Romo in a 1–0 victory over the Giants . Schierholtz reset his career-high in RBI with six on August 19 , including home runs against Jordan Zimmermann and Fernando Abad in an 11–1 victory over the Washington Nationals . In 137 games ( 462 at bats ) , Schierholtz batted .251 with career-highs in hits ( 116 ) , doubles ( 32 ) , home runs ( 21 ) , runs scored ( 56 ) , and RBI ( 68 ) . Defensively , he posted a .988 fielding percentage . On January 17 , 2014 , Schierholtz signed a $5 million , one-year deal to remain with the Chicago Cubs . On June 3 , he had a game-ending RBI single against Scott Rice , giving the Cubs a 2–1 victory over the Mets . He was designated for assignment by the Cubs on August 6 , 2014 . Chicago released the veteran on waivers after he had a .192 batting average and six home runs over 99 games . Washington Nationals . On August 18 , 2014 , Schierholtz signed a minor league deal with the Washington Nationals , and was assigned to the Triple-A Syracuse Chiefs of the International League . The Nationals selected Schierholtzs contract on August 23 and used him as a reserve outfielder . On September 21 , he tripled home a run against Nate Eovaldi , then scored on a double by Anthony Rendon in a 2–1 victory over the Miami Marlins . In 23 games ( 40 at bats ) with the Nationals , Schierholtz batted .225 with one home run . His combined totals were a .195 average , 69 hits , seven home runs , and 37 RBI in 122 games with Chicago and Washington . Schierholtz reached the playoffs with Washington as they won the National League East . He appeared in all four games of the 2014 National League Division Series , getting a hit and three walks in four plate appearances for a 1.000 on-base percentage as the Nationals were defeated by the Giants . After the season , he became a free agent . Texas Rangers organization . On February 6 , 2015 , Schierholtz signed a minor league deal with the Texas Rangers . He competed for an outfield spot but was released on March 28 before the season started . Hiroshima Toyo Carp . After his release from Texas , Schierholtz went to Japan , signing a one-year deal with the Hiroshima Toyo Carp of Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) . During the 2015 season , he hit .250 ( 58-for-232 ) , with 10 home runs and 30 RBIs in 65 games . It was definitely an interesting experience and I learned a lot . I enjoyed living with the Japanese culture and learning some of their ways and values . The fans are very kind to the American foreign players and it was a great experience , Schierholtz summarized his time in Japan . Detroit Tigers organization . On December 23 , 2015 , Schierholtz signed a minor league contract with the Detroit Tigers , and was invited to 2016 spring training . Failing to make the club , he played 31 games for the Triple-A Toledo Mud Hens of the International League , batting .246 with 29 hits , three home runs , and 13 RBI before his release on May 22 . On August 5 , 2016 , Schierholtz received an 80-game suspension from Major League Baseball for testing positive for a performance-enhancing drug . Personal life . Schierholtz married Kate Eveland , a former guard on the San Diego State basketball team on December 3 , 2011 . Cainan , his younger brother , was arrested on a DUI in 2004 and was charged with another DUI and felony hit-and-run on August 1 , 2010 . Nate said , Obviously , its very upsetting.. . Its just something very irresponsible and hes going to have to do some decent time for what hes done . Ill stick by him and support him to get the counseling he needs . Vai , Jr. , his youngest brother , attended the Air Force Academy and played baseball for the Falcons . His mother lives in Alamo , California ; her house burned down in 2009 but was rebuilt . Schierholtz used to bat without batting gloves , one of the few Major Leaguers to do so , but since 2011 has used batting gloves .
|
[
"San Francisco Giants"
] |
[
{
"text": " Nathan John Nate Schierholtz ( born February 15 , 1984 ) is an American former professional baseball right fielder . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the San Francisco Giants ( 2007–2012 ) , Philadelphia Phillies ( 2012 ) , Chicago Cubs ( 2013–2014 ) , and Washington Nationals ( 2014 ) . He also played in Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) for Hiroshima Toyo Carp ( 2015 ) .",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz was a second-round draft pick by the Giants out of Chabot College in 2003 . He reached the major leagues in 2007 , batting over .300 in limited playing time . He spent most of 2008 in the minor leagues but again hit over .300 when he was called up in September . Schierholtz also represented the United States of America at the Summer Olympics that year . In 2009 , he spent the whole season with the Giants , appearing in over 100 games and getting starts in right field . Schierholtz was the Giants starting right fielder",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "for portions of 2010 but ended the year as a defensive substitution for Pat Burrell . He won his first World Series as the Giants defeated the Texas Rangers for their first World Series title in 56 years . In 2011 , he was the Giants starting right fielder for most of the year , until a broken foot sidelined him at the end of August . Though used as the starting right fielder some in 2012 , Schierholtz said in an interview in July that Giants manager Bruce Bochy did not think of him as an everyday player .",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "Shortly afterwards , he was traded to the Phillies , with whom he finished the year . The Giants won the World Series again and gave him a World Series ring for his earlier contributions .",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "In 2013 , Schierholtz signed with the Cubs and received the most playing time of his career , hitting a career-high 21 home runs . He batted .192 with the Cubs the next season and was released mid-season . The Nationals picked him up soon after , and he reached the playoffs with them . In 2015 , Schierholtz attempted to make the Rangers roster out of spring training . Faced with a demotion to the minor leagues , he opted instead to spend a season in Japan with the Toyo Carp . He signed with the Detroit Tigers organization",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "in 2016 and played some games in the minor leagues before getting released in May . Later in the season , Schierholtz failed a test for performance-enhancing drugs , resulting in an 80-game suspension by Major League Baseball .",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz was born February 15 , 1984 , in Reno , Nevada . His parents were Vai , Sr. , and Karen Schierholtz , and he was the oldest of four children ( Cainan ; Vai , Jr. ; and Sophia ) . He attended San Ramon Valley High School in Danville , California , the same high school as future San Francisco Giants teammate Randy Winn . At San Ramon Valley , he served as the team captain . Following high school , Schierholtz played for Chabot College , a community college located in Hayward , California . He",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "spent the 2003 season with Chabot , starting at third base . In his lone season at Chabot , he was named an All-American .",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz was drafted by the San Francisco Giants in the second round ( 63rd overall ) of the 2003 Major League Baseball ( MLB ) Draft . He began his minor league career that year as a third baseman with the rookie Arizona League Giants , batting .400 in 11 games before getting promoted to the Single-A short season Salem-Keizer Volcanoes of the Northwest League . In 35 games for Salem-Keizer , he hit .306 with 38 hits , three home runs , and 29 runs batted in ( RBI ) . He began the 2004 season with the Single-A",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Hagerstown Suns of the South Atlantic League , earning All-star game honors for that league . He batted .296 with 53 RBI in 58 games and was leading the league in home runs ( 15 ) and extra-base hits ( 37 ) before getting promoted to the Single-A advanced San Jose Giants of the California League . At San Jose , though still receiving significant playing time as a third baseman , he began to play the outfield as well . In 62 games with San Jose , he batted .295 with three home runs and 31 RBI . He",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "was second on the team with nine triples after not hitting any with Hagerstown . He was third among Giants prospects with 18 home runs and ranked second with 84 RBI in 2004 .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "In 2005 , Schierholtz remained at San Jose , where he became an everyday right fielder . Over 128 games , he batted .319 ( fifth in the California League ) with 160 hits ( tied with Chris Lubanski , Seth Smith , and Clay Timpner for fifth ) , 37 doubles ( tied with Danny Putnam for eighth ) , eight triples ( tied with Wladimir Balentien , Danny Richar , and Joe Gaetti for third behind Timpners 12 and Anthony Websters 11 ) , 15 home runs , and 86 RBI . He batted .333 in the playoffs",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": ", helping San Jose win the California League championship .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz moved up to the Double-A Connecticut Defenders of the Eastern League in 2006 . In 125 games , he batted .270 with 127 hits , 14 home runs , and 54 RBI . He led the Defenders in most major batting categories and finished sixth in the Eastern League with seven triples . Entering the 2007 season , Schierholtz was ranked the eighth-best prospect in the Giants organization by Baseball America . That year , he was assigned to the Triple-A Fresno Grizzlies of the Pacific Coast League . He spent most of the season with them . In",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "109 games , he had 137 hits , 31 doubles , 16 home runs , and 68 RBI . He finished third in the league in batting average ( .333 , behind Geovany Sotos .353 and Delwyn Youngs .337 ) and triples ( seven , tied with Scott Seabol behind Reggie Abercrombies and Jeff Salazars nine ) .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Giants manager Bruce Bochy considered calling up Schierholtz in May 2007 when Dave Roberts started suffering elbow problems , but an injury to Schierholtz prevented that . On June 11 , Schierholtz was called up to replace Dan Ortmeier and try to give the Giants some offensive help . He made his major league debut that day , against the Toronto Blue Jays as a defensive replacement . He got his first hit the next night , against A . J . Burnett in his first career at bat in a 3–2 victory over Toronto . During this stint ,",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz received most of the starts in right field . On June 23 , at AT&T Park against the New York Yankees , he blooped an RBI single into center field against Scott Proctor in the bottom of the 13th inning to win the game 6–5 for the Giants . Despite a .325 batting average in 40 at bats , Schierholtz was sent down at the start of July to make room for Rich Aurilia , who was returning from the disabled list . He was recalled in September , and he received most of the starts in right field",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "that month . In 39 games ( 112 at bats ) , he batted .304 with 34 hits , five doubles , three triples , 10 RBI , and two walks .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "In 2008 , Baseball America ranked Schierholtz the fourth-best prospect in the Giants system . He attended spring training with the Giants but started the season in Fresno . Schierholtz was batting .314 with fifteen home runs and 65 runs batted in for the Grizzlies when his minor league season ended as a result of his being selected for the 2008 USA Olympic Baseball Team . In the sixth inning of a preliminary round game against China , he collided with China backup catcher Yang Yang at the home plate on a sacrifice fly , a play that resulted in",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "a near brawl between the teams and saw Chinese manager Jim Lefebvre ejected from the game . Schierholtz played nine games with the Americans , batting .216 with four doubles , one home run , and six RBI as the United States earned a bronze medal .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz was again called up in September 2008 , as the Giants roster expanded , and he was used as the Giants starting right fielder for the remainder of the year . On September 3 , he recorded four hits in a game for the first time in a 9–2 victory over the Colorado Rockies . Three days later , he hit his first career home run against Jesse Chavez in a 7–6 victory over the Pittsburgh Pirates . In 19 games ( 75 at bats ) in 2008 , Schierholtz hit .320 with 24 hits , eight doubles ,",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "one triple , one home run , and five RBI .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz started the 2009 season as a pinch hitter . In June , he saw his playing time increase as Randy Winn , the Giants right fielder , began playing left field frequently in place of Fred Lewis . On June 14 , he had an inside-the-park home run , only the fourth in AT&T Park history , in the third inning against Brett Anderson of the Oakland Athletics in a 7–1 victory . He had four hits on June 28 in a 7–0 win over the Milwaukee Brewers . From July 28 through August 12 , he was on",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "the disabled list with a bruised left hip , which he suffered after running into a chain-link fence at Turner Field . He saw his playing time reduced in September as Winn moved back to right field to give Eugenio Vélez and John Bowker opportunities in left . In a career-high 116 games ( 285 at bats ) in 2009 , Schierholtz batted .267 with 76 hits , five home runs , and 29 RBI . He had the third-highest batting average for a pinch hitter in the majors ( .371 , behind Seth Smiths .472 and Hideki Matsuis .381",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": ") .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz was expected to be the Giants Opening Day right fielder in 2010 , but Bowker won the position after hitting six home runs in spring training . Bowker , however , only held the job for 10 games before Schierholtz replaced him on April 17 . In his first 16 games in the role , he batted .393 , but over his next 19 , he batted .154 . When Buster Posey was called up in late May , Aubrey Huff moved from first base to right field , leaving Schierholtz on the bench . After Bengie Molina was",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "traded , Posey switched from first base to catcher , but Travis Ishikawa began getting some starts at first base , creating a platoon between Schierholtz and Ishikawa , with Huff covering first base or right field depending on who was playing . When José Guillén was acquired on August 13 , Schierholtz was relegated to the role of pinch-hitter and late-inning defensive substitution for the rest of the year . In 137 games ( 227 at bats ) , Schierholtz batted .242 with 55 hits , 13 doubles , three triples , three home runs , and 17 RBI",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz received regular playing time throughout the postseason as a defensive replacement for starting outfielder Pat Burrell . Whenever the Giants held a lead in the sixth inning or later , Bochy would remove Burrell from the game , shift Cody Ross from right field to left field , and place Schierholtz in right field . This strategy was meant to provide the Giants with the best possible defensive outfield and , thus , the best chance of holding the lead and winning the game . Schierholtz ultimately appeared in 11 of San Franciscos 15 playoff games , accumulating 13",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "plate appearances and recording an RBI in Game 1 of the 2010 World Series against the Texas Rangers . In Game 4 , a night when Bochy chose to start several of his backups , he got his first start of the postseason , playing right field in the Giants 4–0 victory . The Giants won the World Series in five games , their first World Series victory since 1954 .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz hit a 467-foot home run at Coors Field on April 18 , 2011 , against Esmil Rogers in an 8–1 victory over the Rockies . At the start of May , Schierholtz took over the Giants right field job , due to a slump by Burrell . He hit a game-tying , two-run pinch-hit home run against Grant Balfour on May 22 in an 11-inning , 5–4 victory over Oakland . Ten days later , he had a game-tying RBI single in the ninth inning against Fernando Salas and a game-winning RBI single in the 11th inning against Ryan",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Franklin in a 7–5 victory over the St . Louis Cardinals . On July 6 , against the San Diego Padres , Schierholtz recorded his first multi-home run game . In the bottom of the 14th inning of that game , he hit a walk-off home run against Pat Neshek that secured a 6–5 victory for the Giants . Two days later , he had a splash hit home run against R.A . Dickey in a 5–2 loss to the New York Mets . Following the acquisition of Carlos Beltrán on July 28 , Schierholtz began playing some left field",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "for the first time in his career . He broke his right foot after hitting a foul ball off it against the Atlanta Braves on August 15 . Schierholtz appeared in five more games after the injury , but it became too severe to play through , and he was placed on the disabled list on August 27 ( retroactive to August 22 ) , and , though initially expected to return , he missed the rest of the season . In 115 games ( 335 at bats ) , Schierholtz hit .278 with 93 hits , 22 doubles ,",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "nine home runs , and 41 RBI . He said of his 2011 season , I was able to contribute to the team this year . That was a positive thing I can take from the season .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "In 2012 , Schierholtz started the season as a bench player but soon became the Giants everyday right fielder . On April 23 and 24 , he had back-to-back three-hit games against the Mets . He batted .372 over his first 14 games but hit just .048 over his next seven . When May started , Bochy benched him in favor of Gregor Blanco . On July 18 , in an interview with Henry Schulman of the San Francisco Chronicle , he said that Bochy had told him in May that he did not view him as an everyday player",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": ". He said that , while he did not ask for a trade , I think whatever the best fit for the team and me is would be ideal . I cant really make those decisions . Its all up to them . Whether Im here or not Im going to give my best effort every day and bust my tail . That weekend , he started three games against the Philadelphia Phillies in right field , partly because Blanco and Ángel Pagán had been struggling . On July 22 , Schierholtz hit two home runs against Joe Blanton ,",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "the second of which forced the game into extra innings . However , the Giants would lose 4–3 in 12 innings . In 77 games ( 175 at bats ) , Schierholtz hit .251 with 44 hits , four doubles , five triples , five home runs , and 16 RBI . At the trade deadline on July 31 , Schierholtz was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies along with minor league catcher Tommy Joseph and minor league pitcher Seth Rosin for outfielder Hunter Pence .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Upon Schierholtzs arrival in Philadelphia , manager Charlie Manuel said he wanted to give Schierholtz everyday playing time for the rest of the year , in order to assess him . In the transition , Schierholtz changed his number from 12 to 22 . In his debut , Schierholtz homered against Edwin Jackson in a 3–2 victory against the Washington Nationals . However , Schierholtz was sent to the disabled list on August 13 after fouling a ball off his right big toe in a game against the Cardinals . He remained on the disabled list until September 1 .",
"title": "Philadelphia Phillies"
},
{
"text": "On September 7 , he delivered a game-ending RBI single against Will Harris , giving the Phillies a 3–2 win over Colorado . Schierholtz appeared in 33 games with the Phillies , batting .273 with 18 hits , four doubles , one home run , and five RBI . In 114 games ( 241 at bats ) with Philadelphia and San Francisco , he batted .257 with 62 hits , eight doubles , five triples , six home runs , and 21 RBI . After the season , the Phillies non-tendered Schierholtz , making him a free agent . They",
"title": "Philadelphia Phillies"
},
{
"text": "chose to non-tender him because they were only projecting him as a fifth outfielder , and Schierholtz was due for a pay raise .",
"title": "Philadelphia Phillies"
},
{
"text": " Despite being traded to the Phillies , Schierholtz received his second World Series ring from the Giants due to his contributions during the first half of the 2012 season with the team .",
"title": "Philadelphia Phillies"
},
{
"text": "On December 5 , 2012 , Schierholtz signed a $2.25 million , one-year deal with the Chicago Cubs . He was the Cubs starting right fielder for most of the 2013 season . From June 4 through 18 , he set a career-high with a 10-game hitting streak . On June 14 , he had two triples in a game for the first time in his career in a 14-inning , 6–5 victory over the Cincinnati Reds . On June 22 , he set a career-high with his 10th home run of the season in a 4–3 loss to the",
"title": "Chicago Cubs"
},
{
"text": "Houston Astros . He batted .286 with 11 home runs through June 30 but saw his average sink to .218 for the rest of the season , although he would hit 10 home runs . On July 24 , he had a career-high five RBI , including a game-winning RBI double against David Hernandez in the 12th inning of a 7–6 victory over the Arizona Diamondbacks . Three days later , he hit a home run against Sergio Romo in a 1–0 victory over the Giants . Schierholtz reset his career-high in RBI with six on August 19 , including",
"title": "Chicago Cubs"
},
{
"text": "home runs against Jordan Zimmermann and Fernando Abad in an 11–1 victory over the Washington Nationals . In 137 games ( 462 at bats ) , Schierholtz batted .251 with career-highs in hits ( 116 ) , doubles ( 32 ) , home runs ( 21 ) , runs scored ( 56 ) , and RBI ( 68 ) . Defensively , he posted a .988 fielding percentage .",
"title": "Chicago Cubs"
},
{
"text": " On January 17 , 2014 , Schierholtz signed a $5 million , one-year deal to remain with the Chicago Cubs . On June 3 , he had a game-ending RBI single against Scott Rice , giving the Cubs a 2–1 victory over the Mets . He was designated for assignment by the Cubs on August 6 , 2014 . Chicago released the veteran on waivers after he had a .192 batting average and six home runs over 99 games .",
"title": "Chicago Cubs"
},
{
"text": "On August 18 , 2014 , Schierholtz signed a minor league deal with the Washington Nationals , and was assigned to the Triple-A Syracuse Chiefs of the International League . The Nationals selected Schierholtzs contract on August 23 and used him as a reserve outfielder . On September 21 , he tripled home a run against Nate Eovaldi , then scored on a double by Anthony Rendon in a 2–1 victory over the Miami Marlins . In 23 games ( 40 at bats ) with the Nationals , Schierholtz batted .225 with one home run . His combined totals were",
"title": "Washington Nationals"
},
{
"text": "a .195 average , 69 hits , seven home runs , and 37 RBI in 122 games with Chicago and Washington . Schierholtz reached the playoffs with Washington as they won the National League East . He appeared in all four games of the 2014 National League Division Series , getting a hit and three walks in four plate appearances for a 1.000 on-base percentage as the Nationals were defeated by the Giants . After the season , he became a free agent .",
"title": "Washington Nationals"
},
{
"text": " On February 6 , 2015 , Schierholtz signed a minor league deal with the Texas Rangers . He competed for an outfield spot but was released on March 28 before the season started .",
"title": "Texas Rangers organization"
},
{
"text": "After his release from Texas , Schierholtz went to Japan , signing a one-year deal with the Hiroshima Toyo Carp of Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) . During the 2015 season , he hit .250 ( 58-for-232 ) , with 10 home runs and 30 RBIs in 65 games . It was definitely an interesting experience and I learned a lot . I enjoyed living with the Japanese culture and learning some of their ways and values . The fans are very kind to the American foreign players and it was a great experience , Schierholtz summarized his time",
"title": "Hiroshima Toyo Carp"
},
{
"text": "in Japan .",
"title": "Hiroshima Toyo Carp"
},
{
"text": " On December 23 , 2015 , Schierholtz signed a minor league contract with the Detroit Tigers , and was invited to 2016 spring training . Failing to make the club , he played 31 games for the Triple-A Toledo Mud Hens of the International League , batting .246 with 29 hits , three home runs , and 13 RBI before his release on May 22 . On August 5 , 2016 , Schierholtz received an 80-game suspension from Major League Baseball for testing positive for a performance-enhancing drug .",
"title": "Detroit Tigers organization"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz married Kate Eveland , a former guard on the San Diego State basketball team on December 3 , 2011 . Cainan , his younger brother , was arrested on a DUI in 2004 and was charged with another DUI and felony hit-and-run on August 1 , 2010 . Nate said , Obviously , its very upsetting.. . Its just something very irresponsible and hes going to have to do some decent time for what hes done . Ill stick by him and support him to get the counseling he needs . Vai , Jr. , his youngest brother ,",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "attended the Air Force Academy and played baseball for the Falcons . His mother lives in Alamo , California ; her house burned down in 2009 but was rebuilt .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Schierholtz used to bat without batting gloves , one of the few Major Leaguers to do so , but since 2011 has used batting gloves .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Nate_Schierholtz#P108#1
|
Nate Schierholtz was an employee for whom in Oct 2012?
|
Nate Schierholtz Nathan John Nate Schierholtz ( born February 15 , 1984 ) is an American former professional baseball right fielder . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the San Francisco Giants ( 2007–2012 ) , Philadelphia Phillies ( 2012 ) , Chicago Cubs ( 2013–2014 ) , and Washington Nationals ( 2014 ) . He also played in Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) for Hiroshima Toyo Carp ( 2015 ) . Schierholtz was a second-round draft pick by the Giants out of Chabot College in 2003 . He reached the major leagues in 2007 , batting over .300 in limited playing time . He spent most of 2008 in the minor leagues but again hit over .300 when he was called up in September . Schierholtz also represented the United States of America at the Summer Olympics that year . In 2009 , he spent the whole season with the Giants , appearing in over 100 games and getting starts in right field . Schierholtz was the Giants starting right fielder for portions of 2010 but ended the year as a defensive substitution for Pat Burrell . He won his first World Series as the Giants defeated the Texas Rangers for their first World Series title in 56 years . In 2011 , he was the Giants starting right fielder for most of the year , until a broken foot sidelined him at the end of August . Though used as the starting right fielder some in 2012 , Schierholtz said in an interview in July that Giants manager Bruce Bochy did not think of him as an everyday player . Shortly afterwards , he was traded to the Phillies , with whom he finished the year . The Giants won the World Series again and gave him a World Series ring for his earlier contributions . In 2013 , Schierholtz signed with the Cubs and received the most playing time of his career , hitting a career-high 21 home runs . He batted .192 with the Cubs the next season and was released mid-season . The Nationals picked him up soon after , and he reached the playoffs with them . In 2015 , Schierholtz attempted to make the Rangers roster out of spring training . Faced with a demotion to the minor leagues , he opted instead to spend a season in Japan with the Toyo Carp . He signed with the Detroit Tigers organization in 2016 and played some games in the minor leagues before getting released in May . Later in the season , Schierholtz failed a test for performance-enhancing drugs , resulting in an 80-game suspension by Major League Baseball . High school and college . Schierholtz was born February 15 , 1984 , in Reno , Nevada . His parents were Vai , Sr. , and Karen Schierholtz , and he was the oldest of four children ( Cainan ; Vai , Jr. ; and Sophia ) . He attended San Ramon Valley High School in Danville , California , the same high school as future San Francisco Giants teammate Randy Winn . At San Ramon Valley , he served as the team captain . Following high school , Schierholtz played for Chabot College , a community college located in Hayward , California . He spent the 2003 season with Chabot , starting at third base . In his lone season at Chabot , he was named an All-American . Professional career . San Francisco Giants . Minor leagues . Schierholtz was drafted by the San Francisco Giants in the second round ( 63rd overall ) of the 2003 Major League Baseball ( MLB ) Draft . He began his minor league career that year as a third baseman with the rookie Arizona League Giants , batting .400 in 11 games before getting promoted to the Single-A short season Salem-Keizer Volcanoes of the Northwest League . In 35 games for Salem-Keizer , he hit .306 with 38 hits , three home runs , and 29 runs batted in ( RBI ) . He began the 2004 season with the Single-A Hagerstown Suns of the South Atlantic League , earning All-star game honors for that league . He batted .296 with 53 RBI in 58 games and was leading the league in home runs ( 15 ) and extra-base hits ( 37 ) before getting promoted to the Single-A advanced San Jose Giants of the California League . At San Jose , though still receiving significant playing time as a third baseman , he began to play the outfield as well . In 62 games with San Jose , he batted .295 with three home runs and 31 RBI . He was second on the team with nine triples after not hitting any with Hagerstown . He was third among Giants prospects with 18 home runs and ranked second with 84 RBI in 2004 . In 2005 , Schierholtz remained at San Jose , where he became an everyday right fielder . Over 128 games , he batted .319 ( fifth in the California League ) with 160 hits ( tied with Chris Lubanski , Seth Smith , and Clay Timpner for fifth ) , 37 doubles ( tied with Danny Putnam for eighth ) , eight triples ( tied with Wladimir Balentien , Danny Richar , and Joe Gaetti for third behind Timpners 12 and Anthony Websters 11 ) , 15 home runs , and 86 RBI . He batted .333 in the playoffs , helping San Jose win the California League championship . Schierholtz moved up to the Double-A Connecticut Defenders of the Eastern League in 2006 . In 125 games , he batted .270 with 127 hits , 14 home runs , and 54 RBI . He led the Defenders in most major batting categories and finished sixth in the Eastern League with seven triples . Entering the 2007 season , Schierholtz was ranked the eighth-best prospect in the Giants organization by Baseball America . That year , he was assigned to the Triple-A Fresno Grizzlies of the Pacific Coast League . He spent most of the season with them . In 109 games , he had 137 hits , 31 doubles , 16 home runs , and 68 RBI . He finished third in the league in batting average ( .333 , behind Geovany Sotos .353 and Delwyn Youngs .337 ) and triples ( seven , tied with Scott Seabol behind Reggie Abercrombies and Jeff Salazars nine ) . 2007 . Giants manager Bruce Bochy considered calling up Schierholtz in May 2007 when Dave Roberts started suffering elbow problems , but an injury to Schierholtz prevented that . On June 11 , Schierholtz was called up to replace Dan Ortmeier and try to give the Giants some offensive help . He made his major league debut that day , against the Toronto Blue Jays as a defensive replacement . He got his first hit the next night , against A . J . Burnett in his first career at bat in a 3–2 victory over Toronto . During this stint , Schierholtz received most of the starts in right field . On June 23 , at AT&T Park against the New York Yankees , he blooped an RBI single into center field against Scott Proctor in the bottom of the 13th inning to win the game 6–5 for the Giants . Despite a .325 batting average in 40 at bats , Schierholtz was sent down at the start of July to make room for Rich Aurilia , who was returning from the disabled list . He was recalled in September , and he received most of the starts in right field that month . In 39 games ( 112 at bats ) , he batted .304 with 34 hits , five doubles , three triples , 10 RBI , and two walks . In 2008 , Baseball America ranked Schierholtz the fourth-best prospect in the Giants system . He attended spring training with the Giants but started the season in Fresno . Schierholtz was batting .314 with fifteen home runs and 65 runs batted in for the Grizzlies when his minor league season ended as a result of his being selected for the 2008 USA Olympic Baseball Team . In the sixth inning of a preliminary round game against China , he collided with China backup catcher Yang Yang at the home plate on a sacrifice fly , a play that resulted in a near brawl between the teams and saw Chinese manager Jim Lefebvre ejected from the game . Schierholtz played nine games with the Americans , batting .216 with four doubles , one home run , and six RBI as the United States earned a bronze medal . Schierholtz was again called up in September 2008 , as the Giants roster expanded , and he was used as the Giants starting right fielder for the remainder of the year . On September 3 , he recorded four hits in a game for the first time in a 9–2 victory over the Colorado Rockies . Three days later , he hit his first career home run against Jesse Chavez in a 7–6 victory over the Pittsburgh Pirates . In 19 games ( 75 at bats ) in 2008 , Schierholtz hit .320 with 24 hits , eight doubles , one triple , one home run , and five RBI . 2009 . Schierholtz started the 2009 season as a pinch hitter . In June , he saw his playing time increase as Randy Winn , the Giants right fielder , began playing left field frequently in place of Fred Lewis . On June 14 , he had an inside-the-park home run , only the fourth in AT&T Park history , in the third inning against Brett Anderson of the Oakland Athletics in a 7–1 victory . He had four hits on June 28 in a 7–0 win over the Milwaukee Brewers . From July 28 through August 12 , he was on the disabled list with a bruised left hip , which he suffered after running into a chain-link fence at Turner Field . He saw his playing time reduced in September as Winn moved back to right field to give Eugenio Vélez and John Bowker opportunities in left . In a career-high 116 games ( 285 at bats ) in 2009 , Schierholtz batted .267 with 76 hits , five home runs , and 29 RBI . He had the third-highest batting average for a pinch hitter in the majors ( .371 , behind Seth Smiths .472 and Hideki Matsuis .381 ) . 2010 . Schierholtz was expected to be the Giants Opening Day right fielder in 2010 , but Bowker won the position after hitting six home runs in spring training . Bowker , however , only held the job for 10 games before Schierholtz replaced him on April 17 . In his first 16 games in the role , he batted .393 , but over his next 19 , he batted .154 . When Buster Posey was called up in late May , Aubrey Huff moved from first base to right field , leaving Schierholtz on the bench . After Bengie Molina was traded , Posey switched from first base to catcher , but Travis Ishikawa began getting some starts at first base , creating a platoon between Schierholtz and Ishikawa , with Huff covering first base or right field depending on who was playing . When José Guillén was acquired on August 13 , Schierholtz was relegated to the role of pinch-hitter and late-inning defensive substitution for the rest of the year . In 137 games ( 227 at bats ) , Schierholtz batted .242 with 55 hits , 13 doubles , three triples , three home runs , and 17 RBI . Schierholtz received regular playing time throughout the postseason as a defensive replacement for starting outfielder Pat Burrell . Whenever the Giants held a lead in the sixth inning or later , Bochy would remove Burrell from the game , shift Cody Ross from right field to left field , and place Schierholtz in right field . This strategy was meant to provide the Giants with the best possible defensive outfield and , thus , the best chance of holding the lead and winning the game . Schierholtz ultimately appeared in 11 of San Franciscos 15 playoff games , accumulating 13 plate appearances and recording an RBI in Game 1 of the 2010 World Series against the Texas Rangers . In Game 4 , a night when Bochy chose to start several of his backups , he got his first start of the postseason , playing right field in the Giants 4–0 victory . The Giants won the World Series in five games , their first World Series victory since 1954 . 2011 . Schierholtz hit a 467-foot home run at Coors Field on April 18 , 2011 , against Esmil Rogers in an 8–1 victory over the Rockies . At the start of May , Schierholtz took over the Giants right field job , due to a slump by Burrell . He hit a game-tying , two-run pinch-hit home run against Grant Balfour on May 22 in an 11-inning , 5–4 victory over Oakland . Ten days later , he had a game-tying RBI single in the ninth inning against Fernando Salas and a game-winning RBI single in the 11th inning against Ryan Franklin in a 7–5 victory over the St . Louis Cardinals . On July 6 , against the San Diego Padres , Schierholtz recorded his first multi-home run game . In the bottom of the 14th inning of that game , he hit a walk-off home run against Pat Neshek that secured a 6–5 victory for the Giants . Two days later , he had a splash hit home run against R.A . Dickey in a 5–2 loss to the New York Mets . Following the acquisition of Carlos Beltrán on July 28 , Schierholtz began playing some left field for the first time in his career . He broke his right foot after hitting a foul ball off it against the Atlanta Braves on August 15 . Schierholtz appeared in five more games after the injury , but it became too severe to play through , and he was placed on the disabled list on August 27 ( retroactive to August 22 ) , and , though initially expected to return , he missed the rest of the season . In 115 games ( 335 at bats ) , Schierholtz hit .278 with 93 hits , 22 doubles , nine home runs , and 41 RBI . He said of his 2011 season , I was able to contribute to the team this year . That was a positive thing I can take from the season . 2012 . In 2012 , Schierholtz started the season as a bench player but soon became the Giants everyday right fielder . On April 23 and 24 , he had back-to-back three-hit games against the Mets . He batted .372 over his first 14 games but hit just .048 over his next seven . When May started , Bochy benched him in favor of Gregor Blanco . On July 18 , in an interview with Henry Schulman of the San Francisco Chronicle , he said that Bochy had told him in May that he did not view him as an everyday player . He said that , while he did not ask for a trade , I think whatever the best fit for the team and me is would be ideal . I cant really make those decisions . Its all up to them . Whether Im here or not Im going to give my best effort every day and bust my tail . That weekend , he started three games against the Philadelphia Phillies in right field , partly because Blanco and Ángel Pagán had been struggling . On July 22 , Schierholtz hit two home runs against Joe Blanton , the second of which forced the game into extra innings . However , the Giants would lose 4–3 in 12 innings . In 77 games ( 175 at bats ) , Schierholtz hit .251 with 44 hits , four doubles , five triples , five home runs , and 16 RBI . At the trade deadline on July 31 , Schierholtz was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies along with minor league catcher Tommy Joseph and minor league pitcher Seth Rosin for outfielder Hunter Pence . Philadelphia Phillies . Upon Schierholtzs arrival in Philadelphia , manager Charlie Manuel said he wanted to give Schierholtz everyday playing time for the rest of the year , in order to assess him . In the transition , Schierholtz changed his number from 12 to 22 . In his debut , Schierholtz homered against Edwin Jackson in a 3–2 victory against the Washington Nationals . However , Schierholtz was sent to the disabled list on August 13 after fouling a ball off his right big toe in a game against the Cardinals . He remained on the disabled list until September 1 . On September 7 , he delivered a game-ending RBI single against Will Harris , giving the Phillies a 3–2 win over Colorado . Schierholtz appeared in 33 games with the Phillies , batting .273 with 18 hits , four doubles , one home run , and five RBI . In 114 games ( 241 at bats ) with Philadelphia and San Francisco , he batted .257 with 62 hits , eight doubles , five triples , six home runs , and 21 RBI . After the season , the Phillies non-tendered Schierholtz , making him a free agent . They chose to non-tender him because they were only projecting him as a fifth outfielder , and Schierholtz was due for a pay raise . Despite being traded to the Phillies , Schierholtz received his second World Series ring from the Giants due to his contributions during the first half of the 2012 season with the team . Chicago Cubs . On December 5 , 2012 , Schierholtz signed a $2.25 million , one-year deal with the Chicago Cubs . He was the Cubs starting right fielder for most of the 2013 season . From June 4 through 18 , he set a career-high with a 10-game hitting streak . On June 14 , he had two triples in a game for the first time in his career in a 14-inning , 6–5 victory over the Cincinnati Reds . On June 22 , he set a career-high with his 10th home run of the season in a 4–3 loss to the Houston Astros . He batted .286 with 11 home runs through June 30 but saw his average sink to .218 for the rest of the season , although he would hit 10 home runs . On July 24 , he had a career-high five RBI , including a game-winning RBI double against David Hernandez in the 12th inning of a 7–6 victory over the Arizona Diamondbacks . Three days later , he hit a home run against Sergio Romo in a 1–0 victory over the Giants . Schierholtz reset his career-high in RBI with six on August 19 , including home runs against Jordan Zimmermann and Fernando Abad in an 11–1 victory over the Washington Nationals . In 137 games ( 462 at bats ) , Schierholtz batted .251 with career-highs in hits ( 116 ) , doubles ( 32 ) , home runs ( 21 ) , runs scored ( 56 ) , and RBI ( 68 ) . Defensively , he posted a .988 fielding percentage . On January 17 , 2014 , Schierholtz signed a $5 million , one-year deal to remain with the Chicago Cubs . On June 3 , he had a game-ending RBI single against Scott Rice , giving the Cubs a 2–1 victory over the Mets . He was designated for assignment by the Cubs on August 6 , 2014 . Chicago released the veteran on waivers after he had a .192 batting average and six home runs over 99 games . Washington Nationals . On August 18 , 2014 , Schierholtz signed a minor league deal with the Washington Nationals , and was assigned to the Triple-A Syracuse Chiefs of the International League . The Nationals selected Schierholtzs contract on August 23 and used him as a reserve outfielder . On September 21 , he tripled home a run against Nate Eovaldi , then scored on a double by Anthony Rendon in a 2–1 victory over the Miami Marlins . In 23 games ( 40 at bats ) with the Nationals , Schierholtz batted .225 with one home run . His combined totals were a .195 average , 69 hits , seven home runs , and 37 RBI in 122 games with Chicago and Washington . Schierholtz reached the playoffs with Washington as they won the National League East . He appeared in all four games of the 2014 National League Division Series , getting a hit and three walks in four plate appearances for a 1.000 on-base percentage as the Nationals were defeated by the Giants . After the season , he became a free agent . Texas Rangers organization . On February 6 , 2015 , Schierholtz signed a minor league deal with the Texas Rangers . He competed for an outfield spot but was released on March 28 before the season started . Hiroshima Toyo Carp . After his release from Texas , Schierholtz went to Japan , signing a one-year deal with the Hiroshima Toyo Carp of Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) . During the 2015 season , he hit .250 ( 58-for-232 ) , with 10 home runs and 30 RBIs in 65 games . It was definitely an interesting experience and I learned a lot . I enjoyed living with the Japanese culture and learning some of their ways and values . The fans are very kind to the American foreign players and it was a great experience , Schierholtz summarized his time in Japan . Detroit Tigers organization . On December 23 , 2015 , Schierholtz signed a minor league contract with the Detroit Tigers , and was invited to 2016 spring training . Failing to make the club , he played 31 games for the Triple-A Toledo Mud Hens of the International League , batting .246 with 29 hits , three home runs , and 13 RBI before his release on May 22 . On August 5 , 2016 , Schierholtz received an 80-game suspension from Major League Baseball for testing positive for a performance-enhancing drug . Personal life . Schierholtz married Kate Eveland , a former guard on the San Diego State basketball team on December 3 , 2011 . Cainan , his younger brother , was arrested on a DUI in 2004 and was charged with another DUI and felony hit-and-run on August 1 , 2010 . Nate said , Obviously , its very upsetting.. . Its just something very irresponsible and hes going to have to do some decent time for what hes done . Ill stick by him and support him to get the counseling he needs . Vai , Jr. , his youngest brother , attended the Air Force Academy and played baseball for the Falcons . His mother lives in Alamo , California ; her house burned down in 2009 but was rebuilt . Schierholtz used to bat without batting gloves , one of the few Major Leaguers to do so , but since 2011 has used batting gloves .
|
[
"Philadelphia Phillies"
] |
[
{
"text": " Nathan John Nate Schierholtz ( born February 15 , 1984 ) is an American former professional baseball right fielder . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the San Francisco Giants ( 2007–2012 ) , Philadelphia Phillies ( 2012 ) , Chicago Cubs ( 2013–2014 ) , and Washington Nationals ( 2014 ) . He also played in Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) for Hiroshima Toyo Carp ( 2015 ) .",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz was a second-round draft pick by the Giants out of Chabot College in 2003 . He reached the major leagues in 2007 , batting over .300 in limited playing time . He spent most of 2008 in the minor leagues but again hit over .300 when he was called up in September . Schierholtz also represented the United States of America at the Summer Olympics that year . In 2009 , he spent the whole season with the Giants , appearing in over 100 games and getting starts in right field . Schierholtz was the Giants starting right fielder",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "for portions of 2010 but ended the year as a defensive substitution for Pat Burrell . He won his first World Series as the Giants defeated the Texas Rangers for their first World Series title in 56 years . In 2011 , he was the Giants starting right fielder for most of the year , until a broken foot sidelined him at the end of August . Though used as the starting right fielder some in 2012 , Schierholtz said in an interview in July that Giants manager Bruce Bochy did not think of him as an everyday player .",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "Shortly afterwards , he was traded to the Phillies , with whom he finished the year . The Giants won the World Series again and gave him a World Series ring for his earlier contributions .",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "In 2013 , Schierholtz signed with the Cubs and received the most playing time of his career , hitting a career-high 21 home runs . He batted .192 with the Cubs the next season and was released mid-season . The Nationals picked him up soon after , and he reached the playoffs with them . In 2015 , Schierholtz attempted to make the Rangers roster out of spring training . Faced with a demotion to the minor leagues , he opted instead to spend a season in Japan with the Toyo Carp . He signed with the Detroit Tigers organization",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "in 2016 and played some games in the minor leagues before getting released in May . Later in the season , Schierholtz failed a test for performance-enhancing drugs , resulting in an 80-game suspension by Major League Baseball .",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz was born February 15 , 1984 , in Reno , Nevada . His parents were Vai , Sr. , and Karen Schierholtz , and he was the oldest of four children ( Cainan ; Vai , Jr. ; and Sophia ) . He attended San Ramon Valley High School in Danville , California , the same high school as future San Francisco Giants teammate Randy Winn . At San Ramon Valley , he served as the team captain . Following high school , Schierholtz played for Chabot College , a community college located in Hayward , California . He",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "spent the 2003 season with Chabot , starting at third base . In his lone season at Chabot , he was named an All-American .",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz was drafted by the San Francisco Giants in the second round ( 63rd overall ) of the 2003 Major League Baseball ( MLB ) Draft . He began his minor league career that year as a third baseman with the rookie Arizona League Giants , batting .400 in 11 games before getting promoted to the Single-A short season Salem-Keizer Volcanoes of the Northwest League . In 35 games for Salem-Keizer , he hit .306 with 38 hits , three home runs , and 29 runs batted in ( RBI ) . He began the 2004 season with the Single-A",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Hagerstown Suns of the South Atlantic League , earning All-star game honors for that league . He batted .296 with 53 RBI in 58 games and was leading the league in home runs ( 15 ) and extra-base hits ( 37 ) before getting promoted to the Single-A advanced San Jose Giants of the California League . At San Jose , though still receiving significant playing time as a third baseman , he began to play the outfield as well . In 62 games with San Jose , he batted .295 with three home runs and 31 RBI . He",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "was second on the team with nine triples after not hitting any with Hagerstown . He was third among Giants prospects with 18 home runs and ranked second with 84 RBI in 2004 .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "In 2005 , Schierholtz remained at San Jose , where he became an everyday right fielder . Over 128 games , he batted .319 ( fifth in the California League ) with 160 hits ( tied with Chris Lubanski , Seth Smith , and Clay Timpner for fifth ) , 37 doubles ( tied with Danny Putnam for eighth ) , eight triples ( tied with Wladimir Balentien , Danny Richar , and Joe Gaetti for third behind Timpners 12 and Anthony Websters 11 ) , 15 home runs , and 86 RBI . He batted .333 in the playoffs",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": ", helping San Jose win the California League championship .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz moved up to the Double-A Connecticut Defenders of the Eastern League in 2006 . In 125 games , he batted .270 with 127 hits , 14 home runs , and 54 RBI . He led the Defenders in most major batting categories and finished sixth in the Eastern League with seven triples . Entering the 2007 season , Schierholtz was ranked the eighth-best prospect in the Giants organization by Baseball America . That year , he was assigned to the Triple-A Fresno Grizzlies of the Pacific Coast League . He spent most of the season with them . In",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "109 games , he had 137 hits , 31 doubles , 16 home runs , and 68 RBI . He finished third in the league in batting average ( .333 , behind Geovany Sotos .353 and Delwyn Youngs .337 ) and triples ( seven , tied with Scott Seabol behind Reggie Abercrombies and Jeff Salazars nine ) .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Giants manager Bruce Bochy considered calling up Schierholtz in May 2007 when Dave Roberts started suffering elbow problems , but an injury to Schierholtz prevented that . On June 11 , Schierholtz was called up to replace Dan Ortmeier and try to give the Giants some offensive help . He made his major league debut that day , against the Toronto Blue Jays as a defensive replacement . He got his first hit the next night , against A . J . Burnett in his first career at bat in a 3–2 victory over Toronto . During this stint ,",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz received most of the starts in right field . On June 23 , at AT&T Park against the New York Yankees , he blooped an RBI single into center field against Scott Proctor in the bottom of the 13th inning to win the game 6–5 for the Giants . Despite a .325 batting average in 40 at bats , Schierholtz was sent down at the start of July to make room for Rich Aurilia , who was returning from the disabled list . He was recalled in September , and he received most of the starts in right field",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "that month . In 39 games ( 112 at bats ) , he batted .304 with 34 hits , five doubles , three triples , 10 RBI , and two walks .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "In 2008 , Baseball America ranked Schierholtz the fourth-best prospect in the Giants system . He attended spring training with the Giants but started the season in Fresno . Schierholtz was batting .314 with fifteen home runs and 65 runs batted in for the Grizzlies when his minor league season ended as a result of his being selected for the 2008 USA Olympic Baseball Team . In the sixth inning of a preliminary round game against China , he collided with China backup catcher Yang Yang at the home plate on a sacrifice fly , a play that resulted in",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "a near brawl between the teams and saw Chinese manager Jim Lefebvre ejected from the game . Schierholtz played nine games with the Americans , batting .216 with four doubles , one home run , and six RBI as the United States earned a bronze medal .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz was again called up in September 2008 , as the Giants roster expanded , and he was used as the Giants starting right fielder for the remainder of the year . On September 3 , he recorded four hits in a game for the first time in a 9–2 victory over the Colorado Rockies . Three days later , he hit his first career home run against Jesse Chavez in a 7–6 victory over the Pittsburgh Pirates . In 19 games ( 75 at bats ) in 2008 , Schierholtz hit .320 with 24 hits , eight doubles ,",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "one triple , one home run , and five RBI .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz started the 2009 season as a pinch hitter . In June , he saw his playing time increase as Randy Winn , the Giants right fielder , began playing left field frequently in place of Fred Lewis . On June 14 , he had an inside-the-park home run , only the fourth in AT&T Park history , in the third inning against Brett Anderson of the Oakland Athletics in a 7–1 victory . He had four hits on June 28 in a 7–0 win over the Milwaukee Brewers . From July 28 through August 12 , he was on",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "the disabled list with a bruised left hip , which he suffered after running into a chain-link fence at Turner Field . He saw his playing time reduced in September as Winn moved back to right field to give Eugenio Vélez and John Bowker opportunities in left . In a career-high 116 games ( 285 at bats ) in 2009 , Schierholtz batted .267 with 76 hits , five home runs , and 29 RBI . He had the third-highest batting average for a pinch hitter in the majors ( .371 , behind Seth Smiths .472 and Hideki Matsuis .381",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": ") .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz was expected to be the Giants Opening Day right fielder in 2010 , but Bowker won the position after hitting six home runs in spring training . Bowker , however , only held the job for 10 games before Schierholtz replaced him on April 17 . In his first 16 games in the role , he batted .393 , but over his next 19 , he batted .154 . When Buster Posey was called up in late May , Aubrey Huff moved from first base to right field , leaving Schierholtz on the bench . After Bengie Molina was",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "traded , Posey switched from first base to catcher , but Travis Ishikawa began getting some starts at first base , creating a platoon between Schierholtz and Ishikawa , with Huff covering first base or right field depending on who was playing . When José Guillén was acquired on August 13 , Schierholtz was relegated to the role of pinch-hitter and late-inning defensive substitution for the rest of the year . In 137 games ( 227 at bats ) , Schierholtz batted .242 with 55 hits , 13 doubles , three triples , three home runs , and 17 RBI",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz received regular playing time throughout the postseason as a defensive replacement for starting outfielder Pat Burrell . Whenever the Giants held a lead in the sixth inning or later , Bochy would remove Burrell from the game , shift Cody Ross from right field to left field , and place Schierholtz in right field . This strategy was meant to provide the Giants with the best possible defensive outfield and , thus , the best chance of holding the lead and winning the game . Schierholtz ultimately appeared in 11 of San Franciscos 15 playoff games , accumulating 13",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "plate appearances and recording an RBI in Game 1 of the 2010 World Series against the Texas Rangers . In Game 4 , a night when Bochy chose to start several of his backups , he got his first start of the postseason , playing right field in the Giants 4–0 victory . The Giants won the World Series in five games , their first World Series victory since 1954 .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz hit a 467-foot home run at Coors Field on April 18 , 2011 , against Esmil Rogers in an 8–1 victory over the Rockies . At the start of May , Schierholtz took over the Giants right field job , due to a slump by Burrell . He hit a game-tying , two-run pinch-hit home run against Grant Balfour on May 22 in an 11-inning , 5–4 victory over Oakland . Ten days later , he had a game-tying RBI single in the ninth inning against Fernando Salas and a game-winning RBI single in the 11th inning against Ryan",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Franklin in a 7–5 victory over the St . Louis Cardinals . On July 6 , against the San Diego Padres , Schierholtz recorded his first multi-home run game . In the bottom of the 14th inning of that game , he hit a walk-off home run against Pat Neshek that secured a 6–5 victory for the Giants . Two days later , he had a splash hit home run against R.A . Dickey in a 5–2 loss to the New York Mets . Following the acquisition of Carlos Beltrán on July 28 , Schierholtz began playing some left field",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "for the first time in his career . He broke his right foot after hitting a foul ball off it against the Atlanta Braves on August 15 . Schierholtz appeared in five more games after the injury , but it became too severe to play through , and he was placed on the disabled list on August 27 ( retroactive to August 22 ) , and , though initially expected to return , he missed the rest of the season . In 115 games ( 335 at bats ) , Schierholtz hit .278 with 93 hits , 22 doubles ,",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "nine home runs , and 41 RBI . He said of his 2011 season , I was able to contribute to the team this year . That was a positive thing I can take from the season .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "In 2012 , Schierholtz started the season as a bench player but soon became the Giants everyday right fielder . On April 23 and 24 , he had back-to-back three-hit games against the Mets . He batted .372 over his first 14 games but hit just .048 over his next seven . When May started , Bochy benched him in favor of Gregor Blanco . On July 18 , in an interview with Henry Schulman of the San Francisco Chronicle , he said that Bochy had told him in May that he did not view him as an everyday player",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": ". He said that , while he did not ask for a trade , I think whatever the best fit for the team and me is would be ideal . I cant really make those decisions . Its all up to them . Whether Im here or not Im going to give my best effort every day and bust my tail . That weekend , he started three games against the Philadelphia Phillies in right field , partly because Blanco and Ángel Pagán had been struggling . On July 22 , Schierholtz hit two home runs against Joe Blanton ,",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "the second of which forced the game into extra innings . However , the Giants would lose 4–3 in 12 innings . In 77 games ( 175 at bats ) , Schierholtz hit .251 with 44 hits , four doubles , five triples , five home runs , and 16 RBI . At the trade deadline on July 31 , Schierholtz was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies along with minor league catcher Tommy Joseph and minor league pitcher Seth Rosin for outfielder Hunter Pence .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Upon Schierholtzs arrival in Philadelphia , manager Charlie Manuel said he wanted to give Schierholtz everyday playing time for the rest of the year , in order to assess him . In the transition , Schierholtz changed his number from 12 to 22 . In his debut , Schierholtz homered against Edwin Jackson in a 3–2 victory against the Washington Nationals . However , Schierholtz was sent to the disabled list on August 13 after fouling a ball off his right big toe in a game against the Cardinals . He remained on the disabled list until September 1 .",
"title": "Philadelphia Phillies"
},
{
"text": "On September 7 , he delivered a game-ending RBI single against Will Harris , giving the Phillies a 3–2 win over Colorado . Schierholtz appeared in 33 games with the Phillies , batting .273 with 18 hits , four doubles , one home run , and five RBI . In 114 games ( 241 at bats ) with Philadelphia and San Francisco , he batted .257 with 62 hits , eight doubles , five triples , six home runs , and 21 RBI . After the season , the Phillies non-tendered Schierholtz , making him a free agent . They",
"title": "Philadelphia Phillies"
},
{
"text": "chose to non-tender him because they were only projecting him as a fifth outfielder , and Schierholtz was due for a pay raise .",
"title": "Philadelphia Phillies"
},
{
"text": " Despite being traded to the Phillies , Schierholtz received his second World Series ring from the Giants due to his contributions during the first half of the 2012 season with the team .",
"title": "Philadelphia Phillies"
},
{
"text": "On December 5 , 2012 , Schierholtz signed a $2.25 million , one-year deal with the Chicago Cubs . He was the Cubs starting right fielder for most of the 2013 season . From June 4 through 18 , he set a career-high with a 10-game hitting streak . On June 14 , he had two triples in a game for the first time in his career in a 14-inning , 6–5 victory over the Cincinnati Reds . On June 22 , he set a career-high with his 10th home run of the season in a 4–3 loss to the",
"title": "Chicago Cubs"
},
{
"text": "Houston Astros . He batted .286 with 11 home runs through June 30 but saw his average sink to .218 for the rest of the season , although he would hit 10 home runs . On July 24 , he had a career-high five RBI , including a game-winning RBI double against David Hernandez in the 12th inning of a 7–6 victory over the Arizona Diamondbacks . Three days later , he hit a home run against Sergio Romo in a 1–0 victory over the Giants . Schierholtz reset his career-high in RBI with six on August 19 , including",
"title": "Chicago Cubs"
},
{
"text": "home runs against Jordan Zimmermann and Fernando Abad in an 11–1 victory over the Washington Nationals . In 137 games ( 462 at bats ) , Schierholtz batted .251 with career-highs in hits ( 116 ) , doubles ( 32 ) , home runs ( 21 ) , runs scored ( 56 ) , and RBI ( 68 ) . Defensively , he posted a .988 fielding percentage .",
"title": "Chicago Cubs"
},
{
"text": " On January 17 , 2014 , Schierholtz signed a $5 million , one-year deal to remain with the Chicago Cubs . On June 3 , he had a game-ending RBI single against Scott Rice , giving the Cubs a 2–1 victory over the Mets . He was designated for assignment by the Cubs on August 6 , 2014 . Chicago released the veteran on waivers after he had a .192 batting average and six home runs over 99 games .",
"title": "Chicago Cubs"
},
{
"text": "On August 18 , 2014 , Schierholtz signed a minor league deal with the Washington Nationals , and was assigned to the Triple-A Syracuse Chiefs of the International League . The Nationals selected Schierholtzs contract on August 23 and used him as a reserve outfielder . On September 21 , he tripled home a run against Nate Eovaldi , then scored on a double by Anthony Rendon in a 2–1 victory over the Miami Marlins . In 23 games ( 40 at bats ) with the Nationals , Schierholtz batted .225 with one home run . His combined totals were",
"title": "Washington Nationals"
},
{
"text": "a .195 average , 69 hits , seven home runs , and 37 RBI in 122 games with Chicago and Washington . Schierholtz reached the playoffs with Washington as they won the National League East . He appeared in all four games of the 2014 National League Division Series , getting a hit and three walks in four plate appearances for a 1.000 on-base percentage as the Nationals were defeated by the Giants . After the season , he became a free agent .",
"title": "Washington Nationals"
},
{
"text": " On February 6 , 2015 , Schierholtz signed a minor league deal with the Texas Rangers . He competed for an outfield spot but was released on March 28 before the season started .",
"title": "Texas Rangers organization"
},
{
"text": "After his release from Texas , Schierholtz went to Japan , signing a one-year deal with the Hiroshima Toyo Carp of Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) . During the 2015 season , he hit .250 ( 58-for-232 ) , with 10 home runs and 30 RBIs in 65 games . It was definitely an interesting experience and I learned a lot . I enjoyed living with the Japanese culture and learning some of their ways and values . The fans are very kind to the American foreign players and it was a great experience , Schierholtz summarized his time",
"title": "Hiroshima Toyo Carp"
},
{
"text": "in Japan .",
"title": "Hiroshima Toyo Carp"
},
{
"text": " On December 23 , 2015 , Schierholtz signed a minor league contract with the Detroit Tigers , and was invited to 2016 spring training . Failing to make the club , he played 31 games for the Triple-A Toledo Mud Hens of the International League , batting .246 with 29 hits , three home runs , and 13 RBI before his release on May 22 . On August 5 , 2016 , Schierholtz received an 80-game suspension from Major League Baseball for testing positive for a performance-enhancing drug .",
"title": "Detroit Tigers organization"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz married Kate Eveland , a former guard on the San Diego State basketball team on December 3 , 2011 . Cainan , his younger brother , was arrested on a DUI in 2004 and was charged with another DUI and felony hit-and-run on August 1 , 2010 . Nate said , Obviously , its very upsetting.. . Its just something very irresponsible and hes going to have to do some decent time for what hes done . Ill stick by him and support him to get the counseling he needs . Vai , Jr. , his youngest brother ,",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "attended the Air Force Academy and played baseball for the Falcons . His mother lives in Alamo , California ; her house burned down in 2009 but was rebuilt .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Schierholtz used to bat without batting gloves , one of the few Major Leaguers to do so , but since 2011 has used batting gloves .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Nate_Schierholtz#P108#2
|
Nate Schierholtz was an employee for whom between Jul 2014 and Aug 2014?
|
Nate Schierholtz Nathan John Nate Schierholtz ( born February 15 , 1984 ) is an American former professional baseball right fielder . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the San Francisco Giants ( 2007–2012 ) , Philadelphia Phillies ( 2012 ) , Chicago Cubs ( 2013–2014 ) , and Washington Nationals ( 2014 ) . He also played in Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) for Hiroshima Toyo Carp ( 2015 ) . Schierholtz was a second-round draft pick by the Giants out of Chabot College in 2003 . He reached the major leagues in 2007 , batting over .300 in limited playing time . He spent most of 2008 in the minor leagues but again hit over .300 when he was called up in September . Schierholtz also represented the United States of America at the Summer Olympics that year . In 2009 , he spent the whole season with the Giants , appearing in over 100 games and getting starts in right field . Schierholtz was the Giants starting right fielder for portions of 2010 but ended the year as a defensive substitution for Pat Burrell . He won his first World Series as the Giants defeated the Texas Rangers for their first World Series title in 56 years . In 2011 , he was the Giants starting right fielder for most of the year , until a broken foot sidelined him at the end of August . Though used as the starting right fielder some in 2012 , Schierholtz said in an interview in July that Giants manager Bruce Bochy did not think of him as an everyday player . Shortly afterwards , he was traded to the Phillies , with whom he finished the year . The Giants won the World Series again and gave him a World Series ring for his earlier contributions . In 2013 , Schierholtz signed with the Cubs and received the most playing time of his career , hitting a career-high 21 home runs . He batted .192 with the Cubs the next season and was released mid-season . The Nationals picked him up soon after , and he reached the playoffs with them . In 2015 , Schierholtz attempted to make the Rangers roster out of spring training . Faced with a demotion to the minor leagues , he opted instead to spend a season in Japan with the Toyo Carp . He signed with the Detroit Tigers organization in 2016 and played some games in the minor leagues before getting released in May . Later in the season , Schierholtz failed a test for performance-enhancing drugs , resulting in an 80-game suspension by Major League Baseball . High school and college . Schierholtz was born February 15 , 1984 , in Reno , Nevada . His parents were Vai , Sr. , and Karen Schierholtz , and he was the oldest of four children ( Cainan ; Vai , Jr. ; and Sophia ) . He attended San Ramon Valley High School in Danville , California , the same high school as future San Francisco Giants teammate Randy Winn . At San Ramon Valley , he served as the team captain . Following high school , Schierholtz played for Chabot College , a community college located in Hayward , California . He spent the 2003 season with Chabot , starting at third base . In his lone season at Chabot , he was named an All-American . Professional career . San Francisco Giants . Minor leagues . Schierholtz was drafted by the San Francisco Giants in the second round ( 63rd overall ) of the 2003 Major League Baseball ( MLB ) Draft . He began his minor league career that year as a third baseman with the rookie Arizona League Giants , batting .400 in 11 games before getting promoted to the Single-A short season Salem-Keizer Volcanoes of the Northwest League . In 35 games for Salem-Keizer , he hit .306 with 38 hits , three home runs , and 29 runs batted in ( RBI ) . He began the 2004 season with the Single-A Hagerstown Suns of the South Atlantic League , earning All-star game honors for that league . He batted .296 with 53 RBI in 58 games and was leading the league in home runs ( 15 ) and extra-base hits ( 37 ) before getting promoted to the Single-A advanced San Jose Giants of the California League . At San Jose , though still receiving significant playing time as a third baseman , he began to play the outfield as well . In 62 games with San Jose , he batted .295 with three home runs and 31 RBI . He was second on the team with nine triples after not hitting any with Hagerstown . He was third among Giants prospects with 18 home runs and ranked second with 84 RBI in 2004 . In 2005 , Schierholtz remained at San Jose , where he became an everyday right fielder . Over 128 games , he batted .319 ( fifth in the California League ) with 160 hits ( tied with Chris Lubanski , Seth Smith , and Clay Timpner for fifth ) , 37 doubles ( tied with Danny Putnam for eighth ) , eight triples ( tied with Wladimir Balentien , Danny Richar , and Joe Gaetti for third behind Timpners 12 and Anthony Websters 11 ) , 15 home runs , and 86 RBI . He batted .333 in the playoffs , helping San Jose win the California League championship . Schierholtz moved up to the Double-A Connecticut Defenders of the Eastern League in 2006 . In 125 games , he batted .270 with 127 hits , 14 home runs , and 54 RBI . He led the Defenders in most major batting categories and finished sixth in the Eastern League with seven triples . Entering the 2007 season , Schierholtz was ranked the eighth-best prospect in the Giants organization by Baseball America . That year , he was assigned to the Triple-A Fresno Grizzlies of the Pacific Coast League . He spent most of the season with them . In 109 games , he had 137 hits , 31 doubles , 16 home runs , and 68 RBI . He finished third in the league in batting average ( .333 , behind Geovany Sotos .353 and Delwyn Youngs .337 ) and triples ( seven , tied with Scott Seabol behind Reggie Abercrombies and Jeff Salazars nine ) . 2007 . Giants manager Bruce Bochy considered calling up Schierholtz in May 2007 when Dave Roberts started suffering elbow problems , but an injury to Schierholtz prevented that . On June 11 , Schierholtz was called up to replace Dan Ortmeier and try to give the Giants some offensive help . He made his major league debut that day , against the Toronto Blue Jays as a defensive replacement . He got his first hit the next night , against A . J . Burnett in his first career at bat in a 3–2 victory over Toronto . During this stint , Schierholtz received most of the starts in right field . On June 23 , at AT&T Park against the New York Yankees , he blooped an RBI single into center field against Scott Proctor in the bottom of the 13th inning to win the game 6–5 for the Giants . Despite a .325 batting average in 40 at bats , Schierholtz was sent down at the start of July to make room for Rich Aurilia , who was returning from the disabled list . He was recalled in September , and he received most of the starts in right field that month . In 39 games ( 112 at bats ) , he batted .304 with 34 hits , five doubles , three triples , 10 RBI , and two walks . In 2008 , Baseball America ranked Schierholtz the fourth-best prospect in the Giants system . He attended spring training with the Giants but started the season in Fresno . Schierholtz was batting .314 with fifteen home runs and 65 runs batted in for the Grizzlies when his minor league season ended as a result of his being selected for the 2008 USA Olympic Baseball Team . In the sixth inning of a preliminary round game against China , he collided with China backup catcher Yang Yang at the home plate on a sacrifice fly , a play that resulted in a near brawl between the teams and saw Chinese manager Jim Lefebvre ejected from the game . Schierholtz played nine games with the Americans , batting .216 with four doubles , one home run , and six RBI as the United States earned a bronze medal . Schierholtz was again called up in September 2008 , as the Giants roster expanded , and he was used as the Giants starting right fielder for the remainder of the year . On September 3 , he recorded four hits in a game for the first time in a 9–2 victory over the Colorado Rockies . Three days later , he hit his first career home run against Jesse Chavez in a 7–6 victory over the Pittsburgh Pirates . In 19 games ( 75 at bats ) in 2008 , Schierholtz hit .320 with 24 hits , eight doubles , one triple , one home run , and five RBI . 2009 . Schierholtz started the 2009 season as a pinch hitter . In June , he saw his playing time increase as Randy Winn , the Giants right fielder , began playing left field frequently in place of Fred Lewis . On June 14 , he had an inside-the-park home run , only the fourth in AT&T Park history , in the third inning against Brett Anderson of the Oakland Athletics in a 7–1 victory . He had four hits on June 28 in a 7–0 win over the Milwaukee Brewers . From July 28 through August 12 , he was on the disabled list with a bruised left hip , which he suffered after running into a chain-link fence at Turner Field . He saw his playing time reduced in September as Winn moved back to right field to give Eugenio Vélez and John Bowker opportunities in left . In a career-high 116 games ( 285 at bats ) in 2009 , Schierholtz batted .267 with 76 hits , five home runs , and 29 RBI . He had the third-highest batting average for a pinch hitter in the majors ( .371 , behind Seth Smiths .472 and Hideki Matsuis .381 ) . 2010 . Schierholtz was expected to be the Giants Opening Day right fielder in 2010 , but Bowker won the position after hitting six home runs in spring training . Bowker , however , only held the job for 10 games before Schierholtz replaced him on April 17 . In his first 16 games in the role , he batted .393 , but over his next 19 , he batted .154 . When Buster Posey was called up in late May , Aubrey Huff moved from first base to right field , leaving Schierholtz on the bench . After Bengie Molina was traded , Posey switched from first base to catcher , but Travis Ishikawa began getting some starts at first base , creating a platoon between Schierholtz and Ishikawa , with Huff covering first base or right field depending on who was playing . When José Guillén was acquired on August 13 , Schierholtz was relegated to the role of pinch-hitter and late-inning defensive substitution for the rest of the year . In 137 games ( 227 at bats ) , Schierholtz batted .242 with 55 hits , 13 doubles , three triples , three home runs , and 17 RBI . Schierholtz received regular playing time throughout the postseason as a defensive replacement for starting outfielder Pat Burrell . Whenever the Giants held a lead in the sixth inning or later , Bochy would remove Burrell from the game , shift Cody Ross from right field to left field , and place Schierholtz in right field . This strategy was meant to provide the Giants with the best possible defensive outfield and , thus , the best chance of holding the lead and winning the game . Schierholtz ultimately appeared in 11 of San Franciscos 15 playoff games , accumulating 13 plate appearances and recording an RBI in Game 1 of the 2010 World Series against the Texas Rangers . In Game 4 , a night when Bochy chose to start several of his backups , he got his first start of the postseason , playing right field in the Giants 4–0 victory . The Giants won the World Series in five games , their first World Series victory since 1954 . 2011 . Schierholtz hit a 467-foot home run at Coors Field on April 18 , 2011 , against Esmil Rogers in an 8–1 victory over the Rockies . At the start of May , Schierholtz took over the Giants right field job , due to a slump by Burrell . He hit a game-tying , two-run pinch-hit home run against Grant Balfour on May 22 in an 11-inning , 5–4 victory over Oakland . Ten days later , he had a game-tying RBI single in the ninth inning against Fernando Salas and a game-winning RBI single in the 11th inning against Ryan Franklin in a 7–5 victory over the St . Louis Cardinals . On July 6 , against the San Diego Padres , Schierholtz recorded his first multi-home run game . In the bottom of the 14th inning of that game , he hit a walk-off home run against Pat Neshek that secured a 6–5 victory for the Giants . Two days later , he had a splash hit home run against R.A . Dickey in a 5–2 loss to the New York Mets . Following the acquisition of Carlos Beltrán on July 28 , Schierholtz began playing some left field for the first time in his career . He broke his right foot after hitting a foul ball off it against the Atlanta Braves on August 15 . Schierholtz appeared in five more games after the injury , but it became too severe to play through , and he was placed on the disabled list on August 27 ( retroactive to August 22 ) , and , though initially expected to return , he missed the rest of the season . In 115 games ( 335 at bats ) , Schierholtz hit .278 with 93 hits , 22 doubles , nine home runs , and 41 RBI . He said of his 2011 season , I was able to contribute to the team this year . That was a positive thing I can take from the season . 2012 . In 2012 , Schierholtz started the season as a bench player but soon became the Giants everyday right fielder . On April 23 and 24 , he had back-to-back three-hit games against the Mets . He batted .372 over his first 14 games but hit just .048 over his next seven . When May started , Bochy benched him in favor of Gregor Blanco . On July 18 , in an interview with Henry Schulman of the San Francisco Chronicle , he said that Bochy had told him in May that he did not view him as an everyday player . He said that , while he did not ask for a trade , I think whatever the best fit for the team and me is would be ideal . I cant really make those decisions . Its all up to them . Whether Im here or not Im going to give my best effort every day and bust my tail . That weekend , he started three games against the Philadelphia Phillies in right field , partly because Blanco and Ángel Pagán had been struggling . On July 22 , Schierholtz hit two home runs against Joe Blanton , the second of which forced the game into extra innings . However , the Giants would lose 4–3 in 12 innings . In 77 games ( 175 at bats ) , Schierholtz hit .251 with 44 hits , four doubles , five triples , five home runs , and 16 RBI . At the trade deadline on July 31 , Schierholtz was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies along with minor league catcher Tommy Joseph and minor league pitcher Seth Rosin for outfielder Hunter Pence . Philadelphia Phillies . Upon Schierholtzs arrival in Philadelphia , manager Charlie Manuel said he wanted to give Schierholtz everyday playing time for the rest of the year , in order to assess him . In the transition , Schierholtz changed his number from 12 to 22 . In his debut , Schierholtz homered against Edwin Jackson in a 3–2 victory against the Washington Nationals . However , Schierholtz was sent to the disabled list on August 13 after fouling a ball off his right big toe in a game against the Cardinals . He remained on the disabled list until September 1 . On September 7 , he delivered a game-ending RBI single against Will Harris , giving the Phillies a 3–2 win over Colorado . Schierholtz appeared in 33 games with the Phillies , batting .273 with 18 hits , four doubles , one home run , and five RBI . In 114 games ( 241 at bats ) with Philadelphia and San Francisco , he batted .257 with 62 hits , eight doubles , five triples , six home runs , and 21 RBI . After the season , the Phillies non-tendered Schierholtz , making him a free agent . They chose to non-tender him because they were only projecting him as a fifth outfielder , and Schierholtz was due for a pay raise . Despite being traded to the Phillies , Schierholtz received his second World Series ring from the Giants due to his contributions during the first half of the 2012 season with the team . Chicago Cubs . On December 5 , 2012 , Schierholtz signed a $2.25 million , one-year deal with the Chicago Cubs . He was the Cubs starting right fielder for most of the 2013 season . From June 4 through 18 , he set a career-high with a 10-game hitting streak . On June 14 , he had two triples in a game for the first time in his career in a 14-inning , 6–5 victory over the Cincinnati Reds . On June 22 , he set a career-high with his 10th home run of the season in a 4–3 loss to the Houston Astros . He batted .286 with 11 home runs through June 30 but saw his average sink to .218 for the rest of the season , although he would hit 10 home runs . On July 24 , he had a career-high five RBI , including a game-winning RBI double against David Hernandez in the 12th inning of a 7–6 victory over the Arizona Diamondbacks . Three days later , he hit a home run against Sergio Romo in a 1–0 victory over the Giants . Schierholtz reset his career-high in RBI with six on August 19 , including home runs against Jordan Zimmermann and Fernando Abad in an 11–1 victory over the Washington Nationals . In 137 games ( 462 at bats ) , Schierholtz batted .251 with career-highs in hits ( 116 ) , doubles ( 32 ) , home runs ( 21 ) , runs scored ( 56 ) , and RBI ( 68 ) . Defensively , he posted a .988 fielding percentage . On January 17 , 2014 , Schierholtz signed a $5 million , one-year deal to remain with the Chicago Cubs . On June 3 , he had a game-ending RBI single against Scott Rice , giving the Cubs a 2–1 victory over the Mets . He was designated for assignment by the Cubs on August 6 , 2014 . Chicago released the veteran on waivers after he had a .192 batting average and six home runs over 99 games . Washington Nationals . On August 18 , 2014 , Schierholtz signed a minor league deal with the Washington Nationals , and was assigned to the Triple-A Syracuse Chiefs of the International League . The Nationals selected Schierholtzs contract on August 23 and used him as a reserve outfielder . On September 21 , he tripled home a run against Nate Eovaldi , then scored on a double by Anthony Rendon in a 2–1 victory over the Miami Marlins . In 23 games ( 40 at bats ) with the Nationals , Schierholtz batted .225 with one home run . His combined totals were a .195 average , 69 hits , seven home runs , and 37 RBI in 122 games with Chicago and Washington . Schierholtz reached the playoffs with Washington as they won the National League East . He appeared in all four games of the 2014 National League Division Series , getting a hit and three walks in four plate appearances for a 1.000 on-base percentage as the Nationals were defeated by the Giants . After the season , he became a free agent . Texas Rangers organization . On February 6 , 2015 , Schierholtz signed a minor league deal with the Texas Rangers . He competed for an outfield spot but was released on March 28 before the season started . Hiroshima Toyo Carp . After his release from Texas , Schierholtz went to Japan , signing a one-year deal with the Hiroshima Toyo Carp of Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) . During the 2015 season , he hit .250 ( 58-for-232 ) , with 10 home runs and 30 RBIs in 65 games . It was definitely an interesting experience and I learned a lot . I enjoyed living with the Japanese culture and learning some of their ways and values . The fans are very kind to the American foreign players and it was a great experience , Schierholtz summarized his time in Japan . Detroit Tigers organization . On December 23 , 2015 , Schierholtz signed a minor league contract with the Detroit Tigers , and was invited to 2016 spring training . Failing to make the club , he played 31 games for the Triple-A Toledo Mud Hens of the International League , batting .246 with 29 hits , three home runs , and 13 RBI before his release on May 22 . On August 5 , 2016 , Schierholtz received an 80-game suspension from Major League Baseball for testing positive for a performance-enhancing drug . Personal life . Schierholtz married Kate Eveland , a former guard on the San Diego State basketball team on December 3 , 2011 . Cainan , his younger brother , was arrested on a DUI in 2004 and was charged with another DUI and felony hit-and-run on August 1 , 2010 . Nate said , Obviously , its very upsetting.. . Its just something very irresponsible and hes going to have to do some decent time for what hes done . Ill stick by him and support him to get the counseling he needs . Vai , Jr. , his youngest brother , attended the Air Force Academy and played baseball for the Falcons . His mother lives in Alamo , California ; her house burned down in 2009 but was rebuilt . Schierholtz used to bat without batting gloves , one of the few Major Leaguers to do so , but since 2011 has used batting gloves .
|
[
"Chicago Cubs"
] |
[
{
"text": " Nathan John Nate Schierholtz ( born February 15 , 1984 ) is an American former professional baseball right fielder . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the San Francisco Giants ( 2007–2012 ) , Philadelphia Phillies ( 2012 ) , Chicago Cubs ( 2013–2014 ) , and Washington Nationals ( 2014 ) . He also played in Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) for Hiroshima Toyo Carp ( 2015 ) .",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz was a second-round draft pick by the Giants out of Chabot College in 2003 . He reached the major leagues in 2007 , batting over .300 in limited playing time . He spent most of 2008 in the minor leagues but again hit over .300 when he was called up in September . Schierholtz also represented the United States of America at the Summer Olympics that year . In 2009 , he spent the whole season with the Giants , appearing in over 100 games and getting starts in right field . Schierholtz was the Giants starting right fielder",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "for portions of 2010 but ended the year as a defensive substitution for Pat Burrell . He won his first World Series as the Giants defeated the Texas Rangers for their first World Series title in 56 years . In 2011 , he was the Giants starting right fielder for most of the year , until a broken foot sidelined him at the end of August . Though used as the starting right fielder some in 2012 , Schierholtz said in an interview in July that Giants manager Bruce Bochy did not think of him as an everyday player .",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "Shortly afterwards , he was traded to the Phillies , with whom he finished the year . The Giants won the World Series again and gave him a World Series ring for his earlier contributions .",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "In 2013 , Schierholtz signed with the Cubs and received the most playing time of his career , hitting a career-high 21 home runs . He batted .192 with the Cubs the next season and was released mid-season . The Nationals picked him up soon after , and he reached the playoffs with them . In 2015 , Schierholtz attempted to make the Rangers roster out of spring training . Faced with a demotion to the minor leagues , he opted instead to spend a season in Japan with the Toyo Carp . He signed with the Detroit Tigers organization",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "in 2016 and played some games in the minor leagues before getting released in May . Later in the season , Schierholtz failed a test for performance-enhancing drugs , resulting in an 80-game suspension by Major League Baseball .",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz was born February 15 , 1984 , in Reno , Nevada . His parents were Vai , Sr. , and Karen Schierholtz , and he was the oldest of four children ( Cainan ; Vai , Jr. ; and Sophia ) . He attended San Ramon Valley High School in Danville , California , the same high school as future San Francisco Giants teammate Randy Winn . At San Ramon Valley , he served as the team captain . Following high school , Schierholtz played for Chabot College , a community college located in Hayward , California . He",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "spent the 2003 season with Chabot , starting at third base . In his lone season at Chabot , he was named an All-American .",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz was drafted by the San Francisco Giants in the second round ( 63rd overall ) of the 2003 Major League Baseball ( MLB ) Draft . He began his minor league career that year as a third baseman with the rookie Arizona League Giants , batting .400 in 11 games before getting promoted to the Single-A short season Salem-Keizer Volcanoes of the Northwest League . In 35 games for Salem-Keizer , he hit .306 with 38 hits , three home runs , and 29 runs batted in ( RBI ) . He began the 2004 season with the Single-A",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Hagerstown Suns of the South Atlantic League , earning All-star game honors for that league . He batted .296 with 53 RBI in 58 games and was leading the league in home runs ( 15 ) and extra-base hits ( 37 ) before getting promoted to the Single-A advanced San Jose Giants of the California League . At San Jose , though still receiving significant playing time as a third baseman , he began to play the outfield as well . In 62 games with San Jose , he batted .295 with three home runs and 31 RBI . He",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "was second on the team with nine triples after not hitting any with Hagerstown . He was third among Giants prospects with 18 home runs and ranked second with 84 RBI in 2004 .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "In 2005 , Schierholtz remained at San Jose , where he became an everyday right fielder . Over 128 games , he batted .319 ( fifth in the California League ) with 160 hits ( tied with Chris Lubanski , Seth Smith , and Clay Timpner for fifth ) , 37 doubles ( tied with Danny Putnam for eighth ) , eight triples ( tied with Wladimir Balentien , Danny Richar , and Joe Gaetti for third behind Timpners 12 and Anthony Websters 11 ) , 15 home runs , and 86 RBI . He batted .333 in the playoffs",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": ", helping San Jose win the California League championship .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz moved up to the Double-A Connecticut Defenders of the Eastern League in 2006 . In 125 games , he batted .270 with 127 hits , 14 home runs , and 54 RBI . He led the Defenders in most major batting categories and finished sixth in the Eastern League with seven triples . Entering the 2007 season , Schierholtz was ranked the eighth-best prospect in the Giants organization by Baseball America . That year , he was assigned to the Triple-A Fresno Grizzlies of the Pacific Coast League . He spent most of the season with them . In",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "109 games , he had 137 hits , 31 doubles , 16 home runs , and 68 RBI . He finished third in the league in batting average ( .333 , behind Geovany Sotos .353 and Delwyn Youngs .337 ) and triples ( seven , tied with Scott Seabol behind Reggie Abercrombies and Jeff Salazars nine ) .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Giants manager Bruce Bochy considered calling up Schierholtz in May 2007 when Dave Roberts started suffering elbow problems , but an injury to Schierholtz prevented that . On June 11 , Schierholtz was called up to replace Dan Ortmeier and try to give the Giants some offensive help . He made his major league debut that day , against the Toronto Blue Jays as a defensive replacement . He got his first hit the next night , against A . J . Burnett in his first career at bat in a 3–2 victory over Toronto . During this stint ,",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz received most of the starts in right field . On June 23 , at AT&T Park against the New York Yankees , he blooped an RBI single into center field against Scott Proctor in the bottom of the 13th inning to win the game 6–5 for the Giants . Despite a .325 batting average in 40 at bats , Schierholtz was sent down at the start of July to make room for Rich Aurilia , who was returning from the disabled list . He was recalled in September , and he received most of the starts in right field",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "that month . In 39 games ( 112 at bats ) , he batted .304 with 34 hits , five doubles , three triples , 10 RBI , and two walks .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "In 2008 , Baseball America ranked Schierholtz the fourth-best prospect in the Giants system . He attended spring training with the Giants but started the season in Fresno . Schierholtz was batting .314 with fifteen home runs and 65 runs batted in for the Grizzlies when his minor league season ended as a result of his being selected for the 2008 USA Olympic Baseball Team . In the sixth inning of a preliminary round game against China , he collided with China backup catcher Yang Yang at the home plate on a sacrifice fly , a play that resulted in",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "a near brawl between the teams and saw Chinese manager Jim Lefebvre ejected from the game . Schierholtz played nine games with the Americans , batting .216 with four doubles , one home run , and six RBI as the United States earned a bronze medal .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz was again called up in September 2008 , as the Giants roster expanded , and he was used as the Giants starting right fielder for the remainder of the year . On September 3 , he recorded four hits in a game for the first time in a 9–2 victory over the Colorado Rockies . Three days later , he hit his first career home run against Jesse Chavez in a 7–6 victory over the Pittsburgh Pirates . In 19 games ( 75 at bats ) in 2008 , Schierholtz hit .320 with 24 hits , eight doubles ,",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "one triple , one home run , and five RBI .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz started the 2009 season as a pinch hitter . In June , he saw his playing time increase as Randy Winn , the Giants right fielder , began playing left field frequently in place of Fred Lewis . On June 14 , he had an inside-the-park home run , only the fourth in AT&T Park history , in the third inning against Brett Anderson of the Oakland Athletics in a 7–1 victory . He had four hits on June 28 in a 7–0 win over the Milwaukee Brewers . From July 28 through August 12 , he was on",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "the disabled list with a bruised left hip , which he suffered after running into a chain-link fence at Turner Field . He saw his playing time reduced in September as Winn moved back to right field to give Eugenio Vélez and John Bowker opportunities in left . In a career-high 116 games ( 285 at bats ) in 2009 , Schierholtz batted .267 with 76 hits , five home runs , and 29 RBI . He had the third-highest batting average for a pinch hitter in the majors ( .371 , behind Seth Smiths .472 and Hideki Matsuis .381",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": ") .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz was expected to be the Giants Opening Day right fielder in 2010 , but Bowker won the position after hitting six home runs in spring training . Bowker , however , only held the job for 10 games before Schierholtz replaced him on April 17 . In his first 16 games in the role , he batted .393 , but over his next 19 , he batted .154 . When Buster Posey was called up in late May , Aubrey Huff moved from first base to right field , leaving Schierholtz on the bench . After Bengie Molina was",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "traded , Posey switched from first base to catcher , but Travis Ishikawa began getting some starts at first base , creating a platoon between Schierholtz and Ishikawa , with Huff covering first base or right field depending on who was playing . When José Guillén was acquired on August 13 , Schierholtz was relegated to the role of pinch-hitter and late-inning defensive substitution for the rest of the year . In 137 games ( 227 at bats ) , Schierholtz batted .242 with 55 hits , 13 doubles , three triples , three home runs , and 17 RBI",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz received regular playing time throughout the postseason as a defensive replacement for starting outfielder Pat Burrell . Whenever the Giants held a lead in the sixth inning or later , Bochy would remove Burrell from the game , shift Cody Ross from right field to left field , and place Schierholtz in right field . This strategy was meant to provide the Giants with the best possible defensive outfield and , thus , the best chance of holding the lead and winning the game . Schierholtz ultimately appeared in 11 of San Franciscos 15 playoff games , accumulating 13",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "plate appearances and recording an RBI in Game 1 of the 2010 World Series against the Texas Rangers . In Game 4 , a night when Bochy chose to start several of his backups , he got his first start of the postseason , playing right field in the Giants 4–0 victory . The Giants won the World Series in five games , their first World Series victory since 1954 .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz hit a 467-foot home run at Coors Field on April 18 , 2011 , against Esmil Rogers in an 8–1 victory over the Rockies . At the start of May , Schierholtz took over the Giants right field job , due to a slump by Burrell . He hit a game-tying , two-run pinch-hit home run against Grant Balfour on May 22 in an 11-inning , 5–4 victory over Oakland . Ten days later , he had a game-tying RBI single in the ninth inning against Fernando Salas and a game-winning RBI single in the 11th inning against Ryan",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Franklin in a 7–5 victory over the St . Louis Cardinals . On July 6 , against the San Diego Padres , Schierholtz recorded his first multi-home run game . In the bottom of the 14th inning of that game , he hit a walk-off home run against Pat Neshek that secured a 6–5 victory for the Giants . Two days later , he had a splash hit home run against R.A . Dickey in a 5–2 loss to the New York Mets . Following the acquisition of Carlos Beltrán on July 28 , Schierholtz began playing some left field",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "for the first time in his career . He broke his right foot after hitting a foul ball off it against the Atlanta Braves on August 15 . Schierholtz appeared in five more games after the injury , but it became too severe to play through , and he was placed on the disabled list on August 27 ( retroactive to August 22 ) , and , though initially expected to return , he missed the rest of the season . In 115 games ( 335 at bats ) , Schierholtz hit .278 with 93 hits , 22 doubles ,",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "nine home runs , and 41 RBI . He said of his 2011 season , I was able to contribute to the team this year . That was a positive thing I can take from the season .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "In 2012 , Schierholtz started the season as a bench player but soon became the Giants everyday right fielder . On April 23 and 24 , he had back-to-back three-hit games against the Mets . He batted .372 over his first 14 games but hit just .048 over his next seven . When May started , Bochy benched him in favor of Gregor Blanco . On July 18 , in an interview with Henry Schulman of the San Francisco Chronicle , he said that Bochy had told him in May that he did not view him as an everyday player",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": ". He said that , while he did not ask for a trade , I think whatever the best fit for the team and me is would be ideal . I cant really make those decisions . Its all up to them . Whether Im here or not Im going to give my best effort every day and bust my tail . That weekend , he started three games against the Philadelphia Phillies in right field , partly because Blanco and Ángel Pagán had been struggling . On July 22 , Schierholtz hit two home runs against Joe Blanton ,",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "the second of which forced the game into extra innings . However , the Giants would lose 4–3 in 12 innings . In 77 games ( 175 at bats ) , Schierholtz hit .251 with 44 hits , four doubles , five triples , five home runs , and 16 RBI . At the trade deadline on July 31 , Schierholtz was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies along with minor league catcher Tommy Joseph and minor league pitcher Seth Rosin for outfielder Hunter Pence .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Upon Schierholtzs arrival in Philadelphia , manager Charlie Manuel said he wanted to give Schierholtz everyday playing time for the rest of the year , in order to assess him . In the transition , Schierholtz changed his number from 12 to 22 . In his debut , Schierholtz homered against Edwin Jackson in a 3–2 victory against the Washington Nationals . However , Schierholtz was sent to the disabled list on August 13 after fouling a ball off his right big toe in a game against the Cardinals . He remained on the disabled list until September 1 .",
"title": "Philadelphia Phillies"
},
{
"text": "On September 7 , he delivered a game-ending RBI single against Will Harris , giving the Phillies a 3–2 win over Colorado . Schierholtz appeared in 33 games with the Phillies , batting .273 with 18 hits , four doubles , one home run , and five RBI . In 114 games ( 241 at bats ) with Philadelphia and San Francisco , he batted .257 with 62 hits , eight doubles , five triples , six home runs , and 21 RBI . After the season , the Phillies non-tendered Schierholtz , making him a free agent . They",
"title": "Philadelphia Phillies"
},
{
"text": "chose to non-tender him because they were only projecting him as a fifth outfielder , and Schierholtz was due for a pay raise .",
"title": "Philadelphia Phillies"
},
{
"text": " Despite being traded to the Phillies , Schierholtz received his second World Series ring from the Giants due to his contributions during the first half of the 2012 season with the team .",
"title": "Philadelphia Phillies"
},
{
"text": "On December 5 , 2012 , Schierholtz signed a $2.25 million , one-year deal with the Chicago Cubs . He was the Cubs starting right fielder for most of the 2013 season . From June 4 through 18 , he set a career-high with a 10-game hitting streak . On June 14 , he had two triples in a game for the first time in his career in a 14-inning , 6–5 victory over the Cincinnati Reds . On June 22 , he set a career-high with his 10th home run of the season in a 4–3 loss to the",
"title": "Chicago Cubs"
},
{
"text": "Houston Astros . He batted .286 with 11 home runs through June 30 but saw his average sink to .218 for the rest of the season , although he would hit 10 home runs . On July 24 , he had a career-high five RBI , including a game-winning RBI double against David Hernandez in the 12th inning of a 7–6 victory over the Arizona Diamondbacks . Three days later , he hit a home run against Sergio Romo in a 1–0 victory over the Giants . Schierholtz reset his career-high in RBI with six on August 19 , including",
"title": "Chicago Cubs"
},
{
"text": "home runs against Jordan Zimmermann and Fernando Abad in an 11–1 victory over the Washington Nationals . In 137 games ( 462 at bats ) , Schierholtz batted .251 with career-highs in hits ( 116 ) , doubles ( 32 ) , home runs ( 21 ) , runs scored ( 56 ) , and RBI ( 68 ) . Defensively , he posted a .988 fielding percentage .",
"title": "Chicago Cubs"
},
{
"text": " On January 17 , 2014 , Schierholtz signed a $5 million , one-year deal to remain with the Chicago Cubs . On June 3 , he had a game-ending RBI single against Scott Rice , giving the Cubs a 2–1 victory over the Mets . He was designated for assignment by the Cubs on August 6 , 2014 . Chicago released the veteran on waivers after he had a .192 batting average and six home runs over 99 games .",
"title": "Chicago Cubs"
},
{
"text": "On August 18 , 2014 , Schierholtz signed a minor league deal with the Washington Nationals , and was assigned to the Triple-A Syracuse Chiefs of the International League . The Nationals selected Schierholtzs contract on August 23 and used him as a reserve outfielder . On September 21 , he tripled home a run against Nate Eovaldi , then scored on a double by Anthony Rendon in a 2–1 victory over the Miami Marlins . In 23 games ( 40 at bats ) with the Nationals , Schierholtz batted .225 with one home run . His combined totals were",
"title": "Washington Nationals"
},
{
"text": "a .195 average , 69 hits , seven home runs , and 37 RBI in 122 games with Chicago and Washington . Schierholtz reached the playoffs with Washington as they won the National League East . He appeared in all four games of the 2014 National League Division Series , getting a hit and three walks in four plate appearances for a 1.000 on-base percentage as the Nationals were defeated by the Giants . After the season , he became a free agent .",
"title": "Washington Nationals"
},
{
"text": " On February 6 , 2015 , Schierholtz signed a minor league deal with the Texas Rangers . He competed for an outfield spot but was released on March 28 before the season started .",
"title": "Texas Rangers organization"
},
{
"text": "After his release from Texas , Schierholtz went to Japan , signing a one-year deal with the Hiroshima Toyo Carp of Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) . During the 2015 season , he hit .250 ( 58-for-232 ) , with 10 home runs and 30 RBIs in 65 games . It was definitely an interesting experience and I learned a lot . I enjoyed living with the Japanese culture and learning some of their ways and values . The fans are very kind to the American foreign players and it was a great experience , Schierholtz summarized his time",
"title": "Hiroshima Toyo Carp"
},
{
"text": "in Japan .",
"title": "Hiroshima Toyo Carp"
},
{
"text": " On December 23 , 2015 , Schierholtz signed a minor league contract with the Detroit Tigers , and was invited to 2016 spring training . Failing to make the club , he played 31 games for the Triple-A Toledo Mud Hens of the International League , batting .246 with 29 hits , three home runs , and 13 RBI before his release on May 22 . On August 5 , 2016 , Schierholtz received an 80-game suspension from Major League Baseball for testing positive for a performance-enhancing drug .",
"title": "Detroit Tigers organization"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz married Kate Eveland , a former guard on the San Diego State basketball team on December 3 , 2011 . Cainan , his younger brother , was arrested on a DUI in 2004 and was charged with another DUI and felony hit-and-run on August 1 , 2010 . Nate said , Obviously , its very upsetting.. . Its just something very irresponsible and hes going to have to do some decent time for what hes done . Ill stick by him and support him to get the counseling he needs . Vai , Jr. , his youngest brother ,",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "attended the Air Force Academy and played baseball for the Falcons . His mother lives in Alamo , California ; her house burned down in 2009 but was rebuilt .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Schierholtz used to bat without batting gloves , one of the few Major Leaguers to do so , but since 2011 has used batting gloves .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Nate_Schierholtz#P108#3
|
Nate Schierholtz was an employee for whom in Aug 2014?
|
Nate Schierholtz Nathan John Nate Schierholtz ( born February 15 , 1984 ) is an American former professional baseball right fielder . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the San Francisco Giants ( 2007–2012 ) , Philadelphia Phillies ( 2012 ) , Chicago Cubs ( 2013–2014 ) , and Washington Nationals ( 2014 ) . He also played in Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) for Hiroshima Toyo Carp ( 2015 ) . Schierholtz was a second-round draft pick by the Giants out of Chabot College in 2003 . He reached the major leagues in 2007 , batting over .300 in limited playing time . He spent most of 2008 in the minor leagues but again hit over .300 when he was called up in September . Schierholtz also represented the United States of America at the Summer Olympics that year . In 2009 , he spent the whole season with the Giants , appearing in over 100 games and getting starts in right field . Schierholtz was the Giants starting right fielder for portions of 2010 but ended the year as a defensive substitution for Pat Burrell . He won his first World Series as the Giants defeated the Texas Rangers for their first World Series title in 56 years . In 2011 , he was the Giants starting right fielder for most of the year , until a broken foot sidelined him at the end of August . Though used as the starting right fielder some in 2012 , Schierholtz said in an interview in July that Giants manager Bruce Bochy did not think of him as an everyday player . Shortly afterwards , he was traded to the Phillies , with whom he finished the year . The Giants won the World Series again and gave him a World Series ring for his earlier contributions . In 2013 , Schierholtz signed with the Cubs and received the most playing time of his career , hitting a career-high 21 home runs . He batted .192 with the Cubs the next season and was released mid-season . The Nationals picked him up soon after , and he reached the playoffs with them . In 2015 , Schierholtz attempted to make the Rangers roster out of spring training . Faced with a demotion to the minor leagues , he opted instead to spend a season in Japan with the Toyo Carp . He signed with the Detroit Tigers organization in 2016 and played some games in the minor leagues before getting released in May . Later in the season , Schierholtz failed a test for performance-enhancing drugs , resulting in an 80-game suspension by Major League Baseball . High school and college . Schierholtz was born February 15 , 1984 , in Reno , Nevada . His parents were Vai , Sr. , and Karen Schierholtz , and he was the oldest of four children ( Cainan ; Vai , Jr. ; and Sophia ) . He attended San Ramon Valley High School in Danville , California , the same high school as future San Francisco Giants teammate Randy Winn . At San Ramon Valley , he served as the team captain . Following high school , Schierholtz played for Chabot College , a community college located in Hayward , California . He spent the 2003 season with Chabot , starting at third base . In his lone season at Chabot , he was named an All-American . Professional career . San Francisco Giants . Minor leagues . Schierholtz was drafted by the San Francisco Giants in the second round ( 63rd overall ) of the 2003 Major League Baseball ( MLB ) Draft . He began his minor league career that year as a third baseman with the rookie Arizona League Giants , batting .400 in 11 games before getting promoted to the Single-A short season Salem-Keizer Volcanoes of the Northwest League . In 35 games for Salem-Keizer , he hit .306 with 38 hits , three home runs , and 29 runs batted in ( RBI ) . He began the 2004 season with the Single-A Hagerstown Suns of the South Atlantic League , earning All-star game honors for that league . He batted .296 with 53 RBI in 58 games and was leading the league in home runs ( 15 ) and extra-base hits ( 37 ) before getting promoted to the Single-A advanced San Jose Giants of the California League . At San Jose , though still receiving significant playing time as a third baseman , he began to play the outfield as well . In 62 games with San Jose , he batted .295 with three home runs and 31 RBI . He was second on the team with nine triples after not hitting any with Hagerstown . He was third among Giants prospects with 18 home runs and ranked second with 84 RBI in 2004 . In 2005 , Schierholtz remained at San Jose , where he became an everyday right fielder . Over 128 games , he batted .319 ( fifth in the California League ) with 160 hits ( tied with Chris Lubanski , Seth Smith , and Clay Timpner for fifth ) , 37 doubles ( tied with Danny Putnam for eighth ) , eight triples ( tied with Wladimir Balentien , Danny Richar , and Joe Gaetti for third behind Timpners 12 and Anthony Websters 11 ) , 15 home runs , and 86 RBI . He batted .333 in the playoffs , helping San Jose win the California League championship . Schierholtz moved up to the Double-A Connecticut Defenders of the Eastern League in 2006 . In 125 games , he batted .270 with 127 hits , 14 home runs , and 54 RBI . He led the Defenders in most major batting categories and finished sixth in the Eastern League with seven triples . Entering the 2007 season , Schierholtz was ranked the eighth-best prospect in the Giants organization by Baseball America . That year , he was assigned to the Triple-A Fresno Grizzlies of the Pacific Coast League . He spent most of the season with them . In 109 games , he had 137 hits , 31 doubles , 16 home runs , and 68 RBI . He finished third in the league in batting average ( .333 , behind Geovany Sotos .353 and Delwyn Youngs .337 ) and triples ( seven , tied with Scott Seabol behind Reggie Abercrombies and Jeff Salazars nine ) . 2007 . Giants manager Bruce Bochy considered calling up Schierholtz in May 2007 when Dave Roberts started suffering elbow problems , but an injury to Schierholtz prevented that . On June 11 , Schierholtz was called up to replace Dan Ortmeier and try to give the Giants some offensive help . He made his major league debut that day , against the Toronto Blue Jays as a defensive replacement . He got his first hit the next night , against A . J . Burnett in his first career at bat in a 3–2 victory over Toronto . During this stint , Schierholtz received most of the starts in right field . On June 23 , at AT&T Park against the New York Yankees , he blooped an RBI single into center field against Scott Proctor in the bottom of the 13th inning to win the game 6–5 for the Giants . Despite a .325 batting average in 40 at bats , Schierholtz was sent down at the start of July to make room for Rich Aurilia , who was returning from the disabled list . He was recalled in September , and he received most of the starts in right field that month . In 39 games ( 112 at bats ) , he batted .304 with 34 hits , five doubles , three triples , 10 RBI , and two walks . In 2008 , Baseball America ranked Schierholtz the fourth-best prospect in the Giants system . He attended spring training with the Giants but started the season in Fresno . Schierholtz was batting .314 with fifteen home runs and 65 runs batted in for the Grizzlies when his minor league season ended as a result of his being selected for the 2008 USA Olympic Baseball Team . In the sixth inning of a preliminary round game against China , he collided with China backup catcher Yang Yang at the home plate on a sacrifice fly , a play that resulted in a near brawl between the teams and saw Chinese manager Jim Lefebvre ejected from the game . Schierholtz played nine games with the Americans , batting .216 with four doubles , one home run , and six RBI as the United States earned a bronze medal . Schierholtz was again called up in September 2008 , as the Giants roster expanded , and he was used as the Giants starting right fielder for the remainder of the year . On September 3 , he recorded four hits in a game for the first time in a 9–2 victory over the Colorado Rockies . Three days later , he hit his first career home run against Jesse Chavez in a 7–6 victory over the Pittsburgh Pirates . In 19 games ( 75 at bats ) in 2008 , Schierholtz hit .320 with 24 hits , eight doubles , one triple , one home run , and five RBI . 2009 . Schierholtz started the 2009 season as a pinch hitter . In June , he saw his playing time increase as Randy Winn , the Giants right fielder , began playing left field frequently in place of Fred Lewis . On June 14 , he had an inside-the-park home run , only the fourth in AT&T Park history , in the third inning against Brett Anderson of the Oakland Athletics in a 7–1 victory . He had four hits on June 28 in a 7–0 win over the Milwaukee Brewers . From July 28 through August 12 , he was on the disabled list with a bruised left hip , which he suffered after running into a chain-link fence at Turner Field . He saw his playing time reduced in September as Winn moved back to right field to give Eugenio Vélez and John Bowker opportunities in left . In a career-high 116 games ( 285 at bats ) in 2009 , Schierholtz batted .267 with 76 hits , five home runs , and 29 RBI . He had the third-highest batting average for a pinch hitter in the majors ( .371 , behind Seth Smiths .472 and Hideki Matsuis .381 ) . 2010 . Schierholtz was expected to be the Giants Opening Day right fielder in 2010 , but Bowker won the position after hitting six home runs in spring training . Bowker , however , only held the job for 10 games before Schierholtz replaced him on April 17 . In his first 16 games in the role , he batted .393 , but over his next 19 , he batted .154 . When Buster Posey was called up in late May , Aubrey Huff moved from first base to right field , leaving Schierholtz on the bench . After Bengie Molina was traded , Posey switched from first base to catcher , but Travis Ishikawa began getting some starts at first base , creating a platoon between Schierholtz and Ishikawa , with Huff covering first base or right field depending on who was playing . When José Guillén was acquired on August 13 , Schierholtz was relegated to the role of pinch-hitter and late-inning defensive substitution for the rest of the year . In 137 games ( 227 at bats ) , Schierholtz batted .242 with 55 hits , 13 doubles , three triples , three home runs , and 17 RBI . Schierholtz received regular playing time throughout the postseason as a defensive replacement for starting outfielder Pat Burrell . Whenever the Giants held a lead in the sixth inning or later , Bochy would remove Burrell from the game , shift Cody Ross from right field to left field , and place Schierholtz in right field . This strategy was meant to provide the Giants with the best possible defensive outfield and , thus , the best chance of holding the lead and winning the game . Schierholtz ultimately appeared in 11 of San Franciscos 15 playoff games , accumulating 13 plate appearances and recording an RBI in Game 1 of the 2010 World Series against the Texas Rangers . In Game 4 , a night when Bochy chose to start several of his backups , he got his first start of the postseason , playing right field in the Giants 4–0 victory . The Giants won the World Series in five games , their first World Series victory since 1954 . 2011 . Schierholtz hit a 467-foot home run at Coors Field on April 18 , 2011 , against Esmil Rogers in an 8–1 victory over the Rockies . At the start of May , Schierholtz took over the Giants right field job , due to a slump by Burrell . He hit a game-tying , two-run pinch-hit home run against Grant Balfour on May 22 in an 11-inning , 5–4 victory over Oakland . Ten days later , he had a game-tying RBI single in the ninth inning against Fernando Salas and a game-winning RBI single in the 11th inning against Ryan Franklin in a 7–5 victory over the St . Louis Cardinals . On July 6 , against the San Diego Padres , Schierholtz recorded his first multi-home run game . In the bottom of the 14th inning of that game , he hit a walk-off home run against Pat Neshek that secured a 6–5 victory for the Giants . Two days later , he had a splash hit home run against R.A . Dickey in a 5–2 loss to the New York Mets . Following the acquisition of Carlos Beltrán on July 28 , Schierholtz began playing some left field for the first time in his career . He broke his right foot after hitting a foul ball off it against the Atlanta Braves on August 15 . Schierholtz appeared in five more games after the injury , but it became too severe to play through , and he was placed on the disabled list on August 27 ( retroactive to August 22 ) , and , though initially expected to return , he missed the rest of the season . In 115 games ( 335 at bats ) , Schierholtz hit .278 with 93 hits , 22 doubles , nine home runs , and 41 RBI . He said of his 2011 season , I was able to contribute to the team this year . That was a positive thing I can take from the season . 2012 . In 2012 , Schierholtz started the season as a bench player but soon became the Giants everyday right fielder . On April 23 and 24 , he had back-to-back three-hit games against the Mets . He batted .372 over his first 14 games but hit just .048 over his next seven . When May started , Bochy benched him in favor of Gregor Blanco . On July 18 , in an interview with Henry Schulman of the San Francisco Chronicle , he said that Bochy had told him in May that he did not view him as an everyday player . He said that , while he did not ask for a trade , I think whatever the best fit for the team and me is would be ideal . I cant really make those decisions . Its all up to them . Whether Im here or not Im going to give my best effort every day and bust my tail . That weekend , he started three games against the Philadelphia Phillies in right field , partly because Blanco and Ángel Pagán had been struggling . On July 22 , Schierholtz hit two home runs against Joe Blanton , the second of which forced the game into extra innings . However , the Giants would lose 4–3 in 12 innings . In 77 games ( 175 at bats ) , Schierholtz hit .251 with 44 hits , four doubles , five triples , five home runs , and 16 RBI . At the trade deadline on July 31 , Schierholtz was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies along with minor league catcher Tommy Joseph and minor league pitcher Seth Rosin for outfielder Hunter Pence . Philadelphia Phillies . Upon Schierholtzs arrival in Philadelphia , manager Charlie Manuel said he wanted to give Schierholtz everyday playing time for the rest of the year , in order to assess him . In the transition , Schierholtz changed his number from 12 to 22 . In his debut , Schierholtz homered against Edwin Jackson in a 3–2 victory against the Washington Nationals . However , Schierholtz was sent to the disabled list on August 13 after fouling a ball off his right big toe in a game against the Cardinals . He remained on the disabled list until September 1 . On September 7 , he delivered a game-ending RBI single against Will Harris , giving the Phillies a 3–2 win over Colorado . Schierholtz appeared in 33 games with the Phillies , batting .273 with 18 hits , four doubles , one home run , and five RBI . In 114 games ( 241 at bats ) with Philadelphia and San Francisco , he batted .257 with 62 hits , eight doubles , five triples , six home runs , and 21 RBI . After the season , the Phillies non-tendered Schierholtz , making him a free agent . They chose to non-tender him because they were only projecting him as a fifth outfielder , and Schierholtz was due for a pay raise . Despite being traded to the Phillies , Schierholtz received his second World Series ring from the Giants due to his contributions during the first half of the 2012 season with the team . Chicago Cubs . On December 5 , 2012 , Schierholtz signed a $2.25 million , one-year deal with the Chicago Cubs . He was the Cubs starting right fielder for most of the 2013 season . From June 4 through 18 , he set a career-high with a 10-game hitting streak . On June 14 , he had two triples in a game for the first time in his career in a 14-inning , 6–5 victory over the Cincinnati Reds . On June 22 , he set a career-high with his 10th home run of the season in a 4–3 loss to the Houston Astros . He batted .286 with 11 home runs through June 30 but saw his average sink to .218 for the rest of the season , although he would hit 10 home runs . On July 24 , he had a career-high five RBI , including a game-winning RBI double against David Hernandez in the 12th inning of a 7–6 victory over the Arizona Diamondbacks . Three days later , he hit a home run against Sergio Romo in a 1–0 victory over the Giants . Schierholtz reset his career-high in RBI with six on August 19 , including home runs against Jordan Zimmermann and Fernando Abad in an 11–1 victory over the Washington Nationals . In 137 games ( 462 at bats ) , Schierholtz batted .251 with career-highs in hits ( 116 ) , doubles ( 32 ) , home runs ( 21 ) , runs scored ( 56 ) , and RBI ( 68 ) . Defensively , he posted a .988 fielding percentage . On January 17 , 2014 , Schierholtz signed a $5 million , one-year deal to remain with the Chicago Cubs . On June 3 , he had a game-ending RBI single against Scott Rice , giving the Cubs a 2–1 victory over the Mets . He was designated for assignment by the Cubs on August 6 , 2014 . Chicago released the veteran on waivers after he had a .192 batting average and six home runs over 99 games . Washington Nationals . On August 18 , 2014 , Schierholtz signed a minor league deal with the Washington Nationals , and was assigned to the Triple-A Syracuse Chiefs of the International League . The Nationals selected Schierholtzs contract on August 23 and used him as a reserve outfielder . On September 21 , he tripled home a run against Nate Eovaldi , then scored on a double by Anthony Rendon in a 2–1 victory over the Miami Marlins . In 23 games ( 40 at bats ) with the Nationals , Schierholtz batted .225 with one home run . His combined totals were a .195 average , 69 hits , seven home runs , and 37 RBI in 122 games with Chicago and Washington . Schierholtz reached the playoffs with Washington as they won the National League East . He appeared in all four games of the 2014 National League Division Series , getting a hit and three walks in four plate appearances for a 1.000 on-base percentage as the Nationals were defeated by the Giants . After the season , he became a free agent . Texas Rangers organization . On February 6 , 2015 , Schierholtz signed a minor league deal with the Texas Rangers . He competed for an outfield spot but was released on March 28 before the season started . Hiroshima Toyo Carp . After his release from Texas , Schierholtz went to Japan , signing a one-year deal with the Hiroshima Toyo Carp of Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) . During the 2015 season , he hit .250 ( 58-for-232 ) , with 10 home runs and 30 RBIs in 65 games . It was definitely an interesting experience and I learned a lot . I enjoyed living with the Japanese culture and learning some of their ways and values . The fans are very kind to the American foreign players and it was a great experience , Schierholtz summarized his time in Japan . Detroit Tigers organization . On December 23 , 2015 , Schierholtz signed a minor league contract with the Detroit Tigers , and was invited to 2016 spring training . Failing to make the club , he played 31 games for the Triple-A Toledo Mud Hens of the International League , batting .246 with 29 hits , three home runs , and 13 RBI before his release on May 22 . On August 5 , 2016 , Schierholtz received an 80-game suspension from Major League Baseball for testing positive for a performance-enhancing drug . Personal life . Schierholtz married Kate Eveland , a former guard on the San Diego State basketball team on December 3 , 2011 . Cainan , his younger brother , was arrested on a DUI in 2004 and was charged with another DUI and felony hit-and-run on August 1 , 2010 . Nate said , Obviously , its very upsetting.. . Its just something very irresponsible and hes going to have to do some decent time for what hes done . Ill stick by him and support him to get the counseling he needs . Vai , Jr. , his youngest brother , attended the Air Force Academy and played baseball for the Falcons . His mother lives in Alamo , California ; her house burned down in 2009 but was rebuilt . Schierholtz used to bat without batting gloves , one of the few Major Leaguers to do so , but since 2011 has used batting gloves .
|
[
"Washington Nationals"
] |
[
{
"text": " Nathan John Nate Schierholtz ( born February 15 , 1984 ) is an American former professional baseball right fielder . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the San Francisco Giants ( 2007–2012 ) , Philadelphia Phillies ( 2012 ) , Chicago Cubs ( 2013–2014 ) , and Washington Nationals ( 2014 ) . He also played in Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) for Hiroshima Toyo Carp ( 2015 ) .",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz was a second-round draft pick by the Giants out of Chabot College in 2003 . He reached the major leagues in 2007 , batting over .300 in limited playing time . He spent most of 2008 in the minor leagues but again hit over .300 when he was called up in September . Schierholtz also represented the United States of America at the Summer Olympics that year . In 2009 , he spent the whole season with the Giants , appearing in over 100 games and getting starts in right field . Schierholtz was the Giants starting right fielder",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "for portions of 2010 but ended the year as a defensive substitution for Pat Burrell . He won his first World Series as the Giants defeated the Texas Rangers for their first World Series title in 56 years . In 2011 , he was the Giants starting right fielder for most of the year , until a broken foot sidelined him at the end of August . Though used as the starting right fielder some in 2012 , Schierholtz said in an interview in July that Giants manager Bruce Bochy did not think of him as an everyday player .",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "Shortly afterwards , he was traded to the Phillies , with whom he finished the year . The Giants won the World Series again and gave him a World Series ring for his earlier contributions .",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "In 2013 , Schierholtz signed with the Cubs and received the most playing time of his career , hitting a career-high 21 home runs . He batted .192 with the Cubs the next season and was released mid-season . The Nationals picked him up soon after , and he reached the playoffs with them . In 2015 , Schierholtz attempted to make the Rangers roster out of spring training . Faced with a demotion to the minor leagues , he opted instead to spend a season in Japan with the Toyo Carp . He signed with the Detroit Tigers organization",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "in 2016 and played some games in the minor leagues before getting released in May . Later in the season , Schierholtz failed a test for performance-enhancing drugs , resulting in an 80-game suspension by Major League Baseball .",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz was born February 15 , 1984 , in Reno , Nevada . His parents were Vai , Sr. , and Karen Schierholtz , and he was the oldest of four children ( Cainan ; Vai , Jr. ; and Sophia ) . He attended San Ramon Valley High School in Danville , California , the same high school as future San Francisco Giants teammate Randy Winn . At San Ramon Valley , he served as the team captain . Following high school , Schierholtz played for Chabot College , a community college located in Hayward , California . He",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "spent the 2003 season with Chabot , starting at third base . In his lone season at Chabot , he was named an All-American .",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz was drafted by the San Francisco Giants in the second round ( 63rd overall ) of the 2003 Major League Baseball ( MLB ) Draft . He began his minor league career that year as a third baseman with the rookie Arizona League Giants , batting .400 in 11 games before getting promoted to the Single-A short season Salem-Keizer Volcanoes of the Northwest League . In 35 games for Salem-Keizer , he hit .306 with 38 hits , three home runs , and 29 runs batted in ( RBI ) . He began the 2004 season with the Single-A",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Hagerstown Suns of the South Atlantic League , earning All-star game honors for that league . He batted .296 with 53 RBI in 58 games and was leading the league in home runs ( 15 ) and extra-base hits ( 37 ) before getting promoted to the Single-A advanced San Jose Giants of the California League . At San Jose , though still receiving significant playing time as a third baseman , he began to play the outfield as well . In 62 games with San Jose , he batted .295 with three home runs and 31 RBI . He",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "was second on the team with nine triples after not hitting any with Hagerstown . He was third among Giants prospects with 18 home runs and ranked second with 84 RBI in 2004 .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "In 2005 , Schierholtz remained at San Jose , where he became an everyday right fielder . Over 128 games , he batted .319 ( fifth in the California League ) with 160 hits ( tied with Chris Lubanski , Seth Smith , and Clay Timpner for fifth ) , 37 doubles ( tied with Danny Putnam for eighth ) , eight triples ( tied with Wladimir Balentien , Danny Richar , and Joe Gaetti for third behind Timpners 12 and Anthony Websters 11 ) , 15 home runs , and 86 RBI . He batted .333 in the playoffs",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": ", helping San Jose win the California League championship .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz moved up to the Double-A Connecticut Defenders of the Eastern League in 2006 . In 125 games , he batted .270 with 127 hits , 14 home runs , and 54 RBI . He led the Defenders in most major batting categories and finished sixth in the Eastern League with seven triples . Entering the 2007 season , Schierholtz was ranked the eighth-best prospect in the Giants organization by Baseball America . That year , he was assigned to the Triple-A Fresno Grizzlies of the Pacific Coast League . He spent most of the season with them . In",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "109 games , he had 137 hits , 31 doubles , 16 home runs , and 68 RBI . He finished third in the league in batting average ( .333 , behind Geovany Sotos .353 and Delwyn Youngs .337 ) and triples ( seven , tied with Scott Seabol behind Reggie Abercrombies and Jeff Salazars nine ) .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Giants manager Bruce Bochy considered calling up Schierholtz in May 2007 when Dave Roberts started suffering elbow problems , but an injury to Schierholtz prevented that . On June 11 , Schierholtz was called up to replace Dan Ortmeier and try to give the Giants some offensive help . He made his major league debut that day , against the Toronto Blue Jays as a defensive replacement . He got his first hit the next night , against A . J . Burnett in his first career at bat in a 3–2 victory over Toronto . During this stint ,",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz received most of the starts in right field . On June 23 , at AT&T Park against the New York Yankees , he blooped an RBI single into center field against Scott Proctor in the bottom of the 13th inning to win the game 6–5 for the Giants . Despite a .325 batting average in 40 at bats , Schierholtz was sent down at the start of July to make room for Rich Aurilia , who was returning from the disabled list . He was recalled in September , and he received most of the starts in right field",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "that month . In 39 games ( 112 at bats ) , he batted .304 with 34 hits , five doubles , three triples , 10 RBI , and two walks .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "In 2008 , Baseball America ranked Schierholtz the fourth-best prospect in the Giants system . He attended spring training with the Giants but started the season in Fresno . Schierholtz was batting .314 with fifteen home runs and 65 runs batted in for the Grizzlies when his minor league season ended as a result of his being selected for the 2008 USA Olympic Baseball Team . In the sixth inning of a preliminary round game against China , he collided with China backup catcher Yang Yang at the home plate on a sacrifice fly , a play that resulted in",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "a near brawl between the teams and saw Chinese manager Jim Lefebvre ejected from the game . Schierholtz played nine games with the Americans , batting .216 with four doubles , one home run , and six RBI as the United States earned a bronze medal .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz was again called up in September 2008 , as the Giants roster expanded , and he was used as the Giants starting right fielder for the remainder of the year . On September 3 , he recorded four hits in a game for the first time in a 9–2 victory over the Colorado Rockies . Three days later , he hit his first career home run against Jesse Chavez in a 7–6 victory over the Pittsburgh Pirates . In 19 games ( 75 at bats ) in 2008 , Schierholtz hit .320 with 24 hits , eight doubles ,",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "one triple , one home run , and five RBI .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz started the 2009 season as a pinch hitter . In June , he saw his playing time increase as Randy Winn , the Giants right fielder , began playing left field frequently in place of Fred Lewis . On June 14 , he had an inside-the-park home run , only the fourth in AT&T Park history , in the third inning against Brett Anderson of the Oakland Athletics in a 7–1 victory . He had four hits on June 28 in a 7–0 win over the Milwaukee Brewers . From July 28 through August 12 , he was on",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "the disabled list with a bruised left hip , which he suffered after running into a chain-link fence at Turner Field . He saw his playing time reduced in September as Winn moved back to right field to give Eugenio Vélez and John Bowker opportunities in left . In a career-high 116 games ( 285 at bats ) in 2009 , Schierholtz batted .267 with 76 hits , five home runs , and 29 RBI . He had the third-highest batting average for a pinch hitter in the majors ( .371 , behind Seth Smiths .472 and Hideki Matsuis .381",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": ") .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz was expected to be the Giants Opening Day right fielder in 2010 , but Bowker won the position after hitting six home runs in spring training . Bowker , however , only held the job for 10 games before Schierholtz replaced him on April 17 . In his first 16 games in the role , he batted .393 , but over his next 19 , he batted .154 . When Buster Posey was called up in late May , Aubrey Huff moved from first base to right field , leaving Schierholtz on the bench . After Bengie Molina was",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "traded , Posey switched from first base to catcher , but Travis Ishikawa began getting some starts at first base , creating a platoon between Schierholtz and Ishikawa , with Huff covering first base or right field depending on who was playing . When José Guillén was acquired on August 13 , Schierholtz was relegated to the role of pinch-hitter and late-inning defensive substitution for the rest of the year . In 137 games ( 227 at bats ) , Schierholtz batted .242 with 55 hits , 13 doubles , three triples , three home runs , and 17 RBI",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz received regular playing time throughout the postseason as a defensive replacement for starting outfielder Pat Burrell . Whenever the Giants held a lead in the sixth inning or later , Bochy would remove Burrell from the game , shift Cody Ross from right field to left field , and place Schierholtz in right field . This strategy was meant to provide the Giants with the best possible defensive outfield and , thus , the best chance of holding the lead and winning the game . Schierholtz ultimately appeared in 11 of San Franciscos 15 playoff games , accumulating 13",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "plate appearances and recording an RBI in Game 1 of the 2010 World Series against the Texas Rangers . In Game 4 , a night when Bochy chose to start several of his backups , he got his first start of the postseason , playing right field in the Giants 4–0 victory . The Giants won the World Series in five games , their first World Series victory since 1954 .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz hit a 467-foot home run at Coors Field on April 18 , 2011 , against Esmil Rogers in an 8–1 victory over the Rockies . At the start of May , Schierholtz took over the Giants right field job , due to a slump by Burrell . He hit a game-tying , two-run pinch-hit home run against Grant Balfour on May 22 in an 11-inning , 5–4 victory over Oakland . Ten days later , he had a game-tying RBI single in the ninth inning against Fernando Salas and a game-winning RBI single in the 11th inning against Ryan",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Franklin in a 7–5 victory over the St . Louis Cardinals . On July 6 , against the San Diego Padres , Schierholtz recorded his first multi-home run game . In the bottom of the 14th inning of that game , he hit a walk-off home run against Pat Neshek that secured a 6–5 victory for the Giants . Two days later , he had a splash hit home run against R.A . Dickey in a 5–2 loss to the New York Mets . Following the acquisition of Carlos Beltrán on July 28 , Schierholtz began playing some left field",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "for the first time in his career . He broke his right foot after hitting a foul ball off it against the Atlanta Braves on August 15 . Schierholtz appeared in five more games after the injury , but it became too severe to play through , and he was placed on the disabled list on August 27 ( retroactive to August 22 ) , and , though initially expected to return , he missed the rest of the season . In 115 games ( 335 at bats ) , Schierholtz hit .278 with 93 hits , 22 doubles ,",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "nine home runs , and 41 RBI . He said of his 2011 season , I was able to contribute to the team this year . That was a positive thing I can take from the season .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "In 2012 , Schierholtz started the season as a bench player but soon became the Giants everyday right fielder . On April 23 and 24 , he had back-to-back three-hit games against the Mets . He batted .372 over his first 14 games but hit just .048 over his next seven . When May started , Bochy benched him in favor of Gregor Blanco . On July 18 , in an interview with Henry Schulman of the San Francisco Chronicle , he said that Bochy had told him in May that he did not view him as an everyday player",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": ". He said that , while he did not ask for a trade , I think whatever the best fit for the team and me is would be ideal . I cant really make those decisions . Its all up to them . Whether Im here or not Im going to give my best effort every day and bust my tail . That weekend , he started three games against the Philadelphia Phillies in right field , partly because Blanco and Ángel Pagán had been struggling . On July 22 , Schierholtz hit two home runs against Joe Blanton ,",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "the second of which forced the game into extra innings . However , the Giants would lose 4–3 in 12 innings . In 77 games ( 175 at bats ) , Schierholtz hit .251 with 44 hits , four doubles , five triples , five home runs , and 16 RBI . At the trade deadline on July 31 , Schierholtz was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies along with minor league catcher Tommy Joseph and minor league pitcher Seth Rosin for outfielder Hunter Pence .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Upon Schierholtzs arrival in Philadelphia , manager Charlie Manuel said he wanted to give Schierholtz everyday playing time for the rest of the year , in order to assess him . In the transition , Schierholtz changed his number from 12 to 22 . In his debut , Schierholtz homered against Edwin Jackson in a 3–2 victory against the Washington Nationals . However , Schierholtz was sent to the disabled list on August 13 after fouling a ball off his right big toe in a game against the Cardinals . He remained on the disabled list until September 1 .",
"title": "Philadelphia Phillies"
},
{
"text": "On September 7 , he delivered a game-ending RBI single against Will Harris , giving the Phillies a 3–2 win over Colorado . Schierholtz appeared in 33 games with the Phillies , batting .273 with 18 hits , four doubles , one home run , and five RBI . In 114 games ( 241 at bats ) with Philadelphia and San Francisco , he batted .257 with 62 hits , eight doubles , five triples , six home runs , and 21 RBI . After the season , the Phillies non-tendered Schierholtz , making him a free agent . They",
"title": "Philadelphia Phillies"
},
{
"text": "chose to non-tender him because they were only projecting him as a fifth outfielder , and Schierholtz was due for a pay raise .",
"title": "Philadelphia Phillies"
},
{
"text": " Despite being traded to the Phillies , Schierholtz received his second World Series ring from the Giants due to his contributions during the first half of the 2012 season with the team .",
"title": "Philadelphia Phillies"
},
{
"text": "On December 5 , 2012 , Schierholtz signed a $2.25 million , one-year deal with the Chicago Cubs . He was the Cubs starting right fielder for most of the 2013 season . From June 4 through 18 , he set a career-high with a 10-game hitting streak . On June 14 , he had two triples in a game for the first time in his career in a 14-inning , 6–5 victory over the Cincinnati Reds . On June 22 , he set a career-high with his 10th home run of the season in a 4–3 loss to the",
"title": "Chicago Cubs"
},
{
"text": "Houston Astros . He batted .286 with 11 home runs through June 30 but saw his average sink to .218 for the rest of the season , although he would hit 10 home runs . On July 24 , he had a career-high five RBI , including a game-winning RBI double against David Hernandez in the 12th inning of a 7–6 victory over the Arizona Diamondbacks . Three days later , he hit a home run against Sergio Romo in a 1–0 victory over the Giants . Schierholtz reset his career-high in RBI with six on August 19 , including",
"title": "Chicago Cubs"
},
{
"text": "home runs against Jordan Zimmermann and Fernando Abad in an 11–1 victory over the Washington Nationals . In 137 games ( 462 at bats ) , Schierholtz batted .251 with career-highs in hits ( 116 ) , doubles ( 32 ) , home runs ( 21 ) , runs scored ( 56 ) , and RBI ( 68 ) . Defensively , he posted a .988 fielding percentage .",
"title": "Chicago Cubs"
},
{
"text": " On January 17 , 2014 , Schierholtz signed a $5 million , one-year deal to remain with the Chicago Cubs . On June 3 , he had a game-ending RBI single against Scott Rice , giving the Cubs a 2–1 victory over the Mets . He was designated for assignment by the Cubs on August 6 , 2014 . Chicago released the veteran on waivers after he had a .192 batting average and six home runs over 99 games .",
"title": "Chicago Cubs"
},
{
"text": "On August 18 , 2014 , Schierholtz signed a minor league deal with the Washington Nationals , and was assigned to the Triple-A Syracuse Chiefs of the International League . The Nationals selected Schierholtzs contract on August 23 and used him as a reserve outfielder . On September 21 , he tripled home a run against Nate Eovaldi , then scored on a double by Anthony Rendon in a 2–1 victory over the Miami Marlins . In 23 games ( 40 at bats ) with the Nationals , Schierholtz batted .225 with one home run . His combined totals were",
"title": "Washington Nationals"
},
{
"text": "a .195 average , 69 hits , seven home runs , and 37 RBI in 122 games with Chicago and Washington . Schierholtz reached the playoffs with Washington as they won the National League East . He appeared in all four games of the 2014 National League Division Series , getting a hit and three walks in four plate appearances for a 1.000 on-base percentage as the Nationals were defeated by the Giants . After the season , he became a free agent .",
"title": "Washington Nationals"
},
{
"text": " On February 6 , 2015 , Schierholtz signed a minor league deal with the Texas Rangers . He competed for an outfield spot but was released on March 28 before the season started .",
"title": "Texas Rangers organization"
},
{
"text": "After his release from Texas , Schierholtz went to Japan , signing a one-year deal with the Hiroshima Toyo Carp of Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) . During the 2015 season , he hit .250 ( 58-for-232 ) , with 10 home runs and 30 RBIs in 65 games . It was definitely an interesting experience and I learned a lot . I enjoyed living with the Japanese culture and learning some of their ways and values . The fans are very kind to the American foreign players and it was a great experience , Schierholtz summarized his time",
"title": "Hiroshima Toyo Carp"
},
{
"text": "in Japan .",
"title": "Hiroshima Toyo Carp"
},
{
"text": " On December 23 , 2015 , Schierholtz signed a minor league contract with the Detroit Tigers , and was invited to 2016 spring training . Failing to make the club , he played 31 games for the Triple-A Toledo Mud Hens of the International League , batting .246 with 29 hits , three home runs , and 13 RBI before his release on May 22 . On August 5 , 2016 , Schierholtz received an 80-game suspension from Major League Baseball for testing positive for a performance-enhancing drug .",
"title": "Detroit Tigers organization"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz married Kate Eveland , a former guard on the San Diego State basketball team on December 3 , 2011 . Cainan , his younger brother , was arrested on a DUI in 2004 and was charged with another DUI and felony hit-and-run on August 1 , 2010 . Nate said , Obviously , its very upsetting.. . Its just something very irresponsible and hes going to have to do some decent time for what hes done . Ill stick by him and support him to get the counseling he needs . Vai , Jr. , his youngest brother ,",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "attended the Air Force Academy and played baseball for the Falcons . His mother lives in Alamo , California ; her house burned down in 2009 but was rebuilt .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Schierholtz used to bat without batting gloves , one of the few Major Leaguers to do so , but since 2011 has used batting gloves .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Nate_Schierholtz#P108#4
|
Nate Schierholtz was an employee for whom in Apr 2015?
|
Nate Schierholtz Nathan John Nate Schierholtz ( born February 15 , 1984 ) is an American former professional baseball right fielder . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the San Francisco Giants ( 2007–2012 ) , Philadelphia Phillies ( 2012 ) , Chicago Cubs ( 2013–2014 ) , and Washington Nationals ( 2014 ) . He also played in Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) for Hiroshima Toyo Carp ( 2015 ) . Schierholtz was a second-round draft pick by the Giants out of Chabot College in 2003 . He reached the major leagues in 2007 , batting over .300 in limited playing time . He spent most of 2008 in the minor leagues but again hit over .300 when he was called up in September . Schierholtz also represented the United States of America at the Summer Olympics that year . In 2009 , he spent the whole season with the Giants , appearing in over 100 games and getting starts in right field . Schierholtz was the Giants starting right fielder for portions of 2010 but ended the year as a defensive substitution for Pat Burrell . He won his first World Series as the Giants defeated the Texas Rangers for their first World Series title in 56 years . In 2011 , he was the Giants starting right fielder for most of the year , until a broken foot sidelined him at the end of August . Though used as the starting right fielder some in 2012 , Schierholtz said in an interview in July that Giants manager Bruce Bochy did not think of him as an everyday player . Shortly afterwards , he was traded to the Phillies , with whom he finished the year . The Giants won the World Series again and gave him a World Series ring for his earlier contributions . In 2013 , Schierholtz signed with the Cubs and received the most playing time of his career , hitting a career-high 21 home runs . He batted .192 with the Cubs the next season and was released mid-season . The Nationals picked him up soon after , and he reached the playoffs with them . In 2015 , Schierholtz attempted to make the Rangers roster out of spring training . Faced with a demotion to the minor leagues , he opted instead to spend a season in Japan with the Toyo Carp . He signed with the Detroit Tigers organization in 2016 and played some games in the minor leagues before getting released in May . Later in the season , Schierholtz failed a test for performance-enhancing drugs , resulting in an 80-game suspension by Major League Baseball . High school and college . Schierholtz was born February 15 , 1984 , in Reno , Nevada . His parents were Vai , Sr. , and Karen Schierholtz , and he was the oldest of four children ( Cainan ; Vai , Jr. ; and Sophia ) . He attended San Ramon Valley High School in Danville , California , the same high school as future San Francisco Giants teammate Randy Winn . At San Ramon Valley , he served as the team captain . Following high school , Schierholtz played for Chabot College , a community college located in Hayward , California . He spent the 2003 season with Chabot , starting at third base . In his lone season at Chabot , he was named an All-American . Professional career . San Francisco Giants . Minor leagues . Schierholtz was drafted by the San Francisco Giants in the second round ( 63rd overall ) of the 2003 Major League Baseball ( MLB ) Draft . He began his minor league career that year as a third baseman with the rookie Arizona League Giants , batting .400 in 11 games before getting promoted to the Single-A short season Salem-Keizer Volcanoes of the Northwest League . In 35 games for Salem-Keizer , he hit .306 with 38 hits , three home runs , and 29 runs batted in ( RBI ) . He began the 2004 season with the Single-A Hagerstown Suns of the South Atlantic League , earning All-star game honors for that league . He batted .296 with 53 RBI in 58 games and was leading the league in home runs ( 15 ) and extra-base hits ( 37 ) before getting promoted to the Single-A advanced San Jose Giants of the California League . At San Jose , though still receiving significant playing time as a third baseman , he began to play the outfield as well . In 62 games with San Jose , he batted .295 with three home runs and 31 RBI . He was second on the team with nine triples after not hitting any with Hagerstown . He was third among Giants prospects with 18 home runs and ranked second with 84 RBI in 2004 . In 2005 , Schierholtz remained at San Jose , where he became an everyday right fielder . Over 128 games , he batted .319 ( fifth in the California League ) with 160 hits ( tied with Chris Lubanski , Seth Smith , and Clay Timpner for fifth ) , 37 doubles ( tied with Danny Putnam for eighth ) , eight triples ( tied with Wladimir Balentien , Danny Richar , and Joe Gaetti for third behind Timpners 12 and Anthony Websters 11 ) , 15 home runs , and 86 RBI . He batted .333 in the playoffs , helping San Jose win the California League championship . Schierholtz moved up to the Double-A Connecticut Defenders of the Eastern League in 2006 . In 125 games , he batted .270 with 127 hits , 14 home runs , and 54 RBI . He led the Defenders in most major batting categories and finished sixth in the Eastern League with seven triples . Entering the 2007 season , Schierholtz was ranked the eighth-best prospect in the Giants organization by Baseball America . That year , he was assigned to the Triple-A Fresno Grizzlies of the Pacific Coast League . He spent most of the season with them . In 109 games , he had 137 hits , 31 doubles , 16 home runs , and 68 RBI . He finished third in the league in batting average ( .333 , behind Geovany Sotos .353 and Delwyn Youngs .337 ) and triples ( seven , tied with Scott Seabol behind Reggie Abercrombies and Jeff Salazars nine ) . 2007 . Giants manager Bruce Bochy considered calling up Schierholtz in May 2007 when Dave Roberts started suffering elbow problems , but an injury to Schierholtz prevented that . On June 11 , Schierholtz was called up to replace Dan Ortmeier and try to give the Giants some offensive help . He made his major league debut that day , against the Toronto Blue Jays as a defensive replacement . He got his first hit the next night , against A . J . Burnett in his first career at bat in a 3–2 victory over Toronto . During this stint , Schierholtz received most of the starts in right field . On June 23 , at AT&T Park against the New York Yankees , he blooped an RBI single into center field against Scott Proctor in the bottom of the 13th inning to win the game 6–5 for the Giants . Despite a .325 batting average in 40 at bats , Schierholtz was sent down at the start of July to make room for Rich Aurilia , who was returning from the disabled list . He was recalled in September , and he received most of the starts in right field that month . In 39 games ( 112 at bats ) , he batted .304 with 34 hits , five doubles , three triples , 10 RBI , and two walks . In 2008 , Baseball America ranked Schierholtz the fourth-best prospect in the Giants system . He attended spring training with the Giants but started the season in Fresno . Schierholtz was batting .314 with fifteen home runs and 65 runs batted in for the Grizzlies when his minor league season ended as a result of his being selected for the 2008 USA Olympic Baseball Team . In the sixth inning of a preliminary round game against China , he collided with China backup catcher Yang Yang at the home plate on a sacrifice fly , a play that resulted in a near brawl between the teams and saw Chinese manager Jim Lefebvre ejected from the game . Schierholtz played nine games with the Americans , batting .216 with four doubles , one home run , and six RBI as the United States earned a bronze medal . Schierholtz was again called up in September 2008 , as the Giants roster expanded , and he was used as the Giants starting right fielder for the remainder of the year . On September 3 , he recorded four hits in a game for the first time in a 9–2 victory over the Colorado Rockies . Three days later , he hit his first career home run against Jesse Chavez in a 7–6 victory over the Pittsburgh Pirates . In 19 games ( 75 at bats ) in 2008 , Schierholtz hit .320 with 24 hits , eight doubles , one triple , one home run , and five RBI . 2009 . Schierholtz started the 2009 season as a pinch hitter . In June , he saw his playing time increase as Randy Winn , the Giants right fielder , began playing left field frequently in place of Fred Lewis . On June 14 , he had an inside-the-park home run , only the fourth in AT&T Park history , in the third inning against Brett Anderson of the Oakland Athletics in a 7–1 victory . He had four hits on June 28 in a 7–0 win over the Milwaukee Brewers . From July 28 through August 12 , he was on the disabled list with a bruised left hip , which he suffered after running into a chain-link fence at Turner Field . He saw his playing time reduced in September as Winn moved back to right field to give Eugenio Vélez and John Bowker opportunities in left . In a career-high 116 games ( 285 at bats ) in 2009 , Schierholtz batted .267 with 76 hits , five home runs , and 29 RBI . He had the third-highest batting average for a pinch hitter in the majors ( .371 , behind Seth Smiths .472 and Hideki Matsuis .381 ) . 2010 . Schierholtz was expected to be the Giants Opening Day right fielder in 2010 , but Bowker won the position after hitting six home runs in spring training . Bowker , however , only held the job for 10 games before Schierholtz replaced him on April 17 . In his first 16 games in the role , he batted .393 , but over his next 19 , he batted .154 . When Buster Posey was called up in late May , Aubrey Huff moved from first base to right field , leaving Schierholtz on the bench . After Bengie Molina was traded , Posey switched from first base to catcher , but Travis Ishikawa began getting some starts at first base , creating a platoon between Schierholtz and Ishikawa , with Huff covering first base or right field depending on who was playing . When José Guillén was acquired on August 13 , Schierholtz was relegated to the role of pinch-hitter and late-inning defensive substitution for the rest of the year . In 137 games ( 227 at bats ) , Schierholtz batted .242 with 55 hits , 13 doubles , three triples , three home runs , and 17 RBI . Schierholtz received regular playing time throughout the postseason as a defensive replacement for starting outfielder Pat Burrell . Whenever the Giants held a lead in the sixth inning or later , Bochy would remove Burrell from the game , shift Cody Ross from right field to left field , and place Schierholtz in right field . This strategy was meant to provide the Giants with the best possible defensive outfield and , thus , the best chance of holding the lead and winning the game . Schierholtz ultimately appeared in 11 of San Franciscos 15 playoff games , accumulating 13 plate appearances and recording an RBI in Game 1 of the 2010 World Series against the Texas Rangers . In Game 4 , a night when Bochy chose to start several of his backups , he got his first start of the postseason , playing right field in the Giants 4–0 victory . The Giants won the World Series in five games , their first World Series victory since 1954 . 2011 . Schierholtz hit a 467-foot home run at Coors Field on April 18 , 2011 , against Esmil Rogers in an 8–1 victory over the Rockies . At the start of May , Schierholtz took over the Giants right field job , due to a slump by Burrell . He hit a game-tying , two-run pinch-hit home run against Grant Balfour on May 22 in an 11-inning , 5–4 victory over Oakland . Ten days later , he had a game-tying RBI single in the ninth inning against Fernando Salas and a game-winning RBI single in the 11th inning against Ryan Franklin in a 7–5 victory over the St . Louis Cardinals . On July 6 , against the San Diego Padres , Schierholtz recorded his first multi-home run game . In the bottom of the 14th inning of that game , he hit a walk-off home run against Pat Neshek that secured a 6–5 victory for the Giants . Two days later , he had a splash hit home run against R.A . Dickey in a 5–2 loss to the New York Mets . Following the acquisition of Carlos Beltrán on July 28 , Schierholtz began playing some left field for the first time in his career . He broke his right foot after hitting a foul ball off it against the Atlanta Braves on August 15 . Schierholtz appeared in five more games after the injury , but it became too severe to play through , and he was placed on the disabled list on August 27 ( retroactive to August 22 ) , and , though initially expected to return , he missed the rest of the season . In 115 games ( 335 at bats ) , Schierholtz hit .278 with 93 hits , 22 doubles , nine home runs , and 41 RBI . He said of his 2011 season , I was able to contribute to the team this year . That was a positive thing I can take from the season . 2012 . In 2012 , Schierholtz started the season as a bench player but soon became the Giants everyday right fielder . On April 23 and 24 , he had back-to-back three-hit games against the Mets . He batted .372 over his first 14 games but hit just .048 over his next seven . When May started , Bochy benched him in favor of Gregor Blanco . On July 18 , in an interview with Henry Schulman of the San Francisco Chronicle , he said that Bochy had told him in May that he did not view him as an everyday player . He said that , while he did not ask for a trade , I think whatever the best fit for the team and me is would be ideal . I cant really make those decisions . Its all up to them . Whether Im here or not Im going to give my best effort every day and bust my tail . That weekend , he started three games against the Philadelphia Phillies in right field , partly because Blanco and Ángel Pagán had been struggling . On July 22 , Schierholtz hit two home runs against Joe Blanton , the second of which forced the game into extra innings . However , the Giants would lose 4–3 in 12 innings . In 77 games ( 175 at bats ) , Schierholtz hit .251 with 44 hits , four doubles , five triples , five home runs , and 16 RBI . At the trade deadline on July 31 , Schierholtz was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies along with minor league catcher Tommy Joseph and minor league pitcher Seth Rosin for outfielder Hunter Pence . Philadelphia Phillies . Upon Schierholtzs arrival in Philadelphia , manager Charlie Manuel said he wanted to give Schierholtz everyday playing time for the rest of the year , in order to assess him . In the transition , Schierholtz changed his number from 12 to 22 . In his debut , Schierholtz homered against Edwin Jackson in a 3–2 victory against the Washington Nationals . However , Schierholtz was sent to the disabled list on August 13 after fouling a ball off his right big toe in a game against the Cardinals . He remained on the disabled list until September 1 . On September 7 , he delivered a game-ending RBI single against Will Harris , giving the Phillies a 3–2 win over Colorado . Schierholtz appeared in 33 games with the Phillies , batting .273 with 18 hits , four doubles , one home run , and five RBI . In 114 games ( 241 at bats ) with Philadelphia and San Francisco , he batted .257 with 62 hits , eight doubles , five triples , six home runs , and 21 RBI . After the season , the Phillies non-tendered Schierholtz , making him a free agent . They chose to non-tender him because they were only projecting him as a fifth outfielder , and Schierholtz was due for a pay raise . Despite being traded to the Phillies , Schierholtz received his second World Series ring from the Giants due to his contributions during the first half of the 2012 season with the team . Chicago Cubs . On December 5 , 2012 , Schierholtz signed a $2.25 million , one-year deal with the Chicago Cubs . He was the Cubs starting right fielder for most of the 2013 season . From June 4 through 18 , he set a career-high with a 10-game hitting streak . On June 14 , he had two triples in a game for the first time in his career in a 14-inning , 6–5 victory over the Cincinnati Reds . On June 22 , he set a career-high with his 10th home run of the season in a 4–3 loss to the Houston Astros . He batted .286 with 11 home runs through June 30 but saw his average sink to .218 for the rest of the season , although he would hit 10 home runs . On July 24 , he had a career-high five RBI , including a game-winning RBI double against David Hernandez in the 12th inning of a 7–6 victory over the Arizona Diamondbacks . Three days later , he hit a home run against Sergio Romo in a 1–0 victory over the Giants . Schierholtz reset his career-high in RBI with six on August 19 , including home runs against Jordan Zimmermann and Fernando Abad in an 11–1 victory over the Washington Nationals . In 137 games ( 462 at bats ) , Schierholtz batted .251 with career-highs in hits ( 116 ) , doubles ( 32 ) , home runs ( 21 ) , runs scored ( 56 ) , and RBI ( 68 ) . Defensively , he posted a .988 fielding percentage . On January 17 , 2014 , Schierholtz signed a $5 million , one-year deal to remain with the Chicago Cubs . On June 3 , he had a game-ending RBI single against Scott Rice , giving the Cubs a 2–1 victory over the Mets . He was designated for assignment by the Cubs on August 6 , 2014 . Chicago released the veteran on waivers after he had a .192 batting average and six home runs over 99 games . Washington Nationals . On August 18 , 2014 , Schierholtz signed a minor league deal with the Washington Nationals , and was assigned to the Triple-A Syracuse Chiefs of the International League . The Nationals selected Schierholtzs contract on August 23 and used him as a reserve outfielder . On September 21 , he tripled home a run against Nate Eovaldi , then scored on a double by Anthony Rendon in a 2–1 victory over the Miami Marlins . In 23 games ( 40 at bats ) with the Nationals , Schierholtz batted .225 with one home run . His combined totals were a .195 average , 69 hits , seven home runs , and 37 RBI in 122 games with Chicago and Washington . Schierholtz reached the playoffs with Washington as they won the National League East . He appeared in all four games of the 2014 National League Division Series , getting a hit and three walks in four plate appearances for a 1.000 on-base percentage as the Nationals were defeated by the Giants . After the season , he became a free agent . Texas Rangers organization . On February 6 , 2015 , Schierholtz signed a minor league deal with the Texas Rangers . He competed for an outfield spot but was released on March 28 before the season started . Hiroshima Toyo Carp . After his release from Texas , Schierholtz went to Japan , signing a one-year deal with the Hiroshima Toyo Carp of Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) . During the 2015 season , he hit .250 ( 58-for-232 ) , with 10 home runs and 30 RBIs in 65 games . It was definitely an interesting experience and I learned a lot . I enjoyed living with the Japanese culture and learning some of their ways and values . The fans are very kind to the American foreign players and it was a great experience , Schierholtz summarized his time in Japan . Detroit Tigers organization . On December 23 , 2015 , Schierholtz signed a minor league contract with the Detroit Tigers , and was invited to 2016 spring training . Failing to make the club , he played 31 games for the Triple-A Toledo Mud Hens of the International League , batting .246 with 29 hits , three home runs , and 13 RBI before his release on May 22 . On August 5 , 2016 , Schierholtz received an 80-game suspension from Major League Baseball for testing positive for a performance-enhancing drug . Personal life . Schierholtz married Kate Eveland , a former guard on the San Diego State basketball team on December 3 , 2011 . Cainan , his younger brother , was arrested on a DUI in 2004 and was charged with another DUI and felony hit-and-run on August 1 , 2010 . Nate said , Obviously , its very upsetting.. . Its just something very irresponsible and hes going to have to do some decent time for what hes done . Ill stick by him and support him to get the counseling he needs . Vai , Jr. , his youngest brother , attended the Air Force Academy and played baseball for the Falcons . His mother lives in Alamo , California ; her house burned down in 2009 but was rebuilt . Schierholtz used to bat without batting gloves , one of the few Major Leaguers to do so , but since 2011 has used batting gloves .
|
[
"Hiroshima Toyo Carp"
] |
[
{
"text": " Nathan John Nate Schierholtz ( born February 15 , 1984 ) is an American former professional baseball right fielder . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the San Francisco Giants ( 2007–2012 ) , Philadelphia Phillies ( 2012 ) , Chicago Cubs ( 2013–2014 ) , and Washington Nationals ( 2014 ) . He also played in Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) for Hiroshima Toyo Carp ( 2015 ) .",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz was a second-round draft pick by the Giants out of Chabot College in 2003 . He reached the major leagues in 2007 , batting over .300 in limited playing time . He spent most of 2008 in the minor leagues but again hit over .300 when he was called up in September . Schierholtz also represented the United States of America at the Summer Olympics that year . In 2009 , he spent the whole season with the Giants , appearing in over 100 games and getting starts in right field . Schierholtz was the Giants starting right fielder",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "for portions of 2010 but ended the year as a defensive substitution for Pat Burrell . He won his first World Series as the Giants defeated the Texas Rangers for their first World Series title in 56 years . In 2011 , he was the Giants starting right fielder for most of the year , until a broken foot sidelined him at the end of August . Though used as the starting right fielder some in 2012 , Schierholtz said in an interview in July that Giants manager Bruce Bochy did not think of him as an everyday player .",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "Shortly afterwards , he was traded to the Phillies , with whom he finished the year . The Giants won the World Series again and gave him a World Series ring for his earlier contributions .",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "In 2013 , Schierholtz signed with the Cubs and received the most playing time of his career , hitting a career-high 21 home runs . He batted .192 with the Cubs the next season and was released mid-season . The Nationals picked him up soon after , and he reached the playoffs with them . In 2015 , Schierholtz attempted to make the Rangers roster out of spring training . Faced with a demotion to the minor leagues , he opted instead to spend a season in Japan with the Toyo Carp . He signed with the Detroit Tigers organization",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "in 2016 and played some games in the minor leagues before getting released in May . Later in the season , Schierholtz failed a test for performance-enhancing drugs , resulting in an 80-game suspension by Major League Baseball .",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz was born February 15 , 1984 , in Reno , Nevada . His parents were Vai , Sr. , and Karen Schierholtz , and he was the oldest of four children ( Cainan ; Vai , Jr. ; and Sophia ) . He attended San Ramon Valley High School in Danville , California , the same high school as future San Francisco Giants teammate Randy Winn . At San Ramon Valley , he served as the team captain . Following high school , Schierholtz played for Chabot College , a community college located in Hayward , California . He",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "spent the 2003 season with Chabot , starting at third base . In his lone season at Chabot , he was named an All-American .",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz was drafted by the San Francisco Giants in the second round ( 63rd overall ) of the 2003 Major League Baseball ( MLB ) Draft . He began his minor league career that year as a third baseman with the rookie Arizona League Giants , batting .400 in 11 games before getting promoted to the Single-A short season Salem-Keizer Volcanoes of the Northwest League . In 35 games for Salem-Keizer , he hit .306 with 38 hits , three home runs , and 29 runs batted in ( RBI ) . He began the 2004 season with the Single-A",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Hagerstown Suns of the South Atlantic League , earning All-star game honors for that league . He batted .296 with 53 RBI in 58 games and was leading the league in home runs ( 15 ) and extra-base hits ( 37 ) before getting promoted to the Single-A advanced San Jose Giants of the California League . At San Jose , though still receiving significant playing time as a third baseman , he began to play the outfield as well . In 62 games with San Jose , he batted .295 with three home runs and 31 RBI . He",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "was second on the team with nine triples after not hitting any with Hagerstown . He was third among Giants prospects with 18 home runs and ranked second with 84 RBI in 2004 .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "In 2005 , Schierholtz remained at San Jose , where he became an everyday right fielder . Over 128 games , he batted .319 ( fifth in the California League ) with 160 hits ( tied with Chris Lubanski , Seth Smith , and Clay Timpner for fifth ) , 37 doubles ( tied with Danny Putnam for eighth ) , eight triples ( tied with Wladimir Balentien , Danny Richar , and Joe Gaetti for third behind Timpners 12 and Anthony Websters 11 ) , 15 home runs , and 86 RBI . He batted .333 in the playoffs",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": ", helping San Jose win the California League championship .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz moved up to the Double-A Connecticut Defenders of the Eastern League in 2006 . In 125 games , he batted .270 with 127 hits , 14 home runs , and 54 RBI . He led the Defenders in most major batting categories and finished sixth in the Eastern League with seven triples . Entering the 2007 season , Schierholtz was ranked the eighth-best prospect in the Giants organization by Baseball America . That year , he was assigned to the Triple-A Fresno Grizzlies of the Pacific Coast League . He spent most of the season with them . In",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "109 games , he had 137 hits , 31 doubles , 16 home runs , and 68 RBI . He finished third in the league in batting average ( .333 , behind Geovany Sotos .353 and Delwyn Youngs .337 ) and triples ( seven , tied with Scott Seabol behind Reggie Abercrombies and Jeff Salazars nine ) .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Giants manager Bruce Bochy considered calling up Schierholtz in May 2007 when Dave Roberts started suffering elbow problems , but an injury to Schierholtz prevented that . On June 11 , Schierholtz was called up to replace Dan Ortmeier and try to give the Giants some offensive help . He made his major league debut that day , against the Toronto Blue Jays as a defensive replacement . He got his first hit the next night , against A . J . Burnett in his first career at bat in a 3–2 victory over Toronto . During this stint ,",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz received most of the starts in right field . On June 23 , at AT&T Park against the New York Yankees , he blooped an RBI single into center field against Scott Proctor in the bottom of the 13th inning to win the game 6–5 for the Giants . Despite a .325 batting average in 40 at bats , Schierholtz was sent down at the start of July to make room for Rich Aurilia , who was returning from the disabled list . He was recalled in September , and he received most of the starts in right field",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "that month . In 39 games ( 112 at bats ) , he batted .304 with 34 hits , five doubles , three triples , 10 RBI , and two walks .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "In 2008 , Baseball America ranked Schierholtz the fourth-best prospect in the Giants system . He attended spring training with the Giants but started the season in Fresno . Schierholtz was batting .314 with fifteen home runs and 65 runs batted in for the Grizzlies when his minor league season ended as a result of his being selected for the 2008 USA Olympic Baseball Team . In the sixth inning of a preliminary round game against China , he collided with China backup catcher Yang Yang at the home plate on a sacrifice fly , a play that resulted in",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "a near brawl between the teams and saw Chinese manager Jim Lefebvre ejected from the game . Schierholtz played nine games with the Americans , batting .216 with four doubles , one home run , and six RBI as the United States earned a bronze medal .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz was again called up in September 2008 , as the Giants roster expanded , and he was used as the Giants starting right fielder for the remainder of the year . On September 3 , he recorded four hits in a game for the first time in a 9–2 victory over the Colorado Rockies . Three days later , he hit his first career home run against Jesse Chavez in a 7–6 victory over the Pittsburgh Pirates . In 19 games ( 75 at bats ) in 2008 , Schierholtz hit .320 with 24 hits , eight doubles ,",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "one triple , one home run , and five RBI .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz started the 2009 season as a pinch hitter . In June , he saw his playing time increase as Randy Winn , the Giants right fielder , began playing left field frequently in place of Fred Lewis . On June 14 , he had an inside-the-park home run , only the fourth in AT&T Park history , in the third inning against Brett Anderson of the Oakland Athletics in a 7–1 victory . He had four hits on June 28 in a 7–0 win over the Milwaukee Brewers . From July 28 through August 12 , he was on",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "the disabled list with a bruised left hip , which he suffered after running into a chain-link fence at Turner Field . He saw his playing time reduced in September as Winn moved back to right field to give Eugenio Vélez and John Bowker opportunities in left . In a career-high 116 games ( 285 at bats ) in 2009 , Schierholtz batted .267 with 76 hits , five home runs , and 29 RBI . He had the third-highest batting average for a pinch hitter in the majors ( .371 , behind Seth Smiths .472 and Hideki Matsuis .381",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": ") .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz was expected to be the Giants Opening Day right fielder in 2010 , but Bowker won the position after hitting six home runs in spring training . Bowker , however , only held the job for 10 games before Schierholtz replaced him on April 17 . In his first 16 games in the role , he batted .393 , but over his next 19 , he batted .154 . When Buster Posey was called up in late May , Aubrey Huff moved from first base to right field , leaving Schierholtz on the bench . After Bengie Molina was",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "traded , Posey switched from first base to catcher , but Travis Ishikawa began getting some starts at first base , creating a platoon between Schierholtz and Ishikawa , with Huff covering first base or right field depending on who was playing . When José Guillén was acquired on August 13 , Schierholtz was relegated to the role of pinch-hitter and late-inning defensive substitution for the rest of the year . In 137 games ( 227 at bats ) , Schierholtz batted .242 with 55 hits , 13 doubles , three triples , three home runs , and 17 RBI",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz received regular playing time throughout the postseason as a defensive replacement for starting outfielder Pat Burrell . Whenever the Giants held a lead in the sixth inning or later , Bochy would remove Burrell from the game , shift Cody Ross from right field to left field , and place Schierholtz in right field . This strategy was meant to provide the Giants with the best possible defensive outfield and , thus , the best chance of holding the lead and winning the game . Schierholtz ultimately appeared in 11 of San Franciscos 15 playoff games , accumulating 13",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "plate appearances and recording an RBI in Game 1 of the 2010 World Series against the Texas Rangers . In Game 4 , a night when Bochy chose to start several of his backups , he got his first start of the postseason , playing right field in the Giants 4–0 victory . The Giants won the World Series in five games , their first World Series victory since 1954 .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz hit a 467-foot home run at Coors Field on April 18 , 2011 , against Esmil Rogers in an 8–1 victory over the Rockies . At the start of May , Schierholtz took over the Giants right field job , due to a slump by Burrell . He hit a game-tying , two-run pinch-hit home run against Grant Balfour on May 22 in an 11-inning , 5–4 victory over Oakland . Ten days later , he had a game-tying RBI single in the ninth inning against Fernando Salas and a game-winning RBI single in the 11th inning against Ryan",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Franklin in a 7–5 victory over the St . Louis Cardinals . On July 6 , against the San Diego Padres , Schierholtz recorded his first multi-home run game . In the bottom of the 14th inning of that game , he hit a walk-off home run against Pat Neshek that secured a 6–5 victory for the Giants . Two days later , he had a splash hit home run against R.A . Dickey in a 5–2 loss to the New York Mets . Following the acquisition of Carlos Beltrán on July 28 , Schierholtz began playing some left field",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "for the first time in his career . He broke his right foot after hitting a foul ball off it against the Atlanta Braves on August 15 . Schierholtz appeared in five more games after the injury , but it became too severe to play through , and he was placed on the disabled list on August 27 ( retroactive to August 22 ) , and , though initially expected to return , he missed the rest of the season . In 115 games ( 335 at bats ) , Schierholtz hit .278 with 93 hits , 22 doubles ,",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "nine home runs , and 41 RBI . He said of his 2011 season , I was able to contribute to the team this year . That was a positive thing I can take from the season .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "In 2012 , Schierholtz started the season as a bench player but soon became the Giants everyday right fielder . On April 23 and 24 , he had back-to-back three-hit games against the Mets . He batted .372 over his first 14 games but hit just .048 over his next seven . When May started , Bochy benched him in favor of Gregor Blanco . On July 18 , in an interview with Henry Schulman of the San Francisco Chronicle , he said that Bochy had told him in May that he did not view him as an everyday player",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": ". He said that , while he did not ask for a trade , I think whatever the best fit for the team and me is would be ideal . I cant really make those decisions . Its all up to them . Whether Im here or not Im going to give my best effort every day and bust my tail . That weekend , he started three games against the Philadelphia Phillies in right field , partly because Blanco and Ángel Pagán had been struggling . On July 22 , Schierholtz hit two home runs against Joe Blanton ,",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "the second of which forced the game into extra innings . However , the Giants would lose 4–3 in 12 innings . In 77 games ( 175 at bats ) , Schierholtz hit .251 with 44 hits , four doubles , five triples , five home runs , and 16 RBI . At the trade deadline on July 31 , Schierholtz was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies along with minor league catcher Tommy Joseph and minor league pitcher Seth Rosin for outfielder Hunter Pence .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Upon Schierholtzs arrival in Philadelphia , manager Charlie Manuel said he wanted to give Schierholtz everyday playing time for the rest of the year , in order to assess him . In the transition , Schierholtz changed his number from 12 to 22 . In his debut , Schierholtz homered against Edwin Jackson in a 3–2 victory against the Washington Nationals . However , Schierholtz was sent to the disabled list on August 13 after fouling a ball off his right big toe in a game against the Cardinals . He remained on the disabled list until September 1 .",
"title": "Philadelphia Phillies"
},
{
"text": "On September 7 , he delivered a game-ending RBI single against Will Harris , giving the Phillies a 3–2 win over Colorado . Schierholtz appeared in 33 games with the Phillies , batting .273 with 18 hits , four doubles , one home run , and five RBI . In 114 games ( 241 at bats ) with Philadelphia and San Francisco , he batted .257 with 62 hits , eight doubles , five triples , six home runs , and 21 RBI . After the season , the Phillies non-tendered Schierholtz , making him a free agent . They",
"title": "Philadelphia Phillies"
},
{
"text": "chose to non-tender him because they were only projecting him as a fifth outfielder , and Schierholtz was due for a pay raise .",
"title": "Philadelphia Phillies"
},
{
"text": " Despite being traded to the Phillies , Schierholtz received his second World Series ring from the Giants due to his contributions during the first half of the 2012 season with the team .",
"title": "Philadelphia Phillies"
},
{
"text": "On December 5 , 2012 , Schierholtz signed a $2.25 million , one-year deal with the Chicago Cubs . He was the Cubs starting right fielder for most of the 2013 season . From June 4 through 18 , he set a career-high with a 10-game hitting streak . On June 14 , he had two triples in a game for the first time in his career in a 14-inning , 6–5 victory over the Cincinnati Reds . On June 22 , he set a career-high with his 10th home run of the season in a 4–3 loss to the",
"title": "Chicago Cubs"
},
{
"text": "Houston Astros . He batted .286 with 11 home runs through June 30 but saw his average sink to .218 for the rest of the season , although he would hit 10 home runs . On July 24 , he had a career-high five RBI , including a game-winning RBI double against David Hernandez in the 12th inning of a 7–6 victory over the Arizona Diamondbacks . Three days later , he hit a home run against Sergio Romo in a 1–0 victory over the Giants . Schierholtz reset his career-high in RBI with six on August 19 , including",
"title": "Chicago Cubs"
},
{
"text": "home runs against Jordan Zimmermann and Fernando Abad in an 11–1 victory over the Washington Nationals . In 137 games ( 462 at bats ) , Schierholtz batted .251 with career-highs in hits ( 116 ) , doubles ( 32 ) , home runs ( 21 ) , runs scored ( 56 ) , and RBI ( 68 ) . Defensively , he posted a .988 fielding percentage .",
"title": "Chicago Cubs"
},
{
"text": " On January 17 , 2014 , Schierholtz signed a $5 million , one-year deal to remain with the Chicago Cubs . On June 3 , he had a game-ending RBI single against Scott Rice , giving the Cubs a 2–1 victory over the Mets . He was designated for assignment by the Cubs on August 6 , 2014 . Chicago released the veteran on waivers after he had a .192 batting average and six home runs over 99 games .",
"title": "Chicago Cubs"
},
{
"text": "On August 18 , 2014 , Schierholtz signed a minor league deal with the Washington Nationals , and was assigned to the Triple-A Syracuse Chiefs of the International League . The Nationals selected Schierholtzs contract on August 23 and used him as a reserve outfielder . On September 21 , he tripled home a run against Nate Eovaldi , then scored on a double by Anthony Rendon in a 2–1 victory over the Miami Marlins . In 23 games ( 40 at bats ) with the Nationals , Schierholtz batted .225 with one home run . His combined totals were",
"title": "Washington Nationals"
},
{
"text": "a .195 average , 69 hits , seven home runs , and 37 RBI in 122 games with Chicago and Washington . Schierholtz reached the playoffs with Washington as they won the National League East . He appeared in all four games of the 2014 National League Division Series , getting a hit and three walks in four plate appearances for a 1.000 on-base percentage as the Nationals were defeated by the Giants . After the season , he became a free agent .",
"title": "Washington Nationals"
},
{
"text": " On February 6 , 2015 , Schierholtz signed a minor league deal with the Texas Rangers . He competed for an outfield spot but was released on March 28 before the season started .",
"title": "Texas Rangers organization"
},
{
"text": "After his release from Texas , Schierholtz went to Japan , signing a one-year deal with the Hiroshima Toyo Carp of Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) . During the 2015 season , he hit .250 ( 58-for-232 ) , with 10 home runs and 30 RBIs in 65 games . It was definitely an interesting experience and I learned a lot . I enjoyed living with the Japanese culture and learning some of their ways and values . The fans are very kind to the American foreign players and it was a great experience , Schierholtz summarized his time",
"title": "Hiroshima Toyo Carp"
},
{
"text": "in Japan .",
"title": "Hiroshima Toyo Carp"
},
{
"text": " On December 23 , 2015 , Schierholtz signed a minor league contract with the Detroit Tigers , and was invited to 2016 spring training . Failing to make the club , he played 31 games for the Triple-A Toledo Mud Hens of the International League , batting .246 with 29 hits , three home runs , and 13 RBI before his release on May 22 . On August 5 , 2016 , Schierholtz received an 80-game suspension from Major League Baseball for testing positive for a performance-enhancing drug .",
"title": "Detroit Tigers organization"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz married Kate Eveland , a former guard on the San Diego State basketball team on December 3 , 2011 . Cainan , his younger brother , was arrested on a DUI in 2004 and was charged with another DUI and felony hit-and-run on August 1 , 2010 . Nate said , Obviously , its very upsetting.. . Its just something very irresponsible and hes going to have to do some decent time for what hes done . Ill stick by him and support him to get the counseling he needs . Vai , Jr. , his youngest brother ,",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "attended the Air Force Academy and played baseball for the Falcons . His mother lives in Alamo , California ; her house burned down in 2009 but was rebuilt .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Schierholtz used to bat without batting gloves , one of the few Major Leaguers to do so , but since 2011 has used batting gloves .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Nate_Schierholtz#P108#5
|
Nate Schierholtz was an employee for whom in Feb 2015?
|
Nate Schierholtz Nathan John Nate Schierholtz ( born February 15 , 1984 ) is an American former professional baseball right fielder . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the San Francisco Giants ( 2007–2012 ) , Philadelphia Phillies ( 2012 ) , Chicago Cubs ( 2013–2014 ) , and Washington Nationals ( 2014 ) . He also played in Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) for Hiroshima Toyo Carp ( 2015 ) . Schierholtz was a second-round draft pick by the Giants out of Chabot College in 2003 . He reached the major leagues in 2007 , batting over .300 in limited playing time . He spent most of 2008 in the minor leagues but again hit over .300 when he was called up in September . Schierholtz also represented the United States of America at the Summer Olympics that year . In 2009 , he spent the whole season with the Giants , appearing in over 100 games and getting starts in right field . Schierholtz was the Giants starting right fielder for portions of 2010 but ended the year as a defensive substitution for Pat Burrell . He won his first World Series as the Giants defeated the Texas Rangers for their first World Series title in 56 years . In 2011 , he was the Giants starting right fielder for most of the year , until a broken foot sidelined him at the end of August . Though used as the starting right fielder some in 2012 , Schierholtz said in an interview in July that Giants manager Bruce Bochy did not think of him as an everyday player . Shortly afterwards , he was traded to the Phillies , with whom he finished the year . The Giants won the World Series again and gave him a World Series ring for his earlier contributions . In 2013 , Schierholtz signed with the Cubs and received the most playing time of his career , hitting a career-high 21 home runs . He batted .192 with the Cubs the next season and was released mid-season . The Nationals picked him up soon after , and he reached the playoffs with them . In 2015 , Schierholtz attempted to make the Rangers roster out of spring training . Faced with a demotion to the minor leagues , he opted instead to spend a season in Japan with the Toyo Carp . He signed with the Detroit Tigers organization in 2016 and played some games in the minor leagues before getting released in May . Later in the season , Schierholtz failed a test for performance-enhancing drugs , resulting in an 80-game suspension by Major League Baseball . High school and college . Schierholtz was born February 15 , 1984 , in Reno , Nevada . His parents were Vai , Sr. , and Karen Schierholtz , and he was the oldest of four children ( Cainan ; Vai , Jr. ; and Sophia ) . He attended San Ramon Valley High School in Danville , California , the same high school as future San Francisco Giants teammate Randy Winn . At San Ramon Valley , he served as the team captain . Following high school , Schierholtz played for Chabot College , a community college located in Hayward , California . He spent the 2003 season with Chabot , starting at third base . In his lone season at Chabot , he was named an All-American . Professional career . San Francisco Giants . Minor leagues . Schierholtz was drafted by the San Francisco Giants in the second round ( 63rd overall ) of the 2003 Major League Baseball ( MLB ) Draft . He began his minor league career that year as a third baseman with the rookie Arizona League Giants , batting .400 in 11 games before getting promoted to the Single-A short season Salem-Keizer Volcanoes of the Northwest League . In 35 games for Salem-Keizer , he hit .306 with 38 hits , three home runs , and 29 runs batted in ( RBI ) . He began the 2004 season with the Single-A Hagerstown Suns of the South Atlantic League , earning All-star game honors for that league . He batted .296 with 53 RBI in 58 games and was leading the league in home runs ( 15 ) and extra-base hits ( 37 ) before getting promoted to the Single-A advanced San Jose Giants of the California League . At San Jose , though still receiving significant playing time as a third baseman , he began to play the outfield as well . In 62 games with San Jose , he batted .295 with three home runs and 31 RBI . He was second on the team with nine triples after not hitting any with Hagerstown . He was third among Giants prospects with 18 home runs and ranked second with 84 RBI in 2004 . In 2005 , Schierholtz remained at San Jose , where he became an everyday right fielder . Over 128 games , he batted .319 ( fifth in the California League ) with 160 hits ( tied with Chris Lubanski , Seth Smith , and Clay Timpner for fifth ) , 37 doubles ( tied with Danny Putnam for eighth ) , eight triples ( tied with Wladimir Balentien , Danny Richar , and Joe Gaetti for third behind Timpners 12 and Anthony Websters 11 ) , 15 home runs , and 86 RBI . He batted .333 in the playoffs , helping San Jose win the California League championship . Schierholtz moved up to the Double-A Connecticut Defenders of the Eastern League in 2006 . In 125 games , he batted .270 with 127 hits , 14 home runs , and 54 RBI . He led the Defenders in most major batting categories and finished sixth in the Eastern League with seven triples . Entering the 2007 season , Schierholtz was ranked the eighth-best prospect in the Giants organization by Baseball America . That year , he was assigned to the Triple-A Fresno Grizzlies of the Pacific Coast League . He spent most of the season with them . In 109 games , he had 137 hits , 31 doubles , 16 home runs , and 68 RBI . He finished third in the league in batting average ( .333 , behind Geovany Sotos .353 and Delwyn Youngs .337 ) and triples ( seven , tied with Scott Seabol behind Reggie Abercrombies and Jeff Salazars nine ) . 2007 . Giants manager Bruce Bochy considered calling up Schierholtz in May 2007 when Dave Roberts started suffering elbow problems , but an injury to Schierholtz prevented that . On June 11 , Schierholtz was called up to replace Dan Ortmeier and try to give the Giants some offensive help . He made his major league debut that day , against the Toronto Blue Jays as a defensive replacement . He got his first hit the next night , against A . J . Burnett in his first career at bat in a 3–2 victory over Toronto . During this stint , Schierholtz received most of the starts in right field . On June 23 , at AT&T Park against the New York Yankees , he blooped an RBI single into center field against Scott Proctor in the bottom of the 13th inning to win the game 6–5 for the Giants . Despite a .325 batting average in 40 at bats , Schierholtz was sent down at the start of July to make room for Rich Aurilia , who was returning from the disabled list . He was recalled in September , and he received most of the starts in right field that month . In 39 games ( 112 at bats ) , he batted .304 with 34 hits , five doubles , three triples , 10 RBI , and two walks . In 2008 , Baseball America ranked Schierholtz the fourth-best prospect in the Giants system . He attended spring training with the Giants but started the season in Fresno . Schierholtz was batting .314 with fifteen home runs and 65 runs batted in for the Grizzlies when his minor league season ended as a result of his being selected for the 2008 USA Olympic Baseball Team . In the sixth inning of a preliminary round game against China , he collided with China backup catcher Yang Yang at the home plate on a sacrifice fly , a play that resulted in a near brawl between the teams and saw Chinese manager Jim Lefebvre ejected from the game . Schierholtz played nine games with the Americans , batting .216 with four doubles , one home run , and six RBI as the United States earned a bronze medal . Schierholtz was again called up in September 2008 , as the Giants roster expanded , and he was used as the Giants starting right fielder for the remainder of the year . On September 3 , he recorded four hits in a game for the first time in a 9–2 victory over the Colorado Rockies . Three days later , he hit his first career home run against Jesse Chavez in a 7–6 victory over the Pittsburgh Pirates . In 19 games ( 75 at bats ) in 2008 , Schierholtz hit .320 with 24 hits , eight doubles , one triple , one home run , and five RBI . 2009 . Schierholtz started the 2009 season as a pinch hitter . In June , he saw his playing time increase as Randy Winn , the Giants right fielder , began playing left field frequently in place of Fred Lewis . On June 14 , he had an inside-the-park home run , only the fourth in AT&T Park history , in the third inning against Brett Anderson of the Oakland Athletics in a 7–1 victory . He had four hits on June 28 in a 7–0 win over the Milwaukee Brewers . From July 28 through August 12 , he was on the disabled list with a bruised left hip , which he suffered after running into a chain-link fence at Turner Field . He saw his playing time reduced in September as Winn moved back to right field to give Eugenio Vélez and John Bowker opportunities in left . In a career-high 116 games ( 285 at bats ) in 2009 , Schierholtz batted .267 with 76 hits , five home runs , and 29 RBI . He had the third-highest batting average for a pinch hitter in the majors ( .371 , behind Seth Smiths .472 and Hideki Matsuis .381 ) . 2010 . Schierholtz was expected to be the Giants Opening Day right fielder in 2010 , but Bowker won the position after hitting six home runs in spring training . Bowker , however , only held the job for 10 games before Schierholtz replaced him on April 17 . In his first 16 games in the role , he batted .393 , but over his next 19 , he batted .154 . When Buster Posey was called up in late May , Aubrey Huff moved from first base to right field , leaving Schierholtz on the bench . After Bengie Molina was traded , Posey switched from first base to catcher , but Travis Ishikawa began getting some starts at first base , creating a platoon between Schierholtz and Ishikawa , with Huff covering first base or right field depending on who was playing . When José Guillén was acquired on August 13 , Schierholtz was relegated to the role of pinch-hitter and late-inning defensive substitution for the rest of the year . In 137 games ( 227 at bats ) , Schierholtz batted .242 with 55 hits , 13 doubles , three triples , three home runs , and 17 RBI . Schierholtz received regular playing time throughout the postseason as a defensive replacement for starting outfielder Pat Burrell . Whenever the Giants held a lead in the sixth inning or later , Bochy would remove Burrell from the game , shift Cody Ross from right field to left field , and place Schierholtz in right field . This strategy was meant to provide the Giants with the best possible defensive outfield and , thus , the best chance of holding the lead and winning the game . Schierholtz ultimately appeared in 11 of San Franciscos 15 playoff games , accumulating 13 plate appearances and recording an RBI in Game 1 of the 2010 World Series against the Texas Rangers . In Game 4 , a night when Bochy chose to start several of his backups , he got his first start of the postseason , playing right field in the Giants 4–0 victory . The Giants won the World Series in five games , their first World Series victory since 1954 . 2011 . Schierholtz hit a 467-foot home run at Coors Field on April 18 , 2011 , against Esmil Rogers in an 8–1 victory over the Rockies . At the start of May , Schierholtz took over the Giants right field job , due to a slump by Burrell . He hit a game-tying , two-run pinch-hit home run against Grant Balfour on May 22 in an 11-inning , 5–4 victory over Oakland . Ten days later , he had a game-tying RBI single in the ninth inning against Fernando Salas and a game-winning RBI single in the 11th inning against Ryan Franklin in a 7–5 victory over the St . Louis Cardinals . On July 6 , against the San Diego Padres , Schierholtz recorded his first multi-home run game . In the bottom of the 14th inning of that game , he hit a walk-off home run against Pat Neshek that secured a 6–5 victory for the Giants . Two days later , he had a splash hit home run against R.A . Dickey in a 5–2 loss to the New York Mets . Following the acquisition of Carlos Beltrán on July 28 , Schierholtz began playing some left field for the first time in his career . He broke his right foot after hitting a foul ball off it against the Atlanta Braves on August 15 . Schierholtz appeared in five more games after the injury , but it became too severe to play through , and he was placed on the disabled list on August 27 ( retroactive to August 22 ) , and , though initially expected to return , he missed the rest of the season . In 115 games ( 335 at bats ) , Schierholtz hit .278 with 93 hits , 22 doubles , nine home runs , and 41 RBI . He said of his 2011 season , I was able to contribute to the team this year . That was a positive thing I can take from the season . 2012 . In 2012 , Schierholtz started the season as a bench player but soon became the Giants everyday right fielder . On April 23 and 24 , he had back-to-back three-hit games against the Mets . He batted .372 over his first 14 games but hit just .048 over his next seven . When May started , Bochy benched him in favor of Gregor Blanco . On July 18 , in an interview with Henry Schulman of the San Francisco Chronicle , he said that Bochy had told him in May that he did not view him as an everyday player . He said that , while he did not ask for a trade , I think whatever the best fit for the team and me is would be ideal . I cant really make those decisions . Its all up to them . Whether Im here or not Im going to give my best effort every day and bust my tail . That weekend , he started three games against the Philadelphia Phillies in right field , partly because Blanco and Ángel Pagán had been struggling . On July 22 , Schierholtz hit two home runs against Joe Blanton , the second of which forced the game into extra innings . However , the Giants would lose 4–3 in 12 innings . In 77 games ( 175 at bats ) , Schierholtz hit .251 with 44 hits , four doubles , five triples , five home runs , and 16 RBI . At the trade deadline on July 31 , Schierholtz was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies along with minor league catcher Tommy Joseph and minor league pitcher Seth Rosin for outfielder Hunter Pence . Philadelphia Phillies . Upon Schierholtzs arrival in Philadelphia , manager Charlie Manuel said he wanted to give Schierholtz everyday playing time for the rest of the year , in order to assess him . In the transition , Schierholtz changed his number from 12 to 22 . In his debut , Schierholtz homered against Edwin Jackson in a 3–2 victory against the Washington Nationals . However , Schierholtz was sent to the disabled list on August 13 after fouling a ball off his right big toe in a game against the Cardinals . He remained on the disabled list until September 1 . On September 7 , he delivered a game-ending RBI single against Will Harris , giving the Phillies a 3–2 win over Colorado . Schierholtz appeared in 33 games with the Phillies , batting .273 with 18 hits , four doubles , one home run , and five RBI . In 114 games ( 241 at bats ) with Philadelphia and San Francisco , he batted .257 with 62 hits , eight doubles , five triples , six home runs , and 21 RBI . After the season , the Phillies non-tendered Schierholtz , making him a free agent . They chose to non-tender him because they were only projecting him as a fifth outfielder , and Schierholtz was due for a pay raise . Despite being traded to the Phillies , Schierholtz received his second World Series ring from the Giants due to his contributions during the first half of the 2012 season with the team . Chicago Cubs . On December 5 , 2012 , Schierholtz signed a $2.25 million , one-year deal with the Chicago Cubs . He was the Cubs starting right fielder for most of the 2013 season . From June 4 through 18 , he set a career-high with a 10-game hitting streak . On June 14 , he had two triples in a game for the first time in his career in a 14-inning , 6–5 victory over the Cincinnati Reds . On June 22 , he set a career-high with his 10th home run of the season in a 4–3 loss to the Houston Astros . He batted .286 with 11 home runs through June 30 but saw his average sink to .218 for the rest of the season , although he would hit 10 home runs . On July 24 , he had a career-high five RBI , including a game-winning RBI double against David Hernandez in the 12th inning of a 7–6 victory over the Arizona Diamondbacks . Three days later , he hit a home run against Sergio Romo in a 1–0 victory over the Giants . Schierholtz reset his career-high in RBI with six on August 19 , including home runs against Jordan Zimmermann and Fernando Abad in an 11–1 victory over the Washington Nationals . In 137 games ( 462 at bats ) , Schierholtz batted .251 with career-highs in hits ( 116 ) , doubles ( 32 ) , home runs ( 21 ) , runs scored ( 56 ) , and RBI ( 68 ) . Defensively , he posted a .988 fielding percentage . On January 17 , 2014 , Schierholtz signed a $5 million , one-year deal to remain with the Chicago Cubs . On June 3 , he had a game-ending RBI single against Scott Rice , giving the Cubs a 2–1 victory over the Mets . He was designated for assignment by the Cubs on August 6 , 2014 . Chicago released the veteran on waivers after he had a .192 batting average and six home runs over 99 games . Washington Nationals . On August 18 , 2014 , Schierholtz signed a minor league deal with the Washington Nationals , and was assigned to the Triple-A Syracuse Chiefs of the International League . The Nationals selected Schierholtzs contract on August 23 and used him as a reserve outfielder . On September 21 , he tripled home a run against Nate Eovaldi , then scored on a double by Anthony Rendon in a 2–1 victory over the Miami Marlins . In 23 games ( 40 at bats ) with the Nationals , Schierholtz batted .225 with one home run . His combined totals were a .195 average , 69 hits , seven home runs , and 37 RBI in 122 games with Chicago and Washington . Schierholtz reached the playoffs with Washington as they won the National League East . He appeared in all four games of the 2014 National League Division Series , getting a hit and three walks in four plate appearances for a 1.000 on-base percentage as the Nationals were defeated by the Giants . After the season , he became a free agent . Texas Rangers organization . On February 6 , 2015 , Schierholtz signed a minor league deal with the Texas Rangers . He competed for an outfield spot but was released on March 28 before the season started . Hiroshima Toyo Carp . After his release from Texas , Schierholtz went to Japan , signing a one-year deal with the Hiroshima Toyo Carp of Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) . During the 2015 season , he hit .250 ( 58-for-232 ) , with 10 home runs and 30 RBIs in 65 games . It was definitely an interesting experience and I learned a lot . I enjoyed living with the Japanese culture and learning some of their ways and values . The fans are very kind to the American foreign players and it was a great experience , Schierholtz summarized his time in Japan . Detroit Tigers organization . On December 23 , 2015 , Schierholtz signed a minor league contract with the Detroit Tigers , and was invited to 2016 spring training . Failing to make the club , he played 31 games for the Triple-A Toledo Mud Hens of the International League , batting .246 with 29 hits , three home runs , and 13 RBI before his release on May 22 . On August 5 , 2016 , Schierholtz received an 80-game suspension from Major League Baseball for testing positive for a performance-enhancing drug . Personal life . Schierholtz married Kate Eveland , a former guard on the San Diego State basketball team on December 3 , 2011 . Cainan , his younger brother , was arrested on a DUI in 2004 and was charged with another DUI and felony hit-and-run on August 1 , 2010 . Nate said , Obviously , its very upsetting.. . Its just something very irresponsible and hes going to have to do some decent time for what hes done . Ill stick by him and support him to get the counseling he needs . Vai , Jr. , his youngest brother , attended the Air Force Academy and played baseball for the Falcons . His mother lives in Alamo , California ; her house burned down in 2009 but was rebuilt . Schierholtz used to bat without batting gloves , one of the few Major Leaguers to do so , but since 2011 has used batting gloves .
|
[
"Texas Rangers"
] |
[
{
"text": " Nathan John Nate Schierholtz ( born February 15 , 1984 ) is an American former professional baseball right fielder . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the San Francisco Giants ( 2007–2012 ) , Philadelphia Phillies ( 2012 ) , Chicago Cubs ( 2013–2014 ) , and Washington Nationals ( 2014 ) . He also played in Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) for Hiroshima Toyo Carp ( 2015 ) .",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz was a second-round draft pick by the Giants out of Chabot College in 2003 . He reached the major leagues in 2007 , batting over .300 in limited playing time . He spent most of 2008 in the minor leagues but again hit over .300 when he was called up in September . Schierholtz also represented the United States of America at the Summer Olympics that year . In 2009 , he spent the whole season with the Giants , appearing in over 100 games and getting starts in right field . Schierholtz was the Giants starting right fielder",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "for portions of 2010 but ended the year as a defensive substitution for Pat Burrell . He won his first World Series as the Giants defeated the Texas Rangers for their first World Series title in 56 years . In 2011 , he was the Giants starting right fielder for most of the year , until a broken foot sidelined him at the end of August . Though used as the starting right fielder some in 2012 , Schierholtz said in an interview in July that Giants manager Bruce Bochy did not think of him as an everyday player .",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "Shortly afterwards , he was traded to the Phillies , with whom he finished the year . The Giants won the World Series again and gave him a World Series ring for his earlier contributions .",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "In 2013 , Schierholtz signed with the Cubs and received the most playing time of his career , hitting a career-high 21 home runs . He batted .192 with the Cubs the next season and was released mid-season . The Nationals picked him up soon after , and he reached the playoffs with them . In 2015 , Schierholtz attempted to make the Rangers roster out of spring training . Faced with a demotion to the minor leagues , he opted instead to spend a season in Japan with the Toyo Carp . He signed with the Detroit Tigers organization",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "in 2016 and played some games in the minor leagues before getting released in May . Later in the season , Schierholtz failed a test for performance-enhancing drugs , resulting in an 80-game suspension by Major League Baseball .",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz was born February 15 , 1984 , in Reno , Nevada . His parents were Vai , Sr. , and Karen Schierholtz , and he was the oldest of four children ( Cainan ; Vai , Jr. ; and Sophia ) . He attended San Ramon Valley High School in Danville , California , the same high school as future San Francisco Giants teammate Randy Winn . At San Ramon Valley , he served as the team captain . Following high school , Schierholtz played for Chabot College , a community college located in Hayward , California . He",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "spent the 2003 season with Chabot , starting at third base . In his lone season at Chabot , he was named an All-American .",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz was drafted by the San Francisco Giants in the second round ( 63rd overall ) of the 2003 Major League Baseball ( MLB ) Draft . He began his minor league career that year as a third baseman with the rookie Arizona League Giants , batting .400 in 11 games before getting promoted to the Single-A short season Salem-Keizer Volcanoes of the Northwest League . In 35 games for Salem-Keizer , he hit .306 with 38 hits , three home runs , and 29 runs batted in ( RBI ) . He began the 2004 season with the Single-A",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Hagerstown Suns of the South Atlantic League , earning All-star game honors for that league . He batted .296 with 53 RBI in 58 games and was leading the league in home runs ( 15 ) and extra-base hits ( 37 ) before getting promoted to the Single-A advanced San Jose Giants of the California League . At San Jose , though still receiving significant playing time as a third baseman , he began to play the outfield as well . In 62 games with San Jose , he batted .295 with three home runs and 31 RBI . He",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "was second on the team with nine triples after not hitting any with Hagerstown . He was third among Giants prospects with 18 home runs and ranked second with 84 RBI in 2004 .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "In 2005 , Schierholtz remained at San Jose , where he became an everyday right fielder . Over 128 games , he batted .319 ( fifth in the California League ) with 160 hits ( tied with Chris Lubanski , Seth Smith , and Clay Timpner for fifth ) , 37 doubles ( tied with Danny Putnam for eighth ) , eight triples ( tied with Wladimir Balentien , Danny Richar , and Joe Gaetti for third behind Timpners 12 and Anthony Websters 11 ) , 15 home runs , and 86 RBI . He batted .333 in the playoffs",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": ", helping San Jose win the California League championship .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz moved up to the Double-A Connecticut Defenders of the Eastern League in 2006 . In 125 games , he batted .270 with 127 hits , 14 home runs , and 54 RBI . He led the Defenders in most major batting categories and finished sixth in the Eastern League with seven triples . Entering the 2007 season , Schierholtz was ranked the eighth-best prospect in the Giants organization by Baseball America . That year , he was assigned to the Triple-A Fresno Grizzlies of the Pacific Coast League . He spent most of the season with them . In",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "109 games , he had 137 hits , 31 doubles , 16 home runs , and 68 RBI . He finished third in the league in batting average ( .333 , behind Geovany Sotos .353 and Delwyn Youngs .337 ) and triples ( seven , tied with Scott Seabol behind Reggie Abercrombies and Jeff Salazars nine ) .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Giants manager Bruce Bochy considered calling up Schierholtz in May 2007 when Dave Roberts started suffering elbow problems , but an injury to Schierholtz prevented that . On June 11 , Schierholtz was called up to replace Dan Ortmeier and try to give the Giants some offensive help . He made his major league debut that day , against the Toronto Blue Jays as a defensive replacement . He got his first hit the next night , against A . J . Burnett in his first career at bat in a 3–2 victory over Toronto . During this stint ,",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz received most of the starts in right field . On June 23 , at AT&T Park against the New York Yankees , he blooped an RBI single into center field against Scott Proctor in the bottom of the 13th inning to win the game 6–5 for the Giants . Despite a .325 batting average in 40 at bats , Schierholtz was sent down at the start of July to make room for Rich Aurilia , who was returning from the disabled list . He was recalled in September , and he received most of the starts in right field",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "that month . In 39 games ( 112 at bats ) , he batted .304 with 34 hits , five doubles , three triples , 10 RBI , and two walks .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "In 2008 , Baseball America ranked Schierholtz the fourth-best prospect in the Giants system . He attended spring training with the Giants but started the season in Fresno . Schierholtz was batting .314 with fifteen home runs and 65 runs batted in for the Grizzlies when his minor league season ended as a result of his being selected for the 2008 USA Olympic Baseball Team . In the sixth inning of a preliminary round game against China , he collided with China backup catcher Yang Yang at the home plate on a sacrifice fly , a play that resulted in",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "a near brawl between the teams and saw Chinese manager Jim Lefebvre ejected from the game . Schierholtz played nine games with the Americans , batting .216 with four doubles , one home run , and six RBI as the United States earned a bronze medal .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz was again called up in September 2008 , as the Giants roster expanded , and he was used as the Giants starting right fielder for the remainder of the year . On September 3 , he recorded four hits in a game for the first time in a 9–2 victory over the Colorado Rockies . Three days later , he hit his first career home run against Jesse Chavez in a 7–6 victory over the Pittsburgh Pirates . In 19 games ( 75 at bats ) in 2008 , Schierholtz hit .320 with 24 hits , eight doubles ,",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "one triple , one home run , and five RBI .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz started the 2009 season as a pinch hitter . In June , he saw his playing time increase as Randy Winn , the Giants right fielder , began playing left field frequently in place of Fred Lewis . On June 14 , he had an inside-the-park home run , only the fourth in AT&T Park history , in the third inning against Brett Anderson of the Oakland Athletics in a 7–1 victory . He had four hits on June 28 in a 7–0 win over the Milwaukee Brewers . From July 28 through August 12 , he was on",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "the disabled list with a bruised left hip , which he suffered after running into a chain-link fence at Turner Field . He saw his playing time reduced in September as Winn moved back to right field to give Eugenio Vélez and John Bowker opportunities in left . In a career-high 116 games ( 285 at bats ) in 2009 , Schierholtz batted .267 with 76 hits , five home runs , and 29 RBI . He had the third-highest batting average for a pinch hitter in the majors ( .371 , behind Seth Smiths .472 and Hideki Matsuis .381",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": ") .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz was expected to be the Giants Opening Day right fielder in 2010 , but Bowker won the position after hitting six home runs in spring training . Bowker , however , only held the job for 10 games before Schierholtz replaced him on April 17 . In his first 16 games in the role , he batted .393 , but over his next 19 , he batted .154 . When Buster Posey was called up in late May , Aubrey Huff moved from first base to right field , leaving Schierholtz on the bench . After Bengie Molina was",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "traded , Posey switched from first base to catcher , but Travis Ishikawa began getting some starts at first base , creating a platoon between Schierholtz and Ishikawa , with Huff covering first base or right field depending on who was playing . When José Guillén was acquired on August 13 , Schierholtz was relegated to the role of pinch-hitter and late-inning defensive substitution for the rest of the year . In 137 games ( 227 at bats ) , Schierholtz batted .242 with 55 hits , 13 doubles , three triples , three home runs , and 17 RBI",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz received regular playing time throughout the postseason as a defensive replacement for starting outfielder Pat Burrell . Whenever the Giants held a lead in the sixth inning or later , Bochy would remove Burrell from the game , shift Cody Ross from right field to left field , and place Schierholtz in right field . This strategy was meant to provide the Giants with the best possible defensive outfield and , thus , the best chance of holding the lead and winning the game . Schierholtz ultimately appeared in 11 of San Franciscos 15 playoff games , accumulating 13",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "plate appearances and recording an RBI in Game 1 of the 2010 World Series against the Texas Rangers . In Game 4 , a night when Bochy chose to start several of his backups , he got his first start of the postseason , playing right field in the Giants 4–0 victory . The Giants won the World Series in five games , their first World Series victory since 1954 .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz hit a 467-foot home run at Coors Field on April 18 , 2011 , against Esmil Rogers in an 8–1 victory over the Rockies . At the start of May , Schierholtz took over the Giants right field job , due to a slump by Burrell . He hit a game-tying , two-run pinch-hit home run against Grant Balfour on May 22 in an 11-inning , 5–4 victory over Oakland . Ten days later , he had a game-tying RBI single in the ninth inning against Fernando Salas and a game-winning RBI single in the 11th inning against Ryan",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Franklin in a 7–5 victory over the St . Louis Cardinals . On July 6 , against the San Diego Padres , Schierholtz recorded his first multi-home run game . In the bottom of the 14th inning of that game , he hit a walk-off home run against Pat Neshek that secured a 6–5 victory for the Giants . Two days later , he had a splash hit home run against R.A . Dickey in a 5–2 loss to the New York Mets . Following the acquisition of Carlos Beltrán on July 28 , Schierholtz began playing some left field",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "for the first time in his career . He broke his right foot after hitting a foul ball off it against the Atlanta Braves on August 15 . Schierholtz appeared in five more games after the injury , but it became too severe to play through , and he was placed on the disabled list on August 27 ( retroactive to August 22 ) , and , though initially expected to return , he missed the rest of the season . In 115 games ( 335 at bats ) , Schierholtz hit .278 with 93 hits , 22 doubles ,",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "nine home runs , and 41 RBI . He said of his 2011 season , I was able to contribute to the team this year . That was a positive thing I can take from the season .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "In 2012 , Schierholtz started the season as a bench player but soon became the Giants everyday right fielder . On April 23 and 24 , he had back-to-back three-hit games against the Mets . He batted .372 over his first 14 games but hit just .048 over his next seven . When May started , Bochy benched him in favor of Gregor Blanco . On July 18 , in an interview with Henry Schulman of the San Francisco Chronicle , he said that Bochy had told him in May that he did not view him as an everyday player",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": ". He said that , while he did not ask for a trade , I think whatever the best fit for the team and me is would be ideal . I cant really make those decisions . Its all up to them . Whether Im here or not Im going to give my best effort every day and bust my tail . That weekend , he started three games against the Philadelphia Phillies in right field , partly because Blanco and Ángel Pagán had been struggling . On July 22 , Schierholtz hit two home runs against Joe Blanton ,",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "the second of which forced the game into extra innings . However , the Giants would lose 4–3 in 12 innings . In 77 games ( 175 at bats ) , Schierholtz hit .251 with 44 hits , four doubles , five triples , five home runs , and 16 RBI . At the trade deadline on July 31 , Schierholtz was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies along with minor league catcher Tommy Joseph and minor league pitcher Seth Rosin for outfielder Hunter Pence .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Upon Schierholtzs arrival in Philadelphia , manager Charlie Manuel said he wanted to give Schierholtz everyday playing time for the rest of the year , in order to assess him . In the transition , Schierholtz changed his number from 12 to 22 . In his debut , Schierholtz homered against Edwin Jackson in a 3–2 victory against the Washington Nationals . However , Schierholtz was sent to the disabled list on August 13 after fouling a ball off his right big toe in a game against the Cardinals . He remained on the disabled list until September 1 .",
"title": "Philadelphia Phillies"
},
{
"text": "On September 7 , he delivered a game-ending RBI single against Will Harris , giving the Phillies a 3–2 win over Colorado . Schierholtz appeared in 33 games with the Phillies , batting .273 with 18 hits , four doubles , one home run , and five RBI . In 114 games ( 241 at bats ) with Philadelphia and San Francisco , he batted .257 with 62 hits , eight doubles , five triples , six home runs , and 21 RBI . After the season , the Phillies non-tendered Schierholtz , making him a free agent . They",
"title": "Philadelphia Phillies"
},
{
"text": "chose to non-tender him because they were only projecting him as a fifth outfielder , and Schierholtz was due for a pay raise .",
"title": "Philadelphia Phillies"
},
{
"text": " Despite being traded to the Phillies , Schierholtz received his second World Series ring from the Giants due to his contributions during the first half of the 2012 season with the team .",
"title": "Philadelphia Phillies"
},
{
"text": "On December 5 , 2012 , Schierholtz signed a $2.25 million , one-year deal with the Chicago Cubs . He was the Cubs starting right fielder for most of the 2013 season . From June 4 through 18 , he set a career-high with a 10-game hitting streak . On June 14 , he had two triples in a game for the first time in his career in a 14-inning , 6–5 victory over the Cincinnati Reds . On June 22 , he set a career-high with his 10th home run of the season in a 4–3 loss to the",
"title": "Chicago Cubs"
},
{
"text": "Houston Astros . He batted .286 with 11 home runs through June 30 but saw his average sink to .218 for the rest of the season , although he would hit 10 home runs . On July 24 , he had a career-high five RBI , including a game-winning RBI double against David Hernandez in the 12th inning of a 7–6 victory over the Arizona Diamondbacks . Three days later , he hit a home run against Sergio Romo in a 1–0 victory over the Giants . Schierholtz reset his career-high in RBI with six on August 19 , including",
"title": "Chicago Cubs"
},
{
"text": "home runs against Jordan Zimmermann and Fernando Abad in an 11–1 victory over the Washington Nationals . In 137 games ( 462 at bats ) , Schierholtz batted .251 with career-highs in hits ( 116 ) , doubles ( 32 ) , home runs ( 21 ) , runs scored ( 56 ) , and RBI ( 68 ) . Defensively , he posted a .988 fielding percentage .",
"title": "Chicago Cubs"
},
{
"text": " On January 17 , 2014 , Schierholtz signed a $5 million , one-year deal to remain with the Chicago Cubs . On June 3 , he had a game-ending RBI single against Scott Rice , giving the Cubs a 2–1 victory over the Mets . He was designated for assignment by the Cubs on August 6 , 2014 . Chicago released the veteran on waivers after he had a .192 batting average and six home runs over 99 games .",
"title": "Chicago Cubs"
},
{
"text": "On August 18 , 2014 , Schierholtz signed a minor league deal with the Washington Nationals , and was assigned to the Triple-A Syracuse Chiefs of the International League . The Nationals selected Schierholtzs contract on August 23 and used him as a reserve outfielder . On September 21 , he tripled home a run against Nate Eovaldi , then scored on a double by Anthony Rendon in a 2–1 victory over the Miami Marlins . In 23 games ( 40 at bats ) with the Nationals , Schierholtz batted .225 with one home run . His combined totals were",
"title": "Washington Nationals"
},
{
"text": "a .195 average , 69 hits , seven home runs , and 37 RBI in 122 games with Chicago and Washington . Schierholtz reached the playoffs with Washington as they won the National League East . He appeared in all four games of the 2014 National League Division Series , getting a hit and three walks in four plate appearances for a 1.000 on-base percentage as the Nationals were defeated by the Giants . After the season , he became a free agent .",
"title": "Washington Nationals"
},
{
"text": " On February 6 , 2015 , Schierholtz signed a minor league deal with the Texas Rangers . He competed for an outfield spot but was released on March 28 before the season started .",
"title": "Texas Rangers organization"
},
{
"text": "After his release from Texas , Schierholtz went to Japan , signing a one-year deal with the Hiroshima Toyo Carp of Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) . During the 2015 season , he hit .250 ( 58-for-232 ) , with 10 home runs and 30 RBIs in 65 games . It was definitely an interesting experience and I learned a lot . I enjoyed living with the Japanese culture and learning some of their ways and values . The fans are very kind to the American foreign players and it was a great experience , Schierholtz summarized his time",
"title": "Hiroshima Toyo Carp"
},
{
"text": "in Japan .",
"title": "Hiroshima Toyo Carp"
},
{
"text": " On December 23 , 2015 , Schierholtz signed a minor league contract with the Detroit Tigers , and was invited to 2016 spring training . Failing to make the club , he played 31 games for the Triple-A Toledo Mud Hens of the International League , batting .246 with 29 hits , three home runs , and 13 RBI before his release on May 22 . On August 5 , 2016 , Schierholtz received an 80-game suspension from Major League Baseball for testing positive for a performance-enhancing drug .",
"title": "Detroit Tigers organization"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz married Kate Eveland , a former guard on the San Diego State basketball team on December 3 , 2011 . Cainan , his younger brother , was arrested on a DUI in 2004 and was charged with another DUI and felony hit-and-run on August 1 , 2010 . Nate said , Obviously , its very upsetting.. . Its just something very irresponsible and hes going to have to do some decent time for what hes done . Ill stick by him and support him to get the counseling he needs . Vai , Jr. , his youngest brother ,",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "attended the Air Force Academy and played baseball for the Falcons . His mother lives in Alamo , California ; her house burned down in 2009 but was rebuilt .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Schierholtz used to bat without batting gloves , one of the few Major Leaguers to do so , but since 2011 has used batting gloves .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Nate_Schierholtz#P108#6
|
Nate Schierholtz was an employee for whom between Nov 2016 and Dec 2016?
|
Nate Schierholtz Nathan John Nate Schierholtz ( born February 15 , 1984 ) is an American former professional baseball right fielder . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the San Francisco Giants ( 2007–2012 ) , Philadelphia Phillies ( 2012 ) , Chicago Cubs ( 2013–2014 ) , and Washington Nationals ( 2014 ) . He also played in Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) for Hiroshima Toyo Carp ( 2015 ) . Schierholtz was a second-round draft pick by the Giants out of Chabot College in 2003 . He reached the major leagues in 2007 , batting over .300 in limited playing time . He spent most of 2008 in the minor leagues but again hit over .300 when he was called up in September . Schierholtz also represented the United States of America at the Summer Olympics that year . In 2009 , he spent the whole season with the Giants , appearing in over 100 games and getting starts in right field . Schierholtz was the Giants starting right fielder for portions of 2010 but ended the year as a defensive substitution for Pat Burrell . He won his first World Series as the Giants defeated the Texas Rangers for their first World Series title in 56 years . In 2011 , he was the Giants starting right fielder for most of the year , until a broken foot sidelined him at the end of August . Though used as the starting right fielder some in 2012 , Schierholtz said in an interview in July that Giants manager Bruce Bochy did not think of him as an everyday player . Shortly afterwards , he was traded to the Phillies , with whom he finished the year . The Giants won the World Series again and gave him a World Series ring for his earlier contributions . In 2013 , Schierholtz signed with the Cubs and received the most playing time of his career , hitting a career-high 21 home runs . He batted .192 with the Cubs the next season and was released mid-season . The Nationals picked him up soon after , and he reached the playoffs with them . In 2015 , Schierholtz attempted to make the Rangers roster out of spring training . Faced with a demotion to the minor leagues , he opted instead to spend a season in Japan with the Toyo Carp . He signed with the Detroit Tigers organization in 2016 and played some games in the minor leagues before getting released in May . Later in the season , Schierholtz failed a test for performance-enhancing drugs , resulting in an 80-game suspension by Major League Baseball . High school and college . Schierholtz was born February 15 , 1984 , in Reno , Nevada . His parents were Vai , Sr. , and Karen Schierholtz , and he was the oldest of four children ( Cainan ; Vai , Jr. ; and Sophia ) . He attended San Ramon Valley High School in Danville , California , the same high school as future San Francisco Giants teammate Randy Winn . At San Ramon Valley , he served as the team captain . Following high school , Schierholtz played for Chabot College , a community college located in Hayward , California . He spent the 2003 season with Chabot , starting at third base . In his lone season at Chabot , he was named an All-American . Professional career . San Francisco Giants . Minor leagues . Schierholtz was drafted by the San Francisco Giants in the second round ( 63rd overall ) of the 2003 Major League Baseball ( MLB ) Draft . He began his minor league career that year as a third baseman with the rookie Arizona League Giants , batting .400 in 11 games before getting promoted to the Single-A short season Salem-Keizer Volcanoes of the Northwest League . In 35 games for Salem-Keizer , he hit .306 with 38 hits , three home runs , and 29 runs batted in ( RBI ) . He began the 2004 season with the Single-A Hagerstown Suns of the South Atlantic League , earning All-star game honors for that league . He batted .296 with 53 RBI in 58 games and was leading the league in home runs ( 15 ) and extra-base hits ( 37 ) before getting promoted to the Single-A advanced San Jose Giants of the California League . At San Jose , though still receiving significant playing time as a third baseman , he began to play the outfield as well . In 62 games with San Jose , he batted .295 with three home runs and 31 RBI . He was second on the team with nine triples after not hitting any with Hagerstown . He was third among Giants prospects with 18 home runs and ranked second with 84 RBI in 2004 . In 2005 , Schierholtz remained at San Jose , where he became an everyday right fielder . Over 128 games , he batted .319 ( fifth in the California League ) with 160 hits ( tied with Chris Lubanski , Seth Smith , and Clay Timpner for fifth ) , 37 doubles ( tied with Danny Putnam for eighth ) , eight triples ( tied with Wladimir Balentien , Danny Richar , and Joe Gaetti for third behind Timpners 12 and Anthony Websters 11 ) , 15 home runs , and 86 RBI . He batted .333 in the playoffs , helping San Jose win the California League championship . Schierholtz moved up to the Double-A Connecticut Defenders of the Eastern League in 2006 . In 125 games , he batted .270 with 127 hits , 14 home runs , and 54 RBI . He led the Defenders in most major batting categories and finished sixth in the Eastern League with seven triples . Entering the 2007 season , Schierholtz was ranked the eighth-best prospect in the Giants organization by Baseball America . That year , he was assigned to the Triple-A Fresno Grizzlies of the Pacific Coast League . He spent most of the season with them . In 109 games , he had 137 hits , 31 doubles , 16 home runs , and 68 RBI . He finished third in the league in batting average ( .333 , behind Geovany Sotos .353 and Delwyn Youngs .337 ) and triples ( seven , tied with Scott Seabol behind Reggie Abercrombies and Jeff Salazars nine ) . 2007 . Giants manager Bruce Bochy considered calling up Schierholtz in May 2007 when Dave Roberts started suffering elbow problems , but an injury to Schierholtz prevented that . On June 11 , Schierholtz was called up to replace Dan Ortmeier and try to give the Giants some offensive help . He made his major league debut that day , against the Toronto Blue Jays as a defensive replacement . He got his first hit the next night , against A . J . Burnett in his first career at bat in a 3–2 victory over Toronto . During this stint , Schierholtz received most of the starts in right field . On June 23 , at AT&T Park against the New York Yankees , he blooped an RBI single into center field against Scott Proctor in the bottom of the 13th inning to win the game 6–5 for the Giants . Despite a .325 batting average in 40 at bats , Schierholtz was sent down at the start of July to make room for Rich Aurilia , who was returning from the disabled list . He was recalled in September , and he received most of the starts in right field that month . In 39 games ( 112 at bats ) , he batted .304 with 34 hits , five doubles , three triples , 10 RBI , and two walks . In 2008 , Baseball America ranked Schierholtz the fourth-best prospect in the Giants system . He attended spring training with the Giants but started the season in Fresno . Schierholtz was batting .314 with fifteen home runs and 65 runs batted in for the Grizzlies when his minor league season ended as a result of his being selected for the 2008 USA Olympic Baseball Team . In the sixth inning of a preliminary round game against China , he collided with China backup catcher Yang Yang at the home plate on a sacrifice fly , a play that resulted in a near brawl between the teams and saw Chinese manager Jim Lefebvre ejected from the game . Schierholtz played nine games with the Americans , batting .216 with four doubles , one home run , and six RBI as the United States earned a bronze medal . Schierholtz was again called up in September 2008 , as the Giants roster expanded , and he was used as the Giants starting right fielder for the remainder of the year . On September 3 , he recorded four hits in a game for the first time in a 9–2 victory over the Colorado Rockies . Three days later , he hit his first career home run against Jesse Chavez in a 7–6 victory over the Pittsburgh Pirates . In 19 games ( 75 at bats ) in 2008 , Schierholtz hit .320 with 24 hits , eight doubles , one triple , one home run , and five RBI . 2009 . Schierholtz started the 2009 season as a pinch hitter . In June , he saw his playing time increase as Randy Winn , the Giants right fielder , began playing left field frequently in place of Fred Lewis . On June 14 , he had an inside-the-park home run , only the fourth in AT&T Park history , in the third inning against Brett Anderson of the Oakland Athletics in a 7–1 victory . He had four hits on June 28 in a 7–0 win over the Milwaukee Brewers . From July 28 through August 12 , he was on the disabled list with a bruised left hip , which he suffered after running into a chain-link fence at Turner Field . He saw his playing time reduced in September as Winn moved back to right field to give Eugenio Vélez and John Bowker opportunities in left . In a career-high 116 games ( 285 at bats ) in 2009 , Schierholtz batted .267 with 76 hits , five home runs , and 29 RBI . He had the third-highest batting average for a pinch hitter in the majors ( .371 , behind Seth Smiths .472 and Hideki Matsuis .381 ) . 2010 . Schierholtz was expected to be the Giants Opening Day right fielder in 2010 , but Bowker won the position after hitting six home runs in spring training . Bowker , however , only held the job for 10 games before Schierholtz replaced him on April 17 . In his first 16 games in the role , he batted .393 , but over his next 19 , he batted .154 . When Buster Posey was called up in late May , Aubrey Huff moved from first base to right field , leaving Schierholtz on the bench . After Bengie Molina was traded , Posey switched from first base to catcher , but Travis Ishikawa began getting some starts at first base , creating a platoon between Schierholtz and Ishikawa , with Huff covering first base or right field depending on who was playing . When José Guillén was acquired on August 13 , Schierholtz was relegated to the role of pinch-hitter and late-inning defensive substitution for the rest of the year . In 137 games ( 227 at bats ) , Schierholtz batted .242 with 55 hits , 13 doubles , three triples , three home runs , and 17 RBI . Schierholtz received regular playing time throughout the postseason as a defensive replacement for starting outfielder Pat Burrell . Whenever the Giants held a lead in the sixth inning or later , Bochy would remove Burrell from the game , shift Cody Ross from right field to left field , and place Schierholtz in right field . This strategy was meant to provide the Giants with the best possible defensive outfield and , thus , the best chance of holding the lead and winning the game . Schierholtz ultimately appeared in 11 of San Franciscos 15 playoff games , accumulating 13 plate appearances and recording an RBI in Game 1 of the 2010 World Series against the Texas Rangers . In Game 4 , a night when Bochy chose to start several of his backups , he got his first start of the postseason , playing right field in the Giants 4–0 victory . The Giants won the World Series in five games , their first World Series victory since 1954 . 2011 . Schierholtz hit a 467-foot home run at Coors Field on April 18 , 2011 , against Esmil Rogers in an 8–1 victory over the Rockies . At the start of May , Schierholtz took over the Giants right field job , due to a slump by Burrell . He hit a game-tying , two-run pinch-hit home run against Grant Balfour on May 22 in an 11-inning , 5–4 victory over Oakland . Ten days later , he had a game-tying RBI single in the ninth inning against Fernando Salas and a game-winning RBI single in the 11th inning against Ryan Franklin in a 7–5 victory over the St . Louis Cardinals . On July 6 , against the San Diego Padres , Schierholtz recorded his first multi-home run game . In the bottom of the 14th inning of that game , he hit a walk-off home run against Pat Neshek that secured a 6–5 victory for the Giants . Two days later , he had a splash hit home run against R.A . Dickey in a 5–2 loss to the New York Mets . Following the acquisition of Carlos Beltrán on July 28 , Schierholtz began playing some left field for the first time in his career . He broke his right foot after hitting a foul ball off it against the Atlanta Braves on August 15 . Schierholtz appeared in five more games after the injury , but it became too severe to play through , and he was placed on the disabled list on August 27 ( retroactive to August 22 ) , and , though initially expected to return , he missed the rest of the season . In 115 games ( 335 at bats ) , Schierholtz hit .278 with 93 hits , 22 doubles , nine home runs , and 41 RBI . He said of his 2011 season , I was able to contribute to the team this year . That was a positive thing I can take from the season . 2012 . In 2012 , Schierholtz started the season as a bench player but soon became the Giants everyday right fielder . On April 23 and 24 , he had back-to-back three-hit games against the Mets . He batted .372 over his first 14 games but hit just .048 over his next seven . When May started , Bochy benched him in favor of Gregor Blanco . On July 18 , in an interview with Henry Schulman of the San Francisco Chronicle , he said that Bochy had told him in May that he did not view him as an everyday player . He said that , while he did not ask for a trade , I think whatever the best fit for the team and me is would be ideal . I cant really make those decisions . Its all up to them . Whether Im here or not Im going to give my best effort every day and bust my tail . That weekend , he started three games against the Philadelphia Phillies in right field , partly because Blanco and Ángel Pagán had been struggling . On July 22 , Schierholtz hit two home runs against Joe Blanton , the second of which forced the game into extra innings . However , the Giants would lose 4–3 in 12 innings . In 77 games ( 175 at bats ) , Schierholtz hit .251 with 44 hits , four doubles , five triples , five home runs , and 16 RBI . At the trade deadline on July 31 , Schierholtz was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies along with minor league catcher Tommy Joseph and minor league pitcher Seth Rosin for outfielder Hunter Pence . Philadelphia Phillies . Upon Schierholtzs arrival in Philadelphia , manager Charlie Manuel said he wanted to give Schierholtz everyday playing time for the rest of the year , in order to assess him . In the transition , Schierholtz changed his number from 12 to 22 . In his debut , Schierholtz homered against Edwin Jackson in a 3–2 victory against the Washington Nationals . However , Schierholtz was sent to the disabled list on August 13 after fouling a ball off his right big toe in a game against the Cardinals . He remained on the disabled list until September 1 . On September 7 , he delivered a game-ending RBI single against Will Harris , giving the Phillies a 3–2 win over Colorado . Schierholtz appeared in 33 games with the Phillies , batting .273 with 18 hits , four doubles , one home run , and five RBI . In 114 games ( 241 at bats ) with Philadelphia and San Francisco , he batted .257 with 62 hits , eight doubles , five triples , six home runs , and 21 RBI . After the season , the Phillies non-tendered Schierholtz , making him a free agent . They chose to non-tender him because they were only projecting him as a fifth outfielder , and Schierholtz was due for a pay raise . Despite being traded to the Phillies , Schierholtz received his second World Series ring from the Giants due to his contributions during the first half of the 2012 season with the team . Chicago Cubs . On December 5 , 2012 , Schierholtz signed a $2.25 million , one-year deal with the Chicago Cubs . He was the Cubs starting right fielder for most of the 2013 season . From June 4 through 18 , he set a career-high with a 10-game hitting streak . On June 14 , he had two triples in a game for the first time in his career in a 14-inning , 6–5 victory over the Cincinnati Reds . On June 22 , he set a career-high with his 10th home run of the season in a 4–3 loss to the Houston Astros . He batted .286 with 11 home runs through June 30 but saw his average sink to .218 for the rest of the season , although he would hit 10 home runs . On July 24 , he had a career-high five RBI , including a game-winning RBI double against David Hernandez in the 12th inning of a 7–6 victory over the Arizona Diamondbacks . Three days later , he hit a home run against Sergio Romo in a 1–0 victory over the Giants . Schierholtz reset his career-high in RBI with six on August 19 , including home runs against Jordan Zimmermann and Fernando Abad in an 11–1 victory over the Washington Nationals . In 137 games ( 462 at bats ) , Schierholtz batted .251 with career-highs in hits ( 116 ) , doubles ( 32 ) , home runs ( 21 ) , runs scored ( 56 ) , and RBI ( 68 ) . Defensively , he posted a .988 fielding percentage . On January 17 , 2014 , Schierholtz signed a $5 million , one-year deal to remain with the Chicago Cubs . On June 3 , he had a game-ending RBI single against Scott Rice , giving the Cubs a 2–1 victory over the Mets . He was designated for assignment by the Cubs on August 6 , 2014 . Chicago released the veteran on waivers after he had a .192 batting average and six home runs over 99 games . Washington Nationals . On August 18 , 2014 , Schierholtz signed a minor league deal with the Washington Nationals , and was assigned to the Triple-A Syracuse Chiefs of the International League . The Nationals selected Schierholtzs contract on August 23 and used him as a reserve outfielder . On September 21 , he tripled home a run against Nate Eovaldi , then scored on a double by Anthony Rendon in a 2–1 victory over the Miami Marlins . In 23 games ( 40 at bats ) with the Nationals , Schierholtz batted .225 with one home run . His combined totals were a .195 average , 69 hits , seven home runs , and 37 RBI in 122 games with Chicago and Washington . Schierholtz reached the playoffs with Washington as they won the National League East . He appeared in all four games of the 2014 National League Division Series , getting a hit and three walks in four plate appearances for a 1.000 on-base percentage as the Nationals were defeated by the Giants . After the season , he became a free agent . Texas Rangers organization . On February 6 , 2015 , Schierholtz signed a minor league deal with the Texas Rangers . He competed for an outfield spot but was released on March 28 before the season started . Hiroshima Toyo Carp . After his release from Texas , Schierholtz went to Japan , signing a one-year deal with the Hiroshima Toyo Carp of Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) . During the 2015 season , he hit .250 ( 58-for-232 ) , with 10 home runs and 30 RBIs in 65 games . It was definitely an interesting experience and I learned a lot . I enjoyed living with the Japanese culture and learning some of their ways and values . The fans are very kind to the American foreign players and it was a great experience , Schierholtz summarized his time in Japan . Detroit Tigers organization . On December 23 , 2015 , Schierholtz signed a minor league contract with the Detroit Tigers , and was invited to 2016 spring training . Failing to make the club , he played 31 games for the Triple-A Toledo Mud Hens of the International League , batting .246 with 29 hits , three home runs , and 13 RBI before his release on May 22 . On August 5 , 2016 , Schierholtz received an 80-game suspension from Major League Baseball for testing positive for a performance-enhancing drug . Personal life . Schierholtz married Kate Eveland , a former guard on the San Diego State basketball team on December 3 , 2011 . Cainan , his younger brother , was arrested on a DUI in 2004 and was charged with another DUI and felony hit-and-run on August 1 , 2010 . Nate said , Obviously , its very upsetting.. . Its just something very irresponsible and hes going to have to do some decent time for what hes done . Ill stick by him and support him to get the counseling he needs . Vai , Jr. , his youngest brother , attended the Air Force Academy and played baseball for the Falcons . His mother lives in Alamo , California ; her house burned down in 2009 but was rebuilt . Schierholtz used to bat without batting gloves , one of the few Major Leaguers to do so , but since 2011 has used batting gloves .
|
[
"Detroit Tigers"
] |
[
{
"text": " Nathan John Nate Schierholtz ( born February 15 , 1984 ) is an American former professional baseball right fielder . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the San Francisco Giants ( 2007–2012 ) , Philadelphia Phillies ( 2012 ) , Chicago Cubs ( 2013–2014 ) , and Washington Nationals ( 2014 ) . He also played in Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) for Hiroshima Toyo Carp ( 2015 ) .",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz was a second-round draft pick by the Giants out of Chabot College in 2003 . He reached the major leagues in 2007 , batting over .300 in limited playing time . He spent most of 2008 in the minor leagues but again hit over .300 when he was called up in September . Schierholtz also represented the United States of America at the Summer Olympics that year . In 2009 , he spent the whole season with the Giants , appearing in over 100 games and getting starts in right field . Schierholtz was the Giants starting right fielder",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "for portions of 2010 but ended the year as a defensive substitution for Pat Burrell . He won his first World Series as the Giants defeated the Texas Rangers for their first World Series title in 56 years . In 2011 , he was the Giants starting right fielder for most of the year , until a broken foot sidelined him at the end of August . Though used as the starting right fielder some in 2012 , Schierholtz said in an interview in July that Giants manager Bruce Bochy did not think of him as an everyday player .",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "Shortly afterwards , he was traded to the Phillies , with whom he finished the year . The Giants won the World Series again and gave him a World Series ring for his earlier contributions .",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "In 2013 , Schierholtz signed with the Cubs and received the most playing time of his career , hitting a career-high 21 home runs . He batted .192 with the Cubs the next season and was released mid-season . The Nationals picked him up soon after , and he reached the playoffs with them . In 2015 , Schierholtz attempted to make the Rangers roster out of spring training . Faced with a demotion to the minor leagues , he opted instead to spend a season in Japan with the Toyo Carp . He signed with the Detroit Tigers organization",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "in 2016 and played some games in the minor leagues before getting released in May . Later in the season , Schierholtz failed a test for performance-enhancing drugs , resulting in an 80-game suspension by Major League Baseball .",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz was born February 15 , 1984 , in Reno , Nevada . His parents were Vai , Sr. , and Karen Schierholtz , and he was the oldest of four children ( Cainan ; Vai , Jr. ; and Sophia ) . He attended San Ramon Valley High School in Danville , California , the same high school as future San Francisco Giants teammate Randy Winn . At San Ramon Valley , he served as the team captain . Following high school , Schierholtz played for Chabot College , a community college located in Hayward , California . He",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "spent the 2003 season with Chabot , starting at third base . In his lone season at Chabot , he was named an All-American .",
"title": "Nate Schierholtz"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz was drafted by the San Francisco Giants in the second round ( 63rd overall ) of the 2003 Major League Baseball ( MLB ) Draft . He began his minor league career that year as a third baseman with the rookie Arizona League Giants , batting .400 in 11 games before getting promoted to the Single-A short season Salem-Keizer Volcanoes of the Northwest League . In 35 games for Salem-Keizer , he hit .306 with 38 hits , three home runs , and 29 runs batted in ( RBI ) . He began the 2004 season with the Single-A",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Hagerstown Suns of the South Atlantic League , earning All-star game honors for that league . He batted .296 with 53 RBI in 58 games and was leading the league in home runs ( 15 ) and extra-base hits ( 37 ) before getting promoted to the Single-A advanced San Jose Giants of the California League . At San Jose , though still receiving significant playing time as a third baseman , he began to play the outfield as well . In 62 games with San Jose , he batted .295 with three home runs and 31 RBI . He",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "was second on the team with nine triples after not hitting any with Hagerstown . He was third among Giants prospects with 18 home runs and ranked second with 84 RBI in 2004 .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "In 2005 , Schierholtz remained at San Jose , where he became an everyday right fielder . Over 128 games , he batted .319 ( fifth in the California League ) with 160 hits ( tied with Chris Lubanski , Seth Smith , and Clay Timpner for fifth ) , 37 doubles ( tied with Danny Putnam for eighth ) , eight triples ( tied with Wladimir Balentien , Danny Richar , and Joe Gaetti for third behind Timpners 12 and Anthony Websters 11 ) , 15 home runs , and 86 RBI . He batted .333 in the playoffs",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": ", helping San Jose win the California League championship .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz moved up to the Double-A Connecticut Defenders of the Eastern League in 2006 . In 125 games , he batted .270 with 127 hits , 14 home runs , and 54 RBI . He led the Defenders in most major batting categories and finished sixth in the Eastern League with seven triples . Entering the 2007 season , Schierholtz was ranked the eighth-best prospect in the Giants organization by Baseball America . That year , he was assigned to the Triple-A Fresno Grizzlies of the Pacific Coast League . He spent most of the season with them . In",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "109 games , he had 137 hits , 31 doubles , 16 home runs , and 68 RBI . He finished third in the league in batting average ( .333 , behind Geovany Sotos .353 and Delwyn Youngs .337 ) and triples ( seven , tied with Scott Seabol behind Reggie Abercrombies and Jeff Salazars nine ) .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Giants manager Bruce Bochy considered calling up Schierholtz in May 2007 when Dave Roberts started suffering elbow problems , but an injury to Schierholtz prevented that . On June 11 , Schierholtz was called up to replace Dan Ortmeier and try to give the Giants some offensive help . He made his major league debut that day , against the Toronto Blue Jays as a defensive replacement . He got his first hit the next night , against A . J . Burnett in his first career at bat in a 3–2 victory over Toronto . During this stint ,",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz received most of the starts in right field . On June 23 , at AT&T Park against the New York Yankees , he blooped an RBI single into center field against Scott Proctor in the bottom of the 13th inning to win the game 6–5 for the Giants . Despite a .325 batting average in 40 at bats , Schierholtz was sent down at the start of July to make room for Rich Aurilia , who was returning from the disabled list . He was recalled in September , and he received most of the starts in right field",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "that month . In 39 games ( 112 at bats ) , he batted .304 with 34 hits , five doubles , three triples , 10 RBI , and two walks .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "In 2008 , Baseball America ranked Schierholtz the fourth-best prospect in the Giants system . He attended spring training with the Giants but started the season in Fresno . Schierholtz was batting .314 with fifteen home runs and 65 runs batted in for the Grizzlies when his minor league season ended as a result of his being selected for the 2008 USA Olympic Baseball Team . In the sixth inning of a preliminary round game against China , he collided with China backup catcher Yang Yang at the home plate on a sacrifice fly , a play that resulted in",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "a near brawl between the teams and saw Chinese manager Jim Lefebvre ejected from the game . Schierholtz played nine games with the Americans , batting .216 with four doubles , one home run , and six RBI as the United States earned a bronze medal .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz was again called up in September 2008 , as the Giants roster expanded , and he was used as the Giants starting right fielder for the remainder of the year . On September 3 , he recorded four hits in a game for the first time in a 9–2 victory over the Colorado Rockies . Three days later , he hit his first career home run against Jesse Chavez in a 7–6 victory over the Pittsburgh Pirates . In 19 games ( 75 at bats ) in 2008 , Schierholtz hit .320 with 24 hits , eight doubles ,",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "one triple , one home run , and five RBI .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz started the 2009 season as a pinch hitter . In June , he saw his playing time increase as Randy Winn , the Giants right fielder , began playing left field frequently in place of Fred Lewis . On June 14 , he had an inside-the-park home run , only the fourth in AT&T Park history , in the third inning against Brett Anderson of the Oakland Athletics in a 7–1 victory . He had four hits on June 28 in a 7–0 win over the Milwaukee Brewers . From July 28 through August 12 , he was on",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "the disabled list with a bruised left hip , which he suffered after running into a chain-link fence at Turner Field . He saw his playing time reduced in September as Winn moved back to right field to give Eugenio Vélez and John Bowker opportunities in left . In a career-high 116 games ( 285 at bats ) in 2009 , Schierholtz batted .267 with 76 hits , five home runs , and 29 RBI . He had the third-highest batting average for a pinch hitter in the majors ( .371 , behind Seth Smiths .472 and Hideki Matsuis .381",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": ") .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz was expected to be the Giants Opening Day right fielder in 2010 , but Bowker won the position after hitting six home runs in spring training . Bowker , however , only held the job for 10 games before Schierholtz replaced him on April 17 . In his first 16 games in the role , he batted .393 , but over his next 19 , he batted .154 . When Buster Posey was called up in late May , Aubrey Huff moved from first base to right field , leaving Schierholtz on the bench . After Bengie Molina was",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "traded , Posey switched from first base to catcher , but Travis Ishikawa began getting some starts at first base , creating a platoon between Schierholtz and Ishikawa , with Huff covering first base or right field depending on who was playing . When José Guillén was acquired on August 13 , Schierholtz was relegated to the role of pinch-hitter and late-inning defensive substitution for the rest of the year . In 137 games ( 227 at bats ) , Schierholtz batted .242 with 55 hits , 13 doubles , three triples , three home runs , and 17 RBI",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz received regular playing time throughout the postseason as a defensive replacement for starting outfielder Pat Burrell . Whenever the Giants held a lead in the sixth inning or later , Bochy would remove Burrell from the game , shift Cody Ross from right field to left field , and place Schierholtz in right field . This strategy was meant to provide the Giants with the best possible defensive outfield and , thus , the best chance of holding the lead and winning the game . Schierholtz ultimately appeared in 11 of San Franciscos 15 playoff games , accumulating 13",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "plate appearances and recording an RBI in Game 1 of the 2010 World Series against the Texas Rangers . In Game 4 , a night when Bochy chose to start several of his backups , he got his first start of the postseason , playing right field in the Giants 4–0 victory . The Giants won the World Series in five games , their first World Series victory since 1954 .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz hit a 467-foot home run at Coors Field on April 18 , 2011 , against Esmil Rogers in an 8–1 victory over the Rockies . At the start of May , Schierholtz took over the Giants right field job , due to a slump by Burrell . He hit a game-tying , two-run pinch-hit home run against Grant Balfour on May 22 in an 11-inning , 5–4 victory over Oakland . Ten days later , he had a game-tying RBI single in the ninth inning against Fernando Salas and a game-winning RBI single in the 11th inning against Ryan",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Franklin in a 7–5 victory over the St . Louis Cardinals . On July 6 , against the San Diego Padres , Schierholtz recorded his first multi-home run game . In the bottom of the 14th inning of that game , he hit a walk-off home run against Pat Neshek that secured a 6–5 victory for the Giants . Two days later , he had a splash hit home run against R.A . Dickey in a 5–2 loss to the New York Mets . Following the acquisition of Carlos Beltrán on July 28 , Schierholtz began playing some left field",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "for the first time in his career . He broke his right foot after hitting a foul ball off it against the Atlanta Braves on August 15 . Schierholtz appeared in five more games after the injury , but it became too severe to play through , and he was placed on the disabled list on August 27 ( retroactive to August 22 ) , and , though initially expected to return , he missed the rest of the season . In 115 games ( 335 at bats ) , Schierholtz hit .278 with 93 hits , 22 doubles ,",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "nine home runs , and 41 RBI . He said of his 2011 season , I was able to contribute to the team this year . That was a positive thing I can take from the season .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "In 2012 , Schierholtz started the season as a bench player but soon became the Giants everyday right fielder . On April 23 and 24 , he had back-to-back three-hit games against the Mets . He batted .372 over his first 14 games but hit just .048 over his next seven . When May started , Bochy benched him in favor of Gregor Blanco . On July 18 , in an interview with Henry Schulman of the San Francisco Chronicle , he said that Bochy had told him in May that he did not view him as an everyday player",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": ". He said that , while he did not ask for a trade , I think whatever the best fit for the team and me is would be ideal . I cant really make those decisions . Its all up to them . Whether Im here or not Im going to give my best effort every day and bust my tail . That weekend , he started three games against the Philadelphia Phillies in right field , partly because Blanco and Ángel Pagán had been struggling . On July 22 , Schierholtz hit two home runs against Joe Blanton ,",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "the second of which forced the game into extra innings . However , the Giants would lose 4–3 in 12 innings . In 77 games ( 175 at bats ) , Schierholtz hit .251 with 44 hits , four doubles , five triples , five home runs , and 16 RBI . At the trade deadline on July 31 , Schierholtz was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies along with minor league catcher Tommy Joseph and minor league pitcher Seth Rosin for outfielder Hunter Pence .",
"title": "Minor leagues"
},
{
"text": "Upon Schierholtzs arrival in Philadelphia , manager Charlie Manuel said he wanted to give Schierholtz everyday playing time for the rest of the year , in order to assess him . In the transition , Schierholtz changed his number from 12 to 22 . In his debut , Schierholtz homered against Edwin Jackson in a 3–2 victory against the Washington Nationals . However , Schierholtz was sent to the disabled list on August 13 after fouling a ball off his right big toe in a game against the Cardinals . He remained on the disabled list until September 1 .",
"title": "Philadelphia Phillies"
},
{
"text": "On September 7 , he delivered a game-ending RBI single against Will Harris , giving the Phillies a 3–2 win over Colorado . Schierholtz appeared in 33 games with the Phillies , batting .273 with 18 hits , four doubles , one home run , and five RBI . In 114 games ( 241 at bats ) with Philadelphia and San Francisco , he batted .257 with 62 hits , eight doubles , five triples , six home runs , and 21 RBI . After the season , the Phillies non-tendered Schierholtz , making him a free agent . They",
"title": "Philadelphia Phillies"
},
{
"text": "chose to non-tender him because they were only projecting him as a fifth outfielder , and Schierholtz was due for a pay raise .",
"title": "Philadelphia Phillies"
},
{
"text": " Despite being traded to the Phillies , Schierholtz received his second World Series ring from the Giants due to his contributions during the first half of the 2012 season with the team .",
"title": "Philadelphia Phillies"
},
{
"text": "On December 5 , 2012 , Schierholtz signed a $2.25 million , one-year deal with the Chicago Cubs . He was the Cubs starting right fielder for most of the 2013 season . From June 4 through 18 , he set a career-high with a 10-game hitting streak . On June 14 , he had two triples in a game for the first time in his career in a 14-inning , 6–5 victory over the Cincinnati Reds . On June 22 , he set a career-high with his 10th home run of the season in a 4–3 loss to the",
"title": "Chicago Cubs"
},
{
"text": "Houston Astros . He batted .286 with 11 home runs through June 30 but saw his average sink to .218 for the rest of the season , although he would hit 10 home runs . On July 24 , he had a career-high five RBI , including a game-winning RBI double against David Hernandez in the 12th inning of a 7–6 victory over the Arizona Diamondbacks . Three days later , he hit a home run against Sergio Romo in a 1–0 victory over the Giants . Schierholtz reset his career-high in RBI with six on August 19 , including",
"title": "Chicago Cubs"
},
{
"text": "home runs against Jordan Zimmermann and Fernando Abad in an 11–1 victory over the Washington Nationals . In 137 games ( 462 at bats ) , Schierholtz batted .251 with career-highs in hits ( 116 ) , doubles ( 32 ) , home runs ( 21 ) , runs scored ( 56 ) , and RBI ( 68 ) . Defensively , he posted a .988 fielding percentage .",
"title": "Chicago Cubs"
},
{
"text": " On January 17 , 2014 , Schierholtz signed a $5 million , one-year deal to remain with the Chicago Cubs . On June 3 , he had a game-ending RBI single against Scott Rice , giving the Cubs a 2–1 victory over the Mets . He was designated for assignment by the Cubs on August 6 , 2014 . Chicago released the veteran on waivers after he had a .192 batting average and six home runs over 99 games .",
"title": "Chicago Cubs"
},
{
"text": "On August 18 , 2014 , Schierholtz signed a minor league deal with the Washington Nationals , and was assigned to the Triple-A Syracuse Chiefs of the International League . The Nationals selected Schierholtzs contract on August 23 and used him as a reserve outfielder . On September 21 , he tripled home a run against Nate Eovaldi , then scored on a double by Anthony Rendon in a 2–1 victory over the Miami Marlins . In 23 games ( 40 at bats ) with the Nationals , Schierholtz batted .225 with one home run . His combined totals were",
"title": "Washington Nationals"
},
{
"text": "a .195 average , 69 hits , seven home runs , and 37 RBI in 122 games with Chicago and Washington . Schierholtz reached the playoffs with Washington as they won the National League East . He appeared in all four games of the 2014 National League Division Series , getting a hit and three walks in four plate appearances for a 1.000 on-base percentage as the Nationals were defeated by the Giants . After the season , he became a free agent .",
"title": "Washington Nationals"
},
{
"text": " On February 6 , 2015 , Schierholtz signed a minor league deal with the Texas Rangers . He competed for an outfield spot but was released on March 28 before the season started .",
"title": "Texas Rangers organization"
},
{
"text": "After his release from Texas , Schierholtz went to Japan , signing a one-year deal with the Hiroshima Toyo Carp of Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) . During the 2015 season , he hit .250 ( 58-for-232 ) , with 10 home runs and 30 RBIs in 65 games . It was definitely an interesting experience and I learned a lot . I enjoyed living with the Japanese culture and learning some of their ways and values . The fans are very kind to the American foreign players and it was a great experience , Schierholtz summarized his time",
"title": "Hiroshima Toyo Carp"
},
{
"text": "in Japan .",
"title": "Hiroshima Toyo Carp"
},
{
"text": " On December 23 , 2015 , Schierholtz signed a minor league contract with the Detroit Tigers , and was invited to 2016 spring training . Failing to make the club , he played 31 games for the Triple-A Toledo Mud Hens of the International League , batting .246 with 29 hits , three home runs , and 13 RBI before his release on May 22 . On August 5 , 2016 , Schierholtz received an 80-game suspension from Major League Baseball for testing positive for a performance-enhancing drug .",
"title": "Detroit Tigers organization"
},
{
"text": "Schierholtz married Kate Eveland , a former guard on the San Diego State basketball team on December 3 , 2011 . Cainan , his younger brother , was arrested on a DUI in 2004 and was charged with another DUI and felony hit-and-run on August 1 , 2010 . Nate said , Obviously , its very upsetting.. . Its just something very irresponsible and hes going to have to do some decent time for what hes done . Ill stick by him and support him to get the counseling he needs . Vai , Jr. , his youngest brother ,",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "attended the Air Force Academy and played baseball for the Falcons . His mother lives in Alamo , California ; her house burned down in 2009 but was rebuilt .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Schierholtz used to bat without batting gloves , one of the few Major Leaguers to do so , but since 2011 has used batting gloves .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Momchil_Tsvetanov#P54#0
|
Momchil Tsvetanov played for which team before Apr 2006?
|
Momchil Tsvetanov Momchil Emilov Tsvetanov ( ; born 3 December 1990 ) is a Bulgarian professional footballer who plays for Lokomotiv Plovdiv . Although he predominantly plays as a winger , he has also been deployed as a left-back . A product of Spartak Plevens youth academy , he has represented Bulgaria at all youth levels . Tsvetanov was part of U19 squad for the 2008 UEFA European Under-19 Championship . Club career . Spartak Pleven . Born in Pleven , Tsvetanov began his career playing for local club Spartak . On 9 September 2006 , at the age of 16 he made his professional debut in the B Group , playing the second half of a 3–0 defeat to Minyor Pernik . He scored his first goal on 7 April 2007 against Hebar Pazardzhik in a 2–0 home league victory . He made 15 league appearances , scoring three goals during his debut season . In the following season Tsvetanov scored four goals in 12 matches . Litex Lovech . In January 2008 , Tsvetanov joined Litex Lovech on a four-and-a-half year contract for an undisclosed fee . He made his competitive debut in the A Group in a 0–0 draw against CSKA Sofia on 1 March 2008 . He played for 45 minutes . On 12 July 2011 , Tsvetanov assisted Svetoslav Todorov twice in a 2–1 away win over Mogren Budva in the second qualifying round of the 2011–12 Champions League . Botev Plovdiv . After six years in Lovech , Tsvetanov surprisingly signed a two-year contract with Botev Plovdiv as a free agent on 21 August 2014 . He made his league debut for Botev three days later when he came on as 73rd-minute substitute in a match against Slavia Sofia which Botev won 2-0 . Momchil Tsvetanov played in 14 games in A Grupa and 3 games for the Bulgarian Cup without scoring any goals and without making any assists . He failed to impress and at the end of the season his contract was terminated by mutual agreement . CSKA Sofia . On 30 June 2015 , Tsvetanov joined CSKA Sofia . He lost his first choice status when the team was reinstated to the A PFG . Vereya . In July 2016 , he signed a contract with newly promoted top division club Vereya . Stal Mielec . On 11 July 2017 , Tsvetanov signed with I liga side Stal Mielec . Slavia Sofia . On 5 February 2018 , Tsvetanov confirmed to the media that he had signed with Slavia Sofia . On 12 July 2018 , Tsvetanov scored his first-ever goal in European competition , netting only goal in a 1–0 away win against FC Ilves in the first qualifying round of the 2018–19 UEFA Europa League . Lokomotiv Plovdiv . On 15 June 2019 Tsvetanov won his 5th Bulgarian Cup and 1st for his new club Lokomotiv Plovdiv . On 1 July 2020 he won the Bulgarian Cup again , scoring the last penalty kick in the shoot-out against CSKA Sofia . International career . He made his debut for Bulgaria national football team on 25 March 2021 in a World Cup qualifier against Switzerland . Career statistics . As of 20 March 2021 Honours . Club . - Litex Lovech - Bulgarian League ( 2 ) : 2009–10 , 2010–11 - Bulgarian Cup ( 2 ) : 2007–08 , 2008–09 - Bulgarian Supercup : 2010 - CSKA Sofia - Bulgarian Cup : 2015–16 - Slavia Sofia - Bulgarian Cup : 2017–18 - Lokomotiv Plovdiv - Bulgarian Cup ( 2 ) : 2018–19 , 2019–20 - Bulgarian Supercup : 2020
|
[
"Spartak Plevens"
] |
[
{
"text": " Momchil Emilov Tsvetanov ( ; born 3 December 1990 ) is a Bulgarian professional footballer who plays for Lokomotiv Plovdiv . Although he predominantly plays as a winger , he has also been deployed as a left-back . A product of Spartak Plevens youth academy , he has represented Bulgaria at all youth levels . Tsvetanov was part of U19 squad for the 2008 UEFA European Under-19 Championship .",
"title": "Momchil Tsvetanov"
},
{
"text": " Born in Pleven , Tsvetanov began his career playing for local club Spartak . On 9 September 2006 , at the age of 16 he made his professional debut in the B Group , playing the second half of a 3–0 defeat to Minyor Pernik . He scored his first goal on 7 April 2007 against Hebar Pazardzhik in a 2–0 home league victory . He made 15 league appearances , scoring three goals during his debut season . In the following season Tsvetanov scored four goals in 12 matches .",
"title": "Spartak Pleven"
},
{
"text": " In January 2008 , Tsvetanov joined Litex Lovech on a four-and-a-half year contract for an undisclosed fee . He made his competitive debut in the A Group in a 0–0 draw against CSKA Sofia on 1 March 2008 . He played for 45 minutes . On 12 July 2011 , Tsvetanov assisted Svetoslav Todorov twice in a 2–1 away win over Mogren Budva in the second qualifying round of the 2011–12 Champions League .",
"title": "Litex Lovech"
},
{
"text": " After six years in Lovech , Tsvetanov surprisingly signed a two-year contract with Botev Plovdiv as a free agent on 21 August 2014 . He made his league debut for Botev three days later when he came on as 73rd-minute substitute in a match against Slavia Sofia which Botev won 2-0 . Momchil Tsvetanov played in 14 games in A Grupa and 3 games for the Bulgarian Cup without scoring any goals and without making any assists . He failed to impress and at the end of the season his contract was terminated by mutual agreement .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": " On 30 June 2015 , Tsvetanov joined CSKA Sofia . He lost his first choice status when the team was reinstated to the A PFG .",
"title": "CSKA Sofia"
},
{
"text": " In July 2016 , he signed a contract with newly promoted top division club Vereya .",
"title": "Vereya"
},
{
"text": " On 5 February 2018 , Tsvetanov confirmed to the media that he had signed with Slavia Sofia . On 12 July 2018 , Tsvetanov scored his first-ever goal in European competition , netting only goal in a 1–0 away win against FC Ilves in the first qualifying round of the 2018–19 UEFA Europa League .",
"title": "Slavia Sofia"
},
{
"text": " On 15 June 2019 Tsvetanov won his 5th Bulgarian Cup and 1st for his new club Lokomotiv Plovdiv . On 1 July 2020 he won the Bulgarian Cup again , scoring the last penalty kick in the shoot-out against CSKA Sofia .",
"title": "Lokomotiv Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": " He made his debut for Bulgaria national football team on 25 March 2021 in a World Cup qualifier against Switzerland .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Litex Lovech - Bulgarian League ( 2 ) : 2009–10 , 2010–11 - Bulgarian Cup ( 2 ) : 2007–08 , 2008–09 - Bulgarian Supercup : 2010 - CSKA Sofia - Bulgarian Cup : 2015–16 - Slavia Sofia - Bulgarian Cup : 2017–18 - Lokomotiv Plovdiv - Bulgarian Cup ( 2 ) : 2018–19 , 2019–20 - Bulgarian Supercup : 2020",
"title": "Club"
}
] |
/wiki/Momchil_Tsvetanov#P54#1
|
Momchil Tsvetanov played for which team in Sep 2011?
|
Momchil Tsvetanov Momchil Emilov Tsvetanov ( ; born 3 December 1990 ) is a Bulgarian professional footballer who plays for Lokomotiv Plovdiv . Although he predominantly plays as a winger , he has also been deployed as a left-back . A product of Spartak Plevens youth academy , he has represented Bulgaria at all youth levels . Tsvetanov was part of U19 squad for the 2008 UEFA European Under-19 Championship . Club career . Spartak Pleven . Born in Pleven , Tsvetanov began his career playing for local club Spartak . On 9 September 2006 , at the age of 16 he made his professional debut in the B Group , playing the second half of a 3–0 defeat to Minyor Pernik . He scored his first goal on 7 April 2007 against Hebar Pazardzhik in a 2–0 home league victory . He made 15 league appearances , scoring three goals during his debut season . In the following season Tsvetanov scored four goals in 12 matches . Litex Lovech . In January 2008 , Tsvetanov joined Litex Lovech on a four-and-a-half year contract for an undisclosed fee . He made his competitive debut in the A Group in a 0–0 draw against CSKA Sofia on 1 March 2008 . He played for 45 minutes . On 12 July 2011 , Tsvetanov assisted Svetoslav Todorov twice in a 2–1 away win over Mogren Budva in the second qualifying round of the 2011–12 Champions League . Botev Plovdiv . After six years in Lovech , Tsvetanov surprisingly signed a two-year contract with Botev Plovdiv as a free agent on 21 August 2014 . He made his league debut for Botev three days later when he came on as 73rd-minute substitute in a match against Slavia Sofia which Botev won 2-0 . Momchil Tsvetanov played in 14 games in A Grupa and 3 games for the Bulgarian Cup without scoring any goals and without making any assists . He failed to impress and at the end of the season his contract was terminated by mutual agreement . CSKA Sofia . On 30 June 2015 , Tsvetanov joined CSKA Sofia . He lost his first choice status when the team was reinstated to the A PFG . Vereya . In July 2016 , he signed a contract with newly promoted top division club Vereya . Stal Mielec . On 11 July 2017 , Tsvetanov signed with I liga side Stal Mielec . Slavia Sofia . On 5 February 2018 , Tsvetanov confirmed to the media that he had signed with Slavia Sofia . On 12 July 2018 , Tsvetanov scored his first-ever goal in European competition , netting only goal in a 1–0 away win against FC Ilves in the first qualifying round of the 2018–19 UEFA Europa League . Lokomotiv Plovdiv . On 15 June 2019 Tsvetanov won his 5th Bulgarian Cup and 1st for his new club Lokomotiv Plovdiv . On 1 July 2020 he won the Bulgarian Cup again , scoring the last penalty kick in the shoot-out against CSKA Sofia . International career . He made his debut for Bulgaria national football team on 25 March 2021 in a World Cup qualifier against Switzerland . Career statistics . As of 20 March 2021 Honours . Club . - Litex Lovech - Bulgarian League ( 2 ) : 2009–10 , 2010–11 - Bulgarian Cup ( 2 ) : 2007–08 , 2008–09 - Bulgarian Supercup : 2010 - CSKA Sofia - Bulgarian Cup : 2015–16 - Slavia Sofia - Bulgarian Cup : 2017–18 - Lokomotiv Plovdiv - Bulgarian Cup ( 2 ) : 2018–19 , 2019–20 - Bulgarian Supercup : 2020
|
[
"Litex Lovech"
] |
[
{
"text": " Momchil Emilov Tsvetanov ( ; born 3 December 1990 ) is a Bulgarian professional footballer who plays for Lokomotiv Plovdiv . Although he predominantly plays as a winger , he has also been deployed as a left-back . A product of Spartak Plevens youth academy , he has represented Bulgaria at all youth levels . Tsvetanov was part of U19 squad for the 2008 UEFA European Under-19 Championship .",
"title": "Momchil Tsvetanov"
},
{
"text": " Born in Pleven , Tsvetanov began his career playing for local club Spartak . On 9 September 2006 , at the age of 16 he made his professional debut in the B Group , playing the second half of a 3–0 defeat to Minyor Pernik . He scored his first goal on 7 April 2007 against Hebar Pazardzhik in a 2–0 home league victory . He made 15 league appearances , scoring three goals during his debut season . In the following season Tsvetanov scored four goals in 12 matches .",
"title": "Spartak Pleven"
},
{
"text": " In January 2008 , Tsvetanov joined Litex Lovech on a four-and-a-half year contract for an undisclosed fee . He made his competitive debut in the A Group in a 0–0 draw against CSKA Sofia on 1 March 2008 . He played for 45 minutes . On 12 July 2011 , Tsvetanov assisted Svetoslav Todorov twice in a 2–1 away win over Mogren Budva in the second qualifying round of the 2011–12 Champions League .",
"title": "Litex Lovech"
},
{
"text": " After six years in Lovech , Tsvetanov surprisingly signed a two-year contract with Botev Plovdiv as a free agent on 21 August 2014 . He made his league debut for Botev three days later when he came on as 73rd-minute substitute in a match against Slavia Sofia which Botev won 2-0 . Momchil Tsvetanov played in 14 games in A Grupa and 3 games for the Bulgarian Cup without scoring any goals and without making any assists . He failed to impress and at the end of the season his contract was terminated by mutual agreement .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": " On 30 June 2015 , Tsvetanov joined CSKA Sofia . He lost his first choice status when the team was reinstated to the A PFG .",
"title": "CSKA Sofia"
},
{
"text": " In July 2016 , he signed a contract with newly promoted top division club Vereya .",
"title": "Vereya"
},
{
"text": " On 5 February 2018 , Tsvetanov confirmed to the media that he had signed with Slavia Sofia . On 12 July 2018 , Tsvetanov scored his first-ever goal in European competition , netting only goal in a 1–0 away win against FC Ilves in the first qualifying round of the 2018–19 UEFA Europa League .",
"title": "Slavia Sofia"
},
{
"text": " On 15 June 2019 Tsvetanov won his 5th Bulgarian Cup and 1st for his new club Lokomotiv Plovdiv . On 1 July 2020 he won the Bulgarian Cup again , scoring the last penalty kick in the shoot-out against CSKA Sofia .",
"title": "Lokomotiv Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": " He made his debut for Bulgaria national football team on 25 March 2021 in a World Cup qualifier against Switzerland .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Litex Lovech - Bulgarian League ( 2 ) : 2009–10 , 2010–11 - Bulgarian Cup ( 2 ) : 2007–08 , 2008–09 - Bulgarian Supercup : 2010 - CSKA Sofia - Bulgarian Cup : 2015–16 - Slavia Sofia - Bulgarian Cup : 2017–18 - Lokomotiv Plovdiv - Bulgarian Cup ( 2 ) : 2018–19 , 2019–20 - Bulgarian Supercup : 2020",
"title": "Club"
}
] |
/wiki/Momchil_Tsvetanov#P54#2
|
Momchil Tsvetanov played for which team between Dec 2014 and 2015?
|
Momchil Tsvetanov Momchil Emilov Tsvetanov ( ; born 3 December 1990 ) is a Bulgarian professional footballer who plays for Lokomotiv Plovdiv . Although he predominantly plays as a winger , he has also been deployed as a left-back . A product of Spartak Plevens youth academy , he has represented Bulgaria at all youth levels . Tsvetanov was part of U19 squad for the 2008 UEFA European Under-19 Championship . Club career . Spartak Pleven . Born in Pleven , Tsvetanov began his career playing for local club Spartak . On 9 September 2006 , at the age of 16 he made his professional debut in the B Group , playing the second half of a 3–0 defeat to Minyor Pernik . He scored his first goal on 7 April 2007 against Hebar Pazardzhik in a 2–0 home league victory . He made 15 league appearances , scoring three goals during his debut season . In the following season Tsvetanov scored four goals in 12 matches . Litex Lovech . In January 2008 , Tsvetanov joined Litex Lovech on a four-and-a-half year contract for an undisclosed fee . He made his competitive debut in the A Group in a 0–0 draw against CSKA Sofia on 1 March 2008 . He played for 45 minutes . On 12 July 2011 , Tsvetanov assisted Svetoslav Todorov twice in a 2–1 away win over Mogren Budva in the second qualifying round of the 2011–12 Champions League . Botev Plovdiv . After six years in Lovech , Tsvetanov surprisingly signed a two-year contract with Botev Plovdiv as a free agent on 21 August 2014 . He made his league debut for Botev three days later when he came on as 73rd-minute substitute in a match against Slavia Sofia which Botev won 2-0 . Momchil Tsvetanov played in 14 games in A Grupa and 3 games for the Bulgarian Cup without scoring any goals and without making any assists . He failed to impress and at the end of the season his contract was terminated by mutual agreement . CSKA Sofia . On 30 June 2015 , Tsvetanov joined CSKA Sofia . He lost his first choice status when the team was reinstated to the A PFG . Vereya . In July 2016 , he signed a contract with newly promoted top division club Vereya . Stal Mielec . On 11 July 2017 , Tsvetanov signed with I liga side Stal Mielec . Slavia Sofia . On 5 February 2018 , Tsvetanov confirmed to the media that he had signed with Slavia Sofia . On 12 July 2018 , Tsvetanov scored his first-ever goal in European competition , netting only goal in a 1–0 away win against FC Ilves in the first qualifying round of the 2018–19 UEFA Europa League . Lokomotiv Plovdiv . On 15 June 2019 Tsvetanov won his 5th Bulgarian Cup and 1st for his new club Lokomotiv Plovdiv . On 1 July 2020 he won the Bulgarian Cup again , scoring the last penalty kick in the shoot-out against CSKA Sofia . International career . He made his debut for Bulgaria national football team on 25 March 2021 in a World Cup qualifier against Switzerland . Career statistics . As of 20 March 2021 Honours . Club . - Litex Lovech - Bulgarian League ( 2 ) : 2009–10 , 2010–11 - Bulgarian Cup ( 2 ) : 2007–08 , 2008–09 - Bulgarian Supercup : 2010 - CSKA Sofia - Bulgarian Cup : 2015–16 - Slavia Sofia - Bulgarian Cup : 2017–18 - Lokomotiv Plovdiv - Bulgarian Cup ( 2 ) : 2018–19 , 2019–20 - Bulgarian Supercup : 2020
|
[
"Botev Plovdiv"
] |
[
{
"text": " Momchil Emilov Tsvetanov ( ; born 3 December 1990 ) is a Bulgarian professional footballer who plays for Lokomotiv Plovdiv . Although he predominantly plays as a winger , he has also been deployed as a left-back . A product of Spartak Plevens youth academy , he has represented Bulgaria at all youth levels . Tsvetanov was part of U19 squad for the 2008 UEFA European Under-19 Championship .",
"title": "Momchil Tsvetanov"
},
{
"text": " Born in Pleven , Tsvetanov began his career playing for local club Spartak . On 9 September 2006 , at the age of 16 he made his professional debut in the B Group , playing the second half of a 3–0 defeat to Minyor Pernik . He scored his first goal on 7 April 2007 against Hebar Pazardzhik in a 2–0 home league victory . He made 15 league appearances , scoring three goals during his debut season . In the following season Tsvetanov scored four goals in 12 matches .",
"title": "Spartak Pleven"
},
{
"text": " In January 2008 , Tsvetanov joined Litex Lovech on a four-and-a-half year contract for an undisclosed fee . He made his competitive debut in the A Group in a 0–0 draw against CSKA Sofia on 1 March 2008 . He played for 45 minutes . On 12 July 2011 , Tsvetanov assisted Svetoslav Todorov twice in a 2–1 away win over Mogren Budva in the second qualifying round of the 2011–12 Champions League .",
"title": "Litex Lovech"
},
{
"text": " After six years in Lovech , Tsvetanov surprisingly signed a two-year contract with Botev Plovdiv as a free agent on 21 August 2014 . He made his league debut for Botev three days later when he came on as 73rd-minute substitute in a match against Slavia Sofia which Botev won 2-0 . Momchil Tsvetanov played in 14 games in A Grupa and 3 games for the Bulgarian Cup without scoring any goals and without making any assists . He failed to impress and at the end of the season his contract was terminated by mutual agreement .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": " On 30 June 2015 , Tsvetanov joined CSKA Sofia . He lost his first choice status when the team was reinstated to the A PFG .",
"title": "CSKA Sofia"
},
{
"text": " In July 2016 , he signed a contract with newly promoted top division club Vereya .",
"title": "Vereya"
},
{
"text": " On 5 February 2018 , Tsvetanov confirmed to the media that he had signed with Slavia Sofia . On 12 July 2018 , Tsvetanov scored his first-ever goal in European competition , netting only goal in a 1–0 away win against FC Ilves in the first qualifying round of the 2018–19 UEFA Europa League .",
"title": "Slavia Sofia"
},
{
"text": " On 15 June 2019 Tsvetanov won his 5th Bulgarian Cup and 1st for his new club Lokomotiv Plovdiv . On 1 July 2020 he won the Bulgarian Cup again , scoring the last penalty kick in the shoot-out against CSKA Sofia .",
"title": "Lokomotiv Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": " He made his debut for Bulgaria national football team on 25 March 2021 in a World Cup qualifier against Switzerland .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Litex Lovech - Bulgarian League ( 2 ) : 2009–10 , 2010–11 - Bulgarian Cup ( 2 ) : 2007–08 , 2008–09 - Bulgarian Supercup : 2010 - CSKA Sofia - Bulgarian Cup : 2015–16 - Slavia Sofia - Bulgarian Cup : 2017–18 - Lokomotiv Plovdiv - Bulgarian Cup ( 2 ) : 2018–19 , 2019–20 - Bulgarian Supercup : 2020",
"title": "Club"
}
] |
/wiki/Momchil_Tsvetanov#P54#3
|
Momchil Tsvetanov played for which team in Apr 2015?
|
Momchil Tsvetanov Momchil Emilov Tsvetanov ( ; born 3 December 1990 ) is a Bulgarian professional footballer who plays for Lokomotiv Plovdiv . Although he predominantly plays as a winger , he has also been deployed as a left-back . A product of Spartak Plevens youth academy , he has represented Bulgaria at all youth levels . Tsvetanov was part of U19 squad for the 2008 UEFA European Under-19 Championship . Club career . Spartak Pleven . Born in Pleven , Tsvetanov began his career playing for local club Spartak . On 9 September 2006 , at the age of 16 he made his professional debut in the B Group , playing the second half of a 3–0 defeat to Minyor Pernik . He scored his first goal on 7 April 2007 against Hebar Pazardzhik in a 2–0 home league victory . He made 15 league appearances , scoring three goals during his debut season . In the following season Tsvetanov scored four goals in 12 matches . Litex Lovech . In January 2008 , Tsvetanov joined Litex Lovech on a four-and-a-half year contract for an undisclosed fee . He made his competitive debut in the A Group in a 0–0 draw against CSKA Sofia on 1 March 2008 . He played for 45 minutes . On 12 July 2011 , Tsvetanov assisted Svetoslav Todorov twice in a 2–1 away win over Mogren Budva in the second qualifying round of the 2011–12 Champions League . Botev Plovdiv . After six years in Lovech , Tsvetanov surprisingly signed a two-year contract with Botev Plovdiv as a free agent on 21 August 2014 . He made his league debut for Botev three days later when he came on as 73rd-minute substitute in a match against Slavia Sofia which Botev won 2-0 . Momchil Tsvetanov played in 14 games in A Grupa and 3 games for the Bulgarian Cup without scoring any goals and without making any assists . He failed to impress and at the end of the season his contract was terminated by mutual agreement . CSKA Sofia . On 30 June 2015 , Tsvetanov joined CSKA Sofia . He lost his first choice status when the team was reinstated to the A PFG . Vereya . In July 2016 , he signed a contract with newly promoted top division club Vereya . Stal Mielec . On 11 July 2017 , Tsvetanov signed with I liga side Stal Mielec . Slavia Sofia . On 5 February 2018 , Tsvetanov confirmed to the media that he had signed with Slavia Sofia . On 12 July 2018 , Tsvetanov scored his first-ever goal in European competition , netting only goal in a 1–0 away win against FC Ilves in the first qualifying round of the 2018–19 UEFA Europa League . Lokomotiv Plovdiv . On 15 June 2019 Tsvetanov won his 5th Bulgarian Cup and 1st for his new club Lokomotiv Plovdiv . On 1 July 2020 he won the Bulgarian Cup again , scoring the last penalty kick in the shoot-out against CSKA Sofia . International career . He made his debut for Bulgaria national football team on 25 March 2021 in a World Cup qualifier against Switzerland . Career statistics . As of 20 March 2021 Honours . Club . - Litex Lovech - Bulgarian League ( 2 ) : 2009–10 , 2010–11 - Bulgarian Cup ( 2 ) : 2007–08 , 2008–09 - Bulgarian Supercup : 2010 - CSKA Sofia - Bulgarian Cup : 2015–16 - Slavia Sofia - Bulgarian Cup : 2017–18 - Lokomotiv Plovdiv - Bulgarian Cup ( 2 ) : 2018–19 , 2019–20 - Bulgarian Supercup : 2020
|
[
"CSKA Sofia"
] |
[
{
"text": " Momchil Emilov Tsvetanov ( ; born 3 December 1990 ) is a Bulgarian professional footballer who plays for Lokomotiv Plovdiv . Although he predominantly plays as a winger , he has also been deployed as a left-back . A product of Spartak Plevens youth academy , he has represented Bulgaria at all youth levels . Tsvetanov was part of U19 squad for the 2008 UEFA European Under-19 Championship .",
"title": "Momchil Tsvetanov"
},
{
"text": " Born in Pleven , Tsvetanov began his career playing for local club Spartak . On 9 September 2006 , at the age of 16 he made his professional debut in the B Group , playing the second half of a 3–0 defeat to Minyor Pernik . He scored his first goal on 7 April 2007 against Hebar Pazardzhik in a 2–0 home league victory . He made 15 league appearances , scoring three goals during his debut season . In the following season Tsvetanov scored four goals in 12 matches .",
"title": "Spartak Pleven"
},
{
"text": " In January 2008 , Tsvetanov joined Litex Lovech on a four-and-a-half year contract for an undisclosed fee . He made his competitive debut in the A Group in a 0–0 draw against CSKA Sofia on 1 March 2008 . He played for 45 minutes . On 12 July 2011 , Tsvetanov assisted Svetoslav Todorov twice in a 2–1 away win over Mogren Budva in the second qualifying round of the 2011–12 Champions League .",
"title": "Litex Lovech"
},
{
"text": " After six years in Lovech , Tsvetanov surprisingly signed a two-year contract with Botev Plovdiv as a free agent on 21 August 2014 . He made his league debut for Botev three days later when he came on as 73rd-minute substitute in a match against Slavia Sofia which Botev won 2-0 . Momchil Tsvetanov played in 14 games in A Grupa and 3 games for the Bulgarian Cup without scoring any goals and without making any assists . He failed to impress and at the end of the season his contract was terminated by mutual agreement .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": " On 30 June 2015 , Tsvetanov joined CSKA Sofia . He lost his first choice status when the team was reinstated to the A PFG .",
"title": "CSKA Sofia"
},
{
"text": " In July 2016 , he signed a contract with newly promoted top division club Vereya .",
"title": "Vereya"
},
{
"text": " On 5 February 2018 , Tsvetanov confirmed to the media that he had signed with Slavia Sofia . On 12 July 2018 , Tsvetanov scored his first-ever goal in European competition , netting only goal in a 1–0 away win against FC Ilves in the first qualifying round of the 2018–19 UEFA Europa League .",
"title": "Slavia Sofia"
},
{
"text": " On 15 June 2019 Tsvetanov won his 5th Bulgarian Cup and 1st for his new club Lokomotiv Plovdiv . On 1 July 2020 he won the Bulgarian Cup again , scoring the last penalty kick in the shoot-out against CSKA Sofia .",
"title": "Lokomotiv Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": " He made his debut for Bulgaria national football team on 25 March 2021 in a World Cup qualifier against Switzerland .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Litex Lovech - Bulgarian League ( 2 ) : 2009–10 , 2010–11 - Bulgarian Cup ( 2 ) : 2007–08 , 2008–09 - Bulgarian Supercup : 2010 - CSKA Sofia - Bulgarian Cup : 2015–16 - Slavia Sofia - Bulgarian Cup : 2017–18 - Lokomotiv Plovdiv - Bulgarian Cup ( 2 ) : 2018–19 , 2019–20 - Bulgarian Supercup : 2020",
"title": "Club"
}
] |
/wiki/Alajos_Hauszmann#P69#0
|
Where was Alajos Hauszmann educated in Aug 1864?
|
Alajos Hauszmann Alajos Hauszmann ( also called as Alois , June 9 , 1847 – July 31 , 1926 ) was a Hungarian architect , professor , and member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . Life . Hauszmann was born in Buda in 1847 into a family of Bavarian origin as the son of Ferenc Hauszmann and Anna Maár ( siblings : Hermina ( 1845–1929 ) , Ferenc ( 1850–1918 ) and Kornélia ( 1854-1837 ) ) . He studied painting from 1861 , then became a bricklayers apprentice . In 1864 he attended Technical University of Budapest , and in 1866 he continued architecture studies at the Bauakademie in Berlin , along with Ödön Lechner . - 1868 Assistant Professor at the Technical University of Budapest - 1869-1870 . Grand tour of Italy to study renaissance architecture - 1872 Professor at the Technical University for the next 40 years - 1874 Married Mariette Senior , whom he met in Berlin - Designed barracks for the Red Cross , to be known as Hauszmann-barracks in Austria and Switzerland - 1891 Named chief architect for Buda Castle in Budapest - Received the Order of Franz Joseph , Grand Cross In 1912 Hauszmann retired , and a year later he created a foundation for young architects graduating from the Technical University . In 1914 he went on an extended journey to Egypt and the Holy Land . In 1918 he was ennobled by King Charles IV of Hungary ; however , in the following year , his private home was confiscated during the Hungarian Soviet Republic . In 1924 he was elected an honorary member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . He died , aged 79 , in Velence . Major works . Architecture and design . - 1870 German Theater , Budapest ( destroyed by fire in 1890 ) - 1870 Kiosk , Erzsébet tér , Budapest ( destroyed ) - 1871-1872 Tüköry palace , Budapest ( destroyed ) - 1874-1875 Coburg palace , Budapest ( destroyed ) - 1876 Church of the Sacred Heart , Gyoma - 1876-1878 Kégl mansion , Székesfehérvár - 1877-1878 City Hall and theater , Szombathely ( destroyed ) - 1878 Stefánia Yacht Club , Balatonfüred - 1878-1879 Kégl palace , Budapest - 1878-1880 St . Stephen Hospital , Budapest - 1881-1883 Austro-Hungarian Bank , Szombathely - 1882 Hungarian Parliament Building , Budapest ( prize winning design , not built ) - 1882-1884 Erzsébet Hospital for the Red Cross , Budapest - 1883-1884 Teachers Training College , Budapest - 1883-1884 Főreáliskola , Budapest - 1884 Teachers Training Institute , Budapest - 1884 Scottish Abbey , Budapest ( destroyed ) - 1884-1885 Nádasdy Mansion renovation and chapel , Nádasdladány - 1884-1885 Batthyány palace , Budapest - 1884-1886 Girls Lyceum , Sopron - 1884-1889 University Pathology Institute , Kolozsvár ( today Cluj-Napoca ) - 1886 University Public Health Institute , Kolozsvár ( today Cluj-Napoca ) - 1886 State Institute for Teaching Women , Budapest - 1886-1887 Institute for Forensic Medicine , Budapest - 1887-1889 Northeast Railroad Company apartment building , Budapest - 1887-1889 Technical Training School and Museum , Budapest - 1888-1890 Budapest Court House and Penitentiary , Budapest - 1889-1890 commercial building , Budapest - 1890 Kálmán Szélls mansion , Rátót - 1890-1894 County hospital , Nitra - 1891-1905 Buda Castle , Budapest , including the interiors - 1891 Hauszmann house , Budapest - 1890-1894 New York Palace , Budapest - 1893 General Hospital , Kolozsvár ( today Cluj-Napoca ) - 1893-1896 Royal Hungarian Palace of Justice , Budapest ( Kúria , today : Ethnographic Museum ) - 1893-1897 Governors Palace , Rijeka - 1902-1909 Royal Joseph Technical University , central building , Budapest - 1904 City Hall , Nagyvárad ( today Oradea ) - 1910 National Theater , Budapest ( not built ) Publications . - A budapesti igazságügyi palota ( Magy . Mérnök és Építész Egyl . Közl. , 1897 ) - A kir . József műegyetem új otthona ( Magy . Mérnök és Építész Egyl . Közl. , 1909 ) - A magyar királyi vár ( Budapest , 1912 ) - Budapest városának építészeti fejlődésének története ( Akad . Ért . 1925 ) . References . - Gerle , János , ed . Hauszmann Alajos ( Holnap Kiadó , Budapest , 2002 ) ( ) External links . - In Hungarian : - Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon - Elek Artúr , Hauszmann Alajos ( 1847–1926 ) , Nyugat , 1926 . II . 311–312.p .
|
[
"Technical University of Budapest"
] |
[
{
"text": " Alajos Hauszmann ( also called as Alois , June 9 , 1847 – July 31 , 1926 ) was a Hungarian architect , professor , and member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences .",
"title": "Alajos Hauszmann"
},
{
"text": " Hauszmann was born in Buda in 1847 into a family of Bavarian origin as the son of Ferenc Hauszmann and Anna Maár ( siblings : Hermina ( 1845–1929 ) , Ferenc ( 1850–1918 ) and Kornélia ( 1854-1837 ) ) . He studied painting from 1861 , then became a bricklayers apprentice . In 1864 he attended Technical University of Budapest , and in 1866 he continued architecture studies at the Bauakademie in Berlin , along with Ödön Lechner . - 1868 Assistant Professor at the Technical University of Budapest",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "- 1869-1870 . Grand tour of Italy to study renaissance architecture",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " - 1872 Professor at the Technical University for the next 40 years - 1874 Married Mariette Senior , whom he met in Berlin - Designed barracks for the Red Cross , to be known as Hauszmann-barracks in Austria and Switzerland - 1891 Named chief architect for Buda Castle in Budapest - Received the Order of Franz Joseph , Grand Cross",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "In 1912 Hauszmann retired , and a year later he created a foundation for young architects graduating from the Technical University . In 1914 he went on an extended journey to Egypt and the Holy Land . In 1918 he was ennobled by King Charles IV of Hungary ; however , in the following year , his private home was confiscated during the Hungarian Soviet Republic . In 1924 he was elected an honorary member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . He died , aged 79 , in Velence .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " - 1870 German Theater , Budapest ( destroyed by fire in 1890 ) - 1870 Kiosk , Erzsébet tér , Budapest ( destroyed ) - 1871-1872 Tüköry palace , Budapest ( destroyed ) - 1874-1875 Coburg palace , Budapest ( destroyed ) - 1876 Church of the Sacred Heart , Gyoma - 1876-1878 Kégl mansion , Székesfehérvár - 1877-1878 City Hall and theater , Szombathely ( destroyed ) - 1878 Stefánia Yacht Club , Balatonfüred - 1878-1879 Kégl palace , Budapest - 1878-1880 St . Stephen Hospital , Budapest - 1881-1883 Austro-Hungarian Bank , Szombathely",
"title": "Architecture and design"
},
{
"text": "- 1882 Hungarian Parliament Building , Budapest ( prize winning design , not built )",
"title": "Architecture and design"
},
{
"text": " - 1882-1884 Erzsébet Hospital for the Red Cross , Budapest - 1883-1884 Teachers Training College , Budapest - 1883-1884 Főreáliskola , Budapest - 1884 Teachers Training Institute , Budapest - 1884 Scottish Abbey , Budapest ( destroyed ) - 1884-1885 Nádasdy Mansion renovation and chapel , Nádasdladány - 1884-1885 Batthyány palace , Budapest - 1884-1886 Girls Lyceum , Sopron - 1884-1889 University Pathology Institute , Kolozsvár ( today Cluj-Napoca ) - 1886 University Public Health Institute , Kolozsvár ( today Cluj-Napoca ) - 1886 State Institute for Teaching Women , Budapest - 1886-1887 Institute for Forensic Medicine , Budapest",
"title": "Architecture and design"
},
{
"text": "- 1887-1889 Northeast Railroad Company apartment building , Budapest",
"title": "Architecture and design"
},
{
"text": " - 1887-1889 Technical Training School and Museum , Budapest - 1888-1890 Budapest Court House and Penitentiary , Budapest - 1889-1890 commercial building , Budapest - 1890 Kálmán Szélls mansion , Rátót - 1890-1894 County hospital , Nitra - 1891-1905 Buda Castle , Budapest , including the interiors - 1891 Hauszmann house , Budapest - 1890-1894 New York Palace , Budapest - 1893 General Hospital , Kolozsvár ( today Cluj-Napoca ) - 1893-1896 Royal Hungarian Palace of Justice , Budapest ( Kúria , today : Ethnographic Museum ) - 1893-1897 Governors Palace , Rijeka",
"title": "Architecture and design"
},
{
"text": "- 1902-1909 Royal Joseph Technical University , central building , Budapest",
"title": "Architecture and design"
},
{
"text": " - 1904 City Hall , Nagyvárad ( today Oradea ) - 1910 National Theater , Budapest ( not built )",
"title": "Architecture and design"
},
{
"text": " - A budapesti igazságügyi palota ( Magy . Mérnök és Építész Egyl . Közl. , 1897 ) - A kir . József műegyetem új otthona ( Magy . Mérnök és Építész Egyl . Közl. , 1909 ) - A magyar királyi vár ( Budapest , 1912 ) - Budapest városának építészeti fejlődésének története ( Akad . Ért . 1925 ) .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " - Gerle , János , ed . Hauszmann Alajos ( Holnap Kiadó , Budapest , 2002 ) ( )",
"title": "References"
},
{
"text": " - In Hungarian : - Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon - Elek Artúr , Hauszmann Alajos ( 1847–1926 ) , Nyugat , 1926 . II . 311–312.p .",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Alajos_Hauszmann#P69#1
|
Where was Alajos Hauszmann educated between May 1866 and Oct 1866?
|
Alajos Hauszmann Alajos Hauszmann ( also called as Alois , June 9 , 1847 – July 31 , 1926 ) was a Hungarian architect , professor , and member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . Life . Hauszmann was born in Buda in 1847 into a family of Bavarian origin as the son of Ferenc Hauszmann and Anna Maár ( siblings : Hermina ( 1845–1929 ) , Ferenc ( 1850–1918 ) and Kornélia ( 1854-1837 ) ) . He studied painting from 1861 , then became a bricklayers apprentice . In 1864 he attended Technical University of Budapest , and in 1866 he continued architecture studies at the Bauakademie in Berlin , along with Ödön Lechner . - 1868 Assistant Professor at the Technical University of Budapest - 1869-1870 . Grand tour of Italy to study renaissance architecture - 1872 Professor at the Technical University for the next 40 years - 1874 Married Mariette Senior , whom he met in Berlin - Designed barracks for the Red Cross , to be known as Hauszmann-barracks in Austria and Switzerland - 1891 Named chief architect for Buda Castle in Budapest - Received the Order of Franz Joseph , Grand Cross In 1912 Hauszmann retired , and a year later he created a foundation for young architects graduating from the Technical University . In 1914 he went on an extended journey to Egypt and the Holy Land . In 1918 he was ennobled by King Charles IV of Hungary ; however , in the following year , his private home was confiscated during the Hungarian Soviet Republic . In 1924 he was elected an honorary member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . He died , aged 79 , in Velence . Major works . Architecture and design . - 1870 German Theater , Budapest ( destroyed by fire in 1890 ) - 1870 Kiosk , Erzsébet tér , Budapest ( destroyed ) - 1871-1872 Tüköry palace , Budapest ( destroyed ) - 1874-1875 Coburg palace , Budapest ( destroyed ) - 1876 Church of the Sacred Heart , Gyoma - 1876-1878 Kégl mansion , Székesfehérvár - 1877-1878 City Hall and theater , Szombathely ( destroyed ) - 1878 Stefánia Yacht Club , Balatonfüred - 1878-1879 Kégl palace , Budapest - 1878-1880 St . Stephen Hospital , Budapest - 1881-1883 Austro-Hungarian Bank , Szombathely - 1882 Hungarian Parliament Building , Budapest ( prize winning design , not built ) - 1882-1884 Erzsébet Hospital for the Red Cross , Budapest - 1883-1884 Teachers Training College , Budapest - 1883-1884 Főreáliskola , Budapest - 1884 Teachers Training Institute , Budapest - 1884 Scottish Abbey , Budapest ( destroyed ) - 1884-1885 Nádasdy Mansion renovation and chapel , Nádasdladány - 1884-1885 Batthyány palace , Budapest - 1884-1886 Girls Lyceum , Sopron - 1884-1889 University Pathology Institute , Kolozsvár ( today Cluj-Napoca ) - 1886 University Public Health Institute , Kolozsvár ( today Cluj-Napoca ) - 1886 State Institute for Teaching Women , Budapest - 1886-1887 Institute for Forensic Medicine , Budapest - 1887-1889 Northeast Railroad Company apartment building , Budapest - 1887-1889 Technical Training School and Museum , Budapest - 1888-1890 Budapest Court House and Penitentiary , Budapest - 1889-1890 commercial building , Budapest - 1890 Kálmán Szélls mansion , Rátót - 1890-1894 County hospital , Nitra - 1891-1905 Buda Castle , Budapest , including the interiors - 1891 Hauszmann house , Budapest - 1890-1894 New York Palace , Budapest - 1893 General Hospital , Kolozsvár ( today Cluj-Napoca ) - 1893-1896 Royal Hungarian Palace of Justice , Budapest ( Kúria , today : Ethnographic Museum ) - 1893-1897 Governors Palace , Rijeka - 1902-1909 Royal Joseph Technical University , central building , Budapest - 1904 City Hall , Nagyvárad ( today Oradea ) - 1910 National Theater , Budapest ( not built ) Publications . - A budapesti igazságügyi palota ( Magy . Mérnök és Építész Egyl . Közl. , 1897 ) - A kir . József műegyetem új otthona ( Magy . Mérnök és Építész Egyl . Közl. , 1909 ) - A magyar királyi vár ( Budapest , 1912 ) - Budapest városának építészeti fejlődésének története ( Akad . Ért . 1925 ) . References . - Gerle , János , ed . Hauszmann Alajos ( Holnap Kiadó , Budapest , 2002 ) ( ) External links . - In Hungarian : - Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon - Elek Artúr , Hauszmann Alajos ( 1847–1926 ) , Nyugat , 1926 . II . 311–312.p .
|
[
"Bauakademie in Berlin"
] |
[
{
"text": " Alajos Hauszmann ( also called as Alois , June 9 , 1847 – July 31 , 1926 ) was a Hungarian architect , professor , and member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences .",
"title": "Alajos Hauszmann"
},
{
"text": " Hauszmann was born in Buda in 1847 into a family of Bavarian origin as the son of Ferenc Hauszmann and Anna Maár ( siblings : Hermina ( 1845–1929 ) , Ferenc ( 1850–1918 ) and Kornélia ( 1854-1837 ) ) . He studied painting from 1861 , then became a bricklayers apprentice . In 1864 he attended Technical University of Budapest , and in 1866 he continued architecture studies at the Bauakademie in Berlin , along with Ödön Lechner . - 1868 Assistant Professor at the Technical University of Budapest",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "- 1869-1870 . Grand tour of Italy to study renaissance architecture",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " - 1872 Professor at the Technical University for the next 40 years - 1874 Married Mariette Senior , whom he met in Berlin - Designed barracks for the Red Cross , to be known as Hauszmann-barracks in Austria and Switzerland - 1891 Named chief architect for Buda Castle in Budapest - Received the Order of Franz Joseph , Grand Cross",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "In 1912 Hauszmann retired , and a year later he created a foundation for young architects graduating from the Technical University . In 1914 he went on an extended journey to Egypt and the Holy Land . In 1918 he was ennobled by King Charles IV of Hungary ; however , in the following year , his private home was confiscated during the Hungarian Soviet Republic . In 1924 he was elected an honorary member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . He died , aged 79 , in Velence .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " - 1870 German Theater , Budapest ( destroyed by fire in 1890 ) - 1870 Kiosk , Erzsébet tér , Budapest ( destroyed ) - 1871-1872 Tüköry palace , Budapest ( destroyed ) - 1874-1875 Coburg palace , Budapest ( destroyed ) - 1876 Church of the Sacred Heart , Gyoma - 1876-1878 Kégl mansion , Székesfehérvár - 1877-1878 City Hall and theater , Szombathely ( destroyed ) - 1878 Stefánia Yacht Club , Balatonfüred - 1878-1879 Kégl palace , Budapest - 1878-1880 St . Stephen Hospital , Budapest - 1881-1883 Austro-Hungarian Bank , Szombathely",
"title": "Architecture and design"
},
{
"text": "- 1882 Hungarian Parliament Building , Budapest ( prize winning design , not built )",
"title": "Architecture and design"
},
{
"text": " - 1882-1884 Erzsébet Hospital for the Red Cross , Budapest - 1883-1884 Teachers Training College , Budapest - 1883-1884 Főreáliskola , Budapest - 1884 Teachers Training Institute , Budapest - 1884 Scottish Abbey , Budapest ( destroyed ) - 1884-1885 Nádasdy Mansion renovation and chapel , Nádasdladány - 1884-1885 Batthyány palace , Budapest - 1884-1886 Girls Lyceum , Sopron - 1884-1889 University Pathology Institute , Kolozsvár ( today Cluj-Napoca ) - 1886 University Public Health Institute , Kolozsvár ( today Cluj-Napoca ) - 1886 State Institute for Teaching Women , Budapest - 1886-1887 Institute for Forensic Medicine , Budapest",
"title": "Architecture and design"
},
{
"text": "- 1887-1889 Northeast Railroad Company apartment building , Budapest",
"title": "Architecture and design"
},
{
"text": " - 1887-1889 Technical Training School and Museum , Budapest - 1888-1890 Budapest Court House and Penitentiary , Budapest - 1889-1890 commercial building , Budapest - 1890 Kálmán Szélls mansion , Rátót - 1890-1894 County hospital , Nitra - 1891-1905 Buda Castle , Budapest , including the interiors - 1891 Hauszmann house , Budapest - 1890-1894 New York Palace , Budapest - 1893 General Hospital , Kolozsvár ( today Cluj-Napoca ) - 1893-1896 Royal Hungarian Palace of Justice , Budapest ( Kúria , today : Ethnographic Museum ) - 1893-1897 Governors Palace , Rijeka",
"title": "Architecture and design"
},
{
"text": "- 1902-1909 Royal Joseph Technical University , central building , Budapest",
"title": "Architecture and design"
},
{
"text": " - 1904 City Hall , Nagyvárad ( today Oradea ) - 1910 National Theater , Budapest ( not built )",
"title": "Architecture and design"
},
{
"text": " - A budapesti igazságügyi palota ( Magy . Mérnök és Építész Egyl . Közl. , 1897 ) - A kir . József műegyetem új otthona ( Magy . Mérnök és Építész Egyl . Közl. , 1909 ) - A magyar királyi vár ( Budapest , 1912 ) - Budapest városának építészeti fejlődésének története ( Akad . Ért . 1925 ) .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " - Gerle , János , ed . Hauszmann Alajos ( Holnap Kiadó , Budapest , 2002 ) ( )",
"title": "References"
},
{
"text": " - In Hungarian : - Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon - Elek Artúr , Hauszmann Alajos ( 1847–1926 ) , Nyugat , 1926 . II . 311–312.p .",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Alajos_Hauszmann#P69#2
|
Where was Alajos Hauszmann educated between May 1856 and Apr 1859?
|
Alajos Hauszmann Alajos Hauszmann ( also called as Alois , June 9 , 1847 – July 31 , 1926 ) was a Hungarian architect , professor , and member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . Life . Hauszmann was born in Buda in 1847 into a family of Bavarian origin as the son of Ferenc Hauszmann and Anna Maár ( siblings : Hermina ( 1845–1929 ) , Ferenc ( 1850–1918 ) and Kornélia ( 1854-1837 ) ) . He studied painting from 1861 , then became a bricklayers apprentice . In 1864 he attended Technical University of Budapest , and in 1866 he continued architecture studies at the Bauakademie in Berlin , along with Ödön Lechner . - 1868 Assistant Professor at the Technical University of Budapest - 1869-1870 . Grand tour of Italy to study renaissance architecture - 1872 Professor at the Technical University for the next 40 years - 1874 Married Mariette Senior , whom he met in Berlin - Designed barracks for the Red Cross , to be known as Hauszmann-barracks in Austria and Switzerland - 1891 Named chief architect for Buda Castle in Budapest - Received the Order of Franz Joseph , Grand Cross In 1912 Hauszmann retired , and a year later he created a foundation for young architects graduating from the Technical University . In 1914 he went on an extended journey to Egypt and the Holy Land . In 1918 he was ennobled by King Charles IV of Hungary ; however , in the following year , his private home was confiscated during the Hungarian Soviet Republic . In 1924 he was elected an honorary member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . He died , aged 79 , in Velence . Major works . Architecture and design . - 1870 German Theater , Budapest ( destroyed by fire in 1890 ) - 1870 Kiosk , Erzsébet tér , Budapest ( destroyed ) - 1871-1872 Tüköry palace , Budapest ( destroyed ) - 1874-1875 Coburg palace , Budapest ( destroyed ) - 1876 Church of the Sacred Heart , Gyoma - 1876-1878 Kégl mansion , Székesfehérvár - 1877-1878 City Hall and theater , Szombathely ( destroyed ) - 1878 Stefánia Yacht Club , Balatonfüred - 1878-1879 Kégl palace , Budapest - 1878-1880 St . Stephen Hospital , Budapest - 1881-1883 Austro-Hungarian Bank , Szombathely - 1882 Hungarian Parliament Building , Budapest ( prize winning design , not built ) - 1882-1884 Erzsébet Hospital for the Red Cross , Budapest - 1883-1884 Teachers Training College , Budapest - 1883-1884 Főreáliskola , Budapest - 1884 Teachers Training Institute , Budapest - 1884 Scottish Abbey , Budapest ( destroyed ) - 1884-1885 Nádasdy Mansion renovation and chapel , Nádasdladány - 1884-1885 Batthyány palace , Budapest - 1884-1886 Girls Lyceum , Sopron - 1884-1889 University Pathology Institute , Kolozsvár ( today Cluj-Napoca ) - 1886 University Public Health Institute , Kolozsvár ( today Cluj-Napoca ) - 1886 State Institute for Teaching Women , Budapest - 1886-1887 Institute for Forensic Medicine , Budapest - 1887-1889 Northeast Railroad Company apartment building , Budapest - 1887-1889 Technical Training School and Museum , Budapest - 1888-1890 Budapest Court House and Penitentiary , Budapest - 1889-1890 commercial building , Budapest - 1890 Kálmán Szélls mansion , Rátót - 1890-1894 County hospital , Nitra - 1891-1905 Buda Castle , Budapest , including the interiors - 1891 Hauszmann house , Budapest - 1890-1894 New York Palace , Budapest - 1893 General Hospital , Kolozsvár ( today Cluj-Napoca ) - 1893-1896 Royal Hungarian Palace of Justice , Budapest ( Kúria , today : Ethnographic Museum ) - 1893-1897 Governors Palace , Rijeka - 1902-1909 Royal Joseph Technical University , central building , Budapest - 1904 City Hall , Nagyvárad ( today Oradea ) - 1910 National Theater , Budapest ( not built ) Publications . - A budapesti igazságügyi palota ( Magy . Mérnök és Építész Egyl . Közl. , 1897 ) - A kir . József műegyetem új otthona ( Magy . Mérnök és Építész Egyl . Közl. , 1909 ) - A magyar királyi vár ( Budapest , 1912 ) - Budapest városának építészeti fejlődésének története ( Akad . Ért . 1925 ) . References . - Gerle , János , ed . Hauszmann Alajos ( Holnap Kiadó , Budapest , 2002 ) ( ) External links . - In Hungarian : - Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon - Elek Artúr , Hauszmann Alajos ( 1847–1926 ) , Nyugat , 1926 . II . 311–312.p .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Alajos Hauszmann ( also called as Alois , June 9 , 1847 – July 31 , 1926 ) was a Hungarian architect , professor , and member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences .",
"title": "Alajos Hauszmann"
},
{
"text": " Hauszmann was born in Buda in 1847 into a family of Bavarian origin as the son of Ferenc Hauszmann and Anna Maár ( siblings : Hermina ( 1845–1929 ) , Ferenc ( 1850–1918 ) and Kornélia ( 1854-1837 ) ) . He studied painting from 1861 , then became a bricklayers apprentice . In 1864 he attended Technical University of Budapest , and in 1866 he continued architecture studies at the Bauakademie in Berlin , along with Ödön Lechner . - 1868 Assistant Professor at the Technical University of Budapest",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "- 1869-1870 . Grand tour of Italy to study renaissance architecture",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " - 1872 Professor at the Technical University for the next 40 years - 1874 Married Mariette Senior , whom he met in Berlin - Designed barracks for the Red Cross , to be known as Hauszmann-barracks in Austria and Switzerland - 1891 Named chief architect for Buda Castle in Budapest - Received the Order of Franz Joseph , Grand Cross",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "In 1912 Hauszmann retired , and a year later he created a foundation for young architects graduating from the Technical University . In 1914 he went on an extended journey to Egypt and the Holy Land . In 1918 he was ennobled by King Charles IV of Hungary ; however , in the following year , his private home was confiscated during the Hungarian Soviet Republic . In 1924 he was elected an honorary member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . He died , aged 79 , in Velence .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " - 1870 German Theater , Budapest ( destroyed by fire in 1890 ) - 1870 Kiosk , Erzsébet tér , Budapest ( destroyed ) - 1871-1872 Tüköry palace , Budapest ( destroyed ) - 1874-1875 Coburg palace , Budapest ( destroyed ) - 1876 Church of the Sacred Heart , Gyoma - 1876-1878 Kégl mansion , Székesfehérvár - 1877-1878 City Hall and theater , Szombathely ( destroyed ) - 1878 Stefánia Yacht Club , Balatonfüred - 1878-1879 Kégl palace , Budapest - 1878-1880 St . Stephen Hospital , Budapest - 1881-1883 Austro-Hungarian Bank , Szombathely",
"title": "Architecture and design"
},
{
"text": "- 1882 Hungarian Parliament Building , Budapest ( prize winning design , not built )",
"title": "Architecture and design"
},
{
"text": " - 1882-1884 Erzsébet Hospital for the Red Cross , Budapest - 1883-1884 Teachers Training College , Budapest - 1883-1884 Főreáliskola , Budapest - 1884 Teachers Training Institute , Budapest - 1884 Scottish Abbey , Budapest ( destroyed ) - 1884-1885 Nádasdy Mansion renovation and chapel , Nádasdladány - 1884-1885 Batthyány palace , Budapest - 1884-1886 Girls Lyceum , Sopron - 1884-1889 University Pathology Institute , Kolozsvár ( today Cluj-Napoca ) - 1886 University Public Health Institute , Kolozsvár ( today Cluj-Napoca ) - 1886 State Institute for Teaching Women , Budapest - 1886-1887 Institute for Forensic Medicine , Budapest",
"title": "Architecture and design"
},
{
"text": "- 1887-1889 Northeast Railroad Company apartment building , Budapest",
"title": "Architecture and design"
},
{
"text": " - 1887-1889 Technical Training School and Museum , Budapest - 1888-1890 Budapest Court House and Penitentiary , Budapest - 1889-1890 commercial building , Budapest - 1890 Kálmán Szélls mansion , Rátót - 1890-1894 County hospital , Nitra - 1891-1905 Buda Castle , Budapest , including the interiors - 1891 Hauszmann house , Budapest - 1890-1894 New York Palace , Budapest - 1893 General Hospital , Kolozsvár ( today Cluj-Napoca ) - 1893-1896 Royal Hungarian Palace of Justice , Budapest ( Kúria , today : Ethnographic Museum ) - 1893-1897 Governors Palace , Rijeka",
"title": "Architecture and design"
},
{
"text": "- 1902-1909 Royal Joseph Technical University , central building , Budapest",
"title": "Architecture and design"
},
{
"text": " - 1904 City Hall , Nagyvárad ( today Oradea ) - 1910 National Theater , Budapest ( not built )",
"title": "Architecture and design"
},
{
"text": " - A budapesti igazságügyi palota ( Magy . Mérnök és Építész Egyl . Közl. , 1897 ) - A kir . József műegyetem új otthona ( Magy . Mérnök és Építész Egyl . Közl. , 1909 ) - A magyar királyi vár ( Budapest , 1912 ) - Budapest városának építészeti fejlődésének története ( Akad . Ért . 1925 ) .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " - Gerle , János , ed . Hauszmann Alajos ( Holnap Kiadó , Budapest , 2002 ) ( )",
"title": "References"
},
{
"text": " - In Hungarian : - Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon - Elek Artúr , Hauszmann Alajos ( 1847–1926 ) , Nyugat , 1926 . II . 311–312.p .",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/German_submarine_U-256#P4791#0
|
Who commanded German submarine U-256 in May 1942?
|
German submarine U-256 German submarine U-256 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germanys Kriegsmarine during World War II , she also served for a short time as an anti-aircraft submarine under the designation U-flak 2 . During her career , U-256 completed five wartime patrols and sank one warship of 1,300 tons . The submarine was laid down on 15 February 1941 at the Bremer Vulkan yard at Bremen-Vegesack as yard number 21 . She was launched on 28 October and commissioned on 18 December under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Odo Loewe . U-256 was assigned to the 8th U-Boat Flotilla for training , then transferred to the 9th U-boat Flotilla for operational service . Design . German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines . U-256 had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged . She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke , six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of for use while surfaced , two AEG GU 460/8–27 double-acting electric motors producing a total of for use while submerged . She had two shafts and two propellers . The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to . The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged , the boat could operate for at ; when surfaced , she could travel at . U-256 was fitted with five torpedo tubes ( four fitted at the bow and one at the stern ) , fourteen torpedoes , one SK C/35 naval gun , 220 rounds , and two twin C/30 anti-aircraft guns . The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty . Service history . 1st patrol . U-256s first patrol began on 28 July 1942 during her transfer from Kiel , Germany to the 9 . Unterseebootsflottille at Brest in occupied France . During the patrol , U-256 unsuccessfully pursued Convoy SC 94 , and early on 25 August was detected by the radar of the Norwegian astern of convoy ON 122 . The U-boat crash-dived when illuminated by star shells , the corvette attacked with depth charges . The boat eventually made her escape when the corvette was obliged to return to convoy protection duties , but the submarine was damaged enough to have to abort the patrol . On the return journey , on the morning of 2 September , the U-boat was attacked by a British Whitley bomber of No . 77 Squadron RAF in the Bay of Biscay . The aircraft strafed and dropped several bombs , but the U-boats flak hit the aircraft and it crashed into the sea . U-256 limped into Lorient the next day , due to the extensive damage from the two attacks , she was withdrawn from service in November 1942 . 2nd patrol . During an overhaul which included extensive repairs , U-256 was converted to a Flakboot ( Flak boat ) in May 1943 . One of just four U-boats so modified , she was given an increased complement of anti-aircraft guns , to give her and other German submarines a better chance of fighting off enemy aircraft . U-256 was re-commissioned as U-flak 2 on 16 August 1943 . The boats second wartime patrol started on 4 October under the command of Oblt.z.S . Wilhelm Brauel ; her mission was to rendezvous with and protect , a Milchkuh ( Milk cow or re-supply U-boat ) . Such submarines could re-supply multiple U-boats at sea , and were consequently the prime target of Allied aircraft trying to disrupt U-boat activities . On 8 October , the outbound boat was attacked by a Leigh light-equipped British Wellington bomber of No . 612 Squadron RAF in the Bay of Biscay . U-256 was not damaged by the six depth charges that straddled her , and escaped by crash-diving . U-256s return fire had hit the starboard elevator and rear turret of the aircraft , but it returned safely to base . U-flak 2 was caught on the surface by the American destroyer USS Borie on 31 October . The U-boat escaped , but with minor depth charge damage . On 16 November the inbound boat encountered a Halifax Mk.II aircraft of No . 502 Squadron RAF in the Bay of Biscay . The aircraft was damaged by flak and turned away . When the Halifax returned to the area , the U-boat had already escaped by crash-diving . U-flak 2 returned to her base at Brest on 17 November . The Flak conversion was not considered a success , U-flak 2 was converted back to her original configuration in the winter of 1943/44 and renamed U-256 . 3rd patrol . U-256s third patrol started on 25 January 1944 . She steamed west and southwest of Ireland and on 20 February damaged the anti-submarine sloop , which later sank while under tow . On 19 March , inbound in the Bay of Biscay , the U-boat was strafed by a Leigh light-equipped British Liberator of 224 Squadron . The Germans observed hits from their 20 mm and 37 mm AA guns , before the aircraft dropped six depth charges , and then crashed into the sea 500 meters away . The boat was not damaged in the attack , and returned to Brest on the 22nd . 4th patrol . U-256 sailed from Brest on 6 June 1944 ( D-Day ) , but was seriously damaged when attacked by another Liberator , also of 224 Squadron the next day , and returned to Brest on the 8th . 5th patrol . On 4 September 1944 , under the command of Korvettenkapitän Heinrich Lehmann-Willenbrock , U-256 became the last U-boat to leave Brest before the port was captured by the Allies . The transit from Brest to Bergen in Norway , would be U-256s last patrol . She reached her destination on 17 October , and was decommissioned there on 23 October . Wolfpacks . U-256 took part in five wolfpacks , namely . - Steinbrinck ( 7–11 August 1942 ) - Lohs ( 11–25 August 1942 ) - Igel 2 ( 3–17 February 1944 ) - Hai 1 ( 17–22 February 1944 ) - Preussen ( 22 February - 13 March 1944 )
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " German submarine U-256 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germanys Kriegsmarine during World War II , she also served for a short time as an anti-aircraft submarine under the designation U-flak 2 . During her career , U-256 completed five wartime patrols and sank one warship of 1,300 tons . The submarine was laid down on 15 February 1941 at the Bremer Vulkan yard at Bremen-Vegesack as yard number 21 . She was launched on 28 October and commissioned on 18 December under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Odo Loewe .",
"title": "German submarine U-256"
},
{
"text": "U-256 was assigned to the 8th U-Boat Flotilla for training , then transferred to the 9th U-boat Flotilla for operational service .",
"title": "German submarine U-256"
},
{
"text": "German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines . U-256 had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged . She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke , six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of for use while surfaced , two AEG GU 460/8–27 double-acting electric motors producing a total of for use while submerged . She had two shafts and two propellers . The",
"title": "Design"
},
{
"text": "boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .",
"title": "Design"
},
{
"text": " The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged , the boat could operate for at ; when surfaced , she could travel at . U-256 was fitted with five torpedo tubes ( four fitted at the bow and one at the stern ) , fourteen torpedoes , one SK C/35 naval gun , 220 rounds , and two twin C/30 anti-aircraft guns . The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty .",
"title": "Design"
},
{
"text": " 1st patrol . U-256s first patrol began on 28 July 1942 during her transfer from Kiel , Germany to the 9 . Unterseebootsflottille at Brest in occupied France .",
"title": "Service history"
},
{
"text": "During the patrol , U-256 unsuccessfully pursued Convoy SC 94 , and early on 25 August was detected by the radar of the Norwegian astern of convoy ON 122 . The U-boat crash-dived when illuminated by star shells , the corvette attacked with depth charges . The boat eventually made her escape when the corvette was obliged to return to convoy protection duties , but the submarine was damaged enough to have to abort the patrol .",
"title": "Service history"
},
{
"text": " On the return journey , on the morning of 2 September , the U-boat was attacked by a British Whitley bomber of No . 77 Squadron RAF in the Bay of Biscay . The aircraft strafed and dropped several bombs , but the U-boats flak hit the aircraft and it crashed into the sea . U-256 limped into Lorient the next day , due to the extensive damage from the two attacks , she was withdrawn from service in November 1942 . 2nd patrol .",
"title": "Service history"
},
{
"text": "During an overhaul which included extensive repairs , U-256 was converted to a Flakboot ( Flak boat ) in May 1943 . One of just four U-boats so modified , she was given an increased complement of anti-aircraft guns , to give her and other German submarines a better chance of fighting off enemy aircraft . U-256 was re-commissioned as U-flak 2 on 16 August 1943 .",
"title": "Service history"
},
{
"text": " The boats second wartime patrol started on 4 October under the command of Oblt.z.S . Wilhelm Brauel ; her mission was to rendezvous with and protect , a Milchkuh ( Milk cow or re-supply U-boat ) . Such submarines could re-supply multiple U-boats at sea , and were consequently the prime target of Allied aircraft trying to disrupt U-boat activities .",
"title": "Service history"
},
{
"text": "On 8 October , the outbound boat was attacked by a Leigh light-equipped British Wellington bomber of No . 612 Squadron RAF in the Bay of Biscay . U-256 was not damaged by the six depth charges that straddled her , and escaped by crash-diving . U-256s return fire had hit the starboard elevator and rear turret of the aircraft , but it returned safely to base .",
"title": "Service history"
},
{
"text": " U-flak 2 was caught on the surface by the American destroyer USS Borie on 31 October . The U-boat escaped , but with minor depth charge damage . On 16 November the inbound boat encountered a Halifax Mk.II aircraft of No . 502 Squadron RAF in the Bay of Biscay . The aircraft was damaged by flak and turned away . When the Halifax returned to the area , the U-boat had already escaped by crash-diving .",
"title": "Service history"
},
{
"text": "U-flak 2 returned to her base at Brest on 17 November . The Flak conversion was not considered a success , U-flak 2 was converted back to her original configuration in the winter of 1943/44 and renamed U-256 .",
"title": "Service history"
},
{
"text": "U-256s third patrol started on 25 January 1944 . She steamed west and southwest of Ireland and on 20 February damaged the anti-submarine sloop , which later sank while under tow . On 19 March , inbound in the Bay of Biscay , the U-boat was strafed by a Leigh light-equipped British Liberator of 224 Squadron . The Germans observed hits from their 20 mm and 37 mm AA guns , before the aircraft dropped six depth charges , and then crashed into the sea 500 meters away . The boat was not damaged in the attack , and returned",
"title": "Service history"
},
{
"text": "to Brest on the 22nd .",
"title": "Service history"
},
{
"text": " 4th patrol . U-256 sailed from Brest on 6 June 1944 ( D-Day ) , but was seriously damaged when attacked by another Liberator , also of 224 Squadron the next day , and returned to Brest on the 8th . 5th patrol .",
"title": "Service history"
},
{
"text": "On 4 September 1944 , under the command of Korvettenkapitän Heinrich Lehmann-Willenbrock , U-256 became the last U-boat to leave Brest before the port was captured by the Allies . The transit from Brest to Bergen in Norway , would be U-256s last patrol . She reached her destination on 17 October , and was decommissioned there on 23 October .",
"title": "Service history"
},
{
"text": " U-256 took part in five wolfpacks , namely . - Steinbrinck ( 7–11 August 1942 ) - Lohs ( 11–25 August 1942 ) - Igel 2 ( 3–17 February 1944 ) - Hai 1 ( 17–22 February 1944 ) - Preussen ( 22 February - 13 March 1944 )",
"title": "Wolfpacks"
}
] |
/wiki/German_submarine_U-256#P4791#1
|
Who commanded German submarine U-256 between Sep 1943 and Oct 1943?
|
German submarine U-256 German submarine U-256 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germanys Kriegsmarine during World War II , she also served for a short time as an anti-aircraft submarine under the designation U-flak 2 . During her career , U-256 completed five wartime patrols and sank one warship of 1,300 tons . The submarine was laid down on 15 February 1941 at the Bremer Vulkan yard at Bremen-Vegesack as yard number 21 . She was launched on 28 October and commissioned on 18 December under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Odo Loewe . U-256 was assigned to the 8th U-Boat Flotilla for training , then transferred to the 9th U-boat Flotilla for operational service . Design . German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines . U-256 had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged . She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke , six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of for use while surfaced , two AEG GU 460/8–27 double-acting electric motors producing a total of for use while submerged . She had two shafts and two propellers . The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to . The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged , the boat could operate for at ; when surfaced , she could travel at . U-256 was fitted with five torpedo tubes ( four fitted at the bow and one at the stern ) , fourteen torpedoes , one SK C/35 naval gun , 220 rounds , and two twin C/30 anti-aircraft guns . The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty . Service history . 1st patrol . U-256s first patrol began on 28 July 1942 during her transfer from Kiel , Germany to the 9 . Unterseebootsflottille at Brest in occupied France . During the patrol , U-256 unsuccessfully pursued Convoy SC 94 , and early on 25 August was detected by the radar of the Norwegian astern of convoy ON 122 . The U-boat crash-dived when illuminated by star shells , the corvette attacked with depth charges . The boat eventually made her escape when the corvette was obliged to return to convoy protection duties , but the submarine was damaged enough to have to abort the patrol . On the return journey , on the morning of 2 September , the U-boat was attacked by a British Whitley bomber of No . 77 Squadron RAF in the Bay of Biscay . The aircraft strafed and dropped several bombs , but the U-boats flak hit the aircraft and it crashed into the sea . U-256 limped into Lorient the next day , due to the extensive damage from the two attacks , she was withdrawn from service in November 1942 . 2nd patrol . During an overhaul which included extensive repairs , U-256 was converted to a Flakboot ( Flak boat ) in May 1943 . One of just four U-boats so modified , she was given an increased complement of anti-aircraft guns , to give her and other German submarines a better chance of fighting off enemy aircraft . U-256 was re-commissioned as U-flak 2 on 16 August 1943 . The boats second wartime patrol started on 4 October under the command of Oblt.z.S . Wilhelm Brauel ; her mission was to rendezvous with and protect , a Milchkuh ( Milk cow or re-supply U-boat ) . Such submarines could re-supply multiple U-boats at sea , and were consequently the prime target of Allied aircraft trying to disrupt U-boat activities . On 8 October , the outbound boat was attacked by a Leigh light-equipped British Wellington bomber of No . 612 Squadron RAF in the Bay of Biscay . U-256 was not damaged by the six depth charges that straddled her , and escaped by crash-diving . U-256s return fire had hit the starboard elevator and rear turret of the aircraft , but it returned safely to base . U-flak 2 was caught on the surface by the American destroyer USS Borie on 31 October . The U-boat escaped , but with minor depth charge damage . On 16 November the inbound boat encountered a Halifax Mk.II aircraft of No . 502 Squadron RAF in the Bay of Biscay . The aircraft was damaged by flak and turned away . When the Halifax returned to the area , the U-boat had already escaped by crash-diving . U-flak 2 returned to her base at Brest on 17 November . The Flak conversion was not considered a success , U-flak 2 was converted back to her original configuration in the winter of 1943/44 and renamed U-256 . 3rd patrol . U-256s third patrol started on 25 January 1944 . She steamed west and southwest of Ireland and on 20 February damaged the anti-submarine sloop , which later sank while under tow . On 19 March , inbound in the Bay of Biscay , the U-boat was strafed by a Leigh light-equipped British Liberator of 224 Squadron . The Germans observed hits from their 20 mm and 37 mm AA guns , before the aircraft dropped six depth charges , and then crashed into the sea 500 meters away . The boat was not damaged in the attack , and returned to Brest on the 22nd . 4th patrol . U-256 sailed from Brest on 6 June 1944 ( D-Day ) , but was seriously damaged when attacked by another Liberator , also of 224 Squadron the next day , and returned to Brest on the 8th . 5th patrol . On 4 September 1944 , under the command of Korvettenkapitän Heinrich Lehmann-Willenbrock , U-256 became the last U-boat to leave Brest before the port was captured by the Allies . The transit from Brest to Bergen in Norway , would be U-256s last patrol . She reached her destination on 17 October , and was decommissioned there on 23 October . Wolfpacks . U-256 took part in five wolfpacks , namely . - Steinbrinck ( 7–11 August 1942 ) - Lohs ( 11–25 August 1942 ) - Igel 2 ( 3–17 February 1944 ) - Hai 1 ( 17–22 February 1944 ) - Preussen ( 22 February - 13 March 1944 )
|
[
"Wilhelm Brauel"
] |
[
{
"text": " German submarine U-256 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germanys Kriegsmarine during World War II , she also served for a short time as an anti-aircraft submarine under the designation U-flak 2 . During her career , U-256 completed five wartime patrols and sank one warship of 1,300 tons . The submarine was laid down on 15 February 1941 at the Bremer Vulkan yard at Bremen-Vegesack as yard number 21 . She was launched on 28 October and commissioned on 18 December under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Odo Loewe .",
"title": "German submarine U-256"
},
{
"text": "U-256 was assigned to the 8th U-Boat Flotilla for training , then transferred to the 9th U-boat Flotilla for operational service .",
"title": "German submarine U-256"
},
{
"text": "German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines . U-256 had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged . She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke , six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of for use while surfaced , two AEG GU 460/8–27 double-acting electric motors producing a total of for use while submerged . She had two shafts and two propellers . The",
"title": "Design"
},
{
"text": "boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .",
"title": "Design"
},
{
"text": " The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged , the boat could operate for at ; when surfaced , she could travel at . U-256 was fitted with five torpedo tubes ( four fitted at the bow and one at the stern ) , fourteen torpedoes , one SK C/35 naval gun , 220 rounds , and two twin C/30 anti-aircraft guns . The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty .",
"title": "Design"
},
{
"text": " 1st patrol . U-256s first patrol began on 28 July 1942 during her transfer from Kiel , Germany to the 9 . Unterseebootsflottille at Brest in occupied France .",
"title": "Service history"
},
{
"text": "During the patrol , U-256 unsuccessfully pursued Convoy SC 94 , and early on 25 August was detected by the radar of the Norwegian astern of convoy ON 122 . The U-boat crash-dived when illuminated by star shells , the corvette attacked with depth charges . The boat eventually made her escape when the corvette was obliged to return to convoy protection duties , but the submarine was damaged enough to have to abort the patrol .",
"title": "Service history"
},
{
"text": " On the return journey , on the morning of 2 September , the U-boat was attacked by a British Whitley bomber of No . 77 Squadron RAF in the Bay of Biscay . The aircraft strafed and dropped several bombs , but the U-boats flak hit the aircraft and it crashed into the sea . U-256 limped into Lorient the next day , due to the extensive damage from the two attacks , she was withdrawn from service in November 1942 . 2nd patrol .",
"title": "Service history"
},
{
"text": "During an overhaul which included extensive repairs , U-256 was converted to a Flakboot ( Flak boat ) in May 1943 . One of just four U-boats so modified , she was given an increased complement of anti-aircraft guns , to give her and other German submarines a better chance of fighting off enemy aircraft . U-256 was re-commissioned as U-flak 2 on 16 August 1943 .",
"title": "Service history"
},
{
"text": " The boats second wartime patrol started on 4 October under the command of Oblt.z.S . Wilhelm Brauel ; her mission was to rendezvous with and protect , a Milchkuh ( Milk cow or re-supply U-boat ) . Such submarines could re-supply multiple U-boats at sea , and were consequently the prime target of Allied aircraft trying to disrupt U-boat activities .",
"title": "Service history"
},
{
"text": "On 8 October , the outbound boat was attacked by a Leigh light-equipped British Wellington bomber of No . 612 Squadron RAF in the Bay of Biscay . U-256 was not damaged by the six depth charges that straddled her , and escaped by crash-diving . U-256s return fire had hit the starboard elevator and rear turret of the aircraft , but it returned safely to base .",
"title": "Service history"
},
{
"text": " U-flak 2 was caught on the surface by the American destroyer USS Borie on 31 October . The U-boat escaped , but with minor depth charge damage . On 16 November the inbound boat encountered a Halifax Mk.II aircraft of No . 502 Squadron RAF in the Bay of Biscay . The aircraft was damaged by flak and turned away . When the Halifax returned to the area , the U-boat had already escaped by crash-diving .",
"title": "Service history"
},
{
"text": "U-flak 2 returned to her base at Brest on 17 November . The Flak conversion was not considered a success , U-flak 2 was converted back to her original configuration in the winter of 1943/44 and renamed U-256 .",
"title": "Service history"
},
{
"text": "U-256s third patrol started on 25 January 1944 . She steamed west and southwest of Ireland and on 20 February damaged the anti-submarine sloop , which later sank while under tow . On 19 March , inbound in the Bay of Biscay , the U-boat was strafed by a Leigh light-equipped British Liberator of 224 Squadron . The Germans observed hits from their 20 mm and 37 mm AA guns , before the aircraft dropped six depth charges , and then crashed into the sea 500 meters away . The boat was not damaged in the attack , and returned",
"title": "Service history"
},
{
"text": "to Brest on the 22nd .",
"title": "Service history"
},
{
"text": " 4th patrol . U-256 sailed from Brest on 6 June 1944 ( D-Day ) , but was seriously damaged when attacked by another Liberator , also of 224 Squadron the next day , and returned to Brest on the 8th . 5th patrol .",
"title": "Service history"
},
{
"text": "On 4 September 1944 , under the command of Korvettenkapitän Heinrich Lehmann-Willenbrock , U-256 became the last U-boat to leave Brest before the port was captured by the Allies . The transit from Brest to Bergen in Norway , would be U-256s last patrol . She reached her destination on 17 October , and was decommissioned there on 23 October .",
"title": "Service history"
},
{
"text": " U-256 took part in five wolfpacks , namely . - Steinbrinck ( 7–11 August 1942 ) - Lohs ( 11–25 August 1942 ) - Igel 2 ( 3–17 February 1944 ) - Hai 1 ( 17–22 February 1944 ) - Preussen ( 22 February - 13 March 1944 )",
"title": "Wolfpacks"
}
] |
/wiki/German_submarine_U-256#P4791#2
|
Who commanded German submarine U-256 in Sep 1944?
|
German submarine U-256 German submarine U-256 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germanys Kriegsmarine during World War II , she also served for a short time as an anti-aircraft submarine under the designation U-flak 2 . During her career , U-256 completed five wartime patrols and sank one warship of 1,300 tons . The submarine was laid down on 15 February 1941 at the Bremer Vulkan yard at Bremen-Vegesack as yard number 21 . She was launched on 28 October and commissioned on 18 December under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Odo Loewe . U-256 was assigned to the 8th U-Boat Flotilla for training , then transferred to the 9th U-boat Flotilla for operational service . Design . German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines . U-256 had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged . She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke , six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of for use while surfaced , two AEG GU 460/8–27 double-acting electric motors producing a total of for use while submerged . She had two shafts and two propellers . The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to . The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged , the boat could operate for at ; when surfaced , she could travel at . U-256 was fitted with five torpedo tubes ( four fitted at the bow and one at the stern ) , fourteen torpedoes , one SK C/35 naval gun , 220 rounds , and two twin C/30 anti-aircraft guns . The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty . Service history . 1st patrol . U-256s first patrol began on 28 July 1942 during her transfer from Kiel , Germany to the 9 . Unterseebootsflottille at Brest in occupied France . During the patrol , U-256 unsuccessfully pursued Convoy SC 94 , and early on 25 August was detected by the radar of the Norwegian astern of convoy ON 122 . The U-boat crash-dived when illuminated by star shells , the corvette attacked with depth charges . The boat eventually made her escape when the corvette was obliged to return to convoy protection duties , but the submarine was damaged enough to have to abort the patrol . On the return journey , on the morning of 2 September , the U-boat was attacked by a British Whitley bomber of No . 77 Squadron RAF in the Bay of Biscay . The aircraft strafed and dropped several bombs , but the U-boats flak hit the aircraft and it crashed into the sea . U-256 limped into Lorient the next day , due to the extensive damage from the two attacks , she was withdrawn from service in November 1942 . 2nd patrol . During an overhaul which included extensive repairs , U-256 was converted to a Flakboot ( Flak boat ) in May 1943 . One of just four U-boats so modified , she was given an increased complement of anti-aircraft guns , to give her and other German submarines a better chance of fighting off enemy aircraft . U-256 was re-commissioned as U-flak 2 on 16 August 1943 . The boats second wartime patrol started on 4 October under the command of Oblt.z.S . Wilhelm Brauel ; her mission was to rendezvous with and protect , a Milchkuh ( Milk cow or re-supply U-boat ) . Such submarines could re-supply multiple U-boats at sea , and were consequently the prime target of Allied aircraft trying to disrupt U-boat activities . On 8 October , the outbound boat was attacked by a Leigh light-equipped British Wellington bomber of No . 612 Squadron RAF in the Bay of Biscay . U-256 was not damaged by the six depth charges that straddled her , and escaped by crash-diving . U-256s return fire had hit the starboard elevator and rear turret of the aircraft , but it returned safely to base . U-flak 2 was caught on the surface by the American destroyer USS Borie on 31 October . The U-boat escaped , but with minor depth charge damage . On 16 November the inbound boat encountered a Halifax Mk.II aircraft of No . 502 Squadron RAF in the Bay of Biscay . The aircraft was damaged by flak and turned away . When the Halifax returned to the area , the U-boat had already escaped by crash-diving . U-flak 2 returned to her base at Brest on 17 November . The Flak conversion was not considered a success , U-flak 2 was converted back to her original configuration in the winter of 1943/44 and renamed U-256 . 3rd patrol . U-256s third patrol started on 25 January 1944 . She steamed west and southwest of Ireland and on 20 February damaged the anti-submarine sloop , which later sank while under tow . On 19 March , inbound in the Bay of Biscay , the U-boat was strafed by a Leigh light-equipped British Liberator of 224 Squadron . The Germans observed hits from their 20 mm and 37 mm AA guns , before the aircraft dropped six depth charges , and then crashed into the sea 500 meters away . The boat was not damaged in the attack , and returned to Brest on the 22nd . 4th patrol . U-256 sailed from Brest on 6 June 1944 ( D-Day ) , but was seriously damaged when attacked by another Liberator , also of 224 Squadron the next day , and returned to Brest on the 8th . 5th patrol . On 4 September 1944 , under the command of Korvettenkapitän Heinrich Lehmann-Willenbrock , U-256 became the last U-boat to leave Brest before the port was captured by the Allies . The transit from Brest to Bergen in Norway , would be U-256s last patrol . She reached her destination on 17 October , and was decommissioned there on 23 October . Wolfpacks . U-256 took part in five wolfpacks , namely . - Steinbrinck ( 7–11 August 1942 ) - Lohs ( 11–25 August 1942 ) - Igel 2 ( 3–17 February 1944 ) - Hai 1 ( 17–22 February 1944 ) - Preussen ( 22 February - 13 March 1944 )
|
[
"Heinrich Lehmann-Willenbrock"
] |
[
{
"text": " German submarine U-256 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germanys Kriegsmarine during World War II , she also served for a short time as an anti-aircraft submarine under the designation U-flak 2 . During her career , U-256 completed five wartime patrols and sank one warship of 1,300 tons . The submarine was laid down on 15 February 1941 at the Bremer Vulkan yard at Bremen-Vegesack as yard number 21 . She was launched on 28 October and commissioned on 18 December under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Odo Loewe .",
"title": "German submarine U-256"
},
{
"text": "U-256 was assigned to the 8th U-Boat Flotilla for training , then transferred to the 9th U-boat Flotilla for operational service .",
"title": "German submarine U-256"
},
{
"text": "German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines . U-256 had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged . She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke , six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of for use while surfaced , two AEG GU 460/8–27 double-acting electric motors producing a total of for use while submerged . She had two shafts and two propellers . The",
"title": "Design"
},
{
"text": "boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .",
"title": "Design"
},
{
"text": " The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged , the boat could operate for at ; when surfaced , she could travel at . U-256 was fitted with five torpedo tubes ( four fitted at the bow and one at the stern ) , fourteen torpedoes , one SK C/35 naval gun , 220 rounds , and two twin C/30 anti-aircraft guns . The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty .",
"title": "Design"
},
{
"text": " 1st patrol . U-256s first patrol began on 28 July 1942 during her transfer from Kiel , Germany to the 9 . Unterseebootsflottille at Brest in occupied France .",
"title": "Service history"
},
{
"text": "During the patrol , U-256 unsuccessfully pursued Convoy SC 94 , and early on 25 August was detected by the radar of the Norwegian astern of convoy ON 122 . The U-boat crash-dived when illuminated by star shells , the corvette attacked with depth charges . The boat eventually made her escape when the corvette was obliged to return to convoy protection duties , but the submarine was damaged enough to have to abort the patrol .",
"title": "Service history"
},
{
"text": " On the return journey , on the morning of 2 September , the U-boat was attacked by a British Whitley bomber of No . 77 Squadron RAF in the Bay of Biscay . The aircraft strafed and dropped several bombs , but the U-boats flak hit the aircraft and it crashed into the sea . U-256 limped into Lorient the next day , due to the extensive damage from the two attacks , she was withdrawn from service in November 1942 . 2nd patrol .",
"title": "Service history"
},
{
"text": "During an overhaul which included extensive repairs , U-256 was converted to a Flakboot ( Flak boat ) in May 1943 . One of just four U-boats so modified , she was given an increased complement of anti-aircraft guns , to give her and other German submarines a better chance of fighting off enemy aircraft . U-256 was re-commissioned as U-flak 2 on 16 August 1943 .",
"title": "Service history"
},
{
"text": " The boats second wartime patrol started on 4 October under the command of Oblt.z.S . Wilhelm Brauel ; her mission was to rendezvous with and protect , a Milchkuh ( Milk cow or re-supply U-boat ) . Such submarines could re-supply multiple U-boats at sea , and were consequently the prime target of Allied aircraft trying to disrupt U-boat activities .",
"title": "Service history"
},
{
"text": "On 8 October , the outbound boat was attacked by a Leigh light-equipped British Wellington bomber of No . 612 Squadron RAF in the Bay of Biscay . U-256 was not damaged by the six depth charges that straddled her , and escaped by crash-diving . U-256s return fire had hit the starboard elevator and rear turret of the aircraft , but it returned safely to base .",
"title": "Service history"
},
{
"text": " U-flak 2 was caught on the surface by the American destroyer USS Borie on 31 October . The U-boat escaped , but with minor depth charge damage . On 16 November the inbound boat encountered a Halifax Mk.II aircraft of No . 502 Squadron RAF in the Bay of Biscay . The aircraft was damaged by flak and turned away . When the Halifax returned to the area , the U-boat had already escaped by crash-diving .",
"title": "Service history"
},
{
"text": "U-flak 2 returned to her base at Brest on 17 November . The Flak conversion was not considered a success , U-flak 2 was converted back to her original configuration in the winter of 1943/44 and renamed U-256 .",
"title": "Service history"
},
{
"text": "U-256s third patrol started on 25 January 1944 . She steamed west and southwest of Ireland and on 20 February damaged the anti-submarine sloop , which later sank while under tow . On 19 March , inbound in the Bay of Biscay , the U-boat was strafed by a Leigh light-equipped British Liberator of 224 Squadron . The Germans observed hits from their 20 mm and 37 mm AA guns , before the aircraft dropped six depth charges , and then crashed into the sea 500 meters away . The boat was not damaged in the attack , and returned",
"title": "Service history"
},
{
"text": "to Brest on the 22nd .",
"title": "Service history"
},
{
"text": " 4th patrol . U-256 sailed from Brest on 6 June 1944 ( D-Day ) , but was seriously damaged when attacked by another Liberator , also of 224 Squadron the next day , and returned to Brest on the 8th . 5th patrol .",
"title": "Service history"
},
{
"text": "On 4 September 1944 , under the command of Korvettenkapitän Heinrich Lehmann-Willenbrock , U-256 became the last U-boat to leave Brest before the port was captured by the Allies . The transit from Brest to Bergen in Norway , would be U-256s last patrol . She reached her destination on 17 October , and was decommissioned there on 23 October .",
"title": "Service history"
},
{
"text": " U-256 took part in five wolfpacks , namely . - Steinbrinck ( 7–11 August 1942 ) - Lohs ( 11–25 August 1942 ) - Igel 2 ( 3–17 February 1944 ) - Hai 1 ( 17–22 February 1944 ) - Preussen ( 22 February - 13 March 1944 )",
"title": "Wolfpacks"
}
] |
/wiki/Li_Xiannian#P39#0
|
Which position did Li Xiannian hold in May 1980?
|
Li Xiannian Li Xiannian ( pronounced ; 23 June 1909 – 21 June 1992 ) was a Chinese Communist military and political leader , President of the Peoples Republic of China ( de jure head of state ) from 1983 to 1988 under Paramount Leader Deng Xiaoping and then Chairman of the Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference from 1988 until his death . He was a full member of the Politburo from 1956 to 1987 , and of its Standing Committee from 1977 to 1987 . Li worked as an apprentice carpenter in his teenage years to support his family . He joined the Communist Party in December 1927 and became a soldier in the Chinese Red Army . After studying at the Military–Political University and the Central Party School , he became an influential and successful military commander during the Second Sino–Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War , distinguishing himself in the Huai–Hai Campaign . After the PRC was established , he served as Governor and Party Secretary of his native Hubei Province from 1949 to 1954 , and then joined the central leadership in Beijing , serving as Minister of Finance ( 1954–1970 ) and Vice Premier ( 1954–1982 ) . He supported Mao Zedongs designated successor , Hua Guofeng , and was named Vice Chairman of the Party ( 1977–1982 ) . One of the Eight Elders of the Communist Party , he was considered the most leftist among them , both politically and economically . Li played a key role in blocking privatizations and maintaining state control in many sectors of the economy , promoted classical Communist political and cultural values through his patronage of theorists such as Hu Qiaomu and Deng Liqun , and was instrumental in purging liberals Hu Yaobang and Zhao Ziyang . He enthusiastically advocated for the military suppression of the Tiananmen Square protests . Biography . Early career . Born in Hongan , Hubei , Li came from a poor family and spent his teenage years working at a carpenters shop . He joined the Communist Party of China in December 1927 , and served as an army captain and political commissar for the Chinese Red Army during the Long March . After arriving in Yanan , he studied at the Counter-Japanese Military and Political University and at the Central Party School . He fought in both the Second Sino–Japanese War and the subsequent Chinese Civil War , especially in the Central Plains , and played a key role in many Communist victories , most significantly in the Huai–Hai Campaign . Maoist Peoples Republic . After the Communists victory in China , Li was appointed Governor and Party Secretary of his native Hubei Province from 1949 to 1954 , and he also served as the commander and political commissar of the provinces military garrison . Additionally , he was Vice Chairman of the PRCs Military Commission for South–Central China ( overseeing military and public security forces in Guangdong , Hainan , Henan , Hubei and Hunan ) . In 1954 , Li joined the central leadership in Beijing and became Chinas Minister of Finance . He was also appointed Vice Premier for the entire period of 1954–1982 . Despite losing his job as Finance Minister in 1970 , during the Cultural Revolution , he nonetheless enjoyed Zhou Enlais protection and was the only civilian official to serve without interruption alongside Zhou throughout the 1966–1976 Cultural Revolution decade . In 1976 , Li played an instrumental role in destroying the Gang Of Four . After the demise of the Gang , Li was appointed Vice Chairman of the Communist Party of China and a member of the Central Military Commission . Post-Mao politician and Presidency . When Hua Guofeng rose to leadership after the death of Mao Zedong , Li became Huas chief economic adviser and one of his main backers , along with Generals Wang Dongxing and Chen Xilian . If Hua had been successful in his efforts to achieve supreme power , Li would have become one of the most powerful officials in China , but Lis political career stalled when Deng Xiaoping eclipsed Hua as Chinas Paramount Leader . For the rest of his career , Li complained that his own achievements during the brief Hua interregnum were not sufficiently recognized as the basis of the progress experienced in China during the 1980s . Li was described as an orthodox or Soviet-style communist and was a firm believer in central planning and sociopolitical conformity , so disliked Deng Xiaopings more radical economic reform ideas . He had in fact been largely responsible for drafting the short-lived Ten Year Plan of 1978 which attempted to build a Soviet-style economy based around heavy industry and energy production . Lis ideas enjoyed strong support among some sections of the Chinese top leadership ; General Yu Qiuli and his oil clique , for example , fully supported Li . However , Deng quickly terminated these ideas and instituted his own go slow approach that involved gradually allowing the development of light industry and consumer goods . He also went about assigning government posts to younger men who were followers of his ideas . One of these was Premier Zhao Ziyang , whom Li strongly opposed for being too willing to import Western ideas and move away from a planned economy . According to Zhao , Li hated me because I was implementing Deng Xiaopings reforms , but since it was difficult for him to openly oppose Deng , he made me the target of his opposition . In 1983 , after the passing of a new Constitution , Li was appointed President of China at the age of 74 . Although according to the 1982 Constitution the role of President was largely ceremonial , it recognized Lis status as a respected Party elder and a member of the Politburo Standing Committee , and Li himself went on to forcefully use his still very substantial influence to support leftist policies . In 1984 , Li met with U.S . President Ronald Reagan during the latters visit to China , notably discussing the status of Taiwan with the President . Li visited the United States in July 1985 , the first time the head of state of the Peoples Republic of China made such a visit . As the decade progressed , Deng Xiaoping , always an opponent of lifetime tenure in office , gradually convinced most of the party elders to retire . Li stepped down as president in 1988 and was succeeded by Yang Shangkun . Li was then named Chairman of the National Committee of the CPPCC . He was a strong supporter of Jiang Zemins rise to power , and during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 , Li was one of the hardline Party elders who pushed for a strong response to the demonstrations and supported Premier Li Pengs desire to use military force to suppress the protests . Li continued to serve in government until his death in 1992 . Family . Li had four children . His youngest daughter , Li Xiaolin , is the President of the Chinese Peoples Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries . She is a member of the CPPCC national committee . Death and later commemoration . Li died on 21 June 1992 at the age of 82 , two days shy of his 83rd birthday . His funeral was held on 27 June 1992 and was attended by members of the Politburo Standing Committee . After the service , Li was cremated . Further reading . - Frankel , Benjamin . The Cold War 1945-1991 . Vol . 2 , Leaders and other important figures in the Soviet Union , Eastern Europe , China and the Third World ( 1992 ) pp 191–92 . - Yang , Yutong . Li Xiannian . in China at War : An Encyclopedia ( 2012 ) p 225 .
|
[
"Vice Chairman of the Communist Party of China"
] |
[
{
"text": " Li Xiannian ( pronounced ; 23 June 1909 – 21 June 1992 ) was a Chinese Communist military and political leader , President of the Peoples Republic of China ( de jure head of state ) from 1983 to 1988 under Paramount Leader Deng Xiaoping and then Chairman of the Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference from 1988 until his death . He was a full member of the Politburo from 1956 to 1987 , and of its Standing Committee from 1977 to 1987 .",
"title": "Li Xiannian"
},
{
"text": "Li worked as an apprentice carpenter in his teenage years to support his family . He joined the Communist Party in December 1927 and became a soldier in the Chinese Red Army . After studying at the Military–Political University and the Central Party School , he became an influential and successful military commander during the Second Sino–Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War , distinguishing himself in the Huai–Hai Campaign . After the PRC was established , he served as Governor and Party Secretary of his native Hubei Province from 1949 to 1954 , and then joined the central leadership",
"title": "Li Xiannian"
},
{
"text": "in Beijing , serving as Minister of Finance ( 1954–1970 ) and Vice Premier ( 1954–1982 ) . He supported Mao Zedongs designated successor , Hua Guofeng , and was named Vice Chairman of the Party ( 1977–1982 ) .",
"title": "Li Xiannian"
},
{
"text": " One of the Eight Elders of the Communist Party , he was considered the most leftist among them , both politically and economically . Li played a key role in blocking privatizations and maintaining state control in many sectors of the economy , promoted classical Communist political and cultural values through his patronage of theorists such as Hu Qiaomu and Deng Liqun , and was instrumental in purging liberals Hu Yaobang and Zhao Ziyang . He enthusiastically advocated for the military suppression of the Tiananmen Square protests .",
"title": "Li Xiannian"
},
{
"text": "Born in Hongan , Hubei , Li came from a poor family and spent his teenage years working at a carpenters shop . He joined the Communist Party of China in December 1927 , and served as an army captain and political commissar for the Chinese Red Army during the Long March . After arriving in Yanan , he studied at the Counter-Japanese Military and Political University and at the Central Party School . He fought in both the Second Sino–Japanese War and the subsequent Chinese Civil War , especially in the Central Plains , and played a key role",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "in many Communist victories , most significantly in the Huai–Hai Campaign .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " After the Communists victory in China , Li was appointed Governor and Party Secretary of his native Hubei Province from 1949 to 1954 , and he also served as the commander and political commissar of the provinces military garrison . Additionally , he was Vice Chairman of the PRCs Military Commission for South–Central China ( overseeing military and public security forces in Guangdong , Hainan , Henan , Hubei and Hunan ) .",
"title": "Maoist Peoples Republic"
},
{
"text": "In 1954 , Li joined the central leadership in Beijing and became Chinas Minister of Finance . He was also appointed Vice Premier for the entire period of 1954–1982 . Despite losing his job as Finance Minister in 1970 , during the Cultural Revolution , he nonetheless enjoyed Zhou Enlais protection and was the only civilian official to serve without interruption alongside Zhou throughout the 1966–1976 Cultural Revolution decade . In 1976 , Li played an instrumental role in destroying the Gang Of Four . After the demise of the Gang , Li was appointed Vice Chairman of the Communist",
"title": "Maoist Peoples Republic"
},
{
"text": "Party of China and a member of the Central Military Commission .",
"title": "Maoist Peoples Republic"
},
{
"text": "When Hua Guofeng rose to leadership after the death of Mao Zedong , Li became Huas chief economic adviser and one of his main backers , along with Generals Wang Dongxing and Chen Xilian . If Hua had been successful in his efforts to achieve supreme power , Li would have become one of the most powerful officials in China , but Lis political career stalled when Deng Xiaoping eclipsed Hua as Chinas Paramount Leader . For the rest of his career , Li complained that his own achievements during the brief Hua interregnum were not sufficiently recognized as the",
"title": "Maoist Peoples Republic"
},
{
"text": "basis of the progress experienced in China during the 1980s .",
"title": "Maoist Peoples Republic"
},
{
"text": " Li was described as an orthodox or Soviet-style communist and was a firm believer in central planning and sociopolitical conformity , so disliked Deng Xiaopings more radical economic reform ideas . He had in fact been largely responsible for drafting the short-lived Ten Year Plan of 1978 which attempted to build a Soviet-style economy based around heavy industry and energy production . Lis ideas enjoyed strong support among some sections of the Chinese top leadership ; General Yu Qiuli and his oil clique , for example , fully supported Li .",
"title": "Maoist Peoples Republic"
},
{
"text": "However , Deng quickly terminated these ideas and instituted his own go slow approach that involved gradually allowing the development of light industry and consumer goods . He also went about assigning government posts to younger men who were followers of his ideas . One of these was Premier Zhao Ziyang , whom Li strongly opposed for being too willing to import Western ideas and move away from a planned economy . According to Zhao , Li hated me because I was implementing Deng Xiaopings reforms , but since it was difficult for him to openly oppose Deng , he",
"title": "Maoist Peoples Republic"
},
{
"text": "made me the target of his opposition .",
"title": "Maoist Peoples Republic"
},
{
"text": "In 1983 , after the passing of a new Constitution , Li was appointed President of China at the age of 74 . Although according to the 1982 Constitution the role of President was largely ceremonial , it recognized Lis status as a respected Party elder and a member of the Politburo Standing Committee , and Li himself went on to forcefully use his still very substantial influence to support leftist policies . In 1984 , Li met with U.S . President Ronald Reagan during the latters visit to China , notably discussing the status of Taiwan with the President",
"title": "Maoist Peoples Republic"
},
{
"text": ". Li visited the United States in July 1985 , the first time the head of state of the Peoples Republic of China made such a visit .",
"title": "Maoist Peoples Republic"
},
{
"text": "As the decade progressed , Deng Xiaoping , always an opponent of lifetime tenure in office , gradually convinced most of the party elders to retire . Li stepped down as president in 1988 and was succeeded by Yang Shangkun . Li was then named Chairman of the National Committee of the CPPCC . He was a strong supporter of Jiang Zemins rise to power , and during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 , Li was one of the hardline Party elders who pushed for a strong response to the demonstrations and supported Premier Li Pengs desire to use",
"title": "Maoist Peoples Republic"
},
{
"text": "military force to suppress the protests . Li continued to serve in government until his death in 1992 .",
"title": "Maoist Peoples Republic"
},
{
"text": " Li had four children . His youngest daughter , Li Xiaolin , is the President of the Chinese Peoples Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries . She is a member of the CPPCC national committee . Death and later commemoration . Li died on 21 June 1992 at the age of 82 , two days shy of his 83rd birthday . His funeral was held on 27 June 1992 and was attended by members of the Politburo Standing Committee . After the service , Li was cremated .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Frankel , Benjamin . The Cold War 1945-1991 . Vol . 2 , Leaders and other important figures in the Soviet Union , Eastern Europe , China and the Third World ( 1992 ) pp 191–92 . - Yang , Yutong . Li Xiannian . in China at War : An Encyclopedia ( 2012 ) p 225 .",
"title": "Further reading"
}
] |
/wiki/Li_Xiannian#P39#1
|
Which position did Li Xiannian hold in Feb 1986?
|
Li Xiannian Li Xiannian ( pronounced ; 23 June 1909 – 21 June 1992 ) was a Chinese Communist military and political leader , President of the Peoples Republic of China ( de jure head of state ) from 1983 to 1988 under Paramount Leader Deng Xiaoping and then Chairman of the Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference from 1988 until his death . He was a full member of the Politburo from 1956 to 1987 , and of its Standing Committee from 1977 to 1987 . Li worked as an apprentice carpenter in his teenage years to support his family . He joined the Communist Party in December 1927 and became a soldier in the Chinese Red Army . After studying at the Military–Political University and the Central Party School , he became an influential and successful military commander during the Second Sino–Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War , distinguishing himself in the Huai–Hai Campaign . After the PRC was established , he served as Governor and Party Secretary of his native Hubei Province from 1949 to 1954 , and then joined the central leadership in Beijing , serving as Minister of Finance ( 1954–1970 ) and Vice Premier ( 1954–1982 ) . He supported Mao Zedongs designated successor , Hua Guofeng , and was named Vice Chairman of the Party ( 1977–1982 ) . One of the Eight Elders of the Communist Party , he was considered the most leftist among them , both politically and economically . Li played a key role in blocking privatizations and maintaining state control in many sectors of the economy , promoted classical Communist political and cultural values through his patronage of theorists such as Hu Qiaomu and Deng Liqun , and was instrumental in purging liberals Hu Yaobang and Zhao Ziyang . He enthusiastically advocated for the military suppression of the Tiananmen Square protests . Biography . Early career . Born in Hongan , Hubei , Li came from a poor family and spent his teenage years working at a carpenters shop . He joined the Communist Party of China in December 1927 , and served as an army captain and political commissar for the Chinese Red Army during the Long March . After arriving in Yanan , he studied at the Counter-Japanese Military and Political University and at the Central Party School . He fought in both the Second Sino–Japanese War and the subsequent Chinese Civil War , especially in the Central Plains , and played a key role in many Communist victories , most significantly in the Huai–Hai Campaign . Maoist Peoples Republic . After the Communists victory in China , Li was appointed Governor and Party Secretary of his native Hubei Province from 1949 to 1954 , and he also served as the commander and political commissar of the provinces military garrison . Additionally , he was Vice Chairman of the PRCs Military Commission for South–Central China ( overseeing military and public security forces in Guangdong , Hainan , Henan , Hubei and Hunan ) . In 1954 , Li joined the central leadership in Beijing and became Chinas Minister of Finance . He was also appointed Vice Premier for the entire period of 1954–1982 . Despite losing his job as Finance Minister in 1970 , during the Cultural Revolution , he nonetheless enjoyed Zhou Enlais protection and was the only civilian official to serve without interruption alongside Zhou throughout the 1966–1976 Cultural Revolution decade . In 1976 , Li played an instrumental role in destroying the Gang Of Four . After the demise of the Gang , Li was appointed Vice Chairman of the Communist Party of China and a member of the Central Military Commission . Post-Mao politician and Presidency . When Hua Guofeng rose to leadership after the death of Mao Zedong , Li became Huas chief economic adviser and one of his main backers , along with Generals Wang Dongxing and Chen Xilian . If Hua had been successful in his efforts to achieve supreme power , Li would have become one of the most powerful officials in China , but Lis political career stalled when Deng Xiaoping eclipsed Hua as Chinas Paramount Leader . For the rest of his career , Li complained that his own achievements during the brief Hua interregnum were not sufficiently recognized as the basis of the progress experienced in China during the 1980s . Li was described as an orthodox or Soviet-style communist and was a firm believer in central planning and sociopolitical conformity , so disliked Deng Xiaopings more radical economic reform ideas . He had in fact been largely responsible for drafting the short-lived Ten Year Plan of 1978 which attempted to build a Soviet-style economy based around heavy industry and energy production . Lis ideas enjoyed strong support among some sections of the Chinese top leadership ; General Yu Qiuli and his oil clique , for example , fully supported Li . However , Deng quickly terminated these ideas and instituted his own go slow approach that involved gradually allowing the development of light industry and consumer goods . He also went about assigning government posts to younger men who were followers of his ideas . One of these was Premier Zhao Ziyang , whom Li strongly opposed for being too willing to import Western ideas and move away from a planned economy . According to Zhao , Li hated me because I was implementing Deng Xiaopings reforms , but since it was difficult for him to openly oppose Deng , he made me the target of his opposition . In 1983 , after the passing of a new Constitution , Li was appointed President of China at the age of 74 . Although according to the 1982 Constitution the role of President was largely ceremonial , it recognized Lis status as a respected Party elder and a member of the Politburo Standing Committee , and Li himself went on to forcefully use his still very substantial influence to support leftist policies . In 1984 , Li met with U.S . President Ronald Reagan during the latters visit to China , notably discussing the status of Taiwan with the President . Li visited the United States in July 1985 , the first time the head of state of the Peoples Republic of China made such a visit . As the decade progressed , Deng Xiaoping , always an opponent of lifetime tenure in office , gradually convinced most of the party elders to retire . Li stepped down as president in 1988 and was succeeded by Yang Shangkun . Li was then named Chairman of the National Committee of the CPPCC . He was a strong supporter of Jiang Zemins rise to power , and during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 , Li was one of the hardline Party elders who pushed for a strong response to the demonstrations and supported Premier Li Pengs desire to use military force to suppress the protests . Li continued to serve in government until his death in 1992 . Family . Li had four children . His youngest daughter , Li Xiaolin , is the President of the Chinese Peoples Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries . She is a member of the CPPCC national committee . Death and later commemoration . Li died on 21 June 1992 at the age of 82 , two days shy of his 83rd birthday . His funeral was held on 27 June 1992 and was attended by members of the Politburo Standing Committee . After the service , Li was cremated . Further reading . - Frankel , Benjamin . The Cold War 1945-1991 . Vol . 2 , Leaders and other important figures in the Soviet Union , Eastern Europe , China and the Third World ( 1992 ) pp 191–92 . - Yang , Yutong . Li Xiannian . in China at War : An Encyclopedia ( 2012 ) p 225 .
|
[
"President of China"
] |
[
{
"text": " Li Xiannian ( pronounced ; 23 June 1909 – 21 June 1992 ) was a Chinese Communist military and political leader , President of the Peoples Republic of China ( de jure head of state ) from 1983 to 1988 under Paramount Leader Deng Xiaoping and then Chairman of the Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference from 1988 until his death . He was a full member of the Politburo from 1956 to 1987 , and of its Standing Committee from 1977 to 1987 .",
"title": "Li Xiannian"
},
{
"text": "Li worked as an apprentice carpenter in his teenage years to support his family . He joined the Communist Party in December 1927 and became a soldier in the Chinese Red Army . After studying at the Military–Political University and the Central Party School , he became an influential and successful military commander during the Second Sino–Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War , distinguishing himself in the Huai–Hai Campaign . After the PRC was established , he served as Governor and Party Secretary of his native Hubei Province from 1949 to 1954 , and then joined the central leadership",
"title": "Li Xiannian"
},
{
"text": "in Beijing , serving as Minister of Finance ( 1954–1970 ) and Vice Premier ( 1954–1982 ) . He supported Mao Zedongs designated successor , Hua Guofeng , and was named Vice Chairman of the Party ( 1977–1982 ) .",
"title": "Li Xiannian"
},
{
"text": " One of the Eight Elders of the Communist Party , he was considered the most leftist among them , both politically and economically . Li played a key role in blocking privatizations and maintaining state control in many sectors of the economy , promoted classical Communist political and cultural values through his patronage of theorists such as Hu Qiaomu and Deng Liqun , and was instrumental in purging liberals Hu Yaobang and Zhao Ziyang . He enthusiastically advocated for the military suppression of the Tiananmen Square protests .",
"title": "Li Xiannian"
},
{
"text": "Born in Hongan , Hubei , Li came from a poor family and spent his teenage years working at a carpenters shop . He joined the Communist Party of China in December 1927 , and served as an army captain and political commissar for the Chinese Red Army during the Long March . After arriving in Yanan , he studied at the Counter-Japanese Military and Political University and at the Central Party School . He fought in both the Second Sino–Japanese War and the subsequent Chinese Civil War , especially in the Central Plains , and played a key role",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "in many Communist victories , most significantly in the Huai–Hai Campaign .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " After the Communists victory in China , Li was appointed Governor and Party Secretary of his native Hubei Province from 1949 to 1954 , and he also served as the commander and political commissar of the provinces military garrison . Additionally , he was Vice Chairman of the PRCs Military Commission for South–Central China ( overseeing military and public security forces in Guangdong , Hainan , Henan , Hubei and Hunan ) .",
"title": "Maoist Peoples Republic"
},
{
"text": "In 1954 , Li joined the central leadership in Beijing and became Chinas Minister of Finance . He was also appointed Vice Premier for the entire period of 1954–1982 . Despite losing his job as Finance Minister in 1970 , during the Cultural Revolution , he nonetheless enjoyed Zhou Enlais protection and was the only civilian official to serve without interruption alongside Zhou throughout the 1966–1976 Cultural Revolution decade . In 1976 , Li played an instrumental role in destroying the Gang Of Four . After the demise of the Gang , Li was appointed Vice Chairman of the Communist",
"title": "Maoist Peoples Republic"
},
{
"text": "Party of China and a member of the Central Military Commission .",
"title": "Maoist Peoples Republic"
},
{
"text": "When Hua Guofeng rose to leadership after the death of Mao Zedong , Li became Huas chief economic adviser and one of his main backers , along with Generals Wang Dongxing and Chen Xilian . If Hua had been successful in his efforts to achieve supreme power , Li would have become one of the most powerful officials in China , but Lis political career stalled when Deng Xiaoping eclipsed Hua as Chinas Paramount Leader . For the rest of his career , Li complained that his own achievements during the brief Hua interregnum were not sufficiently recognized as the",
"title": "Maoist Peoples Republic"
},
{
"text": "basis of the progress experienced in China during the 1980s .",
"title": "Maoist Peoples Republic"
},
{
"text": " Li was described as an orthodox or Soviet-style communist and was a firm believer in central planning and sociopolitical conformity , so disliked Deng Xiaopings more radical economic reform ideas . He had in fact been largely responsible for drafting the short-lived Ten Year Plan of 1978 which attempted to build a Soviet-style economy based around heavy industry and energy production . Lis ideas enjoyed strong support among some sections of the Chinese top leadership ; General Yu Qiuli and his oil clique , for example , fully supported Li .",
"title": "Maoist Peoples Republic"
},
{
"text": "However , Deng quickly terminated these ideas and instituted his own go slow approach that involved gradually allowing the development of light industry and consumer goods . He also went about assigning government posts to younger men who were followers of his ideas . One of these was Premier Zhao Ziyang , whom Li strongly opposed for being too willing to import Western ideas and move away from a planned economy . According to Zhao , Li hated me because I was implementing Deng Xiaopings reforms , but since it was difficult for him to openly oppose Deng , he",
"title": "Maoist Peoples Republic"
},
{
"text": "made me the target of his opposition .",
"title": "Maoist Peoples Republic"
},
{
"text": "In 1983 , after the passing of a new Constitution , Li was appointed President of China at the age of 74 . Although according to the 1982 Constitution the role of President was largely ceremonial , it recognized Lis status as a respected Party elder and a member of the Politburo Standing Committee , and Li himself went on to forcefully use his still very substantial influence to support leftist policies . In 1984 , Li met with U.S . President Ronald Reagan during the latters visit to China , notably discussing the status of Taiwan with the President",
"title": "Maoist Peoples Republic"
},
{
"text": ". Li visited the United States in July 1985 , the first time the head of state of the Peoples Republic of China made such a visit .",
"title": "Maoist Peoples Republic"
},
{
"text": "As the decade progressed , Deng Xiaoping , always an opponent of lifetime tenure in office , gradually convinced most of the party elders to retire . Li stepped down as president in 1988 and was succeeded by Yang Shangkun . Li was then named Chairman of the National Committee of the CPPCC . He was a strong supporter of Jiang Zemins rise to power , and during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 , Li was one of the hardline Party elders who pushed for a strong response to the demonstrations and supported Premier Li Pengs desire to use",
"title": "Maoist Peoples Republic"
},
{
"text": "military force to suppress the protests . Li continued to serve in government until his death in 1992 .",
"title": "Maoist Peoples Republic"
},
{
"text": " Li had four children . His youngest daughter , Li Xiaolin , is the President of the Chinese Peoples Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries . She is a member of the CPPCC national committee . Death and later commemoration . Li died on 21 June 1992 at the age of 82 , two days shy of his 83rd birthday . His funeral was held on 27 June 1992 and was attended by members of the Politburo Standing Committee . After the service , Li was cremated .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Frankel , Benjamin . The Cold War 1945-1991 . Vol . 2 , Leaders and other important figures in the Soviet Union , Eastern Europe , China and the Third World ( 1992 ) pp 191–92 . - Yang , Yutong . Li Xiannian . in China at War : An Encyclopedia ( 2012 ) p 225 .",
"title": "Further reading"
}
] |
/wiki/Li_Xiannian#P39#2
|
Which position did Li Xiannian hold in Dec 1990?
|
Li Xiannian Li Xiannian ( pronounced ; 23 June 1909 – 21 June 1992 ) was a Chinese Communist military and political leader , President of the Peoples Republic of China ( de jure head of state ) from 1983 to 1988 under Paramount Leader Deng Xiaoping and then Chairman of the Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference from 1988 until his death . He was a full member of the Politburo from 1956 to 1987 , and of its Standing Committee from 1977 to 1987 . Li worked as an apprentice carpenter in his teenage years to support his family . He joined the Communist Party in December 1927 and became a soldier in the Chinese Red Army . After studying at the Military–Political University and the Central Party School , he became an influential and successful military commander during the Second Sino–Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War , distinguishing himself in the Huai–Hai Campaign . After the PRC was established , he served as Governor and Party Secretary of his native Hubei Province from 1949 to 1954 , and then joined the central leadership in Beijing , serving as Minister of Finance ( 1954–1970 ) and Vice Premier ( 1954–1982 ) . He supported Mao Zedongs designated successor , Hua Guofeng , and was named Vice Chairman of the Party ( 1977–1982 ) . One of the Eight Elders of the Communist Party , he was considered the most leftist among them , both politically and economically . Li played a key role in blocking privatizations and maintaining state control in many sectors of the economy , promoted classical Communist political and cultural values through his patronage of theorists such as Hu Qiaomu and Deng Liqun , and was instrumental in purging liberals Hu Yaobang and Zhao Ziyang . He enthusiastically advocated for the military suppression of the Tiananmen Square protests . Biography . Early career . Born in Hongan , Hubei , Li came from a poor family and spent his teenage years working at a carpenters shop . He joined the Communist Party of China in December 1927 , and served as an army captain and political commissar for the Chinese Red Army during the Long March . After arriving in Yanan , he studied at the Counter-Japanese Military and Political University and at the Central Party School . He fought in both the Second Sino–Japanese War and the subsequent Chinese Civil War , especially in the Central Plains , and played a key role in many Communist victories , most significantly in the Huai–Hai Campaign . Maoist Peoples Republic . After the Communists victory in China , Li was appointed Governor and Party Secretary of his native Hubei Province from 1949 to 1954 , and he also served as the commander and political commissar of the provinces military garrison . Additionally , he was Vice Chairman of the PRCs Military Commission for South–Central China ( overseeing military and public security forces in Guangdong , Hainan , Henan , Hubei and Hunan ) . In 1954 , Li joined the central leadership in Beijing and became Chinas Minister of Finance . He was also appointed Vice Premier for the entire period of 1954–1982 . Despite losing his job as Finance Minister in 1970 , during the Cultural Revolution , he nonetheless enjoyed Zhou Enlais protection and was the only civilian official to serve without interruption alongside Zhou throughout the 1966–1976 Cultural Revolution decade . In 1976 , Li played an instrumental role in destroying the Gang Of Four . After the demise of the Gang , Li was appointed Vice Chairman of the Communist Party of China and a member of the Central Military Commission . Post-Mao politician and Presidency . When Hua Guofeng rose to leadership after the death of Mao Zedong , Li became Huas chief economic adviser and one of his main backers , along with Generals Wang Dongxing and Chen Xilian . If Hua had been successful in his efforts to achieve supreme power , Li would have become one of the most powerful officials in China , but Lis political career stalled when Deng Xiaoping eclipsed Hua as Chinas Paramount Leader . For the rest of his career , Li complained that his own achievements during the brief Hua interregnum were not sufficiently recognized as the basis of the progress experienced in China during the 1980s . Li was described as an orthodox or Soviet-style communist and was a firm believer in central planning and sociopolitical conformity , so disliked Deng Xiaopings more radical economic reform ideas . He had in fact been largely responsible for drafting the short-lived Ten Year Plan of 1978 which attempted to build a Soviet-style economy based around heavy industry and energy production . Lis ideas enjoyed strong support among some sections of the Chinese top leadership ; General Yu Qiuli and his oil clique , for example , fully supported Li . However , Deng quickly terminated these ideas and instituted his own go slow approach that involved gradually allowing the development of light industry and consumer goods . He also went about assigning government posts to younger men who were followers of his ideas . One of these was Premier Zhao Ziyang , whom Li strongly opposed for being too willing to import Western ideas and move away from a planned economy . According to Zhao , Li hated me because I was implementing Deng Xiaopings reforms , but since it was difficult for him to openly oppose Deng , he made me the target of his opposition . In 1983 , after the passing of a new Constitution , Li was appointed President of China at the age of 74 . Although according to the 1982 Constitution the role of President was largely ceremonial , it recognized Lis status as a respected Party elder and a member of the Politburo Standing Committee , and Li himself went on to forcefully use his still very substantial influence to support leftist policies . In 1984 , Li met with U.S . President Ronald Reagan during the latters visit to China , notably discussing the status of Taiwan with the President . Li visited the United States in July 1985 , the first time the head of state of the Peoples Republic of China made such a visit . As the decade progressed , Deng Xiaoping , always an opponent of lifetime tenure in office , gradually convinced most of the party elders to retire . Li stepped down as president in 1988 and was succeeded by Yang Shangkun . Li was then named Chairman of the National Committee of the CPPCC . He was a strong supporter of Jiang Zemins rise to power , and during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 , Li was one of the hardline Party elders who pushed for a strong response to the demonstrations and supported Premier Li Pengs desire to use military force to suppress the protests . Li continued to serve in government until his death in 1992 . Family . Li had four children . His youngest daughter , Li Xiaolin , is the President of the Chinese Peoples Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries . She is a member of the CPPCC national committee . Death and later commemoration . Li died on 21 June 1992 at the age of 82 , two days shy of his 83rd birthday . His funeral was held on 27 June 1992 and was attended by members of the Politburo Standing Committee . After the service , Li was cremated . Further reading . - Frankel , Benjamin . The Cold War 1945-1991 . Vol . 2 , Leaders and other important figures in the Soviet Union , Eastern Europe , China and the Third World ( 1992 ) pp 191–92 . - Yang , Yutong . Li Xiannian . in China at War : An Encyclopedia ( 2012 ) p 225 .
|
[
"Chairman of the National Committee of the CPPCC"
] |
[
{
"text": " Li Xiannian ( pronounced ; 23 June 1909 – 21 June 1992 ) was a Chinese Communist military and political leader , President of the Peoples Republic of China ( de jure head of state ) from 1983 to 1988 under Paramount Leader Deng Xiaoping and then Chairman of the Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference from 1988 until his death . He was a full member of the Politburo from 1956 to 1987 , and of its Standing Committee from 1977 to 1987 .",
"title": "Li Xiannian"
},
{
"text": "Li worked as an apprentice carpenter in his teenage years to support his family . He joined the Communist Party in December 1927 and became a soldier in the Chinese Red Army . After studying at the Military–Political University and the Central Party School , he became an influential and successful military commander during the Second Sino–Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War , distinguishing himself in the Huai–Hai Campaign . After the PRC was established , he served as Governor and Party Secretary of his native Hubei Province from 1949 to 1954 , and then joined the central leadership",
"title": "Li Xiannian"
},
{
"text": "in Beijing , serving as Minister of Finance ( 1954–1970 ) and Vice Premier ( 1954–1982 ) . He supported Mao Zedongs designated successor , Hua Guofeng , and was named Vice Chairman of the Party ( 1977–1982 ) .",
"title": "Li Xiannian"
},
{
"text": " One of the Eight Elders of the Communist Party , he was considered the most leftist among them , both politically and economically . Li played a key role in blocking privatizations and maintaining state control in many sectors of the economy , promoted classical Communist political and cultural values through his patronage of theorists such as Hu Qiaomu and Deng Liqun , and was instrumental in purging liberals Hu Yaobang and Zhao Ziyang . He enthusiastically advocated for the military suppression of the Tiananmen Square protests .",
"title": "Li Xiannian"
},
{
"text": "Born in Hongan , Hubei , Li came from a poor family and spent his teenage years working at a carpenters shop . He joined the Communist Party of China in December 1927 , and served as an army captain and political commissar for the Chinese Red Army during the Long March . After arriving in Yanan , he studied at the Counter-Japanese Military and Political University and at the Central Party School . He fought in both the Second Sino–Japanese War and the subsequent Chinese Civil War , especially in the Central Plains , and played a key role",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "in many Communist victories , most significantly in the Huai–Hai Campaign .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " After the Communists victory in China , Li was appointed Governor and Party Secretary of his native Hubei Province from 1949 to 1954 , and he also served as the commander and political commissar of the provinces military garrison . Additionally , he was Vice Chairman of the PRCs Military Commission for South–Central China ( overseeing military and public security forces in Guangdong , Hainan , Henan , Hubei and Hunan ) .",
"title": "Maoist Peoples Republic"
},
{
"text": "In 1954 , Li joined the central leadership in Beijing and became Chinas Minister of Finance . He was also appointed Vice Premier for the entire period of 1954–1982 . Despite losing his job as Finance Minister in 1970 , during the Cultural Revolution , he nonetheless enjoyed Zhou Enlais protection and was the only civilian official to serve without interruption alongside Zhou throughout the 1966–1976 Cultural Revolution decade . In 1976 , Li played an instrumental role in destroying the Gang Of Four . After the demise of the Gang , Li was appointed Vice Chairman of the Communist",
"title": "Maoist Peoples Republic"
},
{
"text": "Party of China and a member of the Central Military Commission .",
"title": "Maoist Peoples Republic"
},
{
"text": "When Hua Guofeng rose to leadership after the death of Mao Zedong , Li became Huas chief economic adviser and one of his main backers , along with Generals Wang Dongxing and Chen Xilian . If Hua had been successful in his efforts to achieve supreme power , Li would have become one of the most powerful officials in China , but Lis political career stalled when Deng Xiaoping eclipsed Hua as Chinas Paramount Leader . For the rest of his career , Li complained that his own achievements during the brief Hua interregnum were not sufficiently recognized as the",
"title": "Maoist Peoples Republic"
},
{
"text": "basis of the progress experienced in China during the 1980s .",
"title": "Maoist Peoples Republic"
},
{
"text": " Li was described as an orthodox or Soviet-style communist and was a firm believer in central planning and sociopolitical conformity , so disliked Deng Xiaopings more radical economic reform ideas . He had in fact been largely responsible for drafting the short-lived Ten Year Plan of 1978 which attempted to build a Soviet-style economy based around heavy industry and energy production . Lis ideas enjoyed strong support among some sections of the Chinese top leadership ; General Yu Qiuli and his oil clique , for example , fully supported Li .",
"title": "Maoist Peoples Republic"
},
{
"text": "However , Deng quickly terminated these ideas and instituted his own go slow approach that involved gradually allowing the development of light industry and consumer goods . He also went about assigning government posts to younger men who were followers of his ideas . One of these was Premier Zhao Ziyang , whom Li strongly opposed for being too willing to import Western ideas and move away from a planned economy . According to Zhao , Li hated me because I was implementing Deng Xiaopings reforms , but since it was difficult for him to openly oppose Deng , he",
"title": "Maoist Peoples Republic"
},
{
"text": "made me the target of his opposition .",
"title": "Maoist Peoples Republic"
},
{
"text": "In 1983 , after the passing of a new Constitution , Li was appointed President of China at the age of 74 . Although according to the 1982 Constitution the role of President was largely ceremonial , it recognized Lis status as a respected Party elder and a member of the Politburo Standing Committee , and Li himself went on to forcefully use his still very substantial influence to support leftist policies . In 1984 , Li met with U.S . President Ronald Reagan during the latters visit to China , notably discussing the status of Taiwan with the President",
"title": "Maoist Peoples Republic"
},
{
"text": ". Li visited the United States in July 1985 , the first time the head of state of the Peoples Republic of China made such a visit .",
"title": "Maoist Peoples Republic"
},
{
"text": "As the decade progressed , Deng Xiaoping , always an opponent of lifetime tenure in office , gradually convinced most of the party elders to retire . Li stepped down as president in 1988 and was succeeded by Yang Shangkun . Li was then named Chairman of the National Committee of the CPPCC . He was a strong supporter of Jiang Zemins rise to power , and during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 , Li was one of the hardline Party elders who pushed for a strong response to the demonstrations and supported Premier Li Pengs desire to use",
"title": "Maoist Peoples Republic"
},
{
"text": "military force to suppress the protests . Li continued to serve in government until his death in 1992 .",
"title": "Maoist Peoples Republic"
},
{
"text": " Li had four children . His youngest daughter , Li Xiaolin , is the President of the Chinese Peoples Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries . She is a member of the CPPCC national committee . Death and later commemoration . Li died on 21 June 1992 at the age of 82 , two days shy of his 83rd birthday . His funeral was held on 27 June 1992 and was attended by members of the Politburo Standing Committee . After the service , Li was cremated .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Frankel , Benjamin . The Cold War 1945-1991 . Vol . 2 , Leaders and other important figures in the Soviet Union , Eastern Europe , China and the Third World ( 1992 ) pp 191–92 . - Yang , Yutong . Li Xiannian . in China at War : An Encyclopedia ( 2012 ) p 225 .",
"title": "Further reading"
}
] |
/wiki/Daimler_Company#P749#0
|
What was the parent organization of Daimler Company between Dec 1949 and Nov 1958?
|
Daimler Company The Daimler Company Limited ( ) , prior to 1910 The Daimler Motor Company Limited , was an independent British motor vehicle manufacturer founded in London by H . J . Lawson in 1896 , which set up its manufacturing base in Coventry . The company bought the right to the use of the Daimler name simultaneously from Gottlieb Daimler and Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft of Cannstatt , Germany . After early financial difficulty and a reorganisation of the company in 1904 , the Daimler Motor Company was purchased by Birmingham Small Arms Company ( BSA ) in 1910 , which also made cars under its own name before the Second World War . In 1933 , BSA bought the Lanchester Motor Company and made it a subsidiary of Daimler Company . Daimler was awarded a Royal Warrant to provide cars to the British monarch in 1902 ; it lost this privilege in the 1950s after being supplanted by Rolls-Royce . Daimler occasionally used alternative technology : the Knight engine which it further developed in the early twentieth century and used from 1909 to 1935 , the worm gear final drive fitted from 1909 until after the Second World War , and their patented fluid flywheel used in conjunction with a Wilson preselector gearbox from 1930 to the mid-1950s . Daimler tried to widen its appeal in the 1950s with a line of smaller cars at one end and opulent show cars at the other , stopped making Lanchesters , had a highly publicised removal of their chairman from the board , and developed and sold a sports car and a high-performance luxury saloon and limousine . BSA sold Daimler to Jaguar Cars in 1960 and Jaguar briefly continued Daimlers line adding a Daimler variant of its Mark II sports saloon . Jaguar was then merged into the British Motor Corporation in 1966 and British Leyland in 1968 . Under these companies , Daimler became an upscale trim level for Jaguar cars except for the 1968–1992 Daimler DS420 limousine , which had no Jaguar equivalent despite being fully Jaguar-based . When Jaguar Cars was split off from British Leyland in 1984 it retained the Daimler company and brand . Ford bought Jaguar Cars in 1990 and under Ford it stopped using the Daimler marque in 2009 when the last X358 Daimler models were discontinued . The X351 Jaguar XJ took its place and there was no Daimler variant . Jaguar Cars remained in its ownership , and from 2000 accompanied by Land Rover , until they sold both Jaguar and Land Rover to Tata Motors in 2008 , who formed Jaguar Land Rover as a subsidiary holding company for them . In 2013 , Jaguar Cars was merged with Land Rover to form Jaguar Land Rover Limited , and the rights to the Daimler car brand were transferred to the newly formed British multinational car manufacturer Jaguar Land Rover . Origin . Simms and the Daimler engine . Engineer Frederick Richard Simms was supervising construction of an aerial cableway of his own design for the Bremen Exhibition in 1889 when he saw tiny railcars powered by Gottlieb Daimlers motors . Simms , who had been born to English parents in Hamburg and raised by them there , became friends with Daimler , an Anglophile who had worked from autumn 1861 to summer 1863 at Beyer-Peacock in Gorton , Manchester . Simms introduced Daimlers motors to England in 1890 to power launches . In an agreement dated 18 February 1891 , he obtained British and Empire rights for the Daimler patents . That month , Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft lent Simms a motorboat with a 2 hp engine and an extra engine . In June 1891 Simms had set up a London office at 49 Leadenhall Street and founded Simms & Co consulting engineers . In May 1892 , the motorboat , which Simms had named Cannstatt , began running on the Thames from Putney . After demonstrating a motor launch to The Honourable Evelyn Ellis , Simmss motor launch business grew rapidly , but became endangered when solicitor Alfred Hendriks was found to have been illegally taking money from the company . Hendriks severed his connections with Simms & Co . in February 1893 . Simms Daimler-related work was later moved into a new company , The Daimler Motor Syndicate Limited , which was formed on 26 May 1893 . Simms plans to make cars . Following the success of Daimler-powered Peugeots and Panhards at the 1894 Paris–Rouen competition , Simms decided to open a motor car factory , On 7 June 1895 Simms told the board of the Daimler Motor Syndicate that he intended to form The Daimler Motor Company Limited to acquire the British rights to the Daimler patents and to manufacture Daimler engines and cars in England . That month , he arranged for the syndicate to receive a ten percent ( 10% ) commission on all British sales of Daimler-powered Panhard & Levassor cars . At the same meeting Simms produced the first licence to operate a car under the Daimler patents . It was for a hp Panhard & Levassor that had been bought in France by The Honourable Evelyn Ellis , who had three Daimler motor launches moored by his home at Datchet . On 3 July , after Ellis bought the licence , the car was landed at Southampton and driven by Ellis to Micheldever near Winchester where Ellis met Simms and they drove together to Datchet . Ellis later drove it on to Malvern . This was the first long journey by motorcar in Britain . Simms later referred to the car as a Daimler Motor Carriage . Later in 1895 Simms announced plans to form The Daimler Motor Company Limited and to build a brand-new factory , with delivery of raw materials by light rail , for 400 workmen making Daimler engines and motor carriages . Simms asked his friend Daimler to be consulting engineer to the new enterprise . Works premises at Eel Pie Island on the Thames where the Thames Electric and Steam Launch Company , owned by Andrew Pears of Pears Soap fame , had been making electrically powered motor launches , were purchased to be used to service Daimler-powered motor launches . Simms sells out to Lawson . Investor Harry John Lawson had set out to use the British Motor Syndicate to monopolise motor car production in Britain by taking over every patent he could . As part of this goal , Lawson approached Simms on 15 October 1895 , seeking the right to arrange the public flotation of the proposed new company and to acquire a large shareholding for his British Motor Syndicate . Welcomed by Simms , the negotiations proceeded on the basis that this new company should acquire The Daimler Motor Syndicate Limited as a going concern , including the name and patent rights . In order that the Daimler licences could be transferred from Simms to the new company , all the former partners would have to agree to the transfer . By this time , Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach had withdrawn from Daimler Motoren Gesellschafts business to concentrate on cars and engines for them . Simms offered to pay DMG £17,500 for the transfer and for a licence for Daimler and Maybachs Phénix engine , which DMG did not own . Simms therefore insisted that the transfer be on the condition that Daimler and Maybach rejoined DMG . This was agreed in November 1895 and the Daimler-Maybach car business re-merged with DMGs . Daimler was appointed DMGs General Inspector and Maybach chief Technical Director . At the same time Simms became a director of DMG but did not become a director of the London company . According to Gustav Vischer , DMGs business manager at the time , Simms getting Daimler to return to DMG was no mean feat . The sale of Daimler Motor Syndicate to Lawsons interests was completed by the end of November 1895 . The shareholders of the Syndicate had made a profit of two hundred percent ( 200% ) on their original investment . Independent ( 1896–1910 ) . From starting to stability . On 14 January 1896 Lawson incorporated The Daimler Motor Company Limited . A prospectus was issued on 15 February . The subscription lists opened on 17 February and closed , oversubscribed , the next day . The Daimler Motor Company Limited bought The Daimler Motor Syndicate Limited from Lawsons British Motor Syndicate as a going concern . Simms was appointed consulting engineer to the new business but was not to be on the board of directors , possibly because he had become a director of the Cannstatt firm . One of the duties assigned to Simms was to find a suitable location for the factory . Simms found the Trusty Oil Engine Works , a company in receivership whose six-acre site at Cheltenham included a foundry , a machine shop , and testing facilities . Simms recommended buying the works immediately since , with ready facilities and the availability of skilled workers , they could start up in a very short time . Instead , at the first statutory meeting of the company , held while Simms was overseas , Lawson persuaded the board to buy a disused four-storey cotton mill in Coventry which was owned by Lawsons associate Ernest Terah Hooley . Despite Simms later protest and pleas to sell the mill and buy the Trusty Oil Engine Works , Daimler stayed with the mill as the site of Britains first automobile factory . Delayed delivery of machines kept the factory unfinished throughout 1896 and into 1897 . During 1896 Daimler sold imported cars from companies for which Lawson held the licences . Cannstatt supplied engine parts but the delivery of working drawings were delayed for months . Four experimental cars were built in Coventry and a Panhard van was dismantled and reverse engineered . Some Daimler engines , with details redesigned by works manager J . S . Critchley , were also made in 1896 . The first car left the works in January 1897 , fitted with a Panhard engine , followed in March by Daimler-engined cars . The first Coventry Daimler-engined product made its maiden run in March 1897 . By mid-year they were producing three of their own cars a week and producing Léon Bollée cars under licence . Lawson claimed to have made 20 cars by July 1897 making the Daimler Britains first motor car to go into serial production , an honour that is also credited to Humber Motors who had also displayed , but in their case their production models , at the Stanley Cycle Show in London in 1896 . The Daimlers had a twin-cylinder , 1526 cc engine , mounted at the front of the car , four-speed gearbox and chain drive to the rear wheels . Because of Daimlers financial difficulty in July 1897 Daimler began asking Lawsons Great Horseless Carriage Company to settle its accounts with them . In the same month , they refused to send working drawings of their 4 hp motor frame to DMG in Canstatt . Lack of co-operation with the Canstatt firm caused Simms to resign as Daimlers consulting engineer that month . Also in July 1897 , the company sold their launch works at Eel Pie Island at a loss of seven £700 or more . Ongoing difficulties with the Great Horseless Carriage Company and the British Motor Syndicate caused Lawson to resign from Daimlers board on 7 October 1897 . He was replaced as chairman by Henry Sturmey , who at the time was five days into a motor tour in his personal Daimler from John OGroats to Lands End . On arriving at Lands End on 19 October , Sturmey became the first person to make that journey in a motor car . Gottlieb Daimler resigned from the board of the Daimler Motor Company in July 1898 having never attended a board meeting . Sturmey opposed the appointment of a proposed successor who , according to Sturmey , held no shares and knew nothing about the automobile business . A committee was brought in to investigate the activities of the board and the company . The committee summed up the management of the business as being inefficient and not energetic and suggested that it be reorganised and run by a paid managing director . When Evelyn Ellis and another board member did not run for re-election , they were replaced by E . H . Bayley and Edward Jenkinson , with Bayley replacing Sturmey as chairman . Sturmey resigned in May 1899 after Bayley and Jenkinson had reorganised the business . Simms , as a director of DMG , proposed a union between the Daimler Motor Company in Coventry and DMG in Cannstatt in mid-1900 but the reorganised company was not interested in the merger and turned the offer down . Persistent financial troubles caused Daimler to be reorganised again in 1904 . The previous company was wound up and a new company was formed to acquire the old one and pay its debts and winding-up costs . Under the chairmanship of Sir Edward Jenkinson , Daimler hired American electrical engineer Percy Martin as works manager and socialite Undecimus Stratton as the head of the London depot , and promoted Ernest Instone to general manager . Jenkinson was succeeded in 1906 by Edward Manville , a consulting electrical engineer . Royal patronage . Known as Britains oldest car manufacturers , Daimler was first associated with royalty in 1898 when the Prince of Wales , later Edward VII , was given a ride on a Daimler by John Douglas-Scott-Montagu later known as Lord Montagu of Beaulieu . Scott-Montagu , as a member of parliament , also drove a Daimler into the yard of the Palace of Westminster , the first motorised vehicle to be driven there . Daimler had sold the Prince of Wales a mail phaeton in early 1900 . In 1902 , upon buying another Daimler , King Edward VII awarded Daimler a royal warrant as suppliers of motor cars . Undecimus Stratton met E . G . Jenkinson , the chairman of Daimler , in 1903 when Jenkinsons Daimler was stranded by the roadside . Upon seeing the stranded motorist , Stratton stopped his Daimler and offered assistance . Jenkinson was impressed by Stratton and by his motoring knowledge . At the time , Jenkinson was looking to replace the head of Daimlers London depot , a particularly sensitive position because of the royal cars . Taking the position , Stratton soon found himself having to select better royal chauffeurs and mechanics . He quickly became an occasional motoring companion to the King . In 1908 , through Strattons Royal connections , Daimler was awarded a Royal Appointment as suppliers of motor cars to the Court of Spain by King Alfonso XIII and a Royal Warrant as Motor Car Manufacturer to the Court of Prussia by Kaiser Wilhelm II . Stratton also sold Daimlers to the Sultan of Johor . In 1911 , he spent some weekends at Sandringham tutoring the new Prince of Wales on the workings and driving of an automobile . Stratton went into partnership with Daimlers commercial manager Ernest Instone in 1921 . Stratton and Instone took charge of the Daimler showrooms at 27 Pall Mall , naming the business Stratton-Instone . Stratton died in July 1929 after a brief illness . His successors and Instone bought out Daimlers interest in 1930 and renamed the business Stratstone Limited . The following summer the future King Edward VIII rented Strattons house at Sunningdale from his widow . Every British monarch from Edward VII to Elizabeth II has been driven in Daimler limousines . In 1950 , after a persistent transmission failure on the Kings car , Rolls-Royce was commissioned to provide official state cars and as Daimlers retired they were not replaced by Daimlers . The current official state car is either one of a pair which were specially made for the purpose by Bentley , unofficial chauffeured transport is by Daimler . Her Majestys own car for personal use is a 2008 Daimler Super Eight but she is also seen to drive herself in other smaller cars . Fluted radiator . Since 1904 , the fluted top surface to the radiator grille has been Daimlers distinguishing feature . This motif developed from the heavily finned water-cooling tubes slung externally at the front of early cars . Later , a more conventional , vertical radiator had a heavily finned header tank . Eventually these fins were echoed on a protective grille shell and , even later , on the rear licence plate holder . Sleeve-valve engines . Attracted by the possibilities of the Silent Knight engine Daimlers chairman contacted Charles Yale Knight in Chicago and Knight settled in England near Coventry in 1907 . Daimler bought rights from Knight for England and the colonies and shared ownership of the European rights , in which it took 60% , with Minerva of Belgium . Daimler contracted Dr Frederick Lanchester as their consultant for the purpose and a major re-design and refinement of Knights design took place in great secrecy . Knights design was made a practical proposition . When unveiled in September 1908 the new engine caused a sensation . Suffice it to say that mushroom valves , springs and cams , and many small parts , are swept away bodily , that we have an almost perfectly spherical explosion chamber , and a cast-iron sleeve or tube as that portion of the combustion chamber in which the piston travels . The Royal Automobile Club held a special meeting to discuss the new engine , still silent but no longer Wholly Knight . The Autocar reported on its extraordinary combination of silence , flexibility and power . Daimler stopped making poppet-valve engines altogether . Under the observation of the Royal Automobile Club ( RAC ) , two Daimler sleeve-valve engines were put through severe bench , road , and track tests and , upon being dismantled , showed no visible wear , earning Daimler the 1909 Dewar Trophy . Sales outran the works ability to supply . Daimlers sleeve valve engines idle silently but they left a slight haze of oil smoke trailing behind them . These engines consumed oil at a rate of up to an Imperial gallon every 450 miles , oil being needed to lubricate the sleeves particularly when cold . However , by the standards of their day they required very little maintenance . Daimler kept their silent sleeve-valve engines until the mid-1930s . The change to poppet valves began with the Fifteen of 1933 . First fatal motor accident in the United Kingdom . A Daimler 6 hp was involved in the first motor accident in the UK to be recorded as having involved the death of the driver . A young engineer was killed in 1899 when the rim of a rear wheel of the car he was driving collapsed under heavy braking in a turn on a sloping road in Harrow on the Hill . The driver and his four passengers were thrown from the car . One of the passengers fractured his skull in the accident and died in hospital three days later . Under BSA ( 1910–1960 ) . Acquisition by BSA . Under an agreement dated 22 September 1910 the shareholders of The Daimler Motor Company Limited merged their holdings with those of the Birmingham Small Arms Company ( BSA ) group of companies , receiving five BSA shares in exchange for four ordinary Daimler shares and £1 5s plus accrued dividend for each £1 preference share . This deal was engineered by Dudley Docker , deputy-chairman of BSA , who was famous for previous successful business mergers . Daimler , a manufacturer of motor vehicles , had a payroll of 4,116 workmen and 418 staff immediately before the merger . BSA produced rifles , ammunition , military vehicles , bicycles , motorcycles and some BSA-branded cars . The chairman of the combined group was Edward Manville , who had been chairman of the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders – founded by Simms – since 1907 . However the merger was not a great success . By 1913 Daimler had a workforce of 5,000 workers which made only 1,000 vehicles a year . Royal transport . By 1914 Daimlers were used by royal families including those of Great Britain , Germany , Russia , Sweden , Japan , Spain , and Greece ; its list of owners among the British nobility read like a digest of Debrett ; the Bombay agent supplied Indian princes ; the Japanese agent , Okura , handled sales in Manchuria and Korea . Public transport . Daimler also made engines and chassis for commercial vehicles , with the Metropolitan Electric Tramways ordering 350 double-decker buses in 1912 and engines being sold to the London General Omnibus Company ( LGOC ) . The 40 hp engine and chassis used with the double-decker bus was also used with lorries and drays , while a half-ton delivery van was based on a 12 hp chassis similar to a car chassis . Daimler made a 105 hp 15.9 L sleeve-valve straight-six engine for use in large tractors co-developed with William Foster & Co . for the South American market . World War I work . During World War I , the military took the normal production cars , lorries , buses and ambulances together with a scout army vehicle and engines used in ambulances , trucks , and double-decker buses . Special products included aero-engines and complete aircraft , tank and tractor engines and munitions . The first aircraft engine manufactured by Daimler was the 80 hp Gnome Monosoupape rotary . With no drawings available to them , Daimlers Gnome engines were reverse-engineered from an engine delivered to them on 7 August 1914 . Daimler later built the RAF 1 and 1a air-cooled V8s , the RAF 4 and 4a V12s , the Le Rhone rotary , and the Bentley BR2 rotary alongside other manufacturers . Production of RAF 4 engines gave Daimler experience in building V12 engines which would be appreciated when they later designed and built Double-Six V12 engines for their large cars . Daimler trained air force mechanics at its works and its training methods became the standard for all manufacturers instructing RAF mechanics . Having its own body shop , Daimler had the woodworking ability to build complete aircraft . By the end of 1914 , they had built 100 units of the Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2c . These were followed by the BE12 and RE8 . Daimler purchased an open field beside their Radford factory , cleared the site , and made it available to the Government , who turned it into the main RAF testing ground for aircraft built in the Coventry district . Although Daimler tooled up for production of the Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.4 bomber the aircraft was cancelled due to poor performance . The last wartime aircraft produced was the Airco DH.10 Amiens bomber when they were building 80 aeroplanes a month . Before the war , Daimler had been making 105 hp engines for tractors made by Fosters of Lincoln for the South American market . These tractors were developed into artillery tractors to haul howitzers . Production of the artillery tractors began on 3 December 1914 . These engines were later used for the first British tanks ever built , the prototypes Little Willie and Mother and later in the production Mark I tank . One major difficulty for the tanks was the fine oil haze above their Daimler engines which the enemy quickly learned meant tanks were operating nearby if out of sight . The early tanks weighed up to 28 tons . They were all Daimler powered . The Mark IV tank - the first major improvement in design - had uprated engines delivering 125 hp ; these engines had aluminium pistons and are believed to have been designed by W . O . Bentley while he was working on the Bentley BR1 rotary engine in Coventry . Daimler made more twelve-inch ( 305 mm ) shell casings than any other private business in the country , with a peak production of more than 2000 casings a day . Each was machined from a 990 lb forging down to a finished weight of 684 lb . Civil aviation . After the Armistice it was decided that Daimler Hire should extend its luxury travel services to include charter aircraft through a new enterprise , Daimler Air Hire . Following the take-over of Airco and its subsidiaries in February 1920 services included scheduled services London-Paris as well as Taxi Planes to anywhere in Europe . In 1922 , under the name of Daimler Airway services extended to scheduled flights London to Berlin and places between . Frank Searle , managing director of Daimler Hire and its subsidiaries moved with his deputy Humphery Wood into the new national carrier Imperial Airways at its formation on 1 April 1924 . Searle and Wood and their Daimler Airway machines formed the core of Imperial Airways operations . Commercial vehicles . Together with Associated Equipment Company ( AEC ) , it formed the Associated Daimler Company to build commercial vehicles in the late 1920s . The association was dissolved in 1928 with each company retaining manufacture of its original products . Lanchester acquisition and badging . The bulk of Daimlers shareholding in its subsidiary Daimler Hire Limited was sold to the Thomas Tilling Group in 1930 . and , in January 1931 , Daimler completed the purchase of The Lanchester Motor Company Limited . The new Lanchester 15/18 model introduced in 1931 was fitted with Daimlers fluid flywheel transmission . Although at first they produced separate ranges of cars with the Daimler badge appearing mainly on the larger models , by the mid-1930s the two were increasingly sharing components leading to the 1936 Lanchester 18/Daimler Light 20 differing in little except trim and grille . This marketing concept already employed with their BSA range of cars continued to the end of Lanchester and BSA car production . Some very important customers , including the Duke of York and at least two Indian princes , were supplied with big Daimler limousines with Lanchester grilles . The Daimler range was exceptionally complex in the 1930s with cars using a variety of six- and eight-cylinder engines with capacities from 1805 cc in the short lived 15 of 1934 to the 4624 cc 4.5-litre of 1936 . Review of BSA management before the Second World War . The divisiveness of the Daimler board did not end with the BSA takeover , but continued into the board of BSA . Despite this , Daimler prospered until the late 1920s , increasing its profits and its reputation . Along with an apprenticeship programme that was among the best in the British industry at the time , they attracted a large number of pupils out of public schools . During the First World War , Daimlers labour force grew from 4,000 to 6,000 men . The acquisition of Airco in February 1920 was a financial disaster for the BSA group . Percy Martin had been strongly in favour of the purchase , including Aircos extensive production facilities near London , and no one thought to examine Aircos true circumstances , leading to liabilities in excess of £1.3 million . All dividends were passed from 1920 to 1924 . By 1930 the BSA Groups primary activities were BSA motorcycles and Daimler vehicles . However , all the quality car businesses experienced financial difficulties in the late 1920s . Daimlers situation seemed particularly serious . Sales fell sharply in 1927–1928 , a period of losses ensued and no dividends were paid between 1929 and 1936 . The sleeve valve engine was outdated , Daimlers production methods had become old-fashioned , they had an extravagantly large range of products . Their bankers noted the decreasing sales volume , the poor performance for price and the need for up-to-date machine tool equipment . Stratton-Instones dominance of distribution was removed and other outlets arranged . The interests in Singer and the Daimler Hire business were sold and Lanchester bought . The in-house bodywork department was closed and by the spring of 1931 car production ceased , only commercial vehicle production and aero engine work kept Daimler in business . Laurence Pomeroy joined Damler in late 1926 , at first working on commercial vehicles but from 1928 he worked at the products of the main Daimler operation . Pomeroy introduced redesigned poppet valve engines with the Daimler Fifteen in September 1932 , developed new models of Daimlers , and recommended what became the September 1932 introduction of the small BSA and Lanchester Tens with poppet valve engines to help Daimler survive the depression . According to Martin , these actions rescued the business from total collapse in 1932 . In 1934 , the Pomeroy-designed poppet-valve Straight-Eights replaced the Daimler Double-Six sleeve-valve V12s without controversy or embarrassment , thereby being a personal triumph for Pomeroy . Management shift . From before the merger of Daimler into the BSA group the core of Daimlers management was formed by chairman Edward Manville , works manager Percy Martin , and sales manager Ernest Instone , who left Daimler in 1921 to start auto dealer Stratton-Instone , and was responsible for Daimler sales in England and Wales thereafter . Instone died in 1932 , Manville died in 1933 , and Martin , who in January 1934 replaced Alexander Roger , Manvilles replacement , as chairman , retired in 1935 . In May 1936 Laurence Pomeroy was fired as managing director of Daimler with immediate effect . Daimler was not paying dividends and the 1936 BSA shareholders meetings were stormy . Attempted solutions had included the Lanchester acquisition and the introduction of smaller cars , the lower-priced 10 hp Lanchester and its matching but six-cylinder stable-mate the Daimler Fifteen ( later DB17 and DB18 ) introduced in the early thirties . This particular product line as the Lanchester Fourteen and Daimler Conquest was to run through to almost the very end . Edward H . W . Cooke attempted a revival and from 1937 introduced saloons with a freshness of design new to Daimler . The new products had successes in competitions and rallies . His policy was proved sound but another war , post-war austerity and yet more boardroom battles , this time in public , seemed to put an end to Daimlers once-proud business . Daimlers semi-automatic transmissions . Daimler started testing the Fluidrive system in a bus chassis in 1928 . This system , patented by Harold Sinclair in 1926 , applied Hermann Föttingers fluid flywheel to replace the clutch in the transmission systems of road vehicles . Daimler was initially interested in the fluid flywheel for use in commercial vehicles , but Martin decided to develop the system for use in passenger cars as well . Martin and Pomeroy originally intended to use the fluid flywheel with a conventional gearbox . Their consultant , Frederick Lanchester , warned them that putting a car with that combination on the market would be a terribly big gambling risk , and an accident in March 1929 where a Double-Six 30 with a prototype transmission damaged a garage in Devon after Pomeroy left it idling while in gear may have shown the nature of this risk . By October 1930 , when Daimler introduced the fluid flywheel on their new Light Double-Six for an extra £50 , it was used with the self changing gearbox developed by W . G . Wilson . Martin and the Daimler Company patented their refinements to Sinclairs system in 1930 . By November 1933 the combination of fluid flywheel and Wilson preselector gearbox was used in all Daimler vehicles , ranging from 10 h.p . passenger cars to double-deck omnibuses according to the chairmans report to the shareholders at their Annual General Meeting that month . According to the same report , more than 11,000 vehicles were using the transmission by that time . Daimler would continue to develop and use these transmissions until 1956 , when Borg-Warner fully automatic units were offered initially as an alternative but later as standard . The Lanchester Sprite , a 1.6 L car with a unit body and Hobbs fully automatic gearbox , was shown at the British International Motor Show at Earls Court in 1954 . Problems with the transmission and other systems were never fully sorted out , and the Sprite was discontinued about two years later with only thirteen being built . Second World War work . During the Second World War , Daimler turned again to military production . A four-wheel-drive scout car , known to the Army as the Dingo had a 2.5-litre engine and the larger Daimler Armoured Car powered by a 4.1-litre engine and armed with a 2-pounder gun were produced , both with six-cylinder power units , fluid flywheels and epicyclic gearboxes . These military vehicles incorporated various innovative features including disc brakes on all four wheels . The Dingo was designed by parent company BSA and took the name Dingo from an unsuccessful competitor submitted by Alvis . During the war Daimler built more than 6,600 Scout Cars and some 2,700 Mk I and Mk II Armoured Cars . Daimler also provided tank components , including epicyclic gearboxes for 2,500 Crusader , Covenanter and Cavalier tanks . They built 74,000 Bren gun , initially at a workshop in their Coventry factory and , after the workshop was destroyed in the April 1941 raid , at a boot and shoe factory in Burton-on-Trent . Instead of building complete aircraft as they had in World War I , Daimler built aircraft components , including 50,800 Bristol radial aero-engines—Mercury , Hercules and Pegasus—with full sets of parts for 9,500 more of these engines , propeller shafts for Rolls-Royce aero-engines , and 14,356 gun-turrets for bombers including their Browning machine guns . In all , Daimler produced more than 10 million aircraft parts during the war . All this production is Daimlers alone excluding BSAs other involvements . Daimlers peak workforce , 16,000 people , was reached in this period . The original Sandy Lane plant , used as a government store , was destroyed by fire during intensive enemy bombing of Coventry , but there were by now shadow factories elsewhere in the city including one located at Browns Lane , Allesey . In 1952 , Jaguar moved to Browns Lane which became the principal Jaguar car plant for several decades . The factory has since been closed but areas retained for smaller Jaguar operations and housing together with development of industrial buildings . The Daimler Radford plant has become a large housing estate . After that war Daimler produced the Ferret armoured car , a military reconnaissance vehicle based on the innovative 4.1-litre-engined armoured car they had developed and built during the war , which has been used by over 36 countries . Postwar decline . Winston Churchill campaigned for the 1945 and 1950 general elections in the DB18 two-door drophead coupé he had ordered in 1939 . The government ordered new limousines for the commanding officers of the occupying forces . New straight-eights were supplied to the former colonies for the planned royal tours . The first Daimler limousines to be delivered after the war went to embassies and consulates in Europe and to the Lieutenant-Governors of Jersey and Guernsey . These were Straight-Eights built largely from pre-war stock . The first post-war model was the Eighteen , a development of the pre-war Fifteen using the Scout Cars 2.5 L engine with a new high-compression cylinder head . The model used curved glass in its side windows which were framed by chromed metal channels instead of the thick pillars that were usual at the time . Because of ongoing restrictions on steel , many of the Eighteens body panels were made from aluminium . The first post-war Lanchester , the Ten , looked like an enlarged Ford Prefect and its body was made in the same factory , Briggs Motor Bodies on the Ford Dagenham site . Despite the austerity of the times , Daimler celebrated the 1946 golden jubilee of the founding of the business was with a luncheon at the Savoy , at which they announced the pricing of the Daimler Eighteen and the Lanchester Ten . Production of large eight-seat limousines , the six-cylinder DE 27 and the eight-cylinder DE36 , began in March 1946 . These were among the first series-built cars with electrically operated windows . They were also the first Daimler cars since 1909 to use bevel gear final drive instead of Daimlers usual worm final drive , and the DE 36 was the last straight-eight automobile to be manufactured in Britain . The DE 27 chassis was also used in the Daimler Ambulance with bodies by Barker and Hooper . Foreign monarchs , including the Queen of the Netherlands , the King of Thailand , The Aga Khan ( and Prince Aly Khan ) , the Emperor of Ethiopia , the Prince of Monaco , and the King of Afghanistan , re-ordered to replenish their fleets . Then in June 1947 the purchase tax was doubled on cars costing more than £1,000 , with home market sales already having been restricted to cars for essential purposes . Petrol remained rationed ; initially ten gallons a month , the monthly ration was increased to fifteen gallons in July 1946 , but was reduced again late in the summer of 1947 . Princess Elizabeth took her -litre coupé , a 21st -birthday gift from her father , to Malta , where her new husband was stationed . The King took delivery of a new open tourer straight-eight in March 1949 . In the commodities boom caused by the 1950 Korean War Australasian woolgrowers reported the new electrically operated limousine-division to be just the thing if over-heated sheepdogs licked the back of a drivers ears . A DE 27 limousine given to HRH Princess Elizabeth by the Royal Air Force as a wedding present was traded for a Rolls-Royce when its transmission failed . Rolls-Royce was persuaded to re-enter the high-end luxury market and built the straight-eight Phantom IV solely for royalty , heads of state , and their chairman . Former Daimler customers , including British royals and the Aga Khan , switched to the Phantom IV , while the Emperor of Ethiopia and the King and Queen of Greece ordered coachbuilt six-cylinder Silver Wraiths . Consorts discounted . Sir Bernard Docker , chairman of the parent company , took the extra responsibility of Daimlers managing director in January 1953 when James Leek was unable to continue through illness . Car buyers were still waiting for the new ( Churchill ) governments easing of the temporary swingeing purchase tax promised in the lead up to the snap-election held during the 1951 Earls Court Motor Show . Lady Docker told her husband to rethink his marketing policies . 3-litre Regency production was stopped . In the hope of keeping 4,000+ employed the Consort price was dropped from 4 February 1953 to the expected new tax-inclusive level . Stagnation of all the British motor industry was relieved by the reduction of purchase tax in the April 1953 budget . Daimler announced the introduction of the moderately sized Conquest in May ( apparently developed in just four months from the four-cylinder Lanchester 14 or Leda with a Daimler grille ) . Daimler and Lanchester ( there were no more BSA cars ) struggled after the War , producing too many models with short runs and limited production , and frequently selling too few of each model , while Jaguar seemed to know what the public wanted and expanded rapidly . Daimler produced heavy , staid , large and small luxury cars with a stuffy , if sometimes opulent image . Jaguar produced lower quality cars at a remarkably low price , designed for enthusiasts . The BSA groups leadership of the worlds motorcycle market was eventually lost to Japanese manufacturers . Lady Dockers Daimlers . Sir Bernard Docker was the managing director of BSA from early in WWII , and married Norah , Lady Collins in 1949 . Nora was twice-widowed and wealthy in her own right . This was her third marriage . She had originally been a successful dance hall hostess . Lady Docker took an interest in her husbands companies and became a director of Hooper , the coachbuilders . Daughter of an unsuccessful Birmingham car salesman Lady Docker could see that the Daimler cars , no longer popular with the royal family , were in danger of becoming an anachronism in the modern world . She took it upon herself to raise Daimlers profile , but in an extravagant fashion , by encouraging Sir Bernard to produce show cars . The first was the 1951 Golden Daimler , an opulent touring limousine , in 1952 , Blue Clover , a two-door sportsmans coupe , in 1953 the Silver Flash based on the 3-litre Regency chassis , and in 1954 Stardust , redolent of the Gold Car , but based on the DK400 chassis as was what proved to be her Paris 1955 grande finale , a 2-door coupé she named Golden Zebra , the last straw for the Tax Office and now on permanent display at The Hague . At the same time Lady Docker earned a reputation for having rather poor social graces when under the influence , and she and Sir Bernard were investigated for failing to correctly declare the amount of money taken out of the country on a visit to a Monte Carlo casino . Sir Bernard was instantly dumped for absenteeism by the Midland Bank board without waiting for the court case . Norah drew further attention . She ran up large bills and presented them to Daimler as business expenses but some items were disallowed by the Tax Office . The publicity attached to this and other social episodes told on Sir Bernards standing as some already thought the cars too opulent and vulgar for austere post-war Britain . To compound Sir Bernards difficulty , the royal family shifted allegiance to Rolls-Royce . By the end of 1960 all the State Daimlers had been sold and replaced by Rolls-Royces . Turners engines . Jack Sangster sold his motorcycle companies Ariel and Triumph to BSA in 1951 and joined their board . In 1956 Sangster was elected chairman , defeating Sir Bernard 6 votes to 3 . After a certain amount of electioneering by the Dockers an extraordinary shareholders meeting backed the board decision and Bernard and Norah left buying a brace of Rolls-Royces as they went registering them as ND5 and BD9 . Many important European customers turned out to have been Docker friends and did not re-order Daimler cars . Sangster promptly made Edward Turner head of the automotive division which as well as Daimler and Carbodies ( London Taxicab manufacturers ) included Ariel , Triumph , and BSA motorcycles . Turner designed the lightweight hemi head Daimler 2.5 & 4.5 Litre V8 Engines . The small engine was used to power a production version of an apprentices exercise , the very flexible Dart and the larger engine installed in the Majestic Major , a relabelled Majestic . Under Sangster Daimlers vehicles became a little less sober and more performance oriented . The Majestic Major proved an agile high-speed cruiser on the new motorways . Bill Boddy described the SP250 as unlikely to stir the memories of such ghosts as haunt the tree-lined avenues near Sandringham , Balmoral and Windsor Castle . The two excellent Turner V8 engines disappeared with British Leylands first rationalisation , the larger in 1968 and the smaller a year later . Buses 1911–1973 . A significant element of Daimler production was bus chassis , mostly for double deckers . Daimler had been interested in the commercial vehicle market from 1904 . In 1906 , it produced , using the Auto-Mixte patents of Belgian Henri Pieper , a petrol-electric vehicle and on 23 May 1906 registered Gearless Motor Omnibus Co . Limited . It was too heavy . Following the introduction of Daimler-Knight sleeve-valve engines re-designed for Daimler by Dr Frederick Lanchester Lanchester also refined the Gearless design and it re-emerged in 1910 as the KPL ( Knight-Pieper-Lanchester ) omnibus , an advanced integral petrol electric hybrid . The KPL bus had four-wheel brakes and steel unitary body/chassis construction . Failure to produce the KPL set bus design back twenty years . Introduction of the KPL was stopped by a patent infringement action brought by London General Omnibuss associate Tilling-Stevens in early May 1911 when just twelve KPL buses had been built . This was just after Daimler had poached LGOCs Frank Searle and announced him to be general manager of its new London bus service which would be using its new KPL type to compete directly with LGOC . Some of LGOCs vehicles used Daimler engines . With the collapse of Daimlers plans , Searle , an engineer and designer of the LGOC X-type and AEC B-type bus , instead joined Daimlers commercial vehicle department . Reverting to ( before LGOC ) omnibus salesman , Searle rapidly achieved some notable sales . 100 to Metropolitan Electric Tramways and 250 to LGOCs new owner , London Underground . First Searle designed for Daimler a 34-seater with gearbox transmission ( the KPL used electric motors each side ) , very like the B-Type and it was introduced by Daimler in early 1912 . The main difference from what became the AEC B-Type was the use of Daimlers sleeve-valve engine . In June 1912 what had been LGOCs manufacturing plant was hived off as AEC . Between 1913 and 1916 AEC built some Daimler models under contract and Daimler sold all AEC vehicles which were surplus to LGOC needs . After war service , now Colonel Searle , moved to Daimler Hire Limited and its involvement in aviation . The Searle models were developed after World War I , but , from 1926 to 1928 , Daimler entered into a joint venture , with AEC vehicles being badged as Associated Daimler , or ADCs . Daimlers CO chassis became the main model in the 1930s , followed by a similar , but heavier , CW austerity model produced during the Second World War ( 100 with the Gardner 5LW engine ( CWG5 ) , the rest with the AEC 7.7-litre engine – CWA6 ) and in post-war years , production worked through the Daimler CV to the long-running Daimler CR Fleetline , built from 1960 to 1980 ( CVG5 and CVG6 had been a common type of bus in Hong Kong between 1950 and 1988 and Fleetline had also become a major type of bus in Hong Kong until 1995 ) . Small numbers of single deck vehicles were also built . Many British bus operators bought substantial numbers of the vehicles and there were also a number built for export . The standard London double-decker bus bought from 1970 to 1978 was the Daimler Fleetline . Daimler buses were fitted with proprietary diesel engines , the majority by the Gardner company , of Eccles , Lancashire , although there were a few hundred Daimler diesels built in the 1940s & 1950s , and the Leyland O.680 was offered as an option on the Fleetline ( designated CRL6 ) after the merger with Leyland . The bus chassis were also fitted with bodywork built by various outside contractors , as is standard in the British bus industry , so , at a casual glance , there is no real identifying feature of a Daimler bus , apart from the badges ( Front engined Daimler buses retained the distinctive fluted radiator grille top ) . The last Daimler Fleetline was built at the traditional Daimler factory in Radford , Coventry , in 1973 . After that date , the remaining buses were built at the Leyland factory in Farington , Lancashire , the final eight years of Fleetline production being badged as Leylands . The last Fleetline built was bodied by Eastern Coach Works in 1981 . During that Jaguar-owned period 1960–1968 , Daimler became the second-largest ( after Leyland ) double-decker bus manufacturer in Britain , with the Fleetline model . At the same time , Daimler made trucks and motorhomes . BMH merged with the Leyland Motor Corporation to give the British Leyland Motor Corporation in 1968 . Production of Daimler buses in Coventry ceased in 1973 when production of its last bus product ( the Daimler Fleetline ) was transferred to Leyland plant in Farington . Daimler stayed within BLMC and its subsequent forms until 1982 , at which point Jaguar ( with Daimler ) was demerged from BL as an independent manufacturer . - Daimler Freeline 1951 to 1964 - Daimler Fleetline 1960 to 1983 - Daimler Roadliner 1962 to 1972 Owned by Jaguar Cars ( 1960-1966 ) . In May 1960 , the Daimler business was purchased from BSA by Jaguar Cars for £3.4 million . William Lyons was looking to expand manufacture , wanted the manufacturing facilities and had to decide what to do with the existing Daimler vehicles . Jaguar had been refused planning permission for a new factory in the area in which it wanted it to be . Daimler had shrunk to representing just 15% of BSA group turnover in 1959–1960 and BSA wished to dispose of its motoring interests . Jaguar stated publicly that it would continue production of the existing range of Daimler , that it would continue normal research and development for future Daimler products , and that it would expand Daimler markets in Britain and overseas . Jaguar put a Daimler 4.5 L V8 in a Mark X and tested it at the Motor Industry Research Association ( MIRA ) . With an inefficient prototype exhaust , the car went up to 135 mph on MIRAs banked track , faster than the production Mark X . Jaguar discontinued the six-cylinder Majestic in 1962 and the SP250 in 1964 , but Daimlers core product , the old-fashioned , heavy but fast 4.5 L V8 Majestic Major , was continued throughout Jaguars independent ownership of Daimler . In 1961 , Daimler introduced the DR450 , a long-wheelbase limousine version of the Majestic Major . The DR450 also continued in production beyond the end of Jaguars independent ownership of Daimler . 864 examples of the long-wheelbase DR450 were sold , as opposed to 1180 examples of the Majestic Major saloon . The 4.5-litre saloon and limousine were the last Daimlers not designed by Jaguar . Jaguar-based Daimlers . Apart from the DR450 limousine , new models under Lyons control were the result of negotiations between Lyons and the executives of Daimler distributor Stratstone Ltd . In exchange for a small Daimler in the tradition of the Consort and the Conquest , Stratstone gave up their Volkswagen franchise . Lyons response was the 2.5 V8 , a more luxurious Jaguar Mark 2 with the V8 engine from the SP250 , automatic transmission , different badges , and a grille with a fluted top . Despite the obvious Jaguar heritage , motor journalist S . C . H . Davis wrote of the cars marked character and claimed , This is not a Jaguar with a Daimler radiator grille and name plate . It can stand on its own . While the 2.5 V8 , later renamed the V8-250 under new ownership , became the most popular car Daimler ever produced , it was not enough to establish brand loyalty . Unlike Jaguar , whose wide range of models allowed sixty percent ( 60% ) of new Jaguars to be sold in exchange for Jaguars , few customers traded old 2.5 V8s for new ones . Most 2.5 V8 buyers were trading up from the bigger Ford , Wolseley , or Rover cars . James Smillie , chairman of Stratstone , made Lyons aware of this situation in 1965 . Lyons responded by preparing a Daimler-ised version of the upcoming Jaguar 420 and presenting it to Smillie and Stratstone managing director John Olley . Lyons asked the Stratstone executives what it should be called ; Smillie suggested Sovereign while Olley suggested Royale . Despite Lyons stating his preference for Royale at the meeting , the company decided on Sovereign two months later . The Sovereign was launched in October 1966 to fill the gap between the 2.5 V8 and the Majestic Major . Owned by BMH ( 1966–1968 ) . Jaguar was taken over by British Motor Corporation ( BMC ) in 1966 and a few months later BMC was renamed British Motor Holdings ( BMH ) . Lyons reasons and reactions . Though Jaguar had diversified by adding , after Daimler , Guy trucks and Coventry-Climax to their group they remained dependent on Pressed Steel for bodies . Once BMC had taken control of Pressed Steel Lyons felt compelled to submit to the BMC takeover . Lyons remained anxious to see that Jaguar maintained its own identity and came to resent the association with British Leyland . He was delighted by Sir John Egans accomplishments and by the new independence arranged in 1984 . End of Daimler brand in the United States . BMHs dealer network in the United States stopped importing Daimlers in 1967 , claiming that there was insufficient funds in the group advertising budget to market all of BMHs brands in the US . Owned by British Leyland ( 1968–1984 ) . Daimler DS420 Limousine . The Daimler DS420 Limousine was introduced in 1968 to replace their Daimler DR450 and BMCs Vanden Plas Princess . The DS420 used a Jaguar Mk X unitary carcass with a restyled roof and a floor pan extended by 21 inches behind the front seat and strengthened . The extension of the Mark X unit bodies was done by Motor Panels , a subsidiary of Rubery Owen . The floor pan with mechanicals was available to coachbuilders as a rolling chassis for use with specialised bodywork , usually as hearses ; Startin of Birmingham built more than 300 DS420-based hearses . Finishing from the bare metal , including final assembly and trimming the interior , was done by Vanden Plas , who had earlier made the Princess for BMC . The DS420 was withdrawn from production in 1992 . From 1986 it had been the last production automobile to use the William Heynes , designed Jaguar XK6 engine . The last DS420-based Startin hearse was delivered on 9 February 1994 to Mr . Slack , a funeral director in Cheshire . Though based entirely on Jaguar components , the DS420 was unique to Daimler . These limousines , wedding and funeral cars ( and the hearses made by independent coachbuilders ) are now the Daimlers most remembered . Daimler Sovereign , Daimler Double-Six . These were the first series of vehicles that were badge-engineered Jaguars ( XJ Series ) , but given a more luxurious and upmarket finish . For example , the Daimler Double-Six was a Jaguar XJ-12 , the Daimler badge and fluted top to its grille and boot handle being the only outward differences from the Jaguar , with more luxurious interior fittings and extra standard equipment marking it out on the inside . Chairmen . One strategy to sell Daimlers was through fleet sales of Jaguars to boards of directors ; Jaguar would offer to include a more prestigious Daimler for the chairman . From 1972 to 1974 the chairman of Jaguar Cars was Lofty England , who began his career in the automotive industry as a Daimler apprentice from 1927 to 1932 . Fluted grilles in Continental Europe and the US . The Daimler name was dropped in Europe in the 1980s , while Jaguar adopted the Sovereign designation . This caused a great demand for imported Daimler parts as conversion kits to convert Jaguars into Daimlers . Deducing from this conversion kit market that there was still a demand for Daimler cars , Jaguar Cars returned the Daimler brand to Europe at the end of 1985 . Meanwhile , in the United States , Jaguar marketed the Vanden Plas with Daimler fluted grilles and licence plate housings . Owned by Jaguar Cars ( 1984–1989 ) . If Jaguar was not to follow Daimler into becoming just another once iconic brand it needed immense amounts of capital to develop new models and build and equip new factories . This was beyond the ability of the BMH—now British Leyland—Group . It was decided to market the Jaguar business by first obtaining a separate London Stock Exchange listing to fix a price then ensuring any successful bid for all the listed shares in the whole business would be from a bidder with , or with access to , the necessary capital . That bidder proved to be Ford . 1984 produced a record group output of 36,856 cars but less than 5% were badged Daimler . Two years later Daimlers share had reached 11.5% , and would have been almost 23% if the Vanden Plas sold in the US were included . When the new XJ40 came into production in 1986 , the Series III was kept in production a further six years to 1992 to carry the big Double Six engines . Owned by Ford ( 1989–2007 ) . Ford Motor Company paid £1.6 billion to buy Jaguar in 1989 and with it the right to use the Daimler name . In 1992 , Daimler ( Ford ) stopped production of the DS420 Limousine , the only model that was a little more than just a re-badged Jaguar . When Ford bought Jaguar in 1990 , the British press showed a coloured computer-generated image of a proposed new Daimler car – not merely a rebadged Jaguar XJ . At least one related project has been documented . Daimler remained the flagship Jaguar product in every country except the US , where the top Jaguar is known as the XJ Vanden Plas — Jaguar may have feared that the American market would confuse Jaguar Daimler with Daimler AG . Century . Daimlers centenary was celebrated in 1996 by the production of a special edition : 100 Double Six and 100 straight-six cars , each with special paint and other special finishes including electrically adjustable rear seats . The single 2-door 4-seater convertible built in 1996 to commemorate Daimlers centenary and called Daimler Corsica was based on the Daimler Double-Six saloon . The prototype , which lacked an engine , had all the luxury features of the standard saloon but a shorter wheelbase . Painted Seafrost it was named after a 1931 Daimler Double-Six with a body by Corsica . Jaguar Daimler Heritage Trust have commissioned it to operate as a fully functional road-legal car and it is on display at The Collection Centre at the British Motor Museum at Gaydon , Warwickshire , England . Daimler Super V8 . 1997 saw the end of production of the Double Six . It was superseded by the introduction of a ( Jaguar ) V8 engine and the new car was given the model name Mark II XJ . The engine was the only significant change from the previous XJ40 . The replacement for the Double Six was the supercharged Super V8 , the supercharger to compensate for the loss of one-third of the previous engines capacity . Daimler Super Eight . After a three-year break a new Daimler , the Super Eight , was presented in July 2005 . It had a new stressed aluminium monocoque/chassis-body with a 4.2 L V8 supercharged engine which produced and a torque rating of at 3500 rpm . This car was derived from the Jaguar XJ ( X350 ) . Owned by Tata ( 2007–present ) . At the end of 2007 ( the formal announcement was delayed until 25 March 2008 ) , it became generally known that Indias Tata Group had completed arrangements to purchase Jaguar ( including Daimler ) and Land Rover . Tata had spoken to the press of plans to properly relaunch Englands oldest car marque . In July 2008 Tata Group , the current owners of Jaguar and Daimler , announced they were considering transforming Daimler into a super-luxury marque to compete directly with ultra luxury companies like Bentley and Rolls-Royce . Until the early 1950s it was often said the aristocracy buy Daimlers , the nouveau riche buy Rolls-Royce . An application to register the Daimler name as a trademark in the US was rejected in 2009 . Current status . The Daimler Company Limited , now The Daimler Motor Company Limited , is still registered as active and accounts are filed each year though it is currently marked non-trading . Until 20 December 1988 its name was The Daimler Company Limited . Before 5 October 2007 , Jaguar , while still controlled by Ford , reached agreement to permit then de-merging DaimlerChrysler to extend its use of the name Daimler . The announcement of this agreement was delayed until the end of July 2008 and made by Jaguars new owner , Tata . By 2007 , Jaguars use of the Daimler brand was limited to one model , the Super Eight , which was to be last Daimler model to be produced . In 2009 , Jaguar lost the right to trademark the Daimler name in the United States .
|
[
"Birmingham Small Arms Company"
] |
[
{
"text": "The Daimler Company Limited ( ) , prior to 1910 The Daimler Motor Company Limited , was an independent British motor vehicle manufacturer founded in London by H . J . Lawson in 1896 , which set up its manufacturing base in Coventry . The company bought the right to the use of the Daimler name simultaneously from Gottlieb Daimler and Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft of Cannstatt , Germany . After early financial difficulty and a reorganisation of the company in 1904 , the Daimler Motor Company was purchased by Birmingham Small Arms Company ( BSA ) in 1910 , which also made",
"title": "Daimler Company"
},
{
"text": "cars under its own name before the Second World War . In 1933 , BSA bought the Lanchester Motor Company and made it a subsidiary of Daimler Company .",
"title": "Daimler Company"
},
{
"text": " Daimler was awarded a Royal Warrant to provide cars to the British monarch in 1902 ; it lost this privilege in the 1950s after being supplanted by Rolls-Royce . Daimler occasionally used alternative technology : the Knight engine which it further developed in the early twentieth century and used from 1909 to 1935 , the worm gear final drive fitted from 1909 until after the Second World War , and their patented fluid flywheel used in conjunction with a Wilson preselector gearbox from 1930 to the mid-1950s .",
"title": "Daimler Company"
},
{
"text": "Daimler tried to widen its appeal in the 1950s with a line of smaller cars at one end and opulent show cars at the other , stopped making Lanchesters , had a highly publicised removal of their chairman from the board , and developed and sold a sports car and a high-performance luxury saloon and limousine .",
"title": "Daimler Company"
},
{
"text": " BSA sold Daimler to Jaguar Cars in 1960 and Jaguar briefly continued Daimlers line adding a Daimler variant of its Mark II sports saloon . Jaguar was then merged into the British Motor Corporation in 1966 and British Leyland in 1968 . Under these companies , Daimler became an upscale trim level for Jaguar cars except for the 1968–1992 Daimler DS420 limousine , which had no Jaguar equivalent despite being fully Jaguar-based . When Jaguar Cars was split off from British Leyland in 1984 it retained the Daimler company and brand .",
"title": "Daimler Company"
},
{
"text": "Ford bought Jaguar Cars in 1990 and under Ford it stopped using the Daimler marque in 2009 when the last X358 Daimler models were discontinued . The X351 Jaguar XJ took its place and there was no Daimler variant . Jaguar Cars remained in its ownership , and from 2000 accompanied by Land Rover , until they sold both Jaguar and Land Rover to Tata Motors in 2008 , who formed Jaguar Land Rover as a subsidiary holding company for them . In 2013 , Jaguar Cars was merged with Land Rover to form Jaguar Land Rover Limited , and",
"title": "Daimler Company"
},
{
"text": "the rights to the Daimler car brand were transferred to the newly formed British multinational car manufacturer Jaguar Land Rover .",
"title": "Daimler Company"
},
{
"text": " Simms and the Daimler engine . Engineer Frederick Richard Simms was supervising construction of an aerial cableway of his own design for the Bremen Exhibition in 1889 when he saw tiny railcars powered by Gottlieb Daimlers motors . Simms , who had been born to English parents in Hamburg and raised by them there , became friends with Daimler , an Anglophile who had worked from autumn 1861 to summer 1863 at Beyer-Peacock in Gorton , Manchester .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "Simms introduced Daimlers motors to England in 1890 to power launches . In an agreement dated 18 February 1891 , he obtained British and Empire rights for the Daimler patents . That month , Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft lent Simms a motorboat with a 2 hp engine and an extra engine . In June 1891 Simms had set up a London office at 49 Leadenhall Street and founded Simms & Co consulting engineers . In May 1892 , the motorboat , which Simms had named Cannstatt , began running on the Thames from Putney . After demonstrating a motor launch to",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "The Honourable Evelyn Ellis , Simmss motor launch business grew rapidly , but became endangered when solicitor Alfred Hendriks was found to have been illegally taking money from the company . Hendriks severed his connections with Simms & Co . in February 1893 . Simms Daimler-related work was later moved into a new company , The Daimler Motor Syndicate Limited , which was formed on 26 May 1893 .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": " Simms plans to make cars . Following the success of Daimler-powered Peugeots and Panhards at the 1894 Paris–Rouen competition , Simms decided to open a motor car factory , On 7 June 1895 Simms told the board of the Daimler Motor Syndicate that he intended to form The Daimler Motor Company Limited to acquire the British rights to the Daimler patents and to manufacture Daimler engines and cars in England . That month , he arranged for the syndicate to receive a ten percent ( 10% ) commission on all British sales of Daimler-powered Panhard & Levassor cars .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "At the same meeting Simms produced the first licence to operate a car under the Daimler patents . It was for a hp Panhard & Levassor that had been bought in France by The Honourable Evelyn Ellis , who had three Daimler motor launches moored by his home at Datchet . On 3 July , after Ellis bought the licence , the car was landed at Southampton and driven by Ellis to Micheldever near Winchester where Ellis met Simms and they drove together to Datchet . Ellis later drove it on to Malvern . This was the first long journey",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "by motorcar in Britain . Simms later referred to the car as a Daimler Motor Carriage .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": " Later in 1895 Simms announced plans to form The Daimler Motor Company Limited and to build a brand-new factory , with delivery of raw materials by light rail , for 400 workmen making Daimler engines and motor carriages . Simms asked his friend Daimler to be consulting engineer to the new enterprise . Works premises at Eel Pie Island on the Thames where the Thames Electric and Steam Launch Company , owned by Andrew Pears of Pears Soap fame , had been making electrically powered motor launches , were purchased to be used to service Daimler-powered motor launches .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "Simms sells out to Lawson .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "Investor Harry John Lawson had set out to use the British Motor Syndicate to monopolise motor car production in Britain by taking over every patent he could . As part of this goal , Lawson approached Simms on 15 October 1895 , seeking the right to arrange the public flotation of the proposed new company and to acquire a large shareholding for his British Motor Syndicate . Welcomed by Simms , the negotiations proceeded on the basis that this new company should acquire The Daimler Motor Syndicate Limited as a going concern , including the name and patent rights .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "In order that the Daimler licences could be transferred from Simms to the new company , all the former partners would have to agree to the transfer . By this time , Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach had withdrawn from Daimler Motoren Gesellschafts business to concentrate on cars and engines for them . Simms offered to pay DMG £17,500 for the transfer and for a licence for Daimler and Maybachs Phénix engine , which DMG did not own . Simms therefore insisted that the transfer be on the condition that Daimler and Maybach rejoined DMG . This was agreed in",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "November 1895 and the Daimler-Maybach car business re-merged with DMGs . Daimler was appointed DMGs General Inspector and Maybach chief Technical Director . At the same time Simms became a director of DMG but did not become a director of the London company . According to Gustav Vischer , DMGs business manager at the time , Simms getting Daimler to return to DMG was no mean feat .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": " The sale of Daimler Motor Syndicate to Lawsons interests was completed by the end of November 1895 . The shareholders of the Syndicate had made a profit of two hundred percent ( 200% ) on their original investment . Independent ( 1896–1910 ) . From starting to stability .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "On 14 January 1896 Lawson incorporated The Daimler Motor Company Limited . A prospectus was issued on 15 February . The subscription lists opened on 17 February and closed , oversubscribed , the next day . The Daimler Motor Company Limited bought The Daimler Motor Syndicate Limited from Lawsons British Motor Syndicate as a going concern . Simms was appointed consulting engineer to the new business but was not to be on the board of directors , possibly because he had become a director of the Cannstatt firm .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "One of the duties assigned to Simms was to find a suitable location for the factory . Simms found the Trusty Oil Engine Works , a company in receivership whose six-acre site at Cheltenham included a foundry , a machine shop , and testing facilities . Simms recommended buying the works immediately since , with ready facilities and the availability of skilled workers , they could start up in a very short time . Instead , at the first statutory meeting of the company , held while Simms was overseas , Lawson persuaded the board to buy a disused four-storey",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "cotton mill in Coventry which was owned by Lawsons associate Ernest Terah Hooley . Despite Simms later protest and pleas to sell the mill and buy the Trusty Oil Engine Works , Daimler stayed with the mill as the site of Britains first automobile factory .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": " Delayed delivery of machines kept the factory unfinished throughout 1896 and into 1897 . During 1896 Daimler sold imported cars from companies for which Lawson held the licences . Cannstatt supplied engine parts but the delivery of working drawings were delayed for months . Four experimental cars were built in Coventry and a Panhard van was dismantled and reverse engineered . Some Daimler engines , with details redesigned by works manager J . S . Critchley , were also made in 1896 .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "The first car left the works in January 1897 , fitted with a Panhard engine , followed in March by Daimler-engined cars . The first Coventry Daimler-engined product made its maiden run in March 1897 . By mid-year they were producing three of their own cars a week and producing Léon Bollée cars under licence . Lawson claimed to have made 20 cars by July 1897 making the Daimler Britains first motor car to go into serial production , an honour that is also credited to Humber Motors who had also displayed , but in their case their production models",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": ", at the Stanley Cycle Show in London in 1896 . The Daimlers had a twin-cylinder , 1526 cc engine , mounted at the front of the car , four-speed gearbox and chain drive to the rear wheels .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": " Because of Daimlers financial difficulty in July 1897 Daimler began asking Lawsons Great Horseless Carriage Company to settle its accounts with them . In the same month , they refused to send working drawings of their 4 hp motor frame to DMG in Canstatt . Lack of co-operation with the Canstatt firm caused Simms to resign as Daimlers consulting engineer that month . Also in July 1897 , the company sold their launch works at Eel Pie Island at a loss of seven £700 or more .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "Ongoing difficulties with the Great Horseless Carriage Company and the British Motor Syndicate caused Lawson to resign from Daimlers board on 7 October 1897 . He was replaced as chairman by Henry Sturmey , who at the time was five days into a motor tour in his personal Daimler from John OGroats to Lands End . On arriving at Lands End on 19 October , Sturmey became the first person to make that journey in a motor car .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "Gottlieb Daimler resigned from the board of the Daimler Motor Company in July 1898 having never attended a board meeting . Sturmey opposed the appointment of a proposed successor who , according to Sturmey , held no shares and knew nothing about the automobile business . A committee was brought in to investigate the activities of the board and the company . The committee summed up the management of the business as being inefficient and not energetic and suggested that it be reorganised and run by a paid managing director . When Evelyn Ellis and another board member did not",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "run for re-election , they were replaced by E . H . Bayley and Edward Jenkinson , with Bayley replacing Sturmey as chairman . Sturmey resigned in May 1899 after Bayley and Jenkinson had reorganised the business .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": " Simms , as a director of DMG , proposed a union between the Daimler Motor Company in Coventry and DMG in Cannstatt in mid-1900 but the reorganised company was not interested in the merger and turned the offer down . Persistent financial troubles caused Daimler to be reorganised again in 1904 . The previous company was wound up and a new company was formed to acquire the old one and pay its debts and winding-up costs .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "Under the chairmanship of Sir Edward Jenkinson , Daimler hired American electrical engineer Percy Martin as works manager and socialite Undecimus Stratton as the head of the London depot , and promoted Ernest Instone to general manager . Jenkinson was succeeded in 1906 by Edward Manville , a consulting electrical engineer .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": " Known as Britains oldest car manufacturers , Daimler was first associated with royalty in 1898 when the Prince of Wales , later Edward VII , was given a ride on a Daimler by John Douglas-Scott-Montagu later known as Lord Montagu of Beaulieu . Scott-Montagu , as a member of parliament , also drove a Daimler into the yard of the Palace of Westminster , the first motorised vehicle to be driven there .",
"title": "Royal patronage"
},
{
"text": "Daimler had sold the Prince of Wales a mail phaeton in early 1900 . In 1902 , upon buying another Daimler , King Edward VII awarded Daimler a royal warrant as suppliers of motor cars .",
"title": "Royal patronage"
},
{
"text": "Undecimus Stratton met E . G . Jenkinson , the chairman of Daimler , in 1903 when Jenkinsons Daimler was stranded by the roadside . Upon seeing the stranded motorist , Stratton stopped his Daimler and offered assistance . Jenkinson was impressed by Stratton and by his motoring knowledge . At the time , Jenkinson was looking to replace the head of Daimlers London depot , a particularly sensitive position because of the royal cars . Taking the position , Stratton soon found himself having to select better royal chauffeurs and mechanics . He quickly became an occasional motoring companion",
"title": "Royal patronage"
},
{
"text": "to the King . In 1908 , through Strattons Royal connections , Daimler was awarded a Royal Appointment as suppliers of motor cars to the Court of Spain by King Alfonso XIII and a Royal Warrant as Motor Car Manufacturer to the Court of Prussia by Kaiser Wilhelm II . Stratton also sold Daimlers to the Sultan of Johor . In 1911 , he spent some weekends at Sandringham tutoring the new Prince of Wales on the workings and driving of an automobile .",
"title": "Royal patronage"
},
{
"text": " Stratton went into partnership with Daimlers commercial manager Ernest Instone in 1921 . Stratton and Instone took charge of the Daimler showrooms at 27 Pall Mall , naming the business Stratton-Instone . Stratton died in July 1929 after a brief illness . His successors and Instone bought out Daimlers interest in 1930 and renamed the business Stratstone Limited . The following summer the future King Edward VIII rented Strattons house at Sunningdale from his widow .",
"title": "Royal patronage"
},
{
"text": "Every British monarch from Edward VII to Elizabeth II has been driven in Daimler limousines . In 1950 , after a persistent transmission failure on the Kings car , Rolls-Royce was commissioned to provide official state cars and as Daimlers retired they were not replaced by Daimlers . The current official state car is either one of a pair which were specially made for the purpose by Bentley , unofficial chauffeured transport is by Daimler . Her Majestys own car for personal use is a 2008 Daimler Super Eight but she is also seen to drive herself in other smaller",
"title": "Royal patronage"
},
{
"text": "cars .",
"title": "Royal patronage"
},
{
"text": " Since 1904 , the fluted top surface to the radiator grille has been Daimlers distinguishing feature . This motif developed from the heavily finned water-cooling tubes slung externally at the front of early cars . Later , a more conventional , vertical radiator had a heavily finned header tank . Eventually these fins were echoed on a protective grille shell and , even later , on the rear licence plate holder .",
"title": "Fluted radiator"
},
{
"text": "Attracted by the possibilities of the Silent Knight engine Daimlers chairman contacted Charles Yale Knight in Chicago and Knight settled in England near Coventry in 1907 . Daimler bought rights from Knight for England and the colonies and shared ownership of the European rights , in which it took 60% , with Minerva of Belgium . Daimler contracted Dr Frederick Lanchester as their consultant for the purpose and a major re-design and refinement of Knights design took place in great secrecy . Knights design was made a practical proposition . When unveiled in September 1908 the new engine caused a",
"title": "Sleeve-valve engines"
},
{
"text": "sensation . Suffice it to say that mushroom valves , springs and cams , and many small parts , are swept away bodily , that we have an almost perfectly spherical explosion chamber , and a cast-iron sleeve or tube as that portion of the combustion chamber in which the piston travels .",
"title": "Sleeve-valve engines"
},
{
"text": " The Royal Automobile Club held a special meeting to discuss the new engine , still silent but no longer Wholly Knight . The Autocar reported on its extraordinary combination of silence , flexibility and power . Daimler stopped making poppet-valve engines altogether . Under the observation of the Royal Automobile Club ( RAC ) , two Daimler sleeve-valve engines were put through severe bench , road , and track tests and , upon being dismantled , showed no visible wear , earning Daimler the 1909 Dewar Trophy . Sales outran the works ability to supply .",
"title": "Sleeve-valve engines"
},
{
"text": "Daimlers sleeve valve engines idle silently but they left a slight haze of oil smoke trailing behind them . These engines consumed oil at a rate of up to an Imperial gallon every 450 miles , oil being needed to lubricate the sleeves particularly when cold . However , by the standards of their day they required very little maintenance .",
"title": "Sleeve-valve engines"
},
{
"text": " Daimler kept their silent sleeve-valve engines until the mid-1930s . The change to poppet valves began with the Fifteen of 1933 . First fatal motor accident in the United Kingdom .",
"title": "Sleeve-valve engines"
},
{
"text": "A Daimler 6 hp was involved in the first motor accident in the UK to be recorded as having involved the death of the driver . A young engineer was killed in 1899 when the rim of a rear wheel of the car he was driving collapsed under heavy braking in a turn on a sloping road in Harrow on the Hill . The driver and his four passengers were thrown from the car . One of the passengers fractured his skull in the accident and died in hospital three days later .",
"title": "Sleeve-valve engines"
},
{
"text": " Under an agreement dated 22 September 1910 the shareholders of The Daimler Motor Company Limited merged their holdings with those of the Birmingham Small Arms Company ( BSA ) group of companies , receiving five BSA shares in exchange for four ordinary Daimler shares and £1 5s plus accrued dividend for each £1 preference share . This deal was engineered by Dudley Docker , deputy-chairman of BSA , who was famous for previous successful business mergers .",
"title": "Acquisition by BSA"
},
{
"text": "Daimler , a manufacturer of motor vehicles , had a payroll of 4,116 workmen and 418 staff immediately before the merger . BSA produced rifles , ammunition , military vehicles , bicycles , motorcycles and some BSA-branded cars . The chairman of the combined group was Edward Manville , who had been chairman of the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders – founded by Simms – since 1907 .",
"title": "Acquisition by BSA"
},
{
"text": " However the merger was not a great success . By 1913 Daimler had a workforce of 5,000 workers which made only 1,000 vehicles a year .",
"title": "Acquisition by BSA"
},
{
"text": " By 1914 Daimlers were used by royal families including those of Great Britain , Germany , Russia , Sweden , Japan , Spain , and Greece ; its list of owners among the British nobility read like a digest of Debrett ; the Bombay agent supplied Indian princes ; the Japanese agent , Okura , handled sales in Manchuria and Korea .",
"title": "Royal transport"
},
{
"text": " Daimler also made engines and chassis for commercial vehicles , with the Metropolitan Electric Tramways ordering 350 double-decker buses in 1912 and engines being sold to the London General Omnibus Company ( LGOC ) . The 40 hp engine and chassis used with the double-decker bus was also used with lorries and drays , while a half-ton delivery van was based on a 12 hp chassis similar to a car chassis .",
"title": "Public transport"
},
{
"text": "Daimler made a 105 hp 15.9 L sleeve-valve straight-six engine for use in large tractors co-developed with William Foster & Co . for the South American market .",
"title": "Public transport"
},
{
"text": " World War I work . During World War I , the military took the normal production cars , lorries , buses and ambulances together with a scout army vehicle and engines used in ambulances , trucks , and double-decker buses . Special products included aero-engines and complete aircraft , tank and tractor engines and munitions .",
"title": "Public transport"
},
{
"text": "The first aircraft engine manufactured by Daimler was the 80 hp Gnome Monosoupape rotary . With no drawings available to them , Daimlers Gnome engines were reverse-engineered from an engine delivered to them on 7 August 1914 . Daimler later built the RAF 1 and 1a air-cooled V8s , the RAF 4 and 4a V12s , the Le Rhone rotary , and the Bentley BR2 rotary alongside other manufacturers . Production of RAF 4 engines gave Daimler experience in building V12 engines which would be appreciated when they later designed and built Double-Six V12 engines for their large cars .",
"title": "Public transport"
},
{
"text": " Daimler trained air force mechanics at its works and its training methods became the standard for all manufacturers instructing RAF mechanics .",
"title": "Public transport"
},
{
"text": "Having its own body shop , Daimler had the woodworking ability to build complete aircraft . By the end of 1914 , they had built 100 units of the Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2c . These were followed by the BE12 and RE8 . Daimler purchased an open field beside their Radford factory , cleared the site , and made it available to the Government , who turned it into the main RAF testing ground for aircraft built in the Coventry district . Although Daimler tooled up for production of the Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.4 bomber the aircraft was cancelled due",
"title": "Public transport"
},
{
"text": "to poor performance . The last wartime aircraft produced was the Airco DH.10 Amiens bomber when they were building 80 aeroplanes a month .",
"title": "Public transport"
},
{
"text": "Before the war , Daimler had been making 105 hp engines for tractors made by Fosters of Lincoln for the South American market . These tractors were developed into artillery tractors to haul howitzers . Production of the artillery tractors began on 3 December 1914 . These engines were later used for the first British tanks ever built , the prototypes Little Willie and Mother and later in the production Mark I tank . One major difficulty for the tanks was the fine oil haze above their Daimler engines which the enemy quickly learned meant tanks were operating nearby if",
"title": "Public transport"
},
{
"text": "out of sight . The early tanks weighed up to 28 tons . They were all Daimler powered . The Mark IV tank - the first major improvement in design - had uprated engines delivering 125 hp ; these engines had aluminium pistons and are believed to have been designed by W . O . Bentley while he was working on the Bentley BR1 rotary engine in Coventry .",
"title": "Public transport"
},
{
"text": " Daimler made more twelve-inch ( 305 mm ) shell casings than any other private business in the country , with a peak production of more than 2000 casings a day . Each was machined from a 990 lb forging down to a finished weight of 684 lb .",
"title": "Public transport"
},
{
"text": "After the Armistice it was decided that Daimler Hire should extend its luxury travel services to include charter aircraft through a new enterprise , Daimler Air Hire . Following the take-over of Airco and its subsidiaries in February 1920 services included scheduled services London-Paris as well as Taxi Planes to anywhere in Europe . In 1922 , under the name of Daimler Airway services extended to scheduled flights London to Berlin and places between . Frank Searle , managing director of Daimler Hire and its subsidiaries moved with his deputy Humphery Wood into the new national carrier Imperial Airways at",
"title": "Civil aviation"
},
{
"text": "its formation on 1 April 1924 . Searle and Wood and their Daimler Airway machines formed the core of Imperial Airways operations .",
"title": "Civil aviation"
},
{
"text": " Together with Associated Equipment Company ( AEC ) , it formed the Associated Daimler Company to build commercial vehicles in the late 1920s . The association was dissolved in 1928 with each company retaining manufacture of its original products . Lanchester acquisition and badging . The bulk of Daimlers shareholding in its subsidiary Daimler Hire Limited was sold to the Thomas Tilling Group in 1930 . and , in January 1931 , Daimler completed the purchase of The Lanchester Motor Company Limited . The new Lanchester 15/18 model introduced in 1931 was fitted with Daimlers fluid flywheel transmission .",
"title": "Commercial vehicles"
},
{
"text": "Although at first they produced separate ranges of cars with the Daimler badge appearing mainly on the larger models , by the mid-1930s the two were increasingly sharing components leading to the 1936 Lanchester 18/Daimler Light 20 differing in little except trim and grille .",
"title": "Commercial vehicles"
},
{
"text": " This marketing concept already employed with their BSA range of cars continued to the end of Lanchester and BSA car production . Some very important customers , including the Duke of York and at least two Indian princes , were supplied with big Daimler limousines with Lanchester grilles . The Daimler range was exceptionally complex in the 1930s with cars using a variety of six- and eight-cylinder engines with capacities from 1805 cc in the short lived 15 of 1934 to the 4624 cc 4.5-litre of 1936 . Review of BSA management before the Second World War .",
"title": "Commercial vehicles"
},
{
"text": "The divisiveness of the Daimler board did not end with the BSA takeover , but continued into the board of BSA . Despite this , Daimler prospered until the late 1920s , increasing its profits and its reputation . Along with an apprenticeship programme that was among the best in the British industry at the time , they attracted a large number of pupils out of public schools . During the First World War , Daimlers labour force grew from 4,000 to 6,000 men .",
"title": "Commercial vehicles"
},
{
"text": " The acquisition of Airco in February 1920 was a financial disaster for the BSA group . Percy Martin had been strongly in favour of the purchase , including Aircos extensive production facilities near London , and no one thought to examine Aircos true circumstances , leading to liabilities in excess of £1.3 million . All dividends were passed from 1920 to 1924 .",
"title": "Commercial vehicles"
},
{
"text": "By 1930 the BSA Groups primary activities were BSA motorcycles and Daimler vehicles . However , all the quality car businesses experienced financial difficulties in the late 1920s . Daimlers situation seemed particularly serious . Sales fell sharply in 1927–1928 , a period of losses ensued and no dividends were paid between 1929 and 1936 . The sleeve valve engine was outdated , Daimlers production methods had become old-fashioned , they had an extravagantly large range of products . Their bankers noted the decreasing sales volume , the poor performance for price and the need for up-to-date machine tool equipment",
"title": "Commercial vehicles"
},
{
"text": ". Stratton-Instones dominance of distribution was removed and other outlets arranged . The interests in Singer and the Daimler Hire business were sold and Lanchester bought . The in-house bodywork department was closed and by the spring of 1931 car production ceased , only commercial vehicle production and aero engine work kept Daimler in business .",
"title": "Commercial vehicles"
},
{
"text": "Laurence Pomeroy joined Damler in late 1926 , at first working on commercial vehicles but from 1928 he worked at the products of the main Daimler operation . Pomeroy introduced redesigned poppet valve engines with the Daimler Fifteen in September 1932 , developed new models of Daimlers , and recommended what became the September 1932 introduction of the small BSA and Lanchester Tens with poppet valve engines to help Daimler survive the depression . According to Martin , these actions rescued the business from total collapse in 1932 . In 1934 , the Pomeroy-designed poppet-valve Straight-Eights replaced the Daimler Double-Six",
"title": "Commercial vehicles"
},
{
"text": "sleeve-valve V12s without controversy or embarrassment , thereby being a personal triumph for Pomeroy .",
"title": "Commercial vehicles"
},
{
"text": "From before the merger of Daimler into the BSA group the core of Daimlers management was formed by chairman Edward Manville , works manager Percy Martin , and sales manager Ernest Instone , who left Daimler in 1921 to start auto dealer Stratton-Instone , and was responsible for Daimler sales in England and Wales thereafter . Instone died in 1932 , Manville died in 1933 , and Martin , who in January 1934 replaced Alexander Roger , Manvilles replacement , as chairman , retired in 1935 . In May 1936 Laurence Pomeroy was fired as managing director of Daimler with",
"title": "Management shift"
},
{
"text": "immediate effect . Daimler was not paying dividends and the 1936 BSA shareholders meetings were stormy . Attempted solutions had included the Lanchester acquisition and the introduction of smaller cars , the lower-priced 10 hp Lanchester and its matching but six-cylinder stable-mate the Daimler Fifteen ( later DB17 and DB18 ) introduced in the early thirties . This particular product line as the Lanchester Fourteen and Daimler Conquest was to run through to almost the very end .",
"title": "Management shift"
},
{
"text": " Edward H . W . Cooke attempted a revival and from 1937 introduced saloons with a freshness of design new to Daimler . The new products had successes in competitions and rallies . His policy was proved sound but another war , post-war austerity and yet more boardroom battles , this time in public , seemed to put an end to Daimlers once-proud business .",
"title": "Management shift"
},
{
"text": "Daimler started testing the Fluidrive system in a bus chassis in 1928 . This system , patented by Harold Sinclair in 1926 , applied Hermann Föttingers fluid flywheel to replace the clutch in the transmission systems of road vehicles . Daimler was initially interested in the fluid flywheel for use in commercial vehicles , but Martin decided to develop the system for use in passenger cars as well . Martin and Pomeroy originally intended to use the fluid flywheel with a conventional gearbox . Their consultant , Frederick Lanchester , warned them that putting a car with that combination on",
"title": "Daimlers semi-automatic transmissions"
},
{
"text": "the market would be a terribly big gambling risk , and an accident in March 1929 where a Double-Six 30 with a prototype transmission damaged a garage in Devon after Pomeroy left it idling while in gear may have shown the nature of this risk . By October 1930 , when Daimler introduced the fluid flywheel on their new Light Double-Six for an extra £50 , it was used with the self changing gearbox developed by W . G . Wilson . Martin and the Daimler Company patented their refinements to Sinclairs system in 1930 .",
"title": "Daimlers semi-automatic transmissions"
},
{
"text": " By November 1933 the combination of fluid flywheel and Wilson preselector gearbox was used in all Daimler vehicles , ranging from 10 h.p . passenger cars to double-deck omnibuses according to the chairmans report to the shareholders at their Annual General Meeting that month . According to the same report , more than 11,000 vehicles were using the transmission by that time . Daimler would continue to develop and use these transmissions until 1956 , when Borg-Warner fully automatic units were offered initially as an alternative but later as standard .",
"title": "Daimlers semi-automatic transmissions"
},
{
"text": "The Lanchester Sprite , a 1.6 L car with a unit body and Hobbs fully automatic gearbox , was shown at the British International Motor Show at Earls Court in 1954 . Problems with the transmission and other systems were never fully sorted out , and the Sprite was discontinued about two years later with only thirteen being built .",
"title": "Daimlers semi-automatic transmissions"
},
{
"text": "During the Second World War , Daimler turned again to military production . A four-wheel-drive scout car , known to the Army as the Dingo had a 2.5-litre engine and the larger Daimler Armoured Car powered by a 4.1-litre engine and armed with a 2-pounder gun were produced , both with six-cylinder power units , fluid flywheels and epicyclic gearboxes . These military vehicles incorporated various innovative features including disc brakes on all four wheels . The Dingo was designed by parent company BSA and took the name Dingo from an unsuccessful competitor submitted by Alvis .",
"title": "Daimlers semi-automatic transmissions"
},
{
"text": " During the war Daimler built more than 6,600 Scout Cars and some 2,700 Mk I and Mk II Armoured Cars . Daimler also provided tank components , including epicyclic gearboxes for 2,500 Crusader , Covenanter and Cavalier tanks . They built 74,000 Bren gun , initially at a workshop in their Coventry factory and , after the workshop was destroyed in the April 1941 raid , at a boot and shoe factory in Burton-on-Trent .",
"title": "Daimlers semi-automatic transmissions"
},
{
"text": "Instead of building complete aircraft as they had in World War I , Daimler built aircraft components , including 50,800 Bristol radial aero-engines—Mercury , Hercules and Pegasus—with full sets of parts for 9,500 more of these engines , propeller shafts for Rolls-Royce aero-engines , and 14,356 gun-turrets for bombers including their Browning machine guns . In all , Daimler produced more than 10 million aircraft parts during the war . All this production is Daimlers alone excluding BSAs other involvements .",
"title": "Daimlers semi-automatic transmissions"
},
{
"text": "The original Sandy Lane plant , used as a government store , was destroyed by fire during intensive enemy bombing of Coventry , but there were by now shadow factories elsewhere in the city including one located at Browns Lane , Allesey . In 1952 , Jaguar moved to Browns Lane which became the principal Jaguar car plant for several decades . The factory has since been closed but areas retained for smaller Jaguar operations and housing together with development of industrial buildings . The Daimler Radford plant has become a large housing estate .",
"title": "Daimlers semi-automatic transmissions"
},
{
"text": " After that war Daimler produced the Ferret armoured car , a military reconnaissance vehicle based on the innovative 4.1-litre-engined armoured car they had developed and built during the war , which has been used by over 36 countries .",
"title": "Daimlers semi-automatic transmissions"
},
{
"text": " Winston Churchill campaigned for the 1945 and 1950 general elections in the DB18 two-door drophead coupé he had ordered in 1939 . The government ordered new limousines for the commanding officers of the occupying forces . New straight-eights were supplied to the former colonies for the planned royal tours .",
"title": "Postwar decline"
},
{
"text": "The first Daimler limousines to be delivered after the war went to embassies and consulates in Europe and to the Lieutenant-Governors of Jersey and Guernsey . These were Straight-Eights built largely from pre-war stock . The first post-war model was the Eighteen , a development of the pre-war Fifteen using the Scout Cars 2.5 L engine with a new high-compression cylinder head . The model used curved glass in its side windows which were framed by chromed metal channels instead of the thick pillars that were usual at the time . Because of ongoing restrictions on steel , many of",
"title": "Postwar decline"
},
{
"text": "the Eighteens body panels were made from aluminium . The first post-war Lanchester , the Ten , looked like an enlarged Ford Prefect and its body was made in the same factory , Briggs Motor Bodies on the Ford Dagenham site .",
"title": "Postwar decline"
},
{
"text": "Despite the austerity of the times , Daimler celebrated the 1946 golden jubilee of the founding of the business was with a luncheon at the Savoy , at which they announced the pricing of the Daimler Eighteen and the Lanchester Ten . Production of large eight-seat limousines , the six-cylinder DE 27 and the eight-cylinder DE36 , began in March 1946 . These were among the first series-built cars with electrically operated windows . They were also the first Daimler cars since 1909 to use bevel gear final drive instead of Daimlers usual worm final drive , and the DE",
"title": "Postwar decline"
},
{
"text": "36 was the last straight-eight automobile to be manufactured in Britain . The DE 27 chassis was also used in the Daimler Ambulance with bodies by Barker and Hooper .",
"title": "Postwar decline"
},
{
"text": " Foreign monarchs , including the Queen of the Netherlands , the King of Thailand , The Aga Khan ( and Prince Aly Khan ) , the Emperor of Ethiopia , the Prince of Monaco , and the King of Afghanistan , re-ordered to replenish their fleets .",
"title": "Postwar decline"
},
{
"text": "Then in June 1947 the purchase tax was doubled on cars costing more than £1,000 , with home market sales already having been restricted to cars for essential purposes . Petrol remained rationed ; initially ten gallons a month , the monthly ration was increased to fifteen gallons in July 1946 , but was reduced again late in the summer of 1947 . Princess Elizabeth took her -litre coupé , a 21st -birthday gift from her father , to Malta , where her new husband was stationed . The King took delivery of a new open tourer straight-eight in March",
"title": "Postwar decline"
},
{
"text": "1949 . In the commodities boom caused by the 1950 Korean War Australasian woolgrowers reported the new electrically operated limousine-division to be just the thing if over-heated sheepdogs licked the back of a drivers ears . A DE 27 limousine given to HRH Princess Elizabeth by the Royal Air Force as a wedding present was traded for a Rolls-Royce when its transmission failed .",
"title": "Postwar decline"
},
{
"text": " Rolls-Royce was persuaded to re-enter the high-end luxury market and built the straight-eight Phantom IV solely for royalty , heads of state , and their chairman . Former Daimler customers , including British royals and the Aga Khan , switched to the Phantom IV , while the Emperor of Ethiopia and the King and Queen of Greece ordered coachbuilt six-cylinder Silver Wraiths .",
"title": "Postwar decline"
},
{
"text": "Sir Bernard Docker , chairman of the parent company , took the extra responsibility of Daimlers managing director in January 1953 when James Leek was unable to continue through illness . Car buyers were still waiting for the new ( Churchill ) governments easing of the temporary swingeing purchase tax promised in the lead up to the snap-election held during the 1951 Earls Court Motor Show . Lady Docker told her husband to rethink his marketing policies . 3-litre Regency production was stopped . In the hope of keeping 4,000+ employed the Consort price was dropped from 4 February 1953",
"title": "Consorts discounted"
},
{
"text": "to the expected new tax-inclusive level .",
"title": "Consorts discounted"
},
{
"text": " Stagnation of all the British motor industry was relieved by the reduction of purchase tax in the April 1953 budget . Daimler announced the introduction of the moderately sized Conquest in May ( apparently developed in just four months from the four-cylinder Lanchester 14 or Leda with a Daimler grille ) .",
"title": "Consorts discounted"
},
{
"text": "Daimler and Lanchester ( there were no more BSA cars ) struggled after the War , producing too many models with short runs and limited production , and frequently selling too few of each model , while Jaguar seemed to know what the public wanted and expanded rapidly . Daimler produced heavy , staid , large and small luxury cars with a stuffy , if sometimes opulent image . Jaguar produced lower quality cars at a remarkably low price , designed for enthusiasts .",
"title": "Consorts discounted"
},
{
"text": " The BSA groups leadership of the worlds motorcycle market was eventually lost to Japanese manufacturers .",
"title": "Consorts discounted"
},
{
"text": " Sir Bernard Docker was the managing director of BSA from early in WWII , and married Norah , Lady Collins in 1949 . Nora was twice-widowed and wealthy in her own right . This was her third marriage . She had originally been a successful dance hall hostess . Lady Docker took an interest in her husbands companies and became a director of Hooper , the coachbuilders .",
"title": "Lady Dockers Daimlers"
},
{
"text": "Daughter of an unsuccessful Birmingham car salesman Lady Docker could see that the Daimler cars , no longer popular with the royal family , were in danger of becoming an anachronism in the modern world . She took it upon herself to raise Daimlers profile , but in an extravagant fashion , by encouraging Sir Bernard to produce show cars .",
"title": "Lady Dockers Daimlers"
},
{
"text": " The first was the 1951 Golden Daimler , an opulent touring limousine , in 1952 , Blue Clover , a two-door sportsmans coupe , in 1953 the Silver Flash based on the 3-litre Regency chassis , and in 1954 Stardust , redolent of the Gold Car , but based on the DK400 chassis as was what proved to be her Paris 1955 grande finale , a 2-door coupé she named Golden Zebra , the last straw for the Tax Office and now on permanent display at The Hague .",
"title": "Lady Dockers Daimlers"
},
{
"text": "At the same time Lady Docker earned a reputation for having rather poor social graces when under the influence , and she and Sir Bernard were investigated for failing to correctly declare the amount of money taken out of the country on a visit to a Monte Carlo casino . Sir Bernard was instantly dumped for absenteeism by the Midland Bank board without waiting for the court case . Norah drew further attention . She ran up large bills and presented them to Daimler as business expenses but some items were disallowed by the Tax Office . The publicity attached",
"title": "Lady Dockers Daimlers"
}
] |
/wiki/Daimler_Company#P749#1
|
What was the parent organization of Daimler Company in Jan 1988?
|
Daimler Company The Daimler Company Limited ( ) , prior to 1910 The Daimler Motor Company Limited , was an independent British motor vehicle manufacturer founded in London by H . J . Lawson in 1896 , which set up its manufacturing base in Coventry . The company bought the right to the use of the Daimler name simultaneously from Gottlieb Daimler and Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft of Cannstatt , Germany . After early financial difficulty and a reorganisation of the company in 1904 , the Daimler Motor Company was purchased by Birmingham Small Arms Company ( BSA ) in 1910 , which also made cars under its own name before the Second World War . In 1933 , BSA bought the Lanchester Motor Company and made it a subsidiary of Daimler Company . Daimler was awarded a Royal Warrant to provide cars to the British monarch in 1902 ; it lost this privilege in the 1950s after being supplanted by Rolls-Royce . Daimler occasionally used alternative technology : the Knight engine which it further developed in the early twentieth century and used from 1909 to 1935 , the worm gear final drive fitted from 1909 until after the Second World War , and their patented fluid flywheel used in conjunction with a Wilson preselector gearbox from 1930 to the mid-1950s . Daimler tried to widen its appeal in the 1950s with a line of smaller cars at one end and opulent show cars at the other , stopped making Lanchesters , had a highly publicised removal of their chairman from the board , and developed and sold a sports car and a high-performance luxury saloon and limousine . BSA sold Daimler to Jaguar Cars in 1960 and Jaguar briefly continued Daimlers line adding a Daimler variant of its Mark II sports saloon . Jaguar was then merged into the British Motor Corporation in 1966 and British Leyland in 1968 . Under these companies , Daimler became an upscale trim level for Jaguar cars except for the 1968–1992 Daimler DS420 limousine , which had no Jaguar equivalent despite being fully Jaguar-based . When Jaguar Cars was split off from British Leyland in 1984 it retained the Daimler company and brand . Ford bought Jaguar Cars in 1990 and under Ford it stopped using the Daimler marque in 2009 when the last X358 Daimler models were discontinued . The X351 Jaguar XJ took its place and there was no Daimler variant . Jaguar Cars remained in its ownership , and from 2000 accompanied by Land Rover , until they sold both Jaguar and Land Rover to Tata Motors in 2008 , who formed Jaguar Land Rover as a subsidiary holding company for them . In 2013 , Jaguar Cars was merged with Land Rover to form Jaguar Land Rover Limited , and the rights to the Daimler car brand were transferred to the newly formed British multinational car manufacturer Jaguar Land Rover . Origin . Simms and the Daimler engine . Engineer Frederick Richard Simms was supervising construction of an aerial cableway of his own design for the Bremen Exhibition in 1889 when he saw tiny railcars powered by Gottlieb Daimlers motors . Simms , who had been born to English parents in Hamburg and raised by them there , became friends with Daimler , an Anglophile who had worked from autumn 1861 to summer 1863 at Beyer-Peacock in Gorton , Manchester . Simms introduced Daimlers motors to England in 1890 to power launches . In an agreement dated 18 February 1891 , he obtained British and Empire rights for the Daimler patents . That month , Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft lent Simms a motorboat with a 2 hp engine and an extra engine . In June 1891 Simms had set up a London office at 49 Leadenhall Street and founded Simms & Co consulting engineers . In May 1892 , the motorboat , which Simms had named Cannstatt , began running on the Thames from Putney . After demonstrating a motor launch to The Honourable Evelyn Ellis , Simmss motor launch business grew rapidly , but became endangered when solicitor Alfred Hendriks was found to have been illegally taking money from the company . Hendriks severed his connections with Simms & Co . in February 1893 . Simms Daimler-related work was later moved into a new company , The Daimler Motor Syndicate Limited , which was formed on 26 May 1893 . Simms plans to make cars . Following the success of Daimler-powered Peugeots and Panhards at the 1894 Paris–Rouen competition , Simms decided to open a motor car factory , On 7 June 1895 Simms told the board of the Daimler Motor Syndicate that he intended to form The Daimler Motor Company Limited to acquire the British rights to the Daimler patents and to manufacture Daimler engines and cars in England . That month , he arranged for the syndicate to receive a ten percent ( 10% ) commission on all British sales of Daimler-powered Panhard & Levassor cars . At the same meeting Simms produced the first licence to operate a car under the Daimler patents . It was for a hp Panhard & Levassor that had been bought in France by The Honourable Evelyn Ellis , who had three Daimler motor launches moored by his home at Datchet . On 3 July , after Ellis bought the licence , the car was landed at Southampton and driven by Ellis to Micheldever near Winchester where Ellis met Simms and they drove together to Datchet . Ellis later drove it on to Malvern . This was the first long journey by motorcar in Britain . Simms later referred to the car as a Daimler Motor Carriage . Later in 1895 Simms announced plans to form The Daimler Motor Company Limited and to build a brand-new factory , with delivery of raw materials by light rail , for 400 workmen making Daimler engines and motor carriages . Simms asked his friend Daimler to be consulting engineer to the new enterprise . Works premises at Eel Pie Island on the Thames where the Thames Electric and Steam Launch Company , owned by Andrew Pears of Pears Soap fame , had been making electrically powered motor launches , were purchased to be used to service Daimler-powered motor launches . Simms sells out to Lawson . Investor Harry John Lawson had set out to use the British Motor Syndicate to monopolise motor car production in Britain by taking over every patent he could . As part of this goal , Lawson approached Simms on 15 October 1895 , seeking the right to arrange the public flotation of the proposed new company and to acquire a large shareholding for his British Motor Syndicate . Welcomed by Simms , the negotiations proceeded on the basis that this new company should acquire The Daimler Motor Syndicate Limited as a going concern , including the name and patent rights . In order that the Daimler licences could be transferred from Simms to the new company , all the former partners would have to agree to the transfer . By this time , Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach had withdrawn from Daimler Motoren Gesellschafts business to concentrate on cars and engines for them . Simms offered to pay DMG £17,500 for the transfer and for a licence for Daimler and Maybachs Phénix engine , which DMG did not own . Simms therefore insisted that the transfer be on the condition that Daimler and Maybach rejoined DMG . This was agreed in November 1895 and the Daimler-Maybach car business re-merged with DMGs . Daimler was appointed DMGs General Inspector and Maybach chief Technical Director . At the same time Simms became a director of DMG but did not become a director of the London company . According to Gustav Vischer , DMGs business manager at the time , Simms getting Daimler to return to DMG was no mean feat . The sale of Daimler Motor Syndicate to Lawsons interests was completed by the end of November 1895 . The shareholders of the Syndicate had made a profit of two hundred percent ( 200% ) on their original investment . Independent ( 1896–1910 ) . From starting to stability . On 14 January 1896 Lawson incorporated The Daimler Motor Company Limited . A prospectus was issued on 15 February . The subscription lists opened on 17 February and closed , oversubscribed , the next day . The Daimler Motor Company Limited bought The Daimler Motor Syndicate Limited from Lawsons British Motor Syndicate as a going concern . Simms was appointed consulting engineer to the new business but was not to be on the board of directors , possibly because he had become a director of the Cannstatt firm . One of the duties assigned to Simms was to find a suitable location for the factory . Simms found the Trusty Oil Engine Works , a company in receivership whose six-acre site at Cheltenham included a foundry , a machine shop , and testing facilities . Simms recommended buying the works immediately since , with ready facilities and the availability of skilled workers , they could start up in a very short time . Instead , at the first statutory meeting of the company , held while Simms was overseas , Lawson persuaded the board to buy a disused four-storey cotton mill in Coventry which was owned by Lawsons associate Ernest Terah Hooley . Despite Simms later protest and pleas to sell the mill and buy the Trusty Oil Engine Works , Daimler stayed with the mill as the site of Britains first automobile factory . Delayed delivery of machines kept the factory unfinished throughout 1896 and into 1897 . During 1896 Daimler sold imported cars from companies for which Lawson held the licences . Cannstatt supplied engine parts but the delivery of working drawings were delayed for months . Four experimental cars were built in Coventry and a Panhard van was dismantled and reverse engineered . Some Daimler engines , with details redesigned by works manager J . S . Critchley , were also made in 1896 . The first car left the works in January 1897 , fitted with a Panhard engine , followed in March by Daimler-engined cars . The first Coventry Daimler-engined product made its maiden run in March 1897 . By mid-year they were producing three of their own cars a week and producing Léon Bollée cars under licence . Lawson claimed to have made 20 cars by July 1897 making the Daimler Britains first motor car to go into serial production , an honour that is also credited to Humber Motors who had also displayed , but in their case their production models , at the Stanley Cycle Show in London in 1896 . The Daimlers had a twin-cylinder , 1526 cc engine , mounted at the front of the car , four-speed gearbox and chain drive to the rear wheels . Because of Daimlers financial difficulty in July 1897 Daimler began asking Lawsons Great Horseless Carriage Company to settle its accounts with them . In the same month , they refused to send working drawings of their 4 hp motor frame to DMG in Canstatt . Lack of co-operation with the Canstatt firm caused Simms to resign as Daimlers consulting engineer that month . Also in July 1897 , the company sold their launch works at Eel Pie Island at a loss of seven £700 or more . Ongoing difficulties with the Great Horseless Carriage Company and the British Motor Syndicate caused Lawson to resign from Daimlers board on 7 October 1897 . He was replaced as chairman by Henry Sturmey , who at the time was five days into a motor tour in his personal Daimler from John OGroats to Lands End . On arriving at Lands End on 19 October , Sturmey became the first person to make that journey in a motor car . Gottlieb Daimler resigned from the board of the Daimler Motor Company in July 1898 having never attended a board meeting . Sturmey opposed the appointment of a proposed successor who , according to Sturmey , held no shares and knew nothing about the automobile business . A committee was brought in to investigate the activities of the board and the company . The committee summed up the management of the business as being inefficient and not energetic and suggested that it be reorganised and run by a paid managing director . When Evelyn Ellis and another board member did not run for re-election , they were replaced by E . H . Bayley and Edward Jenkinson , with Bayley replacing Sturmey as chairman . Sturmey resigned in May 1899 after Bayley and Jenkinson had reorganised the business . Simms , as a director of DMG , proposed a union between the Daimler Motor Company in Coventry and DMG in Cannstatt in mid-1900 but the reorganised company was not interested in the merger and turned the offer down . Persistent financial troubles caused Daimler to be reorganised again in 1904 . The previous company was wound up and a new company was formed to acquire the old one and pay its debts and winding-up costs . Under the chairmanship of Sir Edward Jenkinson , Daimler hired American electrical engineer Percy Martin as works manager and socialite Undecimus Stratton as the head of the London depot , and promoted Ernest Instone to general manager . Jenkinson was succeeded in 1906 by Edward Manville , a consulting electrical engineer . Royal patronage . Known as Britains oldest car manufacturers , Daimler was first associated with royalty in 1898 when the Prince of Wales , later Edward VII , was given a ride on a Daimler by John Douglas-Scott-Montagu later known as Lord Montagu of Beaulieu . Scott-Montagu , as a member of parliament , also drove a Daimler into the yard of the Palace of Westminster , the first motorised vehicle to be driven there . Daimler had sold the Prince of Wales a mail phaeton in early 1900 . In 1902 , upon buying another Daimler , King Edward VII awarded Daimler a royal warrant as suppliers of motor cars . Undecimus Stratton met E . G . Jenkinson , the chairman of Daimler , in 1903 when Jenkinsons Daimler was stranded by the roadside . Upon seeing the stranded motorist , Stratton stopped his Daimler and offered assistance . Jenkinson was impressed by Stratton and by his motoring knowledge . At the time , Jenkinson was looking to replace the head of Daimlers London depot , a particularly sensitive position because of the royal cars . Taking the position , Stratton soon found himself having to select better royal chauffeurs and mechanics . He quickly became an occasional motoring companion to the King . In 1908 , through Strattons Royal connections , Daimler was awarded a Royal Appointment as suppliers of motor cars to the Court of Spain by King Alfonso XIII and a Royal Warrant as Motor Car Manufacturer to the Court of Prussia by Kaiser Wilhelm II . Stratton also sold Daimlers to the Sultan of Johor . In 1911 , he spent some weekends at Sandringham tutoring the new Prince of Wales on the workings and driving of an automobile . Stratton went into partnership with Daimlers commercial manager Ernest Instone in 1921 . Stratton and Instone took charge of the Daimler showrooms at 27 Pall Mall , naming the business Stratton-Instone . Stratton died in July 1929 after a brief illness . His successors and Instone bought out Daimlers interest in 1930 and renamed the business Stratstone Limited . The following summer the future King Edward VIII rented Strattons house at Sunningdale from his widow . Every British monarch from Edward VII to Elizabeth II has been driven in Daimler limousines . In 1950 , after a persistent transmission failure on the Kings car , Rolls-Royce was commissioned to provide official state cars and as Daimlers retired they were not replaced by Daimlers . The current official state car is either one of a pair which were specially made for the purpose by Bentley , unofficial chauffeured transport is by Daimler . Her Majestys own car for personal use is a 2008 Daimler Super Eight but she is also seen to drive herself in other smaller cars . Fluted radiator . Since 1904 , the fluted top surface to the radiator grille has been Daimlers distinguishing feature . This motif developed from the heavily finned water-cooling tubes slung externally at the front of early cars . Later , a more conventional , vertical radiator had a heavily finned header tank . Eventually these fins were echoed on a protective grille shell and , even later , on the rear licence plate holder . Sleeve-valve engines . Attracted by the possibilities of the Silent Knight engine Daimlers chairman contacted Charles Yale Knight in Chicago and Knight settled in England near Coventry in 1907 . Daimler bought rights from Knight for England and the colonies and shared ownership of the European rights , in which it took 60% , with Minerva of Belgium . Daimler contracted Dr Frederick Lanchester as their consultant for the purpose and a major re-design and refinement of Knights design took place in great secrecy . Knights design was made a practical proposition . When unveiled in September 1908 the new engine caused a sensation . Suffice it to say that mushroom valves , springs and cams , and many small parts , are swept away bodily , that we have an almost perfectly spherical explosion chamber , and a cast-iron sleeve or tube as that portion of the combustion chamber in which the piston travels . The Royal Automobile Club held a special meeting to discuss the new engine , still silent but no longer Wholly Knight . The Autocar reported on its extraordinary combination of silence , flexibility and power . Daimler stopped making poppet-valve engines altogether . Under the observation of the Royal Automobile Club ( RAC ) , two Daimler sleeve-valve engines were put through severe bench , road , and track tests and , upon being dismantled , showed no visible wear , earning Daimler the 1909 Dewar Trophy . Sales outran the works ability to supply . Daimlers sleeve valve engines idle silently but they left a slight haze of oil smoke trailing behind them . These engines consumed oil at a rate of up to an Imperial gallon every 450 miles , oil being needed to lubricate the sleeves particularly when cold . However , by the standards of their day they required very little maintenance . Daimler kept their silent sleeve-valve engines until the mid-1930s . The change to poppet valves began with the Fifteen of 1933 . First fatal motor accident in the United Kingdom . A Daimler 6 hp was involved in the first motor accident in the UK to be recorded as having involved the death of the driver . A young engineer was killed in 1899 when the rim of a rear wheel of the car he was driving collapsed under heavy braking in a turn on a sloping road in Harrow on the Hill . The driver and his four passengers were thrown from the car . One of the passengers fractured his skull in the accident and died in hospital three days later . Under BSA ( 1910–1960 ) . Acquisition by BSA . Under an agreement dated 22 September 1910 the shareholders of The Daimler Motor Company Limited merged their holdings with those of the Birmingham Small Arms Company ( BSA ) group of companies , receiving five BSA shares in exchange for four ordinary Daimler shares and £1 5s plus accrued dividend for each £1 preference share . This deal was engineered by Dudley Docker , deputy-chairman of BSA , who was famous for previous successful business mergers . Daimler , a manufacturer of motor vehicles , had a payroll of 4,116 workmen and 418 staff immediately before the merger . BSA produced rifles , ammunition , military vehicles , bicycles , motorcycles and some BSA-branded cars . The chairman of the combined group was Edward Manville , who had been chairman of the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders – founded by Simms – since 1907 . However the merger was not a great success . By 1913 Daimler had a workforce of 5,000 workers which made only 1,000 vehicles a year . Royal transport . By 1914 Daimlers were used by royal families including those of Great Britain , Germany , Russia , Sweden , Japan , Spain , and Greece ; its list of owners among the British nobility read like a digest of Debrett ; the Bombay agent supplied Indian princes ; the Japanese agent , Okura , handled sales in Manchuria and Korea . Public transport . Daimler also made engines and chassis for commercial vehicles , with the Metropolitan Electric Tramways ordering 350 double-decker buses in 1912 and engines being sold to the London General Omnibus Company ( LGOC ) . The 40 hp engine and chassis used with the double-decker bus was also used with lorries and drays , while a half-ton delivery van was based on a 12 hp chassis similar to a car chassis . Daimler made a 105 hp 15.9 L sleeve-valve straight-six engine for use in large tractors co-developed with William Foster & Co . for the South American market . World War I work . During World War I , the military took the normal production cars , lorries , buses and ambulances together with a scout army vehicle and engines used in ambulances , trucks , and double-decker buses . Special products included aero-engines and complete aircraft , tank and tractor engines and munitions . The first aircraft engine manufactured by Daimler was the 80 hp Gnome Monosoupape rotary . With no drawings available to them , Daimlers Gnome engines were reverse-engineered from an engine delivered to them on 7 August 1914 . Daimler later built the RAF 1 and 1a air-cooled V8s , the RAF 4 and 4a V12s , the Le Rhone rotary , and the Bentley BR2 rotary alongside other manufacturers . Production of RAF 4 engines gave Daimler experience in building V12 engines which would be appreciated when they later designed and built Double-Six V12 engines for their large cars . Daimler trained air force mechanics at its works and its training methods became the standard for all manufacturers instructing RAF mechanics . Having its own body shop , Daimler had the woodworking ability to build complete aircraft . By the end of 1914 , they had built 100 units of the Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2c . These were followed by the BE12 and RE8 . Daimler purchased an open field beside their Radford factory , cleared the site , and made it available to the Government , who turned it into the main RAF testing ground for aircraft built in the Coventry district . Although Daimler tooled up for production of the Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.4 bomber the aircraft was cancelled due to poor performance . The last wartime aircraft produced was the Airco DH.10 Amiens bomber when they were building 80 aeroplanes a month . Before the war , Daimler had been making 105 hp engines for tractors made by Fosters of Lincoln for the South American market . These tractors were developed into artillery tractors to haul howitzers . Production of the artillery tractors began on 3 December 1914 . These engines were later used for the first British tanks ever built , the prototypes Little Willie and Mother and later in the production Mark I tank . One major difficulty for the tanks was the fine oil haze above their Daimler engines which the enemy quickly learned meant tanks were operating nearby if out of sight . The early tanks weighed up to 28 tons . They were all Daimler powered . The Mark IV tank - the first major improvement in design - had uprated engines delivering 125 hp ; these engines had aluminium pistons and are believed to have been designed by W . O . Bentley while he was working on the Bentley BR1 rotary engine in Coventry . Daimler made more twelve-inch ( 305 mm ) shell casings than any other private business in the country , with a peak production of more than 2000 casings a day . Each was machined from a 990 lb forging down to a finished weight of 684 lb . Civil aviation . After the Armistice it was decided that Daimler Hire should extend its luxury travel services to include charter aircraft through a new enterprise , Daimler Air Hire . Following the take-over of Airco and its subsidiaries in February 1920 services included scheduled services London-Paris as well as Taxi Planes to anywhere in Europe . In 1922 , under the name of Daimler Airway services extended to scheduled flights London to Berlin and places between . Frank Searle , managing director of Daimler Hire and its subsidiaries moved with his deputy Humphery Wood into the new national carrier Imperial Airways at its formation on 1 April 1924 . Searle and Wood and their Daimler Airway machines formed the core of Imperial Airways operations . Commercial vehicles . Together with Associated Equipment Company ( AEC ) , it formed the Associated Daimler Company to build commercial vehicles in the late 1920s . The association was dissolved in 1928 with each company retaining manufacture of its original products . Lanchester acquisition and badging . The bulk of Daimlers shareholding in its subsidiary Daimler Hire Limited was sold to the Thomas Tilling Group in 1930 . and , in January 1931 , Daimler completed the purchase of The Lanchester Motor Company Limited . The new Lanchester 15/18 model introduced in 1931 was fitted with Daimlers fluid flywheel transmission . Although at first they produced separate ranges of cars with the Daimler badge appearing mainly on the larger models , by the mid-1930s the two were increasingly sharing components leading to the 1936 Lanchester 18/Daimler Light 20 differing in little except trim and grille . This marketing concept already employed with their BSA range of cars continued to the end of Lanchester and BSA car production . Some very important customers , including the Duke of York and at least two Indian princes , were supplied with big Daimler limousines with Lanchester grilles . The Daimler range was exceptionally complex in the 1930s with cars using a variety of six- and eight-cylinder engines with capacities from 1805 cc in the short lived 15 of 1934 to the 4624 cc 4.5-litre of 1936 . Review of BSA management before the Second World War . The divisiveness of the Daimler board did not end with the BSA takeover , but continued into the board of BSA . Despite this , Daimler prospered until the late 1920s , increasing its profits and its reputation . Along with an apprenticeship programme that was among the best in the British industry at the time , they attracted a large number of pupils out of public schools . During the First World War , Daimlers labour force grew from 4,000 to 6,000 men . The acquisition of Airco in February 1920 was a financial disaster for the BSA group . Percy Martin had been strongly in favour of the purchase , including Aircos extensive production facilities near London , and no one thought to examine Aircos true circumstances , leading to liabilities in excess of £1.3 million . All dividends were passed from 1920 to 1924 . By 1930 the BSA Groups primary activities were BSA motorcycles and Daimler vehicles . However , all the quality car businesses experienced financial difficulties in the late 1920s . Daimlers situation seemed particularly serious . Sales fell sharply in 1927–1928 , a period of losses ensued and no dividends were paid between 1929 and 1936 . The sleeve valve engine was outdated , Daimlers production methods had become old-fashioned , they had an extravagantly large range of products . Their bankers noted the decreasing sales volume , the poor performance for price and the need for up-to-date machine tool equipment . Stratton-Instones dominance of distribution was removed and other outlets arranged . The interests in Singer and the Daimler Hire business were sold and Lanchester bought . The in-house bodywork department was closed and by the spring of 1931 car production ceased , only commercial vehicle production and aero engine work kept Daimler in business . Laurence Pomeroy joined Damler in late 1926 , at first working on commercial vehicles but from 1928 he worked at the products of the main Daimler operation . Pomeroy introduced redesigned poppet valve engines with the Daimler Fifteen in September 1932 , developed new models of Daimlers , and recommended what became the September 1932 introduction of the small BSA and Lanchester Tens with poppet valve engines to help Daimler survive the depression . According to Martin , these actions rescued the business from total collapse in 1932 . In 1934 , the Pomeroy-designed poppet-valve Straight-Eights replaced the Daimler Double-Six sleeve-valve V12s without controversy or embarrassment , thereby being a personal triumph for Pomeroy . Management shift . From before the merger of Daimler into the BSA group the core of Daimlers management was formed by chairman Edward Manville , works manager Percy Martin , and sales manager Ernest Instone , who left Daimler in 1921 to start auto dealer Stratton-Instone , and was responsible for Daimler sales in England and Wales thereafter . Instone died in 1932 , Manville died in 1933 , and Martin , who in January 1934 replaced Alexander Roger , Manvilles replacement , as chairman , retired in 1935 . In May 1936 Laurence Pomeroy was fired as managing director of Daimler with immediate effect . Daimler was not paying dividends and the 1936 BSA shareholders meetings were stormy . Attempted solutions had included the Lanchester acquisition and the introduction of smaller cars , the lower-priced 10 hp Lanchester and its matching but six-cylinder stable-mate the Daimler Fifteen ( later DB17 and DB18 ) introduced in the early thirties . This particular product line as the Lanchester Fourteen and Daimler Conquest was to run through to almost the very end . Edward H . W . Cooke attempted a revival and from 1937 introduced saloons with a freshness of design new to Daimler . The new products had successes in competitions and rallies . His policy was proved sound but another war , post-war austerity and yet more boardroom battles , this time in public , seemed to put an end to Daimlers once-proud business . Daimlers semi-automatic transmissions . Daimler started testing the Fluidrive system in a bus chassis in 1928 . This system , patented by Harold Sinclair in 1926 , applied Hermann Föttingers fluid flywheel to replace the clutch in the transmission systems of road vehicles . Daimler was initially interested in the fluid flywheel for use in commercial vehicles , but Martin decided to develop the system for use in passenger cars as well . Martin and Pomeroy originally intended to use the fluid flywheel with a conventional gearbox . Their consultant , Frederick Lanchester , warned them that putting a car with that combination on the market would be a terribly big gambling risk , and an accident in March 1929 where a Double-Six 30 with a prototype transmission damaged a garage in Devon after Pomeroy left it idling while in gear may have shown the nature of this risk . By October 1930 , when Daimler introduced the fluid flywheel on their new Light Double-Six for an extra £50 , it was used with the self changing gearbox developed by W . G . Wilson . Martin and the Daimler Company patented their refinements to Sinclairs system in 1930 . By November 1933 the combination of fluid flywheel and Wilson preselector gearbox was used in all Daimler vehicles , ranging from 10 h.p . passenger cars to double-deck omnibuses according to the chairmans report to the shareholders at their Annual General Meeting that month . According to the same report , more than 11,000 vehicles were using the transmission by that time . Daimler would continue to develop and use these transmissions until 1956 , when Borg-Warner fully automatic units were offered initially as an alternative but later as standard . The Lanchester Sprite , a 1.6 L car with a unit body and Hobbs fully automatic gearbox , was shown at the British International Motor Show at Earls Court in 1954 . Problems with the transmission and other systems were never fully sorted out , and the Sprite was discontinued about two years later with only thirteen being built . Second World War work . During the Second World War , Daimler turned again to military production . A four-wheel-drive scout car , known to the Army as the Dingo had a 2.5-litre engine and the larger Daimler Armoured Car powered by a 4.1-litre engine and armed with a 2-pounder gun were produced , both with six-cylinder power units , fluid flywheels and epicyclic gearboxes . These military vehicles incorporated various innovative features including disc brakes on all four wheels . The Dingo was designed by parent company BSA and took the name Dingo from an unsuccessful competitor submitted by Alvis . During the war Daimler built more than 6,600 Scout Cars and some 2,700 Mk I and Mk II Armoured Cars . Daimler also provided tank components , including epicyclic gearboxes for 2,500 Crusader , Covenanter and Cavalier tanks . They built 74,000 Bren gun , initially at a workshop in their Coventry factory and , after the workshop was destroyed in the April 1941 raid , at a boot and shoe factory in Burton-on-Trent . Instead of building complete aircraft as they had in World War I , Daimler built aircraft components , including 50,800 Bristol radial aero-engines—Mercury , Hercules and Pegasus—with full sets of parts for 9,500 more of these engines , propeller shafts for Rolls-Royce aero-engines , and 14,356 gun-turrets for bombers including their Browning machine guns . In all , Daimler produced more than 10 million aircraft parts during the war . All this production is Daimlers alone excluding BSAs other involvements . Daimlers peak workforce , 16,000 people , was reached in this period . The original Sandy Lane plant , used as a government store , was destroyed by fire during intensive enemy bombing of Coventry , but there were by now shadow factories elsewhere in the city including one located at Browns Lane , Allesey . In 1952 , Jaguar moved to Browns Lane which became the principal Jaguar car plant for several decades . The factory has since been closed but areas retained for smaller Jaguar operations and housing together with development of industrial buildings . The Daimler Radford plant has become a large housing estate . After that war Daimler produced the Ferret armoured car , a military reconnaissance vehicle based on the innovative 4.1-litre-engined armoured car they had developed and built during the war , which has been used by over 36 countries . Postwar decline . Winston Churchill campaigned for the 1945 and 1950 general elections in the DB18 two-door drophead coupé he had ordered in 1939 . The government ordered new limousines for the commanding officers of the occupying forces . New straight-eights were supplied to the former colonies for the planned royal tours . The first Daimler limousines to be delivered after the war went to embassies and consulates in Europe and to the Lieutenant-Governors of Jersey and Guernsey . These were Straight-Eights built largely from pre-war stock . The first post-war model was the Eighteen , a development of the pre-war Fifteen using the Scout Cars 2.5 L engine with a new high-compression cylinder head . The model used curved glass in its side windows which were framed by chromed metal channels instead of the thick pillars that were usual at the time . Because of ongoing restrictions on steel , many of the Eighteens body panels were made from aluminium . The first post-war Lanchester , the Ten , looked like an enlarged Ford Prefect and its body was made in the same factory , Briggs Motor Bodies on the Ford Dagenham site . Despite the austerity of the times , Daimler celebrated the 1946 golden jubilee of the founding of the business was with a luncheon at the Savoy , at which they announced the pricing of the Daimler Eighteen and the Lanchester Ten . Production of large eight-seat limousines , the six-cylinder DE 27 and the eight-cylinder DE36 , began in March 1946 . These were among the first series-built cars with electrically operated windows . They were also the first Daimler cars since 1909 to use bevel gear final drive instead of Daimlers usual worm final drive , and the DE 36 was the last straight-eight automobile to be manufactured in Britain . The DE 27 chassis was also used in the Daimler Ambulance with bodies by Barker and Hooper . Foreign monarchs , including the Queen of the Netherlands , the King of Thailand , The Aga Khan ( and Prince Aly Khan ) , the Emperor of Ethiopia , the Prince of Monaco , and the King of Afghanistan , re-ordered to replenish their fleets . Then in June 1947 the purchase tax was doubled on cars costing more than £1,000 , with home market sales already having been restricted to cars for essential purposes . Petrol remained rationed ; initially ten gallons a month , the monthly ration was increased to fifteen gallons in July 1946 , but was reduced again late in the summer of 1947 . Princess Elizabeth took her -litre coupé , a 21st -birthday gift from her father , to Malta , where her new husband was stationed . The King took delivery of a new open tourer straight-eight in March 1949 . In the commodities boom caused by the 1950 Korean War Australasian woolgrowers reported the new electrically operated limousine-division to be just the thing if over-heated sheepdogs licked the back of a drivers ears . A DE 27 limousine given to HRH Princess Elizabeth by the Royal Air Force as a wedding present was traded for a Rolls-Royce when its transmission failed . Rolls-Royce was persuaded to re-enter the high-end luxury market and built the straight-eight Phantom IV solely for royalty , heads of state , and their chairman . Former Daimler customers , including British royals and the Aga Khan , switched to the Phantom IV , while the Emperor of Ethiopia and the King and Queen of Greece ordered coachbuilt six-cylinder Silver Wraiths . Consorts discounted . Sir Bernard Docker , chairman of the parent company , took the extra responsibility of Daimlers managing director in January 1953 when James Leek was unable to continue through illness . Car buyers were still waiting for the new ( Churchill ) governments easing of the temporary swingeing purchase tax promised in the lead up to the snap-election held during the 1951 Earls Court Motor Show . Lady Docker told her husband to rethink his marketing policies . 3-litre Regency production was stopped . In the hope of keeping 4,000+ employed the Consort price was dropped from 4 February 1953 to the expected new tax-inclusive level . Stagnation of all the British motor industry was relieved by the reduction of purchase tax in the April 1953 budget . Daimler announced the introduction of the moderately sized Conquest in May ( apparently developed in just four months from the four-cylinder Lanchester 14 or Leda with a Daimler grille ) . Daimler and Lanchester ( there were no more BSA cars ) struggled after the War , producing too many models with short runs and limited production , and frequently selling too few of each model , while Jaguar seemed to know what the public wanted and expanded rapidly . Daimler produced heavy , staid , large and small luxury cars with a stuffy , if sometimes opulent image . Jaguar produced lower quality cars at a remarkably low price , designed for enthusiasts . The BSA groups leadership of the worlds motorcycle market was eventually lost to Japanese manufacturers . Lady Dockers Daimlers . Sir Bernard Docker was the managing director of BSA from early in WWII , and married Norah , Lady Collins in 1949 . Nora was twice-widowed and wealthy in her own right . This was her third marriage . She had originally been a successful dance hall hostess . Lady Docker took an interest in her husbands companies and became a director of Hooper , the coachbuilders . Daughter of an unsuccessful Birmingham car salesman Lady Docker could see that the Daimler cars , no longer popular with the royal family , were in danger of becoming an anachronism in the modern world . She took it upon herself to raise Daimlers profile , but in an extravagant fashion , by encouraging Sir Bernard to produce show cars . The first was the 1951 Golden Daimler , an opulent touring limousine , in 1952 , Blue Clover , a two-door sportsmans coupe , in 1953 the Silver Flash based on the 3-litre Regency chassis , and in 1954 Stardust , redolent of the Gold Car , but based on the DK400 chassis as was what proved to be her Paris 1955 grande finale , a 2-door coupé she named Golden Zebra , the last straw for the Tax Office and now on permanent display at The Hague . At the same time Lady Docker earned a reputation for having rather poor social graces when under the influence , and she and Sir Bernard were investigated for failing to correctly declare the amount of money taken out of the country on a visit to a Monte Carlo casino . Sir Bernard was instantly dumped for absenteeism by the Midland Bank board without waiting for the court case . Norah drew further attention . She ran up large bills and presented them to Daimler as business expenses but some items were disallowed by the Tax Office . The publicity attached to this and other social episodes told on Sir Bernards standing as some already thought the cars too opulent and vulgar for austere post-war Britain . To compound Sir Bernards difficulty , the royal family shifted allegiance to Rolls-Royce . By the end of 1960 all the State Daimlers had been sold and replaced by Rolls-Royces . Turners engines . Jack Sangster sold his motorcycle companies Ariel and Triumph to BSA in 1951 and joined their board . In 1956 Sangster was elected chairman , defeating Sir Bernard 6 votes to 3 . After a certain amount of electioneering by the Dockers an extraordinary shareholders meeting backed the board decision and Bernard and Norah left buying a brace of Rolls-Royces as they went registering them as ND5 and BD9 . Many important European customers turned out to have been Docker friends and did not re-order Daimler cars . Sangster promptly made Edward Turner head of the automotive division which as well as Daimler and Carbodies ( London Taxicab manufacturers ) included Ariel , Triumph , and BSA motorcycles . Turner designed the lightweight hemi head Daimler 2.5 & 4.5 Litre V8 Engines . The small engine was used to power a production version of an apprentices exercise , the very flexible Dart and the larger engine installed in the Majestic Major , a relabelled Majestic . Under Sangster Daimlers vehicles became a little less sober and more performance oriented . The Majestic Major proved an agile high-speed cruiser on the new motorways . Bill Boddy described the SP250 as unlikely to stir the memories of such ghosts as haunt the tree-lined avenues near Sandringham , Balmoral and Windsor Castle . The two excellent Turner V8 engines disappeared with British Leylands first rationalisation , the larger in 1968 and the smaller a year later . Buses 1911–1973 . A significant element of Daimler production was bus chassis , mostly for double deckers . Daimler had been interested in the commercial vehicle market from 1904 . In 1906 , it produced , using the Auto-Mixte patents of Belgian Henri Pieper , a petrol-electric vehicle and on 23 May 1906 registered Gearless Motor Omnibus Co . Limited . It was too heavy . Following the introduction of Daimler-Knight sleeve-valve engines re-designed for Daimler by Dr Frederick Lanchester Lanchester also refined the Gearless design and it re-emerged in 1910 as the KPL ( Knight-Pieper-Lanchester ) omnibus , an advanced integral petrol electric hybrid . The KPL bus had four-wheel brakes and steel unitary body/chassis construction . Failure to produce the KPL set bus design back twenty years . Introduction of the KPL was stopped by a patent infringement action brought by London General Omnibuss associate Tilling-Stevens in early May 1911 when just twelve KPL buses had been built . This was just after Daimler had poached LGOCs Frank Searle and announced him to be general manager of its new London bus service which would be using its new KPL type to compete directly with LGOC . Some of LGOCs vehicles used Daimler engines . With the collapse of Daimlers plans , Searle , an engineer and designer of the LGOC X-type and AEC B-type bus , instead joined Daimlers commercial vehicle department . Reverting to ( before LGOC ) omnibus salesman , Searle rapidly achieved some notable sales . 100 to Metropolitan Electric Tramways and 250 to LGOCs new owner , London Underground . First Searle designed for Daimler a 34-seater with gearbox transmission ( the KPL used electric motors each side ) , very like the B-Type and it was introduced by Daimler in early 1912 . The main difference from what became the AEC B-Type was the use of Daimlers sleeve-valve engine . In June 1912 what had been LGOCs manufacturing plant was hived off as AEC . Between 1913 and 1916 AEC built some Daimler models under contract and Daimler sold all AEC vehicles which were surplus to LGOC needs . After war service , now Colonel Searle , moved to Daimler Hire Limited and its involvement in aviation . The Searle models were developed after World War I , but , from 1926 to 1928 , Daimler entered into a joint venture , with AEC vehicles being badged as Associated Daimler , or ADCs . Daimlers CO chassis became the main model in the 1930s , followed by a similar , but heavier , CW austerity model produced during the Second World War ( 100 with the Gardner 5LW engine ( CWG5 ) , the rest with the AEC 7.7-litre engine – CWA6 ) and in post-war years , production worked through the Daimler CV to the long-running Daimler CR Fleetline , built from 1960 to 1980 ( CVG5 and CVG6 had been a common type of bus in Hong Kong between 1950 and 1988 and Fleetline had also become a major type of bus in Hong Kong until 1995 ) . Small numbers of single deck vehicles were also built . Many British bus operators bought substantial numbers of the vehicles and there were also a number built for export . The standard London double-decker bus bought from 1970 to 1978 was the Daimler Fleetline . Daimler buses were fitted with proprietary diesel engines , the majority by the Gardner company , of Eccles , Lancashire , although there were a few hundred Daimler diesels built in the 1940s & 1950s , and the Leyland O.680 was offered as an option on the Fleetline ( designated CRL6 ) after the merger with Leyland . The bus chassis were also fitted with bodywork built by various outside contractors , as is standard in the British bus industry , so , at a casual glance , there is no real identifying feature of a Daimler bus , apart from the badges ( Front engined Daimler buses retained the distinctive fluted radiator grille top ) . The last Daimler Fleetline was built at the traditional Daimler factory in Radford , Coventry , in 1973 . After that date , the remaining buses were built at the Leyland factory in Farington , Lancashire , the final eight years of Fleetline production being badged as Leylands . The last Fleetline built was bodied by Eastern Coach Works in 1981 . During that Jaguar-owned period 1960–1968 , Daimler became the second-largest ( after Leyland ) double-decker bus manufacturer in Britain , with the Fleetline model . At the same time , Daimler made trucks and motorhomes . BMH merged with the Leyland Motor Corporation to give the British Leyland Motor Corporation in 1968 . Production of Daimler buses in Coventry ceased in 1973 when production of its last bus product ( the Daimler Fleetline ) was transferred to Leyland plant in Farington . Daimler stayed within BLMC and its subsequent forms until 1982 , at which point Jaguar ( with Daimler ) was demerged from BL as an independent manufacturer . - Daimler Freeline 1951 to 1964 - Daimler Fleetline 1960 to 1983 - Daimler Roadliner 1962 to 1972 Owned by Jaguar Cars ( 1960-1966 ) . In May 1960 , the Daimler business was purchased from BSA by Jaguar Cars for £3.4 million . William Lyons was looking to expand manufacture , wanted the manufacturing facilities and had to decide what to do with the existing Daimler vehicles . Jaguar had been refused planning permission for a new factory in the area in which it wanted it to be . Daimler had shrunk to representing just 15% of BSA group turnover in 1959–1960 and BSA wished to dispose of its motoring interests . Jaguar stated publicly that it would continue production of the existing range of Daimler , that it would continue normal research and development for future Daimler products , and that it would expand Daimler markets in Britain and overseas . Jaguar put a Daimler 4.5 L V8 in a Mark X and tested it at the Motor Industry Research Association ( MIRA ) . With an inefficient prototype exhaust , the car went up to 135 mph on MIRAs banked track , faster than the production Mark X . Jaguar discontinued the six-cylinder Majestic in 1962 and the SP250 in 1964 , but Daimlers core product , the old-fashioned , heavy but fast 4.5 L V8 Majestic Major , was continued throughout Jaguars independent ownership of Daimler . In 1961 , Daimler introduced the DR450 , a long-wheelbase limousine version of the Majestic Major . The DR450 also continued in production beyond the end of Jaguars independent ownership of Daimler . 864 examples of the long-wheelbase DR450 were sold , as opposed to 1180 examples of the Majestic Major saloon . The 4.5-litre saloon and limousine were the last Daimlers not designed by Jaguar . Jaguar-based Daimlers . Apart from the DR450 limousine , new models under Lyons control were the result of negotiations between Lyons and the executives of Daimler distributor Stratstone Ltd . In exchange for a small Daimler in the tradition of the Consort and the Conquest , Stratstone gave up their Volkswagen franchise . Lyons response was the 2.5 V8 , a more luxurious Jaguar Mark 2 with the V8 engine from the SP250 , automatic transmission , different badges , and a grille with a fluted top . Despite the obvious Jaguar heritage , motor journalist S . C . H . Davis wrote of the cars marked character and claimed , This is not a Jaguar with a Daimler radiator grille and name plate . It can stand on its own . While the 2.5 V8 , later renamed the V8-250 under new ownership , became the most popular car Daimler ever produced , it was not enough to establish brand loyalty . Unlike Jaguar , whose wide range of models allowed sixty percent ( 60% ) of new Jaguars to be sold in exchange for Jaguars , few customers traded old 2.5 V8s for new ones . Most 2.5 V8 buyers were trading up from the bigger Ford , Wolseley , or Rover cars . James Smillie , chairman of Stratstone , made Lyons aware of this situation in 1965 . Lyons responded by preparing a Daimler-ised version of the upcoming Jaguar 420 and presenting it to Smillie and Stratstone managing director John Olley . Lyons asked the Stratstone executives what it should be called ; Smillie suggested Sovereign while Olley suggested Royale . Despite Lyons stating his preference for Royale at the meeting , the company decided on Sovereign two months later . The Sovereign was launched in October 1966 to fill the gap between the 2.5 V8 and the Majestic Major . Owned by BMH ( 1966–1968 ) . Jaguar was taken over by British Motor Corporation ( BMC ) in 1966 and a few months later BMC was renamed British Motor Holdings ( BMH ) . Lyons reasons and reactions . Though Jaguar had diversified by adding , after Daimler , Guy trucks and Coventry-Climax to their group they remained dependent on Pressed Steel for bodies . Once BMC had taken control of Pressed Steel Lyons felt compelled to submit to the BMC takeover . Lyons remained anxious to see that Jaguar maintained its own identity and came to resent the association with British Leyland . He was delighted by Sir John Egans accomplishments and by the new independence arranged in 1984 . End of Daimler brand in the United States . BMHs dealer network in the United States stopped importing Daimlers in 1967 , claiming that there was insufficient funds in the group advertising budget to market all of BMHs brands in the US . Owned by British Leyland ( 1968–1984 ) . Daimler DS420 Limousine . The Daimler DS420 Limousine was introduced in 1968 to replace their Daimler DR450 and BMCs Vanden Plas Princess . The DS420 used a Jaguar Mk X unitary carcass with a restyled roof and a floor pan extended by 21 inches behind the front seat and strengthened . The extension of the Mark X unit bodies was done by Motor Panels , a subsidiary of Rubery Owen . The floor pan with mechanicals was available to coachbuilders as a rolling chassis for use with specialised bodywork , usually as hearses ; Startin of Birmingham built more than 300 DS420-based hearses . Finishing from the bare metal , including final assembly and trimming the interior , was done by Vanden Plas , who had earlier made the Princess for BMC . The DS420 was withdrawn from production in 1992 . From 1986 it had been the last production automobile to use the William Heynes , designed Jaguar XK6 engine . The last DS420-based Startin hearse was delivered on 9 February 1994 to Mr . Slack , a funeral director in Cheshire . Though based entirely on Jaguar components , the DS420 was unique to Daimler . These limousines , wedding and funeral cars ( and the hearses made by independent coachbuilders ) are now the Daimlers most remembered . Daimler Sovereign , Daimler Double-Six . These were the first series of vehicles that were badge-engineered Jaguars ( XJ Series ) , but given a more luxurious and upmarket finish . For example , the Daimler Double-Six was a Jaguar XJ-12 , the Daimler badge and fluted top to its grille and boot handle being the only outward differences from the Jaguar , with more luxurious interior fittings and extra standard equipment marking it out on the inside . Chairmen . One strategy to sell Daimlers was through fleet sales of Jaguars to boards of directors ; Jaguar would offer to include a more prestigious Daimler for the chairman . From 1972 to 1974 the chairman of Jaguar Cars was Lofty England , who began his career in the automotive industry as a Daimler apprentice from 1927 to 1932 . Fluted grilles in Continental Europe and the US . The Daimler name was dropped in Europe in the 1980s , while Jaguar adopted the Sovereign designation . This caused a great demand for imported Daimler parts as conversion kits to convert Jaguars into Daimlers . Deducing from this conversion kit market that there was still a demand for Daimler cars , Jaguar Cars returned the Daimler brand to Europe at the end of 1985 . Meanwhile , in the United States , Jaguar marketed the Vanden Plas with Daimler fluted grilles and licence plate housings . Owned by Jaguar Cars ( 1984–1989 ) . If Jaguar was not to follow Daimler into becoming just another once iconic brand it needed immense amounts of capital to develop new models and build and equip new factories . This was beyond the ability of the BMH—now British Leyland—Group . It was decided to market the Jaguar business by first obtaining a separate London Stock Exchange listing to fix a price then ensuring any successful bid for all the listed shares in the whole business would be from a bidder with , or with access to , the necessary capital . That bidder proved to be Ford . 1984 produced a record group output of 36,856 cars but less than 5% were badged Daimler . Two years later Daimlers share had reached 11.5% , and would have been almost 23% if the Vanden Plas sold in the US were included . When the new XJ40 came into production in 1986 , the Series III was kept in production a further six years to 1992 to carry the big Double Six engines . Owned by Ford ( 1989–2007 ) . Ford Motor Company paid £1.6 billion to buy Jaguar in 1989 and with it the right to use the Daimler name . In 1992 , Daimler ( Ford ) stopped production of the DS420 Limousine , the only model that was a little more than just a re-badged Jaguar . When Ford bought Jaguar in 1990 , the British press showed a coloured computer-generated image of a proposed new Daimler car – not merely a rebadged Jaguar XJ . At least one related project has been documented . Daimler remained the flagship Jaguar product in every country except the US , where the top Jaguar is known as the XJ Vanden Plas — Jaguar may have feared that the American market would confuse Jaguar Daimler with Daimler AG . Century . Daimlers centenary was celebrated in 1996 by the production of a special edition : 100 Double Six and 100 straight-six cars , each with special paint and other special finishes including electrically adjustable rear seats . The single 2-door 4-seater convertible built in 1996 to commemorate Daimlers centenary and called Daimler Corsica was based on the Daimler Double-Six saloon . The prototype , which lacked an engine , had all the luxury features of the standard saloon but a shorter wheelbase . Painted Seafrost it was named after a 1931 Daimler Double-Six with a body by Corsica . Jaguar Daimler Heritage Trust have commissioned it to operate as a fully functional road-legal car and it is on display at The Collection Centre at the British Motor Museum at Gaydon , Warwickshire , England . Daimler Super V8 . 1997 saw the end of production of the Double Six . It was superseded by the introduction of a ( Jaguar ) V8 engine and the new car was given the model name Mark II XJ . The engine was the only significant change from the previous XJ40 . The replacement for the Double Six was the supercharged Super V8 , the supercharger to compensate for the loss of one-third of the previous engines capacity . Daimler Super Eight . After a three-year break a new Daimler , the Super Eight , was presented in July 2005 . It had a new stressed aluminium monocoque/chassis-body with a 4.2 L V8 supercharged engine which produced and a torque rating of at 3500 rpm . This car was derived from the Jaguar XJ ( X350 ) . Owned by Tata ( 2007–present ) . At the end of 2007 ( the formal announcement was delayed until 25 March 2008 ) , it became generally known that Indias Tata Group had completed arrangements to purchase Jaguar ( including Daimler ) and Land Rover . Tata had spoken to the press of plans to properly relaunch Englands oldest car marque . In July 2008 Tata Group , the current owners of Jaguar and Daimler , announced they were considering transforming Daimler into a super-luxury marque to compete directly with ultra luxury companies like Bentley and Rolls-Royce . Until the early 1950s it was often said the aristocracy buy Daimlers , the nouveau riche buy Rolls-Royce . An application to register the Daimler name as a trademark in the US was rejected in 2009 . Current status . The Daimler Company Limited , now The Daimler Motor Company Limited , is still registered as active and accounts are filed each year though it is currently marked non-trading . Until 20 December 1988 its name was The Daimler Company Limited . Before 5 October 2007 , Jaguar , while still controlled by Ford , reached agreement to permit then de-merging DaimlerChrysler to extend its use of the name Daimler . The announcement of this agreement was delayed until the end of July 2008 and made by Jaguars new owner , Tata . By 2007 , Jaguars use of the Daimler brand was limited to one model , the Super Eight , which was to be last Daimler model to be produced . In 2009 , Jaguar lost the right to trademark the Daimler name in the United States .
|
[
"Jaguar Cars"
] |
[
{
"text": "The Daimler Company Limited ( ) , prior to 1910 The Daimler Motor Company Limited , was an independent British motor vehicle manufacturer founded in London by H . J . Lawson in 1896 , which set up its manufacturing base in Coventry . The company bought the right to the use of the Daimler name simultaneously from Gottlieb Daimler and Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft of Cannstatt , Germany . After early financial difficulty and a reorganisation of the company in 1904 , the Daimler Motor Company was purchased by Birmingham Small Arms Company ( BSA ) in 1910 , which also made",
"title": "Daimler Company"
},
{
"text": "cars under its own name before the Second World War . In 1933 , BSA bought the Lanchester Motor Company and made it a subsidiary of Daimler Company .",
"title": "Daimler Company"
},
{
"text": " Daimler was awarded a Royal Warrant to provide cars to the British monarch in 1902 ; it lost this privilege in the 1950s after being supplanted by Rolls-Royce . Daimler occasionally used alternative technology : the Knight engine which it further developed in the early twentieth century and used from 1909 to 1935 , the worm gear final drive fitted from 1909 until after the Second World War , and their patented fluid flywheel used in conjunction with a Wilson preselector gearbox from 1930 to the mid-1950s .",
"title": "Daimler Company"
},
{
"text": "Daimler tried to widen its appeal in the 1950s with a line of smaller cars at one end and opulent show cars at the other , stopped making Lanchesters , had a highly publicised removal of their chairman from the board , and developed and sold a sports car and a high-performance luxury saloon and limousine .",
"title": "Daimler Company"
},
{
"text": " BSA sold Daimler to Jaguar Cars in 1960 and Jaguar briefly continued Daimlers line adding a Daimler variant of its Mark II sports saloon . Jaguar was then merged into the British Motor Corporation in 1966 and British Leyland in 1968 . Under these companies , Daimler became an upscale trim level for Jaguar cars except for the 1968–1992 Daimler DS420 limousine , which had no Jaguar equivalent despite being fully Jaguar-based . When Jaguar Cars was split off from British Leyland in 1984 it retained the Daimler company and brand .",
"title": "Daimler Company"
},
{
"text": "Ford bought Jaguar Cars in 1990 and under Ford it stopped using the Daimler marque in 2009 when the last X358 Daimler models were discontinued . The X351 Jaguar XJ took its place and there was no Daimler variant . Jaguar Cars remained in its ownership , and from 2000 accompanied by Land Rover , until they sold both Jaguar and Land Rover to Tata Motors in 2008 , who formed Jaguar Land Rover as a subsidiary holding company for them . In 2013 , Jaguar Cars was merged with Land Rover to form Jaguar Land Rover Limited , and",
"title": "Daimler Company"
},
{
"text": "the rights to the Daimler car brand were transferred to the newly formed British multinational car manufacturer Jaguar Land Rover .",
"title": "Daimler Company"
},
{
"text": " Simms and the Daimler engine . Engineer Frederick Richard Simms was supervising construction of an aerial cableway of his own design for the Bremen Exhibition in 1889 when he saw tiny railcars powered by Gottlieb Daimlers motors . Simms , who had been born to English parents in Hamburg and raised by them there , became friends with Daimler , an Anglophile who had worked from autumn 1861 to summer 1863 at Beyer-Peacock in Gorton , Manchester .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "Simms introduced Daimlers motors to England in 1890 to power launches . In an agreement dated 18 February 1891 , he obtained British and Empire rights for the Daimler patents . That month , Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft lent Simms a motorboat with a 2 hp engine and an extra engine . In June 1891 Simms had set up a London office at 49 Leadenhall Street and founded Simms & Co consulting engineers . In May 1892 , the motorboat , which Simms had named Cannstatt , began running on the Thames from Putney . After demonstrating a motor launch to",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "The Honourable Evelyn Ellis , Simmss motor launch business grew rapidly , but became endangered when solicitor Alfred Hendriks was found to have been illegally taking money from the company . Hendriks severed his connections with Simms & Co . in February 1893 . Simms Daimler-related work was later moved into a new company , The Daimler Motor Syndicate Limited , which was formed on 26 May 1893 .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": " Simms plans to make cars . Following the success of Daimler-powered Peugeots and Panhards at the 1894 Paris–Rouen competition , Simms decided to open a motor car factory , On 7 June 1895 Simms told the board of the Daimler Motor Syndicate that he intended to form The Daimler Motor Company Limited to acquire the British rights to the Daimler patents and to manufacture Daimler engines and cars in England . That month , he arranged for the syndicate to receive a ten percent ( 10% ) commission on all British sales of Daimler-powered Panhard & Levassor cars .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "At the same meeting Simms produced the first licence to operate a car under the Daimler patents . It was for a hp Panhard & Levassor that had been bought in France by The Honourable Evelyn Ellis , who had three Daimler motor launches moored by his home at Datchet . On 3 July , after Ellis bought the licence , the car was landed at Southampton and driven by Ellis to Micheldever near Winchester where Ellis met Simms and they drove together to Datchet . Ellis later drove it on to Malvern . This was the first long journey",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "by motorcar in Britain . Simms later referred to the car as a Daimler Motor Carriage .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": " Later in 1895 Simms announced plans to form The Daimler Motor Company Limited and to build a brand-new factory , with delivery of raw materials by light rail , for 400 workmen making Daimler engines and motor carriages . Simms asked his friend Daimler to be consulting engineer to the new enterprise . Works premises at Eel Pie Island on the Thames where the Thames Electric and Steam Launch Company , owned by Andrew Pears of Pears Soap fame , had been making electrically powered motor launches , were purchased to be used to service Daimler-powered motor launches .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "Simms sells out to Lawson .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "Investor Harry John Lawson had set out to use the British Motor Syndicate to monopolise motor car production in Britain by taking over every patent he could . As part of this goal , Lawson approached Simms on 15 October 1895 , seeking the right to arrange the public flotation of the proposed new company and to acquire a large shareholding for his British Motor Syndicate . Welcomed by Simms , the negotiations proceeded on the basis that this new company should acquire The Daimler Motor Syndicate Limited as a going concern , including the name and patent rights .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "In order that the Daimler licences could be transferred from Simms to the new company , all the former partners would have to agree to the transfer . By this time , Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach had withdrawn from Daimler Motoren Gesellschafts business to concentrate on cars and engines for them . Simms offered to pay DMG £17,500 for the transfer and for a licence for Daimler and Maybachs Phénix engine , which DMG did not own . Simms therefore insisted that the transfer be on the condition that Daimler and Maybach rejoined DMG . This was agreed in",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "November 1895 and the Daimler-Maybach car business re-merged with DMGs . Daimler was appointed DMGs General Inspector and Maybach chief Technical Director . At the same time Simms became a director of DMG but did not become a director of the London company . According to Gustav Vischer , DMGs business manager at the time , Simms getting Daimler to return to DMG was no mean feat .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": " The sale of Daimler Motor Syndicate to Lawsons interests was completed by the end of November 1895 . The shareholders of the Syndicate had made a profit of two hundred percent ( 200% ) on their original investment . Independent ( 1896–1910 ) . From starting to stability .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "On 14 January 1896 Lawson incorporated The Daimler Motor Company Limited . A prospectus was issued on 15 February . The subscription lists opened on 17 February and closed , oversubscribed , the next day . The Daimler Motor Company Limited bought The Daimler Motor Syndicate Limited from Lawsons British Motor Syndicate as a going concern . Simms was appointed consulting engineer to the new business but was not to be on the board of directors , possibly because he had become a director of the Cannstatt firm .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "One of the duties assigned to Simms was to find a suitable location for the factory . Simms found the Trusty Oil Engine Works , a company in receivership whose six-acre site at Cheltenham included a foundry , a machine shop , and testing facilities . Simms recommended buying the works immediately since , with ready facilities and the availability of skilled workers , they could start up in a very short time . Instead , at the first statutory meeting of the company , held while Simms was overseas , Lawson persuaded the board to buy a disused four-storey",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "cotton mill in Coventry which was owned by Lawsons associate Ernest Terah Hooley . Despite Simms later protest and pleas to sell the mill and buy the Trusty Oil Engine Works , Daimler stayed with the mill as the site of Britains first automobile factory .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": " Delayed delivery of machines kept the factory unfinished throughout 1896 and into 1897 . During 1896 Daimler sold imported cars from companies for which Lawson held the licences . Cannstatt supplied engine parts but the delivery of working drawings were delayed for months . Four experimental cars were built in Coventry and a Panhard van was dismantled and reverse engineered . Some Daimler engines , with details redesigned by works manager J . S . Critchley , were also made in 1896 .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "The first car left the works in January 1897 , fitted with a Panhard engine , followed in March by Daimler-engined cars . The first Coventry Daimler-engined product made its maiden run in March 1897 . By mid-year they were producing three of their own cars a week and producing Léon Bollée cars under licence . Lawson claimed to have made 20 cars by July 1897 making the Daimler Britains first motor car to go into serial production , an honour that is also credited to Humber Motors who had also displayed , but in their case their production models",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": ", at the Stanley Cycle Show in London in 1896 . The Daimlers had a twin-cylinder , 1526 cc engine , mounted at the front of the car , four-speed gearbox and chain drive to the rear wheels .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": " Because of Daimlers financial difficulty in July 1897 Daimler began asking Lawsons Great Horseless Carriage Company to settle its accounts with them . In the same month , they refused to send working drawings of their 4 hp motor frame to DMG in Canstatt . Lack of co-operation with the Canstatt firm caused Simms to resign as Daimlers consulting engineer that month . Also in July 1897 , the company sold their launch works at Eel Pie Island at a loss of seven £700 or more .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "Ongoing difficulties with the Great Horseless Carriage Company and the British Motor Syndicate caused Lawson to resign from Daimlers board on 7 October 1897 . He was replaced as chairman by Henry Sturmey , who at the time was five days into a motor tour in his personal Daimler from John OGroats to Lands End . On arriving at Lands End on 19 October , Sturmey became the first person to make that journey in a motor car .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "Gottlieb Daimler resigned from the board of the Daimler Motor Company in July 1898 having never attended a board meeting . Sturmey opposed the appointment of a proposed successor who , according to Sturmey , held no shares and knew nothing about the automobile business . A committee was brought in to investigate the activities of the board and the company . The committee summed up the management of the business as being inefficient and not energetic and suggested that it be reorganised and run by a paid managing director . When Evelyn Ellis and another board member did not",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "run for re-election , they were replaced by E . H . Bayley and Edward Jenkinson , with Bayley replacing Sturmey as chairman . Sturmey resigned in May 1899 after Bayley and Jenkinson had reorganised the business .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": " Simms , as a director of DMG , proposed a union between the Daimler Motor Company in Coventry and DMG in Cannstatt in mid-1900 but the reorganised company was not interested in the merger and turned the offer down . Persistent financial troubles caused Daimler to be reorganised again in 1904 . The previous company was wound up and a new company was formed to acquire the old one and pay its debts and winding-up costs .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "Under the chairmanship of Sir Edward Jenkinson , Daimler hired American electrical engineer Percy Martin as works manager and socialite Undecimus Stratton as the head of the London depot , and promoted Ernest Instone to general manager . Jenkinson was succeeded in 1906 by Edward Manville , a consulting electrical engineer .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": " Known as Britains oldest car manufacturers , Daimler was first associated with royalty in 1898 when the Prince of Wales , later Edward VII , was given a ride on a Daimler by John Douglas-Scott-Montagu later known as Lord Montagu of Beaulieu . Scott-Montagu , as a member of parliament , also drove a Daimler into the yard of the Palace of Westminster , the first motorised vehicle to be driven there .",
"title": "Royal patronage"
},
{
"text": "Daimler had sold the Prince of Wales a mail phaeton in early 1900 . In 1902 , upon buying another Daimler , King Edward VII awarded Daimler a royal warrant as suppliers of motor cars .",
"title": "Royal patronage"
},
{
"text": "Undecimus Stratton met E . G . Jenkinson , the chairman of Daimler , in 1903 when Jenkinsons Daimler was stranded by the roadside . Upon seeing the stranded motorist , Stratton stopped his Daimler and offered assistance . Jenkinson was impressed by Stratton and by his motoring knowledge . At the time , Jenkinson was looking to replace the head of Daimlers London depot , a particularly sensitive position because of the royal cars . Taking the position , Stratton soon found himself having to select better royal chauffeurs and mechanics . He quickly became an occasional motoring companion",
"title": "Royal patronage"
},
{
"text": "to the King . In 1908 , through Strattons Royal connections , Daimler was awarded a Royal Appointment as suppliers of motor cars to the Court of Spain by King Alfonso XIII and a Royal Warrant as Motor Car Manufacturer to the Court of Prussia by Kaiser Wilhelm II . Stratton also sold Daimlers to the Sultan of Johor . In 1911 , he spent some weekends at Sandringham tutoring the new Prince of Wales on the workings and driving of an automobile .",
"title": "Royal patronage"
},
{
"text": " Stratton went into partnership with Daimlers commercial manager Ernest Instone in 1921 . Stratton and Instone took charge of the Daimler showrooms at 27 Pall Mall , naming the business Stratton-Instone . Stratton died in July 1929 after a brief illness . His successors and Instone bought out Daimlers interest in 1930 and renamed the business Stratstone Limited . The following summer the future King Edward VIII rented Strattons house at Sunningdale from his widow .",
"title": "Royal patronage"
},
{
"text": "Every British monarch from Edward VII to Elizabeth II has been driven in Daimler limousines . In 1950 , after a persistent transmission failure on the Kings car , Rolls-Royce was commissioned to provide official state cars and as Daimlers retired they were not replaced by Daimlers . The current official state car is either one of a pair which were specially made for the purpose by Bentley , unofficial chauffeured transport is by Daimler . Her Majestys own car for personal use is a 2008 Daimler Super Eight but she is also seen to drive herself in other smaller",
"title": "Royal patronage"
},
{
"text": "cars .",
"title": "Royal patronage"
},
{
"text": " Since 1904 , the fluted top surface to the radiator grille has been Daimlers distinguishing feature . This motif developed from the heavily finned water-cooling tubes slung externally at the front of early cars . Later , a more conventional , vertical radiator had a heavily finned header tank . Eventually these fins were echoed on a protective grille shell and , even later , on the rear licence plate holder .",
"title": "Fluted radiator"
},
{
"text": "Attracted by the possibilities of the Silent Knight engine Daimlers chairman contacted Charles Yale Knight in Chicago and Knight settled in England near Coventry in 1907 . Daimler bought rights from Knight for England and the colonies and shared ownership of the European rights , in which it took 60% , with Minerva of Belgium . Daimler contracted Dr Frederick Lanchester as their consultant for the purpose and a major re-design and refinement of Knights design took place in great secrecy . Knights design was made a practical proposition . When unveiled in September 1908 the new engine caused a",
"title": "Sleeve-valve engines"
},
{
"text": "sensation . Suffice it to say that mushroom valves , springs and cams , and many small parts , are swept away bodily , that we have an almost perfectly spherical explosion chamber , and a cast-iron sleeve or tube as that portion of the combustion chamber in which the piston travels .",
"title": "Sleeve-valve engines"
},
{
"text": " The Royal Automobile Club held a special meeting to discuss the new engine , still silent but no longer Wholly Knight . The Autocar reported on its extraordinary combination of silence , flexibility and power . Daimler stopped making poppet-valve engines altogether . Under the observation of the Royal Automobile Club ( RAC ) , two Daimler sleeve-valve engines were put through severe bench , road , and track tests and , upon being dismantled , showed no visible wear , earning Daimler the 1909 Dewar Trophy . Sales outran the works ability to supply .",
"title": "Sleeve-valve engines"
},
{
"text": "Daimlers sleeve valve engines idle silently but they left a slight haze of oil smoke trailing behind them . These engines consumed oil at a rate of up to an Imperial gallon every 450 miles , oil being needed to lubricate the sleeves particularly when cold . However , by the standards of their day they required very little maintenance .",
"title": "Sleeve-valve engines"
},
{
"text": " Daimler kept their silent sleeve-valve engines until the mid-1930s . The change to poppet valves began with the Fifteen of 1933 . First fatal motor accident in the United Kingdom .",
"title": "Sleeve-valve engines"
},
{
"text": "A Daimler 6 hp was involved in the first motor accident in the UK to be recorded as having involved the death of the driver . A young engineer was killed in 1899 when the rim of a rear wheel of the car he was driving collapsed under heavy braking in a turn on a sloping road in Harrow on the Hill . The driver and his four passengers were thrown from the car . One of the passengers fractured his skull in the accident and died in hospital three days later .",
"title": "Sleeve-valve engines"
},
{
"text": " Under an agreement dated 22 September 1910 the shareholders of The Daimler Motor Company Limited merged their holdings with those of the Birmingham Small Arms Company ( BSA ) group of companies , receiving five BSA shares in exchange for four ordinary Daimler shares and £1 5s plus accrued dividend for each £1 preference share . This deal was engineered by Dudley Docker , deputy-chairman of BSA , who was famous for previous successful business mergers .",
"title": "Acquisition by BSA"
},
{
"text": "Daimler , a manufacturer of motor vehicles , had a payroll of 4,116 workmen and 418 staff immediately before the merger . BSA produced rifles , ammunition , military vehicles , bicycles , motorcycles and some BSA-branded cars . The chairman of the combined group was Edward Manville , who had been chairman of the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders – founded by Simms – since 1907 .",
"title": "Acquisition by BSA"
},
{
"text": " However the merger was not a great success . By 1913 Daimler had a workforce of 5,000 workers which made only 1,000 vehicles a year .",
"title": "Acquisition by BSA"
},
{
"text": " By 1914 Daimlers were used by royal families including those of Great Britain , Germany , Russia , Sweden , Japan , Spain , and Greece ; its list of owners among the British nobility read like a digest of Debrett ; the Bombay agent supplied Indian princes ; the Japanese agent , Okura , handled sales in Manchuria and Korea .",
"title": "Royal transport"
},
{
"text": " Daimler also made engines and chassis for commercial vehicles , with the Metropolitan Electric Tramways ordering 350 double-decker buses in 1912 and engines being sold to the London General Omnibus Company ( LGOC ) . The 40 hp engine and chassis used with the double-decker bus was also used with lorries and drays , while a half-ton delivery van was based on a 12 hp chassis similar to a car chassis .",
"title": "Public transport"
},
{
"text": "Daimler made a 105 hp 15.9 L sleeve-valve straight-six engine for use in large tractors co-developed with William Foster & Co . for the South American market .",
"title": "Public transport"
},
{
"text": " World War I work . During World War I , the military took the normal production cars , lorries , buses and ambulances together with a scout army vehicle and engines used in ambulances , trucks , and double-decker buses . Special products included aero-engines and complete aircraft , tank and tractor engines and munitions .",
"title": "Public transport"
},
{
"text": "The first aircraft engine manufactured by Daimler was the 80 hp Gnome Monosoupape rotary . With no drawings available to them , Daimlers Gnome engines were reverse-engineered from an engine delivered to them on 7 August 1914 . Daimler later built the RAF 1 and 1a air-cooled V8s , the RAF 4 and 4a V12s , the Le Rhone rotary , and the Bentley BR2 rotary alongside other manufacturers . Production of RAF 4 engines gave Daimler experience in building V12 engines which would be appreciated when they later designed and built Double-Six V12 engines for their large cars .",
"title": "Public transport"
},
{
"text": " Daimler trained air force mechanics at its works and its training methods became the standard for all manufacturers instructing RAF mechanics .",
"title": "Public transport"
},
{
"text": "Having its own body shop , Daimler had the woodworking ability to build complete aircraft . By the end of 1914 , they had built 100 units of the Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2c . These were followed by the BE12 and RE8 . Daimler purchased an open field beside their Radford factory , cleared the site , and made it available to the Government , who turned it into the main RAF testing ground for aircraft built in the Coventry district . Although Daimler tooled up for production of the Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.4 bomber the aircraft was cancelled due",
"title": "Public transport"
},
{
"text": "to poor performance . The last wartime aircraft produced was the Airco DH.10 Amiens bomber when they were building 80 aeroplanes a month .",
"title": "Public transport"
},
{
"text": "Before the war , Daimler had been making 105 hp engines for tractors made by Fosters of Lincoln for the South American market . These tractors were developed into artillery tractors to haul howitzers . Production of the artillery tractors began on 3 December 1914 . These engines were later used for the first British tanks ever built , the prototypes Little Willie and Mother and later in the production Mark I tank . One major difficulty for the tanks was the fine oil haze above their Daimler engines which the enemy quickly learned meant tanks were operating nearby if",
"title": "Public transport"
},
{
"text": "out of sight . The early tanks weighed up to 28 tons . They were all Daimler powered . The Mark IV tank - the first major improvement in design - had uprated engines delivering 125 hp ; these engines had aluminium pistons and are believed to have been designed by W . O . Bentley while he was working on the Bentley BR1 rotary engine in Coventry .",
"title": "Public transport"
},
{
"text": " Daimler made more twelve-inch ( 305 mm ) shell casings than any other private business in the country , with a peak production of more than 2000 casings a day . Each was machined from a 990 lb forging down to a finished weight of 684 lb .",
"title": "Public transport"
},
{
"text": "After the Armistice it was decided that Daimler Hire should extend its luxury travel services to include charter aircraft through a new enterprise , Daimler Air Hire . Following the take-over of Airco and its subsidiaries in February 1920 services included scheduled services London-Paris as well as Taxi Planes to anywhere in Europe . In 1922 , under the name of Daimler Airway services extended to scheduled flights London to Berlin and places between . Frank Searle , managing director of Daimler Hire and its subsidiaries moved with his deputy Humphery Wood into the new national carrier Imperial Airways at",
"title": "Civil aviation"
},
{
"text": "its formation on 1 April 1924 . Searle and Wood and their Daimler Airway machines formed the core of Imperial Airways operations .",
"title": "Civil aviation"
},
{
"text": " Together with Associated Equipment Company ( AEC ) , it formed the Associated Daimler Company to build commercial vehicles in the late 1920s . The association was dissolved in 1928 with each company retaining manufacture of its original products . Lanchester acquisition and badging . The bulk of Daimlers shareholding in its subsidiary Daimler Hire Limited was sold to the Thomas Tilling Group in 1930 . and , in January 1931 , Daimler completed the purchase of The Lanchester Motor Company Limited . The new Lanchester 15/18 model introduced in 1931 was fitted with Daimlers fluid flywheel transmission .",
"title": "Commercial vehicles"
},
{
"text": "Although at first they produced separate ranges of cars with the Daimler badge appearing mainly on the larger models , by the mid-1930s the two were increasingly sharing components leading to the 1936 Lanchester 18/Daimler Light 20 differing in little except trim and grille .",
"title": "Commercial vehicles"
},
{
"text": " This marketing concept already employed with their BSA range of cars continued to the end of Lanchester and BSA car production . Some very important customers , including the Duke of York and at least two Indian princes , were supplied with big Daimler limousines with Lanchester grilles . The Daimler range was exceptionally complex in the 1930s with cars using a variety of six- and eight-cylinder engines with capacities from 1805 cc in the short lived 15 of 1934 to the 4624 cc 4.5-litre of 1936 . Review of BSA management before the Second World War .",
"title": "Commercial vehicles"
},
{
"text": "The divisiveness of the Daimler board did not end with the BSA takeover , but continued into the board of BSA . Despite this , Daimler prospered until the late 1920s , increasing its profits and its reputation . Along with an apprenticeship programme that was among the best in the British industry at the time , they attracted a large number of pupils out of public schools . During the First World War , Daimlers labour force grew from 4,000 to 6,000 men .",
"title": "Commercial vehicles"
},
{
"text": " The acquisition of Airco in February 1920 was a financial disaster for the BSA group . Percy Martin had been strongly in favour of the purchase , including Aircos extensive production facilities near London , and no one thought to examine Aircos true circumstances , leading to liabilities in excess of £1.3 million . All dividends were passed from 1920 to 1924 .",
"title": "Commercial vehicles"
},
{
"text": "By 1930 the BSA Groups primary activities were BSA motorcycles and Daimler vehicles . However , all the quality car businesses experienced financial difficulties in the late 1920s . Daimlers situation seemed particularly serious . Sales fell sharply in 1927–1928 , a period of losses ensued and no dividends were paid between 1929 and 1936 . The sleeve valve engine was outdated , Daimlers production methods had become old-fashioned , they had an extravagantly large range of products . Their bankers noted the decreasing sales volume , the poor performance for price and the need for up-to-date machine tool equipment",
"title": "Commercial vehicles"
},
{
"text": ". Stratton-Instones dominance of distribution was removed and other outlets arranged . The interests in Singer and the Daimler Hire business were sold and Lanchester bought . The in-house bodywork department was closed and by the spring of 1931 car production ceased , only commercial vehicle production and aero engine work kept Daimler in business .",
"title": "Commercial vehicles"
},
{
"text": "Laurence Pomeroy joined Damler in late 1926 , at first working on commercial vehicles but from 1928 he worked at the products of the main Daimler operation . Pomeroy introduced redesigned poppet valve engines with the Daimler Fifteen in September 1932 , developed new models of Daimlers , and recommended what became the September 1932 introduction of the small BSA and Lanchester Tens with poppet valve engines to help Daimler survive the depression . According to Martin , these actions rescued the business from total collapse in 1932 . In 1934 , the Pomeroy-designed poppet-valve Straight-Eights replaced the Daimler Double-Six",
"title": "Commercial vehicles"
},
{
"text": "sleeve-valve V12s without controversy or embarrassment , thereby being a personal triumph for Pomeroy .",
"title": "Commercial vehicles"
},
{
"text": "From before the merger of Daimler into the BSA group the core of Daimlers management was formed by chairman Edward Manville , works manager Percy Martin , and sales manager Ernest Instone , who left Daimler in 1921 to start auto dealer Stratton-Instone , and was responsible for Daimler sales in England and Wales thereafter . Instone died in 1932 , Manville died in 1933 , and Martin , who in January 1934 replaced Alexander Roger , Manvilles replacement , as chairman , retired in 1935 . In May 1936 Laurence Pomeroy was fired as managing director of Daimler with",
"title": "Management shift"
},
{
"text": "immediate effect . Daimler was not paying dividends and the 1936 BSA shareholders meetings were stormy . Attempted solutions had included the Lanchester acquisition and the introduction of smaller cars , the lower-priced 10 hp Lanchester and its matching but six-cylinder stable-mate the Daimler Fifteen ( later DB17 and DB18 ) introduced in the early thirties . This particular product line as the Lanchester Fourteen and Daimler Conquest was to run through to almost the very end .",
"title": "Management shift"
},
{
"text": " Edward H . W . Cooke attempted a revival and from 1937 introduced saloons with a freshness of design new to Daimler . The new products had successes in competitions and rallies . His policy was proved sound but another war , post-war austerity and yet more boardroom battles , this time in public , seemed to put an end to Daimlers once-proud business .",
"title": "Management shift"
},
{
"text": "Daimler started testing the Fluidrive system in a bus chassis in 1928 . This system , patented by Harold Sinclair in 1926 , applied Hermann Föttingers fluid flywheel to replace the clutch in the transmission systems of road vehicles . Daimler was initially interested in the fluid flywheel for use in commercial vehicles , but Martin decided to develop the system for use in passenger cars as well . Martin and Pomeroy originally intended to use the fluid flywheel with a conventional gearbox . Their consultant , Frederick Lanchester , warned them that putting a car with that combination on",
"title": "Daimlers semi-automatic transmissions"
},
{
"text": "the market would be a terribly big gambling risk , and an accident in March 1929 where a Double-Six 30 with a prototype transmission damaged a garage in Devon after Pomeroy left it idling while in gear may have shown the nature of this risk . By October 1930 , when Daimler introduced the fluid flywheel on their new Light Double-Six for an extra £50 , it was used with the self changing gearbox developed by W . G . Wilson . Martin and the Daimler Company patented their refinements to Sinclairs system in 1930 .",
"title": "Daimlers semi-automatic transmissions"
},
{
"text": " By November 1933 the combination of fluid flywheel and Wilson preselector gearbox was used in all Daimler vehicles , ranging from 10 h.p . passenger cars to double-deck omnibuses according to the chairmans report to the shareholders at their Annual General Meeting that month . According to the same report , more than 11,000 vehicles were using the transmission by that time . Daimler would continue to develop and use these transmissions until 1956 , when Borg-Warner fully automatic units were offered initially as an alternative but later as standard .",
"title": "Daimlers semi-automatic transmissions"
},
{
"text": "The Lanchester Sprite , a 1.6 L car with a unit body and Hobbs fully automatic gearbox , was shown at the British International Motor Show at Earls Court in 1954 . Problems with the transmission and other systems were never fully sorted out , and the Sprite was discontinued about two years later with only thirteen being built .",
"title": "Daimlers semi-automatic transmissions"
},
{
"text": "During the Second World War , Daimler turned again to military production . A four-wheel-drive scout car , known to the Army as the Dingo had a 2.5-litre engine and the larger Daimler Armoured Car powered by a 4.1-litre engine and armed with a 2-pounder gun were produced , both with six-cylinder power units , fluid flywheels and epicyclic gearboxes . These military vehicles incorporated various innovative features including disc brakes on all four wheels . The Dingo was designed by parent company BSA and took the name Dingo from an unsuccessful competitor submitted by Alvis .",
"title": "Daimlers semi-automatic transmissions"
},
{
"text": " During the war Daimler built more than 6,600 Scout Cars and some 2,700 Mk I and Mk II Armoured Cars . Daimler also provided tank components , including epicyclic gearboxes for 2,500 Crusader , Covenanter and Cavalier tanks . They built 74,000 Bren gun , initially at a workshop in their Coventry factory and , after the workshop was destroyed in the April 1941 raid , at a boot and shoe factory in Burton-on-Trent .",
"title": "Daimlers semi-automatic transmissions"
},
{
"text": "Instead of building complete aircraft as they had in World War I , Daimler built aircraft components , including 50,800 Bristol radial aero-engines—Mercury , Hercules and Pegasus—with full sets of parts for 9,500 more of these engines , propeller shafts for Rolls-Royce aero-engines , and 14,356 gun-turrets for bombers including their Browning machine guns . In all , Daimler produced more than 10 million aircraft parts during the war . All this production is Daimlers alone excluding BSAs other involvements .",
"title": "Daimlers semi-automatic transmissions"
},
{
"text": "The original Sandy Lane plant , used as a government store , was destroyed by fire during intensive enemy bombing of Coventry , but there were by now shadow factories elsewhere in the city including one located at Browns Lane , Allesey . In 1952 , Jaguar moved to Browns Lane which became the principal Jaguar car plant for several decades . The factory has since been closed but areas retained for smaller Jaguar operations and housing together with development of industrial buildings . The Daimler Radford plant has become a large housing estate .",
"title": "Daimlers semi-automatic transmissions"
},
{
"text": " After that war Daimler produced the Ferret armoured car , a military reconnaissance vehicle based on the innovative 4.1-litre-engined armoured car they had developed and built during the war , which has been used by over 36 countries .",
"title": "Daimlers semi-automatic transmissions"
},
{
"text": " Winston Churchill campaigned for the 1945 and 1950 general elections in the DB18 two-door drophead coupé he had ordered in 1939 . The government ordered new limousines for the commanding officers of the occupying forces . New straight-eights were supplied to the former colonies for the planned royal tours .",
"title": "Postwar decline"
},
{
"text": "The first Daimler limousines to be delivered after the war went to embassies and consulates in Europe and to the Lieutenant-Governors of Jersey and Guernsey . These were Straight-Eights built largely from pre-war stock . The first post-war model was the Eighteen , a development of the pre-war Fifteen using the Scout Cars 2.5 L engine with a new high-compression cylinder head . The model used curved glass in its side windows which were framed by chromed metal channels instead of the thick pillars that were usual at the time . Because of ongoing restrictions on steel , many of",
"title": "Postwar decline"
},
{
"text": "the Eighteens body panels were made from aluminium . The first post-war Lanchester , the Ten , looked like an enlarged Ford Prefect and its body was made in the same factory , Briggs Motor Bodies on the Ford Dagenham site .",
"title": "Postwar decline"
},
{
"text": "Despite the austerity of the times , Daimler celebrated the 1946 golden jubilee of the founding of the business was with a luncheon at the Savoy , at which they announced the pricing of the Daimler Eighteen and the Lanchester Ten . Production of large eight-seat limousines , the six-cylinder DE 27 and the eight-cylinder DE36 , began in March 1946 . These were among the first series-built cars with electrically operated windows . They were also the first Daimler cars since 1909 to use bevel gear final drive instead of Daimlers usual worm final drive , and the DE",
"title": "Postwar decline"
},
{
"text": "36 was the last straight-eight automobile to be manufactured in Britain . The DE 27 chassis was also used in the Daimler Ambulance with bodies by Barker and Hooper .",
"title": "Postwar decline"
},
{
"text": " Foreign monarchs , including the Queen of the Netherlands , the King of Thailand , The Aga Khan ( and Prince Aly Khan ) , the Emperor of Ethiopia , the Prince of Monaco , and the King of Afghanistan , re-ordered to replenish their fleets .",
"title": "Postwar decline"
},
{
"text": "Then in June 1947 the purchase tax was doubled on cars costing more than £1,000 , with home market sales already having been restricted to cars for essential purposes . Petrol remained rationed ; initially ten gallons a month , the monthly ration was increased to fifteen gallons in July 1946 , but was reduced again late in the summer of 1947 . Princess Elizabeth took her -litre coupé , a 21st -birthday gift from her father , to Malta , where her new husband was stationed . The King took delivery of a new open tourer straight-eight in March",
"title": "Postwar decline"
},
{
"text": "1949 . In the commodities boom caused by the 1950 Korean War Australasian woolgrowers reported the new electrically operated limousine-division to be just the thing if over-heated sheepdogs licked the back of a drivers ears . A DE 27 limousine given to HRH Princess Elizabeth by the Royal Air Force as a wedding present was traded for a Rolls-Royce when its transmission failed .",
"title": "Postwar decline"
},
{
"text": " Rolls-Royce was persuaded to re-enter the high-end luxury market and built the straight-eight Phantom IV solely for royalty , heads of state , and their chairman . Former Daimler customers , including British royals and the Aga Khan , switched to the Phantom IV , while the Emperor of Ethiopia and the King and Queen of Greece ordered coachbuilt six-cylinder Silver Wraiths .",
"title": "Postwar decline"
},
{
"text": "Sir Bernard Docker , chairman of the parent company , took the extra responsibility of Daimlers managing director in January 1953 when James Leek was unable to continue through illness . Car buyers were still waiting for the new ( Churchill ) governments easing of the temporary swingeing purchase tax promised in the lead up to the snap-election held during the 1951 Earls Court Motor Show . Lady Docker told her husband to rethink his marketing policies . 3-litre Regency production was stopped . In the hope of keeping 4,000+ employed the Consort price was dropped from 4 February 1953",
"title": "Consorts discounted"
},
{
"text": "to the expected new tax-inclusive level .",
"title": "Consorts discounted"
},
{
"text": " Stagnation of all the British motor industry was relieved by the reduction of purchase tax in the April 1953 budget . Daimler announced the introduction of the moderately sized Conquest in May ( apparently developed in just four months from the four-cylinder Lanchester 14 or Leda with a Daimler grille ) .",
"title": "Consorts discounted"
},
{
"text": "Daimler and Lanchester ( there were no more BSA cars ) struggled after the War , producing too many models with short runs and limited production , and frequently selling too few of each model , while Jaguar seemed to know what the public wanted and expanded rapidly . Daimler produced heavy , staid , large and small luxury cars with a stuffy , if sometimes opulent image . Jaguar produced lower quality cars at a remarkably low price , designed for enthusiasts .",
"title": "Consorts discounted"
},
{
"text": " The BSA groups leadership of the worlds motorcycle market was eventually lost to Japanese manufacturers .",
"title": "Consorts discounted"
},
{
"text": " Sir Bernard Docker was the managing director of BSA from early in WWII , and married Norah , Lady Collins in 1949 . Nora was twice-widowed and wealthy in her own right . This was her third marriage . She had originally been a successful dance hall hostess . Lady Docker took an interest in her husbands companies and became a director of Hooper , the coachbuilders .",
"title": "Lady Dockers Daimlers"
},
{
"text": "Daughter of an unsuccessful Birmingham car salesman Lady Docker could see that the Daimler cars , no longer popular with the royal family , were in danger of becoming an anachronism in the modern world . She took it upon herself to raise Daimlers profile , but in an extravagant fashion , by encouraging Sir Bernard to produce show cars .",
"title": "Lady Dockers Daimlers"
},
{
"text": " The first was the 1951 Golden Daimler , an opulent touring limousine , in 1952 , Blue Clover , a two-door sportsmans coupe , in 1953 the Silver Flash based on the 3-litre Regency chassis , and in 1954 Stardust , redolent of the Gold Car , but based on the DK400 chassis as was what proved to be her Paris 1955 grande finale , a 2-door coupé she named Golden Zebra , the last straw for the Tax Office and now on permanent display at The Hague .",
"title": "Lady Dockers Daimlers"
},
{
"text": "At the same time Lady Docker earned a reputation for having rather poor social graces when under the influence , and she and Sir Bernard were investigated for failing to correctly declare the amount of money taken out of the country on a visit to a Monte Carlo casino . Sir Bernard was instantly dumped for absenteeism by the Midland Bank board without waiting for the court case . Norah drew further attention . She ran up large bills and presented them to Daimler as business expenses but some items were disallowed by the Tax Office . The publicity attached",
"title": "Lady Dockers Daimlers"
}
] |
/wiki/Daimler_Company#P749#2
|
What was the parent organization of Daimler Company in early 2000s?
|
Daimler Company The Daimler Company Limited ( ) , prior to 1910 The Daimler Motor Company Limited , was an independent British motor vehicle manufacturer founded in London by H . J . Lawson in 1896 , which set up its manufacturing base in Coventry . The company bought the right to the use of the Daimler name simultaneously from Gottlieb Daimler and Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft of Cannstatt , Germany . After early financial difficulty and a reorganisation of the company in 1904 , the Daimler Motor Company was purchased by Birmingham Small Arms Company ( BSA ) in 1910 , which also made cars under its own name before the Second World War . In 1933 , BSA bought the Lanchester Motor Company and made it a subsidiary of Daimler Company . Daimler was awarded a Royal Warrant to provide cars to the British monarch in 1902 ; it lost this privilege in the 1950s after being supplanted by Rolls-Royce . Daimler occasionally used alternative technology : the Knight engine which it further developed in the early twentieth century and used from 1909 to 1935 , the worm gear final drive fitted from 1909 until after the Second World War , and their patented fluid flywheel used in conjunction with a Wilson preselector gearbox from 1930 to the mid-1950s . Daimler tried to widen its appeal in the 1950s with a line of smaller cars at one end and opulent show cars at the other , stopped making Lanchesters , had a highly publicised removal of their chairman from the board , and developed and sold a sports car and a high-performance luxury saloon and limousine . BSA sold Daimler to Jaguar Cars in 1960 and Jaguar briefly continued Daimlers line adding a Daimler variant of its Mark II sports saloon . Jaguar was then merged into the British Motor Corporation in 1966 and British Leyland in 1968 . Under these companies , Daimler became an upscale trim level for Jaguar cars except for the 1968–1992 Daimler DS420 limousine , which had no Jaguar equivalent despite being fully Jaguar-based . When Jaguar Cars was split off from British Leyland in 1984 it retained the Daimler company and brand . Ford bought Jaguar Cars in 1990 and under Ford it stopped using the Daimler marque in 2009 when the last X358 Daimler models were discontinued . The X351 Jaguar XJ took its place and there was no Daimler variant . Jaguar Cars remained in its ownership , and from 2000 accompanied by Land Rover , until they sold both Jaguar and Land Rover to Tata Motors in 2008 , who formed Jaguar Land Rover as a subsidiary holding company for them . In 2013 , Jaguar Cars was merged with Land Rover to form Jaguar Land Rover Limited , and the rights to the Daimler car brand were transferred to the newly formed British multinational car manufacturer Jaguar Land Rover . Origin . Simms and the Daimler engine . Engineer Frederick Richard Simms was supervising construction of an aerial cableway of his own design for the Bremen Exhibition in 1889 when he saw tiny railcars powered by Gottlieb Daimlers motors . Simms , who had been born to English parents in Hamburg and raised by them there , became friends with Daimler , an Anglophile who had worked from autumn 1861 to summer 1863 at Beyer-Peacock in Gorton , Manchester . Simms introduced Daimlers motors to England in 1890 to power launches . In an agreement dated 18 February 1891 , he obtained British and Empire rights for the Daimler patents . That month , Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft lent Simms a motorboat with a 2 hp engine and an extra engine . In June 1891 Simms had set up a London office at 49 Leadenhall Street and founded Simms & Co consulting engineers . In May 1892 , the motorboat , which Simms had named Cannstatt , began running on the Thames from Putney . After demonstrating a motor launch to The Honourable Evelyn Ellis , Simmss motor launch business grew rapidly , but became endangered when solicitor Alfred Hendriks was found to have been illegally taking money from the company . Hendriks severed his connections with Simms & Co . in February 1893 . Simms Daimler-related work was later moved into a new company , The Daimler Motor Syndicate Limited , which was formed on 26 May 1893 . Simms plans to make cars . Following the success of Daimler-powered Peugeots and Panhards at the 1894 Paris–Rouen competition , Simms decided to open a motor car factory , On 7 June 1895 Simms told the board of the Daimler Motor Syndicate that he intended to form The Daimler Motor Company Limited to acquire the British rights to the Daimler patents and to manufacture Daimler engines and cars in England . That month , he arranged for the syndicate to receive a ten percent ( 10% ) commission on all British sales of Daimler-powered Panhard & Levassor cars . At the same meeting Simms produced the first licence to operate a car under the Daimler patents . It was for a hp Panhard & Levassor that had been bought in France by The Honourable Evelyn Ellis , who had three Daimler motor launches moored by his home at Datchet . On 3 July , after Ellis bought the licence , the car was landed at Southampton and driven by Ellis to Micheldever near Winchester where Ellis met Simms and they drove together to Datchet . Ellis later drove it on to Malvern . This was the first long journey by motorcar in Britain . Simms later referred to the car as a Daimler Motor Carriage . Later in 1895 Simms announced plans to form The Daimler Motor Company Limited and to build a brand-new factory , with delivery of raw materials by light rail , for 400 workmen making Daimler engines and motor carriages . Simms asked his friend Daimler to be consulting engineer to the new enterprise . Works premises at Eel Pie Island on the Thames where the Thames Electric and Steam Launch Company , owned by Andrew Pears of Pears Soap fame , had been making electrically powered motor launches , were purchased to be used to service Daimler-powered motor launches . Simms sells out to Lawson . Investor Harry John Lawson had set out to use the British Motor Syndicate to monopolise motor car production in Britain by taking over every patent he could . As part of this goal , Lawson approached Simms on 15 October 1895 , seeking the right to arrange the public flotation of the proposed new company and to acquire a large shareholding for his British Motor Syndicate . Welcomed by Simms , the negotiations proceeded on the basis that this new company should acquire The Daimler Motor Syndicate Limited as a going concern , including the name and patent rights . In order that the Daimler licences could be transferred from Simms to the new company , all the former partners would have to agree to the transfer . By this time , Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach had withdrawn from Daimler Motoren Gesellschafts business to concentrate on cars and engines for them . Simms offered to pay DMG £17,500 for the transfer and for a licence for Daimler and Maybachs Phénix engine , which DMG did not own . Simms therefore insisted that the transfer be on the condition that Daimler and Maybach rejoined DMG . This was agreed in November 1895 and the Daimler-Maybach car business re-merged with DMGs . Daimler was appointed DMGs General Inspector and Maybach chief Technical Director . At the same time Simms became a director of DMG but did not become a director of the London company . According to Gustav Vischer , DMGs business manager at the time , Simms getting Daimler to return to DMG was no mean feat . The sale of Daimler Motor Syndicate to Lawsons interests was completed by the end of November 1895 . The shareholders of the Syndicate had made a profit of two hundred percent ( 200% ) on their original investment . Independent ( 1896–1910 ) . From starting to stability . On 14 January 1896 Lawson incorporated The Daimler Motor Company Limited . A prospectus was issued on 15 February . The subscription lists opened on 17 February and closed , oversubscribed , the next day . The Daimler Motor Company Limited bought The Daimler Motor Syndicate Limited from Lawsons British Motor Syndicate as a going concern . Simms was appointed consulting engineer to the new business but was not to be on the board of directors , possibly because he had become a director of the Cannstatt firm . One of the duties assigned to Simms was to find a suitable location for the factory . Simms found the Trusty Oil Engine Works , a company in receivership whose six-acre site at Cheltenham included a foundry , a machine shop , and testing facilities . Simms recommended buying the works immediately since , with ready facilities and the availability of skilled workers , they could start up in a very short time . Instead , at the first statutory meeting of the company , held while Simms was overseas , Lawson persuaded the board to buy a disused four-storey cotton mill in Coventry which was owned by Lawsons associate Ernest Terah Hooley . Despite Simms later protest and pleas to sell the mill and buy the Trusty Oil Engine Works , Daimler stayed with the mill as the site of Britains first automobile factory . Delayed delivery of machines kept the factory unfinished throughout 1896 and into 1897 . During 1896 Daimler sold imported cars from companies for which Lawson held the licences . Cannstatt supplied engine parts but the delivery of working drawings were delayed for months . Four experimental cars were built in Coventry and a Panhard van was dismantled and reverse engineered . Some Daimler engines , with details redesigned by works manager J . S . Critchley , were also made in 1896 . The first car left the works in January 1897 , fitted with a Panhard engine , followed in March by Daimler-engined cars . The first Coventry Daimler-engined product made its maiden run in March 1897 . By mid-year they were producing three of their own cars a week and producing Léon Bollée cars under licence . Lawson claimed to have made 20 cars by July 1897 making the Daimler Britains first motor car to go into serial production , an honour that is also credited to Humber Motors who had also displayed , but in their case their production models , at the Stanley Cycle Show in London in 1896 . The Daimlers had a twin-cylinder , 1526 cc engine , mounted at the front of the car , four-speed gearbox and chain drive to the rear wheels . Because of Daimlers financial difficulty in July 1897 Daimler began asking Lawsons Great Horseless Carriage Company to settle its accounts with them . In the same month , they refused to send working drawings of their 4 hp motor frame to DMG in Canstatt . Lack of co-operation with the Canstatt firm caused Simms to resign as Daimlers consulting engineer that month . Also in July 1897 , the company sold their launch works at Eel Pie Island at a loss of seven £700 or more . Ongoing difficulties with the Great Horseless Carriage Company and the British Motor Syndicate caused Lawson to resign from Daimlers board on 7 October 1897 . He was replaced as chairman by Henry Sturmey , who at the time was five days into a motor tour in his personal Daimler from John OGroats to Lands End . On arriving at Lands End on 19 October , Sturmey became the first person to make that journey in a motor car . Gottlieb Daimler resigned from the board of the Daimler Motor Company in July 1898 having never attended a board meeting . Sturmey opposed the appointment of a proposed successor who , according to Sturmey , held no shares and knew nothing about the automobile business . A committee was brought in to investigate the activities of the board and the company . The committee summed up the management of the business as being inefficient and not energetic and suggested that it be reorganised and run by a paid managing director . When Evelyn Ellis and another board member did not run for re-election , they were replaced by E . H . Bayley and Edward Jenkinson , with Bayley replacing Sturmey as chairman . Sturmey resigned in May 1899 after Bayley and Jenkinson had reorganised the business . Simms , as a director of DMG , proposed a union between the Daimler Motor Company in Coventry and DMG in Cannstatt in mid-1900 but the reorganised company was not interested in the merger and turned the offer down . Persistent financial troubles caused Daimler to be reorganised again in 1904 . The previous company was wound up and a new company was formed to acquire the old one and pay its debts and winding-up costs . Under the chairmanship of Sir Edward Jenkinson , Daimler hired American electrical engineer Percy Martin as works manager and socialite Undecimus Stratton as the head of the London depot , and promoted Ernest Instone to general manager . Jenkinson was succeeded in 1906 by Edward Manville , a consulting electrical engineer . Royal patronage . Known as Britains oldest car manufacturers , Daimler was first associated with royalty in 1898 when the Prince of Wales , later Edward VII , was given a ride on a Daimler by John Douglas-Scott-Montagu later known as Lord Montagu of Beaulieu . Scott-Montagu , as a member of parliament , also drove a Daimler into the yard of the Palace of Westminster , the first motorised vehicle to be driven there . Daimler had sold the Prince of Wales a mail phaeton in early 1900 . In 1902 , upon buying another Daimler , King Edward VII awarded Daimler a royal warrant as suppliers of motor cars . Undecimus Stratton met E . G . Jenkinson , the chairman of Daimler , in 1903 when Jenkinsons Daimler was stranded by the roadside . Upon seeing the stranded motorist , Stratton stopped his Daimler and offered assistance . Jenkinson was impressed by Stratton and by his motoring knowledge . At the time , Jenkinson was looking to replace the head of Daimlers London depot , a particularly sensitive position because of the royal cars . Taking the position , Stratton soon found himself having to select better royal chauffeurs and mechanics . He quickly became an occasional motoring companion to the King . In 1908 , through Strattons Royal connections , Daimler was awarded a Royal Appointment as suppliers of motor cars to the Court of Spain by King Alfonso XIII and a Royal Warrant as Motor Car Manufacturer to the Court of Prussia by Kaiser Wilhelm II . Stratton also sold Daimlers to the Sultan of Johor . In 1911 , he spent some weekends at Sandringham tutoring the new Prince of Wales on the workings and driving of an automobile . Stratton went into partnership with Daimlers commercial manager Ernest Instone in 1921 . Stratton and Instone took charge of the Daimler showrooms at 27 Pall Mall , naming the business Stratton-Instone . Stratton died in July 1929 after a brief illness . His successors and Instone bought out Daimlers interest in 1930 and renamed the business Stratstone Limited . The following summer the future King Edward VIII rented Strattons house at Sunningdale from his widow . Every British monarch from Edward VII to Elizabeth II has been driven in Daimler limousines . In 1950 , after a persistent transmission failure on the Kings car , Rolls-Royce was commissioned to provide official state cars and as Daimlers retired they were not replaced by Daimlers . The current official state car is either one of a pair which were specially made for the purpose by Bentley , unofficial chauffeured transport is by Daimler . Her Majestys own car for personal use is a 2008 Daimler Super Eight but she is also seen to drive herself in other smaller cars . Fluted radiator . Since 1904 , the fluted top surface to the radiator grille has been Daimlers distinguishing feature . This motif developed from the heavily finned water-cooling tubes slung externally at the front of early cars . Later , a more conventional , vertical radiator had a heavily finned header tank . Eventually these fins were echoed on a protective grille shell and , even later , on the rear licence plate holder . Sleeve-valve engines . Attracted by the possibilities of the Silent Knight engine Daimlers chairman contacted Charles Yale Knight in Chicago and Knight settled in England near Coventry in 1907 . Daimler bought rights from Knight for England and the colonies and shared ownership of the European rights , in which it took 60% , with Minerva of Belgium . Daimler contracted Dr Frederick Lanchester as their consultant for the purpose and a major re-design and refinement of Knights design took place in great secrecy . Knights design was made a practical proposition . When unveiled in September 1908 the new engine caused a sensation . Suffice it to say that mushroom valves , springs and cams , and many small parts , are swept away bodily , that we have an almost perfectly spherical explosion chamber , and a cast-iron sleeve or tube as that portion of the combustion chamber in which the piston travels . The Royal Automobile Club held a special meeting to discuss the new engine , still silent but no longer Wholly Knight . The Autocar reported on its extraordinary combination of silence , flexibility and power . Daimler stopped making poppet-valve engines altogether . Under the observation of the Royal Automobile Club ( RAC ) , two Daimler sleeve-valve engines were put through severe bench , road , and track tests and , upon being dismantled , showed no visible wear , earning Daimler the 1909 Dewar Trophy . Sales outran the works ability to supply . Daimlers sleeve valve engines idle silently but they left a slight haze of oil smoke trailing behind them . These engines consumed oil at a rate of up to an Imperial gallon every 450 miles , oil being needed to lubricate the sleeves particularly when cold . However , by the standards of their day they required very little maintenance . Daimler kept their silent sleeve-valve engines until the mid-1930s . The change to poppet valves began with the Fifteen of 1933 . First fatal motor accident in the United Kingdom . A Daimler 6 hp was involved in the first motor accident in the UK to be recorded as having involved the death of the driver . A young engineer was killed in 1899 when the rim of a rear wheel of the car he was driving collapsed under heavy braking in a turn on a sloping road in Harrow on the Hill . The driver and his four passengers were thrown from the car . One of the passengers fractured his skull in the accident and died in hospital three days later . Under BSA ( 1910–1960 ) . Acquisition by BSA . Under an agreement dated 22 September 1910 the shareholders of The Daimler Motor Company Limited merged their holdings with those of the Birmingham Small Arms Company ( BSA ) group of companies , receiving five BSA shares in exchange for four ordinary Daimler shares and £1 5s plus accrued dividend for each £1 preference share . This deal was engineered by Dudley Docker , deputy-chairman of BSA , who was famous for previous successful business mergers . Daimler , a manufacturer of motor vehicles , had a payroll of 4,116 workmen and 418 staff immediately before the merger . BSA produced rifles , ammunition , military vehicles , bicycles , motorcycles and some BSA-branded cars . The chairman of the combined group was Edward Manville , who had been chairman of the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders – founded by Simms – since 1907 . However the merger was not a great success . By 1913 Daimler had a workforce of 5,000 workers which made only 1,000 vehicles a year . Royal transport . By 1914 Daimlers were used by royal families including those of Great Britain , Germany , Russia , Sweden , Japan , Spain , and Greece ; its list of owners among the British nobility read like a digest of Debrett ; the Bombay agent supplied Indian princes ; the Japanese agent , Okura , handled sales in Manchuria and Korea . Public transport . Daimler also made engines and chassis for commercial vehicles , with the Metropolitan Electric Tramways ordering 350 double-decker buses in 1912 and engines being sold to the London General Omnibus Company ( LGOC ) . The 40 hp engine and chassis used with the double-decker bus was also used with lorries and drays , while a half-ton delivery van was based on a 12 hp chassis similar to a car chassis . Daimler made a 105 hp 15.9 L sleeve-valve straight-six engine for use in large tractors co-developed with William Foster & Co . for the South American market . World War I work . During World War I , the military took the normal production cars , lorries , buses and ambulances together with a scout army vehicle and engines used in ambulances , trucks , and double-decker buses . Special products included aero-engines and complete aircraft , tank and tractor engines and munitions . The first aircraft engine manufactured by Daimler was the 80 hp Gnome Monosoupape rotary . With no drawings available to them , Daimlers Gnome engines were reverse-engineered from an engine delivered to them on 7 August 1914 . Daimler later built the RAF 1 and 1a air-cooled V8s , the RAF 4 and 4a V12s , the Le Rhone rotary , and the Bentley BR2 rotary alongside other manufacturers . Production of RAF 4 engines gave Daimler experience in building V12 engines which would be appreciated when they later designed and built Double-Six V12 engines for their large cars . Daimler trained air force mechanics at its works and its training methods became the standard for all manufacturers instructing RAF mechanics . Having its own body shop , Daimler had the woodworking ability to build complete aircraft . By the end of 1914 , they had built 100 units of the Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2c . These were followed by the BE12 and RE8 . Daimler purchased an open field beside their Radford factory , cleared the site , and made it available to the Government , who turned it into the main RAF testing ground for aircraft built in the Coventry district . Although Daimler tooled up for production of the Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.4 bomber the aircraft was cancelled due to poor performance . The last wartime aircraft produced was the Airco DH.10 Amiens bomber when they were building 80 aeroplanes a month . Before the war , Daimler had been making 105 hp engines for tractors made by Fosters of Lincoln for the South American market . These tractors were developed into artillery tractors to haul howitzers . Production of the artillery tractors began on 3 December 1914 . These engines were later used for the first British tanks ever built , the prototypes Little Willie and Mother and later in the production Mark I tank . One major difficulty for the tanks was the fine oil haze above their Daimler engines which the enemy quickly learned meant tanks were operating nearby if out of sight . The early tanks weighed up to 28 tons . They were all Daimler powered . The Mark IV tank - the first major improvement in design - had uprated engines delivering 125 hp ; these engines had aluminium pistons and are believed to have been designed by W . O . Bentley while he was working on the Bentley BR1 rotary engine in Coventry . Daimler made more twelve-inch ( 305 mm ) shell casings than any other private business in the country , with a peak production of more than 2000 casings a day . Each was machined from a 990 lb forging down to a finished weight of 684 lb . Civil aviation . After the Armistice it was decided that Daimler Hire should extend its luxury travel services to include charter aircraft through a new enterprise , Daimler Air Hire . Following the take-over of Airco and its subsidiaries in February 1920 services included scheduled services London-Paris as well as Taxi Planes to anywhere in Europe . In 1922 , under the name of Daimler Airway services extended to scheduled flights London to Berlin and places between . Frank Searle , managing director of Daimler Hire and its subsidiaries moved with his deputy Humphery Wood into the new national carrier Imperial Airways at its formation on 1 April 1924 . Searle and Wood and their Daimler Airway machines formed the core of Imperial Airways operations . Commercial vehicles . Together with Associated Equipment Company ( AEC ) , it formed the Associated Daimler Company to build commercial vehicles in the late 1920s . The association was dissolved in 1928 with each company retaining manufacture of its original products . Lanchester acquisition and badging . The bulk of Daimlers shareholding in its subsidiary Daimler Hire Limited was sold to the Thomas Tilling Group in 1930 . and , in January 1931 , Daimler completed the purchase of The Lanchester Motor Company Limited . The new Lanchester 15/18 model introduced in 1931 was fitted with Daimlers fluid flywheel transmission . Although at first they produced separate ranges of cars with the Daimler badge appearing mainly on the larger models , by the mid-1930s the two were increasingly sharing components leading to the 1936 Lanchester 18/Daimler Light 20 differing in little except trim and grille . This marketing concept already employed with their BSA range of cars continued to the end of Lanchester and BSA car production . Some very important customers , including the Duke of York and at least two Indian princes , were supplied with big Daimler limousines with Lanchester grilles . The Daimler range was exceptionally complex in the 1930s with cars using a variety of six- and eight-cylinder engines with capacities from 1805 cc in the short lived 15 of 1934 to the 4624 cc 4.5-litre of 1936 . Review of BSA management before the Second World War . The divisiveness of the Daimler board did not end with the BSA takeover , but continued into the board of BSA . Despite this , Daimler prospered until the late 1920s , increasing its profits and its reputation . Along with an apprenticeship programme that was among the best in the British industry at the time , they attracted a large number of pupils out of public schools . During the First World War , Daimlers labour force grew from 4,000 to 6,000 men . The acquisition of Airco in February 1920 was a financial disaster for the BSA group . Percy Martin had been strongly in favour of the purchase , including Aircos extensive production facilities near London , and no one thought to examine Aircos true circumstances , leading to liabilities in excess of £1.3 million . All dividends were passed from 1920 to 1924 . By 1930 the BSA Groups primary activities were BSA motorcycles and Daimler vehicles . However , all the quality car businesses experienced financial difficulties in the late 1920s . Daimlers situation seemed particularly serious . Sales fell sharply in 1927–1928 , a period of losses ensued and no dividends were paid between 1929 and 1936 . The sleeve valve engine was outdated , Daimlers production methods had become old-fashioned , they had an extravagantly large range of products . Their bankers noted the decreasing sales volume , the poor performance for price and the need for up-to-date machine tool equipment . Stratton-Instones dominance of distribution was removed and other outlets arranged . The interests in Singer and the Daimler Hire business were sold and Lanchester bought . The in-house bodywork department was closed and by the spring of 1931 car production ceased , only commercial vehicle production and aero engine work kept Daimler in business . Laurence Pomeroy joined Damler in late 1926 , at first working on commercial vehicles but from 1928 he worked at the products of the main Daimler operation . Pomeroy introduced redesigned poppet valve engines with the Daimler Fifteen in September 1932 , developed new models of Daimlers , and recommended what became the September 1932 introduction of the small BSA and Lanchester Tens with poppet valve engines to help Daimler survive the depression . According to Martin , these actions rescued the business from total collapse in 1932 . In 1934 , the Pomeroy-designed poppet-valve Straight-Eights replaced the Daimler Double-Six sleeve-valve V12s without controversy or embarrassment , thereby being a personal triumph for Pomeroy . Management shift . From before the merger of Daimler into the BSA group the core of Daimlers management was formed by chairman Edward Manville , works manager Percy Martin , and sales manager Ernest Instone , who left Daimler in 1921 to start auto dealer Stratton-Instone , and was responsible for Daimler sales in England and Wales thereafter . Instone died in 1932 , Manville died in 1933 , and Martin , who in January 1934 replaced Alexander Roger , Manvilles replacement , as chairman , retired in 1935 . In May 1936 Laurence Pomeroy was fired as managing director of Daimler with immediate effect . Daimler was not paying dividends and the 1936 BSA shareholders meetings were stormy . Attempted solutions had included the Lanchester acquisition and the introduction of smaller cars , the lower-priced 10 hp Lanchester and its matching but six-cylinder stable-mate the Daimler Fifteen ( later DB17 and DB18 ) introduced in the early thirties . This particular product line as the Lanchester Fourteen and Daimler Conquest was to run through to almost the very end . Edward H . W . Cooke attempted a revival and from 1937 introduced saloons with a freshness of design new to Daimler . The new products had successes in competitions and rallies . His policy was proved sound but another war , post-war austerity and yet more boardroom battles , this time in public , seemed to put an end to Daimlers once-proud business . Daimlers semi-automatic transmissions . Daimler started testing the Fluidrive system in a bus chassis in 1928 . This system , patented by Harold Sinclair in 1926 , applied Hermann Föttingers fluid flywheel to replace the clutch in the transmission systems of road vehicles . Daimler was initially interested in the fluid flywheel for use in commercial vehicles , but Martin decided to develop the system for use in passenger cars as well . Martin and Pomeroy originally intended to use the fluid flywheel with a conventional gearbox . Their consultant , Frederick Lanchester , warned them that putting a car with that combination on the market would be a terribly big gambling risk , and an accident in March 1929 where a Double-Six 30 with a prototype transmission damaged a garage in Devon after Pomeroy left it idling while in gear may have shown the nature of this risk . By October 1930 , when Daimler introduced the fluid flywheel on their new Light Double-Six for an extra £50 , it was used with the self changing gearbox developed by W . G . Wilson . Martin and the Daimler Company patented their refinements to Sinclairs system in 1930 . By November 1933 the combination of fluid flywheel and Wilson preselector gearbox was used in all Daimler vehicles , ranging from 10 h.p . passenger cars to double-deck omnibuses according to the chairmans report to the shareholders at their Annual General Meeting that month . According to the same report , more than 11,000 vehicles were using the transmission by that time . Daimler would continue to develop and use these transmissions until 1956 , when Borg-Warner fully automatic units were offered initially as an alternative but later as standard . The Lanchester Sprite , a 1.6 L car with a unit body and Hobbs fully automatic gearbox , was shown at the British International Motor Show at Earls Court in 1954 . Problems with the transmission and other systems were never fully sorted out , and the Sprite was discontinued about two years later with only thirteen being built . Second World War work . During the Second World War , Daimler turned again to military production . A four-wheel-drive scout car , known to the Army as the Dingo had a 2.5-litre engine and the larger Daimler Armoured Car powered by a 4.1-litre engine and armed with a 2-pounder gun were produced , both with six-cylinder power units , fluid flywheels and epicyclic gearboxes . These military vehicles incorporated various innovative features including disc brakes on all four wheels . The Dingo was designed by parent company BSA and took the name Dingo from an unsuccessful competitor submitted by Alvis . During the war Daimler built more than 6,600 Scout Cars and some 2,700 Mk I and Mk II Armoured Cars . Daimler also provided tank components , including epicyclic gearboxes for 2,500 Crusader , Covenanter and Cavalier tanks . They built 74,000 Bren gun , initially at a workshop in their Coventry factory and , after the workshop was destroyed in the April 1941 raid , at a boot and shoe factory in Burton-on-Trent . Instead of building complete aircraft as they had in World War I , Daimler built aircraft components , including 50,800 Bristol radial aero-engines—Mercury , Hercules and Pegasus—with full sets of parts for 9,500 more of these engines , propeller shafts for Rolls-Royce aero-engines , and 14,356 gun-turrets for bombers including their Browning machine guns . In all , Daimler produced more than 10 million aircraft parts during the war . All this production is Daimlers alone excluding BSAs other involvements . Daimlers peak workforce , 16,000 people , was reached in this period . The original Sandy Lane plant , used as a government store , was destroyed by fire during intensive enemy bombing of Coventry , but there were by now shadow factories elsewhere in the city including one located at Browns Lane , Allesey . In 1952 , Jaguar moved to Browns Lane which became the principal Jaguar car plant for several decades . The factory has since been closed but areas retained for smaller Jaguar operations and housing together with development of industrial buildings . The Daimler Radford plant has become a large housing estate . After that war Daimler produced the Ferret armoured car , a military reconnaissance vehicle based on the innovative 4.1-litre-engined armoured car they had developed and built during the war , which has been used by over 36 countries . Postwar decline . Winston Churchill campaigned for the 1945 and 1950 general elections in the DB18 two-door drophead coupé he had ordered in 1939 . The government ordered new limousines for the commanding officers of the occupying forces . New straight-eights were supplied to the former colonies for the planned royal tours . The first Daimler limousines to be delivered after the war went to embassies and consulates in Europe and to the Lieutenant-Governors of Jersey and Guernsey . These were Straight-Eights built largely from pre-war stock . The first post-war model was the Eighteen , a development of the pre-war Fifteen using the Scout Cars 2.5 L engine with a new high-compression cylinder head . The model used curved glass in its side windows which were framed by chromed metal channels instead of the thick pillars that were usual at the time . Because of ongoing restrictions on steel , many of the Eighteens body panels were made from aluminium . The first post-war Lanchester , the Ten , looked like an enlarged Ford Prefect and its body was made in the same factory , Briggs Motor Bodies on the Ford Dagenham site . Despite the austerity of the times , Daimler celebrated the 1946 golden jubilee of the founding of the business was with a luncheon at the Savoy , at which they announced the pricing of the Daimler Eighteen and the Lanchester Ten . Production of large eight-seat limousines , the six-cylinder DE 27 and the eight-cylinder DE36 , began in March 1946 . These were among the first series-built cars with electrically operated windows . They were also the first Daimler cars since 1909 to use bevel gear final drive instead of Daimlers usual worm final drive , and the DE 36 was the last straight-eight automobile to be manufactured in Britain . The DE 27 chassis was also used in the Daimler Ambulance with bodies by Barker and Hooper . Foreign monarchs , including the Queen of the Netherlands , the King of Thailand , The Aga Khan ( and Prince Aly Khan ) , the Emperor of Ethiopia , the Prince of Monaco , and the King of Afghanistan , re-ordered to replenish their fleets . Then in June 1947 the purchase tax was doubled on cars costing more than £1,000 , with home market sales already having been restricted to cars for essential purposes . Petrol remained rationed ; initially ten gallons a month , the monthly ration was increased to fifteen gallons in July 1946 , but was reduced again late in the summer of 1947 . Princess Elizabeth took her -litre coupé , a 21st -birthday gift from her father , to Malta , where her new husband was stationed . The King took delivery of a new open tourer straight-eight in March 1949 . In the commodities boom caused by the 1950 Korean War Australasian woolgrowers reported the new electrically operated limousine-division to be just the thing if over-heated sheepdogs licked the back of a drivers ears . A DE 27 limousine given to HRH Princess Elizabeth by the Royal Air Force as a wedding present was traded for a Rolls-Royce when its transmission failed . Rolls-Royce was persuaded to re-enter the high-end luxury market and built the straight-eight Phantom IV solely for royalty , heads of state , and their chairman . Former Daimler customers , including British royals and the Aga Khan , switched to the Phantom IV , while the Emperor of Ethiopia and the King and Queen of Greece ordered coachbuilt six-cylinder Silver Wraiths . Consorts discounted . Sir Bernard Docker , chairman of the parent company , took the extra responsibility of Daimlers managing director in January 1953 when James Leek was unable to continue through illness . Car buyers were still waiting for the new ( Churchill ) governments easing of the temporary swingeing purchase tax promised in the lead up to the snap-election held during the 1951 Earls Court Motor Show . Lady Docker told her husband to rethink his marketing policies . 3-litre Regency production was stopped . In the hope of keeping 4,000+ employed the Consort price was dropped from 4 February 1953 to the expected new tax-inclusive level . Stagnation of all the British motor industry was relieved by the reduction of purchase tax in the April 1953 budget . Daimler announced the introduction of the moderately sized Conquest in May ( apparently developed in just four months from the four-cylinder Lanchester 14 or Leda with a Daimler grille ) . Daimler and Lanchester ( there were no more BSA cars ) struggled after the War , producing too many models with short runs and limited production , and frequently selling too few of each model , while Jaguar seemed to know what the public wanted and expanded rapidly . Daimler produced heavy , staid , large and small luxury cars with a stuffy , if sometimes opulent image . Jaguar produced lower quality cars at a remarkably low price , designed for enthusiasts . The BSA groups leadership of the worlds motorcycle market was eventually lost to Japanese manufacturers . Lady Dockers Daimlers . Sir Bernard Docker was the managing director of BSA from early in WWII , and married Norah , Lady Collins in 1949 . Nora was twice-widowed and wealthy in her own right . This was her third marriage . She had originally been a successful dance hall hostess . Lady Docker took an interest in her husbands companies and became a director of Hooper , the coachbuilders . Daughter of an unsuccessful Birmingham car salesman Lady Docker could see that the Daimler cars , no longer popular with the royal family , were in danger of becoming an anachronism in the modern world . She took it upon herself to raise Daimlers profile , but in an extravagant fashion , by encouraging Sir Bernard to produce show cars . The first was the 1951 Golden Daimler , an opulent touring limousine , in 1952 , Blue Clover , a two-door sportsmans coupe , in 1953 the Silver Flash based on the 3-litre Regency chassis , and in 1954 Stardust , redolent of the Gold Car , but based on the DK400 chassis as was what proved to be her Paris 1955 grande finale , a 2-door coupé she named Golden Zebra , the last straw for the Tax Office and now on permanent display at The Hague . At the same time Lady Docker earned a reputation for having rather poor social graces when under the influence , and she and Sir Bernard were investigated for failing to correctly declare the amount of money taken out of the country on a visit to a Monte Carlo casino . Sir Bernard was instantly dumped for absenteeism by the Midland Bank board without waiting for the court case . Norah drew further attention . She ran up large bills and presented them to Daimler as business expenses but some items were disallowed by the Tax Office . The publicity attached to this and other social episodes told on Sir Bernards standing as some already thought the cars too opulent and vulgar for austere post-war Britain . To compound Sir Bernards difficulty , the royal family shifted allegiance to Rolls-Royce . By the end of 1960 all the State Daimlers had been sold and replaced by Rolls-Royces . Turners engines . Jack Sangster sold his motorcycle companies Ariel and Triumph to BSA in 1951 and joined their board . In 1956 Sangster was elected chairman , defeating Sir Bernard 6 votes to 3 . After a certain amount of electioneering by the Dockers an extraordinary shareholders meeting backed the board decision and Bernard and Norah left buying a brace of Rolls-Royces as they went registering them as ND5 and BD9 . Many important European customers turned out to have been Docker friends and did not re-order Daimler cars . Sangster promptly made Edward Turner head of the automotive division which as well as Daimler and Carbodies ( London Taxicab manufacturers ) included Ariel , Triumph , and BSA motorcycles . Turner designed the lightweight hemi head Daimler 2.5 & 4.5 Litre V8 Engines . The small engine was used to power a production version of an apprentices exercise , the very flexible Dart and the larger engine installed in the Majestic Major , a relabelled Majestic . Under Sangster Daimlers vehicles became a little less sober and more performance oriented . The Majestic Major proved an agile high-speed cruiser on the new motorways . Bill Boddy described the SP250 as unlikely to stir the memories of such ghosts as haunt the tree-lined avenues near Sandringham , Balmoral and Windsor Castle . The two excellent Turner V8 engines disappeared with British Leylands first rationalisation , the larger in 1968 and the smaller a year later . Buses 1911–1973 . A significant element of Daimler production was bus chassis , mostly for double deckers . Daimler had been interested in the commercial vehicle market from 1904 . In 1906 , it produced , using the Auto-Mixte patents of Belgian Henri Pieper , a petrol-electric vehicle and on 23 May 1906 registered Gearless Motor Omnibus Co . Limited . It was too heavy . Following the introduction of Daimler-Knight sleeve-valve engines re-designed for Daimler by Dr Frederick Lanchester Lanchester also refined the Gearless design and it re-emerged in 1910 as the KPL ( Knight-Pieper-Lanchester ) omnibus , an advanced integral petrol electric hybrid . The KPL bus had four-wheel brakes and steel unitary body/chassis construction . Failure to produce the KPL set bus design back twenty years . Introduction of the KPL was stopped by a patent infringement action brought by London General Omnibuss associate Tilling-Stevens in early May 1911 when just twelve KPL buses had been built . This was just after Daimler had poached LGOCs Frank Searle and announced him to be general manager of its new London bus service which would be using its new KPL type to compete directly with LGOC . Some of LGOCs vehicles used Daimler engines . With the collapse of Daimlers plans , Searle , an engineer and designer of the LGOC X-type and AEC B-type bus , instead joined Daimlers commercial vehicle department . Reverting to ( before LGOC ) omnibus salesman , Searle rapidly achieved some notable sales . 100 to Metropolitan Electric Tramways and 250 to LGOCs new owner , London Underground . First Searle designed for Daimler a 34-seater with gearbox transmission ( the KPL used electric motors each side ) , very like the B-Type and it was introduced by Daimler in early 1912 . The main difference from what became the AEC B-Type was the use of Daimlers sleeve-valve engine . In June 1912 what had been LGOCs manufacturing plant was hived off as AEC . Between 1913 and 1916 AEC built some Daimler models under contract and Daimler sold all AEC vehicles which were surplus to LGOC needs . After war service , now Colonel Searle , moved to Daimler Hire Limited and its involvement in aviation . The Searle models were developed after World War I , but , from 1926 to 1928 , Daimler entered into a joint venture , with AEC vehicles being badged as Associated Daimler , or ADCs . Daimlers CO chassis became the main model in the 1930s , followed by a similar , but heavier , CW austerity model produced during the Second World War ( 100 with the Gardner 5LW engine ( CWG5 ) , the rest with the AEC 7.7-litre engine – CWA6 ) and in post-war years , production worked through the Daimler CV to the long-running Daimler CR Fleetline , built from 1960 to 1980 ( CVG5 and CVG6 had been a common type of bus in Hong Kong between 1950 and 1988 and Fleetline had also become a major type of bus in Hong Kong until 1995 ) . Small numbers of single deck vehicles were also built . Many British bus operators bought substantial numbers of the vehicles and there were also a number built for export . The standard London double-decker bus bought from 1970 to 1978 was the Daimler Fleetline . Daimler buses were fitted with proprietary diesel engines , the majority by the Gardner company , of Eccles , Lancashire , although there were a few hundred Daimler diesels built in the 1940s & 1950s , and the Leyland O.680 was offered as an option on the Fleetline ( designated CRL6 ) after the merger with Leyland . The bus chassis were also fitted with bodywork built by various outside contractors , as is standard in the British bus industry , so , at a casual glance , there is no real identifying feature of a Daimler bus , apart from the badges ( Front engined Daimler buses retained the distinctive fluted radiator grille top ) . The last Daimler Fleetline was built at the traditional Daimler factory in Radford , Coventry , in 1973 . After that date , the remaining buses were built at the Leyland factory in Farington , Lancashire , the final eight years of Fleetline production being badged as Leylands . The last Fleetline built was bodied by Eastern Coach Works in 1981 . During that Jaguar-owned period 1960–1968 , Daimler became the second-largest ( after Leyland ) double-decker bus manufacturer in Britain , with the Fleetline model . At the same time , Daimler made trucks and motorhomes . BMH merged with the Leyland Motor Corporation to give the British Leyland Motor Corporation in 1968 . Production of Daimler buses in Coventry ceased in 1973 when production of its last bus product ( the Daimler Fleetline ) was transferred to Leyland plant in Farington . Daimler stayed within BLMC and its subsequent forms until 1982 , at which point Jaguar ( with Daimler ) was demerged from BL as an independent manufacturer . - Daimler Freeline 1951 to 1964 - Daimler Fleetline 1960 to 1983 - Daimler Roadliner 1962 to 1972 Owned by Jaguar Cars ( 1960-1966 ) . In May 1960 , the Daimler business was purchased from BSA by Jaguar Cars for £3.4 million . William Lyons was looking to expand manufacture , wanted the manufacturing facilities and had to decide what to do with the existing Daimler vehicles . Jaguar had been refused planning permission for a new factory in the area in which it wanted it to be . Daimler had shrunk to representing just 15% of BSA group turnover in 1959–1960 and BSA wished to dispose of its motoring interests . Jaguar stated publicly that it would continue production of the existing range of Daimler , that it would continue normal research and development for future Daimler products , and that it would expand Daimler markets in Britain and overseas . Jaguar put a Daimler 4.5 L V8 in a Mark X and tested it at the Motor Industry Research Association ( MIRA ) . With an inefficient prototype exhaust , the car went up to 135 mph on MIRAs banked track , faster than the production Mark X . Jaguar discontinued the six-cylinder Majestic in 1962 and the SP250 in 1964 , but Daimlers core product , the old-fashioned , heavy but fast 4.5 L V8 Majestic Major , was continued throughout Jaguars independent ownership of Daimler . In 1961 , Daimler introduced the DR450 , a long-wheelbase limousine version of the Majestic Major . The DR450 also continued in production beyond the end of Jaguars independent ownership of Daimler . 864 examples of the long-wheelbase DR450 were sold , as opposed to 1180 examples of the Majestic Major saloon . The 4.5-litre saloon and limousine were the last Daimlers not designed by Jaguar . Jaguar-based Daimlers . Apart from the DR450 limousine , new models under Lyons control were the result of negotiations between Lyons and the executives of Daimler distributor Stratstone Ltd . In exchange for a small Daimler in the tradition of the Consort and the Conquest , Stratstone gave up their Volkswagen franchise . Lyons response was the 2.5 V8 , a more luxurious Jaguar Mark 2 with the V8 engine from the SP250 , automatic transmission , different badges , and a grille with a fluted top . Despite the obvious Jaguar heritage , motor journalist S . C . H . Davis wrote of the cars marked character and claimed , This is not a Jaguar with a Daimler radiator grille and name plate . It can stand on its own . While the 2.5 V8 , later renamed the V8-250 under new ownership , became the most popular car Daimler ever produced , it was not enough to establish brand loyalty . Unlike Jaguar , whose wide range of models allowed sixty percent ( 60% ) of new Jaguars to be sold in exchange for Jaguars , few customers traded old 2.5 V8s for new ones . Most 2.5 V8 buyers were trading up from the bigger Ford , Wolseley , or Rover cars . James Smillie , chairman of Stratstone , made Lyons aware of this situation in 1965 . Lyons responded by preparing a Daimler-ised version of the upcoming Jaguar 420 and presenting it to Smillie and Stratstone managing director John Olley . Lyons asked the Stratstone executives what it should be called ; Smillie suggested Sovereign while Olley suggested Royale . Despite Lyons stating his preference for Royale at the meeting , the company decided on Sovereign two months later . The Sovereign was launched in October 1966 to fill the gap between the 2.5 V8 and the Majestic Major . Owned by BMH ( 1966–1968 ) . Jaguar was taken over by British Motor Corporation ( BMC ) in 1966 and a few months later BMC was renamed British Motor Holdings ( BMH ) . Lyons reasons and reactions . Though Jaguar had diversified by adding , after Daimler , Guy trucks and Coventry-Climax to their group they remained dependent on Pressed Steel for bodies . Once BMC had taken control of Pressed Steel Lyons felt compelled to submit to the BMC takeover . Lyons remained anxious to see that Jaguar maintained its own identity and came to resent the association with British Leyland . He was delighted by Sir John Egans accomplishments and by the new independence arranged in 1984 . End of Daimler brand in the United States . BMHs dealer network in the United States stopped importing Daimlers in 1967 , claiming that there was insufficient funds in the group advertising budget to market all of BMHs brands in the US . Owned by British Leyland ( 1968–1984 ) . Daimler DS420 Limousine . The Daimler DS420 Limousine was introduced in 1968 to replace their Daimler DR450 and BMCs Vanden Plas Princess . The DS420 used a Jaguar Mk X unitary carcass with a restyled roof and a floor pan extended by 21 inches behind the front seat and strengthened . The extension of the Mark X unit bodies was done by Motor Panels , a subsidiary of Rubery Owen . The floor pan with mechanicals was available to coachbuilders as a rolling chassis for use with specialised bodywork , usually as hearses ; Startin of Birmingham built more than 300 DS420-based hearses . Finishing from the bare metal , including final assembly and trimming the interior , was done by Vanden Plas , who had earlier made the Princess for BMC . The DS420 was withdrawn from production in 1992 . From 1986 it had been the last production automobile to use the William Heynes , designed Jaguar XK6 engine . The last DS420-based Startin hearse was delivered on 9 February 1994 to Mr . Slack , a funeral director in Cheshire . Though based entirely on Jaguar components , the DS420 was unique to Daimler . These limousines , wedding and funeral cars ( and the hearses made by independent coachbuilders ) are now the Daimlers most remembered . Daimler Sovereign , Daimler Double-Six . These were the first series of vehicles that were badge-engineered Jaguars ( XJ Series ) , but given a more luxurious and upmarket finish . For example , the Daimler Double-Six was a Jaguar XJ-12 , the Daimler badge and fluted top to its grille and boot handle being the only outward differences from the Jaguar , with more luxurious interior fittings and extra standard equipment marking it out on the inside . Chairmen . One strategy to sell Daimlers was through fleet sales of Jaguars to boards of directors ; Jaguar would offer to include a more prestigious Daimler for the chairman . From 1972 to 1974 the chairman of Jaguar Cars was Lofty England , who began his career in the automotive industry as a Daimler apprentice from 1927 to 1932 . Fluted grilles in Continental Europe and the US . The Daimler name was dropped in Europe in the 1980s , while Jaguar adopted the Sovereign designation . This caused a great demand for imported Daimler parts as conversion kits to convert Jaguars into Daimlers . Deducing from this conversion kit market that there was still a demand for Daimler cars , Jaguar Cars returned the Daimler brand to Europe at the end of 1985 . Meanwhile , in the United States , Jaguar marketed the Vanden Plas with Daimler fluted grilles and licence plate housings . Owned by Jaguar Cars ( 1984–1989 ) . If Jaguar was not to follow Daimler into becoming just another once iconic brand it needed immense amounts of capital to develop new models and build and equip new factories . This was beyond the ability of the BMH—now British Leyland—Group . It was decided to market the Jaguar business by first obtaining a separate London Stock Exchange listing to fix a price then ensuring any successful bid for all the listed shares in the whole business would be from a bidder with , or with access to , the necessary capital . That bidder proved to be Ford . 1984 produced a record group output of 36,856 cars but less than 5% were badged Daimler . Two years later Daimlers share had reached 11.5% , and would have been almost 23% if the Vanden Plas sold in the US were included . When the new XJ40 came into production in 1986 , the Series III was kept in production a further six years to 1992 to carry the big Double Six engines . Owned by Ford ( 1989–2007 ) . Ford Motor Company paid £1.6 billion to buy Jaguar in 1989 and with it the right to use the Daimler name . In 1992 , Daimler ( Ford ) stopped production of the DS420 Limousine , the only model that was a little more than just a re-badged Jaguar . When Ford bought Jaguar in 1990 , the British press showed a coloured computer-generated image of a proposed new Daimler car – not merely a rebadged Jaguar XJ . At least one related project has been documented . Daimler remained the flagship Jaguar product in every country except the US , where the top Jaguar is known as the XJ Vanden Plas — Jaguar may have feared that the American market would confuse Jaguar Daimler with Daimler AG . Century . Daimlers centenary was celebrated in 1996 by the production of a special edition : 100 Double Six and 100 straight-six cars , each with special paint and other special finishes including electrically adjustable rear seats . The single 2-door 4-seater convertible built in 1996 to commemorate Daimlers centenary and called Daimler Corsica was based on the Daimler Double-Six saloon . The prototype , which lacked an engine , had all the luxury features of the standard saloon but a shorter wheelbase . Painted Seafrost it was named after a 1931 Daimler Double-Six with a body by Corsica . Jaguar Daimler Heritage Trust have commissioned it to operate as a fully functional road-legal car and it is on display at The Collection Centre at the British Motor Museum at Gaydon , Warwickshire , England . Daimler Super V8 . 1997 saw the end of production of the Double Six . It was superseded by the introduction of a ( Jaguar ) V8 engine and the new car was given the model name Mark II XJ . The engine was the only significant change from the previous XJ40 . The replacement for the Double Six was the supercharged Super V8 , the supercharger to compensate for the loss of one-third of the previous engines capacity . Daimler Super Eight . After a three-year break a new Daimler , the Super Eight , was presented in July 2005 . It had a new stressed aluminium monocoque/chassis-body with a 4.2 L V8 supercharged engine which produced and a torque rating of at 3500 rpm . This car was derived from the Jaguar XJ ( X350 ) . Owned by Tata ( 2007–present ) . At the end of 2007 ( the formal announcement was delayed until 25 March 2008 ) , it became generally known that Indias Tata Group had completed arrangements to purchase Jaguar ( including Daimler ) and Land Rover . Tata had spoken to the press of plans to properly relaunch Englands oldest car marque . In July 2008 Tata Group , the current owners of Jaguar and Daimler , announced they were considering transforming Daimler into a super-luxury marque to compete directly with ultra luxury companies like Bentley and Rolls-Royce . Until the early 1950s it was often said the aristocracy buy Daimlers , the nouveau riche buy Rolls-Royce . An application to register the Daimler name as a trademark in the US was rejected in 2009 . Current status . The Daimler Company Limited , now The Daimler Motor Company Limited , is still registered as active and accounts are filed each year though it is currently marked non-trading . Until 20 December 1988 its name was The Daimler Company Limited . Before 5 October 2007 , Jaguar , while still controlled by Ford , reached agreement to permit then de-merging DaimlerChrysler to extend its use of the name Daimler . The announcement of this agreement was delayed until the end of July 2008 and made by Jaguars new owner , Tata . By 2007 , Jaguars use of the Daimler brand was limited to one model , the Super Eight , which was to be last Daimler model to be produced . In 2009 , Jaguar lost the right to trademark the Daimler name in the United States .
|
[
"Ford"
] |
[
{
"text": "The Daimler Company Limited ( ) , prior to 1910 The Daimler Motor Company Limited , was an independent British motor vehicle manufacturer founded in London by H . J . Lawson in 1896 , which set up its manufacturing base in Coventry . The company bought the right to the use of the Daimler name simultaneously from Gottlieb Daimler and Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft of Cannstatt , Germany . After early financial difficulty and a reorganisation of the company in 1904 , the Daimler Motor Company was purchased by Birmingham Small Arms Company ( BSA ) in 1910 , which also made",
"title": "Daimler Company"
},
{
"text": "cars under its own name before the Second World War . In 1933 , BSA bought the Lanchester Motor Company and made it a subsidiary of Daimler Company .",
"title": "Daimler Company"
},
{
"text": " Daimler was awarded a Royal Warrant to provide cars to the British monarch in 1902 ; it lost this privilege in the 1950s after being supplanted by Rolls-Royce . Daimler occasionally used alternative technology : the Knight engine which it further developed in the early twentieth century and used from 1909 to 1935 , the worm gear final drive fitted from 1909 until after the Second World War , and their patented fluid flywheel used in conjunction with a Wilson preselector gearbox from 1930 to the mid-1950s .",
"title": "Daimler Company"
},
{
"text": "Daimler tried to widen its appeal in the 1950s with a line of smaller cars at one end and opulent show cars at the other , stopped making Lanchesters , had a highly publicised removal of their chairman from the board , and developed and sold a sports car and a high-performance luxury saloon and limousine .",
"title": "Daimler Company"
},
{
"text": " BSA sold Daimler to Jaguar Cars in 1960 and Jaguar briefly continued Daimlers line adding a Daimler variant of its Mark II sports saloon . Jaguar was then merged into the British Motor Corporation in 1966 and British Leyland in 1968 . Under these companies , Daimler became an upscale trim level for Jaguar cars except for the 1968–1992 Daimler DS420 limousine , which had no Jaguar equivalent despite being fully Jaguar-based . When Jaguar Cars was split off from British Leyland in 1984 it retained the Daimler company and brand .",
"title": "Daimler Company"
},
{
"text": "Ford bought Jaguar Cars in 1990 and under Ford it stopped using the Daimler marque in 2009 when the last X358 Daimler models were discontinued . The X351 Jaguar XJ took its place and there was no Daimler variant . Jaguar Cars remained in its ownership , and from 2000 accompanied by Land Rover , until they sold both Jaguar and Land Rover to Tata Motors in 2008 , who formed Jaguar Land Rover as a subsidiary holding company for them . In 2013 , Jaguar Cars was merged with Land Rover to form Jaguar Land Rover Limited , and",
"title": "Daimler Company"
},
{
"text": "the rights to the Daimler car brand were transferred to the newly formed British multinational car manufacturer Jaguar Land Rover .",
"title": "Daimler Company"
},
{
"text": " Simms and the Daimler engine . Engineer Frederick Richard Simms was supervising construction of an aerial cableway of his own design for the Bremen Exhibition in 1889 when he saw tiny railcars powered by Gottlieb Daimlers motors . Simms , who had been born to English parents in Hamburg and raised by them there , became friends with Daimler , an Anglophile who had worked from autumn 1861 to summer 1863 at Beyer-Peacock in Gorton , Manchester .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "Simms introduced Daimlers motors to England in 1890 to power launches . In an agreement dated 18 February 1891 , he obtained British and Empire rights for the Daimler patents . That month , Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft lent Simms a motorboat with a 2 hp engine and an extra engine . In June 1891 Simms had set up a London office at 49 Leadenhall Street and founded Simms & Co consulting engineers . In May 1892 , the motorboat , which Simms had named Cannstatt , began running on the Thames from Putney . After demonstrating a motor launch to",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "The Honourable Evelyn Ellis , Simmss motor launch business grew rapidly , but became endangered when solicitor Alfred Hendriks was found to have been illegally taking money from the company . Hendriks severed his connections with Simms & Co . in February 1893 . Simms Daimler-related work was later moved into a new company , The Daimler Motor Syndicate Limited , which was formed on 26 May 1893 .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": " Simms plans to make cars . Following the success of Daimler-powered Peugeots and Panhards at the 1894 Paris–Rouen competition , Simms decided to open a motor car factory , On 7 June 1895 Simms told the board of the Daimler Motor Syndicate that he intended to form The Daimler Motor Company Limited to acquire the British rights to the Daimler patents and to manufacture Daimler engines and cars in England . That month , he arranged for the syndicate to receive a ten percent ( 10% ) commission on all British sales of Daimler-powered Panhard & Levassor cars .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "At the same meeting Simms produced the first licence to operate a car under the Daimler patents . It was for a hp Panhard & Levassor that had been bought in France by The Honourable Evelyn Ellis , who had three Daimler motor launches moored by his home at Datchet . On 3 July , after Ellis bought the licence , the car was landed at Southampton and driven by Ellis to Micheldever near Winchester where Ellis met Simms and they drove together to Datchet . Ellis later drove it on to Malvern . This was the first long journey",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "by motorcar in Britain . Simms later referred to the car as a Daimler Motor Carriage .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": " Later in 1895 Simms announced plans to form The Daimler Motor Company Limited and to build a brand-new factory , with delivery of raw materials by light rail , for 400 workmen making Daimler engines and motor carriages . Simms asked his friend Daimler to be consulting engineer to the new enterprise . Works premises at Eel Pie Island on the Thames where the Thames Electric and Steam Launch Company , owned by Andrew Pears of Pears Soap fame , had been making electrically powered motor launches , were purchased to be used to service Daimler-powered motor launches .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "Simms sells out to Lawson .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "Investor Harry John Lawson had set out to use the British Motor Syndicate to monopolise motor car production in Britain by taking over every patent he could . As part of this goal , Lawson approached Simms on 15 October 1895 , seeking the right to arrange the public flotation of the proposed new company and to acquire a large shareholding for his British Motor Syndicate . Welcomed by Simms , the negotiations proceeded on the basis that this new company should acquire The Daimler Motor Syndicate Limited as a going concern , including the name and patent rights .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "In order that the Daimler licences could be transferred from Simms to the new company , all the former partners would have to agree to the transfer . By this time , Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach had withdrawn from Daimler Motoren Gesellschafts business to concentrate on cars and engines for them . Simms offered to pay DMG £17,500 for the transfer and for a licence for Daimler and Maybachs Phénix engine , which DMG did not own . Simms therefore insisted that the transfer be on the condition that Daimler and Maybach rejoined DMG . This was agreed in",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "November 1895 and the Daimler-Maybach car business re-merged with DMGs . Daimler was appointed DMGs General Inspector and Maybach chief Technical Director . At the same time Simms became a director of DMG but did not become a director of the London company . According to Gustav Vischer , DMGs business manager at the time , Simms getting Daimler to return to DMG was no mean feat .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": " The sale of Daimler Motor Syndicate to Lawsons interests was completed by the end of November 1895 . The shareholders of the Syndicate had made a profit of two hundred percent ( 200% ) on their original investment . Independent ( 1896–1910 ) . From starting to stability .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "On 14 January 1896 Lawson incorporated The Daimler Motor Company Limited . A prospectus was issued on 15 February . The subscription lists opened on 17 February and closed , oversubscribed , the next day . The Daimler Motor Company Limited bought The Daimler Motor Syndicate Limited from Lawsons British Motor Syndicate as a going concern . Simms was appointed consulting engineer to the new business but was not to be on the board of directors , possibly because he had become a director of the Cannstatt firm .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "One of the duties assigned to Simms was to find a suitable location for the factory . Simms found the Trusty Oil Engine Works , a company in receivership whose six-acre site at Cheltenham included a foundry , a machine shop , and testing facilities . Simms recommended buying the works immediately since , with ready facilities and the availability of skilled workers , they could start up in a very short time . Instead , at the first statutory meeting of the company , held while Simms was overseas , Lawson persuaded the board to buy a disused four-storey",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "cotton mill in Coventry which was owned by Lawsons associate Ernest Terah Hooley . Despite Simms later protest and pleas to sell the mill and buy the Trusty Oil Engine Works , Daimler stayed with the mill as the site of Britains first automobile factory .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": " Delayed delivery of machines kept the factory unfinished throughout 1896 and into 1897 . During 1896 Daimler sold imported cars from companies for which Lawson held the licences . Cannstatt supplied engine parts but the delivery of working drawings were delayed for months . Four experimental cars were built in Coventry and a Panhard van was dismantled and reverse engineered . Some Daimler engines , with details redesigned by works manager J . S . Critchley , were also made in 1896 .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "The first car left the works in January 1897 , fitted with a Panhard engine , followed in March by Daimler-engined cars . The first Coventry Daimler-engined product made its maiden run in March 1897 . By mid-year they were producing three of their own cars a week and producing Léon Bollée cars under licence . Lawson claimed to have made 20 cars by July 1897 making the Daimler Britains first motor car to go into serial production , an honour that is also credited to Humber Motors who had also displayed , but in their case their production models",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": ", at the Stanley Cycle Show in London in 1896 . The Daimlers had a twin-cylinder , 1526 cc engine , mounted at the front of the car , four-speed gearbox and chain drive to the rear wheels .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": " Because of Daimlers financial difficulty in July 1897 Daimler began asking Lawsons Great Horseless Carriage Company to settle its accounts with them . In the same month , they refused to send working drawings of their 4 hp motor frame to DMG in Canstatt . Lack of co-operation with the Canstatt firm caused Simms to resign as Daimlers consulting engineer that month . Also in July 1897 , the company sold their launch works at Eel Pie Island at a loss of seven £700 or more .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "Ongoing difficulties with the Great Horseless Carriage Company and the British Motor Syndicate caused Lawson to resign from Daimlers board on 7 October 1897 . He was replaced as chairman by Henry Sturmey , who at the time was five days into a motor tour in his personal Daimler from John OGroats to Lands End . On arriving at Lands End on 19 October , Sturmey became the first person to make that journey in a motor car .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "Gottlieb Daimler resigned from the board of the Daimler Motor Company in July 1898 having never attended a board meeting . Sturmey opposed the appointment of a proposed successor who , according to Sturmey , held no shares and knew nothing about the automobile business . A committee was brought in to investigate the activities of the board and the company . The committee summed up the management of the business as being inefficient and not energetic and suggested that it be reorganised and run by a paid managing director . When Evelyn Ellis and another board member did not",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "run for re-election , they were replaced by E . H . Bayley and Edward Jenkinson , with Bayley replacing Sturmey as chairman . Sturmey resigned in May 1899 after Bayley and Jenkinson had reorganised the business .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": " Simms , as a director of DMG , proposed a union between the Daimler Motor Company in Coventry and DMG in Cannstatt in mid-1900 but the reorganised company was not interested in the merger and turned the offer down . Persistent financial troubles caused Daimler to be reorganised again in 1904 . The previous company was wound up and a new company was formed to acquire the old one and pay its debts and winding-up costs .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "Under the chairmanship of Sir Edward Jenkinson , Daimler hired American electrical engineer Percy Martin as works manager and socialite Undecimus Stratton as the head of the London depot , and promoted Ernest Instone to general manager . Jenkinson was succeeded in 1906 by Edward Manville , a consulting electrical engineer .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": " Known as Britains oldest car manufacturers , Daimler was first associated with royalty in 1898 when the Prince of Wales , later Edward VII , was given a ride on a Daimler by John Douglas-Scott-Montagu later known as Lord Montagu of Beaulieu . Scott-Montagu , as a member of parliament , also drove a Daimler into the yard of the Palace of Westminster , the first motorised vehicle to be driven there .",
"title": "Royal patronage"
},
{
"text": "Daimler had sold the Prince of Wales a mail phaeton in early 1900 . In 1902 , upon buying another Daimler , King Edward VII awarded Daimler a royal warrant as suppliers of motor cars .",
"title": "Royal patronage"
},
{
"text": "Undecimus Stratton met E . G . Jenkinson , the chairman of Daimler , in 1903 when Jenkinsons Daimler was stranded by the roadside . Upon seeing the stranded motorist , Stratton stopped his Daimler and offered assistance . Jenkinson was impressed by Stratton and by his motoring knowledge . At the time , Jenkinson was looking to replace the head of Daimlers London depot , a particularly sensitive position because of the royal cars . Taking the position , Stratton soon found himself having to select better royal chauffeurs and mechanics . He quickly became an occasional motoring companion",
"title": "Royal patronage"
},
{
"text": "to the King . In 1908 , through Strattons Royal connections , Daimler was awarded a Royal Appointment as suppliers of motor cars to the Court of Spain by King Alfonso XIII and a Royal Warrant as Motor Car Manufacturer to the Court of Prussia by Kaiser Wilhelm II . Stratton also sold Daimlers to the Sultan of Johor . In 1911 , he spent some weekends at Sandringham tutoring the new Prince of Wales on the workings and driving of an automobile .",
"title": "Royal patronage"
},
{
"text": " Stratton went into partnership with Daimlers commercial manager Ernest Instone in 1921 . Stratton and Instone took charge of the Daimler showrooms at 27 Pall Mall , naming the business Stratton-Instone . Stratton died in July 1929 after a brief illness . His successors and Instone bought out Daimlers interest in 1930 and renamed the business Stratstone Limited . The following summer the future King Edward VIII rented Strattons house at Sunningdale from his widow .",
"title": "Royal patronage"
},
{
"text": "Every British monarch from Edward VII to Elizabeth II has been driven in Daimler limousines . In 1950 , after a persistent transmission failure on the Kings car , Rolls-Royce was commissioned to provide official state cars and as Daimlers retired they were not replaced by Daimlers . The current official state car is either one of a pair which were specially made for the purpose by Bentley , unofficial chauffeured transport is by Daimler . Her Majestys own car for personal use is a 2008 Daimler Super Eight but she is also seen to drive herself in other smaller",
"title": "Royal patronage"
},
{
"text": "cars .",
"title": "Royal patronage"
},
{
"text": " Since 1904 , the fluted top surface to the radiator grille has been Daimlers distinguishing feature . This motif developed from the heavily finned water-cooling tubes slung externally at the front of early cars . Later , a more conventional , vertical radiator had a heavily finned header tank . Eventually these fins were echoed on a protective grille shell and , even later , on the rear licence plate holder .",
"title": "Fluted radiator"
},
{
"text": "Attracted by the possibilities of the Silent Knight engine Daimlers chairman contacted Charles Yale Knight in Chicago and Knight settled in England near Coventry in 1907 . Daimler bought rights from Knight for England and the colonies and shared ownership of the European rights , in which it took 60% , with Minerva of Belgium . Daimler contracted Dr Frederick Lanchester as their consultant for the purpose and a major re-design and refinement of Knights design took place in great secrecy . Knights design was made a practical proposition . When unveiled in September 1908 the new engine caused a",
"title": "Sleeve-valve engines"
},
{
"text": "sensation . Suffice it to say that mushroom valves , springs and cams , and many small parts , are swept away bodily , that we have an almost perfectly spherical explosion chamber , and a cast-iron sleeve or tube as that portion of the combustion chamber in which the piston travels .",
"title": "Sleeve-valve engines"
},
{
"text": " The Royal Automobile Club held a special meeting to discuss the new engine , still silent but no longer Wholly Knight . The Autocar reported on its extraordinary combination of silence , flexibility and power . Daimler stopped making poppet-valve engines altogether . Under the observation of the Royal Automobile Club ( RAC ) , two Daimler sleeve-valve engines were put through severe bench , road , and track tests and , upon being dismantled , showed no visible wear , earning Daimler the 1909 Dewar Trophy . Sales outran the works ability to supply .",
"title": "Sleeve-valve engines"
},
{
"text": "Daimlers sleeve valve engines idle silently but they left a slight haze of oil smoke trailing behind them . These engines consumed oil at a rate of up to an Imperial gallon every 450 miles , oil being needed to lubricate the sleeves particularly when cold . However , by the standards of their day they required very little maintenance .",
"title": "Sleeve-valve engines"
},
{
"text": " Daimler kept their silent sleeve-valve engines until the mid-1930s . The change to poppet valves began with the Fifteen of 1933 . First fatal motor accident in the United Kingdom .",
"title": "Sleeve-valve engines"
},
{
"text": "A Daimler 6 hp was involved in the first motor accident in the UK to be recorded as having involved the death of the driver . A young engineer was killed in 1899 when the rim of a rear wheel of the car he was driving collapsed under heavy braking in a turn on a sloping road in Harrow on the Hill . The driver and his four passengers were thrown from the car . One of the passengers fractured his skull in the accident and died in hospital three days later .",
"title": "Sleeve-valve engines"
},
{
"text": " Under an agreement dated 22 September 1910 the shareholders of The Daimler Motor Company Limited merged their holdings with those of the Birmingham Small Arms Company ( BSA ) group of companies , receiving five BSA shares in exchange for four ordinary Daimler shares and £1 5s plus accrued dividend for each £1 preference share . This deal was engineered by Dudley Docker , deputy-chairman of BSA , who was famous for previous successful business mergers .",
"title": "Acquisition by BSA"
},
{
"text": "Daimler , a manufacturer of motor vehicles , had a payroll of 4,116 workmen and 418 staff immediately before the merger . BSA produced rifles , ammunition , military vehicles , bicycles , motorcycles and some BSA-branded cars . The chairman of the combined group was Edward Manville , who had been chairman of the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders – founded by Simms – since 1907 .",
"title": "Acquisition by BSA"
},
{
"text": " However the merger was not a great success . By 1913 Daimler had a workforce of 5,000 workers which made only 1,000 vehicles a year .",
"title": "Acquisition by BSA"
},
{
"text": " By 1914 Daimlers were used by royal families including those of Great Britain , Germany , Russia , Sweden , Japan , Spain , and Greece ; its list of owners among the British nobility read like a digest of Debrett ; the Bombay agent supplied Indian princes ; the Japanese agent , Okura , handled sales in Manchuria and Korea .",
"title": "Royal transport"
},
{
"text": " Daimler also made engines and chassis for commercial vehicles , with the Metropolitan Electric Tramways ordering 350 double-decker buses in 1912 and engines being sold to the London General Omnibus Company ( LGOC ) . The 40 hp engine and chassis used with the double-decker bus was also used with lorries and drays , while a half-ton delivery van was based on a 12 hp chassis similar to a car chassis .",
"title": "Public transport"
},
{
"text": "Daimler made a 105 hp 15.9 L sleeve-valve straight-six engine for use in large tractors co-developed with William Foster & Co . for the South American market .",
"title": "Public transport"
},
{
"text": " World War I work . During World War I , the military took the normal production cars , lorries , buses and ambulances together with a scout army vehicle and engines used in ambulances , trucks , and double-decker buses . Special products included aero-engines and complete aircraft , tank and tractor engines and munitions .",
"title": "Public transport"
},
{
"text": "The first aircraft engine manufactured by Daimler was the 80 hp Gnome Monosoupape rotary . With no drawings available to them , Daimlers Gnome engines were reverse-engineered from an engine delivered to them on 7 August 1914 . Daimler later built the RAF 1 and 1a air-cooled V8s , the RAF 4 and 4a V12s , the Le Rhone rotary , and the Bentley BR2 rotary alongside other manufacturers . Production of RAF 4 engines gave Daimler experience in building V12 engines which would be appreciated when they later designed and built Double-Six V12 engines for their large cars .",
"title": "Public transport"
},
{
"text": " Daimler trained air force mechanics at its works and its training methods became the standard for all manufacturers instructing RAF mechanics .",
"title": "Public transport"
},
{
"text": "Having its own body shop , Daimler had the woodworking ability to build complete aircraft . By the end of 1914 , they had built 100 units of the Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2c . These were followed by the BE12 and RE8 . Daimler purchased an open field beside their Radford factory , cleared the site , and made it available to the Government , who turned it into the main RAF testing ground for aircraft built in the Coventry district . Although Daimler tooled up for production of the Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.4 bomber the aircraft was cancelled due",
"title": "Public transport"
},
{
"text": "to poor performance . The last wartime aircraft produced was the Airco DH.10 Amiens bomber when they were building 80 aeroplanes a month .",
"title": "Public transport"
},
{
"text": "Before the war , Daimler had been making 105 hp engines for tractors made by Fosters of Lincoln for the South American market . These tractors were developed into artillery tractors to haul howitzers . Production of the artillery tractors began on 3 December 1914 . These engines were later used for the first British tanks ever built , the prototypes Little Willie and Mother and later in the production Mark I tank . One major difficulty for the tanks was the fine oil haze above their Daimler engines which the enemy quickly learned meant tanks were operating nearby if",
"title": "Public transport"
},
{
"text": "out of sight . The early tanks weighed up to 28 tons . They were all Daimler powered . The Mark IV tank - the first major improvement in design - had uprated engines delivering 125 hp ; these engines had aluminium pistons and are believed to have been designed by W . O . Bentley while he was working on the Bentley BR1 rotary engine in Coventry .",
"title": "Public transport"
},
{
"text": " Daimler made more twelve-inch ( 305 mm ) shell casings than any other private business in the country , with a peak production of more than 2000 casings a day . Each was machined from a 990 lb forging down to a finished weight of 684 lb .",
"title": "Public transport"
},
{
"text": "After the Armistice it was decided that Daimler Hire should extend its luxury travel services to include charter aircraft through a new enterprise , Daimler Air Hire . Following the take-over of Airco and its subsidiaries in February 1920 services included scheduled services London-Paris as well as Taxi Planes to anywhere in Europe . In 1922 , under the name of Daimler Airway services extended to scheduled flights London to Berlin and places between . Frank Searle , managing director of Daimler Hire and its subsidiaries moved with his deputy Humphery Wood into the new national carrier Imperial Airways at",
"title": "Civil aviation"
},
{
"text": "its formation on 1 April 1924 . Searle and Wood and their Daimler Airway machines formed the core of Imperial Airways operations .",
"title": "Civil aviation"
},
{
"text": " Together with Associated Equipment Company ( AEC ) , it formed the Associated Daimler Company to build commercial vehicles in the late 1920s . The association was dissolved in 1928 with each company retaining manufacture of its original products . Lanchester acquisition and badging . The bulk of Daimlers shareholding in its subsidiary Daimler Hire Limited was sold to the Thomas Tilling Group in 1930 . and , in January 1931 , Daimler completed the purchase of The Lanchester Motor Company Limited . The new Lanchester 15/18 model introduced in 1931 was fitted with Daimlers fluid flywheel transmission .",
"title": "Commercial vehicles"
},
{
"text": "Although at first they produced separate ranges of cars with the Daimler badge appearing mainly on the larger models , by the mid-1930s the two were increasingly sharing components leading to the 1936 Lanchester 18/Daimler Light 20 differing in little except trim and grille .",
"title": "Commercial vehicles"
},
{
"text": " This marketing concept already employed with their BSA range of cars continued to the end of Lanchester and BSA car production . Some very important customers , including the Duke of York and at least two Indian princes , were supplied with big Daimler limousines with Lanchester grilles . The Daimler range was exceptionally complex in the 1930s with cars using a variety of six- and eight-cylinder engines with capacities from 1805 cc in the short lived 15 of 1934 to the 4624 cc 4.5-litre of 1936 . Review of BSA management before the Second World War .",
"title": "Commercial vehicles"
},
{
"text": "The divisiveness of the Daimler board did not end with the BSA takeover , but continued into the board of BSA . Despite this , Daimler prospered until the late 1920s , increasing its profits and its reputation . Along with an apprenticeship programme that was among the best in the British industry at the time , they attracted a large number of pupils out of public schools . During the First World War , Daimlers labour force grew from 4,000 to 6,000 men .",
"title": "Commercial vehicles"
},
{
"text": " The acquisition of Airco in February 1920 was a financial disaster for the BSA group . Percy Martin had been strongly in favour of the purchase , including Aircos extensive production facilities near London , and no one thought to examine Aircos true circumstances , leading to liabilities in excess of £1.3 million . All dividends were passed from 1920 to 1924 .",
"title": "Commercial vehicles"
},
{
"text": "By 1930 the BSA Groups primary activities were BSA motorcycles and Daimler vehicles . However , all the quality car businesses experienced financial difficulties in the late 1920s . Daimlers situation seemed particularly serious . Sales fell sharply in 1927–1928 , a period of losses ensued and no dividends were paid between 1929 and 1936 . The sleeve valve engine was outdated , Daimlers production methods had become old-fashioned , they had an extravagantly large range of products . Their bankers noted the decreasing sales volume , the poor performance for price and the need for up-to-date machine tool equipment",
"title": "Commercial vehicles"
},
{
"text": ". Stratton-Instones dominance of distribution was removed and other outlets arranged . The interests in Singer and the Daimler Hire business were sold and Lanchester bought . The in-house bodywork department was closed and by the spring of 1931 car production ceased , only commercial vehicle production and aero engine work kept Daimler in business .",
"title": "Commercial vehicles"
},
{
"text": "Laurence Pomeroy joined Damler in late 1926 , at first working on commercial vehicles but from 1928 he worked at the products of the main Daimler operation . Pomeroy introduced redesigned poppet valve engines with the Daimler Fifteen in September 1932 , developed new models of Daimlers , and recommended what became the September 1932 introduction of the small BSA and Lanchester Tens with poppet valve engines to help Daimler survive the depression . According to Martin , these actions rescued the business from total collapse in 1932 . In 1934 , the Pomeroy-designed poppet-valve Straight-Eights replaced the Daimler Double-Six",
"title": "Commercial vehicles"
},
{
"text": "sleeve-valve V12s without controversy or embarrassment , thereby being a personal triumph for Pomeroy .",
"title": "Commercial vehicles"
},
{
"text": "From before the merger of Daimler into the BSA group the core of Daimlers management was formed by chairman Edward Manville , works manager Percy Martin , and sales manager Ernest Instone , who left Daimler in 1921 to start auto dealer Stratton-Instone , and was responsible for Daimler sales in England and Wales thereafter . Instone died in 1932 , Manville died in 1933 , and Martin , who in January 1934 replaced Alexander Roger , Manvilles replacement , as chairman , retired in 1935 . In May 1936 Laurence Pomeroy was fired as managing director of Daimler with",
"title": "Management shift"
},
{
"text": "immediate effect . Daimler was not paying dividends and the 1936 BSA shareholders meetings were stormy . Attempted solutions had included the Lanchester acquisition and the introduction of smaller cars , the lower-priced 10 hp Lanchester and its matching but six-cylinder stable-mate the Daimler Fifteen ( later DB17 and DB18 ) introduced in the early thirties . This particular product line as the Lanchester Fourteen and Daimler Conquest was to run through to almost the very end .",
"title": "Management shift"
},
{
"text": " Edward H . W . Cooke attempted a revival and from 1937 introduced saloons with a freshness of design new to Daimler . The new products had successes in competitions and rallies . His policy was proved sound but another war , post-war austerity and yet more boardroom battles , this time in public , seemed to put an end to Daimlers once-proud business .",
"title": "Management shift"
},
{
"text": "Daimler started testing the Fluidrive system in a bus chassis in 1928 . This system , patented by Harold Sinclair in 1926 , applied Hermann Föttingers fluid flywheel to replace the clutch in the transmission systems of road vehicles . Daimler was initially interested in the fluid flywheel for use in commercial vehicles , but Martin decided to develop the system for use in passenger cars as well . Martin and Pomeroy originally intended to use the fluid flywheel with a conventional gearbox . Their consultant , Frederick Lanchester , warned them that putting a car with that combination on",
"title": "Daimlers semi-automatic transmissions"
},
{
"text": "the market would be a terribly big gambling risk , and an accident in March 1929 where a Double-Six 30 with a prototype transmission damaged a garage in Devon after Pomeroy left it idling while in gear may have shown the nature of this risk . By October 1930 , when Daimler introduced the fluid flywheel on their new Light Double-Six for an extra £50 , it was used with the self changing gearbox developed by W . G . Wilson . Martin and the Daimler Company patented their refinements to Sinclairs system in 1930 .",
"title": "Daimlers semi-automatic transmissions"
},
{
"text": " By November 1933 the combination of fluid flywheel and Wilson preselector gearbox was used in all Daimler vehicles , ranging from 10 h.p . passenger cars to double-deck omnibuses according to the chairmans report to the shareholders at their Annual General Meeting that month . According to the same report , more than 11,000 vehicles were using the transmission by that time . Daimler would continue to develop and use these transmissions until 1956 , when Borg-Warner fully automatic units were offered initially as an alternative but later as standard .",
"title": "Daimlers semi-automatic transmissions"
},
{
"text": "The Lanchester Sprite , a 1.6 L car with a unit body and Hobbs fully automatic gearbox , was shown at the British International Motor Show at Earls Court in 1954 . Problems with the transmission and other systems were never fully sorted out , and the Sprite was discontinued about two years later with only thirteen being built .",
"title": "Daimlers semi-automatic transmissions"
},
{
"text": "During the Second World War , Daimler turned again to military production . A four-wheel-drive scout car , known to the Army as the Dingo had a 2.5-litre engine and the larger Daimler Armoured Car powered by a 4.1-litre engine and armed with a 2-pounder gun were produced , both with six-cylinder power units , fluid flywheels and epicyclic gearboxes . These military vehicles incorporated various innovative features including disc brakes on all four wheels . The Dingo was designed by parent company BSA and took the name Dingo from an unsuccessful competitor submitted by Alvis .",
"title": "Daimlers semi-automatic transmissions"
},
{
"text": " During the war Daimler built more than 6,600 Scout Cars and some 2,700 Mk I and Mk II Armoured Cars . Daimler also provided tank components , including epicyclic gearboxes for 2,500 Crusader , Covenanter and Cavalier tanks . They built 74,000 Bren gun , initially at a workshop in their Coventry factory and , after the workshop was destroyed in the April 1941 raid , at a boot and shoe factory in Burton-on-Trent .",
"title": "Daimlers semi-automatic transmissions"
},
{
"text": "Instead of building complete aircraft as they had in World War I , Daimler built aircraft components , including 50,800 Bristol radial aero-engines—Mercury , Hercules and Pegasus—with full sets of parts for 9,500 more of these engines , propeller shafts for Rolls-Royce aero-engines , and 14,356 gun-turrets for bombers including their Browning machine guns . In all , Daimler produced more than 10 million aircraft parts during the war . All this production is Daimlers alone excluding BSAs other involvements .",
"title": "Daimlers semi-automatic transmissions"
},
{
"text": "The original Sandy Lane plant , used as a government store , was destroyed by fire during intensive enemy bombing of Coventry , but there were by now shadow factories elsewhere in the city including one located at Browns Lane , Allesey . In 1952 , Jaguar moved to Browns Lane which became the principal Jaguar car plant for several decades . The factory has since been closed but areas retained for smaller Jaguar operations and housing together with development of industrial buildings . The Daimler Radford plant has become a large housing estate .",
"title": "Daimlers semi-automatic transmissions"
},
{
"text": " After that war Daimler produced the Ferret armoured car , a military reconnaissance vehicle based on the innovative 4.1-litre-engined armoured car they had developed and built during the war , which has been used by over 36 countries .",
"title": "Daimlers semi-automatic transmissions"
},
{
"text": " Winston Churchill campaigned for the 1945 and 1950 general elections in the DB18 two-door drophead coupé he had ordered in 1939 . The government ordered new limousines for the commanding officers of the occupying forces . New straight-eights were supplied to the former colonies for the planned royal tours .",
"title": "Postwar decline"
},
{
"text": "The first Daimler limousines to be delivered after the war went to embassies and consulates in Europe and to the Lieutenant-Governors of Jersey and Guernsey . These were Straight-Eights built largely from pre-war stock . The first post-war model was the Eighteen , a development of the pre-war Fifteen using the Scout Cars 2.5 L engine with a new high-compression cylinder head . The model used curved glass in its side windows which were framed by chromed metal channels instead of the thick pillars that were usual at the time . Because of ongoing restrictions on steel , many of",
"title": "Postwar decline"
},
{
"text": "the Eighteens body panels were made from aluminium . The first post-war Lanchester , the Ten , looked like an enlarged Ford Prefect and its body was made in the same factory , Briggs Motor Bodies on the Ford Dagenham site .",
"title": "Postwar decline"
},
{
"text": "Despite the austerity of the times , Daimler celebrated the 1946 golden jubilee of the founding of the business was with a luncheon at the Savoy , at which they announced the pricing of the Daimler Eighteen and the Lanchester Ten . Production of large eight-seat limousines , the six-cylinder DE 27 and the eight-cylinder DE36 , began in March 1946 . These were among the first series-built cars with electrically operated windows . They were also the first Daimler cars since 1909 to use bevel gear final drive instead of Daimlers usual worm final drive , and the DE",
"title": "Postwar decline"
},
{
"text": "36 was the last straight-eight automobile to be manufactured in Britain . The DE 27 chassis was also used in the Daimler Ambulance with bodies by Barker and Hooper .",
"title": "Postwar decline"
},
{
"text": " Foreign monarchs , including the Queen of the Netherlands , the King of Thailand , The Aga Khan ( and Prince Aly Khan ) , the Emperor of Ethiopia , the Prince of Monaco , and the King of Afghanistan , re-ordered to replenish their fleets .",
"title": "Postwar decline"
},
{
"text": "Then in June 1947 the purchase tax was doubled on cars costing more than £1,000 , with home market sales already having been restricted to cars for essential purposes . Petrol remained rationed ; initially ten gallons a month , the monthly ration was increased to fifteen gallons in July 1946 , but was reduced again late in the summer of 1947 . Princess Elizabeth took her -litre coupé , a 21st -birthday gift from her father , to Malta , where her new husband was stationed . The King took delivery of a new open tourer straight-eight in March",
"title": "Postwar decline"
},
{
"text": "1949 . In the commodities boom caused by the 1950 Korean War Australasian woolgrowers reported the new electrically operated limousine-division to be just the thing if over-heated sheepdogs licked the back of a drivers ears . A DE 27 limousine given to HRH Princess Elizabeth by the Royal Air Force as a wedding present was traded for a Rolls-Royce when its transmission failed .",
"title": "Postwar decline"
},
{
"text": " Rolls-Royce was persuaded to re-enter the high-end luxury market and built the straight-eight Phantom IV solely for royalty , heads of state , and their chairman . Former Daimler customers , including British royals and the Aga Khan , switched to the Phantom IV , while the Emperor of Ethiopia and the King and Queen of Greece ordered coachbuilt six-cylinder Silver Wraiths .",
"title": "Postwar decline"
},
{
"text": "Sir Bernard Docker , chairman of the parent company , took the extra responsibility of Daimlers managing director in January 1953 when James Leek was unable to continue through illness . Car buyers were still waiting for the new ( Churchill ) governments easing of the temporary swingeing purchase tax promised in the lead up to the snap-election held during the 1951 Earls Court Motor Show . Lady Docker told her husband to rethink his marketing policies . 3-litre Regency production was stopped . In the hope of keeping 4,000+ employed the Consort price was dropped from 4 February 1953",
"title": "Consorts discounted"
},
{
"text": "to the expected new tax-inclusive level .",
"title": "Consorts discounted"
},
{
"text": " Stagnation of all the British motor industry was relieved by the reduction of purchase tax in the April 1953 budget . Daimler announced the introduction of the moderately sized Conquest in May ( apparently developed in just four months from the four-cylinder Lanchester 14 or Leda with a Daimler grille ) .",
"title": "Consorts discounted"
},
{
"text": "Daimler and Lanchester ( there were no more BSA cars ) struggled after the War , producing too many models with short runs and limited production , and frequently selling too few of each model , while Jaguar seemed to know what the public wanted and expanded rapidly . Daimler produced heavy , staid , large and small luxury cars with a stuffy , if sometimes opulent image . Jaguar produced lower quality cars at a remarkably low price , designed for enthusiasts .",
"title": "Consorts discounted"
},
{
"text": " The BSA groups leadership of the worlds motorcycle market was eventually lost to Japanese manufacturers .",
"title": "Consorts discounted"
},
{
"text": " Sir Bernard Docker was the managing director of BSA from early in WWII , and married Norah , Lady Collins in 1949 . Nora was twice-widowed and wealthy in her own right . This was her third marriage . She had originally been a successful dance hall hostess . Lady Docker took an interest in her husbands companies and became a director of Hooper , the coachbuilders .",
"title": "Lady Dockers Daimlers"
},
{
"text": "Daughter of an unsuccessful Birmingham car salesman Lady Docker could see that the Daimler cars , no longer popular with the royal family , were in danger of becoming an anachronism in the modern world . She took it upon herself to raise Daimlers profile , but in an extravagant fashion , by encouraging Sir Bernard to produce show cars .",
"title": "Lady Dockers Daimlers"
},
{
"text": " The first was the 1951 Golden Daimler , an opulent touring limousine , in 1952 , Blue Clover , a two-door sportsmans coupe , in 1953 the Silver Flash based on the 3-litre Regency chassis , and in 1954 Stardust , redolent of the Gold Car , but based on the DK400 chassis as was what proved to be her Paris 1955 grande finale , a 2-door coupé she named Golden Zebra , the last straw for the Tax Office and now on permanent display at The Hague .",
"title": "Lady Dockers Daimlers"
},
{
"text": "At the same time Lady Docker earned a reputation for having rather poor social graces when under the influence , and she and Sir Bernard were investigated for failing to correctly declare the amount of money taken out of the country on a visit to a Monte Carlo casino . Sir Bernard was instantly dumped for absenteeism by the Midland Bank board without waiting for the court case . Norah drew further attention . She ran up large bills and presented them to Daimler as business expenses but some items were disallowed by the Tax Office . The publicity attached",
"title": "Lady Dockers Daimlers"
}
] |
/wiki/Daimler_Company#P749#3
|
What was the parent organization of Daimler Company between Nov 2008 and Dec 2008?
|
Daimler Company The Daimler Company Limited ( ) , prior to 1910 The Daimler Motor Company Limited , was an independent British motor vehicle manufacturer founded in London by H . J . Lawson in 1896 , which set up its manufacturing base in Coventry . The company bought the right to the use of the Daimler name simultaneously from Gottlieb Daimler and Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft of Cannstatt , Germany . After early financial difficulty and a reorganisation of the company in 1904 , the Daimler Motor Company was purchased by Birmingham Small Arms Company ( BSA ) in 1910 , which also made cars under its own name before the Second World War . In 1933 , BSA bought the Lanchester Motor Company and made it a subsidiary of Daimler Company . Daimler was awarded a Royal Warrant to provide cars to the British monarch in 1902 ; it lost this privilege in the 1950s after being supplanted by Rolls-Royce . Daimler occasionally used alternative technology : the Knight engine which it further developed in the early twentieth century and used from 1909 to 1935 , the worm gear final drive fitted from 1909 until after the Second World War , and their patented fluid flywheel used in conjunction with a Wilson preselector gearbox from 1930 to the mid-1950s . Daimler tried to widen its appeal in the 1950s with a line of smaller cars at one end and opulent show cars at the other , stopped making Lanchesters , had a highly publicised removal of their chairman from the board , and developed and sold a sports car and a high-performance luxury saloon and limousine . BSA sold Daimler to Jaguar Cars in 1960 and Jaguar briefly continued Daimlers line adding a Daimler variant of its Mark II sports saloon . Jaguar was then merged into the British Motor Corporation in 1966 and British Leyland in 1968 . Under these companies , Daimler became an upscale trim level for Jaguar cars except for the 1968–1992 Daimler DS420 limousine , which had no Jaguar equivalent despite being fully Jaguar-based . When Jaguar Cars was split off from British Leyland in 1984 it retained the Daimler company and brand . Ford bought Jaguar Cars in 1990 and under Ford it stopped using the Daimler marque in 2009 when the last X358 Daimler models were discontinued . The X351 Jaguar XJ took its place and there was no Daimler variant . Jaguar Cars remained in its ownership , and from 2000 accompanied by Land Rover , until they sold both Jaguar and Land Rover to Tata Motors in 2008 , who formed Jaguar Land Rover as a subsidiary holding company for them . In 2013 , Jaguar Cars was merged with Land Rover to form Jaguar Land Rover Limited , and the rights to the Daimler car brand were transferred to the newly formed British multinational car manufacturer Jaguar Land Rover . Origin . Simms and the Daimler engine . Engineer Frederick Richard Simms was supervising construction of an aerial cableway of his own design for the Bremen Exhibition in 1889 when he saw tiny railcars powered by Gottlieb Daimlers motors . Simms , who had been born to English parents in Hamburg and raised by them there , became friends with Daimler , an Anglophile who had worked from autumn 1861 to summer 1863 at Beyer-Peacock in Gorton , Manchester . Simms introduced Daimlers motors to England in 1890 to power launches . In an agreement dated 18 February 1891 , he obtained British and Empire rights for the Daimler patents . That month , Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft lent Simms a motorboat with a 2 hp engine and an extra engine . In June 1891 Simms had set up a London office at 49 Leadenhall Street and founded Simms & Co consulting engineers . In May 1892 , the motorboat , which Simms had named Cannstatt , began running on the Thames from Putney . After demonstrating a motor launch to The Honourable Evelyn Ellis , Simmss motor launch business grew rapidly , but became endangered when solicitor Alfred Hendriks was found to have been illegally taking money from the company . Hendriks severed his connections with Simms & Co . in February 1893 . Simms Daimler-related work was later moved into a new company , The Daimler Motor Syndicate Limited , which was formed on 26 May 1893 . Simms plans to make cars . Following the success of Daimler-powered Peugeots and Panhards at the 1894 Paris–Rouen competition , Simms decided to open a motor car factory , On 7 June 1895 Simms told the board of the Daimler Motor Syndicate that he intended to form The Daimler Motor Company Limited to acquire the British rights to the Daimler patents and to manufacture Daimler engines and cars in England . That month , he arranged for the syndicate to receive a ten percent ( 10% ) commission on all British sales of Daimler-powered Panhard & Levassor cars . At the same meeting Simms produced the first licence to operate a car under the Daimler patents . It was for a hp Panhard & Levassor that had been bought in France by The Honourable Evelyn Ellis , who had three Daimler motor launches moored by his home at Datchet . On 3 July , after Ellis bought the licence , the car was landed at Southampton and driven by Ellis to Micheldever near Winchester where Ellis met Simms and they drove together to Datchet . Ellis later drove it on to Malvern . This was the first long journey by motorcar in Britain . Simms later referred to the car as a Daimler Motor Carriage . Later in 1895 Simms announced plans to form The Daimler Motor Company Limited and to build a brand-new factory , with delivery of raw materials by light rail , for 400 workmen making Daimler engines and motor carriages . Simms asked his friend Daimler to be consulting engineer to the new enterprise . Works premises at Eel Pie Island on the Thames where the Thames Electric and Steam Launch Company , owned by Andrew Pears of Pears Soap fame , had been making electrically powered motor launches , were purchased to be used to service Daimler-powered motor launches . Simms sells out to Lawson . Investor Harry John Lawson had set out to use the British Motor Syndicate to monopolise motor car production in Britain by taking over every patent he could . As part of this goal , Lawson approached Simms on 15 October 1895 , seeking the right to arrange the public flotation of the proposed new company and to acquire a large shareholding for his British Motor Syndicate . Welcomed by Simms , the negotiations proceeded on the basis that this new company should acquire The Daimler Motor Syndicate Limited as a going concern , including the name and patent rights . In order that the Daimler licences could be transferred from Simms to the new company , all the former partners would have to agree to the transfer . By this time , Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach had withdrawn from Daimler Motoren Gesellschafts business to concentrate on cars and engines for them . Simms offered to pay DMG £17,500 for the transfer and for a licence for Daimler and Maybachs Phénix engine , which DMG did not own . Simms therefore insisted that the transfer be on the condition that Daimler and Maybach rejoined DMG . This was agreed in November 1895 and the Daimler-Maybach car business re-merged with DMGs . Daimler was appointed DMGs General Inspector and Maybach chief Technical Director . At the same time Simms became a director of DMG but did not become a director of the London company . According to Gustav Vischer , DMGs business manager at the time , Simms getting Daimler to return to DMG was no mean feat . The sale of Daimler Motor Syndicate to Lawsons interests was completed by the end of November 1895 . The shareholders of the Syndicate had made a profit of two hundred percent ( 200% ) on their original investment . Independent ( 1896–1910 ) . From starting to stability . On 14 January 1896 Lawson incorporated The Daimler Motor Company Limited . A prospectus was issued on 15 February . The subscription lists opened on 17 February and closed , oversubscribed , the next day . The Daimler Motor Company Limited bought The Daimler Motor Syndicate Limited from Lawsons British Motor Syndicate as a going concern . Simms was appointed consulting engineer to the new business but was not to be on the board of directors , possibly because he had become a director of the Cannstatt firm . One of the duties assigned to Simms was to find a suitable location for the factory . Simms found the Trusty Oil Engine Works , a company in receivership whose six-acre site at Cheltenham included a foundry , a machine shop , and testing facilities . Simms recommended buying the works immediately since , with ready facilities and the availability of skilled workers , they could start up in a very short time . Instead , at the first statutory meeting of the company , held while Simms was overseas , Lawson persuaded the board to buy a disused four-storey cotton mill in Coventry which was owned by Lawsons associate Ernest Terah Hooley . Despite Simms later protest and pleas to sell the mill and buy the Trusty Oil Engine Works , Daimler stayed with the mill as the site of Britains first automobile factory . Delayed delivery of machines kept the factory unfinished throughout 1896 and into 1897 . During 1896 Daimler sold imported cars from companies for which Lawson held the licences . Cannstatt supplied engine parts but the delivery of working drawings were delayed for months . Four experimental cars were built in Coventry and a Panhard van was dismantled and reverse engineered . Some Daimler engines , with details redesigned by works manager J . S . Critchley , were also made in 1896 . The first car left the works in January 1897 , fitted with a Panhard engine , followed in March by Daimler-engined cars . The first Coventry Daimler-engined product made its maiden run in March 1897 . By mid-year they were producing three of their own cars a week and producing Léon Bollée cars under licence . Lawson claimed to have made 20 cars by July 1897 making the Daimler Britains first motor car to go into serial production , an honour that is also credited to Humber Motors who had also displayed , but in their case their production models , at the Stanley Cycle Show in London in 1896 . The Daimlers had a twin-cylinder , 1526 cc engine , mounted at the front of the car , four-speed gearbox and chain drive to the rear wheels . Because of Daimlers financial difficulty in July 1897 Daimler began asking Lawsons Great Horseless Carriage Company to settle its accounts with them . In the same month , they refused to send working drawings of their 4 hp motor frame to DMG in Canstatt . Lack of co-operation with the Canstatt firm caused Simms to resign as Daimlers consulting engineer that month . Also in July 1897 , the company sold their launch works at Eel Pie Island at a loss of seven £700 or more . Ongoing difficulties with the Great Horseless Carriage Company and the British Motor Syndicate caused Lawson to resign from Daimlers board on 7 October 1897 . He was replaced as chairman by Henry Sturmey , who at the time was five days into a motor tour in his personal Daimler from John OGroats to Lands End . On arriving at Lands End on 19 October , Sturmey became the first person to make that journey in a motor car . Gottlieb Daimler resigned from the board of the Daimler Motor Company in July 1898 having never attended a board meeting . Sturmey opposed the appointment of a proposed successor who , according to Sturmey , held no shares and knew nothing about the automobile business . A committee was brought in to investigate the activities of the board and the company . The committee summed up the management of the business as being inefficient and not energetic and suggested that it be reorganised and run by a paid managing director . When Evelyn Ellis and another board member did not run for re-election , they were replaced by E . H . Bayley and Edward Jenkinson , with Bayley replacing Sturmey as chairman . Sturmey resigned in May 1899 after Bayley and Jenkinson had reorganised the business . Simms , as a director of DMG , proposed a union between the Daimler Motor Company in Coventry and DMG in Cannstatt in mid-1900 but the reorganised company was not interested in the merger and turned the offer down . Persistent financial troubles caused Daimler to be reorganised again in 1904 . The previous company was wound up and a new company was formed to acquire the old one and pay its debts and winding-up costs . Under the chairmanship of Sir Edward Jenkinson , Daimler hired American electrical engineer Percy Martin as works manager and socialite Undecimus Stratton as the head of the London depot , and promoted Ernest Instone to general manager . Jenkinson was succeeded in 1906 by Edward Manville , a consulting electrical engineer . Royal patronage . Known as Britains oldest car manufacturers , Daimler was first associated with royalty in 1898 when the Prince of Wales , later Edward VII , was given a ride on a Daimler by John Douglas-Scott-Montagu later known as Lord Montagu of Beaulieu . Scott-Montagu , as a member of parliament , also drove a Daimler into the yard of the Palace of Westminster , the first motorised vehicle to be driven there . Daimler had sold the Prince of Wales a mail phaeton in early 1900 . In 1902 , upon buying another Daimler , King Edward VII awarded Daimler a royal warrant as suppliers of motor cars . Undecimus Stratton met E . G . Jenkinson , the chairman of Daimler , in 1903 when Jenkinsons Daimler was stranded by the roadside . Upon seeing the stranded motorist , Stratton stopped his Daimler and offered assistance . Jenkinson was impressed by Stratton and by his motoring knowledge . At the time , Jenkinson was looking to replace the head of Daimlers London depot , a particularly sensitive position because of the royal cars . Taking the position , Stratton soon found himself having to select better royal chauffeurs and mechanics . He quickly became an occasional motoring companion to the King . In 1908 , through Strattons Royal connections , Daimler was awarded a Royal Appointment as suppliers of motor cars to the Court of Spain by King Alfonso XIII and a Royal Warrant as Motor Car Manufacturer to the Court of Prussia by Kaiser Wilhelm II . Stratton also sold Daimlers to the Sultan of Johor . In 1911 , he spent some weekends at Sandringham tutoring the new Prince of Wales on the workings and driving of an automobile . Stratton went into partnership with Daimlers commercial manager Ernest Instone in 1921 . Stratton and Instone took charge of the Daimler showrooms at 27 Pall Mall , naming the business Stratton-Instone . Stratton died in July 1929 after a brief illness . His successors and Instone bought out Daimlers interest in 1930 and renamed the business Stratstone Limited . The following summer the future King Edward VIII rented Strattons house at Sunningdale from his widow . Every British monarch from Edward VII to Elizabeth II has been driven in Daimler limousines . In 1950 , after a persistent transmission failure on the Kings car , Rolls-Royce was commissioned to provide official state cars and as Daimlers retired they were not replaced by Daimlers . The current official state car is either one of a pair which were specially made for the purpose by Bentley , unofficial chauffeured transport is by Daimler . Her Majestys own car for personal use is a 2008 Daimler Super Eight but she is also seen to drive herself in other smaller cars . Fluted radiator . Since 1904 , the fluted top surface to the radiator grille has been Daimlers distinguishing feature . This motif developed from the heavily finned water-cooling tubes slung externally at the front of early cars . Later , a more conventional , vertical radiator had a heavily finned header tank . Eventually these fins were echoed on a protective grille shell and , even later , on the rear licence plate holder . Sleeve-valve engines . Attracted by the possibilities of the Silent Knight engine Daimlers chairman contacted Charles Yale Knight in Chicago and Knight settled in England near Coventry in 1907 . Daimler bought rights from Knight for England and the colonies and shared ownership of the European rights , in which it took 60% , with Minerva of Belgium . Daimler contracted Dr Frederick Lanchester as their consultant for the purpose and a major re-design and refinement of Knights design took place in great secrecy . Knights design was made a practical proposition . When unveiled in September 1908 the new engine caused a sensation . Suffice it to say that mushroom valves , springs and cams , and many small parts , are swept away bodily , that we have an almost perfectly spherical explosion chamber , and a cast-iron sleeve or tube as that portion of the combustion chamber in which the piston travels . The Royal Automobile Club held a special meeting to discuss the new engine , still silent but no longer Wholly Knight . The Autocar reported on its extraordinary combination of silence , flexibility and power . Daimler stopped making poppet-valve engines altogether . Under the observation of the Royal Automobile Club ( RAC ) , two Daimler sleeve-valve engines were put through severe bench , road , and track tests and , upon being dismantled , showed no visible wear , earning Daimler the 1909 Dewar Trophy . Sales outran the works ability to supply . Daimlers sleeve valve engines idle silently but they left a slight haze of oil smoke trailing behind them . These engines consumed oil at a rate of up to an Imperial gallon every 450 miles , oil being needed to lubricate the sleeves particularly when cold . However , by the standards of their day they required very little maintenance . Daimler kept their silent sleeve-valve engines until the mid-1930s . The change to poppet valves began with the Fifteen of 1933 . First fatal motor accident in the United Kingdom . A Daimler 6 hp was involved in the first motor accident in the UK to be recorded as having involved the death of the driver . A young engineer was killed in 1899 when the rim of a rear wheel of the car he was driving collapsed under heavy braking in a turn on a sloping road in Harrow on the Hill . The driver and his four passengers were thrown from the car . One of the passengers fractured his skull in the accident and died in hospital three days later . Under BSA ( 1910–1960 ) . Acquisition by BSA . Under an agreement dated 22 September 1910 the shareholders of The Daimler Motor Company Limited merged their holdings with those of the Birmingham Small Arms Company ( BSA ) group of companies , receiving five BSA shares in exchange for four ordinary Daimler shares and £1 5s plus accrued dividend for each £1 preference share . This deal was engineered by Dudley Docker , deputy-chairman of BSA , who was famous for previous successful business mergers . Daimler , a manufacturer of motor vehicles , had a payroll of 4,116 workmen and 418 staff immediately before the merger . BSA produced rifles , ammunition , military vehicles , bicycles , motorcycles and some BSA-branded cars . The chairman of the combined group was Edward Manville , who had been chairman of the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders – founded by Simms – since 1907 . However the merger was not a great success . By 1913 Daimler had a workforce of 5,000 workers which made only 1,000 vehicles a year . Royal transport . By 1914 Daimlers were used by royal families including those of Great Britain , Germany , Russia , Sweden , Japan , Spain , and Greece ; its list of owners among the British nobility read like a digest of Debrett ; the Bombay agent supplied Indian princes ; the Japanese agent , Okura , handled sales in Manchuria and Korea . Public transport . Daimler also made engines and chassis for commercial vehicles , with the Metropolitan Electric Tramways ordering 350 double-decker buses in 1912 and engines being sold to the London General Omnibus Company ( LGOC ) . The 40 hp engine and chassis used with the double-decker bus was also used with lorries and drays , while a half-ton delivery van was based on a 12 hp chassis similar to a car chassis . Daimler made a 105 hp 15.9 L sleeve-valve straight-six engine for use in large tractors co-developed with William Foster & Co . for the South American market . World War I work . During World War I , the military took the normal production cars , lorries , buses and ambulances together with a scout army vehicle and engines used in ambulances , trucks , and double-decker buses . Special products included aero-engines and complete aircraft , tank and tractor engines and munitions . The first aircraft engine manufactured by Daimler was the 80 hp Gnome Monosoupape rotary . With no drawings available to them , Daimlers Gnome engines were reverse-engineered from an engine delivered to them on 7 August 1914 . Daimler later built the RAF 1 and 1a air-cooled V8s , the RAF 4 and 4a V12s , the Le Rhone rotary , and the Bentley BR2 rotary alongside other manufacturers . Production of RAF 4 engines gave Daimler experience in building V12 engines which would be appreciated when they later designed and built Double-Six V12 engines for their large cars . Daimler trained air force mechanics at its works and its training methods became the standard for all manufacturers instructing RAF mechanics . Having its own body shop , Daimler had the woodworking ability to build complete aircraft . By the end of 1914 , they had built 100 units of the Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2c . These were followed by the BE12 and RE8 . Daimler purchased an open field beside their Radford factory , cleared the site , and made it available to the Government , who turned it into the main RAF testing ground for aircraft built in the Coventry district . Although Daimler tooled up for production of the Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.4 bomber the aircraft was cancelled due to poor performance . The last wartime aircraft produced was the Airco DH.10 Amiens bomber when they were building 80 aeroplanes a month . Before the war , Daimler had been making 105 hp engines for tractors made by Fosters of Lincoln for the South American market . These tractors were developed into artillery tractors to haul howitzers . Production of the artillery tractors began on 3 December 1914 . These engines were later used for the first British tanks ever built , the prototypes Little Willie and Mother and later in the production Mark I tank . One major difficulty for the tanks was the fine oil haze above their Daimler engines which the enemy quickly learned meant tanks were operating nearby if out of sight . The early tanks weighed up to 28 tons . They were all Daimler powered . The Mark IV tank - the first major improvement in design - had uprated engines delivering 125 hp ; these engines had aluminium pistons and are believed to have been designed by W . O . Bentley while he was working on the Bentley BR1 rotary engine in Coventry . Daimler made more twelve-inch ( 305 mm ) shell casings than any other private business in the country , with a peak production of more than 2000 casings a day . Each was machined from a 990 lb forging down to a finished weight of 684 lb . Civil aviation . After the Armistice it was decided that Daimler Hire should extend its luxury travel services to include charter aircraft through a new enterprise , Daimler Air Hire . Following the take-over of Airco and its subsidiaries in February 1920 services included scheduled services London-Paris as well as Taxi Planes to anywhere in Europe . In 1922 , under the name of Daimler Airway services extended to scheduled flights London to Berlin and places between . Frank Searle , managing director of Daimler Hire and its subsidiaries moved with his deputy Humphery Wood into the new national carrier Imperial Airways at its formation on 1 April 1924 . Searle and Wood and their Daimler Airway machines formed the core of Imperial Airways operations . Commercial vehicles . Together with Associated Equipment Company ( AEC ) , it formed the Associated Daimler Company to build commercial vehicles in the late 1920s . The association was dissolved in 1928 with each company retaining manufacture of its original products . Lanchester acquisition and badging . The bulk of Daimlers shareholding in its subsidiary Daimler Hire Limited was sold to the Thomas Tilling Group in 1930 . and , in January 1931 , Daimler completed the purchase of The Lanchester Motor Company Limited . The new Lanchester 15/18 model introduced in 1931 was fitted with Daimlers fluid flywheel transmission . Although at first they produced separate ranges of cars with the Daimler badge appearing mainly on the larger models , by the mid-1930s the two were increasingly sharing components leading to the 1936 Lanchester 18/Daimler Light 20 differing in little except trim and grille . This marketing concept already employed with their BSA range of cars continued to the end of Lanchester and BSA car production . Some very important customers , including the Duke of York and at least two Indian princes , were supplied with big Daimler limousines with Lanchester grilles . The Daimler range was exceptionally complex in the 1930s with cars using a variety of six- and eight-cylinder engines with capacities from 1805 cc in the short lived 15 of 1934 to the 4624 cc 4.5-litre of 1936 . Review of BSA management before the Second World War . The divisiveness of the Daimler board did not end with the BSA takeover , but continued into the board of BSA . Despite this , Daimler prospered until the late 1920s , increasing its profits and its reputation . Along with an apprenticeship programme that was among the best in the British industry at the time , they attracted a large number of pupils out of public schools . During the First World War , Daimlers labour force grew from 4,000 to 6,000 men . The acquisition of Airco in February 1920 was a financial disaster for the BSA group . Percy Martin had been strongly in favour of the purchase , including Aircos extensive production facilities near London , and no one thought to examine Aircos true circumstances , leading to liabilities in excess of £1.3 million . All dividends were passed from 1920 to 1924 . By 1930 the BSA Groups primary activities were BSA motorcycles and Daimler vehicles . However , all the quality car businesses experienced financial difficulties in the late 1920s . Daimlers situation seemed particularly serious . Sales fell sharply in 1927–1928 , a period of losses ensued and no dividends were paid between 1929 and 1936 . The sleeve valve engine was outdated , Daimlers production methods had become old-fashioned , they had an extravagantly large range of products . Their bankers noted the decreasing sales volume , the poor performance for price and the need for up-to-date machine tool equipment . Stratton-Instones dominance of distribution was removed and other outlets arranged . The interests in Singer and the Daimler Hire business were sold and Lanchester bought . The in-house bodywork department was closed and by the spring of 1931 car production ceased , only commercial vehicle production and aero engine work kept Daimler in business . Laurence Pomeroy joined Damler in late 1926 , at first working on commercial vehicles but from 1928 he worked at the products of the main Daimler operation . Pomeroy introduced redesigned poppet valve engines with the Daimler Fifteen in September 1932 , developed new models of Daimlers , and recommended what became the September 1932 introduction of the small BSA and Lanchester Tens with poppet valve engines to help Daimler survive the depression . According to Martin , these actions rescued the business from total collapse in 1932 . In 1934 , the Pomeroy-designed poppet-valve Straight-Eights replaced the Daimler Double-Six sleeve-valve V12s without controversy or embarrassment , thereby being a personal triumph for Pomeroy . Management shift . From before the merger of Daimler into the BSA group the core of Daimlers management was formed by chairman Edward Manville , works manager Percy Martin , and sales manager Ernest Instone , who left Daimler in 1921 to start auto dealer Stratton-Instone , and was responsible for Daimler sales in England and Wales thereafter . Instone died in 1932 , Manville died in 1933 , and Martin , who in January 1934 replaced Alexander Roger , Manvilles replacement , as chairman , retired in 1935 . In May 1936 Laurence Pomeroy was fired as managing director of Daimler with immediate effect . Daimler was not paying dividends and the 1936 BSA shareholders meetings were stormy . Attempted solutions had included the Lanchester acquisition and the introduction of smaller cars , the lower-priced 10 hp Lanchester and its matching but six-cylinder stable-mate the Daimler Fifteen ( later DB17 and DB18 ) introduced in the early thirties . This particular product line as the Lanchester Fourteen and Daimler Conquest was to run through to almost the very end . Edward H . W . Cooke attempted a revival and from 1937 introduced saloons with a freshness of design new to Daimler . The new products had successes in competitions and rallies . His policy was proved sound but another war , post-war austerity and yet more boardroom battles , this time in public , seemed to put an end to Daimlers once-proud business . Daimlers semi-automatic transmissions . Daimler started testing the Fluidrive system in a bus chassis in 1928 . This system , patented by Harold Sinclair in 1926 , applied Hermann Föttingers fluid flywheel to replace the clutch in the transmission systems of road vehicles . Daimler was initially interested in the fluid flywheel for use in commercial vehicles , but Martin decided to develop the system for use in passenger cars as well . Martin and Pomeroy originally intended to use the fluid flywheel with a conventional gearbox . Their consultant , Frederick Lanchester , warned them that putting a car with that combination on the market would be a terribly big gambling risk , and an accident in March 1929 where a Double-Six 30 with a prototype transmission damaged a garage in Devon after Pomeroy left it idling while in gear may have shown the nature of this risk . By October 1930 , when Daimler introduced the fluid flywheel on their new Light Double-Six for an extra £50 , it was used with the self changing gearbox developed by W . G . Wilson . Martin and the Daimler Company patented their refinements to Sinclairs system in 1930 . By November 1933 the combination of fluid flywheel and Wilson preselector gearbox was used in all Daimler vehicles , ranging from 10 h.p . passenger cars to double-deck omnibuses according to the chairmans report to the shareholders at their Annual General Meeting that month . According to the same report , more than 11,000 vehicles were using the transmission by that time . Daimler would continue to develop and use these transmissions until 1956 , when Borg-Warner fully automatic units were offered initially as an alternative but later as standard . The Lanchester Sprite , a 1.6 L car with a unit body and Hobbs fully automatic gearbox , was shown at the British International Motor Show at Earls Court in 1954 . Problems with the transmission and other systems were never fully sorted out , and the Sprite was discontinued about two years later with only thirteen being built . Second World War work . During the Second World War , Daimler turned again to military production . A four-wheel-drive scout car , known to the Army as the Dingo had a 2.5-litre engine and the larger Daimler Armoured Car powered by a 4.1-litre engine and armed with a 2-pounder gun were produced , both with six-cylinder power units , fluid flywheels and epicyclic gearboxes . These military vehicles incorporated various innovative features including disc brakes on all four wheels . The Dingo was designed by parent company BSA and took the name Dingo from an unsuccessful competitor submitted by Alvis . During the war Daimler built more than 6,600 Scout Cars and some 2,700 Mk I and Mk II Armoured Cars . Daimler also provided tank components , including epicyclic gearboxes for 2,500 Crusader , Covenanter and Cavalier tanks . They built 74,000 Bren gun , initially at a workshop in their Coventry factory and , after the workshop was destroyed in the April 1941 raid , at a boot and shoe factory in Burton-on-Trent . Instead of building complete aircraft as they had in World War I , Daimler built aircraft components , including 50,800 Bristol radial aero-engines—Mercury , Hercules and Pegasus—with full sets of parts for 9,500 more of these engines , propeller shafts for Rolls-Royce aero-engines , and 14,356 gun-turrets for bombers including their Browning machine guns . In all , Daimler produced more than 10 million aircraft parts during the war . All this production is Daimlers alone excluding BSAs other involvements . Daimlers peak workforce , 16,000 people , was reached in this period . The original Sandy Lane plant , used as a government store , was destroyed by fire during intensive enemy bombing of Coventry , but there were by now shadow factories elsewhere in the city including one located at Browns Lane , Allesey . In 1952 , Jaguar moved to Browns Lane which became the principal Jaguar car plant for several decades . The factory has since been closed but areas retained for smaller Jaguar operations and housing together with development of industrial buildings . The Daimler Radford plant has become a large housing estate . After that war Daimler produced the Ferret armoured car , a military reconnaissance vehicle based on the innovative 4.1-litre-engined armoured car they had developed and built during the war , which has been used by over 36 countries . Postwar decline . Winston Churchill campaigned for the 1945 and 1950 general elections in the DB18 two-door drophead coupé he had ordered in 1939 . The government ordered new limousines for the commanding officers of the occupying forces . New straight-eights were supplied to the former colonies for the planned royal tours . The first Daimler limousines to be delivered after the war went to embassies and consulates in Europe and to the Lieutenant-Governors of Jersey and Guernsey . These were Straight-Eights built largely from pre-war stock . The first post-war model was the Eighteen , a development of the pre-war Fifteen using the Scout Cars 2.5 L engine with a new high-compression cylinder head . The model used curved glass in its side windows which were framed by chromed metal channels instead of the thick pillars that were usual at the time . Because of ongoing restrictions on steel , many of the Eighteens body panels were made from aluminium . The first post-war Lanchester , the Ten , looked like an enlarged Ford Prefect and its body was made in the same factory , Briggs Motor Bodies on the Ford Dagenham site . Despite the austerity of the times , Daimler celebrated the 1946 golden jubilee of the founding of the business was with a luncheon at the Savoy , at which they announced the pricing of the Daimler Eighteen and the Lanchester Ten . Production of large eight-seat limousines , the six-cylinder DE 27 and the eight-cylinder DE36 , began in March 1946 . These were among the first series-built cars with electrically operated windows . They were also the first Daimler cars since 1909 to use bevel gear final drive instead of Daimlers usual worm final drive , and the DE 36 was the last straight-eight automobile to be manufactured in Britain . The DE 27 chassis was also used in the Daimler Ambulance with bodies by Barker and Hooper . Foreign monarchs , including the Queen of the Netherlands , the King of Thailand , The Aga Khan ( and Prince Aly Khan ) , the Emperor of Ethiopia , the Prince of Monaco , and the King of Afghanistan , re-ordered to replenish their fleets . Then in June 1947 the purchase tax was doubled on cars costing more than £1,000 , with home market sales already having been restricted to cars for essential purposes . Petrol remained rationed ; initially ten gallons a month , the monthly ration was increased to fifteen gallons in July 1946 , but was reduced again late in the summer of 1947 . Princess Elizabeth took her -litre coupé , a 21st -birthday gift from her father , to Malta , where her new husband was stationed . The King took delivery of a new open tourer straight-eight in March 1949 . In the commodities boom caused by the 1950 Korean War Australasian woolgrowers reported the new electrically operated limousine-division to be just the thing if over-heated sheepdogs licked the back of a drivers ears . A DE 27 limousine given to HRH Princess Elizabeth by the Royal Air Force as a wedding present was traded for a Rolls-Royce when its transmission failed . Rolls-Royce was persuaded to re-enter the high-end luxury market and built the straight-eight Phantom IV solely for royalty , heads of state , and their chairman . Former Daimler customers , including British royals and the Aga Khan , switched to the Phantom IV , while the Emperor of Ethiopia and the King and Queen of Greece ordered coachbuilt six-cylinder Silver Wraiths . Consorts discounted . Sir Bernard Docker , chairman of the parent company , took the extra responsibility of Daimlers managing director in January 1953 when James Leek was unable to continue through illness . Car buyers were still waiting for the new ( Churchill ) governments easing of the temporary swingeing purchase tax promised in the lead up to the snap-election held during the 1951 Earls Court Motor Show . Lady Docker told her husband to rethink his marketing policies . 3-litre Regency production was stopped . In the hope of keeping 4,000+ employed the Consort price was dropped from 4 February 1953 to the expected new tax-inclusive level . Stagnation of all the British motor industry was relieved by the reduction of purchase tax in the April 1953 budget . Daimler announced the introduction of the moderately sized Conquest in May ( apparently developed in just four months from the four-cylinder Lanchester 14 or Leda with a Daimler grille ) . Daimler and Lanchester ( there were no more BSA cars ) struggled after the War , producing too many models with short runs and limited production , and frequently selling too few of each model , while Jaguar seemed to know what the public wanted and expanded rapidly . Daimler produced heavy , staid , large and small luxury cars with a stuffy , if sometimes opulent image . Jaguar produced lower quality cars at a remarkably low price , designed for enthusiasts . The BSA groups leadership of the worlds motorcycle market was eventually lost to Japanese manufacturers . Lady Dockers Daimlers . Sir Bernard Docker was the managing director of BSA from early in WWII , and married Norah , Lady Collins in 1949 . Nora was twice-widowed and wealthy in her own right . This was her third marriage . She had originally been a successful dance hall hostess . Lady Docker took an interest in her husbands companies and became a director of Hooper , the coachbuilders . Daughter of an unsuccessful Birmingham car salesman Lady Docker could see that the Daimler cars , no longer popular with the royal family , were in danger of becoming an anachronism in the modern world . She took it upon herself to raise Daimlers profile , but in an extravagant fashion , by encouraging Sir Bernard to produce show cars . The first was the 1951 Golden Daimler , an opulent touring limousine , in 1952 , Blue Clover , a two-door sportsmans coupe , in 1953 the Silver Flash based on the 3-litre Regency chassis , and in 1954 Stardust , redolent of the Gold Car , but based on the DK400 chassis as was what proved to be her Paris 1955 grande finale , a 2-door coupé she named Golden Zebra , the last straw for the Tax Office and now on permanent display at The Hague . At the same time Lady Docker earned a reputation for having rather poor social graces when under the influence , and she and Sir Bernard were investigated for failing to correctly declare the amount of money taken out of the country on a visit to a Monte Carlo casino . Sir Bernard was instantly dumped for absenteeism by the Midland Bank board without waiting for the court case . Norah drew further attention . She ran up large bills and presented them to Daimler as business expenses but some items were disallowed by the Tax Office . The publicity attached to this and other social episodes told on Sir Bernards standing as some already thought the cars too opulent and vulgar for austere post-war Britain . To compound Sir Bernards difficulty , the royal family shifted allegiance to Rolls-Royce . By the end of 1960 all the State Daimlers had been sold and replaced by Rolls-Royces . Turners engines . Jack Sangster sold his motorcycle companies Ariel and Triumph to BSA in 1951 and joined their board . In 1956 Sangster was elected chairman , defeating Sir Bernard 6 votes to 3 . After a certain amount of electioneering by the Dockers an extraordinary shareholders meeting backed the board decision and Bernard and Norah left buying a brace of Rolls-Royces as they went registering them as ND5 and BD9 . Many important European customers turned out to have been Docker friends and did not re-order Daimler cars . Sangster promptly made Edward Turner head of the automotive division which as well as Daimler and Carbodies ( London Taxicab manufacturers ) included Ariel , Triumph , and BSA motorcycles . Turner designed the lightweight hemi head Daimler 2.5 & 4.5 Litre V8 Engines . The small engine was used to power a production version of an apprentices exercise , the very flexible Dart and the larger engine installed in the Majestic Major , a relabelled Majestic . Under Sangster Daimlers vehicles became a little less sober and more performance oriented . The Majestic Major proved an agile high-speed cruiser on the new motorways . Bill Boddy described the SP250 as unlikely to stir the memories of such ghosts as haunt the tree-lined avenues near Sandringham , Balmoral and Windsor Castle . The two excellent Turner V8 engines disappeared with British Leylands first rationalisation , the larger in 1968 and the smaller a year later . Buses 1911–1973 . A significant element of Daimler production was bus chassis , mostly for double deckers . Daimler had been interested in the commercial vehicle market from 1904 . In 1906 , it produced , using the Auto-Mixte patents of Belgian Henri Pieper , a petrol-electric vehicle and on 23 May 1906 registered Gearless Motor Omnibus Co . Limited . It was too heavy . Following the introduction of Daimler-Knight sleeve-valve engines re-designed for Daimler by Dr Frederick Lanchester Lanchester also refined the Gearless design and it re-emerged in 1910 as the KPL ( Knight-Pieper-Lanchester ) omnibus , an advanced integral petrol electric hybrid . The KPL bus had four-wheel brakes and steel unitary body/chassis construction . Failure to produce the KPL set bus design back twenty years . Introduction of the KPL was stopped by a patent infringement action brought by London General Omnibuss associate Tilling-Stevens in early May 1911 when just twelve KPL buses had been built . This was just after Daimler had poached LGOCs Frank Searle and announced him to be general manager of its new London bus service which would be using its new KPL type to compete directly with LGOC . Some of LGOCs vehicles used Daimler engines . With the collapse of Daimlers plans , Searle , an engineer and designer of the LGOC X-type and AEC B-type bus , instead joined Daimlers commercial vehicle department . Reverting to ( before LGOC ) omnibus salesman , Searle rapidly achieved some notable sales . 100 to Metropolitan Electric Tramways and 250 to LGOCs new owner , London Underground . First Searle designed for Daimler a 34-seater with gearbox transmission ( the KPL used electric motors each side ) , very like the B-Type and it was introduced by Daimler in early 1912 . The main difference from what became the AEC B-Type was the use of Daimlers sleeve-valve engine . In June 1912 what had been LGOCs manufacturing plant was hived off as AEC . Between 1913 and 1916 AEC built some Daimler models under contract and Daimler sold all AEC vehicles which were surplus to LGOC needs . After war service , now Colonel Searle , moved to Daimler Hire Limited and its involvement in aviation . The Searle models were developed after World War I , but , from 1926 to 1928 , Daimler entered into a joint venture , with AEC vehicles being badged as Associated Daimler , or ADCs . Daimlers CO chassis became the main model in the 1930s , followed by a similar , but heavier , CW austerity model produced during the Second World War ( 100 with the Gardner 5LW engine ( CWG5 ) , the rest with the AEC 7.7-litre engine – CWA6 ) and in post-war years , production worked through the Daimler CV to the long-running Daimler CR Fleetline , built from 1960 to 1980 ( CVG5 and CVG6 had been a common type of bus in Hong Kong between 1950 and 1988 and Fleetline had also become a major type of bus in Hong Kong until 1995 ) . Small numbers of single deck vehicles were also built . Many British bus operators bought substantial numbers of the vehicles and there were also a number built for export . The standard London double-decker bus bought from 1970 to 1978 was the Daimler Fleetline . Daimler buses were fitted with proprietary diesel engines , the majority by the Gardner company , of Eccles , Lancashire , although there were a few hundred Daimler diesels built in the 1940s & 1950s , and the Leyland O.680 was offered as an option on the Fleetline ( designated CRL6 ) after the merger with Leyland . The bus chassis were also fitted with bodywork built by various outside contractors , as is standard in the British bus industry , so , at a casual glance , there is no real identifying feature of a Daimler bus , apart from the badges ( Front engined Daimler buses retained the distinctive fluted radiator grille top ) . The last Daimler Fleetline was built at the traditional Daimler factory in Radford , Coventry , in 1973 . After that date , the remaining buses were built at the Leyland factory in Farington , Lancashire , the final eight years of Fleetline production being badged as Leylands . The last Fleetline built was bodied by Eastern Coach Works in 1981 . During that Jaguar-owned period 1960–1968 , Daimler became the second-largest ( after Leyland ) double-decker bus manufacturer in Britain , with the Fleetline model . At the same time , Daimler made trucks and motorhomes . BMH merged with the Leyland Motor Corporation to give the British Leyland Motor Corporation in 1968 . Production of Daimler buses in Coventry ceased in 1973 when production of its last bus product ( the Daimler Fleetline ) was transferred to Leyland plant in Farington . Daimler stayed within BLMC and its subsequent forms until 1982 , at which point Jaguar ( with Daimler ) was demerged from BL as an independent manufacturer . - Daimler Freeline 1951 to 1964 - Daimler Fleetline 1960 to 1983 - Daimler Roadliner 1962 to 1972 Owned by Jaguar Cars ( 1960-1966 ) . In May 1960 , the Daimler business was purchased from BSA by Jaguar Cars for £3.4 million . William Lyons was looking to expand manufacture , wanted the manufacturing facilities and had to decide what to do with the existing Daimler vehicles . Jaguar had been refused planning permission for a new factory in the area in which it wanted it to be . Daimler had shrunk to representing just 15% of BSA group turnover in 1959–1960 and BSA wished to dispose of its motoring interests . Jaguar stated publicly that it would continue production of the existing range of Daimler , that it would continue normal research and development for future Daimler products , and that it would expand Daimler markets in Britain and overseas . Jaguar put a Daimler 4.5 L V8 in a Mark X and tested it at the Motor Industry Research Association ( MIRA ) . With an inefficient prototype exhaust , the car went up to 135 mph on MIRAs banked track , faster than the production Mark X . Jaguar discontinued the six-cylinder Majestic in 1962 and the SP250 in 1964 , but Daimlers core product , the old-fashioned , heavy but fast 4.5 L V8 Majestic Major , was continued throughout Jaguars independent ownership of Daimler . In 1961 , Daimler introduced the DR450 , a long-wheelbase limousine version of the Majestic Major . The DR450 also continued in production beyond the end of Jaguars independent ownership of Daimler . 864 examples of the long-wheelbase DR450 were sold , as opposed to 1180 examples of the Majestic Major saloon . The 4.5-litre saloon and limousine were the last Daimlers not designed by Jaguar . Jaguar-based Daimlers . Apart from the DR450 limousine , new models under Lyons control were the result of negotiations between Lyons and the executives of Daimler distributor Stratstone Ltd . In exchange for a small Daimler in the tradition of the Consort and the Conquest , Stratstone gave up their Volkswagen franchise . Lyons response was the 2.5 V8 , a more luxurious Jaguar Mark 2 with the V8 engine from the SP250 , automatic transmission , different badges , and a grille with a fluted top . Despite the obvious Jaguar heritage , motor journalist S . C . H . Davis wrote of the cars marked character and claimed , This is not a Jaguar with a Daimler radiator grille and name plate . It can stand on its own . While the 2.5 V8 , later renamed the V8-250 under new ownership , became the most popular car Daimler ever produced , it was not enough to establish brand loyalty . Unlike Jaguar , whose wide range of models allowed sixty percent ( 60% ) of new Jaguars to be sold in exchange for Jaguars , few customers traded old 2.5 V8s for new ones . Most 2.5 V8 buyers were trading up from the bigger Ford , Wolseley , or Rover cars . James Smillie , chairman of Stratstone , made Lyons aware of this situation in 1965 . Lyons responded by preparing a Daimler-ised version of the upcoming Jaguar 420 and presenting it to Smillie and Stratstone managing director John Olley . Lyons asked the Stratstone executives what it should be called ; Smillie suggested Sovereign while Olley suggested Royale . Despite Lyons stating his preference for Royale at the meeting , the company decided on Sovereign two months later . The Sovereign was launched in October 1966 to fill the gap between the 2.5 V8 and the Majestic Major . Owned by BMH ( 1966–1968 ) . Jaguar was taken over by British Motor Corporation ( BMC ) in 1966 and a few months later BMC was renamed British Motor Holdings ( BMH ) . Lyons reasons and reactions . Though Jaguar had diversified by adding , after Daimler , Guy trucks and Coventry-Climax to their group they remained dependent on Pressed Steel for bodies . Once BMC had taken control of Pressed Steel Lyons felt compelled to submit to the BMC takeover . Lyons remained anxious to see that Jaguar maintained its own identity and came to resent the association with British Leyland . He was delighted by Sir John Egans accomplishments and by the new independence arranged in 1984 . End of Daimler brand in the United States . BMHs dealer network in the United States stopped importing Daimlers in 1967 , claiming that there was insufficient funds in the group advertising budget to market all of BMHs brands in the US . Owned by British Leyland ( 1968–1984 ) . Daimler DS420 Limousine . The Daimler DS420 Limousine was introduced in 1968 to replace their Daimler DR450 and BMCs Vanden Plas Princess . The DS420 used a Jaguar Mk X unitary carcass with a restyled roof and a floor pan extended by 21 inches behind the front seat and strengthened . The extension of the Mark X unit bodies was done by Motor Panels , a subsidiary of Rubery Owen . The floor pan with mechanicals was available to coachbuilders as a rolling chassis for use with specialised bodywork , usually as hearses ; Startin of Birmingham built more than 300 DS420-based hearses . Finishing from the bare metal , including final assembly and trimming the interior , was done by Vanden Plas , who had earlier made the Princess for BMC . The DS420 was withdrawn from production in 1992 . From 1986 it had been the last production automobile to use the William Heynes , designed Jaguar XK6 engine . The last DS420-based Startin hearse was delivered on 9 February 1994 to Mr . Slack , a funeral director in Cheshire . Though based entirely on Jaguar components , the DS420 was unique to Daimler . These limousines , wedding and funeral cars ( and the hearses made by independent coachbuilders ) are now the Daimlers most remembered . Daimler Sovereign , Daimler Double-Six . These were the first series of vehicles that were badge-engineered Jaguars ( XJ Series ) , but given a more luxurious and upmarket finish . For example , the Daimler Double-Six was a Jaguar XJ-12 , the Daimler badge and fluted top to its grille and boot handle being the only outward differences from the Jaguar , with more luxurious interior fittings and extra standard equipment marking it out on the inside . Chairmen . One strategy to sell Daimlers was through fleet sales of Jaguars to boards of directors ; Jaguar would offer to include a more prestigious Daimler for the chairman . From 1972 to 1974 the chairman of Jaguar Cars was Lofty England , who began his career in the automotive industry as a Daimler apprentice from 1927 to 1932 . Fluted grilles in Continental Europe and the US . The Daimler name was dropped in Europe in the 1980s , while Jaguar adopted the Sovereign designation . This caused a great demand for imported Daimler parts as conversion kits to convert Jaguars into Daimlers . Deducing from this conversion kit market that there was still a demand for Daimler cars , Jaguar Cars returned the Daimler brand to Europe at the end of 1985 . Meanwhile , in the United States , Jaguar marketed the Vanden Plas with Daimler fluted grilles and licence plate housings . Owned by Jaguar Cars ( 1984–1989 ) . If Jaguar was not to follow Daimler into becoming just another once iconic brand it needed immense amounts of capital to develop new models and build and equip new factories . This was beyond the ability of the BMH—now British Leyland—Group . It was decided to market the Jaguar business by first obtaining a separate London Stock Exchange listing to fix a price then ensuring any successful bid for all the listed shares in the whole business would be from a bidder with , or with access to , the necessary capital . That bidder proved to be Ford . 1984 produced a record group output of 36,856 cars but less than 5% were badged Daimler . Two years later Daimlers share had reached 11.5% , and would have been almost 23% if the Vanden Plas sold in the US were included . When the new XJ40 came into production in 1986 , the Series III was kept in production a further six years to 1992 to carry the big Double Six engines . Owned by Ford ( 1989–2007 ) . Ford Motor Company paid £1.6 billion to buy Jaguar in 1989 and with it the right to use the Daimler name . In 1992 , Daimler ( Ford ) stopped production of the DS420 Limousine , the only model that was a little more than just a re-badged Jaguar . When Ford bought Jaguar in 1990 , the British press showed a coloured computer-generated image of a proposed new Daimler car – not merely a rebadged Jaguar XJ . At least one related project has been documented . Daimler remained the flagship Jaguar product in every country except the US , where the top Jaguar is known as the XJ Vanden Plas — Jaguar may have feared that the American market would confuse Jaguar Daimler with Daimler AG . Century . Daimlers centenary was celebrated in 1996 by the production of a special edition : 100 Double Six and 100 straight-six cars , each with special paint and other special finishes including electrically adjustable rear seats . The single 2-door 4-seater convertible built in 1996 to commemorate Daimlers centenary and called Daimler Corsica was based on the Daimler Double-Six saloon . The prototype , which lacked an engine , had all the luxury features of the standard saloon but a shorter wheelbase . Painted Seafrost it was named after a 1931 Daimler Double-Six with a body by Corsica . Jaguar Daimler Heritage Trust have commissioned it to operate as a fully functional road-legal car and it is on display at The Collection Centre at the British Motor Museum at Gaydon , Warwickshire , England . Daimler Super V8 . 1997 saw the end of production of the Double Six . It was superseded by the introduction of a ( Jaguar ) V8 engine and the new car was given the model name Mark II XJ . The engine was the only significant change from the previous XJ40 . The replacement for the Double Six was the supercharged Super V8 , the supercharger to compensate for the loss of one-third of the previous engines capacity . Daimler Super Eight . After a three-year break a new Daimler , the Super Eight , was presented in July 2005 . It had a new stressed aluminium monocoque/chassis-body with a 4.2 L V8 supercharged engine which produced and a torque rating of at 3500 rpm . This car was derived from the Jaguar XJ ( X350 ) . Owned by Tata ( 2007–present ) . At the end of 2007 ( the formal announcement was delayed until 25 March 2008 ) , it became generally known that Indias Tata Group had completed arrangements to purchase Jaguar ( including Daimler ) and Land Rover . Tata had spoken to the press of plans to properly relaunch Englands oldest car marque . In July 2008 Tata Group , the current owners of Jaguar and Daimler , announced they were considering transforming Daimler into a super-luxury marque to compete directly with ultra luxury companies like Bentley and Rolls-Royce . Until the early 1950s it was often said the aristocracy buy Daimlers , the nouveau riche buy Rolls-Royce . An application to register the Daimler name as a trademark in the US was rejected in 2009 . Current status . The Daimler Company Limited , now The Daimler Motor Company Limited , is still registered as active and accounts are filed each year though it is currently marked non-trading . Until 20 December 1988 its name was The Daimler Company Limited . Before 5 October 2007 , Jaguar , while still controlled by Ford , reached agreement to permit then de-merging DaimlerChrysler to extend its use of the name Daimler . The announcement of this agreement was delayed until the end of July 2008 and made by Jaguars new owner , Tata . By 2007 , Jaguars use of the Daimler brand was limited to one model , the Super Eight , which was to be last Daimler model to be produced . In 2009 , Jaguar lost the right to trademark the Daimler name in the United States .
|
[
"Tata Motors"
] |
[
{
"text": "The Daimler Company Limited ( ) , prior to 1910 The Daimler Motor Company Limited , was an independent British motor vehicle manufacturer founded in London by H . J . Lawson in 1896 , which set up its manufacturing base in Coventry . The company bought the right to the use of the Daimler name simultaneously from Gottlieb Daimler and Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft of Cannstatt , Germany . After early financial difficulty and a reorganisation of the company in 1904 , the Daimler Motor Company was purchased by Birmingham Small Arms Company ( BSA ) in 1910 , which also made",
"title": "Daimler Company"
},
{
"text": "cars under its own name before the Second World War . In 1933 , BSA bought the Lanchester Motor Company and made it a subsidiary of Daimler Company .",
"title": "Daimler Company"
},
{
"text": " Daimler was awarded a Royal Warrant to provide cars to the British monarch in 1902 ; it lost this privilege in the 1950s after being supplanted by Rolls-Royce . Daimler occasionally used alternative technology : the Knight engine which it further developed in the early twentieth century and used from 1909 to 1935 , the worm gear final drive fitted from 1909 until after the Second World War , and their patented fluid flywheel used in conjunction with a Wilson preselector gearbox from 1930 to the mid-1950s .",
"title": "Daimler Company"
},
{
"text": "Daimler tried to widen its appeal in the 1950s with a line of smaller cars at one end and opulent show cars at the other , stopped making Lanchesters , had a highly publicised removal of their chairman from the board , and developed and sold a sports car and a high-performance luxury saloon and limousine .",
"title": "Daimler Company"
},
{
"text": " BSA sold Daimler to Jaguar Cars in 1960 and Jaguar briefly continued Daimlers line adding a Daimler variant of its Mark II sports saloon . Jaguar was then merged into the British Motor Corporation in 1966 and British Leyland in 1968 . Under these companies , Daimler became an upscale trim level for Jaguar cars except for the 1968–1992 Daimler DS420 limousine , which had no Jaguar equivalent despite being fully Jaguar-based . When Jaguar Cars was split off from British Leyland in 1984 it retained the Daimler company and brand .",
"title": "Daimler Company"
},
{
"text": "Ford bought Jaguar Cars in 1990 and under Ford it stopped using the Daimler marque in 2009 when the last X358 Daimler models were discontinued . The X351 Jaguar XJ took its place and there was no Daimler variant . Jaguar Cars remained in its ownership , and from 2000 accompanied by Land Rover , until they sold both Jaguar and Land Rover to Tata Motors in 2008 , who formed Jaguar Land Rover as a subsidiary holding company for them . In 2013 , Jaguar Cars was merged with Land Rover to form Jaguar Land Rover Limited , and",
"title": "Daimler Company"
},
{
"text": "the rights to the Daimler car brand were transferred to the newly formed British multinational car manufacturer Jaguar Land Rover .",
"title": "Daimler Company"
},
{
"text": " Simms and the Daimler engine . Engineer Frederick Richard Simms was supervising construction of an aerial cableway of his own design for the Bremen Exhibition in 1889 when he saw tiny railcars powered by Gottlieb Daimlers motors . Simms , who had been born to English parents in Hamburg and raised by them there , became friends with Daimler , an Anglophile who had worked from autumn 1861 to summer 1863 at Beyer-Peacock in Gorton , Manchester .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "Simms introduced Daimlers motors to England in 1890 to power launches . In an agreement dated 18 February 1891 , he obtained British and Empire rights for the Daimler patents . That month , Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft lent Simms a motorboat with a 2 hp engine and an extra engine . In June 1891 Simms had set up a London office at 49 Leadenhall Street and founded Simms & Co consulting engineers . In May 1892 , the motorboat , which Simms had named Cannstatt , began running on the Thames from Putney . After demonstrating a motor launch to",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "The Honourable Evelyn Ellis , Simmss motor launch business grew rapidly , but became endangered when solicitor Alfred Hendriks was found to have been illegally taking money from the company . Hendriks severed his connections with Simms & Co . in February 1893 . Simms Daimler-related work was later moved into a new company , The Daimler Motor Syndicate Limited , which was formed on 26 May 1893 .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": " Simms plans to make cars . Following the success of Daimler-powered Peugeots and Panhards at the 1894 Paris–Rouen competition , Simms decided to open a motor car factory , On 7 June 1895 Simms told the board of the Daimler Motor Syndicate that he intended to form The Daimler Motor Company Limited to acquire the British rights to the Daimler patents and to manufacture Daimler engines and cars in England . That month , he arranged for the syndicate to receive a ten percent ( 10% ) commission on all British sales of Daimler-powered Panhard & Levassor cars .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "At the same meeting Simms produced the first licence to operate a car under the Daimler patents . It was for a hp Panhard & Levassor that had been bought in France by The Honourable Evelyn Ellis , who had three Daimler motor launches moored by his home at Datchet . On 3 July , after Ellis bought the licence , the car was landed at Southampton and driven by Ellis to Micheldever near Winchester where Ellis met Simms and they drove together to Datchet . Ellis later drove it on to Malvern . This was the first long journey",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "by motorcar in Britain . Simms later referred to the car as a Daimler Motor Carriage .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": " Later in 1895 Simms announced plans to form The Daimler Motor Company Limited and to build a brand-new factory , with delivery of raw materials by light rail , for 400 workmen making Daimler engines and motor carriages . Simms asked his friend Daimler to be consulting engineer to the new enterprise . Works premises at Eel Pie Island on the Thames where the Thames Electric and Steam Launch Company , owned by Andrew Pears of Pears Soap fame , had been making electrically powered motor launches , were purchased to be used to service Daimler-powered motor launches .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "Simms sells out to Lawson .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "Investor Harry John Lawson had set out to use the British Motor Syndicate to monopolise motor car production in Britain by taking over every patent he could . As part of this goal , Lawson approached Simms on 15 October 1895 , seeking the right to arrange the public flotation of the proposed new company and to acquire a large shareholding for his British Motor Syndicate . Welcomed by Simms , the negotiations proceeded on the basis that this new company should acquire The Daimler Motor Syndicate Limited as a going concern , including the name and patent rights .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "In order that the Daimler licences could be transferred from Simms to the new company , all the former partners would have to agree to the transfer . By this time , Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach had withdrawn from Daimler Motoren Gesellschafts business to concentrate on cars and engines for them . Simms offered to pay DMG £17,500 for the transfer and for a licence for Daimler and Maybachs Phénix engine , which DMG did not own . Simms therefore insisted that the transfer be on the condition that Daimler and Maybach rejoined DMG . This was agreed in",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "November 1895 and the Daimler-Maybach car business re-merged with DMGs . Daimler was appointed DMGs General Inspector and Maybach chief Technical Director . At the same time Simms became a director of DMG but did not become a director of the London company . According to Gustav Vischer , DMGs business manager at the time , Simms getting Daimler to return to DMG was no mean feat .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": " The sale of Daimler Motor Syndicate to Lawsons interests was completed by the end of November 1895 . The shareholders of the Syndicate had made a profit of two hundred percent ( 200% ) on their original investment . Independent ( 1896–1910 ) . From starting to stability .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "On 14 January 1896 Lawson incorporated The Daimler Motor Company Limited . A prospectus was issued on 15 February . The subscription lists opened on 17 February and closed , oversubscribed , the next day . The Daimler Motor Company Limited bought The Daimler Motor Syndicate Limited from Lawsons British Motor Syndicate as a going concern . Simms was appointed consulting engineer to the new business but was not to be on the board of directors , possibly because he had become a director of the Cannstatt firm .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "One of the duties assigned to Simms was to find a suitable location for the factory . Simms found the Trusty Oil Engine Works , a company in receivership whose six-acre site at Cheltenham included a foundry , a machine shop , and testing facilities . Simms recommended buying the works immediately since , with ready facilities and the availability of skilled workers , they could start up in a very short time . Instead , at the first statutory meeting of the company , held while Simms was overseas , Lawson persuaded the board to buy a disused four-storey",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "cotton mill in Coventry which was owned by Lawsons associate Ernest Terah Hooley . Despite Simms later protest and pleas to sell the mill and buy the Trusty Oil Engine Works , Daimler stayed with the mill as the site of Britains first automobile factory .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": " Delayed delivery of machines kept the factory unfinished throughout 1896 and into 1897 . During 1896 Daimler sold imported cars from companies for which Lawson held the licences . Cannstatt supplied engine parts but the delivery of working drawings were delayed for months . Four experimental cars were built in Coventry and a Panhard van was dismantled and reverse engineered . Some Daimler engines , with details redesigned by works manager J . S . Critchley , were also made in 1896 .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "The first car left the works in January 1897 , fitted with a Panhard engine , followed in March by Daimler-engined cars . The first Coventry Daimler-engined product made its maiden run in March 1897 . By mid-year they were producing three of their own cars a week and producing Léon Bollée cars under licence . Lawson claimed to have made 20 cars by July 1897 making the Daimler Britains first motor car to go into serial production , an honour that is also credited to Humber Motors who had also displayed , but in their case their production models",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": ", at the Stanley Cycle Show in London in 1896 . The Daimlers had a twin-cylinder , 1526 cc engine , mounted at the front of the car , four-speed gearbox and chain drive to the rear wheels .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": " Because of Daimlers financial difficulty in July 1897 Daimler began asking Lawsons Great Horseless Carriage Company to settle its accounts with them . In the same month , they refused to send working drawings of their 4 hp motor frame to DMG in Canstatt . Lack of co-operation with the Canstatt firm caused Simms to resign as Daimlers consulting engineer that month . Also in July 1897 , the company sold their launch works at Eel Pie Island at a loss of seven £700 or more .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "Ongoing difficulties with the Great Horseless Carriage Company and the British Motor Syndicate caused Lawson to resign from Daimlers board on 7 October 1897 . He was replaced as chairman by Henry Sturmey , who at the time was five days into a motor tour in his personal Daimler from John OGroats to Lands End . On arriving at Lands End on 19 October , Sturmey became the first person to make that journey in a motor car .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "Gottlieb Daimler resigned from the board of the Daimler Motor Company in July 1898 having never attended a board meeting . Sturmey opposed the appointment of a proposed successor who , according to Sturmey , held no shares and knew nothing about the automobile business . A committee was brought in to investigate the activities of the board and the company . The committee summed up the management of the business as being inefficient and not energetic and suggested that it be reorganised and run by a paid managing director . When Evelyn Ellis and another board member did not",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "run for re-election , they were replaced by E . H . Bayley and Edward Jenkinson , with Bayley replacing Sturmey as chairman . Sturmey resigned in May 1899 after Bayley and Jenkinson had reorganised the business .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": " Simms , as a director of DMG , proposed a union between the Daimler Motor Company in Coventry and DMG in Cannstatt in mid-1900 but the reorganised company was not interested in the merger and turned the offer down . Persistent financial troubles caused Daimler to be reorganised again in 1904 . The previous company was wound up and a new company was formed to acquire the old one and pay its debts and winding-up costs .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": "Under the chairmanship of Sir Edward Jenkinson , Daimler hired American electrical engineer Percy Martin as works manager and socialite Undecimus Stratton as the head of the London depot , and promoted Ernest Instone to general manager . Jenkinson was succeeded in 1906 by Edward Manville , a consulting electrical engineer .",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"text": " Known as Britains oldest car manufacturers , Daimler was first associated with royalty in 1898 when the Prince of Wales , later Edward VII , was given a ride on a Daimler by John Douglas-Scott-Montagu later known as Lord Montagu of Beaulieu . Scott-Montagu , as a member of parliament , also drove a Daimler into the yard of the Palace of Westminster , the first motorised vehicle to be driven there .",
"title": "Royal patronage"
},
{
"text": "Daimler had sold the Prince of Wales a mail phaeton in early 1900 . In 1902 , upon buying another Daimler , King Edward VII awarded Daimler a royal warrant as suppliers of motor cars .",
"title": "Royal patronage"
},
{
"text": "Undecimus Stratton met E . G . Jenkinson , the chairman of Daimler , in 1903 when Jenkinsons Daimler was stranded by the roadside . Upon seeing the stranded motorist , Stratton stopped his Daimler and offered assistance . Jenkinson was impressed by Stratton and by his motoring knowledge . At the time , Jenkinson was looking to replace the head of Daimlers London depot , a particularly sensitive position because of the royal cars . Taking the position , Stratton soon found himself having to select better royal chauffeurs and mechanics . He quickly became an occasional motoring companion",
"title": "Royal patronage"
},
{
"text": "to the King . In 1908 , through Strattons Royal connections , Daimler was awarded a Royal Appointment as suppliers of motor cars to the Court of Spain by King Alfonso XIII and a Royal Warrant as Motor Car Manufacturer to the Court of Prussia by Kaiser Wilhelm II . Stratton also sold Daimlers to the Sultan of Johor . In 1911 , he spent some weekends at Sandringham tutoring the new Prince of Wales on the workings and driving of an automobile .",
"title": "Royal patronage"
},
{
"text": " Stratton went into partnership with Daimlers commercial manager Ernest Instone in 1921 . Stratton and Instone took charge of the Daimler showrooms at 27 Pall Mall , naming the business Stratton-Instone . Stratton died in July 1929 after a brief illness . His successors and Instone bought out Daimlers interest in 1930 and renamed the business Stratstone Limited . The following summer the future King Edward VIII rented Strattons house at Sunningdale from his widow .",
"title": "Royal patronage"
},
{
"text": "Every British monarch from Edward VII to Elizabeth II has been driven in Daimler limousines . In 1950 , after a persistent transmission failure on the Kings car , Rolls-Royce was commissioned to provide official state cars and as Daimlers retired they were not replaced by Daimlers . The current official state car is either one of a pair which were specially made for the purpose by Bentley , unofficial chauffeured transport is by Daimler . Her Majestys own car for personal use is a 2008 Daimler Super Eight but she is also seen to drive herself in other smaller",
"title": "Royal patronage"
},
{
"text": "cars .",
"title": "Royal patronage"
},
{
"text": " Since 1904 , the fluted top surface to the radiator grille has been Daimlers distinguishing feature . This motif developed from the heavily finned water-cooling tubes slung externally at the front of early cars . Later , a more conventional , vertical radiator had a heavily finned header tank . Eventually these fins were echoed on a protective grille shell and , even later , on the rear licence plate holder .",
"title": "Fluted radiator"
},
{
"text": "Attracted by the possibilities of the Silent Knight engine Daimlers chairman contacted Charles Yale Knight in Chicago and Knight settled in England near Coventry in 1907 . Daimler bought rights from Knight for England and the colonies and shared ownership of the European rights , in which it took 60% , with Minerva of Belgium . Daimler contracted Dr Frederick Lanchester as their consultant for the purpose and a major re-design and refinement of Knights design took place in great secrecy . Knights design was made a practical proposition . When unveiled in September 1908 the new engine caused a",
"title": "Sleeve-valve engines"
},
{
"text": "sensation . Suffice it to say that mushroom valves , springs and cams , and many small parts , are swept away bodily , that we have an almost perfectly spherical explosion chamber , and a cast-iron sleeve or tube as that portion of the combustion chamber in which the piston travels .",
"title": "Sleeve-valve engines"
},
{
"text": " The Royal Automobile Club held a special meeting to discuss the new engine , still silent but no longer Wholly Knight . The Autocar reported on its extraordinary combination of silence , flexibility and power . Daimler stopped making poppet-valve engines altogether . Under the observation of the Royal Automobile Club ( RAC ) , two Daimler sleeve-valve engines were put through severe bench , road , and track tests and , upon being dismantled , showed no visible wear , earning Daimler the 1909 Dewar Trophy . Sales outran the works ability to supply .",
"title": "Sleeve-valve engines"
},
{
"text": "Daimlers sleeve valve engines idle silently but they left a slight haze of oil smoke trailing behind them . These engines consumed oil at a rate of up to an Imperial gallon every 450 miles , oil being needed to lubricate the sleeves particularly when cold . However , by the standards of their day they required very little maintenance .",
"title": "Sleeve-valve engines"
},
{
"text": " Daimler kept their silent sleeve-valve engines until the mid-1930s . The change to poppet valves began with the Fifteen of 1933 . First fatal motor accident in the United Kingdom .",
"title": "Sleeve-valve engines"
},
{
"text": "A Daimler 6 hp was involved in the first motor accident in the UK to be recorded as having involved the death of the driver . A young engineer was killed in 1899 when the rim of a rear wheel of the car he was driving collapsed under heavy braking in a turn on a sloping road in Harrow on the Hill . The driver and his four passengers were thrown from the car . One of the passengers fractured his skull in the accident and died in hospital three days later .",
"title": "Sleeve-valve engines"
},
{
"text": " Under an agreement dated 22 September 1910 the shareholders of The Daimler Motor Company Limited merged their holdings with those of the Birmingham Small Arms Company ( BSA ) group of companies , receiving five BSA shares in exchange for four ordinary Daimler shares and £1 5s plus accrued dividend for each £1 preference share . This deal was engineered by Dudley Docker , deputy-chairman of BSA , who was famous for previous successful business mergers .",
"title": "Acquisition by BSA"
},
{
"text": "Daimler , a manufacturer of motor vehicles , had a payroll of 4,116 workmen and 418 staff immediately before the merger . BSA produced rifles , ammunition , military vehicles , bicycles , motorcycles and some BSA-branded cars . The chairman of the combined group was Edward Manville , who had been chairman of the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders – founded by Simms – since 1907 .",
"title": "Acquisition by BSA"
},
{
"text": " However the merger was not a great success . By 1913 Daimler had a workforce of 5,000 workers which made only 1,000 vehicles a year .",
"title": "Acquisition by BSA"
},
{
"text": " By 1914 Daimlers were used by royal families including those of Great Britain , Germany , Russia , Sweden , Japan , Spain , and Greece ; its list of owners among the British nobility read like a digest of Debrett ; the Bombay agent supplied Indian princes ; the Japanese agent , Okura , handled sales in Manchuria and Korea .",
"title": "Royal transport"
},
{
"text": " Daimler also made engines and chassis for commercial vehicles , with the Metropolitan Electric Tramways ordering 350 double-decker buses in 1912 and engines being sold to the London General Omnibus Company ( LGOC ) . The 40 hp engine and chassis used with the double-decker bus was also used with lorries and drays , while a half-ton delivery van was based on a 12 hp chassis similar to a car chassis .",
"title": "Public transport"
},
{
"text": "Daimler made a 105 hp 15.9 L sleeve-valve straight-six engine for use in large tractors co-developed with William Foster & Co . for the South American market .",
"title": "Public transport"
},
{
"text": " World War I work . During World War I , the military took the normal production cars , lorries , buses and ambulances together with a scout army vehicle and engines used in ambulances , trucks , and double-decker buses . Special products included aero-engines and complete aircraft , tank and tractor engines and munitions .",
"title": "Public transport"
},
{
"text": "The first aircraft engine manufactured by Daimler was the 80 hp Gnome Monosoupape rotary . With no drawings available to them , Daimlers Gnome engines were reverse-engineered from an engine delivered to them on 7 August 1914 . Daimler later built the RAF 1 and 1a air-cooled V8s , the RAF 4 and 4a V12s , the Le Rhone rotary , and the Bentley BR2 rotary alongside other manufacturers . Production of RAF 4 engines gave Daimler experience in building V12 engines which would be appreciated when they later designed and built Double-Six V12 engines for their large cars .",
"title": "Public transport"
},
{
"text": " Daimler trained air force mechanics at its works and its training methods became the standard for all manufacturers instructing RAF mechanics .",
"title": "Public transport"
},
{
"text": "Having its own body shop , Daimler had the woodworking ability to build complete aircraft . By the end of 1914 , they had built 100 units of the Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2c . These were followed by the BE12 and RE8 . Daimler purchased an open field beside their Radford factory , cleared the site , and made it available to the Government , who turned it into the main RAF testing ground for aircraft built in the Coventry district . Although Daimler tooled up for production of the Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.4 bomber the aircraft was cancelled due",
"title": "Public transport"
},
{
"text": "to poor performance . The last wartime aircraft produced was the Airco DH.10 Amiens bomber when they were building 80 aeroplanes a month .",
"title": "Public transport"
},
{
"text": "Before the war , Daimler had been making 105 hp engines for tractors made by Fosters of Lincoln for the South American market . These tractors were developed into artillery tractors to haul howitzers . Production of the artillery tractors began on 3 December 1914 . These engines were later used for the first British tanks ever built , the prototypes Little Willie and Mother and later in the production Mark I tank . One major difficulty for the tanks was the fine oil haze above their Daimler engines which the enemy quickly learned meant tanks were operating nearby if",
"title": "Public transport"
},
{
"text": "out of sight . The early tanks weighed up to 28 tons . They were all Daimler powered . The Mark IV tank - the first major improvement in design - had uprated engines delivering 125 hp ; these engines had aluminium pistons and are believed to have been designed by W . O . Bentley while he was working on the Bentley BR1 rotary engine in Coventry .",
"title": "Public transport"
},
{
"text": " Daimler made more twelve-inch ( 305 mm ) shell casings than any other private business in the country , with a peak production of more than 2000 casings a day . Each was machined from a 990 lb forging down to a finished weight of 684 lb .",
"title": "Public transport"
},
{
"text": "After the Armistice it was decided that Daimler Hire should extend its luxury travel services to include charter aircraft through a new enterprise , Daimler Air Hire . Following the take-over of Airco and its subsidiaries in February 1920 services included scheduled services London-Paris as well as Taxi Planes to anywhere in Europe . In 1922 , under the name of Daimler Airway services extended to scheduled flights London to Berlin and places between . Frank Searle , managing director of Daimler Hire and its subsidiaries moved with his deputy Humphery Wood into the new national carrier Imperial Airways at",
"title": "Civil aviation"
},
{
"text": "its formation on 1 April 1924 . Searle and Wood and their Daimler Airway machines formed the core of Imperial Airways operations .",
"title": "Civil aviation"
},
{
"text": " Together with Associated Equipment Company ( AEC ) , it formed the Associated Daimler Company to build commercial vehicles in the late 1920s . The association was dissolved in 1928 with each company retaining manufacture of its original products . Lanchester acquisition and badging . The bulk of Daimlers shareholding in its subsidiary Daimler Hire Limited was sold to the Thomas Tilling Group in 1930 . and , in January 1931 , Daimler completed the purchase of The Lanchester Motor Company Limited . The new Lanchester 15/18 model introduced in 1931 was fitted with Daimlers fluid flywheel transmission .",
"title": "Commercial vehicles"
},
{
"text": "Although at first they produced separate ranges of cars with the Daimler badge appearing mainly on the larger models , by the mid-1930s the two were increasingly sharing components leading to the 1936 Lanchester 18/Daimler Light 20 differing in little except trim and grille .",
"title": "Commercial vehicles"
},
{
"text": " This marketing concept already employed with their BSA range of cars continued to the end of Lanchester and BSA car production . Some very important customers , including the Duke of York and at least two Indian princes , were supplied with big Daimler limousines with Lanchester grilles . The Daimler range was exceptionally complex in the 1930s with cars using a variety of six- and eight-cylinder engines with capacities from 1805 cc in the short lived 15 of 1934 to the 4624 cc 4.5-litre of 1936 . Review of BSA management before the Second World War .",
"title": "Commercial vehicles"
},
{
"text": "The divisiveness of the Daimler board did not end with the BSA takeover , but continued into the board of BSA . Despite this , Daimler prospered until the late 1920s , increasing its profits and its reputation . Along with an apprenticeship programme that was among the best in the British industry at the time , they attracted a large number of pupils out of public schools . During the First World War , Daimlers labour force grew from 4,000 to 6,000 men .",
"title": "Commercial vehicles"
},
{
"text": " The acquisition of Airco in February 1920 was a financial disaster for the BSA group . Percy Martin had been strongly in favour of the purchase , including Aircos extensive production facilities near London , and no one thought to examine Aircos true circumstances , leading to liabilities in excess of £1.3 million . All dividends were passed from 1920 to 1924 .",
"title": "Commercial vehicles"
},
{
"text": "By 1930 the BSA Groups primary activities were BSA motorcycles and Daimler vehicles . However , all the quality car businesses experienced financial difficulties in the late 1920s . Daimlers situation seemed particularly serious . Sales fell sharply in 1927–1928 , a period of losses ensued and no dividends were paid between 1929 and 1936 . The sleeve valve engine was outdated , Daimlers production methods had become old-fashioned , they had an extravagantly large range of products . Their bankers noted the decreasing sales volume , the poor performance for price and the need for up-to-date machine tool equipment",
"title": "Commercial vehicles"
},
{
"text": ". Stratton-Instones dominance of distribution was removed and other outlets arranged . The interests in Singer and the Daimler Hire business were sold and Lanchester bought . The in-house bodywork department was closed and by the spring of 1931 car production ceased , only commercial vehicle production and aero engine work kept Daimler in business .",
"title": "Commercial vehicles"
},
{
"text": "Laurence Pomeroy joined Damler in late 1926 , at first working on commercial vehicles but from 1928 he worked at the products of the main Daimler operation . Pomeroy introduced redesigned poppet valve engines with the Daimler Fifteen in September 1932 , developed new models of Daimlers , and recommended what became the September 1932 introduction of the small BSA and Lanchester Tens with poppet valve engines to help Daimler survive the depression . According to Martin , these actions rescued the business from total collapse in 1932 . In 1934 , the Pomeroy-designed poppet-valve Straight-Eights replaced the Daimler Double-Six",
"title": "Commercial vehicles"
},
{
"text": "sleeve-valve V12s without controversy or embarrassment , thereby being a personal triumph for Pomeroy .",
"title": "Commercial vehicles"
},
{
"text": "From before the merger of Daimler into the BSA group the core of Daimlers management was formed by chairman Edward Manville , works manager Percy Martin , and sales manager Ernest Instone , who left Daimler in 1921 to start auto dealer Stratton-Instone , and was responsible for Daimler sales in England and Wales thereafter . Instone died in 1932 , Manville died in 1933 , and Martin , who in January 1934 replaced Alexander Roger , Manvilles replacement , as chairman , retired in 1935 . In May 1936 Laurence Pomeroy was fired as managing director of Daimler with",
"title": "Management shift"
},
{
"text": "immediate effect . Daimler was not paying dividends and the 1936 BSA shareholders meetings were stormy . Attempted solutions had included the Lanchester acquisition and the introduction of smaller cars , the lower-priced 10 hp Lanchester and its matching but six-cylinder stable-mate the Daimler Fifteen ( later DB17 and DB18 ) introduced in the early thirties . This particular product line as the Lanchester Fourteen and Daimler Conquest was to run through to almost the very end .",
"title": "Management shift"
},
{
"text": " Edward H . W . Cooke attempted a revival and from 1937 introduced saloons with a freshness of design new to Daimler . The new products had successes in competitions and rallies . His policy was proved sound but another war , post-war austerity and yet more boardroom battles , this time in public , seemed to put an end to Daimlers once-proud business .",
"title": "Management shift"
},
{
"text": "Daimler started testing the Fluidrive system in a bus chassis in 1928 . This system , patented by Harold Sinclair in 1926 , applied Hermann Föttingers fluid flywheel to replace the clutch in the transmission systems of road vehicles . Daimler was initially interested in the fluid flywheel for use in commercial vehicles , but Martin decided to develop the system for use in passenger cars as well . Martin and Pomeroy originally intended to use the fluid flywheel with a conventional gearbox . Their consultant , Frederick Lanchester , warned them that putting a car with that combination on",
"title": "Daimlers semi-automatic transmissions"
},
{
"text": "the market would be a terribly big gambling risk , and an accident in March 1929 where a Double-Six 30 with a prototype transmission damaged a garage in Devon after Pomeroy left it idling while in gear may have shown the nature of this risk . By October 1930 , when Daimler introduced the fluid flywheel on their new Light Double-Six for an extra £50 , it was used with the self changing gearbox developed by W . G . Wilson . Martin and the Daimler Company patented their refinements to Sinclairs system in 1930 .",
"title": "Daimlers semi-automatic transmissions"
},
{
"text": " By November 1933 the combination of fluid flywheel and Wilson preselector gearbox was used in all Daimler vehicles , ranging from 10 h.p . passenger cars to double-deck omnibuses according to the chairmans report to the shareholders at their Annual General Meeting that month . According to the same report , more than 11,000 vehicles were using the transmission by that time . Daimler would continue to develop and use these transmissions until 1956 , when Borg-Warner fully automatic units were offered initially as an alternative but later as standard .",
"title": "Daimlers semi-automatic transmissions"
},
{
"text": "The Lanchester Sprite , a 1.6 L car with a unit body and Hobbs fully automatic gearbox , was shown at the British International Motor Show at Earls Court in 1954 . Problems with the transmission and other systems were never fully sorted out , and the Sprite was discontinued about two years later with only thirteen being built .",
"title": "Daimlers semi-automatic transmissions"
},
{
"text": "During the Second World War , Daimler turned again to military production . A four-wheel-drive scout car , known to the Army as the Dingo had a 2.5-litre engine and the larger Daimler Armoured Car powered by a 4.1-litre engine and armed with a 2-pounder gun were produced , both with six-cylinder power units , fluid flywheels and epicyclic gearboxes . These military vehicles incorporated various innovative features including disc brakes on all four wheels . The Dingo was designed by parent company BSA and took the name Dingo from an unsuccessful competitor submitted by Alvis .",
"title": "Daimlers semi-automatic transmissions"
},
{
"text": " During the war Daimler built more than 6,600 Scout Cars and some 2,700 Mk I and Mk II Armoured Cars . Daimler also provided tank components , including epicyclic gearboxes for 2,500 Crusader , Covenanter and Cavalier tanks . They built 74,000 Bren gun , initially at a workshop in their Coventry factory and , after the workshop was destroyed in the April 1941 raid , at a boot and shoe factory in Burton-on-Trent .",
"title": "Daimlers semi-automatic transmissions"
},
{
"text": "Instead of building complete aircraft as they had in World War I , Daimler built aircraft components , including 50,800 Bristol radial aero-engines—Mercury , Hercules and Pegasus—with full sets of parts for 9,500 more of these engines , propeller shafts for Rolls-Royce aero-engines , and 14,356 gun-turrets for bombers including their Browning machine guns . In all , Daimler produced more than 10 million aircraft parts during the war . All this production is Daimlers alone excluding BSAs other involvements .",
"title": "Daimlers semi-automatic transmissions"
},
{
"text": "The original Sandy Lane plant , used as a government store , was destroyed by fire during intensive enemy bombing of Coventry , but there were by now shadow factories elsewhere in the city including one located at Browns Lane , Allesey . In 1952 , Jaguar moved to Browns Lane which became the principal Jaguar car plant for several decades . The factory has since been closed but areas retained for smaller Jaguar operations and housing together with development of industrial buildings . The Daimler Radford plant has become a large housing estate .",
"title": "Daimlers semi-automatic transmissions"
},
{
"text": " After that war Daimler produced the Ferret armoured car , a military reconnaissance vehicle based on the innovative 4.1-litre-engined armoured car they had developed and built during the war , which has been used by over 36 countries .",
"title": "Daimlers semi-automatic transmissions"
},
{
"text": " Winston Churchill campaigned for the 1945 and 1950 general elections in the DB18 two-door drophead coupé he had ordered in 1939 . The government ordered new limousines for the commanding officers of the occupying forces . New straight-eights were supplied to the former colonies for the planned royal tours .",
"title": "Postwar decline"
},
{
"text": "The first Daimler limousines to be delivered after the war went to embassies and consulates in Europe and to the Lieutenant-Governors of Jersey and Guernsey . These were Straight-Eights built largely from pre-war stock . The first post-war model was the Eighteen , a development of the pre-war Fifteen using the Scout Cars 2.5 L engine with a new high-compression cylinder head . The model used curved glass in its side windows which were framed by chromed metal channels instead of the thick pillars that were usual at the time . Because of ongoing restrictions on steel , many of",
"title": "Postwar decline"
},
{
"text": "the Eighteens body panels were made from aluminium . The first post-war Lanchester , the Ten , looked like an enlarged Ford Prefect and its body was made in the same factory , Briggs Motor Bodies on the Ford Dagenham site .",
"title": "Postwar decline"
},
{
"text": "Despite the austerity of the times , Daimler celebrated the 1946 golden jubilee of the founding of the business was with a luncheon at the Savoy , at which they announced the pricing of the Daimler Eighteen and the Lanchester Ten . Production of large eight-seat limousines , the six-cylinder DE 27 and the eight-cylinder DE36 , began in March 1946 . These were among the first series-built cars with electrically operated windows . They were also the first Daimler cars since 1909 to use bevel gear final drive instead of Daimlers usual worm final drive , and the DE",
"title": "Postwar decline"
},
{
"text": "36 was the last straight-eight automobile to be manufactured in Britain . The DE 27 chassis was also used in the Daimler Ambulance with bodies by Barker and Hooper .",
"title": "Postwar decline"
},
{
"text": " Foreign monarchs , including the Queen of the Netherlands , the King of Thailand , The Aga Khan ( and Prince Aly Khan ) , the Emperor of Ethiopia , the Prince of Monaco , and the King of Afghanistan , re-ordered to replenish their fleets .",
"title": "Postwar decline"
},
{
"text": "Then in June 1947 the purchase tax was doubled on cars costing more than £1,000 , with home market sales already having been restricted to cars for essential purposes . Petrol remained rationed ; initially ten gallons a month , the monthly ration was increased to fifteen gallons in July 1946 , but was reduced again late in the summer of 1947 . Princess Elizabeth took her -litre coupé , a 21st -birthday gift from her father , to Malta , where her new husband was stationed . The King took delivery of a new open tourer straight-eight in March",
"title": "Postwar decline"
},
{
"text": "1949 . In the commodities boom caused by the 1950 Korean War Australasian woolgrowers reported the new electrically operated limousine-division to be just the thing if over-heated sheepdogs licked the back of a drivers ears . A DE 27 limousine given to HRH Princess Elizabeth by the Royal Air Force as a wedding present was traded for a Rolls-Royce when its transmission failed .",
"title": "Postwar decline"
},
{
"text": " Rolls-Royce was persuaded to re-enter the high-end luxury market and built the straight-eight Phantom IV solely for royalty , heads of state , and their chairman . Former Daimler customers , including British royals and the Aga Khan , switched to the Phantom IV , while the Emperor of Ethiopia and the King and Queen of Greece ordered coachbuilt six-cylinder Silver Wraiths .",
"title": "Postwar decline"
},
{
"text": "Sir Bernard Docker , chairman of the parent company , took the extra responsibility of Daimlers managing director in January 1953 when James Leek was unable to continue through illness . Car buyers were still waiting for the new ( Churchill ) governments easing of the temporary swingeing purchase tax promised in the lead up to the snap-election held during the 1951 Earls Court Motor Show . Lady Docker told her husband to rethink his marketing policies . 3-litre Regency production was stopped . In the hope of keeping 4,000+ employed the Consort price was dropped from 4 February 1953",
"title": "Consorts discounted"
},
{
"text": "to the expected new tax-inclusive level .",
"title": "Consorts discounted"
},
{
"text": " Stagnation of all the British motor industry was relieved by the reduction of purchase tax in the April 1953 budget . Daimler announced the introduction of the moderately sized Conquest in May ( apparently developed in just four months from the four-cylinder Lanchester 14 or Leda with a Daimler grille ) .",
"title": "Consorts discounted"
},
{
"text": "Daimler and Lanchester ( there were no more BSA cars ) struggled after the War , producing too many models with short runs and limited production , and frequently selling too few of each model , while Jaguar seemed to know what the public wanted and expanded rapidly . Daimler produced heavy , staid , large and small luxury cars with a stuffy , if sometimes opulent image . Jaguar produced lower quality cars at a remarkably low price , designed for enthusiasts .",
"title": "Consorts discounted"
},
{
"text": " The BSA groups leadership of the worlds motorcycle market was eventually lost to Japanese manufacturers .",
"title": "Consorts discounted"
},
{
"text": " Sir Bernard Docker was the managing director of BSA from early in WWII , and married Norah , Lady Collins in 1949 . Nora was twice-widowed and wealthy in her own right . This was her third marriage . She had originally been a successful dance hall hostess . Lady Docker took an interest in her husbands companies and became a director of Hooper , the coachbuilders .",
"title": "Lady Dockers Daimlers"
},
{
"text": "Daughter of an unsuccessful Birmingham car salesman Lady Docker could see that the Daimler cars , no longer popular with the royal family , were in danger of becoming an anachronism in the modern world . She took it upon herself to raise Daimlers profile , but in an extravagant fashion , by encouraging Sir Bernard to produce show cars .",
"title": "Lady Dockers Daimlers"
},
{
"text": " The first was the 1951 Golden Daimler , an opulent touring limousine , in 1952 , Blue Clover , a two-door sportsmans coupe , in 1953 the Silver Flash based on the 3-litre Regency chassis , and in 1954 Stardust , redolent of the Gold Car , but based on the DK400 chassis as was what proved to be her Paris 1955 grande finale , a 2-door coupé she named Golden Zebra , the last straw for the Tax Office and now on permanent display at The Hague .",
"title": "Lady Dockers Daimlers"
},
{
"text": "At the same time Lady Docker earned a reputation for having rather poor social graces when under the influence , and she and Sir Bernard were investigated for failing to correctly declare the amount of money taken out of the country on a visit to a Monte Carlo casino . Sir Bernard was instantly dumped for absenteeism by the Midland Bank board without waiting for the court case . Norah drew further attention . She ran up large bills and presented them to Daimler as business expenses but some items were disallowed by the Tax Office . The publicity attached",
"title": "Lady Dockers Daimlers"
}
] |
/wiki/Francesco_Pisani#P39#0
|
Francesco Pisani took which position between Dec 1517 and Feb 1518?
|
Francesco Pisani Francesco Pisani ( 1494 – 28 June 1570 ) was an Italian Cardinal , born in Venice , the son of Alvise Pisani the noted banker , who was Procurator of S . Marks , a member of the Council of Ten , and a Councilor of the Doge of Venice ; and Cecilia Giustinian . He had a brother named Giovanni ( Zuan ) , who also became Procurator of S . Marks and was a Venetian diplomat ; he was married to the sister of Doge Andrea Gritti . He was a strong supporter of the alliance between Venice , France and the Papacy , called the League of Cognac . He shared the imprisonment of Pope Clement VII in the Castel S . Angelo during the Sack of Rome and its aftermath . He spent eighteen months in exile in Naples while Clement made his peace with the Emperor Charles V . Early Benefices . Nothing is known about his education . Francesco had been named a Protonotary Apostolic , the highest grade of monsignor , giving him the rank of a prelate . He was created a cardinal-deacon by Pope Leo X , in the Consistory of 1 July 1517 , at the request of Doge Leonardo Loredan , and assigned the Deaconry of S . Teodoro . The red hat is said to have cost his father 20,000 gold ducats and a ruby . The new cardinal was not in Rome at the time , and the red hat was brought to him in Venice ; it was presented on Sunday , 23 August 1517 . On 27 August 1518 , the Venetian Council voted to give possession of the Benedictine abbey of S . Stefano di Spalato , on the death of its abbot , to Cardinal Pisani . Pisani was appointed Bishop of Padua on 8 August 1524 . In 1526 , during the invasion of the city of Rome on 20-21 September , led by Cardinal Pompeo Colonna , Pisani sheltered the Venetian Ambassador in the Palazzo Venezia . On 28 September 1526 , he was named Administrator of the diocese of Città Nova ( Aemonensis , in Istria ) , which he finally resigned in 1535 . Sack of Rome . On 27 February 1527 , Cardinal Pisani was granted the Deaconry of S . Maria in Porticu . He was promoted Cardinal-Deacon of San Marco , the traditional Venetian church in Rome , which is normally the titulus of a cardinal-priest , on 3 May 1527 by Pope Clement VII , just three days before the Sack of Rome began . He kept the Deaconry of S . Maria in Porticu in commendam . Two days later he was finally consecrated bishop . On the morning of 6 May , as the assault on Rome began , Cardinal Pisani was at the Vatican Palace , to participate in the Popes morning Mass . He was with the Pope to witness the assault , and fled with the Pope through the covered passage to the Castel S . Angelo . He was Pope Clements fellow prisoner in the Castel S . Angelo during the Sack of Rome in May 1527 , and its aftermath . In September 1527 , Giovanni ( Zuan ) Pisani , the brother of Cardinal Francesco , reported to the Signoria of Venice that he had word that the Pope had appointed his brother Archbishop of Vienne , and that the Pope was writing to the King of France for his consent . Pope Clement finally concluded a treaty ( i.e . surrendered ) to the Spanish at the end of November . At the beginning of December 1527 , the two leaders of the French and Venetian factions in the College of Cardinals , Cardinal Pisani and Cardinal Trivulzio , were taken to Gaeta , and from there sent to Naples as hostages for the Popes good behavior . It was reported to the Signoria of Venice that , on 2 December 1527 Cardinal Pisani freely renounced the See of Padua in favor of his nephew Alvise di Giovanni Pisani ; the Signoria ordered the Rector of Padua to hand over the diocese either to Alvise ( Luigi ) Pisani or his Procurator . The younger Alviso was only twelve years old , and his uncle the Cardinal continued to administer the diocese until his own death . On 27 January 1528 , Cardinal Pisani was appointed Administrator of the diocese of Treviso . Nonetheless , Cardinal Francesco was a hostage for the good behavior of the Pope , being kept in Naples for eighteen months . Pisanis father , Alvise , was Commissary General of the French-Venetian armies fighting the Spanish in the Kingdom of Naples , where he died of disease in August 1528 . After the Sack and Prison . In 1529 Cardinal Pisani obtained the Deaconry of Sant Agata in Suburra , probably in commendam , since he continued to style himself Cardinal Deacon of S . Marco . He held the Deaconry until 1545 . On 1 April 1535 Cardinal Francesco Pisano , Cardinal Deacon of S . Marco , who was possessor of the faculty of disposing of certain benefices in the Cathedrals of Padua and Treviso , which had been granted him by Popes Clement VII and Paul III , renounced those privileges in order to conform with the desire of the Signoria of Venice . In 1550 Cardinal Juan Alvarez de Toledo was promoted from the Deaconry of S . Maria in Porticu to the priestly titulus of S . Sisto . Consequently , the Deaconry of S . Maria in Porticu was given back to Cardinal Pisani in commendam , and he held it until he was promoted to the Cardinal-Bishopric of Albano . Cardinal Pisani was nominated Administrator of the diocese of Narbonne by King Henri II of France , which was confirmed on 11 May 1551 . Cardinal Protodeacon . On 10 April 1555 , as senior Cardinal Deacon , Cardinal Pisani crowned Pope Marcellus II ( Cervini ) . It was Wednesday in Holy Week , and therefore the ceremony was very simple . Cervini had been elected earlier on the same day , and immediately consecrated a bishop in the Cappella Paolina by the Bishop of Ostia , Cardinal Gian Pietro Carafa . Pope Marcellus II died during the night between April 30 and May 1 , after a reign of only twenty-two days . On 23 May 1555 , Cardinal Gian Pietro Carafa was elected pope , and chose the name Paul IV . He was crowned on the steps of the Vatican Basilica on Sunday , 26 May , by Cardinal Francesco Pisani , the prior Diaconum . Cardinal Bishop . With his election to the Papacy , Cardinal Carafa left the See of Ostia vacant . It was filled by Cardinal Jean du Bellay . Bellays seat at Porto was then filled by Cardinal Rodolfo Pio de Carpi , Bishop of Tusculum . The then vacant See of Tusculum was taken by Cardinal Juan Álvarez de Toledo , leaving his seat at Albano vacant . Cardinal Pisani was promoted Cardinal-bishop of Albano on 29 May 1555 by Pope Paul IV , then , on the death of Cardinal Alvarez , he was promoted Cardinal-bishop of Frascati ( Tusculum ) on 20 September 1557 . Pius IV promoted him Cardinal-bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina on 18 May 1562 when Rodolfo Pio became Bishop of Ostia , and then Cardinal Pisani himself became Cardinal-bishop of Ostia on 12 May 1564 . Cardinal Francesco Pisani participated as Bishop of Tusculum ( Frascati ) in the Conclave of 1559 , an event that lasted nearly four months . It was notorious for the extreme laxity of security . On 5 December , the traditional rule that went back to Pope Gregory X ( 1274 ) was put into effect , limiting the cardinals to one dish at a meal was put into effect . Finally on Christmas Day , after the French and Spanish factions had both exhausted their resources , Cardinal Giovanni Angelo de Medici was elected by acclamation , and a formal scrutiny was taken the next day . He chose to be called Pius IV . On 10 June 1564 , Pope Pius IV granted the Serene Republic of Venice the Palazzo of S . Marco in Rome , on the condition that the Cardinal of S . Marco could reside there , and that the transfer was not to take place until after the death of Cardinal Francesco Pisani , Bishop of Ostia , or with his consent . Cardinal Pisani also took part in the Conclave of 1565-1566 , this time as Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals . He was the senior cardinal present , and the only cardinal who survived from the reign of Leo X . He was considered papabile , but he had no great following . On 7 January 1566 , mostly through the work of Cardinals Carlo Borromeo and Alessandro Farnese , the cardinals elected Cardinal Michele Ghislieri , who took the throne name Pius V . The Cardinal was a patron of the arts . He commissioned a house on the mainland in Montagnana , the Villa Pisani , from Andrea Palladio . He also commissioned an altarpiece for the Cathedral of Montagnana , Santa Maria Assunta , from Paolo Veronese , who was resident in Montagnana in 1555 . The subject was the Transfiguration of Christ . Cardinal Pisani died in Rome , at his palazzo of S . Marco , on 28 June 1570 , at the age of seventy-six , having been a cardinal for fifty-three years . He was buried in the Basilica of S . Marco in Rome . A statue of Cardinal Francesco Pisani , not done from life , is No . 70 in the Prato della valle in Padua ; the statues were carved ca . 1775-1883 . External links . - Villa Pisani , Centro Internazionale di Studi di Architettura Andrea Palladio .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": "Francesco Pisani ( 1494 – 28 June 1570 ) was an Italian Cardinal , born in Venice , the son of Alvise Pisani the noted banker , who was Procurator of S . Marks , a member of the Council of Ten , and a Councilor of the Doge of Venice ; and Cecilia Giustinian . He had a brother named Giovanni ( Zuan ) , who also became Procurator of S . Marks and was a Venetian diplomat ; he was married to the sister of Doge Andrea Gritti . He was a strong supporter of the alliance between",
"title": "Francesco Pisani"
},
{
"text": "Venice , France and the Papacy , called the League of Cognac . He shared the imprisonment of Pope Clement VII in the Castel S . Angelo during the Sack of Rome and its aftermath . He spent eighteen months in exile in Naples while Clement made his peace with the Emperor Charles V .",
"title": "Francesco Pisani"
},
{
"text": "Francesco had been named a Protonotary Apostolic , the highest grade of monsignor , giving him the rank of a prelate . He was created a cardinal-deacon by Pope Leo X , in the Consistory of 1 July 1517 , at the request of Doge Leonardo Loredan , and assigned the Deaconry of S . Teodoro . The red hat is said to have cost his father 20,000 gold ducats and a ruby . The new cardinal was not in Rome at the time , and the red hat was brought to him in Venice ; it was presented on",
"title": "Early Benefices"
},
{
"text": "Sunday , 23 August 1517 . On 27 August 1518 , the Venetian Council voted to give possession of the Benedictine abbey of S . Stefano di Spalato , on the death of its abbot , to Cardinal Pisani . Pisani was appointed Bishop of Padua on 8 August 1524 .",
"title": "Early Benefices"
},
{
"text": " In 1526 , during the invasion of the city of Rome on 20-21 September , led by Cardinal Pompeo Colonna , Pisani sheltered the Venetian Ambassador in the Palazzo Venezia . On 28 September 1526 , he was named Administrator of the diocese of Città Nova ( Aemonensis , in Istria ) , which he finally resigned in 1535 .",
"title": "Early Benefices"
},
{
"text": " On 27 February 1527 , Cardinal Pisani was granted the Deaconry of S . Maria in Porticu . He was promoted Cardinal-Deacon of San Marco , the traditional Venetian church in Rome , which is normally the titulus of a cardinal-priest , on 3 May 1527 by Pope Clement VII , just three days before the Sack of Rome began . He kept the Deaconry of S . Maria in Porticu in commendam . Two days later he was finally consecrated bishop .",
"title": "Sack of Rome"
},
{
"text": "On the morning of 6 May , as the assault on Rome began , Cardinal Pisani was at the Vatican Palace , to participate in the Popes morning Mass . He was with the Pope to witness the assault , and fled with the Pope through the covered passage to the Castel S . Angelo . He was Pope Clements fellow prisoner in the Castel S . Angelo during the Sack of Rome in May 1527 , and its aftermath . In September 1527 , Giovanni ( Zuan ) Pisani , the brother of Cardinal Francesco , reported to the",
"title": "Sack of Rome"
},
{
"text": "Signoria of Venice that he had word that the Pope had appointed his brother Archbishop of Vienne , and that the Pope was writing to the King of France for his consent . Pope Clement finally concluded a treaty ( i.e . surrendered ) to the Spanish at the end of November . At the beginning of December 1527 , the two leaders of the French and Venetian factions in the College of Cardinals , Cardinal Pisani and Cardinal Trivulzio , were taken to Gaeta , and from there sent to Naples as hostages for the Popes good behavior .",
"title": "Sack of Rome"
},
{
"text": "It was reported to the Signoria of Venice that , on 2 December 1527 Cardinal Pisani freely renounced the See of Padua in favor of his nephew Alvise di Giovanni Pisani ; the Signoria ordered the Rector of Padua to hand over the diocese either to Alvise ( Luigi ) Pisani or his Procurator . The younger Alviso was only twelve years old , and his uncle the Cardinal continued to administer the diocese until his own death . On 27 January 1528 , Cardinal Pisani was appointed Administrator of the diocese of Treviso . Nonetheless , Cardinal Francesco was",
"title": "Sack of Rome"
},
{
"text": "a hostage for the good behavior of the Pope , being kept in Naples for eighteen months . Pisanis father , Alvise , was Commissary General of the French-Venetian armies fighting the Spanish in the Kingdom of Naples , where he died of disease in August 1528 .",
"title": "Sack of Rome"
},
{
"text": " After the Sack and Prison . In 1529 Cardinal Pisani obtained the Deaconry of Sant Agata in Suburra , probably in commendam , since he continued to style himself Cardinal Deacon of S . Marco . He held the Deaconry until 1545 .",
"title": "Sack of Rome"
},
{
"text": "On 1 April 1535 Cardinal Francesco Pisano , Cardinal Deacon of S . Marco , who was possessor of the faculty of disposing of certain benefices in the Cathedrals of Padua and Treviso , which had been granted him by Popes Clement VII and Paul III , renounced those privileges in order to conform with the desire of the Signoria of Venice .",
"title": "Sack of Rome"
},
{
"text": " In 1550 Cardinal Juan Alvarez de Toledo was promoted from the Deaconry of S . Maria in Porticu to the priestly titulus of S . Sisto . Consequently , the Deaconry of S . Maria in Porticu was given back to Cardinal Pisani in commendam , and he held it until he was promoted to the Cardinal-Bishopric of Albano . Cardinal Pisani was nominated Administrator of the diocese of Narbonne by King Henri II of France , which was confirmed on 11 May 1551 .",
"title": "Sack of Rome"
},
{
"text": " On 10 April 1555 , as senior Cardinal Deacon , Cardinal Pisani crowned Pope Marcellus II ( Cervini ) . It was Wednesday in Holy Week , and therefore the ceremony was very simple . Cervini had been elected earlier on the same day , and immediately consecrated a bishop in the Cappella Paolina by the Bishop of Ostia , Cardinal Gian Pietro Carafa . Pope Marcellus II died during the night between April 30 and May 1 , after a reign of only twenty-two days .",
"title": "Cardinal Protodeacon"
},
{
"text": "On 23 May 1555 , Cardinal Gian Pietro Carafa was elected pope , and chose the name Paul IV . He was crowned on the steps of the Vatican Basilica on Sunday , 26 May , by Cardinal Francesco Pisani , the prior Diaconum .",
"title": "Cardinal Protodeacon"
},
{
"text": "With his election to the Papacy , Cardinal Carafa left the See of Ostia vacant . It was filled by Cardinal Jean du Bellay . Bellays seat at Porto was then filled by Cardinal Rodolfo Pio de Carpi , Bishop of Tusculum . The then vacant See of Tusculum was taken by Cardinal Juan Álvarez de Toledo , leaving his seat at Albano vacant . Cardinal Pisani was promoted Cardinal-bishop of Albano on 29 May 1555 by Pope Paul IV , then , on the death of Cardinal Alvarez , he was promoted Cardinal-bishop of Frascati ( Tusculum ) on",
"title": "Cardinal Bishop"
},
{
"text": "20 September 1557 . Pius IV promoted him Cardinal-bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina on 18 May 1562 when Rodolfo Pio became Bishop of Ostia , and then Cardinal Pisani himself became Cardinal-bishop of Ostia on 12 May 1564 .",
"title": "Cardinal Bishop"
},
{
"text": "Cardinal Francesco Pisani participated as Bishop of Tusculum ( Frascati ) in the Conclave of 1559 , an event that lasted nearly four months . It was notorious for the extreme laxity of security . On 5 December , the traditional rule that went back to Pope Gregory X ( 1274 ) was put into effect , limiting the cardinals to one dish at a meal was put into effect . Finally on Christmas Day , after the French and Spanish factions had both exhausted their resources , Cardinal Giovanni Angelo de Medici was elected by acclamation , and a",
"title": "Cardinal Bishop"
},
{
"text": "formal scrutiny was taken the next day . He chose to be called Pius IV .",
"title": "Cardinal Bishop"
},
{
"text": " On 10 June 1564 , Pope Pius IV granted the Serene Republic of Venice the Palazzo of S . Marco in Rome , on the condition that the Cardinal of S . Marco could reside there , and that the transfer was not to take place until after the death of Cardinal Francesco Pisani , Bishop of Ostia , or with his consent .",
"title": "Cardinal Bishop"
},
{
"text": "Cardinal Pisani also took part in the Conclave of 1565-1566 , this time as Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals . He was the senior cardinal present , and the only cardinal who survived from the reign of Leo X . He was considered papabile , but he had no great following . On 7 January 1566 , mostly through the work of Cardinals Carlo Borromeo and Alessandro Farnese , the cardinals elected Cardinal Michele Ghislieri , who took the throne name Pius V .",
"title": "Cardinal Bishop"
},
{
"text": " The Cardinal was a patron of the arts . He commissioned a house on the mainland in Montagnana , the Villa Pisani , from Andrea Palladio . He also commissioned an altarpiece for the Cathedral of Montagnana , Santa Maria Assunta , from Paolo Veronese , who was resident in Montagnana in 1555 . The subject was the Transfiguration of Christ .",
"title": "Cardinal Bishop"
},
{
"text": "Cardinal Pisani died in Rome , at his palazzo of S . Marco , on 28 June 1570 , at the age of seventy-six , having been a cardinal for fifty-three years . He was buried in the Basilica of S . Marco in Rome .",
"title": "Cardinal Bishop"
},
{
"text": " A statue of Cardinal Francesco Pisani , not done from life , is No . 70 in the Prato della valle in Padua ; the statues were carved ca . 1775-1883 .",
"title": "Cardinal Bishop"
},
{
"text": " - Villa Pisani , Centro Internazionale di Studi di Architettura Andrea Palladio .",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Francesco_Pisani#P39#1
|
Francesco Pisani took which position between Apr 1525 and Feb 1526?
|
Francesco Pisani Francesco Pisani ( 1494 – 28 June 1570 ) was an Italian Cardinal , born in Venice , the son of Alvise Pisani the noted banker , who was Procurator of S . Marks , a member of the Council of Ten , and a Councilor of the Doge of Venice ; and Cecilia Giustinian . He had a brother named Giovanni ( Zuan ) , who also became Procurator of S . Marks and was a Venetian diplomat ; he was married to the sister of Doge Andrea Gritti . He was a strong supporter of the alliance between Venice , France and the Papacy , called the League of Cognac . He shared the imprisonment of Pope Clement VII in the Castel S . Angelo during the Sack of Rome and its aftermath . He spent eighteen months in exile in Naples while Clement made his peace with the Emperor Charles V . Early Benefices . Nothing is known about his education . Francesco had been named a Protonotary Apostolic , the highest grade of monsignor , giving him the rank of a prelate . He was created a cardinal-deacon by Pope Leo X , in the Consistory of 1 July 1517 , at the request of Doge Leonardo Loredan , and assigned the Deaconry of S . Teodoro . The red hat is said to have cost his father 20,000 gold ducats and a ruby . The new cardinal was not in Rome at the time , and the red hat was brought to him in Venice ; it was presented on Sunday , 23 August 1517 . On 27 August 1518 , the Venetian Council voted to give possession of the Benedictine abbey of S . Stefano di Spalato , on the death of its abbot , to Cardinal Pisani . Pisani was appointed Bishop of Padua on 8 August 1524 . In 1526 , during the invasion of the city of Rome on 20-21 September , led by Cardinal Pompeo Colonna , Pisani sheltered the Venetian Ambassador in the Palazzo Venezia . On 28 September 1526 , he was named Administrator of the diocese of Città Nova ( Aemonensis , in Istria ) , which he finally resigned in 1535 . Sack of Rome . On 27 February 1527 , Cardinal Pisani was granted the Deaconry of S . Maria in Porticu . He was promoted Cardinal-Deacon of San Marco , the traditional Venetian church in Rome , which is normally the titulus of a cardinal-priest , on 3 May 1527 by Pope Clement VII , just three days before the Sack of Rome began . He kept the Deaconry of S . Maria in Porticu in commendam . Two days later he was finally consecrated bishop . On the morning of 6 May , as the assault on Rome began , Cardinal Pisani was at the Vatican Palace , to participate in the Popes morning Mass . He was with the Pope to witness the assault , and fled with the Pope through the covered passage to the Castel S . Angelo . He was Pope Clements fellow prisoner in the Castel S . Angelo during the Sack of Rome in May 1527 , and its aftermath . In September 1527 , Giovanni ( Zuan ) Pisani , the brother of Cardinal Francesco , reported to the Signoria of Venice that he had word that the Pope had appointed his brother Archbishop of Vienne , and that the Pope was writing to the King of France for his consent . Pope Clement finally concluded a treaty ( i.e . surrendered ) to the Spanish at the end of November . At the beginning of December 1527 , the two leaders of the French and Venetian factions in the College of Cardinals , Cardinal Pisani and Cardinal Trivulzio , were taken to Gaeta , and from there sent to Naples as hostages for the Popes good behavior . It was reported to the Signoria of Venice that , on 2 December 1527 Cardinal Pisani freely renounced the See of Padua in favor of his nephew Alvise di Giovanni Pisani ; the Signoria ordered the Rector of Padua to hand over the diocese either to Alvise ( Luigi ) Pisani or his Procurator . The younger Alviso was only twelve years old , and his uncle the Cardinal continued to administer the diocese until his own death . On 27 January 1528 , Cardinal Pisani was appointed Administrator of the diocese of Treviso . Nonetheless , Cardinal Francesco was a hostage for the good behavior of the Pope , being kept in Naples for eighteen months . Pisanis father , Alvise , was Commissary General of the French-Venetian armies fighting the Spanish in the Kingdom of Naples , where he died of disease in August 1528 . After the Sack and Prison . In 1529 Cardinal Pisani obtained the Deaconry of Sant Agata in Suburra , probably in commendam , since he continued to style himself Cardinal Deacon of S . Marco . He held the Deaconry until 1545 . On 1 April 1535 Cardinal Francesco Pisano , Cardinal Deacon of S . Marco , who was possessor of the faculty of disposing of certain benefices in the Cathedrals of Padua and Treviso , which had been granted him by Popes Clement VII and Paul III , renounced those privileges in order to conform with the desire of the Signoria of Venice . In 1550 Cardinal Juan Alvarez de Toledo was promoted from the Deaconry of S . Maria in Porticu to the priestly titulus of S . Sisto . Consequently , the Deaconry of S . Maria in Porticu was given back to Cardinal Pisani in commendam , and he held it until he was promoted to the Cardinal-Bishopric of Albano . Cardinal Pisani was nominated Administrator of the diocese of Narbonne by King Henri II of France , which was confirmed on 11 May 1551 . Cardinal Protodeacon . On 10 April 1555 , as senior Cardinal Deacon , Cardinal Pisani crowned Pope Marcellus II ( Cervini ) . It was Wednesday in Holy Week , and therefore the ceremony was very simple . Cervini had been elected earlier on the same day , and immediately consecrated a bishop in the Cappella Paolina by the Bishop of Ostia , Cardinal Gian Pietro Carafa . Pope Marcellus II died during the night between April 30 and May 1 , after a reign of only twenty-two days . On 23 May 1555 , Cardinal Gian Pietro Carafa was elected pope , and chose the name Paul IV . He was crowned on the steps of the Vatican Basilica on Sunday , 26 May , by Cardinal Francesco Pisani , the prior Diaconum . Cardinal Bishop . With his election to the Papacy , Cardinal Carafa left the See of Ostia vacant . It was filled by Cardinal Jean du Bellay . Bellays seat at Porto was then filled by Cardinal Rodolfo Pio de Carpi , Bishop of Tusculum . The then vacant See of Tusculum was taken by Cardinal Juan Álvarez de Toledo , leaving his seat at Albano vacant . Cardinal Pisani was promoted Cardinal-bishop of Albano on 29 May 1555 by Pope Paul IV , then , on the death of Cardinal Alvarez , he was promoted Cardinal-bishop of Frascati ( Tusculum ) on 20 September 1557 . Pius IV promoted him Cardinal-bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina on 18 May 1562 when Rodolfo Pio became Bishop of Ostia , and then Cardinal Pisani himself became Cardinal-bishop of Ostia on 12 May 1564 . Cardinal Francesco Pisani participated as Bishop of Tusculum ( Frascati ) in the Conclave of 1559 , an event that lasted nearly four months . It was notorious for the extreme laxity of security . On 5 December , the traditional rule that went back to Pope Gregory X ( 1274 ) was put into effect , limiting the cardinals to one dish at a meal was put into effect . Finally on Christmas Day , after the French and Spanish factions had both exhausted their resources , Cardinal Giovanni Angelo de Medici was elected by acclamation , and a formal scrutiny was taken the next day . He chose to be called Pius IV . On 10 June 1564 , Pope Pius IV granted the Serene Republic of Venice the Palazzo of S . Marco in Rome , on the condition that the Cardinal of S . Marco could reside there , and that the transfer was not to take place until after the death of Cardinal Francesco Pisani , Bishop of Ostia , or with his consent . Cardinal Pisani also took part in the Conclave of 1565-1566 , this time as Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals . He was the senior cardinal present , and the only cardinal who survived from the reign of Leo X . He was considered papabile , but he had no great following . On 7 January 1566 , mostly through the work of Cardinals Carlo Borromeo and Alessandro Farnese , the cardinals elected Cardinal Michele Ghislieri , who took the throne name Pius V . The Cardinal was a patron of the arts . He commissioned a house on the mainland in Montagnana , the Villa Pisani , from Andrea Palladio . He also commissioned an altarpiece for the Cathedral of Montagnana , Santa Maria Assunta , from Paolo Veronese , who was resident in Montagnana in 1555 . The subject was the Transfiguration of Christ . Cardinal Pisani died in Rome , at his palazzo of S . Marco , on 28 June 1570 , at the age of seventy-six , having been a cardinal for fifty-three years . He was buried in the Basilica of S . Marco in Rome . A statue of Cardinal Francesco Pisani , not done from life , is No . 70 in the Prato della valle in Padua ; the statues were carved ca . 1775-1883 . External links . - Villa Pisani , Centro Internazionale di Studi di Architettura Andrea Palladio .
|
[
"Bishop of Padua"
] |
[
{
"text": "Francesco Pisani ( 1494 – 28 June 1570 ) was an Italian Cardinal , born in Venice , the son of Alvise Pisani the noted banker , who was Procurator of S . Marks , a member of the Council of Ten , and a Councilor of the Doge of Venice ; and Cecilia Giustinian . He had a brother named Giovanni ( Zuan ) , who also became Procurator of S . Marks and was a Venetian diplomat ; he was married to the sister of Doge Andrea Gritti . He was a strong supporter of the alliance between",
"title": "Francesco Pisani"
},
{
"text": "Venice , France and the Papacy , called the League of Cognac . He shared the imprisonment of Pope Clement VII in the Castel S . Angelo during the Sack of Rome and its aftermath . He spent eighteen months in exile in Naples while Clement made his peace with the Emperor Charles V .",
"title": "Francesco Pisani"
},
{
"text": "Francesco had been named a Protonotary Apostolic , the highest grade of monsignor , giving him the rank of a prelate . He was created a cardinal-deacon by Pope Leo X , in the Consistory of 1 July 1517 , at the request of Doge Leonardo Loredan , and assigned the Deaconry of S . Teodoro . The red hat is said to have cost his father 20,000 gold ducats and a ruby . The new cardinal was not in Rome at the time , and the red hat was brought to him in Venice ; it was presented on",
"title": "Early Benefices"
},
{
"text": "Sunday , 23 August 1517 . On 27 August 1518 , the Venetian Council voted to give possession of the Benedictine abbey of S . Stefano di Spalato , on the death of its abbot , to Cardinal Pisani . Pisani was appointed Bishop of Padua on 8 August 1524 .",
"title": "Early Benefices"
},
{
"text": " In 1526 , during the invasion of the city of Rome on 20-21 September , led by Cardinal Pompeo Colonna , Pisani sheltered the Venetian Ambassador in the Palazzo Venezia . On 28 September 1526 , he was named Administrator of the diocese of Città Nova ( Aemonensis , in Istria ) , which he finally resigned in 1535 .",
"title": "Early Benefices"
},
{
"text": " On 27 February 1527 , Cardinal Pisani was granted the Deaconry of S . Maria in Porticu . He was promoted Cardinal-Deacon of San Marco , the traditional Venetian church in Rome , which is normally the titulus of a cardinal-priest , on 3 May 1527 by Pope Clement VII , just three days before the Sack of Rome began . He kept the Deaconry of S . Maria in Porticu in commendam . Two days later he was finally consecrated bishop .",
"title": "Sack of Rome"
},
{
"text": "On the morning of 6 May , as the assault on Rome began , Cardinal Pisani was at the Vatican Palace , to participate in the Popes morning Mass . He was with the Pope to witness the assault , and fled with the Pope through the covered passage to the Castel S . Angelo . He was Pope Clements fellow prisoner in the Castel S . Angelo during the Sack of Rome in May 1527 , and its aftermath . In September 1527 , Giovanni ( Zuan ) Pisani , the brother of Cardinal Francesco , reported to the",
"title": "Sack of Rome"
},
{
"text": "Signoria of Venice that he had word that the Pope had appointed his brother Archbishop of Vienne , and that the Pope was writing to the King of France for his consent . Pope Clement finally concluded a treaty ( i.e . surrendered ) to the Spanish at the end of November . At the beginning of December 1527 , the two leaders of the French and Venetian factions in the College of Cardinals , Cardinal Pisani and Cardinal Trivulzio , were taken to Gaeta , and from there sent to Naples as hostages for the Popes good behavior .",
"title": "Sack of Rome"
},
{
"text": "It was reported to the Signoria of Venice that , on 2 December 1527 Cardinal Pisani freely renounced the See of Padua in favor of his nephew Alvise di Giovanni Pisani ; the Signoria ordered the Rector of Padua to hand over the diocese either to Alvise ( Luigi ) Pisani or his Procurator . The younger Alviso was only twelve years old , and his uncle the Cardinal continued to administer the diocese until his own death . On 27 January 1528 , Cardinal Pisani was appointed Administrator of the diocese of Treviso . Nonetheless , Cardinal Francesco was",
"title": "Sack of Rome"
},
{
"text": "a hostage for the good behavior of the Pope , being kept in Naples for eighteen months . Pisanis father , Alvise , was Commissary General of the French-Venetian armies fighting the Spanish in the Kingdom of Naples , where he died of disease in August 1528 .",
"title": "Sack of Rome"
},
{
"text": " After the Sack and Prison . In 1529 Cardinal Pisani obtained the Deaconry of Sant Agata in Suburra , probably in commendam , since he continued to style himself Cardinal Deacon of S . Marco . He held the Deaconry until 1545 .",
"title": "Sack of Rome"
},
{
"text": "On 1 April 1535 Cardinal Francesco Pisano , Cardinal Deacon of S . Marco , who was possessor of the faculty of disposing of certain benefices in the Cathedrals of Padua and Treviso , which had been granted him by Popes Clement VII and Paul III , renounced those privileges in order to conform with the desire of the Signoria of Venice .",
"title": "Sack of Rome"
},
{
"text": " In 1550 Cardinal Juan Alvarez de Toledo was promoted from the Deaconry of S . Maria in Porticu to the priestly titulus of S . Sisto . Consequently , the Deaconry of S . Maria in Porticu was given back to Cardinal Pisani in commendam , and he held it until he was promoted to the Cardinal-Bishopric of Albano . Cardinal Pisani was nominated Administrator of the diocese of Narbonne by King Henri II of France , which was confirmed on 11 May 1551 .",
"title": "Sack of Rome"
},
{
"text": " On 10 April 1555 , as senior Cardinal Deacon , Cardinal Pisani crowned Pope Marcellus II ( Cervini ) . It was Wednesday in Holy Week , and therefore the ceremony was very simple . Cervini had been elected earlier on the same day , and immediately consecrated a bishop in the Cappella Paolina by the Bishop of Ostia , Cardinal Gian Pietro Carafa . Pope Marcellus II died during the night between April 30 and May 1 , after a reign of only twenty-two days .",
"title": "Cardinal Protodeacon"
},
{
"text": "On 23 May 1555 , Cardinal Gian Pietro Carafa was elected pope , and chose the name Paul IV . He was crowned on the steps of the Vatican Basilica on Sunday , 26 May , by Cardinal Francesco Pisani , the prior Diaconum .",
"title": "Cardinal Protodeacon"
},
{
"text": "With his election to the Papacy , Cardinal Carafa left the See of Ostia vacant . It was filled by Cardinal Jean du Bellay . Bellays seat at Porto was then filled by Cardinal Rodolfo Pio de Carpi , Bishop of Tusculum . The then vacant See of Tusculum was taken by Cardinal Juan Álvarez de Toledo , leaving his seat at Albano vacant . Cardinal Pisani was promoted Cardinal-bishop of Albano on 29 May 1555 by Pope Paul IV , then , on the death of Cardinal Alvarez , he was promoted Cardinal-bishop of Frascati ( Tusculum ) on",
"title": "Cardinal Bishop"
},
{
"text": "20 September 1557 . Pius IV promoted him Cardinal-bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina on 18 May 1562 when Rodolfo Pio became Bishop of Ostia , and then Cardinal Pisani himself became Cardinal-bishop of Ostia on 12 May 1564 .",
"title": "Cardinal Bishop"
},
{
"text": "Cardinal Francesco Pisani participated as Bishop of Tusculum ( Frascati ) in the Conclave of 1559 , an event that lasted nearly four months . It was notorious for the extreme laxity of security . On 5 December , the traditional rule that went back to Pope Gregory X ( 1274 ) was put into effect , limiting the cardinals to one dish at a meal was put into effect . Finally on Christmas Day , after the French and Spanish factions had both exhausted their resources , Cardinal Giovanni Angelo de Medici was elected by acclamation , and a",
"title": "Cardinal Bishop"
},
{
"text": "formal scrutiny was taken the next day . He chose to be called Pius IV .",
"title": "Cardinal Bishop"
},
{
"text": " On 10 June 1564 , Pope Pius IV granted the Serene Republic of Venice the Palazzo of S . Marco in Rome , on the condition that the Cardinal of S . Marco could reside there , and that the transfer was not to take place until after the death of Cardinal Francesco Pisani , Bishop of Ostia , or with his consent .",
"title": "Cardinal Bishop"
},
{
"text": "Cardinal Pisani also took part in the Conclave of 1565-1566 , this time as Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals . He was the senior cardinal present , and the only cardinal who survived from the reign of Leo X . He was considered papabile , but he had no great following . On 7 January 1566 , mostly through the work of Cardinals Carlo Borromeo and Alessandro Farnese , the cardinals elected Cardinal Michele Ghislieri , who took the throne name Pius V .",
"title": "Cardinal Bishop"
},
{
"text": " The Cardinal was a patron of the arts . He commissioned a house on the mainland in Montagnana , the Villa Pisani , from Andrea Palladio . He also commissioned an altarpiece for the Cathedral of Montagnana , Santa Maria Assunta , from Paolo Veronese , who was resident in Montagnana in 1555 . The subject was the Transfiguration of Christ .",
"title": "Cardinal Bishop"
},
{
"text": "Cardinal Pisani died in Rome , at his palazzo of S . Marco , on 28 June 1570 , at the age of seventy-six , having been a cardinal for fifty-three years . He was buried in the Basilica of S . Marco in Rome .",
"title": "Cardinal Bishop"
},
{
"text": " A statue of Cardinal Francesco Pisani , not done from life , is No . 70 in the Prato della valle in Padua ; the statues were carved ca . 1775-1883 .",
"title": "Cardinal Bishop"
},
{
"text": " - Villa Pisani , Centro Internazionale di Studi di Architettura Andrea Palladio .",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Francesco_Pisani#P39#2
|
Francesco Pisani took which position in early 1550s?
|
Francesco Pisani Francesco Pisani ( 1494 – 28 June 1570 ) was an Italian Cardinal , born in Venice , the son of Alvise Pisani the noted banker , who was Procurator of S . Marks , a member of the Council of Ten , and a Councilor of the Doge of Venice ; and Cecilia Giustinian . He had a brother named Giovanni ( Zuan ) , who also became Procurator of S . Marks and was a Venetian diplomat ; he was married to the sister of Doge Andrea Gritti . He was a strong supporter of the alliance between Venice , France and the Papacy , called the League of Cognac . He shared the imprisonment of Pope Clement VII in the Castel S . Angelo during the Sack of Rome and its aftermath . He spent eighteen months in exile in Naples while Clement made his peace with the Emperor Charles V . Early Benefices . Nothing is known about his education . Francesco had been named a Protonotary Apostolic , the highest grade of monsignor , giving him the rank of a prelate . He was created a cardinal-deacon by Pope Leo X , in the Consistory of 1 July 1517 , at the request of Doge Leonardo Loredan , and assigned the Deaconry of S . Teodoro . The red hat is said to have cost his father 20,000 gold ducats and a ruby . The new cardinal was not in Rome at the time , and the red hat was brought to him in Venice ; it was presented on Sunday , 23 August 1517 . On 27 August 1518 , the Venetian Council voted to give possession of the Benedictine abbey of S . Stefano di Spalato , on the death of its abbot , to Cardinal Pisani . Pisani was appointed Bishop of Padua on 8 August 1524 . In 1526 , during the invasion of the city of Rome on 20-21 September , led by Cardinal Pompeo Colonna , Pisani sheltered the Venetian Ambassador in the Palazzo Venezia . On 28 September 1526 , he was named Administrator of the diocese of Città Nova ( Aemonensis , in Istria ) , which he finally resigned in 1535 . Sack of Rome . On 27 February 1527 , Cardinal Pisani was granted the Deaconry of S . Maria in Porticu . He was promoted Cardinal-Deacon of San Marco , the traditional Venetian church in Rome , which is normally the titulus of a cardinal-priest , on 3 May 1527 by Pope Clement VII , just three days before the Sack of Rome began . He kept the Deaconry of S . Maria in Porticu in commendam . Two days later he was finally consecrated bishop . On the morning of 6 May , as the assault on Rome began , Cardinal Pisani was at the Vatican Palace , to participate in the Popes morning Mass . He was with the Pope to witness the assault , and fled with the Pope through the covered passage to the Castel S . Angelo . He was Pope Clements fellow prisoner in the Castel S . Angelo during the Sack of Rome in May 1527 , and its aftermath . In September 1527 , Giovanni ( Zuan ) Pisani , the brother of Cardinal Francesco , reported to the Signoria of Venice that he had word that the Pope had appointed his brother Archbishop of Vienne , and that the Pope was writing to the King of France for his consent . Pope Clement finally concluded a treaty ( i.e . surrendered ) to the Spanish at the end of November . At the beginning of December 1527 , the two leaders of the French and Venetian factions in the College of Cardinals , Cardinal Pisani and Cardinal Trivulzio , were taken to Gaeta , and from there sent to Naples as hostages for the Popes good behavior . It was reported to the Signoria of Venice that , on 2 December 1527 Cardinal Pisani freely renounced the See of Padua in favor of his nephew Alvise di Giovanni Pisani ; the Signoria ordered the Rector of Padua to hand over the diocese either to Alvise ( Luigi ) Pisani or his Procurator . The younger Alviso was only twelve years old , and his uncle the Cardinal continued to administer the diocese until his own death . On 27 January 1528 , Cardinal Pisani was appointed Administrator of the diocese of Treviso . Nonetheless , Cardinal Francesco was a hostage for the good behavior of the Pope , being kept in Naples for eighteen months . Pisanis father , Alvise , was Commissary General of the French-Venetian armies fighting the Spanish in the Kingdom of Naples , where he died of disease in August 1528 . After the Sack and Prison . In 1529 Cardinal Pisani obtained the Deaconry of Sant Agata in Suburra , probably in commendam , since he continued to style himself Cardinal Deacon of S . Marco . He held the Deaconry until 1545 . On 1 April 1535 Cardinal Francesco Pisano , Cardinal Deacon of S . Marco , who was possessor of the faculty of disposing of certain benefices in the Cathedrals of Padua and Treviso , which had been granted him by Popes Clement VII and Paul III , renounced those privileges in order to conform with the desire of the Signoria of Venice . In 1550 Cardinal Juan Alvarez de Toledo was promoted from the Deaconry of S . Maria in Porticu to the priestly titulus of S . Sisto . Consequently , the Deaconry of S . Maria in Porticu was given back to Cardinal Pisani in commendam , and he held it until he was promoted to the Cardinal-Bishopric of Albano . Cardinal Pisani was nominated Administrator of the diocese of Narbonne by King Henri II of France , which was confirmed on 11 May 1551 . Cardinal Protodeacon . On 10 April 1555 , as senior Cardinal Deacon , Cardinal Pisani crowned Pope Marcellus II ( Cervini ) . It was Wednesday in Holy Week , and therefore the ceremony was very simple . Cervini had been elected earlier on the same day , and immediately consecrated a bishop in the Cappella Paolina by the Bishop of Ostia , Cardinal Gian Pietro Carafa . Pope Marcellus II died during the night between April 30 and May 1 , after a reign of only twenty-two days . On 23 May 1555 , Cardinal Gian Pietro Carafa was elected pope , and chose the name Paul IV . He was crowned on the steps of the Vatican Basilica on Sunday , 26 May , by Cardinal Francesco Pisani , the prior Diaconum . Cardinal Bishop . With his election to the Papacy , Cardinal Carafa left the See of Ostia vacant . It was filled by Cardinal Jean du Bellay . Bellays seat at Porto was then filled by Cardinal Rodolfo Pio de Carpi , Bishop of Tusculum . The then vacant See of Tusculum was taken by Cardinal Juan Álvarez de Toledo , leaving his seat at Albano vacant . Cardinal Pisani was promoted Cardinal-bishop of Albano on 29 May 1555 by Pope Paul IV , then , on the death of Cardinal Alvarez , he was promoted Cardinal-bishop of Frascati ( Tusculum ) on 20 September 1557 . Pius IV promoted him Cardinal-bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina on 18 May 1562 when Rodolfo Pio became Bishop of Ostia , and then Cardinal Pisani himself became Cardinal-bishop of Ostia on 12 May 1564 . Cardinal Francesco Pisani participated as Bishop of Tusculum ( Frascati ) in the Conclave of 1559 , an event that lasted nearly four months . It was notorious for the extreme laxity of security . On 5 December , the traditional rule that went back to Pope Gregory X ( 1274 ) was put into effect , limiting the cardinals to one dish at a meal was put into effect . Finally on Christmas Day , after the French and Spanish factions had both exhausted their resources , Cardinal Giovanni Angelo de Medici was elected by acclamation , and a formal scrutiny was taken the next day . He chose to be called Pius IV . On 10 June 1564 , Pope Pius IV granted the Serene Republic of Venice the Palazzo of S . Marco in Rome , on the condition that the Cardinal of S . Marco could reside there , and that the transfer was not to take place until after the death of Cardinal Francesco Pisani , Bishop of Ostia , or with his consent . Cardinal Pisani also took part in the Conclave of 1565-1566 , this time as Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals . He was the senior cardinal present , and the only cardinal who survived from the reign of Leo X . He was considered papabile , but he had no great following . On 7 January 1566 , mostly through the work of Cardinals Carlo Borromeo and Alessandro Farnese , the cardinals elected Cardinal Michele Ghislieri , who took the throne name Pius V . The Cardinal was a patron of the arts . He commissioned a house on the mainland in Montagnana , the Villa Pisani , from Andrea Palladio . He also commissioned an altarpiece for the Cathedral of Montagnana , Santa Maria Assunta , from Paolo Veronese , who was resident in Montagnana in 1555 . The subject was the Transfiguration of Christ . Cardinal Pisani died in Rome , at his palazzo of S . Marco , on 28 June 1570 , at the age of seventy-six , having been a cardinal for fifty-three years . He was buried in the Basilica of S . Marco in Rome . A statue of Cardinal Francesco Pisani , not done from life , is No . 70 in the Prato della valle in Padua ; the statues were carved ca . 1775-1883 . External links . - Villa Pisani , Centro Internazionale di Studi di Architettura Andrea Palladio .
|
[
"deacon"
] |
[
{
"text": "Francesco Pisani ( 1494 – 28 June 1570 ) was an Italian Cardinal , born in Venice , the son of Alvise Pisani the noted banker , who was Procurator of S . Marks , a member of the Council of Ten , and a Councilor of the Doge of Venice ; and Cecilia Giustinian . He had a brother named Giovanni ( Zuan ) , who also became Procurator of S . Marks and was a Venetian diplomat ; he was married to the sister of Doge Andrea Gritti . He was a strong supporter of the alliance between",
"title": "Francesco Pisani"
},
{
"text": "Venice , France and the Papacy , called the League of Cognac . He shared the imprisonment of Pope Clement VII in the Castel S . Angelo during the Sack of Rome and its aftermath . He spent eighteen months in exile in Naples while Clement made his peace with the Emperor Charles V .",
"title": "Francesco Pisani"
},
{
"text": "Francesco had been named a Protonotary Apostolic , the highest grade of monsignor , giving him the rank of a prelate . He was created a cardinal-deacon by Pope Leo X , in the Consistory of 1 July 1517 , at the request of Doge Leonardo Loredan , and assigned the Deaconry of S . Teodoro . The red hat is said to have cost his father 20,000 gold ducats and a ruby . The new cardinal was not in Rome at the time , and the red hat was brought to him in Venice ; it was presented on",
"title": "Early Benefices"
},
{
"text": "Sunday , 23 August 1517 . On 27 August 1518 , the Venetian Council voted to give possession of the Benedictine abbey of S . Stefano di Spalato , on the death of its abbot , to Cardinal Pisani . Pisani was appointed Bishop of Padua on 8 August 1524 .",
"title": "Early Benefices"
},
{
"text": " In 1526 , during the invasion of the city of Rome on 20-21 September , led by Cardinal Pompeo Colonna , Pisani sheltered the Venetian Ambassador in the Palazzo Venezia . On 28 September 1526 , he was named Administrator of the diocese of Città Nova ( Aemonensis , in Istria ) , which he finally resigned in 1535 .",
"title": "Early Benefices"
},
{
"text": " On 27 February 1527 , Cardinal Pisani was granted the Deaconry of S . Maria in Porticu . He was promoted Cardinal-Deacon of San Marco , the traditional Venetian church in Rome , which is normally the titulus of a cardinal-priest , on 3 May 1527 by Pope Clement VII , just three days before the Sack of Rome began . He kept the Deaconry of S . Maria in Porticu in commendam . Two days later he was finally consecrated bishop .",
"title": "Sack of Rome"
},
{
"text": "On the morning of 6 May , as the assault on Rome began , Cardinal Pisani was at the Vatican Palace , to participate in the Popes morning Mass . He was with the Pope to witness the assault , and fled with the Pope through the covered passage to the Castel S . Angelo . He was Pope Clements fellow prisoner in the Castel S . Angelo during the Sack of Rome in May 1527 , and its aftermath . In September 1527 , Giovanni ( Zuan ) Pisani , the brother of Cardinal Francesco , reported to the",
"title": "Sack of Rome"
},
{
"text": "Signoria of Venice that he had word that the Pope had appointed his brother Archbishop of Vienne , and that the Pope was writing to the King of France for his consent . Pope Clement finally concluded a treaty ( i.e . surrendered ) to the Spanish at the end of November . At the beginning of December 1527 , the two leaders of the French and Venetian factions in the College of Cardinals , Cardinal Pisani and Cardinal Trivulzio , were taken to Gaeta , and from there sent to Naples as hostages for the Popes good behavior .",
"title": "Sack of Rome"
},
{
"text": "It was reported to the Signoria of Venice that , on 2 December 1527 Cardinal Pisani freely renounced the See of Padua in favor of his nephew Alvise di Giovanni Pisani ; the Signoria ordered the Rector of Padua to hand over the diocese either to Alvise ( Luigi ) Pisani or his Procurator . The younger Alviso was only twelve years old , and his uncle the Cardinal continued to administer the diocese until his own death . On 27 January 1528 , Cardinal Pisani was appointed Administrator of the diocese of Treviso . Nonetheless , Cardinal Francesco was",
"title": "Sack of Rome"
},
{
"text": "a hostage for the good behavior of the Pope , being kept in Naples for eighteen months . Pisanis father , Alvise , was Commissary General of the French-Venetian armies fighting the Spanish in the Kingdom of Naples , where he died of disease in August 1528 .",
"title": "Sack of Rome"
},
{
"text": " After the Sack and Prison . In 1529 Cardinal Pisani obtained the Deaconry of Sant Agata in Suburra , probably in commendam , since he continued to style himself Cardinal Deacon of S . Marco . He held the Deaconry until 1545 .",
"title": "Sack of Rome"
},
{
"text": "On 1 April 1535 Cardinal Francesco Pisano , Cardinal Deacon of S . Marco , who was possessor of the faculty of disposing of certain benefices in the Cathedrals of Padua and Treviso , which had been granted him by Popes Clement VII and Paul III , renounced those privileges in order to conform with the desire of the Signoria of Venice .",
"title": "Sack of Rome"
},
{
"text": " In 1550 Cardinal Juan Alvarez de Toledo was promoted from the Deaconry of S . Maria in Porticu to the priestly titulus of S . Sisto . Consequently , the Deaconry of S . Maria in Porticu was given back to Cardinal Pisani in commendam , and he held it until he was promoted to the Cardinal-Bishopric of Albano . Cardinal Pisani was nominated Administrator of the diocese of Narbonne by King Henri II of France , which was confirmed on 11 May 1551 .",
"title": "Sack of Rome"
},
{
"text": " On 10 April 1555 , as senior Cardinal Deacon , Cardinal Pisani crowned Pope Marcellus II ( Cervini ) . It was Wednesday in Holy Week , and therefore the ceremony was very simple . Cervini had been elected earlier on the same day , and immediately consecrated a bishop in the Cappella Paolina by the Bishop of Ostia , Cardinal Gian Pietro Carafa . Pope Marcellus II died during the night between April 30 and May 1 , after a reign of only twenty-two days .",
"title": "Cardinal Protodeacon"
},
{
"text": "On 23 May 1555 , Cardinal Gian Pietro Carafa was elected pope , and chose the name Paul IV . He was crowned on the steps of the Vatican Basilica on Sunday , 26 May , by Cardinal Francesco Pisani , the prior Diaconum .",
"title": "Cardinal Protodeacon"
},
{
"text": "With his election to the Papacy , Cardinal Carafa left the See of Ostia vacant . It was filled by Cardinal Jean du Bellay . Bellays seat at Porto was then filled by Cardinal Rodolfo Pio de Carpi , Bishop of Tusculum . The then vacant See of Tusculum was taken by Cardinal Juan Álvarez de Toledo , leaving his seat at Albano vacant . Cardinal Pisani was promoted Cardinal-bishop of Albano on 29 May 1555 by Pope Paul IV , then , on the death of Cardinal Alvarez , he was promoted Cardinal-bishop of Frascati ( Tusculum ) on",
"title": "Cardinal Bishop"
},
{
"text": "20 September 1557 . Pius IV promoted him Cardinal-bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina on 18 May 1562 when Rodolfo Pio became Bishop of Ostia , and then Cardinal Pisani himself became Cardinal-bishop of Ostia on 12 May 1564 .",
"title": "Cardinal Bishop"
},
{
"text": "Cardinal Francesco Pisani participated as Bishop of Tusculum ( Frascati ) in the Conclave of 1559 , an event that lasted nearly four months . It was notorious for the extreme laxity of security . On 5 December , the traditional rule that went back to Pope Gregory X ( 1274 ) was put into effect , limiting the cardinals to one dish at a meal was put into effect . Finally on Christmas Day , after the French and Spanish factions had both exhausted their resources , Cardinal Giovanni Angelo de Medici was elected by acclamation , and a",
"title": "Cardinal Bishop"
},
{
"text": "formal scrutiny was taken the next day . He chose to be called Pius IV .",
"title": "Cardinal Bishop"
},
{
"text": " On 10 June 1564 , Pope Pius IV granted the Serene Republic of Venice the Palazzo of S . Marco in Rome , on the condition that the Cardinal of S . Marco could reside there , and that the transfer was not to take place until after the death of Cardinal Francesco Pisani , Bishop of Ostia , or with his consent .",
"title": "Cardinal Bishop"
},
{
"text": "Cardinal Pisani also took part in the Conclave of 1565-1566 , this time as Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals . He was the senior cardinal present , and the only cardinal who survived from the reign of Leo X . He was considered papabile , but he had no great following . On 7 January 1566 , mostly through the work of Cardinals Carlo Borromeo and Alessandro Farnese , the cardinals elected Cardinal Michele Ghislieri , who took the throne name Pius V .",
"title": "Cardinal Bishop"
},
{
"text": " The Cardinal was a patron of the arts . He commissioned a house on the mainland in Montagnana , the Villa Pisani , from Andrea Palladio . He also commissioned an altarpiece for the Cathedral of Montagnana , Santa Maria Assunta , from Paolo Veronese , who was resident in Montagnana in 1555 . The subject was the Transfiguration of Christ .",
"title": "Cardinal Bishop"
},
{
"text": "Cardinal Pisani died in Rome , at his palazzo of S . Marco , on 28 June 1570 , at the age of seventy-six , having been a cardinal for fifty-three years . He was buried in the Basilica of S . Marco in Rome .",
"title": "Cardinal Bishop"
},
{
"text": " A statue of Cardinal Francesco Pisani , not done from life , is No . 70 in the Prato della valle in Padua ; the statues were carved ca . 1775-1883 .",
"title": "Cardinal Bishop"
},
{
"text": " - Villa Pisani , Centro Internazionale di Studi di Architettura Andrea Palladio .",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Francesco_Pisani#P39#3
|
Francesco Pisani took which position in Feb 1556?
|
Francesco Pisani Francesco Pisani ( 1494 – 28 June 1570 ) was an Italian Cardinal , born in Venice , the son of Alvise Pisani the noted banker , who was Procurator of S . Marks , a member of the Council of Ten , and a Councilor of the Doge of Venice ; and Cecilia Giustinian . He had a brother named Giovanni ( Zuan ) , who also became Procurator of S . Marks and was a Venetian diplomat ; he was married to the sister of Doge Andrea Gritti . He was a strong supporter of the alliance between Venice , France and the Papacy , called the League of Cognac . He shared the imprisonment of Pope Clement VII in the Castel S . Angelo during the Sack of Rome and its aftermath . He spent eighteen months in exile in Naples while Clement made his peace with the Emperor Charles V . Early Benefices . Nothing is known about his education . Francesco had been named a Protonotary Apostolic , the highest grade of monsignor , giving him the rank of a prelate . He was created a cardinal-deacon by Pope Leo X , in the Consistory of 1 July 1517 , at the request of Doge Leonardo Loredan , and assigned the Deaconry of S . Teodoro . The red hat is said to have cost his father 20,000 gold ducats and a ruby . The new cardinal was not in Rome at the time , and the red hat was brought to him in Venice ; it was presented on Sunday , 23 August 1517 . On 27 August 1518 , the Venetian Council voted to give possession of the Benedictine abbey of S . Stefano di Spalato , on the death of its abbot , to Cardinal Pisani . Pisani was appointed Bishop of Padua on 8 August 1524 . In 1526 , during the invasion of the city of Rome on 20-21 September , led by Cardinal Pompeo Colonna , Pisani sheltered the Venetian Ambassador in the Palazzo Venezia . On 28 September 1526 , he was named Administrator of the diocese of Città Nova ( Aemonensis , in Istria ) , which he finally resigned in 1535 . Sack of Rome . On 27 February 1527 , Cardinal Pisani was granted the Deaconry of S . Maria in Porticu . He was promoted Cardinal-Deacon of San Marco , the traditional Venetian church in Rome , which is normally the titulus of a cardinal-priest , on 3 May 1527 by Pope Clement VII , just three days before the Sack of Rome began . He kept the Deaconry of S . Maria in Porticu in commendam . Two days later he was finally consecrated bishop . On the morning of 6 May , as the assault on Rome began , Cardinal Pisani was at the Vatican Palace , to participate in the Popes morning Mass . He was with the Pope to witness the assault , and fled with the Pope through the covered passage to the Castel S . Angelo . He was Pope Clements fellow prisoner in the Castel S . Angelo during the Sack of Rome in May 1527 , and its aftermath . In September 1527 , Giovanni ( Zuan ) Pisani , the brother of Cardinal Francesco , reported to the Signoria of Venice that he had word that the Pope had appointed his brother Archbishop of Vienne , and that the Pope was writing to the King of France for his consent . Pope Clement finally concluded a treaty ( i.e . surrendered ) to the Spanish at the end of November . At the beginning of December 1527 , the two leaders of the French and Venetian factions in the College of Cardinals , Cardinal Pisani and Cardinal Trivulzio , were taken to Gaeta , and from there sent to Naples as hostages for the Popes good behavior . It was reported to the Signoria of Venice that , on 2 December 1527 Cardinal Pisani freely renounced the See of Padua in favor of his nephew Alvise di Giovanni Pisani ; the Signoria ordered the Rector of Padua to hand over the diocese either to Alvise ( Luigi ) Pisani or his Procurator . The younger Alviso was only twelve years old , and his uncle the Cardinal continued to administer the diocese until his own death . On 27 January 1528 , Cardinal Pisani was appointed Administrator of the diocese of Treviso . Nonetheless , Cardinal Francesco was a hostage for the good behavior of the Pope , being kept in Naples for eighteen months . Pisanis father , Alvise , was Commissary General of the French-Venetian armies fighting the Spanish in the Kingdom of Naples , where he died of disease in August 1528 . After the Sack and Prison . In 1529 Cardinal Pisani obtained the Deaconry of Sant Agata in Suburra , probably in commendam , since he continued to style himself Cardinal Deacon of S . Marco . He held the Deaconry until 1545 . On 1 April 1535 Cardinal Francesco Pisano , Cardinal Deacon of S . Marco , who was possessor of the faculty of disposing of certain benefices in the Cathedrals of Padua and Treviso , which had been granted him by Popes Clement VII and Paul III , renounced those privileges in order to conform with the desire of the Signoria of Venice . In 1550 Cardinal Juan Alvarez de Toledo was promoted from the Deaconry of S . Maria in Porticu to the priestly titulus of S . Sisto . Consequently , the Deaconry of S . Maria in Porticu was given back to Cardinal Pisani in commendam , and he held it until he was promoted to the Cardinal-Bishopric of Albano . Cardinal Pisani was nominated Administrator of the diocese of Narbonne by King Henri II of France , which was confirmed on 11 May 1551 . Cardinal Protodeacon . On 10 April 1555 , as senior Cardinal Deacon , Cardinal Pisani crowned Pope Marcellus II ( Cervini ) . It was Wednesday in Holy Week , and therefore the ceremony was very simple . Cervini had been elected earlier on the same day , and immediately consecrated a bishop in the Cappella Paolina by the Bishop of Ostia , Cardinal Gian Pietro Carafa . Pope Marcellus II died during the night between April 30 and May 1 , after a reign of only twenty-two days . On 23 May 1555 , Cardinal Gian Pietro Carafa was elected pope , and chose the name Paul IV . He was crowned on the steps of the Vatican Basilica on Sunday , 26 May , by Cardinal Francesco Pisani , the prior Diaconum . Cardinal Bishop . With his election to the Papacy , Cardinal Carafa left the See of Ostia vacant . It was filled by Cardinal Jean du Bellay . Bellays seat at Porto was then filled by Cardinal Rodolfo Pio de Carpi , Bishop of Tusculum . The then vacant See of Tusculum was taken by Cardinal Juan Álvarez de Toledo , leaving his seat at Albano vacant . Cardinal Pisani was promoted Cardinal-bishop of Albano on 29 May 1555 by Pope Paul IV , then , on the death of Cardinal Alvarez , he was promoted Cardinal-bishop of Frascati ( Tusculum ) on 20 September 1557 . Pius IV promoted him Cardinal-bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina on 18 May 1562 when Rodolfo Pio became Bishop of Ostia , and then Cardinal Pisani himself became Cardinal-bishop of Ostia on 12 May 1564 . Cardinal Francesco Pisani participated as Bishop of Tusculum ( Frascati ) in the Conclave of 1559 , an event that lasted nearly four months . It was notorious for the extreme laxity of security . On 5 December , the traditional rule that went back to Pope Gregory X ( 1274 ) was put into effect , limiting the cardinals to one dish at a meal was put into effect . Finally on Christmas Day , after the French and Spanish factions had both exhausted their resources , Cardinal Giovanni Angelo de Medici was elected by acclamation , and a formal scrutiny was taken the next day . He chose to be called Pius IV . On 10 June 1564 , Pope Pius IV granted the Serene Republic of Venice the Palazzo of S . Marco in Rome , on the condition that the Cardinal of S . Marco could reside there , and that the transfer was not to take place until after the death of Cardinal Francesco Pisani , Bishop of Ostia , or with his consent . Cardinal Pisani also took part in the Conclave of 1565-1566 , this time as Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals . He was the senior cardinal present , and the only cardinal who survived from the reign of Leo X . He was considered papabile , but he had no great following . On 7 January 1566 , mostly through the work of Cardinals Carlo Borromeo and Alessandro Farnese , the cardinals elected Cardinal Michele Ghislieri , who took the throne name Pius V . The Cardinal was a patron of the arts . He commissioned a house on the mainland in Montagnana , the Villa Pisani , from Andrea Palladio . He also commissioned an altarpiece for the Cathedral of Montagnana , Santa Maria Assunta , from Paolo Veronese , who was resident in Montagnana in 1555 . The subject was the Transfiguration of Christ . Cardinal Pisani died in Rome , at his palazzo of S . Marco , on 28 June 1570 , at the age of seventy-six , having been a cardinal for fifty-three years . He was buried in the Basilica of S . Marco in Rome . A statue of Cardinal Francesco Pisani , not done from life , is No . 70 in the Prato della valle in Padua ; the statues were carved ca . 1775-1883 . External links . - Villa Pisani , Centro Internazionale di Studi di Architettura Andrea Palladio .
|
[
"Cardinal-Bishopric"
] |
[
{
"text": "Francesco Pisani ( 1494 – 28 June 1570 ) was an Italian Cardinal , born in Venice , the son of Alvise Pisani the noted banker , who was Procurator of S . Marks , a member of the Council of Ten , and a Councilor of the Doge of Venice ; and Cecilia Giustinian . He had a brother named Giovanni ( Zuan ) , who also became Procurator of S . Marks and was a Venetian diplomat ; he was married to the sister of Doge Andrea Gritti . He was a strong supporter of the alliance between",
"title": "Francesco Pisani"
},
{
"text": "Venice , France and the Papacy , called the League of Cognac . He shared the imprisonment of Pope Clement VII in the Castel S . Angelo during the Sack of Rome and its aftermath . He spent eighteen months in exile in Naples while Clement made his peace with the Emperor Charles V .",
"title": "Francesco Pisani"
},
{
"text": "Francesco had been named a Protonotary Apostolic , the highest grade of monsignor , giving him the rank of a prelate . He was created a cardinal-deacon by Pope Leo X , in the Consistory of 1 July 1517 , at the request of Doge Leonardo Loredan , and assigned the Deaconry of S . Teodoro . The red hat is said to have cost his father 20,000 gold ducats and a ruby . The new cardinal was not in Rome at the time , and the red hat was brought to him in Venice ; it was presented on",
"title": "Early Benefices"
},
{
"text": "Sunday , 23 August 1517 . On 27 August 1518 , the Venetian Council voted to give possession of the Benedictine abbey of S . Stefano di Spalato , on the death of its abbot , to Cardinal Pisani . Pisani was appointed Bishop of Padua on 8 August 1524 .",
"title": "Early Benefices"
},
{
"text": " In 1526 , during the invasion of the city of Rome on 20-21 September , led by Cardinal Pompeo Colonna , Pisani sheltered the Venetian Ambassador in the Palazzo Venezia . On 28 September 1526 , he was named Administrator of the diocese of Città Nova ( Aemonensis , in Istria ) , which he finally resigned in 1535 .",
"title": "Early Benefices"
},
{
"text": " On 27 February 1527 , Cardinal Pisani was granted the Deaconry of S . Maria in Porticu . He was promoted Cardinal-Deacon of San Marco , the traditional Venetian church in Rome , which is normally the titulus of a cardinal-priest , on 3 May 1527 by Pope Clement VII , just three days before the Sack of Rome began . He kept the Deaconry of S . Maria in Porticu in commendam . Two days later he was finally consecrated bishop .",
"title": "Sack of Rome"
},
{
"text": "On the morning of 6 May , as the assault on Rome began , Cardinal Pisani was at the Vatican Palace , to participate in the Popes morning Mass . He was with the Pope to witness the assault , and fled with the Pope through the covered passage to the Castel S . Angelo . He was Pope Clements fellow prisoner in the Castel S . Angelo during the Sack of Rome in May 1527 , and its aftermath . In September 1527 , Giovanni ( Zuan ) Pisani , the brother of Cardinal Francesco , reported to the",
"title": "Sack of Rome"
},
{
"text": "Signoria of Venice that he had word that the Pope had appointed his brother Archbishop of Vienne , and that the Pope was writing to the King of France for his consent . Pope Clement finally concluded a treaty ( i.e . surrendered ) to the Spanish at the end of November . At the beginning of December 1527 , the two leaders of the French and Venetian factions in the College of Cardinals , Cardinal Pisani and Cardinal Trivulzio , were taken to Gaeta , and from there sent to Naples as hostages for the Popes good behavior .",
"title": "Sack of Rome"
},
{
"text": "It was reported to the Signoria of Venice that , on 2 December 1527 Cardinal Pisani freely renounced the See of Padua in favor of his nephew Alvise di Giovanni Pisani ; the Signoria ordered the Rector of Padua to hand over the diocese either to Alvise ( Luigi ) Pisani or his Procurator . The younger Alviso was only twelve years old , and his uncle the Cardinal continued to administer the diocese until his own death . On 27 January 1528 , Cardinal Pisani was appointed Administrator of the diocese of Treviso . Nonetheless , Cardinal Francesco was",
"title": "Sack of Rome"
},
{
"text": "a hostage for the good behavior of the Pope , being kept in Naples for eighteen months . Pisanis father , Alvise , was Commissary General of the French-Venetian armies fighting the Spanish in the Kingdom of Naples , where he died of disease in August 1528 .",
"title": "Sack of Rome"
},
{
"text": " After the Sack and Prison . In 1529 Cardinal Pisani obtained the Deaconry of Sant Agata in Suburra , probably in commendam , since he continued to style himself Cardinal Deacon of S . Marco . He held the Deaconry until 1545 .",
"title": "Sack of Rome"
},
{
"text": "On 1 April 1535 Cardinal Francesco Pisano , Cardinal Deacon of S . Marco , who was possessor of the faculty of disposing of certain benefices in the Cathedrals of Padua and Treviso , which had been granted him by Popes Clement VII and Paul III , renounced those privileges in order to conform with the desire of the Signoria of Venice .",
"title": "Sack of Rome"
},
{
"text": " In 1550 Cardinal Juan Alvarez de Toledo was promoted from the Deaconry of S . Maria in Porticu to the priestly titulus of S . Sisto . Consequently , the Deaconry of S . Maria in Porticu was given back to Cardinal Pisani in commendam , and he held it until he was promoted to the Cardinal-Bishopric of Albano . Cardinal Pisani was nominated Administrator of the diocese of Narbonne by King Henri II of France , which was confirmed on 11 May 1551 .",
"title": "Sack of Rome"
},
{
"text": " On 10 April 1555 , as senior Cardinal Deacon , Cardinal Pisani crowned Pope Marcellus II ( Cervini ) . It was Wednesday in Holy Week , and therefore the ceremony was very simple . Cervini had been elected earlier on the same day , and immediately consecrated a bishop in the Cappella Paolina by the Bishop of Ostia , Cardinal Gian Pietro Carafa . Pope Marcellus II died during the night between April 30 and May 1 , after a reign of only twenty-two days .",
"title": "Cardinal Protodeacon"
},
{
"text": "On 23 May 1555 , Cardinal Gian Pietro Carafa was elected pope , and chose the name Paul IV . He was crowned on the steps of the Vatican Basilica on Sunday , 26 May , by Cardinal Francesco Pisani , the prior Diaconum .",
"title": "Cardinal Protodeacon"
},
{
"text": "With his election to the Papacy , Cardinal Carafa left the See of Ostia vacant . It was filled by Cardinal Jean du Bellay . Bellays seat at Porto was then filled by Cardinal Rodolfo Pio de Carpi , Bishop of Tusculum . The then vacant See of Tusculum was taken by Cardinal Juan Álvarez de Toledo , leaving his seat at Albano vacant . Cardinal Pisani was promoted Cardinal-bishop of Albano on 29 May 1555 by Pope Paul IV , then , on the death of Cardinal Alvarez , he was promoted Cardinal-bishop of Frascati ( Tusculum ) on",
"title": "Cardinal Bishop"
},
{
"text": "20 September 1557 . Pius IV promoted him Cardinal-bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina on 18 May 1562 when Rodolfo Pio became Bishop of Ostia , and then Cardinal Pisani himself became Cardinal-bishop of Ostia on 12 May 1564 .",
"title": "Cardinal Bishop"
},
{
"text": "Cardinal Francesco Pisani participated as Bishop of Tusculum ( Frascati ) in the Conclave of 1559 , an event that lasted nearly four months . It was notorious for the extreme laxity of security . On 5 December , the traditional rule that went back to Pope Gregory X ( 1274 ) was put into effect , limiting the cardinals to one dish at a meal was put into effect . Finally on Christmas Day , after the French and Spanish factions had both exhausted their resources , Cardinal Giovanni Angelo de Medici was elected by acclamation , and a",
"title": "Cardinal Bishop"
},
{
"text": "formal scrutiny was taken the next day . He chose to be called Pius IV .",
"title": "Cardinal Bishop"
},
{
"text": " On 10 June 1564 , Pope Pius IV granted the Serene Republic of Venice the Palazzo of S . Marco in Rome , on the condition that the Cardinal of S . Marco could reside there , and that the transfer was not to take place until after the death of Cardinal Francesco Pisani , Bishop of Ostia , or with his consent .",
"title": "Cardinal Bishop"
},
{
"text": "Cardinal Pisani also took part in the Conclave of 1565-1566 , this time as Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals . He was the senior cardinal present , and the only cardinal who survived from the reign of Leo X . He was considered papabile , but he had no great following . On 7 January 1566 , mostly through the work of Cardinals Carlo Borromeo and Alessandro Farnese , the cardinals elected Cardinal Michele Ghislieri , who took the throne name Pius V .",
"title": "Cardinal Bishop"
},
{
"text": " The Cardinal was a patron of the arts . He commissioned a house on the mainland in Montagnana , the Villa Pisani , from Andrea Palladio . He also commissioned an altarpiece for the Cathedral of Montagnana , Santa Maria Assunta , from Paolo Veronese , who was resident in Montagnana in 1555 . The subject was the Transfiguration of Christ .",
"title": "Cardinal Bishop"
},
{
"text": "Cardinal Pisani died in Rome , at his palazzo of S . Marco , on 28 June 1570 , at the age of seventy-six , having been a cardinal for fifty-three years . He was buried in the Basilica of S . Marco in Rome .",
"title": "Cardinal Bishop"
},
{
"text": " A statue of Cardinal Francesco Pisani , not done from life , is No . 70 in the Prato della valle in Padua ; the statues were carved ca . 1775-1883 .",
"title": "Cardinal Bishop"
},
{
"text": " - Villa Pisani , Centro Internazionale di Studi di Architettura Andrea Palladio .",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Francesco_Pisani#P39#4
|
Francesco Pisani took which position after Jan 1566?
|
Francesco Pisani Francesco Pisani ( 1494 – 28 June 1570 ) was an Italian Cardinal , born in Venice , the son of Alvise Pisani the noted banker , who was Procurator of S . Marks , a member of the Council of Ten , and a Councilor of the Doge of Venice ; and Cecilia Giustinian . He had a brother named Giovanni ( Zuan ) , who also became Procurator of S . Marks and was a Venetian diplomat ; he was married to the sister of Doge Andrea Gritti . He was a strong supporter of the alliance between Venice , France and the Papacy , called the League of Cognac . He shared the imprisonment of Pope Clement VII in the Castel S . Angelo during the Sack of Rome and its aftermath . He spent eighteen months in exile in Naples while Clement made his peace with the Emperor Charles V . Early Benefices . Nothing is known about his education . Francesco had been named a Protonotary Apostolic , the highest grade of monsignor , giving him the rank of a prelate . He was created a cardinal-deacon by Pope Leo X , in the Consistory of 1 July 1517 , at the request of Doge Leonardo Loredan , and assigned the Deaconry of S . Teodoro . The red hat is said to have cost his father 20,000 gold ducats and a ruby . The new cardinal was not in Rome at the time , and the red hat was brought to him in Venice ; it was presented on Sunday , 23 August 1517 . On 27 August 1518 , the Venetian Council voted to give possession of the Benedictine abbey of S . Stefano di Spalato , on the death of its abbot , to Cardinal Pisani . Pisani was appointed Bishop of Padua on 8 August 1524 . In 1526 , during the invasion of the city of Rome on 20-21 September , led by Cardinal Pompeo Colonna , Pisani sheltered the Venetian Ambassador in the Palazzo Venezia . On 28 September 1526 , he was named Administrator of the diocese of Città Nova ( Aemonensis , in Istria ) , which he finally resigned in 1535 . Sack of Rome . On 27 February 1527 , Cardinal Pisani was granted the Deaconry of S . Maria in Porticu . He was promoted Cardinal-Deacon of San Marco , the traditional Venetian church in Rome , which is normally the titulus of a cardinal-priest , on 3 May 1527 by Pope Clement VII , just three days before the Sack of Rome began . He kept the Deaconry of S . Maria in Porticu in commendam . Two days later he was finally consecrated bishop . On the morning of 6 May , as the assault on Rome began , Cardinal Pisani was at the Vatican Palace , to participate in the Popes morning Mass . He was with the Pope to witness the assault , and fled with the Pope through the covered passage to the Castel S . Angelo . He was Pope Clements fellow prisoner in the Castel S . Angelo during the Sack of Rome in May 1527 , and its aftermath . In September 1527 , Giovanni ( Zuan ) Pisani , the brother of Cardinal Francesco , reported to the Signoria of Venice that he had word that the Pope had appointed his brother Archbishop of Vienne , and that the Pope was writing to the King of France for his consent . Pope Clement finally concluded a treaty ( i.e . surrendered ) to the Spanish at the end of November . At the beginning of December 1527 , the two leaders of the French and Venetian factions in the College of Cardinals , Cardinal Pisani and Cardinal Trivulzio , were taken to Gaeta , and from there sent to Naples as hostages for the Popes good behavior . It was reported to the Signoria of Venice that , on 2 December 1527 Cardinal Pisani freely renounced the See of Padua in favor of his nephew Alvise di Giovanni Pisani ; the Signoria ordered the Rector of Padua to hand over the diocese either to Alvise ( Luigi ) Pisani or his Procurator . The younger Alviso was only twelve years old , and his uncle the Cardinal continued to administer the diocese until his own death . On 27 January 1528 , Cardinal Pisani was appointed Administrator of the diocese of Treviso . Nonetheless , Cardinal Francesco was a hostage for the good behavior of the Pope , being kept in Naples for eighteen months . Pisanis father , Alvise , was Commissary General of the French-Venetian armies fighting the Spanish in the Kingdom of Naples , where he died of disease in August 1528 . After the Sack and Prison . In 1529 Cardinal Pisani obtained the Deaconry of Sant Agata in Suburra , probably in commendam , since he continued to style himself Cardinal Deacon of S . Marco . He held the Deaconry until 1545 . On 1 April 1535 Cardinal Francesco Pisano , Cardinal Deacon of S . Marco , who was possessor of the faculty of disposing of certain benefices in the Cathedrals of Padua and Treviso , which had been granted him by Popes Clement VII and Paul III , renounced those privileges in order to conform with the desire of the Signoria of Venice . In 1550 Cardinal Juan Alvarez de Toledo was promoted from the Deaconry of S . Maria in Porticu to the priestly titulus of S . Sisto . Consequently , the Deaconry of S . Maria in Porticu was given back to Cardinal Pisani in commendam , and he held it until he was promoted to the Cardinal-Bishopric of Albano . Cardinal Pisani was nominated Administrator of the diocese of Narbonne by King Henri II of France , which was confirmed on 11 May 1551 . Cardinal Protodeacon . On 10 April 1555 , as senior Cardinal Deacon , Cardinal Pisani crowned Pope Marcellus II ( Cervini ) . It was Wednesday in Holy Week , and therefore the ceremony was very simple . Cervini had been elected earlier on the same day , and immediately consecrated a bishop in the Cappella Paolina by the Bishop of Ostia , Cardinal Gian Pietro Carafa . Pope Marcellus II died during the night between April 30 and May 1 , after a reign of only twenty-two days . On 23 May 1555 , Cardinal Gian Pietro Carafa was elected pope , and chose the name Paul IV . He was crowned on the steps of the Vatican Basilica on Sunday , 26 May , by Cardinal Francesco Pisani , the prior Diaconum . Cardinal Bishop . With his election to the Papacy , Cardinal Carafa left the See of Ostia vacant . It was filled by Cardinal Jean du Bellay . Bellays seat at Porto was then filled by Cardinal Rodolfo Pio de Carpi , Bishop of Tusculum . The then vacant See of Tusculum was taken by Cardinal Juan Álvarez de Toledo , leaving his seat at Albano vacant . Cardinal Pisani was promoted Cardinal-bishop of Albano on 29 May 1555 by Pope Paul IV , then , on the death of Cardinal Alvarez , he was promoted Cardinal-bishop of Frascati ( Tusculum ) on 20 September 1557 . Pius IV promoted him Cardinal-bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina on 18 May 1562 when Rodolfo Pio became Bishop of Ostia , and then Cardinal Pisani himself became Cardinal-bishop of Ostia on 12 May 1564 . Cardinal Francesco Pisani participated as Bishop of Tusculum ( Frascati ) in the Conclave of 1559 , an event that lasted nearly four months . It was notorious for the extreme laxity of security . On 5 December , the traditional rule that went back to Pope Gregory X ( 1274 ) was put into effect , limiting the cardinals to one dish at a meal was put into effect . Finally on Christmas Day , after the French and Spanish factions had both exhausted their resources , Cardinal Giovanni Angelo de Medici was elected by acclamation , and a formal scrutiny was taken the next day . He chose to be called Pius IV . On 10 June 1564 , Pope Pius IV granted the Serene Republic of Venice the Palazzo of S . Marco in Rome , on the condition that the Cardinal of S . Marco could reside there , and that the transfer was not to take place until after the death of Cardinal Francesco Pisani , Bishop of Ostia , or with his consent . Cardinal Pisani also took part in the Conclave of 1565-1566 , this time as Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals . He was the senior cardinal present , and the only cardinal who survived from the reign of Leo X . He was considered papabile , but he had no great following . On 7 January 1566 , mostly through the work of Cardinals Carlo Borromeo and Alessandro Farnese , the cardinals elected Cardinal Michele Ghislieri , who took the throne name Pius V . The Cardinal was a patron of the arts . He commissioned a house on the mainland in Montagnana , the Villa Pisani , from Andrea Palladio . He also commissioned an altarpiece for the Cathedral of Montagnana , Santa Maria Assunta , from Paolo Veronese , who was resident in Montagnana in 1555 . The subject was the Transfiguration of Christ . Cardinal Pisani died in Rome , at his palazzo of S . Marco , on 28 June 1570 , at the age of seventy-six , having been a cardinal for fifty-three years . He was buried in the Basilica of S . Marco in Rome . A statue of Cardinal Francesco Pisani , not done from life , is No . 70 in the Prato della valle in Padua ; the statues were carved ca . 1775-1883 . External links . - Villa Pisani , Centro Internazionale di Studi di Architettura Andrea Palladio .
|
[
"Dean of the Sacred College"
] |
[
{
"text": "Francesco Pisani ( 1494 – 28 June 1570 ) was an Italian Cardinal , born in Venice , the son of Alvise Pisani the noted banker , who was Procurator of S . Marks , a member of the Council of Ten , and a Councilor of the Doge of Venice ; and Cecilia Giustinian . He had a brother named Giovanni ( Zuan ) , who also became Procurator of S . Marks and was a Venetian diplomat ; he was married to the sister of Doge Andrea Gritti . He was a strong supporter of the alliance between",
"title": "Francesco Pisani"
},
{
"text": "Venice , France and the Papacy , called the League of Cognac . He shared the imprisonment of Pope Clement VII in the Castel S . Angelo during the Sack of Rome and its aftermath . He spent eighteen months in exile in Naples while Clement made his peace with the Emperor Charles V .",
"title": "Francesco Pisani"
},
{
"text": "Francesco had been named a Protonotary Apostolic , the highest grade of monsignor , giving him the rank of a prelate . He was created a cardinal-deacon by Pope Leo X , in the Consistory of 1 July 1517 , at the request of Doge Leonardo Loredan , and assigned the Deaconry of S . Teodoro . The red hat is said to have cost his father 20,000 gold ducats and a ruby . The new cardinal was not in Rome at the time , and the red hat was brought to him in Venice ; it was presented on",
"title": "Early Benefices"
},
{
"text": "Sunday , 23 August 1517 . On 27 August 1518 , the Venetian Council voted to give possession of the Benedictine abbey of S . Stefano di Spalato , on the death of its abbot , to Cardinal Pisani . Pisani was appointed Bishop of Padua on 8 August 1524 .",
"title": "Early Benefices"
},
{
"text": " In 1526 , during the invasion of the city of Rome on 20-21 September , led by Cardinal Pompeo Colonna , Pisani sheltered the Venetian Ambassador in the Palazzo Venezia . On 28 September 1526 , he was named Administrator of the diocese of Città Nova ( Aemonensis , in Istria ) , which he finally resigned in 1535 .",
"title": "Early Benefices"
},
{
"text": " On 27 February 1527 , Cardinal Pisani was granted the Deaconry of S . Maria in Porticu . He was promoted Cardinal-Deacon of San Marco , the traditional Venetian church in Rome , which is normally the titulus of a cardinal-priest , on 3 May 1527 by Pope Clement VII , just three days before the Sack of Rome began . He kept the Deaconry of S . Maria in Porticu in commendam . Two days later he was finally consecrated bishop .",
"title": "Sack of Rome"
},
{
"text": "On the morning of 6 May , as the assault on Rome began , Cardinal Pisani was at the Vatican Palace , to participate in the Popes morning Mass . He was with the Pope to witness the assault , and fled with the Pope through the covered passage to the Castel S . Angelo . He was Pope Clements fellow prisoner in the Castel S . Angelo during the Sack of Rome in May 1527 , and its aftermath . In September 1527 , Giovanni ( Zuan ) Pisani , the brother of Cardinal Francesco , reported to the",
"title": "Sack of Rome"
},
{
"text": "Signoria of Venice that he had word that the Pope had appointed his brother Archbishop of Vienne , and that the Pope was writing to the King of France for his consent . Pope Clement finally concluded a treaty ( i.e . surrendered ) to the Spanish at the end of November . At the beginning of December 1527 , the two leaders of the French and Venetian factions in the College of Cardinals , Cardinal Pisani and Cardinal Trivulzio , were taken to Gaeta , and from there sent to Naples as hostages for the Popes good behavior .",
"title": "Sack of Rome"
},
{
"text": "It was reported to the Signoria of Venice that , on 2 December 1527 Cardinal Pisani freely renounced the See of Padua in favor of his nephew Alvise di Giovanni Pisani ; the Signoria ordered the Rector of Padua to hand over the diocese either to Alvise ( Luigi ) Pisani or his Procurator . The younger Alviso was only twelve years old , and his uncle the Cardinal continued to administer the diocese until his own death . On 27 January 1528 , Cardinal Pisani was appointed Administrator of the diocese of Treviso . Nonetheless , Cardinal Francesco was",
"title": "Sack of Rome"
},
{
"text": "a hostage for the good behavior of the Pope , being kept in Naples for eighteen months . Pisanis father , Alvise , was Commissary General of the French-Venetian armies fighting the Spanish in the Kingdom of Naples , where he died of disease in August 1528 .",
"title": "Sack of Rome"
},
{
"text": " After the Sack and Prison . In 1529 Cardinal Pisani obtained the Deaconry of Sant Agata in Suburra , probably in commendam , since he continued to style himself Cardinal Deacon of S . Marco . He held the Deaconry until 1545 .",
"title": "Sack of Rome"
},
{
"text": "On 1 April 1535 Cardinal Francesco Pisano , Cardinal Deacon of S . Marco , who was possessor of the faculty of disposing of certain benefices in the Cathedrals of Padua and Treviso , which had been granted him by Popes Clement VII and Paul III , renounced those privileges in order to conform with the desire of the Signoria of Venice .",
"title": "Sack of Rome"
},
{
"text": " In 1550 Cardinal Juan Alvarez de Toledo was promoted from the Deaconry of S . Maria in Porticu to the priestly titulus of S . Sisto . Consequently , the Deaconry of S . Maria in Porticu was given back to Cardinal Pisani in commendam , and he held it until he was promoted to the Cardinal-Bishopric of Albano . Cardinal Pisani was nominated Administrator of the diocese of Narbonne by King Henri II of France , which was confirmed on 11 May 1551 .",
"title": "Sack of Rome"
},
{
"text": " On 10 April 1555 , as senior Cardinal Deacon , Cardinal Pisani crowned Pope Marcellus II ( Cervini ) . It was Wednesday in Holy Week , and therefore the ceremony was very simple . Cervini had been elected earlier on the same day , and immediately consecrated a bishop in the Cappella Paolina by the Bishop of Ostia , Cardinal Gian Pietro Carafa . Pope Marcellus II died during the night between April 30 and May 1 , after a reign of only twenty-two days .",
"title": "Cardinal Protodeacon"
},
{
"text": "On 23 May 1555 , Cardinal Gian Pietro Carafa was elected pope , and chose the name Paul IV . He was crowned on the steps of the Vatican Basilica on Sunday , 26 May , by Cardinal Francesco Pisani , the prior Diaconum .",
"title": "Cardinal Protodeacon"
},
{
"text": "With his election to the Papacy , Cardinal Carafa left the See of Ostia vacant . It was filled by Cardinal Jean du Bellay . Bellays seat at Porto was then filled by Cardinal Rodolfo Pio de Carpi , Bishop of Tusculum . The then vacant See of Tusculum was taken by Cardinal Juan Álvarez de Toledo , leaving his seat at Albano vacant . Cardinal Pisani was promoted Cardinal-bishop of Albano on 29 May 1555 by Pope Paul IV , then , on the death of Cardinal Alvarez , he was promoted Cardinal-bishop of Frascati ( Tusculum ) on",
"title": "Cardinal Bishop"
},
{
"text": "20 September 1557 . Pius IV promoted him Cardinal-bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina on 18 May 1562 when Rodolfo Pio became Bishop of Ostia , and then Cardinal Pisani himself became Cardinal-bishop of Ostia on 12 May 1564 .",
"title": "Cardinal Bishop"
},
{
"text": "Cardinal Francesco Pisani participated as Bishop of Tusculum ( Frascati ) in the Conclave of 1559 , an event that lasted nearly four months . It was notorious for the extreme laxity of security . On 5 December , the traditional rule that went back to Pope Gregory X ( 1274 ) was put into effect , limiting the cardinals to one dish at a meal was put into effect . Finally on Christmas Day , after the French and Spanish factions had both exhausted their resources , Cardinal Giovanni Angelo de Medici was elected by acclamation , and a",
"title": "Cardinal Bishop"
},
{
"text": "formal scrutiny was taken the next day . He chose to be called Pius IV .",
"title": "Cardinal Bishop"
},
{
"text": " On 10 June 1564 , Pope Pius IV granted the Serene Republic of Venice the Palazzo of S . Marco in Rome , on the condition that the Cardinal of S . Marco could reside there , and that the transfer was not to take place until after the death of Cardinal Francesco Pisani , Bishop of Ostia , or with his consent .",
"title": "Cardinal Bishop"
},
{
"text": "Cardinal Pisani also took part in the Conclave of 1565-1566 , this time as Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals . He was the senior cardinal present , and the only cardinal who survived from the reign of Leo X . He was considered papabile , but he had no great following . On 7 January 1566 , mostly through the work of Cardinals Carlo Borromeo and Alessandro Farnese , the cardinals elected Cardinal Michele Ghislieri , who took the throne name Pius V .",
"title": "Cardinal Bishop"
},
{
"text": " The Cardinal was a patron of the arts . He commissioned a house on the mainland in Montagnana , the Villa Pisani , from Andrea Palladio . He also commissioned an altarpiece for the Cathedral of Montagnana , Santa Maria Assunta , from Paolo Veronese , who was resident in Montagnana in 1555 . The subject was the Transfiguration of Christ .",
"title": "Cardinal Bishop"
},
{
"text": "Cardinal Pisani died in Rome , at his palazzo of S . Marco , on 28 June 1570 , at the age of seventy-six , having been a cardinal for fifty-three years . He was buried in the Basilica of S . Marco in Rome .",
"title": "Cardinal Bishop"
},
{
"text": " A statue of Cardinal Francesco Pisani , not done from life , is No . 70 in the Prato della valle in Padua ; the statues were carved ca . 1775-1883 .",
"title": "Cardinal Bishop"
},
{
"text": " - Villa Pisani , Centro Internazionale di Studi di Architettura Andrea Palladio .",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Lina_Basquette#P26#0
|
Who was Lina Basquette 's spouse before May 1925?
|
Lina Basquette Lina Basquette ( born Lena Copeland Baskette ; April 19 , 1907 – September 30 , 1994 ) was an American actress . She is noted for her 75-year career in entertainment , which began during the silent film era . Talented as a dancer , she was paid as a girl for performing and gained her first film contract at age nine . In her acting career , Basquette may have been best known for her role as Judith in The Godless Girl ( 1929 ) The film was based on the life of Queen Silver , known as a 20th-century child prodigy , and feminist and socialist activist . Basquette also was noted for her several marriages , including her first , to the much older noted producer , Sam Warner , founder of Warner Bros . film studio . When her film career declined , she returned for a period to dancing and stage performances . After she retired from the entertainment world , in 1947 Basquette moved to Bucks County , Pennsylvania , where she became a noted breeder of Great Danes ; her dogs won numerous professional show prizes . She wrote several books on dog breeding as well . Later living in West Virginia , she also served as a judge for the American Kennel Club , and wrote a column . Early years . Basquette was born in April 19 , 1907 as Lena Copeland Baskette , to parents Frank E . Baskette , a drugstore owner , and his wife Gladys Lee ( née Rosenberg ) Baskette in San Mateo , California . She began dancing as a child . A Victor Talking Machine Company representative saw her dancing to a record in her fathers store . He hired her at the age of eight ( through her parents ) to advertise Victrolas at the 1915 Panama–Pacific International Exposition , held in San Francisco . Basquette later began studying ballet . Baskette secured her first film contract at the age of nine in 1916 with Universal Studios in Los Angeles for the silent film series Lena Baskette Featurettes . Shortly after she was signed with Universal , her father Frank Baskette committed suicide . Baskette later blamed her fathers death on her mothers ambition for fame and fortune . Within a year , Gladys Baskette married dance director Ernest Belcher . Their daughter Marjorie Belcher , half-sister to Lina , was born in 1919 in Los Angeles , where the family was then living . Marjorie became a dancer and choreographer known as Marge Champion . Career . Early success . In 1923 , Baskette and her mother traveled across the country by train to New York City , so that the girl could audition for John Murray Anderson . Anderson urged her to change the spelling of her surname from Baskette to Basquette . Producer Charles Dillingham changed the spelling of her first name from Lena to Lina saying , Lena is a cook , Lina is an artiste . Before she could sign with Anderson , Florenz Ziegfeld cast the 16-year-old Basquette in his Ziegfeld Follies and cast her as a featured dancer . The Follies producers officially dubbed her Americas Prima Ballerina . The girl gained notice from Russian prima ballerina Anna Pavlova , who wanted to mentor her in classical ballet . Her mother Gladys Baskette decided that a career as a ballerina would not yield enough money and turned down Pavolvas offer . Basquette later said I dreamed of being in a ballet company and it broke my heart . Marriage and family . By 1925 , at age 18 , Basquette was appearing in two concurrent Ziegfeld productions . She was spotted in Louie the 14th by Sam Warner , film producer and co-founder of Warner Bros . studio . Warner instantly fell in love with her and proposed marriage . Basquette did not want to marry him , as he was considerably older than she . Her mother insisted that Basquette accept Warners proposal , believing that the producer was wealthy ( at the time , Warner Bros . was losing money ) . Basquette and Warner were married in July 1925 . After the marriage , Basquette grew to love and respect Warner ; the couple had a daughter , Lita , in 1926 . Warner died suddenly on October 5 , 1927 , the day before the opening of the highly anticipated Warner Bros . film , The Jazz Singer , which he had been working on tirelessly . Basquette was devastated by his death . She spent years battling Warners family over money and custody of the couples daughter . Return to films . Basquette returned to work in 1928 , appearing in four films . That year , she was named one of thirteen WAMPAS Baby Stars . The following year , she appeared in The Younger Generation , directed by Frank Capra . In 1929 , she starred in the partial-sound film , The Godless Girl , directed by Cecil B . DeMille . This is the role for which she is best known . Basquette plays the title character Judith , who is based on Queen Silver , a child prodigy who early made speeches as a socialist activist . Judith is the leader of a high school atheist society ; she forces members to renounce the Bible while placing a hand on the head of a live monkey . In the films climactic scene , DeMille insisted on realism while filming the reformatory going up in flames . During the filming , Basquettes eyelashes and eyebrows were burned . The Godless Girl was not a box office success in the United States , but it did well in Austria and Germany . Basquette later recalled that she received a fan letter from Adolf Hitler ( before he achieved his political power ) saying that she was his favorite movie star . Decline . After appearing in The Godless Girl , Basquette found her popularity declining and she was offered fewer film roles . She was unofficially blacklisted in Hollywood due to her legal battles with the Warner family , which was trying to take custody of her daughter with Sam Warner in order to rear her as Jewish , and challenged settlement of his estate . She made a successful transition to sound films and appeared in some Western films in the 1930s . In January 1937 , Basquette was offered a contract with the Universum Film AG studio in Germany after the Nazi Party had taken power . After arriving in Germany , she was driven to Berchtesgaden , where she met Adolf Hitler , Rudolf Hess , and Joseph Goebbels . She later claimed that Hitler made a pass at her , and she kicked him in the groin . When he persisted , Basquette told him that her maternal grandfather was Jewish . She left Germany the following day . As her career in films continued to decline , Basquette returned to dancing . She performed in nightclubs and on the vaudeville circuit . In 1939 , Basquette and her fifth husband , English actor Henry Mollison , appeared on stage together in Idiots Delight , which toured in the United States , Australia and New Zealand . After appearing in 1943s A Night for Crime , Basquette retired from films . Later years . On August 9 , 1943 , Basquette was raped and robbed in Burbank , California after she gave a ride to 22-year-old army private George Paul Rimke . Basquette later testified that after she picked up the soldier , he forced her into the backseat and raped her . Rimke denied the charges but was found guilty on August 26 , 1943 and sentenced to life in prison . In 1947 , Basquette used money from a trust fund left to her by her first husband , Sam Warner , and purchased a farm in Bucks County , Pennsylvania . In 1950 , she and her sixth husband Warner Gilmore opened Honey Hollow Kennels ; they began breeding and showing Great Danes . Basquette became the single biggest winner of Great Dane breed shows and was known as a noted dog breeder . She also wrote several books on the subject of dog breeding . She retired from dog handling in 1983 . Basquette moved to Wheeling , West Virginia , after her retirement . She continued to judge dog shows for the American Kennel Club and wrote a monthly column for Kennel Review . Renewed interest in Basquettes films was sparked after a profile of her was published in 1989 in The New Yorker . Her films were screened in Washington , DC at the National Gallery of Art and at the Silent Movie Theatre in Los Angeles . Basquette published her autobiography , Lina : DeMilles Godless Girl , in 1991 . That same year she was cast in her first film in 48 years , an independent production titled Paradise Park . She played a grandmother who dreamed God was coming to grant a wish to residents of an Appalachian trailer park . The film also stars Porter Wagoner and Johnny Paycheck . It was her final film role . Personal life . Marriages and children . Basquette was married 8 times . Basquettes first marriage was to Sam Warner , film producer and co-founder of Warner Bros . studio . The two were married on July 4 , 1925 despite Warners familys disapproval because Basquette was Catholic and not Jewish . They had a daughter , Lita ( named after Charlie Chaplins wife Lita Grey ) in October 1926 . After suffering severe headaches and a sinus infection aggravated by several abscessed teeth , Warner was admitted to California Lutheran Hospital in September 1927 . Doctors discovered that he had developed a mastoid infection that was spreading to his brain . After four surgeries to remove the infection , Warner slipped into a coma . He died of pneumonia caused by sinusitis as well as epidural and subdural abscesses on October 5 , 1927 . In January 1929 , Basquette married cinematographer Peverell Marley . Shortly after the marriage , Harry Warner , Sam Warners older brother , asked Basquette give up custody of her daughter Lita . He was concerned that she would raise Lita as a Roman Catholic like her rather than in the Jewish faith . Basquette said that she and Sam Warner had agreed to raise any female children they had as Catholic and any male children as Jewish . Harry Warner and his wife offered Basquette large amounts of money to relinquish custody but she refused . She finally relented after Harry Warner promised her that Lita would receive a $300,000 trust fund . On March 30 , 1930 , Harry Warner and his wife were awarded legal custody of Lita . Basquette quickly regretted her decision and tried to regain custody of her daughter . In August 1930 , Basquette left Marley as she tried to regain custody of Lita . When custody was denied , she attempted suicide by drinking poison at a party . She was saved when a guest heard her screams . Marley and Basquette were divorced in September 1930 . Basquette was never financially stable enough to regain custody of her daughter . The Warner family filed several legal suits against her to win back Sam Warners share of Warner Bros . studio . Over the next 20 years , Basquette saw Lita on only two occasions : in 1935 , when Harry Warner and his family moved to Los Angeles , and in 1947 , when Lita married Dr . Nathan Hiatt . Basquette and her daughter reconnected in 1977 when Basquette backed a lawsuit that Lita brought against her uncle Jack L . Warners estate . Basquettes third marriage was to actor Ray Hallam in 1931 . He died of leukemia three weeks after they were married . On October 31 , 1931 , she married Theodore Hayes , the former trainer of world heavyweight boxing champion Jack Dempsey . After discovering that Hayes was still married to another woman , Basquette was granted a Mexican divorce on September 10 , 1932 . In her autobiography , Basquette said that , while she and Hayes were separated , she had an affair with Jack Dempsey . Dempsey ended the affair in July 1932 after which Basquette attempted suicide a second time . She and Hayes eventually reconciled and remarried in 1934 . They had a son , Edward Alvin Hayes , in April 1934 . The following year , they divorced in December 1935 . In April 1937 , Basquette married British actor Henry Mollison in London . They separated in 1940 , and divorced in October 1944 . In 1947 , she married Warner Gilmore , the general manager of the St . Moritz Hotel . They divorced in 1951 . Basquettes final marriage was to artist Frank Mancuso . They married in 1959 and separated that same year , but they were never divorced . Death . On September 30 , 1994 , Basquette died of lymphoma at her home in Wheeling , West Virginia , at the age of 87 . Legacy . For her contributions to the film industry , Basquette has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame located at 1529 Vine Street . External links . - Lina Basquette , Virtual History website - Portrait and Biography of Lina Basquette - Wendy McElroy , Queen Silver : The Godless Girl , official website
|
[
"Sam Warner"
] |
[
{
"text": "Lina Basquette ( born Lena Copeland Baskette ; April 19 , 1907 – September 30 , 1994 ) was an American actress . She is noted for her 75-year career in entertainment , which began during the silent film era . Talented as a dancer , she was paid as a girl for performing and gained her first film contract at age nine . In her acting career , Basquette may have been best known for her role as Judith in The Godless Girl ( 1929 ) The film was based on the life of Queen Silver , known as",
"title": "Lina Basquette"
},
{
"text": "a 20th-century child prodigy , and feminist and socialist activist .",
"title": "Lina Basquette"
},
{
"text": "Basquette also was noted for her several marriages , including her first , to the much older noted producer , Sam Warner , founder of Warner Bros . film studio . When her film career declined , she returned for a period to dancing and stage performances . After she retired from the entertainment world , in 1947 Basquette moved to Bucks County , Pennsylvania , where she became a noted breeder of Great Danes ; her dogs won numerous professional show prizes . She wrote several books on dog breeding as well . Later living in West Virginia ,",
"title": "Lina Basquette"
},
{
"text": "she also served as a judge for the American Kennel Club , and wrote a column .",
"title": "Lina Basquette"
},
{
"text": " Basquette was born in April 19 , 1907 as Lena Copeland Baskette , to parents Frank E . Baskette , a drugstore owner , and his wife Gladys Lee ( née Rosenberg ) Baskette in San Mateo , California . She began dancing as a child . A Victor Talking Machine Company representative saw her dancing to a record in her fathers store . He hired her at the age of eight ( through her parents ) to advertise Victrolas at the 1915 Panama–Pacific International Exposition , held in San Francisco . Basquette later began studying ballet .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "Baskette secured her first film contract at the age of nine in 1916 with Universal Studios in Los Angeles for the silent film series Lena Baskette Featurettes . Shortly after she was signed with Universal , her father Frank Baskette committed suicide . Baskette later blamed her fathers death on her mothers ambition for fame and fortune .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Within a year , Gladys Baskette married dance director Ernest Belcher . Their daughter Marjorie Belcher , half-sister to Lina , was born in 1919 in Los Angeles , where the family was then living . Marjorie became a dancer and choreographer known as Marge Champion .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " In 1923 , Baskette and her mother traveled across the country by train to New York City , so that the girl could audition for John Murray Anderson . Anderson urged her to change the spelling of her surname from Baskette to Basquette . Producer Charles Dillingham changed the spelling of her first name from Lena to Lina saying , Lena is a cook , Lina is an artiste .",
"title": "Early success"
},
{
"text": "Before she could sign with Anderson , Florenz Ziegfeld cast the 16-year-old Basquette in his Ziegfeld Follies and cast her as a featured dancer . The Follies producers officially dubbed her Americas Prima Ballerina . The girl gained notice from Russian prima ballerina Anna Pavlova , who wanted to mentor her in classical ballet . Her mother Gladys Baskette decided that a career as a ballerina would not yield enough money and turned down Pavolvas offer . Basquette later said I dreamed of being in a ballet company and it broke my heart .",
"title": "Early success"
},
{
"text": " By 1925 , at age 18 , Basquette was appearing in two concurrent Ziegfeld productions . She was spotted in Louie the 14th by Sam Warner , film producer and co-founder of Warner Bros . studio . Warner instantly fell in love with her and proposed marriage . Basquette did not want to marry him , as he was considerably older than she . Her mother insisted that Basquette accept Warners proposal , believing that the producer was wealthy ( at the time , Warner Bros . was losing money ) .",
"title": "Marriage and family"
},
{
"text": "Basquette and Warner were married in July 1925 . After the marriage , Basquette grew to love and respect Warner ; the couple had a daughter , Lita , in 1926 . Warner died suddenly on October 5 , 1927 , the day before the opening of the highly anticipated Warner Bros . film , The Jazz Singer , which he had been working on tirelessly . Basquette was devastated by his death . She spent years battling Warners family over money and custody of the couples daughter .",
"title": "Marriage and family"
},
{
"text": " Basquette returned to work in 1928 , appearing in four films . That year , she was named one of thirteen WAMPAS Baby Stars . The following year , she appeared in The Younger Generation , directed by Frank Capra .",
"title": "Return to films"
},
{
"text": "In 1929 , she starred in the partial-sound film , The Godless Girl , directed by Cecil B . DeMille . This is the role for which she is best known . Basquette plays the title character Judith , who is based on Queen Silver , a child prodigy who early made speeches as a socialist activist . Judith is the leader of a high school atheist society ; she forces members to renounce the Bible while placing a hand on the head of a live monkey .",
"title": "Return to films"
},
{
"text": " In the films climactic scene , DeMille insisted on realism while filming the reformatory going up in flames . During the filming , Basquettes eyelashes and eyebrows were burned . The Godless Girl was not a box office success in the United States , but it did well in Austria and Germany . Basquette later recalled that she received a fan letter from Adolf Hitler ( before he achieved his political power ) saying that she was his favorite movie star .",
"title": "Return to films"
},
{
"text": " After appearing in The Godless Girl , Basquette found her popularity declining and she was offered fewer film roles . She was unofficially blacklisted in Hollywood due to her legal battles with the Warner family , which was trying to take custody of her daughter with Sam Warner in order to rear her as Jewish , and challenged settlement of his estate . She made a successful transition to sound films and appeared in some Western films in the 1930s .",
"title": "Decline"
},
{
"text": "In January 1937 , Basquette was offered a contract with the Universum Film AG studio in Germany after the Nazi Party had taken power . After arriving in Germany , she was driven to Berchtesgaden , where she met Adolf Hitler , Rudolf Hess , and Joseph Goebbels . She later claimed that Hitler made a pass at her , and she kicked him in the groin . When he persisted , Basquette told him that her maternal grandfather was Jewish . She left Germany the following day .",
"title": "Decline"
},
{
"text": " As her career in films continued to decline , Basquette returned to dancing . She performed in nightclubs and on the vaudeville circuit . In 1939 , Basquette and her fifth husband , English actor Henry Mollison , appeared on stage together in Idiots Delight , which toured in the United States , Australia and New Zealand . After appearing in 1943s A Night for Crime , Basquette retired from films .",
"title": "Decline"
},
{
"text": " On August 9 , 1943 , Basquette was raped and robbed in Burbank , California after she gave a ride to 22-year-old army private George Paul Rimke . Basquette later testified that after she picked up the soldier , he forced her into the backseat and raped her . Rimke denied the charges but was found guilty on August 26 , 1943 and sentenced to life in prison .",
"title": "Later years"
},
{
"text": "In 1947 , Basquette used money from a trust fund left to her by her first husband , Sam Warner , and purchased a farm in Bucks County , Pennsylvania . In 1950 , she and her sixth husband Warner Gilmore opened Honey Hollow Kennels ; they began breeding and showing Great Danes . Basquette became the single biggest winner of Great Dane breed shows and was known as a noted dog breeder . She also wrote several books on the subject of dog breeding .",
"title": "Later years"
},
{
"text": " She retired from dog handling in 1983 . Basquette moved to Wheeling , West Virginia , after her retirement . She continued to judge dog shows for the American Kennel Club and wrote a monthly column for Kennel Review . Renewed interest in Basquettes films was sparked after a profile of her was published in 1989 in The New Yorker . Her films were screened in Washington , DC at the National Gallery of Art and at the Silent Movie Theatre in Los Angeles .",
"title": "Later years"
},
{
"text": "Basquette published her autobiography , Lina : DeMilles Godless Girl , in 1991 . That same year she was cast in her first film in 48 years , an independent production titled Paradise Park . She played a grandmother who dreamed God was coming to grant a wish to residents of an Appalachian trailer park . The film also stars Porter Wagoner and Johnny Paycheck . It was her final film role .",
"title": "Later years"
},
{
"text": "Basquette was married 8 times . Basquettes first marriage was to Sam Warner , film producer and co-founder of Warner Bros . studio . The two were married on July 4 , 1925 despite Warners familys disapproval because Basquette was Catholic and not Jewish . They had a daughter , Lita ( named after Charlie Chaplins wife Lita Grey ) in October 1926 . After suffering severe headaches and a sinus infection aggravated by several abscessed teeth , Warner was admitted to California Lutheran Hospital in September 1927 . Doctors discovered that he had developed a mastoid infection that was",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": "spreading to his brain . After four surgeries to remove the infection , Warner slipped into a coma . He died of pneumonia caused by sinusitis as well as epidural and subdural abscesses on October 5 , 1927 .",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": "In January 1929 , Basquette married cinematographer Peverell Marley . Shortly after the marriage , Harry Warner , Sam Warners older brother , asked Basquette give up custody of her daughter Lita . He was concerned that she would raise Lita as a Roman Catholic like her rather than in the Jewish faith . Basquette said that she and Sam Warner had agreed to raise any female children they had as Catholic and any male children as Jewish . Harry Warner and his wife offered Basquette large amounts of money to relinquish custody but she refused . She finally relented",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": "after Harry Warner promised her that Lita would receive a $300,000 trust fund . On March 30 , 1930 , Harry Warner and his wife were awarded legal custody of Lita . Basquette quickly regretted her decision and tried to regain custody of her daughter .",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": " In August 1930 , Basquette left Marley as she tried to regain custody of Lita . When custody was denied , she attempted suicide by drinking poison at a party . She was saved when a guest heard her screams . Marley and Basquette were divorced in September 1930 .",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": "Basquette was never financially stable enough to regain custody of her daughter . The Warner family filed several legal suits against her to win back Sam Warners share of Warner Bros . studio . Over the next 20 years , Basquette saw Lita on only two occasions : in 1935 , when Harry Warner and his family moved to Los Angeles , and in 1947 , when Lita married Dr . Nathan Hiatt . Basquette and her daughter reconnected in 1977 when Basquette backed a lawsuit that Lita brought against her uncle Jack L . Warners estate .",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": " Basquettes third marriage was to actor Ray Hallam in 1931 . He died of leukemia three weeks after they were married . On October 31 , 1931 , she married Theodore Hayes , the former trainer of world heavyweight boxing champion Jack Dempsey . After discovering that Hayes was still married to another woman , Basquette was granted a Mexican divorce on September 10 , 1932 .",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": "In her autobiography , Basquette said that , while she and Hayes were separated , she had an affair with Jack Dempsey . Dempsey ended the affair in July 1932 after which Basquette attempted suicide a second time . She and Hayes eventually reconciled and remarried in 1934 . They had a son , Edward Alvin Hayes , in April 1934 . The following year , they divorced in December 1935 .",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": " In April 1937 , Basquette married British actor Henry Mollison in London . They separated in 1940 , and divorced in October 1944 . In 1947 , she married Warner Gilmore , the general manager of the St . Moritz Hotel . They divorced in 1951 . Basquettes final marriage was to artist Frank Mancuso . They married in 1959 and separated that same year , but they were never divorced .",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": " On September 30 , 1994 , Basquette died of lymphoma at her home in Wheeling , West Virginia , at the age of 87 .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " For her contributions to the film industry , Basquette has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame located at 1529 Vine Street .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " - Lina Basquette , Virtual History website - Portrait and Biography of Lina Basquette - Wendy McElroy , Queen Silver : The Godless Girl , official website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Lina_Basquette#P26#1
|
Who was Lina Basquette 's spouse in Dec 1929?
|
Lina Basquette Lina Basquette ( born Lena Copeland Baskette ; April 19 , 1907 – September 30 , 1994 ) was an American actress . She is noted for her 75-year career in entertainment , which began during the silent film era . Talented as a dancer , she was paid as a girl for performing and gained her first film contract at age nine . In her acting career , Basquette may have been best known for her role as Judith in The Godless Girl ( 1929 ) The film was based on the life of Queen Silver , known as a 20th-century child prodigy , and feminist and socialist activist . Basquette also was noted for her several marriages , including her first , to the much older noted producer , Sam Warner , founder of Warner Bros . film studio . When her film career declined , she returned for a period to dancing and stage performances . After she retired from the entertainment world , in 1947 Basquette moved to Bucks County , Pennsylvania , where she became a noted breeder of Great Danes ; her dogs won numerous professional show prizes . She wrote several books on dog breeding as well . Later living in West Virginia , she also served as a judge for the American Kennel Club , and wrote a column . Early years . Basquette was born in April 19 , 1907 as Lena Copeland Baskette , to parents Frank E . Baskette , a drugstore owner , and his wife Gladys Lee ( née Rosenberg ) Baskette in San Mateo , California . She began dancing as a child . A Victor Talking Machine Company representative saw her dancing to a record in her fathers store . He hired her at the age of eight ( through her parents ) to advertise Victrolas at the 1915 Panama–Pacific International Exposition , held in San Francisco . Basquette later began studying ballet . Baskette secured her first film contract at the age of nine in 1916 with Universal Studios in Los Angeles for the silent film series Lena Baskette Featurettes . Shortly after she was signed with Universal , her father Frank Baskette committed suicide . Baskette later blamed her fathers death on her mothers ambition for fame and fortune . Within a year , Gladys Baskette married dance director Ernest Belcher . Their daughter Marjorie Belcher , half-sister to Lina , was born in 1919 in Los Angeles , where the family was then living . Marjorie became a dancer and choreographer known as Marge Champion . Career . Early success . In 1923 , Baskette and her mother traveled across the country by train to New York City , so that the girl could audition for John Murray Anderson . Anderson urged her to change the spelling of her surname from Baskette to Basquette . Producer Charles Dillingham changed the spelling of her first name from Lena to Lina saying , Lena is a cook , Lina is an artiste . Before she could sign with Anderson , Florenz Ziegfeld cast the 16-year-old Basquette in his Ziegfeld Follies and cast her as a featured dancer . The Follies producers officially dubbed her Americas Prima Ballerina . The girl gained notice from Russian prima ballerina Anna Pavlova , who wanted to mentor her in classical ballet . Her mother Gladys Baskette decided that a career as a ballerina would not yield enough money and turned down Pavolvas offer . Basquette later said I dreamed of being in a ballet company and it broke my heart . Marriage and family . By 1925 , at age 18 , Basquette was appearing in two concurrent Ziegfeld productions . She was spotted in Louie the 14th by Sam Warner , film producer and co-founder of Warner Bros . studio . Warner instantly fell in love with her and proposed marriage . Basquette did not want to marry him , as he was considerably older than she . Her mother insisted that Basquette accept Warners proposal , believing that the producer was wealthy ( at the time , Warner Bros . was losing money ) . Basquette and Warner were married in July 1925 . After the marriage , Basquette grew to love and respect Warner ; the couple had a daughter , Lita , in 1926 . Warner died suddenly on October 5 , 1927 , the day before the opening of the highly anticipated Warner Bros . film , The Jazz Singer , which he had been working on tirelessly . Basquette was devastated by his death . She spent years battling Warners family over money and custody of the couples daughter . Return to films . Basquette returned to work in 1928 , appearing in four films . That year , she was named one of thirteen WAMPAS Baby Stars . The following year , she appeared in The Younger Generation , directed by Frank Capra . In 1929 , she starred in the partial-sound film , The Godless Girl , directed by Cecil B . DeMille . This is the role for which she is best known . Basquette plays the title character Judith , who is based on Queen Silver , a child prodigy who early made speeches as a socialist activist . Judith is the leader of a high school atheist society ; she forces members to renounce the Bible while placing a hand on the head of a live monkey . In the films climactic scene , DeMille insisted on realism while filming the reformatory going up in flames . During the filming , Basquettes eyelashes and eyebrows were burned . The Godless Girl was not a box office success in the United States , but it did well in Austria and Germany . Basquette later recalled that she received a fan letter from Adolf Hitler ( before he achieved his political power ) saying that she was his favorite movie star . Decline . After appearing in The Godless Girl , Basquette found her popularity declining and she was offered fewer film roles . She was unofficially blacklisted in Hollywood due to her legal battles with the Warner family , which was trying to take custody of her daughter with Sam Warner in order to rear her as Jewish , and challenged settlement of his estate . She made a successful transition to sound films and appeared in some Western films in the 1930s . In January 1937 , Basquette was offered a contract with the Universum Film AG studio in Germany after the Nazi Party had taken power . After arriving in Germany , she was driven to Berchtesgaden , where she met Adolf Hitler , Rudolf Hess , and Joseph Goebbels . She later claimed that Hitler made a pass at her , and she kicked him in the groin . When he persisted , Basquette told him that her maternal grandfather was Jewish . She left Germany the following day . As her career in films continued to decline , Basquette returned to dancing . She performed in nightclubs and on the vaudeville circuit . In 1939 , Basquette and her fifth husband , English actor Henry Mollison , appeared on stage together in Idiots Delight , which toured in the United States , Australia and New Zealand . After appearing in 1943s A Night for Crime , Basquette retired from films . Later years . On August 9 , 1943 , Basquette was raped and robbed in Burbank , California after she gave a ride to 22-year-old army private George Paul Rimke . Basquette later testified that after she picked up the soldier , he forced her into the backseat and raped her . Rimke denied the charges but was found guilty on August 26 , 1943 and sentenced to life in prison . In 1947 , Basquette used money from a trust fund left to her by her first husband , Sam Warner , and purchased a farm in Bucks County , Pennsylvania . In 1950 , she and her sixth husband Warner Gilmore opened Honey Hollow Kennels ; they began breeding and showing Great Danes . Basquette became the single biggest winner of Great Dane breed shows and was known as a noted dog breeder . She also wrote several books on the subject of dog breeding . She retired from dog handling in 1983 . Basquette moved to Wheeling , West Virginia , after her retirement . She continued to judge dog shows for the American Kennel Club and wrote a monthly column for Kennel Review . Renewed interest in Basquettes films was sparked after a profile of her was published in 1989 in The New Yorker . Her films were screened in Washington , DC at the National Gallery of Art and at the Silent Movie Theatre in Los Angeles . Basquette published her autobiography , Lina : DeMilles Godless Girl , in 1991 . That same year she was cast in her first film in 48 years , an independent production titled Paradise Park . She played a grandmother who dreamed God was coming to grant a wish to residents of an Appalachian trailer park . The film also stars Porter Wagoner and Johnny Paycheck . It was her final film role . Personal life . Marriages and children . Basquette was married 8 times . Basquettes first marriage was to Sam Warner , film producer and co-founder of Warner Bros . studio . The two were married on July 4 , 1925 despite Warners familys disapproval because Basquette was Catholic and not Jewish . They had a daughter , Lita ( named after Charlie Chaplins wife Lita Grey ) in October 1926 . After suffering severe headaches and a sinus infection aggravated by several abscessed teeth , Warner was admitted to California Lutheran Hospital in September 1927 . Doctors discovered that he had developed a mastoid infection that was spreading to his brain . After four surgeries to remove the infection , Warner slipped into a coma . He died of pneumonia caused by sinusitis as well as epidural and subdural abscesses on October 5 , 1927 . In January 1929 , Basquette married cinematographer Peverell Marley . Shortly after the marriage , Harry Warner , Sam Warners older brother , asked Basquette give up custody of her daughter Lita . He was concerned that she would raise Lita as a Roman Catholic like her rather than in the Jewish faith . Basquette said that she and Sam Warner had agreed to raise any female children they had as Catholic and any male children as Jewish . Harry Warner and his wife offered Basquette large amounts of money to relinquish custody but she refused . She finally relented after Harry Warner promised her that Lita would receive a $300,000 trust fund . On March 30 , 1930 , Harry Warner and his wife were awarded legal custody of Lita . Basquette quickly regretted her decision and tried to regain custody of her daughter . In August 1930 , Basquette left Marley as she tried to regain custody of Lita . When custody was denied , she attempted suicide by drinking poison at a party . She was saved when a guest heard her screams . Marley and Basquette were divorced in September 1930 . Basquette was never financially stable enough to regain custody of her daughter . The Warner family filed several legal suits against her to win back Sam Warners share of Warner Bros . studio . Over the next 20 years , Basquette saw Lita on only two occasions : in 1935 , when Harry Warner and his family moved to Los Angeles , and in 1947 , when Lita married Dr . Nathan Hiatt . Basquette and her daughter reconnected in 1977 when Basquette backed a lawsuit that Lita brought against her uncle Jack L . Warners estate . Basquettes third marriage was to actor Ray Hallam in 1931 . He died of leukemia three weeks after they were married . On October 31 , 1931 , she married Theodore Hayes , the former trainer of world heavyweight boxing champion Jack Dempsey . After discovering that Hayes was still married to another woman , Basquette was granted a Mexican divorce on September 10 , 1932 . In her autobiography , Basquette said that , while she and Hayes were separated , she had an affair with Jack Dempsey . Dempsey ended the affair in July 1932 after which Basquette attempted suicide a second time . She and Hayes eventually reconciled and remarried in 1934 . They had a son , Edward Alvin Hayes , in April 1934 . The following year , they divorced in December 1935 . In April 1937 , Basquette married British actor Henry Mollison in London . They separated in 1940 , and divorced in October 1944 . In 1947 , she married Warner Gilmore , the general manager of the St . Moritz Hotel . They divorced in 1951 . Basquettes final marriage was to artist Frank Mancuso . They married in 1959 and separated that same year , but they were never divorced . Death . On September 30 , 1994 , Basquette died of lymphoma at her home in Wheeling , West Virginia , at the age of 87 . Legacy . For her contributions to the film industry , Basquette has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame located at 1529 Vine Street . External links . - Lina Basquette , Virtual History website - Portrait and Biography of Lina Basquette - Wendy McElroy , Queen Silver : The Godless Girl , official website
|
[
"Peverell Marley"
] |
[
{
"text": "Lina Basquette ( born Lena Copeland Baskette ; April 19 , 1907 – September 30 , 1994 ) was an American actress . She is noted for her 75-year career in entertainment , which began during the silent film era . Talented as a dancer , she was paid as a girl for performing and gained her first film contract at age nine . In her acting career , Basquette may have been best known for her role as Judith in The Godless Girl ( 1929 ) The film was based on the life of Queen Silver , known as",
"title": "Lina Basquette"
},
{
"text": "a 20th-century child prodigy , and feminist and socialist activist .",
"title": "Lina Basquette"
},
{
"text": "Basquette also was noted for her several marriages , including her first , to the much older noted producer , Sam Warner , founder of Warner Bros . film studio . When her film career declined , she returned for a period to dancing and stage performances . After she retired from the entertainment world , in 1947 Basquette moved to Bucks County , Pennsylvania , where she became a noted breeder of Great Danes ; her dogs won numerous professional show prizes . She wrote several books on dog breeding as well . Later living in West Virginia ,",
"title": "Lina Basquette"
},
{
"text": "she also served as a judge for the American Kennel Club , and wrote a column .",
"title": "Lina Basquette"
},
{
"text": " Basquette was born in April 19 , 1907 as Lena Copeland Baskette , to parents Frank E . Baskette , a drugstore owner , and his wife Gladys Lee ( née Rosenberg ) Baskette in San Mateo , California . She began dancing as a child . A Victor Talking Machine Company representative saw her dancing to a record in her fathers store . He hired her at the age of eight ( through her parents ) to advertise Victrolas at the 1915 Panama–Pacific International Exposition , held in San Francisco . Basquette later began studying ballet .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "Baskette secured her first film contract at the age of nine in 1916 with Universal Studios in Los Angeles for the silent film series Lena Baskette Featurettes . Shortly after she was signed with Universal , her father Frank Baskette committed suicide . Baskette later blamed her fathers death on her mothers ambition for fame and fortune .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Within a year , Gladys Baskette married dance director Ernest Belcher . Their daughter Marjorie Belcher , half-sister to Lina , was born in 1919 in Los Angeles , where the family was then living . Marjorie became a dancer and choreographer known as Marge Champion .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " In 1923 , Baskette and her mother traveled across the country by train to New York City , so that the girl could audition for John Murray Anderson . Anderson urged her to change the spelling of her surname from Baskette to Basquette . Producer Charles Dillingham changed the spelling of her first name from Lena to Lina saying , Lena is a cook , Lina is an artiste .",
"title": "Early success"
},
{
"text": "Before she could sign with Anderson , Florenz Ziegfeld cast the 16-year-old Basquette in his Ziegfeld Follies and cast her as a featured dancer . The Follies producers officially dubbed her Americas Prima Ballerina . The girl gained notice from Russian prima ballerina Anna Pavlova , who wanted to mentor her in classical ballet . Her mother Gladys Baskette decided that a career as a ballerina would not yield enough money and turned down Pavolvas offer . Basquette later said I dreamed of being in a ballet company and it broke my heart .",
"title": "Early success"
},
{
"text": " By 1925 , at age 18 , Basquette was appearing in two concurrent Ziegfeld productions . She was spotted in Louie the 14th by Sam Warner , film producer and co-founder of Warner Bros . studio . Warner instantly fell in love with her and proposed marriage . Basquette did not want to marry him , as he was considerably older than she . Her mother insisted that Basquette accept Warners proposal , believing that the producer was wealthy ( at the time , Warner Bros . was losing money ) .",
"title": "Marriage and family"
},
{
"text": "Basquette and Warner were married in July 1925 . After the marriage , Basquette grew to love and respect Warner ; the couple had a daughter , Lita , in 1926 . Warner died suddenly on October 5 , 1927 , the day before the opening of the highly anticipated Warner Bros . film , The Jazz Singer , which he had been working on tirelessly . Basquette was devastated by his death . She spent years battling Warners family over money and custody of the couples daughter .",
"title": "Marriage and family"
},
{
"text": " Basquette returned to work in 1928 , appearing in four films . That year , she was named one of thirteen WAMPAS Baby Stars . The following year , she appeared in The Younger Generation , directed by Frank Capra .",
"title": "Return to films"
},
{
"text": "In 1929 , she starred in the partial-sound film , The Godless Girl , directed by Cecil B . DeMille . This is the role for which she is best known . Basquette plays the title character Judith , who is based on Queen Silver , a child prodigy who early made speeches as a socialist activist . Judith is the leader of a high school atheist society ; she forces members to renounce the Bible while placing a hand on the head of a live monkey .",
"title": "Return to films"
},
{
"text": " In the films climactic scene , DeMille insisted on realism while filming the reformatory going up in flames . During the filming , Basquettes eyelashes and eyebrows were burned . The Godless Girl was not a box office success in the United States , but it did well in Austria and Germany . Basquette later recalled that she received a fan letter from Adolf Hitler ( before he achieved his political power ) saying that she was his favorite movie star .",
"title": "Return to films"
},
{
"text": " After appearing in The Godless Girl , Basquette found her popularity declining and she was offered fewer film roles . She was unofficially blacklisted in Hollywood due to her legal battles with the Warner family , which was trying to take custody of her daughter with Sam Warner in order to rear her as Jewish , and challenged settlement of his estate . She made a successful transition to sound films and appeared in some Western films in the 1930s .",
"title": "Decline"
},
{
"text": "In January 1937 , Basquette was offered a contract with the Universum Film AG studio in Germany after the Nazi Party had taken power . After arriving in Germany , she was driven to Berchtesgaden , where she met Adolf Hitler , Rudolf Hess , and Joseph Goebbels . She later claimed that Hitler made a pass at her , and she kicked him in the groin . When he persisted , Basquette told him that her maternal grandfather was Jewish . She left Germany the following day .",
"title": "Decline"
},
{
"text": " As her career in films continued to decline , Basquette returned to dancing . She performed in nightclubs and on the vaudeville circuit . In 1939 , Basquette and her fifth husband , English actor Henry Mollison , appeared on stage together in Idiots Delight , which toured in the United States , Australia and New Zealand . After appearing in 1943s A Night for Crime , Basquette retired from films .",
"title": "Decline"
},
{
"text": " On August 9 , 1943 , Basquette was raped and robbed in Burbank , California after she gave a ride to 22-year-old army private George Paul Rimke . Basquette later testified that after she picked up the soldier , he forced her into the backseat and raped her . Rimke denied the charges but was found guilty on August 26 , 1943 and sentenced to life in prison .",
"title": "Later years"
},
{
"text": "In 1947 , Basquette used money from a trust fund left to her by her first husband , Sam Warner , and purchased a farm in Bucks County , Pennsylvania . In 1950 , she and her sixth husband Warner Gilmore opened Honey Hollow Kennels ; they began breeding and showing Great Danes . Basquette became the single biggest winner of Great Dane breed shows and was known as a noted dog breeder . She also wrote several books on the subject of dog breeding .",
"title": "Later years"
},
{
"text": " She retired from dog handling in 1983 . Basquette moved to Wheeling , West Virginia , after her retirement . She continued to judge dog shows for the American Kennel Club and wrote a monthly column for Kennel Review . Renewed interest in Basquettes films was sparked after a profile of her was published in 1989 in The New Yorker . Her films were screened in Washington , DC at the National Gallery of Art and at the Silent Movie Theatre in Los Angeles .",
"title": "Later years"
},
{
"text": "Basquette published her autobiography , Lina : DeMilles Godless Girl , in 1991 . That same year she was cast in her first film in 48 years , an independent production titled Paradise Park . She played a grandmother who dreamed God was coming to grant a wish to residents of an Appalachian trailer park . The film also stars Porter Wagoner and Johnny Paycheck . It was her final film role .",
"title": "Later years"
},
{
"text": "Basquette was married 8 times . Basquettes first marriage was to Sam Warner , film producer and co-founder of Warner Bros . studio . The two were married on July 4 , 1925 despite Warners familys disapproval because Basquette was Catholic and not Jewish . They had a daughter , Lita ( named after Charlie Chaplins wife Lita Grey ) in October 1926 . After suffering severe headaches and a sinus infection aggravated by several abscessed teeth , Warner was admitted to California Lutheran Hospital in September 1927 . Doctors discovered that he had developed a mastoid infection that was",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": "spreading to his brain . After four surgeries to remove the infection , Warner slipped into a coma . He died of pneumonia caused by sinusitis as well as epidural and subdural abscesses on October 5 , 1927 .",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": "In January 1929 , Basquette married cinematographer Peverell Marley . Shortly after the marriage , Harry Warner , Sam Warners older brother , asked Basquette give up custody of her daughter Lita . He was concerned that she would raise Lita as a Roman Catholic like her rather than in the Jewish faith . Basquette said that she and Sam Warner had agreed to raise any female children they had as Catholic and any male children as Jewish . Harry Warner and his wife offered Basquette large amounts of money to relinquish custody but she refused . She finally relented",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": "after Harry Warner promised her that Lita would receive a $300,000 trust fund . On March 30 , 1930 , Harry Warner and his wife were awarded legal custody of Lita . Basquette quickly regretted her decision and tried to regain custody of her daughter .",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": " In August 1930 , Basquette left Marley as she tried to regain custody of Lita . When custody was denied , she attempted suicide by drinking poison at a party . She was saved when a guest heard her screams . Marley and Basquette were divorced in September 1930 .",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": "Basquette was never financially stable enough to regain custody of her daughter . The Warner family filed several legal suits against her to win back Sam Warners share of Warner Bros . studio . Over the next 20 years , Basquette saw Lita on only two occasions : in 1935 , when Harry Warner and his family moved to Los Angeles , and in 1947 , when Lita married Dr . Nathan Hiatt . Basquette and her daughter reconnected in 1977 when Basquette backed a lawsuit that Lita brought against her uncle Jack L . Warners estate .",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": " Basquettes third marriage was to actor Ray Hallam in 1931 . He died of leukemia three weeks after they were married . On October 31 , 1931 , she married Theodore Hayes , the former trainer of world heavyweight boxing champion Jack Dempsey . After discovering that Hayes was still married to another woman , Basquette was granted a Mexican divorce on September 10 , 1932 .",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": "In her autobiography , Basquette said that , while she and Hayes were separated , she had an affair with Jack Dempsey . Dempsey ended the affair in July 1932 after which Basquette attempted suicide a second time . She and Hayes eventually reconciled and remarried in 1934 . They had a son , Edward Alvin Hayes , in April 1934 . The following year , they divorced in December 1935 .",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": " In April 1937 , Basquette married British actor Henry Mollison in London . They separated in 1940 , and divorced in October 1944 . In 1947 , she married Warner Gilmore , the general manager of the St . Moritz Hotel . They divorced in 1951 . Basquettes final marriage was to artist Frank Mancuso . They married in 1959 and separated that same year , but they were never divorced .",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": " On September 30 , 1994 , Basquette died of lymphoma at her home in Wheeling , West Virginia , at the age of 87 .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " For her contributions to the film industry , Basquette has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame located at 1529 Vine Street .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " - Lina Basquette , Virtual History website - Portrait and Biography of Lina Basquette - Wendy McElroy , Queen Silver : The Godless Girl , official website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Lina_Basquette#P26#2
|
Who was Lina Basquette 's spouse in early 1940s?
|
Lina Basquette Lina Basquette ( born Lena Copeland Baskette ; April 19 , 1907 – September 30 , 1994 ) was an American actress . She is noted for her 75-year career in entertainment , which began during the silent film era . Talented as a dancer , she was paid as a girl for performing and gained her first film contract at age nine . In her acting career , Basquette may have been best known for her role as Judith in The Godless Girl ( 1929 ) The film was based on the life of Queen Silver , known as a 20th-century child prodigy , and feminist and socialist activist . Basquette also was noted for her several marriages , including her first , to the much older noted producer , Sam Warner , founder of Warner Bros . film studio . When her film career declined , she returned for a period to dancing and stage performances . After she retired from the entertainment world , in 1947 Basquette moved to Bucks County , Pennsylvania , where she became a noted breeder of Great Danes ; her dogs won numerous professional show prizes . She wrote several books on dog breeding as well . Later living in West Virginia , she also served as a judge for the American Kennel Club , and wrote a column . Early years . Basquette was born in April 19 , 1907 as Lena Copeland Baskette , to parents Frank E . Baskette , a drugstore owner , and his wife Gladys Lee ( née Rosenberg ) Baskette in San Mateo , California . She began dancing as a child . A Victor Talking Machine Company representative saw her dancing to a record in her fathers store . He hired her at the age of eight ( through her parents ) to advertise Victrolas at the 1915 Panama–Pacific International Exposition , held in San Francisco . Basquette later began studying ballet . Baskette secured her first film contract at the age of nine in 1916 with Universal Studios in Los Angeles for the silent film series Lena Baskette Featurettes . Shortly after she was signed with Universal , her father Frank Baskette committed suicide . Baskette later blamed her fathers death on her mothers ambition for fame and fortune . Within a year , Gladys Baskette married dance director Ernest Belcher . Their daughter Marjorie Belcher , half-sister to Lina , was born in 1919 in Los Angeles , where the family was then living . Marjorie became a dancer and choreographer known as Marge Champion . Career . Early success . In 1923 , Baskette and her mother traveled across the country by train to New York City , so that the girl could audition for John Murray Anderson . Anderson urged her to change the spelling of her surname from Baskette to Basquette . Producer Charles Dillingham changed the spelling of her first name from Lena to Lina saying , Lena is a cook , Lina is an artiste . Before she could sign with Anderson , Florenz Ziegfeld cast the 16-year-old Basquette in his Ziegfeld Follies and cast her as a featured dancer . The Follies producers officially dubbed her Americas Prima Ballerina . The girl gained notice from Russian prima ballerina Anna Pavlova , who wanted to mentor her in classical ballet . Her mother Gladys Baskette decided that a career as a ballerina would not yield enough money and turned down Pavolvas offer . Basquette later said I dreamed of being in a ballet company and it broke my heart . Marriage and family . By 1925 , at age 18 , Basquette was appearing in two concurrent Ziegfeld productions . She was spotted in Louie the 14th by Sam Warner , film producer and co-founder of Warner Bros . studio . Warner instantly fell in love with her and proposed marriage . Basquette did not want to marry him , as he was considerably older than she . Her mother insisted that Basquette accept Warners proposal , believing that the producer was wealthy ( at the time , Warner Bros . was losing money ) . Basquette and Warner were married in July 1925 . After the marriage , Basquette grew to love and respect Warner ; the couple had a daughter , Lita , in 1926 . Warner died suddenly on October 5 , 1927 , the day before the opening of the highly anticipated Warner Bros . film , The Jazz Singer , which he had been working on tirelessly . Basquette was devastated by his death . She spent years battling Warners family over money and custody of the couples daughter . Return to films . Basquette returned to work in 1928 , appearing in four films . That year , she was named one of thirteen WAMPAS Baby Stars . The following year , she appeared in The Younger Generation , directed by Frank Capra . In 1929 , she starred in the partial-sound film , The Godless Girl , directed by Cecil B . DeMille . This is the role for which she is best known . Basquette plays the title character Judith , who is based on Queen Silver , a child prodigy who early made speeches as a socialist activist . Judith is the leader of a high school atheist society ; she forces members to renounce the Bible while placing a hand on the head of a live monkey . In the films climactic scene , DeMille insisted on realism while filming the reformatory going up in flames . During the filming , Basquettes eyelashes and eyebrows were burned . The Godless Girl was not a box office success in the United States , but it did well in Austria and Germany . Basquette later recalled that she received a fan letter from Adolf Hitler ( before he achieved his political power ) saying that she was his favorite movie star . Decline . After appearing in The Godless Girl , Basquette found her popularity declining and she was offered fewer film roles . She was unofficially blacklisted in Hollywood due to her legal battles with the Warner family , which was trying to take custody of her daughter with Sam Warner in order to rear her as Jewish , and challenged settlement of his estate . She made a successful transition to sound films and appeared in some Western films in the 1930s . In January 1937 , Basquette was offered a contract with the Universum Film AG studio in Germany after the Nazi Party had taken power . After arriving in Germany , she was driven to Berchtesgaden , where she met Adolf Hitler , Rudolf Hess , and Joseph Goebbels . She later claimed that Hitler made a pass at her , and she kicked him in the groin . When he persisted , Basquette told him that her maternal grandfather was Jewish . She left Germany the following day . As her career in films continued to decline , Basquette returned to dancing . She performed in nightclubs and on the vaudeville circuit . In 1939 , Basquette and her fifth husband , English actor Henry Mollison , appeared on stage together in Idiots Delight , which toured in the United States , Australia and New Zealand . After appearing in 1943s A Night for Crime , Basquette retired from films . Later years . On August 9 , 1943 , Basquette was raped and robbed in Burbank , California after she gave a ride to 22-year-old army private George Paul Rimke . Basquette later testified that after she picked up the soldier , he forced her into the backseat and raped her . Rimke denied the charges but was found guilty on August 26 , 1943 and sentenced to life in prison . In 1947 , Basquette used money from a trust fund left to her by her first husband , Sam Warner , and purchased a farm in Bucks County , Pennsylvania . In 1950 , she and her sixth husband Warner Gilmore opened Honey Hollow Kennels ; they began breeding and showing Great Danes . Basquette became the single biggest winner of Great Dane breed shows and was known as a noted dog breeder . She also wrote several books on the subject of dog breeding . She retired from dog handling in 1983 . Basquette moved to Wheeling , West Virginia , after her retirement . She continued to judge dog shows for the American Kennel Club and wrote a monthly column for Kennel Review . Renewed interest in Basquettes films was sparked after a profile of her was published in 1989 in The New Yorker . Her films were screened in Washington , DC at the National Gallery of Art and at the Silent Movie Theatre in Los Angeles . Basquette published her autobiography , Lina : DeMilles Godless Girl , in 1991 . That same year she was cast in her first film in 48 years , an independent production titled Paradise Park . She played a grandmother who dreamed God was coming to grant a wish to residents of an Appalachian trailer park . The film also stars Porter Wagoner and Johnny Paycheck . It was her final film role . Personal life . Marriages and children . Basquette was married 8 times . Basquettes first marriage was to Sam Warner , film producer and co-founder of Warner Bros . studio . The two were married on July 4 , 1925 despite Warners familys disapproval because Basquette was Catholic and not Jewish . They had a daughter , Lita ( named after Charlie Chaplins wife Lita Grey ) in October 1926 . After suffering severe headaches and a sinus infection aggravated by several abscessed teeth , Warner was admitted to California Lutheran Hospital in September 1927 . Doctors discovered that he had developed a mastoid infection that was spreading to his brain . After four surgeries to remove the infection , Warner slipped into a coma . He died of pneumonia caused by sinusitis as well as epidural and subdural abscesses on October 5 , 1927 . In January 1929 , Basquette married cinematographer Peverell Marley . Shortly after the marriage , Harry Warner , Sam Warners older brother , asked Basquette give up custody of her daughter Lita . He was concerned that she would raise Lita as a Roman Catholic like her rather than in the Jewish faith . Basquette said that she and Sam Warner had agreed to raise any female children they had as Catholic and any male children as Jewish . Harry Warner and his wife offered Basquette large amounts of money to relinquish custody but she refused . She finally relented after Harry Warner promised her that Lita would receive a $300,000 trust fund . On March 30 , 1930 , Harry Warner and his wife were awarded legal custody of Lita . Basquette quickly regretted her decision and tried to regain custody of her daughter . In August 1930 , Basquette left Marley as she tried to regain custody of Lita . When custody was denied , she attempted suicide by drinking poison at a party . She was saved when a guest heard her screams . Marley and Basquette were divorced in September 1930 . Basquette was never financially stable enough to regain custody of her daughter . The Warner family filed several legal suits against her to win back Sam Warners share of Warner Bros . studio . Over the next 20 years , Basquette saw Lita on only two occasions : in 1935 , when Harry Warner and his family moved to Los Angeles , and in 1947 , when Lita married Dr . Nathan Hiatt . Basquette and her daughter reconnected in 1977 when Basquette backed a lawsuit that Lita brought against her uncle Jack L . Warners estate . Basquettes third marriage was to actor Ray Hallam in 1931 . He died of leukemia three weeks after they were married . On October 31 , 1931 , she married Theodore Hayes , the former trainer of world heavyweight boxing champion Jack Dempsey . After discovering that Hayes was still married to another woman , Basquette was granted a Mexican divorce on September 10 , 1932 . In her autobiography , Basquette said that , while she and Hayes were separated , she had an affair with Jack Dempsey . Dempsey ended the affair in July 1932 after which Basquette attempted suicide a second time . She and Hayes eventually reconciled and remarried in 1934 . They had a son , Edward Alvin Hayes , in April 1934 . The following year , they divorced in December 1935 . In April 1937 , Basquette married British actor Henry Mollison in London . They separated in 1940 , and divorced in October 1944 . In 1947 , she married Warner Gilmore , the general manager of the St . Moritz Hotel . They divorced in 1951 . Basquettes final marriage was to artist Frank Mancuso . They married in 1959 and separated that same year , but they were never divorced . Death . On September 30 , 1994 , Basquette died of lymphoma at her home in Wheeling , West Virginia , at the age of 87 . Legacy . For her contributions to the film industry , Basquette has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame located at 1529 Vine Street . External links . - Lina Basquette , Virtual History website - Portrait and Biography of Lina Basquette - Wendy McElroy , Queen Silver : The Godless Girl , official website
|
[
"Henry Mollison"
] |
[
{
"text": "Lina Basquette ( born Lena Copeland Baskette ; April 19 , 1907 – September 30 , 1994 ) was an American actress . She is noted for her 75-year career in entertainment , which began during the silent film era . Talented as a dancer , she was paid as a girl for performing and gained her first film contract at age nine . In her acting career , Basquette may have been best known for her role as Judith in The Godless Girl ( 1929 ) The film was based on the life of Queen Silver , known as",
"title": "Lina Basquette"
},
{
"text": "a 20th-century child prodigy , and feminist and socialist activist .",
"title": "Lina Basquette"
},
{
"text": "Basquette also was noted for her several marriages , including her first , to the much older noted producer , Sam Warner , founder of Warner Bros . film studio . When her film career declined , she returned for a period to dancing and stage performances . After she retired from the entertainment world , in 1947 Basquette moved to Bucks County , Pennsylvania , where she became a noted breeder of Great Danes ; her dogs won numerous professional show prizes . She wrote several books on dog breeding as well . Later living in West Virginia ,",
"title": "Lina Basquette"
},
{
"text": "she also served as a judge for the American Kennel Club , and wrote a column .",
"title": "Lina Basquette"
},
{
"text": " Basquette was born in April 19 , 1907 as Lena Copeland Baskette , to parents Frank E . Baskette , a drugstore owner , and his wife Gladys Lee ( née Rosenberg ) Baskette in San Mateo , California . She began dancing as a child . A Victor Talking Machine Company representative saw her dancing to a record in her fathers store . He hired her at the age of eight ( through her parents ) to advertise Victrolas at the 1915 Panama–Pacific International Exposition , held in San Francisco . Basquette later began studying ballet .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "Baskette secured her first film contract at the age of nine in 1916 with Universal Studios in Los Angeles for the silent film series Lena Baskette Featurettes . Shortly after she was signed with Universal , her father Frank Baskette committed suicide . Baskette later blamed her fathers death on her mothers ambition for fame and fortune .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Within a year , Gladys Baskette married dance director Ernest Belcher . Their daughter Marjorie Belcher , half-sister to Lina , was born in 1919 in Los Angeles , where the family was then living . Marjorie became a dancer and choreographer known as Marge Champion .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " In 1923 , Baskette and her mother traveled across the country by train to New York City , so that the girl could audition for John Murray Anderson . Anderson urged her to change the spelling of her surname from Baskette to Basquette . Producer Charles Dillingham changed the spelling of her first name from Lena to Lina saying , Lena is a cook , Lina is an artiste .",
"title": "Early success"
},
{
"text": "Before she could sign with Anderson , Florenz Ziegfeld cast the 16-year-old Basquette in his Ziegfeld Follies and cast her as a featured dancer . The Follies producers officially dubbed her Americas Prima Ballerina . The girl gained notice from Russian prima ballerina Anna Pavlova , who wanted to mentor her in classical ballet . Her mother Gladys Baskette decided that a career as a ballerina would not yield enough money and turned down Pavolvas offer . Basquette later said I dreamed of being in a ballet company and it broke my heart .",
"title": "Early success"
},
{
"text": " By 1925 , at age 18 , Basquette was appearing in two concurrent Ziegfeld productions . She was spotted in Louie the 14th by Sam Warner , film producer and co-founder of Warner Bros . studio . Warner instantly fell in love with her and proposed marriage . Basquette did not want to marry him , as he was considerably older than she . Her mother insisted that Basquette accept Warners proposal , believing that the producer was wealthy ( at the time , Warner Bros . was losing money ) .",
"title": "Marriage and family"
},
{
"text": "Basquette and Warner were married in July 1925 . After the marriage , Basquette grew to love and respect Warner ; the couple had a daughter , Lita , in 1926 . Warner died suddenly on October 5 , 1927 , the day before the opening of the highly anticipated Warner Bros . film , The Jazz Singer , which he had been working on tirelessly . Basquette was devastated by his death . She spent years battling Warners family over money and custody of the couples daughter .",
"title": "Marriage and family"
},
{
"text": " Basquette returned to work in 1928 , appearing in four films . That year , she was named one of thirteen WAMPAS Baby Stars . The following year , she appeared in The Younger Generation , directed by Frank Capra .",
"title": "Return to films"
},
{
"text": "In 1929 , she starred in the partial-sound film , The Godless Girl , directed by Cecil B . DeMille . This is the role for which she is best known . Basquette plays the title character Judith , who is based on Queen Silver , a child prodigy who early made speeches as a socialist activist . Judith is the leader of a high school atheist society ; she forces members to renounce the Bible while placing a hand on the head of a live monkey .",
"title": "Return to films"
},
{
"text": " In the films climactic scene , DeMille insisted on realism while filming the reformatory going up in flames . During the filming , Basquettes eyelashes and eyebrows were burned . The Godless Girl was not a box office success in the United States , but it did well in Austria and Germany . Basquette later recalled that she received a fan letter from Adolf Hitler ( before he achieved his political power ) saying that she was his favorite movie star .",
"title": "Return to films"
},
{
"text": " After appearing in The Godless Girl , Basquette found her popularity declining and she was offered fewer film roles . She was unofficially blacklisted in Hollywood due to her legal battles with the Warner family , which was trying to take custody of her daughter with Sam Warner in order to rear her as Jewish , and challenged settlement of his estate . She made a successful transition to sound films and appeared in some Western films in the 1930s .",
"title": "Decline"
},
{
"text": "In January 1937 , Basquette was offered a contract with the Universum Film AG studio in Germany after the Nazi Party had taken power . After arriving in Germany , she was driven to Berchtesgaden , where she met Adolf Hitler , Rudolf Hess , and Joseph Goebbels . She later claimed that Hitler made a pass at her , and she kicked him in the groin . When he persisted , Basquette told him that her maternal grandfather was Jewish . She left Germany the following day .",
"title": "Decline"
},
{
"text": " As her career in films continued to decline , Basquette returned to dancing . She performed in nightclubs and on the vaudeville circuit . In 1939 , Basquette and her fifth husband , English actor Henry Mollison , appeared on stage together in Idiots Delight , which toured in the United States , Australia and New Zealand . After appearing in 1943s A Night for Crime , Basquette retired from films .",
"title": "Decline"
},
{
"text": " On August 9 , 1943 , Basquette was raped and robbed in Burbank , California after she gave a ride to 22-year-old army private George Paul Rimke . Basquette later testified that after she picked up the soldier , he forced her into the backseat and raped her . Rimke denied the charges but was found guilty on August 26 , 1943 and sentenced to life in prison .",
"title": "Later years"
},
{
"text": "In 1947 , Basquette used money from a trust fund left to her by her first husband , Sam Warner , and purchased a farm in Bucks County , Pennsylvania . In 1950 , she and her sixth husband Warner Gilmore opened Honey Hollow Kennels ; they began breeding and showing Great Danes . Basquette became the single biggest winner of Great Dane breed shows and was known as a noted dog breeder . She also wrote several books on the subject of dog breeding .",
"title": "Later years"
},
{
"text": " She retired from dog handling in 1983 . Basquette moved to Wheeling , West Virginia , after her retirement . She continued to judge dog shows for the American Kennel Club and wrote a monthly column for Kennel Review . Renewed interest in Basquettes films was sparked after a profile of her was published in 1989 in The New Yorker . Her films were screened in Washington , DC at the National Gallery of Art and at the Silent Movie Theatre in Los Angeles .",
"title": "Later years"
},
{
"text": "Basquette published her autobiography , Lina : DeMilles Godless Girl , in 1991 . That same year she was cast in her first film in 48 years , an independent production titled Paradise Park . She played a grandmother who dreamed God was coming to grant a wish to residents of an Appalachian trailer park . The film also stars Porter Wagoner and Johnny Paycheck . It was her final film role .",
"title": "Later years"
},
{
"text": "Basquette was married 8 times . Basquettes first marriage was to Sam Warner , film producer and co-founder of Warner Bros . studio . The two were married on July 4 , 1925 despite Warners familys disapproval because Basquette was Catholic and not Jewish . They had a daughter , Lita ( named after Charlie Chaplins wife Lita Grey ) in October 1926 . After suffering severe headaches and a sinus infection aggravated by several abscessed teeth , Warner was admitted to California Lutheran Hospital in September 1927 . Doctors discovered that he had developed a mastoid infection that was",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": "spreading to his brain . After four surgeries to remove the infection , Warner slipped into a coma . He died of pneumonia caused by sinusitis as well as epidural and subdural abscesses on October 5 , 1927 .",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": "In January 1929 , Basquette married cinematographer Peverell Marley . Shortly after the marriage , Harry Warner , Sam Warners older brother , asked Basquette give up custody of her daughter Lita . He was concerned that she would raise Lita as a Roman Catholic like her rather than in the Jewish faith . Basquette said that she and Sam Warner had agreed to raise any female children they had as Catholic and any male children as Jewish . Harry Warner and his wife offered Basquette large amounts of money to relinquish custody but she refused . She finally relented",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": "after Harry Warner promised her that Lita would receive a $300,000 trust fund . On March 30 , 1930 , Harry Warner and his wife were awarded legal custody of Lita . Basquette quickly regretted her decision and tried to regain custody of her daughter .",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": " In August 1930 , Basquette left Marley as she tried to regain custody of Lita . When custody was denied , she attempted suicide by drinking poison at a party . She was saved when a guest heard her screams . Marley and Basquette were divorced in September 1930 .",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": "Basquette was never financially stable enough to regain custody of her daughter . The Warner family filed several legal suits against her to win back Sam Warners share of Warner Bros . studio . Over the next 20 years , Basquette saw Lita on only two occasions : in 1935 , when Harry Warner and his family moved to Los Angeles , and in 1947 , when Lita married Dr . Nathan Hiatt . Basquette and her daughter reconnected in 1977 when Basquette backed a lawsuit that Lita brought against her uncle Jack L . Warners estate .",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": " Basquettes third marriage was to actor Ray Hallam in 1931 . He died of leukemia three weeks after they were married . On October 31 , 1931 , she married Theodore Hayes , the former trainer of world heavyweight boxing champion Jack Dempsey . After discovering that Hayes was still married to another woman , Basquette was granted a Mexican divorce on September 10 , 1932 .",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": "In her autobiography , Basquette said that , while she and Hayes were separated , she had an affair with Jack Dempsey . Dempsey ended the affair in July 1932 after which Basquette attempted suicide a second time . She and Hayes eventually reconciled and remarried in 1934 . They had a son , Edward Alvin Hayes , in April 1934 . The following year , they divorced in December 1935 .",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": " In April 1937 , Basquette married British actor Henry Mollison in London . They separated in 1940 , and divorced in October 1944 . In 1947 , she married Warner Gilmore , the general manager of the St . Moritz Hotel . They divorced in 1951 . Basquettes final marriage was to artist Frank Mancuso . They married in 1959 and separated that same year , but they were never divorced .",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": " On September 30 , 1994 , Basquette died of lymphoma at her home in Wheeling , West Virginia , at the age of 87 .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " For her contributions to the film industry , Basquette has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame located at 1529 Vine Street .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " - Lina Basquette , Virtual History website - Portrait and Biography of Lina Basquette - Wendy McElroy , Queen Silver : The Godless Girl , official website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Serge_Stauffer#P108#0
|
Which employer did Serge Stauffer work for in late 1950s?
|
Serge Stauffer Serge Stauffer ( born Werner Oscar Stauffer , 8 June 1929 – 17 September 1989 ) was a Swiss artist and art educator . He was one of the co-founders of the F+F Schule für experimentelle Gestaltung in Zurich and known for his German translations of the works of Marcel Duchamp . Stauffer can be considered to have pioneered art as research . Life and work . From 1952 to 1955 , Stauffer trained as a photographer under Hans Finsler and Alfred Willimann at the Kunstgewerbeschule Zürich KGSZ . During this period , he met his future wife Doris Stauffer-Kloetzer . Stauffer first became known for his German translation of Eugène Ionescos play The Bald Soprano , which premiered at the Klein-Theater Bern in 1956 ( among other actors , its cast included Daniel Spoerri ) and was published by Luchterhand in 1959 . As a photographer , Stauffer worked for Josef Müller-Brockmann’s graphic design studio , before returning to the KGSZ in 1957 to teach photographics and experimental photography . From 1957 to 1964 , he designed exhibitions , catalogs , and posters . Among other projects , he worked on Dokumentation über Marcel Duchamp ( 1960 ) , an exhibition organised by Max Bill at Zurich’s Museum of Design . Stauffer’s early work includes the playful object Jardin public ( 1960 ) , which was published as an edition at the Moderna Museet in Stockholm in 1961 . In the period 1962–1964 , he undertook comprehensive studies on optical illusions , which he called geometrical-optical illusions ( g.o.t ) , using geometrical drawings and photogrammes . From 1964 to 1965 Stauffer taught at the Bath Academy of Art , in Corsham , England . In 1964 , Stauffer and Hansjörg Mattmüller laid the foundation for an experimental arts class . A year later , in 1965 , the class opened its doors as the F+F ( short for Form und Farbe , i.e. , form and colour ) at the KGSZ . Following a move to abolish the F+F course on Teamwork , established by Doris Stauffer , and to introduce unacceptable teaching conditions , in March 1970 a council of students and teachers jointly decided to dissolve the F+F and to dismiss all teaching staff . Following this decision , Bendicht Fivian , Peter Gygax , Peter Jenny , Hansjörg Mattmüller , Doris Stauffer , and Serge Stauffer established the F+F Schule für experimentelle Gestaltung , a privately run art school , in January 1971 . One of their rolemodels for a liberated art-education was the Summerhill School in Leiston , Suffolk , England . Tom Holert , the German art historian , has described how artists like Allan Kaprow , Nam June Paik , Asger Jorn , and the artist and philosopher Piero Simondo had been exploring possibilities for conducting artistic research since the 1950s and 60s . Already while teaching at the KGSZ , Stauffer had started elaborating concepts for art as research . In 1968 , he delivered a paper at the conference of the Schweizerische Werkbund ( SWB ) on the artist as researcher . In 1976 , he presented his Thesen zu Kunst als Forschung [ Theses on Art as Research ] within the context of an F+F exhibition held in the lobby of the Kunsthaus Zürich . In 1978–79 , Stauffer lectured on Art as Research at the Department of Art History of the University of Zurich . In 1981 , he published an essay on Art as Research in the book Genie gibt′s – Die siebziger Jahre an der F&F Schule für experimentelle Gestaltung . From 1956 to 1967 , Stauffer entered into a lengthy correspondence with Marcel Duchamp , whose work he explored in great detail . His extensive research on Duchamp led to the publication in 1973 of the book Ready Made – 180 Aussprüche aus Interviews mit Marcel Duchamp . This was followed in 1981 by Die Schriften – Zu Lebzeiten veröffentlichte Texte mit übersetzten und faksimilierten Texten von Marcel Duchamp , which Stauffer co-edited with Theo Ruff . The volume Marcel Duchamp : Interviews und Statements was published posthumously in 1992 . Stauffer maintained a lifelong friendship with the Swiss artist and poet André Thomkins , which resulted in an extensive correspondence . Their friendship is documented in Thomkins’s monograph Oh ! Cet Echo ! ( 1985 ) . Serge and Doris Stauffer’s estate is housed at Swiss National Library in Bern , Serge Stauffers studies on Duchamp at the Duchamp Cabinet in the Staatsgalerie Stuttgart . His life and work , and his reflections on Art as Research , are the subject of a research project launched in 2011 at the Institute of Contemporary Art Research of Zurich University of the Arts ( ZHdK ) . Based on this research project the exhibition Serge Stauffer – Kunst als Forschung opened at Helmhaus Zürich ( 2013 ) . Selected works . - ca . 1955 , Post Card – ready made in Europe , photographic postcards - 1961 , Jardin public , playing cards’ edition , Edition by Moderna Museet Stockholm - 1962–64 , geometrisch-optische Täuschungen ( g.o.T. ) , artistic studies - 1968 , b-room , graphic print edition - ca . 1980 , an einem ohr blind , projekt einer weltsprache , card game A list of works was published in Helmhaus Zürich ( ed. ) : Serge Stauffer , Kunst als Forschung , Zurich : Scheidegger & Spiess Edition , 2013 , pp.287–301 . Editions and translations ( selected ) . - Eugène Ionesco : Die kahle Sängerin . Translated from French by Serge Stauffer . In : Eugène Ionesco : Theaterstücke . Vol . 1 . Darmstadt : Luchterhand Verlag , 1959 . - Hans-Rudolf Lutz , Hansjörg Mattmüller , Serge Stauffer ( eds. ) : Experiment F+F . 1965–1970 . Zürich : Verlag H.R . Lutz , [ 1970 ] . - Marcel Duchamp : Ready Made ! 180 Aussprüche aus Interviews mit Marcel Duchamp . Ed . Serge Stauffer . Zürich : Regenbogen Verlag , 1973 . - Marcel Duchamp : Die Schriften . Band 1 . Zu Lebzeiten veröffentlichte Texte . Translated , commented , and edited by Serge Stauffer . Zürich : Regenbogen-Verlag , 1981 . - André Thomkins , Serge Stauffer : Correspondance 1948–1977 . Transcription et montage par Serge Stauffer . Stuttgart , London : Edition Hansjörg Mayer , 1985 . - Serge Stauffer : Marcel Duchamp . Interviews und Statements . Gesammelt , übersetzt und annotiert von Serge Stauffer . Ed . Ulrike Gauss . Stuttgart : Graphische Sammlung Staatsgalerie Stuttgart ; Ostfildern-Ruit : Edition Cantz , 1992 . Articles , book contributions ( selection ) . - Stilgeschichte des Films . In : Hans Fischli , Willy Rotzler ( eds. ) : Der Film . Geschichte , Technik , Gestaltungsmittel , Bedeutung . [ exhibition catalog ] . Zürich : Kunstgewerbemuseum , 1960 . Unpaginated - Der Traum eines Briefträgers . In : du , Kulturelle Monatsschrift , no . 247 , September 1961 . p . 47f . - 100 Fragen [ questions for Karl Gerstner , Dieter Roth , Daniel Spoerri , André Thomkins ] . In : Karl Gerstner et al . ( eds. ) : freunde + freunde . friends + fruend . [ published to accompany the exhibition Fründ , friends , Freunde und Freunde at the Kunsthalle Bern and the Kunsthalle Düsseldorf ] . Stuttgart : Edition Hansjörg Mayer , 1969 . Unpaginated . - Kunst als Forschung . In : Gerhard Johann Lischka , Hansjörg Mattmüller ( eds. ) : Genie gibt′s . Die siebziger Jahre an der F&F Schule für experimentelle Gestaltung . Frankfurt am Main : Betzel Verlag , 1981 . pp . 61–92 . - « L′homme le plus sérieux du monde » . Marcel Duchamp als Schachspieler . In : du . Die Kunstzeitschrift , no . 1 , 1982 . pp . 62–65 . - Brief . In : André Thomkins : Oh ! Cet Echo ! André Thomkins an Serge Stauffer . Dokumente einer Freundschaft mit Echo . Stuttgart , London : Edition Hansjörg Mayer , 1985 . pp . 41–59 . Literature . - Konrad Heidkamp : Lächelnd im Schatten , sogar . Porträt und Nachruf : Serge Stauffer . In : WOZ , no . 42 , 20 . October 1989 . p . 19 . - Franziska Wiesner : Serge Stauffer . Jardin Public . In : Fabrikzeitung , no . 276 ( PDF ; 2,8 MB ) , November 2011 . Unpaginated . - Helmhaus Zürich ( ed. ) : Serge Stauffer , Kunst als Forschung , Zurich : Scheidegger & Spiess Edition , 2013 . External links . - Veit Stauffer on Serge Stauffer - Archive of Zurich University of Art - Research Project «Serge Stauffer - Art as Research» - Swiss National Library : Archiv Serge und Doris Stauffer - Helmhaus Zürich : Serge Stauffer – Kunst als Forschung
|
[
"KGSZ"
] |
[
{
"text": " Serge Stauffer ( born Werner Oscar Stauffer , 8 June 1929 – 17 September 1989 ) was a Swiss artist and art educator . He was one of the co-founders of the F+F Schule für experimentelle Gestaltung in Zurich and known for his German translations of the works of Marcel Duchamp . Stauffer can be considered to have pioneered art as research .",
"title": "Serge Stauffer"
},
{
"text": " From 1952 to 1955 , Stauffer trained as a photographer under Hans Finsler and Alfred Willimann at the Kunstgewerbeschule Zürich KGSZ . During this period , he met his future wife Doris Stauffer-Kloetzer . Stauffer first became known for his German translation of Eugène Ionescos play The Bald Soprano , which premiered at the Klein-Theater Bern in 1956 ( among other actors , its cast included Daniel Spoerri ) and was published by Luchterhand in 1959 .",
"title": "Life and work"
},
{
"text": "As a photographer , Stauffer worked for Josef Müller-Brockmann’s graphic design studio , before returning to the KGSZ in 1957 to teach photographics and experimental photography . From 1957 to 1964 , he designed exhibitions , catalogs , and posters . Among other projects , he worked on Dokumentation über Marcel Duchamp ( 1960 ) , an exhibition organised by Max Bill at Zurich’s Museum of Design .",
"title": "Life and work"
},
{
"text": " Stauffer’s early work includes the playful object Jardin public ( 1960 ) , which was published as an edition at the Moderna Museet in Stockholm in 1961 . In the period 1962–1964 , he undertook comprehensive studies on optical illusions , which he called geometrical-optical illusions ( g.o.t ) , using geometrical drawings and photogrammes . From 1964 to 1965 Stauffer taught at the Bath Academy of Art , in Corsham , England .",
"title": "Life and work"
},
{
"text": "In 1964 , Stauffer and Hansjörg Mattmüller laid the foundation for an experimental arts class . A year later , in 1965 , the class opened its doors as the F+F ( short for Form und Farbe , i.e. , form and colour ) at the KGSZ . Following a move to abolish the F+F course on Teamwork , established by Doris Stauffer , and to introduce unacceptable teaching conditions , in March 1970 a council of students and teachers jointly decided to dissolve the F+F and to dismiss all teaching staff . Following this decision , Bendicht Fivian ,",
"title": "Life and work"
},
{
"text": "Peter Gygax , Peter Jenny , Hansjörg Mattmüller , Doris Stauffer , and Serge Stauffer established the F+F Schule für experimentelle Gestaltung , a privately run art school , in January 1971 . One of their rolemodels for a liberated art-education was the Summerhill School in Leiston , Suffolk , England .",
"title": "Life and work"
},
{
"text": "Tom Holert , the German art historian , has described how artists like Allan Kaprow , Nam June Paik , Asger Jorn , and the artist and philosopher Piero Simondo had been exploring possibilities for conducting artistic research since the 1950s and 60s . Already while teaching at the KGSZ , Stauffer had started elaborating concepts for art as research . In 1968 , he delivered a paper at the conference of the Schweizerische Werkbund ( SWB ) on the artist as researcher . In 1976 , he presented his Thesen zu Kunst als Forschung [ Theses on Art as",
"title": "Life and work"
},
{
"text": "Research ] within the context of an F+F exhibition held in the lobby of the Kunsthaus Zürich . In 1978–79 , Stauffer lectured on Art as Research at the Department of Art History of the University of Zurich . In 1981 , he published an essay on Art as Research in the book Genie gibt′s – Die siebziger Jahre an der F&F Schule für experimentelle Gestaltung .",
"title": "Life and work"
},
{
"text": " From 1956 to 1967 , Stauffer entered into a lengthy correspondence with Marcel Duchamp , whose work he explored in great detail . His extensive research on Duchamp led to the publication in 1973 of the book Ready Made – 180 Aussprüche aus Interviews mit Marcel Duchamp . This was followed in 1981 by Die Schriften – Zu Lebzeiten veröffentlichte Texte mit übersetzten und faksimilierten Texten von Marcel Duchamp , which Stauffer co-edited with Theo Ruff . The volume Marcel Duchamp : Interviews und Statements was published posthumously in 1992 .",
"title": "Life and work"
},
{
"text": "Stauffer maintained a lifelong friendship with the Swiss artist and poet André Thomkins , which resulted in an extensive correspondence . Their friendship is documented in Thomkins’s monograph Oh ! Cet Echo ! ( 1985 ) .",
"title": "Life and work"
},
{
"text": " Serge and Doris Stauffer’s estate is housed at Swiss National Library in Bern , Serge Stauffers studies on Duchamp at the Duchamp Cabinet in the Staatsgalerie Stuttgart . His life and work , and his reflections on Art as Research , are the subject of a research project launched in 2011 at the Institute of Contemporary Art Research of Zurich University of the Arts ( ZHdK ) . Based on this research project the exhibition Serge Stauffer – Kunst als Forschung opened at Helmhaus Zürich ( 2013 ) .",
"title": "Life and work"
},
{
"text": " - ca . 1955 , Post Card – ready made in Europe , photographic postcards - 1961 , Jardin public , playing cards’ edition , Edition by Moderna Museet Stockholm - 1962–64 , geometrisch-optische Täuschungen ( g.o.T. ) , artistic studies - 1968 , b-room , graphic print edition - ca . 1980 , an einem ohr blind , projekt einer weltsprache , card game A list of works was published in Helmhaus Zürich ( ed. ) : Serge Stauffer , Kunst als Forschung , Zurich : Scheidegger & Spiess Edition , 2013 , pp.287–301 .",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": "Editions and translations ( selected ) .",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": " - Eugène Ionesco : Die kahle Sängerin . Translated from French by Serge Stauffer . In : Eugène Ionesco : Theaterstücke . Vol . 1 . Darmstadt : Luchterhand Verlag , 1959 . - Hans-Rudolf Lutz , Hansjörg Mattmüller , Serge Stauffer ( eds. ) : Experiment F+F . 1965–1970 . Zürich : Verlag H.R . Lutz , [ 1970 ] . - Marcel Duchamp : Ready Made ! 180 Aussprüche aus Interviews mit Marcel Duchamp . Ed . Serge Stauffer . Zürich : Regenbogen Verlag , 1973 .",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": "- Marcel Duchamp : Die Schriften . Band 1 . Zu Lebzeiten veröffentlichte Texte . Translated , commented , and edited by Serge Stauffer . Zürich : Regenbogen-Verlag , 1981 .",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": " - André Thomkins , Serge Stauffer : Correspondance 1948–1977 . Transcription et montage par Serge Stauffer . Stuttgart , London : Edition Hansjörg Mayer , 1985 . - Serge Stauffer : Marcel Duchamp . Interviews und Statements . Gesammelt , übersetzt und annotiert von Serge Stauffer . Ed . Ulrike Gauss . Stuttgart : Graphische Sammlung Staatsgalerie Stuttgart ; Ostfildern-Ruit : Edition Cantz , 1992 . Articles , book contributions ( selection ) .",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": "- Stilgeschichte des Films . In : Hans Fischli , Willy Rotzler ( eds. ) : Der Film . Geschichte , Technik , Gestaltungsmittel , Bedeutung . [ exhibition catalog ] . Zürich : Kunstgewerbemuseum , 1960 . Unpaginated",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": " - Der Traum eines Briefträgers . In : du , Kulturelle Monatsschrift , no . 247 , September 1961 . p . 47f . - 100 Fragen [ questions for Karl Gerstner , Dieter Roth , Daniel Spoerri , André Thomkins ] . In : Karl Gerstner et al . ( eds. ) : freunde + freunde . friends + fruend . [ published to accompany the exhibition Fründ , friends , Freunde und Freunde at the Kunsthalle Bern and the Kunsthalle Düsseldorf ] . Stuttgart : Edition Hansjörg Mayer , 1969 . Unpaginated .",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": "- Kunst als Forschung . In : Gerhard Johann Lischka , Hansjörg Mattmüller ( eds. ) : Genie gibt′s . Die siebziger Jahre an der F&F Schule für experimentelle Gestaltung . Frankfurt am Main : Betzel Verlag , 1981 . pp . 61–92 .",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": " - « L′homme le plus sérieux du monde » . Marcel Duchamp als Schachspieler . In : du . Die Kunstzeitschrift , no . 1 , 1982 . pp . 62–65 . - Brief . In : André Thomkins : Oh ! Cet Echo ! André Thomkins an Serge Stauffer . Dokumente einer Freundschaft mit Echo . Stuttgart , London : Edition Hansjörg Mayer , 1985 . pp . 41–59 .",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": " - Konrad Heidkamp : Lächelnd im Schatten , sogar . Porträt und Nachruf : Serge Stauffer . In : WOZ , no . 42 , 20 . October 1989 . p . 19 . - Franziska Wiesner : Serge Stauffer . Jardin Public . In : Fabrikzeitung , no . 276 ( PDF ; 2,8 MB ) , November 2011 . Unpaginated . - Helmhaus Zürich ( ed. ) : Serge Stauffer , Kunst als Forschung , Zurich : Scheidegger & Spiess Edition , 2013 .",
"title": "Literature"
},
{
"text": " - Veit Stauffer on Serge Stauffer - Archive of Zurich University of Art - Research Project «Serge Stauffer - Art as Research» - Swiss National Library : Archiv Serge und Doris Stauffer - Helmhaus Zürich : Serge Stauffer – Kunst als Forschung",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Serge_Stauffer#P108#1
|
Which employer did Serge Stauffer work for in Feb 1971?
|
Serge Stauffer Serge Stauffer ( born Werner Oscar Stauffer , 8 June 1929 – 17 September 1989 ) was a Swiss artist and art educator . He was one of the co-founders of the F+F Schule für experimentelle Gestaltung in Zurich and known for his German translations of the works of Marcel Duchamp . Stauffer can be considered to have pioneered art as research . Life and work . From 1952 to 1955 , Stauffer trained as a photographer under Hans Finsler and Alfred Willimann at the Kunstgewerbeschule Zürich KGSZ . During this period , he met his future wife Doris Stauffer-Kloetzer . Stauffer first became known for his German translation of Eugène Ionescos play The Bald Soprano , which premiered at the Klein-Theater Bern in 1956 ( among other actors , its cast included Daniel Spoerri ) and was published by Luchterhand in 1959 . As a photographer , Stauffer worked for Josef Müller-Brockmann’s graphic design studio , before returning to the KGSZ in 1957 to teach photographics and experimental photography . From 1957 to 1964 , he designed exhibitions , catalogs , and posters . Among other projects , he worked on Dokumentation über Marcel Duchamp ( 1960 ) , an exhibition organised by Max Bill at Zurich’s Museum of Design . Stauffer’s early work includes the playful object Jardin public ( 1960 ) , which was published as an edition at the Moderna Museet in Stockholm in 1961 . In the period 1962–1964 , he undertook comprehensive studies on optical illusions , which he called geometrical-optical illusions ( g.o.t ) , using geometrical drawings and photogrammes . From 1964 to 1965 Stauffer taught at the Bath Academy of Art , in Corsham , England . In 1964 , Stauffer and Hansjörg Mattmüller laid the foundation for an experimental arts class . A year later , in 1965 , the class opened its doors as the F+F ( short for Form und Farbe , i.e. , form and colour ) at the KGSZ . Following a move to abolish the F+F course on Teamwork , established by Doris Stauffer , and to introduce unacceptable teaching conditions , in March 1970 a council of students and teachers jointly decided to dissolve the F+F and to dismiss all teaching staff . Following this decision , Bendicht Fivian , Peter Gygax , Peter Jenny , Hansjörg Mattmüller , Doris Stauffer , and Serge Stauffer established the F+F Schule für experimentelle Gestaltung , a privately run art school , in January 1971 . One of their rolemodels for a liberated art-education was the Summerhill School in Leiston , Suffolk , England . Tom Holert , the German art historian , has described how artists like Allan Kaprow , Nam June Paik , Asger Jorn , and the artist and philosopher Piero Simondo had been exploring possibilities for conducting artistic research since the 1950s and 60s . Already while teaching at the KGSZ , Stauffer had started elaborating concepts for art as research . In 1968 , he delivered a paper at the conference of the Schweizerische Werkbund ( SWB ) on the artist as researcher . In 1976 , he presented his Thesen zu Kunst als Forschung [ Theses on Art as Research ] within the context of an F+F exhibition held in the lobby of the Kunsthaus Zürich . In 1978–79 , Stauffer lectured on Art as Research at the Department of Art History of the University of Zurich . In 1981 , he published an essay on Art as Research in the book Genie gibt′s – Die siebziger Jahre an der F&F Schule für experimentelle Gestaltung . From 1956 to 1967 , Stauffer entered into a lengthy correspondence with Marcel Duchamp , whose work he explored in great detail . His extensive research on Duchamp led to the publication in 1973 of the book Ready Made – 180 Aussprüche aus Interviews mit Marcel Duchamp . This was followed in 1981 by Die Schriften – Zu Lebzeiten veröffentlichte Texte mit übersetzten und faksimilierten Texten von Marcel Duchamp , which Stauffer co-edited with Theo Ruff . The volume Marcel Duchamp : Interviews und Statements was published posthumously in 1992 . Stauffer maintained a lifelong friendship with the Swiss artist and poet André Thomkins , which resulted in an extensive correspondence . Their friendship is documented in Thomkins’s monograph Oh ! Cet Echo ! ( 1985 ) . Serge and Doris Stauffer’s estate is housed at Swiss National Library in Bern , Serge Stauffers studies on Duchamp at the Duchamp Cabinet in the Staatsgalerie Stuttgart . His life and work , and his reflections on Art as Research , are the subject of a research project launched in 2011 at the Institute of Contemporary Art Research of Zurich University of the Arts ( ZHdK ) . Based on this research project the exhibition Serge Stauffer – Kunst als Forschung opened at Helmhaus Zürich ( 2013 ) . Selected works . - ca . 1955 , Post Card – ready made in Europe , photographic postcards - 1961 , Jardin public , playing cards’ edition , Edition by Moderna Museet Stockholm - 1962–64 , geometrisch-optische Täuschungen ( g.o.T. ) , artistic studies - 1968 , b-room , graphic print edition - ca . 1980 , an einem ohr blind , projekt einer weltsprache , card game A list of works was published in Helmhaus Zürich ( ed. ) : Serge Stauffer , Kunst als Forschung , Zurich : Scheidegger & Spiess Edition , 2013 , pp.287–301 . Editions and translations ( selected ) . - Eugène Ionesco : Die kahle Sängerin . Translated from French by Serge Stauffer . In : Eugène Ionesco : Theaterstücke . Vol . 1 . Darmstadt : Luchterhand Verlag , 1959 . - Hans-Rudolf Lutz , Hansjörg Mattmüller , Serge Stauffer ( eds. ) : Experiment F+F . 1965–1970 . Zürich : Verlag H.R . Lutz , [ 1970 ] . - Marcel Duchamp : Ready Made ! 180 Aussprüche aus Interviews mit Marcel Duchamp . Ed . Serge Stauffer . Zürich : Regenbogen Verlag , 1973 . - Marcel Duchamp : Die Schriften . Band 1 . Zu Lebzeiten veröffentlichte Texte . Translated , commented , and edited by Serge Stauffer . Zürich : Regenbogen-Verlag , 1981 . - André Thomkins , Serge Stauffer : Correspondance 1948–1977 . Transcription et montage par Serge Stauffer . Stuttgart , London : Edition Hansjörg Mayer , 1985 . - Serge Stauffer : Marcel Duchamp . Interviews und Statements . Gesammelt , übersetzt und annotiert von Serge Stauffer . Ed . Ulrike Gauss . Stuttgart : Graphische Sammlung Staatsgalerie Stuttgart ; Ostfildern-Ruit : Edition Cantz , 1992 . Articles , book contributions ( selection ) . - Stilgeschichte des Films . In : Hans Fischli , Willy Rotzler ( eds. ) : Der Film . Geschichte , Technik , Gestaltungsmittel , Bedeutung . [ exhibition catalog ] . Zürich : Kunstgewerbemuseum , 1960 . Unpaginated - Der Traum eines Briefträgers . In : du , Kulturelle Monatsschrift , no . 247 , September 1961 . p . 47f . - 100 Fragen [ questions for Karl Gerstner , Dieter Roth , Daniel Spoerri , André Thomkins ] . In : Karl Gerstner et al . ( eds. ) : freunde + freunde . friends + fruend . [ published to accompany the exhibition Fründ , friends , Freunde und Freunde at the Kunsthalle Bern and the Kunsthalle Düsseldorf ] . Stuttgart : Edition Hansjörg Mayer , 1969 . Unpaginated . - Kunst als Forschung . In : Gerhard Johann Lischka , Hansjörg Mattmüller ( eds. ) : Genie gibt′s . Die siebziger Jahre an der F&F Schule für experimentelle Gestaltung . Frankfurt am Main : Betzel Verlag , 1981 . pp . 61–92 . - « L′homme le plus sérieux du monde » . Marcel Duchamp als Schachspieler . In : du . Die Kunstzeitschrift , no . 1 , 1982 . pp . 62–65 . - Brief . In : André Thomkins : Oh ! Cet Echo ! André Thomkins an Serge Stauffer . Dokumente einer Freundschaft mit Echo . Stuttgart , London : Edition Hansjörg Mayer , 1985 . pp . 41–59 . Literature . - Konrad Heidkamp : Lächelnd im Schatten , sogar . Porträt und Nachruf : Serge Stauffer . In : WOZ , no . 42 , 20 . October 1989 . p . 19 . - Franziska Wiesner : Serge Stauffer . Jardin Public . In : Fabrikzeitung , no . 276 ( PDF ; 2,8 MB ) , November 2011 . Unpaginated . - Helmhaus Zürich ( ed. ) : Serge Stauffer , Kunst als Forschung , Zurich : Scheidegger & Spiess Edition , 2013 . External links . - Veit Stauffer on Serge Stauffer - Archive of Zurich University of Art - Research Project «Serge Stauffer - Art as Research» - Swiss National Library : Archiv Serge und Doris Stauffer - Helmhaus Zürich : Serge Stauffer – Kunst als Forschung
|
[
"F+F Schule für experimentelle Gestaltung"
] |
[
{
"text": " Serge Stauffer ( born Werner Oscar Stauffer , 8 June 1929 – 17 September 1989 ) was a Swiss artist and art educator . He was one of the co-founders of the F+F Schule für experimentelle Gestaltung in Zurich and known for his German translations of the works of Marcel Duchamp . Stauffer can be considered to have pioneered art as research .",
"title": "Serge Stauffer"
},
{
"text": " From 1952 to 1955 , Stauffer trained as a photographer under Hans Finsler and Alfred Willimann at the Kunstgewerbeschule Zürich KGSZ . During this period , he met his future wife Doris Stauffer-Kloetzer . Stauffer first became known for his German translation of Eugène Ionescos play The Bald Soprano , which premiered at the Klein-Theater Bern in 1956 ( among other actors , its cast included Daniel Spoerri ) and was published by Luchterhand in 1959 .",
"title": "Life and work"
},
{
"text": "As a photographer , Stauffer worked for Josef Müller-Brockmann’s graphic design studio , before returning to the KGSZ in 1957 to teach photographics and experimental photography . From 1957 to 1964 , he designed exhibitions , catalogs , and posters . Among other projects , he worked on Dokumentation über Marcel Duchamp ( 1960 ) , an exhibition organised by Max Bill at Zurich’s Museum of Design .",
"title": "Life and work"
},
{
"text": " Stauffer’s early work includes the playful object Jardin public ( 1960 ) , which was published as an edition at the Moderna Museet in Stockholm in 1961 . In the period 1962–1964 , he undertook comprehensive studies on optical illusions , which he called geometrical-optical illusions ( g.o.t ) , using geometrical drawings and photogrammes . From 1964 to 1965 Stauffer taught at the Bath Academy of Art , in Corsham , England .",
"title": "Life and work"
},
{
"text": "In 1964 , Stauffer and Hansjörg Mattmüller laid the foundation for an experimental arts class . A year later , in 1965 , the class opened its doors as the F+F ( short for Form und Farbe , i.e. , form and colour ) at the KGSZ . Following a move to abolish the F+F course on Teamwork , established by Doris Stauffer , and to introduce unacceptable teaching conditions , in March 1970 a council of students and teachers jointly decided to dissolve the F+F and to dismiss all teaching staff . Following this decision , Bendicht Fivian ,",
"title": "Life and work"
},
{
"text": "Peter Gygax , Peter Jenny , Hansjörg Mattmüller , Doris Stauffer , and Serge Stauffer established the F+F Schule für experimentelle Gestaltung , a privately run art school , in January 1971 . One of their rolemodels for a liberated art-education was the Summerhill School in Leiston , Suffolk , England .",
"title": "Life and work"
},
{
"text": "Tom Holert , the German art historian , has described how artists like Allan Kaprow , Nam June Paik , Asger Jorn , and the artist and philosopher Piero Simondo had been exploring possibilities for conducting artistic research since the 1950s and 60s . Already while teaching at the KGSZ , Stauffer had started elaborating concepts for art as research . In 1968 , he delivered a paper at the conference of the Schweizerische Werkbund ( SWB ) on the artist as researcher . In 1976 , he presented his Thesen zu Kunst als Forschung [ Theses on Art as",
"title": "Life and work"
},
{
"text": "Research ] within the context of an F+F exhibition held in the lobby of the Kunsthaus Zürich . In 1978–79 , Stauffer lectured on Art as Research at the Department of Art History of the University of Zurich . In 1981 , he published an essay on Art as Research in the book Genie gibt′s – Die siebziger Jahre an der F&F Schule für experimentelle Gestaltung .",
"title": "Life and work"
},
{
"text": " From 1956 to 1967 , Stauffer entered into a lengthy correspondence with Marcel Duchamp , whose work he explored in great detail . His extensive research on Duchamp led to the publication in 1973 of the book Ready Made – 180 Aussprüche aus Interviews mit Marcel Duchamp . This was followed in 1981 by Die Schriften – Zu Lebzeiten veröffentlichte Texte mit übersetzten und faksimilierten Texten von Marcel Duchamp , which Stauffer co-edited with Theo Ruff . The volume Marcel Duchamp : Interviews und Statements was published posthumously in 1992 .",
"title": "Life and work"
},
{
"text": "Stauffer maintained a lifelong friendship with the Swiss artist and poet André Thomkins , which resulted in an extensive correspondence . Their friendship is documented in Thomkins’s monograph Oh ! Cet Echo ! ( 1985 ) .",
"title": "Life and work"
},
{
"text": " Serge and Doris Stauffer’s estate is housed at Swiss National Library in Bern , Serge Stauffers studies on Duchamp at the Duchamp Cabinet in the Staatsgalerie Stuttgart . His life and work , and his reflections on Art as Research , are the subject of a research project launched in 2011 at the Institute of Contemporary Art Research of Zurich University of the Arts ( ZHdK ) . Based on this research project the exhibition Serge Stauffer – Kunst als Forschung opened at Helmhaus Zürich ( 2013 ) .",
"title": "Life and work"
},
{
"text": " - ca . 1955 , Post Card – ready made in Europe , photographic postcards - 1961 , Jardin public , playing cards’ edition , Edition by Moderna Museet Stockholm - 1962–64 , geometrisch-optische Täuschungen ( g.o.T. ) , artistic studies - 1968 , b-room , graphic print edition - ca . 1980 , an einem ohr blind , projekt einer weltsprache , card game A list of works was published in Helmhaus Zürich ( ed. ) : Serge Stauffer , Kunst als Forschung , Zurich : Scheidegger & Spiess Edition , 2013 , pp.287–301 .",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": "Editions and translations ( selected ) .",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": " - Eugène Ionesco : Die kahle Sängerin . Translated from French by Serge Stauffer . In : Eugène Ionesco : Theaterstücke . Vol . 1 . Darmstadt : Luchterhand Verlag , 1959 . - Hans-Rudolf Lutz , Hansjörg Mattmüller , Serge Stauffer ( eds. ) : Experiment F+F . 1965–1970 . Zürich : Verlag H.R . Lutz , [ 1970 ] . - Marcel Duchamp : Ready Made ! 180 Aussprüche aus Interviews mit Marcel Duchamp . Ed . Serge Stauffer . Zürich : Regenbogen Verlag , 1973 .",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": "- Marcel Duchamp : Die Schriften . Band 1 . Zu Lebzeiten veröffentlichte Texte . Translated , commented , and edited by Serge Stauffer . Zürich : Regenbogen-Verlag , 1981 .",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": " - André Thomkins , Serge Stauffer : Correspondance 1948–1977 . Transcription et montage par Serge Stauffer . Stuttgart , London : Edition Hansjörg Mayer , 1985 . - Serge Stauffer : Marcel Duchamp . Interviews und Statements . Gesammelt , übersetzt und annotiert von Serge Stauffer . Ed . Ulrike Gauss . Stuttgart : Graphische Sammlung Staatsgalerie Stuttgart ; Ostfildern-Ruit : Edition Cantz , 1992 . Articles , book contributions ( selection ) .",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": "- Stilgeschichte des Films . In : Hans Fischli , Willy Rotzler ( eds. ) : Der Film . Geschichte , Technik , Gestaltungsmittel , Bedeutung . [ exhibition catalog ] . Zürich : Kunstgewerbemuseum , 1960 . Unpaginated",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": " - Der Traum eines Briefträgers . In : du , Kulturelle Monatsschrift , no . 247 , September 1961 . p . 47f . - 100 Fragen [ questions for Karl Gerstner , Dieter Roth , Daniel Spoerri , André Thomkins ] . In : Karl Gerstner et al . ( eds. ) : freunde + freunde . friends + fruend . [ published to accompany the exhibition Fründ , friends , Freunde und Freunde at the Kunsthalle Bern and the Kunsthalle Düsseldorf ] . Stuttgart : Edition Hansjörg Mayer , 1969 . Unpaginated .",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": "- Kunst als Forschung . In : Gerhard Johann Lischka , Hansjörg Mattmüller ( eds. ) : Genie gibt′s . Die siebziger Jahre an der F&F Schule für experimentelle Gestaltung . Frankfurt am Main : Betzel Verlag , 1981 . pp . 61–92 .",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": " - « L′homme le plus sérieux du monde » . Marcel Duchamp als Schachspieler . In : du . Die Kunstzeitschrift , no . 1 , 1982 . pp . 62–65 . - Brief . In : André Thomkins : Oh ! Cet Echo ! André Thomkins an Serge Stauffer . Dokumente einer Freundschaft mit Echo . Stuttgart , London : Edition Hansjörg Mayer , 1985 . pp . 41–59 .",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": " - Konrad Heidkamp : Lächelnd im Schatten , sogar . Porträt und Nachruf : Serge Stauffer . In : WOZ , no . 42 , 20 . October 1989 . p . 19 . - Franziska Wiesner : Serge Stauffer . Jardin Public . In : Fabrikzeitung , no . 276 ( PDF ; 2,8 MB ) , November 2011 . Unpaginated . - Helmhaus Zürich ( ed. ) : Serge Stauffer , Kunst als Forschung , Zurich : Scheidegger & Spiess Edition , 2013 .",
"title": "Literature"
},
{
"text": " - Veit Stauffer on Serge Stauffer - Archive of Zurich University of Art - Research Project «Serge Stauffer - Art as Research» - Swiss National Library : Archiv Serge und Doris Stauffer - Helmhaus Zürich : Serge Stauffer – Kunst als Forschung",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Serge_Stauffer#P108#2
|
Which employer did Serge Stauffer work for in Apr 1978?
|
Serge Stauffer Serge Stauffer ( born Werner Oscar Stauffer , 8 June 1929 – 17 September 1989 ) was a Swiss artist and art educator . He was one of the co-founders of the F+F Schule für experimentelle Gestaltung in Zurich and known for his German translations of the works of Marcel Duchamp . Stauffer can be considered to have pioneered art as research . Life and work . From 1952 to 1955 , Stauffer trained as a photographer under Hans Finsler and Alfred Willimann at the Kunstgewerbeschule Zürich KGSZ . During this period , he met his future wife Doris Stauffer-Kloetzer . Stauffer first became known for his German translation of Eugène Ionescos play The Bald Soprano , which premiered at the Klein-Theater Bern in 1956 ( among other actors , its cast included Daniel Spoerri ) and was published by Luchterhand in 1959 . As a photographer , Stauffer worked for Josef Müller-Brockmann’s graphic design studio , before returning to the KGSZ in 1957 to teach photographics and experimental photography . From 1957 to 1964 , he designed exhibitions , catalogs , and posters . Among other projects , he worked on Dokumentation über Marcel Duchamp ( 1960 ) , an exhibition organised by Max Bill at Zurich’s Museum of Design . Stauffer’s early work includes the playful object Jardin public ( 1960 ) , which was published as an edition at the Moderna Museet in Stockholm in 1961 . In the period 1962–1964 , he undertook comprehensive studies on optical illusions , which he called geometrical-optical illusions ( g.o.t ) , using geometrical drawings and photogrammes . From 1964 to 1965 Stauffer taught at the Bath Academy of Art , in Corsham , England . In 1964 , Stauffer and Hansjörg Mattmüller laid the foundation for an experimental arts class . A year later , in 1965 , the class opened its doors as the F+F ( short for Form und Farbe , i.e. , form and colour ) at the KGSZ . Following a move to abolish the F+F course on Teamwork , established by Doris Stauffer , and to introduce unacceptable teaching conditions , in March 1970 a council of students and teachers jointly decided to dissolve the F+F and to dismiss all teaching staff . Following this decision , Bendicht Fivian , Peter Gygax , Peter Jenny , Hansjörg Mattmüller , Doris Stauffer , and Serge Stauffer established the F+F Schule für experimentelle Gestaltung , a privately run art school , in January 1971 . One of their rolemodels for a liberated art-education was the Summerhill School in Leiston , Suffolk , England . Tom Holert , the German art historian , has described how artists like Allan Kaprow , Nam June Paik , Asger Jorn , and the artist and philosopher Piero Simondo had been exploring possibilities for conducting artistic research since the 1950s and 60s . Already while teaching at the KGSZ , Stauffer had started elaborating concepts for art as research . In 1968 , he delivered a paper at the conference of the Schweizerische Werkbund ( SWB ) on the artist as researcher . In 1976 , he presented his Thesen zu Kunst als Forschung [ Theses on Art as Research ] within the context of an F+F exhibition held in the lobby of the Kunsthaus Zürich . In 1978–79 , Stauffer lectured on Art as Research at the Department of Art History of the University of Zurich . In 1981 , he published an essay on Art as Research in the book Genie gibt′s – Die siebziger Jahre an der F&F Schule für experimentelle Gestaltung . From 1956 to 1967 , Stauffer entered into a lengthy correspondence with Marcel Duchamp , whose work he explored in great detail . His extensive research on Duchamp led to the publication in 1973 of the book Ready Made – 180 Aussprüche aus Interviews mit Marcel Duchamp . This was followed in 1981 by Die Schriften – Zu Lebzeiten veröffentlichte Texte mit übersetzten und faksimilierten Texten von Marcel Duchamp , which Stauffer co-edited with Theo Ruff . The volume Marcel Duchamp : Interviews und Statements was published posthumously in 1992 . Stauffer maintained a lifelong friendship with the Swiss artist and poet André Thomkins , which resulted in an extensive correspondence . Their friendship is documented in Thomkins’s monograph Oh ! Cet Echo ! ( 1985 ) . Serge and Doris Stauffer’s estate is housed at Swiss National Library in Bern , Serge Stauffers studies on Duchamp at the Duchamp Cabinet in the Staatsgalerie Stuttgart . His life and work , and his reflections on Art as Research , are the subject of a research project launched in 2011 at the Institute of Contemporary Art Research of Zurich University of the Arts ( ZHdK ) . Based on this research project the exhibition Serge Stauffer – Kunst als Forschung opened at Helmhaus Zürich ( 2013 ) . Selected works . - ca . 1955 , Post Card – ready made in Europe , photographic postcards - 1961 , Jardin public , playing cards’ edition , Edition by Moderna Museet Stockholm - 1962–64 , geometrisch-optische Täuschungen ( g.o.T. ) , artistic studies - 1968 , b-room , graphic print edition - ca . 1980 , an einem ohr blind , projekt einer weltsprache , card game A list of works was published in Helmhaus Zürich ( ed. ) : Serge Stauffer , Kunst als Forschung , Zurich : Scheidegger & Spiess Edition , 2013 , pp.287–301 . Editions and translations ( selected ) . - Eugène Ionesco : Die kahle Sängerin . Translated from French by Serge Stauffer . In : Eugène Ionesco : Theaterstücke . Vol . 1 . Darmstadt : Luchterhand Verlag , 1959 . - Hans-Rudolf Lutz , Hansjörg Mattmüller , Serge Stauffer ( eds. ) : Experiment F+F . 1965–1970 . Zürich : Verlag H.R . Lutz , [ 1970 ] . - Marcel Duchamp : Ready Made ! 180 Aussprüche aus Interviews mit Marcel Duchamp . Ed . Serge Stauffer . Zürich : Regenbogen Verlag , 1973 . - Marcel Duchamp : Die Schriften . Band 1 . Zu Lebzeiten veröffentlichte Texte . Translated , commented , and edited by Serge Stauffer . Zürich : Regenbogen-Verlag , 1981 . - André Thomkins , Serge Stauffer : Correspondance 1948–1977 . Transcription et montage par Serge Stauffer . Stuttgart , London : Edition Hansjörg Mayer , 1985 . - Serge Stauffer : Marcel Duchamp . Interviews und Statements . Gesammelt , übersetzt und annotiert von Serge Stauffer . Ed . Ulrike Gauss . Stuttgart : Graphische Sammlung Staatsgalerie Stuttgart ; Ostfildern-Ruit : Edition Cantz , 1992 . Articles , book contributions ( selection ) . - Stilgeschichte des Films . In : Hans Fischli , Willy Rotzler ( eds. ) : Der Film . Geschichte , Technik , Gestaltungsmittel , Bedeutung . [ exhibition catalog ] . Zürich : Kunstgewerbemuseum , 1960 . Unpaginated - Der Traum eines Briefträgers . In : du , Kulturelle Monatsschrift , no . 247 , September 1961 . p . 47f . - 100 Fragen [ questions for Karl Gerstner , Dieter Roth , Daniel Spoerri , André Thomkins ] . In : Karl Gerstner et al . ( eds. ) : freunde + freunde . friends + fruend . [ published to accompany the exhibition Fründ , friends , Freunde und Freunde at the Kunsthalle Bern and the Kunsthalle Düsseldorf ] . Stuttgart : Edition Hansjörg Mayer , 1969 . Unpaginated . - Kunst als Forschung . In : Gerhard Johann Lischka , Hansjörg Mattmüller ( eds. ) : Genie gibt′s . Die siebziger Jahre an der F&F Schule für experimentelle Gestaltung . Frankfurt am Main : Betzel Verlag , 1981 . pp . 61–92 . - « L′homme le plus sérieux du monde » . Marcel Duchamp als Schachspieler . In : du . Die Kunstzeitschrift , no . 1 , 1982 . pp . 62–65 . - Brief . In : André Thomkins : Oh ! Cet Echo ! André Thomkins an Serge Stauffer . Dokumente einer Freundschaft mit Echo . Stuttgart , London : Edition Hansjörg Mayer , 1985 . pp . 41–59 . Literature . - Konrad Heidkamp : Lächelnd im Schatten , sogar . Porträt und Nachruf : Serge Stauffer . In : WOZ , no . 42 , 20 . October 1989 . p . 19 . - Franziska Wiesner : Serge Stauffer . Jardin Public . In : Fabrikzeitung , no . 276 ( PDF ; 2,8 MB ) , November 2011 . Unpaginated . - Helmhaus Zürich ( ed. ) : Serge Stauffer , Kunst als Forschung , Zurich : Scheidegger & Spiess Edition , 2013 . External links . - Veit Stauffer on Serge Stauffer - Archive of Zurich University of Art - Research Project «Serge Stauffer - Art as Research» - Swiss National Library : Archiv Serge und Doris Stauffer - Helmhaus Zürich : Serge Stauffer – Kunst als Forschung
|
[
"University of Zurich"
] |
[
{
"text": " Serge Stauffer ( born Werner Oscar Stauffer , 8 June 1929 – 17 September 1989 ) was a Swiss artist and art educator . He was one of the co-founders of the F+F Schule für experimentelle Gestaltung in Zurich and known for his German translations of the works of Marcel Duchamp . Stauffer can be considered to have pioneered art as research .",
"title": "Serge Stauffer"
},
{
"text": " From 1952 to 1955 , Stauffer trained as a photographer under Hans Finsler and Alfred Willimann at the Kunstgewerbeschule Zürich KGSZ . During this period , he met his future wife Doris Stauffer-Kloetzer . Stauffer first became known for his German translation of Eugène Ionescos play The Bald Soprano , which premiered at the Klein-Theater Bern in 1956 ( among other actors , its cast included Daniel Spoerri ) and was published by Luchterhand in 1959 .",
"title": "Life and work"
},
{
"text": "As a photographer , Stauffer worked for Josef Müller-Brockmann’s graphic design studio , before returning to the KGSZ in 1957 to teach photographics and experimental photography . From 1957 to 1964 , he designed exhibitions , catalogs , and posters . Among other projects , he worked on Dokumentation über Marcel Duchamp ( 1960 ) , an exhibition organised by Max Bill at Zurich’s Museum of Design .",
"title": "Life and work"
},
{
"text": " Stauffer’s early work includes the playful object Jardin public ( 1960 ) , which was published as an edition at the Moderna Museet in Stockholm in 1961 . In the period 1962–1964 , he undertook comprehensive studies on optical illusions , which he called geometrical-optical illusions ( g.o.t ) , using geometrical drawings and photogrammes . From 1964 to 1965 Stauffer taught at the Bath Academy of Art , in Corsham , England .",
"title": "Life and work"
},
{
"text": "In 1964 , Stauffer and Hansjörg Mattmüller laid the foundation for an experimental arts class . A year later , in 1965 , the class opened its doors as the F+F ( short for Form und Farbe , i.e. , form and colour ) at the KGSZ . Following a move to abolish the F+F course on Teamwork , established by Doris Stauffer , and to introduce unacceptable teaching conditions , in March 1970 a council of students and teachers jointly decided to dissolve the F+F and to dismiss all teaching staff . Following this decision , Bendicht Fivian ,",
"title": "Life and work"
},
{
"text": "Peter Gygax , Peter Jenny , Hansjörg Mattmüller , Doris Stauffer , and Serge Stauffer established the F+F Schule für experimentelle Gestaltung , a privately run art school , in January 1971 . One of their rolemodels for a liberated art-education was the Summerhill School in Leiston , Suffolk , England .",
"title": "Life and work"
},
{
"text": "Tom Holert , the German art historian , has described how artists like Allan Kaprow , Nam June Paik , Asger Jorn , and the artist and philosopher Piero Simondo had been exploring possibilities for conducting artistic research since the 1950s and 60s . Already while teaching at the KGSZ , Stauffer had started elaborating concepts for art as research . In 1968 , he delivered a paper at the conference of the Schweizerische Werkbund ( SWB ) on the artist as researcher . In 1976 , he presented his Thesen zu Kunst als Forschung [ Theses on Art as",
"title": "Life and work"
},
{
"text": "Research ] within the context of an F+F exhibition held in the lobby of the Kunsthaus Zürich . In 1978–79 , Stauffer lectured on Art as Research at the Department of Art History of the University of Zurich . In 1981 , he published an essay on Art as Research in the book Genie gibt′s – Die siebziger Jahre an der F&F Schule für experimentelle Gestaltung .",
"title": "Life and work"
},
{
"text": " From 1956 to 1967 , Stauffer entered into a lengthy correspondence with Marcel Duchamp , whose work he explored in great detail . His extensive research on Duchamp led to the publication in 1973 of the book Ready Made – 180 Aussprüche aus Interviews mit Marcel Duchamp . This was followed in 1981 by Die Schriften – Zu Lebzeiten veröffentlichte Texte mit übersetzten und faksimilierten Texten von Marcel Duchamp , which Stauffer co-edited with Theo Ruff . The volume Marcel Duchamp : Interviews und Statements was published posthumously in 1992 .",
"title": "Life and work"
},
{
"text": "Stauffer maintained a lifelong friendship with the Swiss artist and poet André Thomkins , which resulted in an extensive correspondence . Their friendship is documented in Thomkins’s monograph Oh ! Cet Echo ! ( 1985 ) .",
"title": "Life and work"
},
{
"text": " Serge and Doris Stauffer’s estate is housed at Swiss National Library in Bern , Serge Stauffers studies on Duchamp at the Duchamp Cabinet in the Staatsgalerie Stuttgart . His life and work , and his reflections on Art as Research , are the subject of a research project launched in 2011 at the Institute of Contemporary Art Research of Zurich University of the Arts ( ZHdK ) . Based on this research project the exhibition Serge Stauffer – Kunst als Forschung opened at Helmhaus Zürich ( 2013 ) .",
"title": "Life and work"
},
{
"text": " - ca . 1955 , Post Card – ready made in Europe , photographic postcards - 1961 , Jardin public , playing cards’ edition , Edition by Moderna Museet Stockholm - 1962–64 , geometrisch-optische Täuschungen ( g.o.T. ) , artistic studies - 1968 , b-room , graphic print edition - ca . 1980 , an einem ohr blind , projekt einer weltsprache , card game A list of works was published in Helmhaus Zürich ( ed. ) : Serge Stauffer , Kunst als Forschung , Zurich : Scheidegger & Spiess Edition , 2013 , pp.287–301 .",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": "Editions and translations ( selected ) .",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": " - Eugène Ionesco : Die kahle Sängerin . Translated from French by Serge Stauffer . In : Eugène Ionesco : Theaterstücke . Vol . 1 . Darmstadt : Luchterhand Verlag , 1959 . - Hans-Rudolf Lutz , Hansjörg Mattmüller , Serge Stauffer ( eds. ) : Experiment F+F . 1965–1970 . Zürich : Verlag H.R . Lutz , [ 1970 ] . - Marcel Duchamp : Ready Made ! 180 Aussprüche aus Interviews mit Marcel Duchamp . Ed . Serge Stauffer . Zürich : Regenbogen Verlag , 1973 .",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": "- Marcel Duchamp : Die Schriften . Band 1 . Zu Lebzeiten veröffentlichte Texte . Translated , commented , and edited by Serge Stauffer . Zürich : Regenbogen-Verlag , 1981 .",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": " - André Thomkins , Serge Stauffer : Correspondance 1948–1977 . Transcription et montage par Serge Stauffer . Stuttgart , London : Edition Hansjörg Mayer , 1985 . - Serge Stauffer : Marcel Duchamp . Interviews und Statements . Gesammelt , übersetzt und annotiert von Serge Stauffer . Ed . Ulrike Gauss . Stuttgart : Graphische Sammlung Staatsgalerie Stuttgart ; Ostfildern-Ruit : Edition Cantz , 1992 . Articles , book contributions ( selection ) .",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": "- Stilgeschichte des Films . In : Hans Fischli , Willy Rotzler ( eds. ) : Der Film . Geschichte , Technik , Gestaltungsmittel , Bedeutung . [ exhibition catalog ] . Zürich : Kunstgewerbemuseum , 1960 . Unpaginated",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": " - Der Traum eines Briefträgers . In : du , Kulturelle Monatsschrift , no . 247 , September 1961 . p . 47f . - 100 Fragen [ questions for Karl Gerstner , Dieter Roth , Daniel Spoerri , André Thomkins ] . In : Karl Gerstner et al . ( eds. ) : freunde + freunde . friends + fruend . [ published to accompany the exhibition Fründ , friends , Freunde und Freunde at the Kunsthalle Bern and the Kunsthalle Düsseldorf ] . Stuttgart : Edition Hansjörg Mayer , 1969 . Unpaginated .",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": "- Kunst als Forschung . In : Gerhard Johann Lischka , Hansjörg Mattmüller ( eds. ) : Genie gibt′s . Die siebziger Jahre an der F&F Schule für experimentelle Gestaltung . Frankfurt am Main : Betzel Verlag , 1981 . pp . 61–92 .",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": " - « L′homme le plus sérieux du monde » . Marcel Duchamp als Schachspieler . In : du . Die Kunstzeitschrift , no . 1 , 1982 . pp . 62–65 . - Brief . In : André Thomkins : Oh ! Cet Echo ! André Thomkins an Serge Stauffer . Dokumente einer Freundschaft mit Echo . Stuttgart , London : Edition Hansjörg Mayer , 1985 . pp . 41–59 .",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": " - Konrad Heidkamp : Lächelnd im Schatten , sogar . Porträt und Nachruf : Serge Stauffer . In : WOZ , no . 42 , 20 . October 1989 . p . 19 . - Franziska Wiesner : Serge Stauffer . Jardin Public . In : Fabrikzeitung , no . 276 ( PDF ; 2,8 MB ) , November 2011 . Unpaginated . - Helmhaus Zürich ( ed. ) : Serge Stauffer , Kunst als Forschung , Zurich : Scheidegger & Spiess Edition , 2013 .",
"title": "Literature"
},
{
"text": " - Veit Stauffer on Serge Stauffer - Archive of Zurich University of Art - Research Project «Serge Stauffer - Art as Research» - Swiss National Library : Archiv Serge und Doris Stauffer - Helmhaus Zürich : Serge Stauffer – Kunst als Forschung",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Katherine_Harris#P39#0
|
Katherine Harris took which position in Sep 1996?
|
Katherine Harris Katherine Harris ( born April 5 , 1957 ) is an American politician , elected in 1998 as Secretary of State of Florida and in 2002 to the United States House of Representatives from Florida . A Republican , Harris won the 2002 election to represent Floridas 13th congressional district , serving for two terms , from 2003 to 2007 . Harris lost her campaign in 2006 for a United States Senate seat from Florida . In 1994 , Harris was noted for the most expensive campaign for the Florida Senate to date , winning her seat that year in her entry into electoral politics . In the 2000 presidential election , Harris gained national attention for her role in the Florida election recount , certifying George W . Bushs narrow victory ( 537 votes ) over Al Gore and awarding him the Florida electors , which gained him the national election . Background and personal life . Harris was born in Key West , Florida , to one of the states wealthiest and most politically influential families . She is the daughter of Harriet ( Griffin ) and George W . Harris , Jr. , who owned Citrus and Chemical Bank in Lakeland , Florida . Her maternal grandfather was Ben Hill Griffin , Jr. , a successful businessman in the citrus and cattle industries and a powerful figure in the state legislature . Shortly before his death in 1990 , he was ranked as the 261st richest American on the Forbes 400 list . Ben Hill Griffin Stadium at the University of Florida is named for him . Harris extended family has been active in Christian evangelism . Her grandfather was a Christian missionary in Africa , while her aunt and uncle were missionaries in India . They now head the Arab World Missions . Harris studied under Dr . Francis Schaeffer at a LAbri Fellowship International center . Harris attended Greystone , an all-girls Christian camp at Asheville , North Carolina . She has said her faith is the most important thing in my life . Harris has criticized the Presbyterian Church ( U.S.A. ) for being too liberal ; she was reared in the more conservative Presbyterian Church in America . She attends Calvary Chapel , a non-denominational charismatic church in Sarasota , Florida . Harris married Swedish businessman Sven Anders Axel Ebbeson in 1996 and has one stepdaughter , Louise . Sven Ebbeson committed suicide in November 2013 . Education and career . Harris graduated from Bartow High School in Bartow , Florida , in 1975 . She attended the University of Madrid in 1978 . Harris received a Bachelor of Arts degree in history from Agnes Scott College in Decatur , Georgia , in 1979 . She studied under Christian theologian Francis Schaeffer at the LAbri community in Huemoz , Switzerland , near Lausanne . While in college she worked as an intern for U.S . Representative Andy Ireland . Before entering politics , Harris worked as a marketing executive at IBM and a vice president of a commercial real estate firm . Harris earned a M.P.A . from Harvard Universitys John F . Kennedy School of Government in 1996 . Political career . Harris ran for the Florida Senate as a Republican in 1994 in one of the most expensive state races in Florida history to that time . Harriss political career was guided by Dan Berger , Adam Goodman , and Benjamin McKay , along with her campaign manager , David Lapides . Florida Senate and Riscorp . Harris played a prominent role in introducing William Griffin ( with whom she had a close personal relationship ) , the CEO of Riscorp , to various Florida legislators . In the 1994 state senate election , Sarasota-based Riscorp , Inc . made illegal contributions totaling $400,000 to dozens of political candidates and committees , including $20,600 to the Harris campaign . Two years later , in 1996 , Harris sponsored a bill to block Riscorp competitors from getting a greater share of Florida workers compensation market , [ and ] also pushed a proposal that would hurt a particular competitor . This issue later emerged during her campaign for Florida Secretary of State in 1998 . William Griffin eventually pleaded guilty to illegal campaign donations , among allegations of other serious wrongdoing at Riscorp , and served prison time in 1998 . The election of Republican Jeb Bush as governor of Florida is considered to have been a major factor in stopping further state investigation into the Riscorp scandal . According to a Sun-Herald column from June 2005 , Harris denied any knowledge of the scheme , was never charged with any crime and was cleared of wrongdoing by a state investigator . Secretary of State . Harris was elected Florida Secretary of State in 1998 . She defeated then-incumbent Sandra Mortham in the Republican primary and won the general election against Democratic candidate , Karen Gievers , an attorney from Miami . A state constitutional change passed in the same year making the Secretary of State an appointed office made Harris the last person to be elected Secretary of State in Florida . Harris abruptly resigned in August 2002 while campaigning for Congress when it was discovered that she had violated Floridas resign to run , which stated ...No officer may qualify as a candidate for another public office , whether state , district , county or municipal , if the terms or any part thereof run concurrently with each other , without resigning from the office he or she presently holds . Since the start of her Congressional term ( January 3 , 2003 ) would overlap with the end of her term as Secretary of State ( January 7 , 2003 ) , she was required to submit a letter of recognition . The law allowed candidates to have the resignation be effective up until the term for the new office began . Since Harris failed to do so , she was required to resign immediately . Harris said the oversight was unintentional . She said that she thought because Florida voters had approved a constitutional amendment that made the position of Secretary of State an appointed office rather than an elected office , the law did not apply to her situation . International travel . During her first 22 months in office , Harris spent more than $106,000 for travel , more than the governor or any other cabinet officer . She visited eight countries on ten foreign trips . In early 2001 , Florida Senate leaders eliminated the $3.4 million that Harris had budgeted for international relations for the year , assigning it instead to Enterprise Florida , the states economic development agency . However , Florida House Leader Tom Feeney said that he disagreed with the Senate and believed that Harris was an able advocate to foreign countries . After the House refused to agree with the proposed budget action , the Senate agreed to restore the money ; however , it insisted on a review committee , appointed by Senate President John McKay , Feeney , and Governor Jeb Bush , to evaluate all of Harris expenditures on international affairs since July 1 , 1999 , and produce a report . 2000 U.S . presidential election . As Secretary of State for the State of Florida ( and co-chair of George W . Bushs election efforts in Florida ) , Harris was a central figure in the 2000 US presidential election in Florida . She was involved in purging many individuals from the voter rolls , and the election between Al Gore and George W . Bush was so close in Florida , separated by 537 votes , that a recount of the votes was called for . After several recounts were inconclusive , Harris halted the recounting process , arguing that the laws governing recounts were unclear . The official vote totals showed the Republican candidate , Texas Governor George W . Bush , as the winner of the statewide popular vote in Florida , and so Harris certified the Republican slate of electors . This victory in Florida would allow Bush to obtain a majority in the Electoral College and win the election . Her certification was upheld in the state circuit court , but subsequently overturned on appeal by the Florida Supreme Court . The Florida Supreme Court decision was reversed by the U.S . Supreme Court in Bush v . Gore ( 2000 ) . In a per curiam decision , by a 7–2 vote , the Court held that the Florida Supreme Courts method for recounting ballots was a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . Furthermore , it held , by a 5–4 vote , that no alternative method for a recount could be established within the time limits set by the State of Florida . This decision allowed Harris previous certification of Bush as the winner of Floridas electoral votes to stand . Floridas 25 electoral votes gave Bush , the Republican candidate , 271 electoral votes , thus defeating Gore , who ended up with 266 electoral votes ( with one D.C . elector abstaining ) . Harris later published Center of the Storm , her memoir of the 2000 election controversy . It was later revealed that , unimpressed with her performance in the media spotlight of the recount , the Bush Campaign had assigned a staff member to her , essentially as a handler . United States Congresswoman . In 2002 , Harris ran against Sarasota Attorney Jan Schneider for the congressional district vacated by retiring Republican Rep . Dan Miller , winning by 10 percentage points in this solidly Republican district , a victory helped with one of the biggest first term campaign fund raising efforts in the history of this district and substantial support from the Bush family . Harris considered running for the seat of retiring Senator Bob Graham in 2004 but was reportedly dissuaded by the Bush White House to allow Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Mel Martinez to run instead . Martinez went on to narrowly beat challenger Betty Castor . Harris ran for re-election to her House seat in 2004 ; she was re-elected with a margin almost identical to her first win . In a 2004 speech in Venice , Florida , Harris claimed that a Middle Eastern man was arrested for attempting to blow up the power grid in Carmel , Indiana ; Carmel Mayor James Brainard and a spokesman for Indiana Gov . Joe Kernan said they had no knowledge of such a plot . Brainard said he had never spoken to Harris . During a 2004 campaign stop in Sarasota , a local resident , Barry Seltzer , tr [ ied ] to intimidate a group of Harris supporters by menacing Harris and her supporters with his automobile . Witnesses described Seltzer as having swerved off the road and onto the sidewalk , directing it at Harris and her supporters . Nobody was injured in the incident . Seltzer , who claimed he was exercising [ his ] political expression , was eventually arrested and charged with assault with a deadly weapon . MZM incident . In 2005 and 2006 , a major corporate campaign donor to Harris , Mitchell Wade ( founder of defense contractor MZM ) , was implicated in several bribery scandals . Wade had bundled together and donated to Harriss campaign $32,000 in contributions from his employees at MZM , Inc. , then reimbursed those employees for the contributions . Regarding this issue , U.S . Attorney Kenneth Wainstein said that Harris did not appear to know the donations were obtained illegally . Harris has maintained she had no personal knowledge that her campaign was given illegal contributions . Wade acknowledged that the donations to the Harris campaign were illegal and were part of an attempt to influence Harris to MZMs benefit . Documents filed with Wades plea say that he took Harris to dinner in March 2005 , a year after the illegal contributions , where they discussed the possibility of another fundraiser and the possibility of getting funding for a Navy counterintelligence program placed in Harriss district . Harris sent a letter on April 26 , 2005 , to defense appropriations subcommittee Chairman C . W . Bill Young , in which Harris sought $10 million for a Navy project backed by Wade . In the letter , Harris emphasized the importance of the project , asking that it be added to her list of five priorities and identifying it as her new No . 3 . Harris later released the April 26 , 2005 , letter for legal scrutiny , but neither she nor Young would turn over the request form ( RFP ) used for the proposal . CQPolitics noted Harriss former political strategist , Ed Rollins , spoke on the record about the dinner and detailed a meal that cost $2,800 , far in excess of the $50 limit on gifts that members of Congress are allowed to accept at the Washington restaurant Citronelle . Wade and Harris discussed MZMs desire for a $10 million appropriation , and Wade offered to host a fundraiser for Harriss 2006 Senate campaign . Regarding the MZM contributions , the Sentinel article goes on to say The Justice Department has said Wade , who personally handed many of the checks to Harris , did not tell Harris the contributions were illegal . Regarding the expensive meal , the article quotes Harris as saying that she personally had only a beverage and appetizer worth less than $100 . Rollins said that he had conducted a thorough internal investigation into Harriss ties to MZM in hopes of finding conclusive proof of her innocence ; but when he could not , he and other advisers , including her lawyer , urged her to drop her candidacy rather than risk federal corruption charges . Although he did not believe Harris intentionally broke any laws , her story kept changing . Our great concern was that you get into trouble when you dont tell the same story twice .. . Maybe you dont think you did anything wrong , but then maybe you start getting questioned about it and so forth , and you may perjure yourself . .. . Unlike Cunningham , I dont think she set out to violate the law , but I think she was very careless . She heard whatever she wanted to hear , but we could find no evidence whatsoever that this was a project going into her district . Although Rollins recalled discussing the $2,800 meal with Harris , Harris told the Orlando Sentinel on April 19 , 2006 , that the cost of the meal was news to me , and that her campaign had since reimbursed the restaurant for the cost of the meal . According to the reporter , when questioned as to why she would reimburse the restaurant for a meal that had been paid for by MZM , Harris abruptly terminated the interview , and her spokesman later called and requested unsuccessfully that the story not be printed . The next day , Harriss campaign issued a statement that she had believed her campaign had reimbursed the restaurant , and that she had donated $100 which will more than adequately compensate for the cost of my beverage and appetizer . Harris also asserted that most of the cost of the meal was from Wade ordering several unopened bottles of wine to take home , although the management of the restaurant denies ever allowing anyone to take unopened bottles of wine off the premises , saying Why would we jeopardize our liquor license for the sake of selling a couple bottles of wine ? In the weeks following the expensive meal , former senior Harris staffers claimed that they initially rejected a defense contractors $10 million appropriation request last year but reversed course after being instructed by Harris to approve it . In May 2006 , Harriss campaign spokesman Christopher Ingram acknowledged that she had also had a previous dinner with Wade in the same restaurant in March 2004 , when the $32,000 in illegal donations had been given to her campaign . Ingram told the press that he did not know how much that meal cost , but that a charitable donation of an unknown amount had been given to a charity whose name he did not know , equivalent to her share of the meal . She takes responsibility for the oversight that there was no reimbursement , he said . Mona Tate Yost , an aide to Harris , left to work for MZM during the time Wade was pressing Harris to secure federal funding ( April or May 2005 ) . On July 17 , 2006 , Ed Rollins confirmed that Justice Department lawyers and FBI agents had recently questioned her about the $32,000 in donations . Rollins noted : I assume more [ interviews ] will be coming , though . They were very serious . On September 7 , 2006 , Federal investigators questioned Jim Dornan , who quit as Harriss campaign manager the previous November . 2006 Senate race . Overview . On June 7 , 2005 , with support from her new campaign advisors of Ed Rollins and Jim Dornan , Harris announced her candidacy for the 2006 Florida United States Senate election , challenging Democratic incumbent Bill Nelson . Both lackluster fundraising relative to Nelson and controversy over campaign contributions from MZM caused Harris to fall far behind in all polls by May 2006 . Late in the primary race , Republican contender Will McBride polled 31 points behind Nelson in a hypothetical election against him , while Harris polled 33 points behind Nelson in the same poll . Harris was still popular among Republican voters and won the September 5 primary over McBride and two other challengers with approximately 50% of the total vote . Despite Harriss support of many Republican causes and her previous statewide victories , some party leaders expressed doubt about her statewide appeal : - In May 2006 , Florida Governor Jeb Bush questioned Harriss ability to win the general election and encouraged others to challenge her in the primary . - Karl Rove expressed doubts about her statewide appeal . - National Republicans openly criticized her campaign and tried to convince other GOP candidates to challenge Harris in the primary . - Florida state House of Representatives Speaker Allan Bense declined the candidacy on May 11 despite public courting by many leaders including Governor Bush . - Conservative pundit and former Republican Congressman Joe Scarborough was also unsuccessfully recruited to enter the race . Departing Harris aides claim that Harris called potential Scarborough supporters and raised the death of an aide in order to prevent his entry into the race . Scarborough later told Nelson that drawing Harris as an opponent in the race made him the luckiest man in Washington . By late July 2006 , Harris had gone through three campaign managers and her campaign was floundering . At that time , it was disclosed that state Republican Party leaders had told Harris they would not support her because she could not win in the general election . Financial problems plagued Harris Senate campaign from the start . During the primary , it was clear that the incumbent Senator Nelson had a substantial financial advantage . On the March 15 , 2006 , edition of Fox News Channels Hannity & Colmes , Harris pledged to spend $10 million of her own money , which she said was all of her inheritance , on her campaign . She also stated that her run was dedicated to the memory of her father . Despite her promise , the $10 million never materialized . Reports surfaced that Harris would not actually receive the inheritance from her father , who instead left his entire estate to her mother . She donated $3 million to her campaign , but later took back $100,000 , fueling speculation that she would be unable to donate the promised amount . In October , Harris announced that she was trying to sell her house in Washington to raise money for her campaign , but the home was not publicly listed for sale and no sale was ever announced . Nelson defeated Harris by more than one million votes . Harris received less than 39% of the vote . Staff resignations . In late February 2006 , in the midst of revelations surrounding Mitchell Wades illegal contributions , Harriss campaign finance director and her campaign treasurer both resigned . On April 1 , 2006 Harriss top campaign advisor , pollster and campaign manager all resigned with a half-dozen other staffers . Republican pollster and consultant David Johnson said , Ive never seen staffers go like this . Its just imploding . In early April 2006 , Harris told the Tampa Tribune that some of her ex-campaign staffers and the national Republican party were deliberately sabotaging her campaign by putting knives in her back and had warned her that if she did not back out of the campaign , she would get an April surprise . Former campaign staffer Ed Rollins said They were all good professionals .. . There was no backstabbing . Its insulting that she would even say that . If she wants to know what went wrong with the campaign , maybe she needs to take a good look in the mirror . In June , the Harris campaign received a legal bill for thousands of dollars that contained a reference to DOJ subpoena . Later , an ex-aide told the Associated Press that Harris had received a grand jury subpoena from federal investigators , but kept it from her top advisers , prompting several staff members to quit when they found out . On June 8 , 2006 , Harriss fourth chief of staff , Fred Asbell , left in order to pursue a business opportunity . Asbell said hed greatly enjoyed his time with the campaign and he would remain in a consultant position . On July 12 , 2006 , Harriss campaign spokesman Chris Christopher Ingram left the campaign . The next day , Harris received resignations from Campaign Manager Glenn Hodas , Field Director Pat Thomas , Political Director Brian Brooks and Deputy Field Director John K . Byers , while Travel Aide Kyle Johnson and Field Director Mike Norris declined to leave , citing loyalty to Harris . Hodas cited Harriss tantrums and increasingly erratic behavior as his reasons for leaving . An anonymous campaign worker described Harris as very difficult to work with . The more that we put her out there , the more she shot herself in the foot . In late August , Harris lost another key staffer , Rhyan Metzler , in the wake of a disastrous political rally at Orlando Executive Airport . Only 40 people showed up for the event , and Harris blamed the paltry turnout in part on a last-minute change in location . She claimed that a tree fell on the hangar that was originally scheduled to hold the rally , forcing her campaign to switch to another hangar . Airport officials , however , stated that not only had no trees fallen , but also that there are no trees as they get in the way of the airplanes ; further adding that the event in fact took place in the hangar that Harriss campaign had originally booked . Harriss campaign blamed Metzler for the comments Harris made after the rally . On August 31 , 2006 , Harris was interviewed on Hardball with Chris Matthews , where she responded to the criticisms from her former staffers with We have their email traffic , we know what was behind all that , we know whos been paid and who isnt . Lack of Republican support . The Pensacola News Journal suggested that Harris might withdraw from the Senate race after winning a primary victory , thereby allowing the Republicans to nominate another candidate , such as Tom Gallagher , to run against Bill Nelson . In August , Katherine Harris touted political endorsements from fellow Republican lawmakers on her campaign web site . However , some of those cited claim that they never endorsed her . This conflict resulted in several Republican congressmen calling the Harris campaign to complain after the St . Petersburg Times notified them of the endorsements listed on Harriss Web site . A short time later , their names were removed without comment from Harriss Web site . Of Harriss three primary opponents , only Will McBride endorsed her candidacy for the general election . In the first few days after the primary , a number of Republican nominees such as Charlie Crist and Tom Lee went on a statewide unity tour with Gov . Bush . Harris was not invited ; Republicans said the tour was only for nominees to statewide offices . Harris claimed Bush would campaign with her sometime in the two months before the election , but the governors office denied this . President Bush did not make public appearances or private meetings with Harris before the primary . He did , however , appear with her at a fundraiser on September 21 in Tampa . When it came time for newspapers to make their op-ed endorsements , all 22 of Floridas major daily newspapers supported Senator Nelson . The only endorsement Harris received was from the Polk County Democrat , a newspaper in Bartow which publishes four days out of the week . Religious convictions . Harris was a headline speaker at the Coral Ridge Presbyterian Churchs Reclaiming America for Christ conference held in Ft . Lauderdale on March 17–18 , 2006 . The conference web site invited attendees to attend in order to reclaim this nation for Christ . The stated mission of ReclaimAmerica.org is To inform , equip , motivate , and support Christians ; enabling them to defend and implement the Biblical principles on which our country was founded . As part of her speech , Harris urged conferees to win back America for God . Her appearance was noted in a Rolling Stone article covering the conference . In an interview with the Florida Baptist Witness on August 24 , 2006 , Harris called for Christians to vote on religious lines . She said , Rep . Debbie Wasserman Schultz ( D-FL ) said she was disgusted by the comments and deeply disappointed in Representative Harris personally , adding clearly shows that she does not deserve to be a representative . Two of Harris primary opponents denounced her statements , Republican Will McBride ( an attorney and son of a pastor ) stated Im a Christian , and Im a Republican , and I dont share her views . There are people of other faiths and backgrounds of outstanding integrity who know how to tell the truth . Real estate developer Peter Monroe , another GOP primary opponent , called on her to quit the race and resign from Congress . He called her suggestion that non-Christian voters are ignorant of morality when voting as contemptible , arrogant and wicked . On August 26 , 2006 , Harriss campaign released a Statement of Clarification , that stated , In the interview , Harris was speaking to a Christian audience , addressing a common misperception that people of faith should not be actively involved in government . Addressing this Christian publication , Harris provided a statement that explains her deep grounding in Judeo-Christian values . The press release went on to mention her past support of Israel and quoted her Jewish campaign manager Bryan G . Rudnick , who stated As the grandson of Holocaust survivors , I know that she encourages people of all faiths to engage in government so that our country can continue to thrive on the principles set forth by our founding fathers , without malice towards anyone . At an appearance at an Orlando gun show that same day , she said it breaks my heart to think people understood her comments as bigoted . When asked if she thought the Founding Fathers intended the nation to have secular laws she replied , On October 3 , 2006 , Harris participated in a prayer service via phone call . In one instance , she called for the elimination of the separation of church and state when she said , Harris then went on and prayed for Jews to be converted to Christianity . Replacements in the 13th Congressional District . Vern Buchanan was the Republican nominee and Christine Jennings the Democratic nominee to replace Harris in the 2006 election . The race had been ranked as leaning Democratic by CQ Politics , but Buchanan scored a very narrow victory , winning the election by a few hundred votes . Political positions and voting record . Harris is a conservative on most issues . She is anti-abortion and has voted against embryonic stem cell research . She opposes oil-drilling in Floridas coastal waters . Harris supported reforming Social Security to include private accounts . She has voted in favor of granting legal status to fetuses via the Unborn Victims of Violence Act . She supports tax cuts and the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act , which restricts bankruptcy filings by consumers . Harris is also in favor of welfare reform , school vouchers , the Patriot Act , the Flag Desecration Amendment , the Federal Marriage Amendment , and the 2003 invasion of Iraq . In a televised debate with Nelson on November 1 , however , she repeatedly declined to say whether she would still support the Iraq War Resolution knowing that Iraq did not have weapons of mass destruction . In an earlier debate with Nelson , Harris was asked to comment on trade of arms with foreign nations and the potential threat of their acquisition by terrorist groups . Harris responded that we know we dont want to have arms going to the rogue nations like China . Later life . Harris has not been very active in public life since retiring from politics . In 2013 , her husband , Swedish-born businessman Anders Ebbeson , shot and killed himself in the Sarasota home they shared ; he had reportedly been suffering a serious illness . Three years later , she attended a reunion of former Florida legislators in Tallahassee , and in 2017 , after admitting shed become a near recluse since Ebbesons death , she married Texas banker Richard Ware . In popular culture . Katherine Harris was the subject of some skits on Saturday Night Live , in which she was played by Ana Gasteyer ; she was also portrayed by actress Laura Dern in the 2008 film Recount , for which Dern won a Golden Globe . Harris is also referenced in one of filmmaker Kevin Smiths monologues for the DVD . Harris was also satirically portrayed by comedian Janeane Garofalo as Senator Katherine Harris on the Internet talk radio and podcast show .
|
[
"Florida Senate"
] |
[
{
"text": " Katherine Harris ( born April 5 , 1957 ) is an American politician , elected in 1998 as Secretary of State of Florida and in 2002 to the United States House of Representatives from Florida . A Republican , Harris won the 2002 election to represent Floridas 13th congressional district , serving for two terms , from 2003 to 2007 . Harris lost her campaign in 2006 for a United States Senate seat from Florida .",
"title": "Katherine Harris"
},
{
"text": "In 1994 , Harris was noted for the most expensive campaign for the Florida Senate to date , winning her seat that year in her entry into electoral politics . In the 2000 presidential election , Harris gained national attention for her role in the Florida election recount , certifying George W . Bushs narrow victory ( 537 votes ) over Al Gore and awarding him the Florida electors , which gained him the national election .",
"title": "Katherine Harris"
},
{
"text": "Harris was born in Key West , Florida , to one of the states wealthiest and most politically influential families . She is the daughter of Harriet ( Griffin ) and George W . Harris , Jr. , who owned Citrus and Chemical Bank in Lakeland , Florida . Her maternal grandfather was Ben Hill Griffin , Jr. , a successful businessman in the citrus and cattle industries and a powerful figure in the state legislature . Shortly before his death in 1990 , he was ranked as the 261st richest American on the Forbes 400 list . Ben Hill",
"title": "Katherine Harris"
},
{
"text": "Griffin Stadium at the University of Florida is named for him .",
"title": "Katherine Harris"
},
{
"text": "Harris extended family has been active in Christian evangelism . Her grandfather was a Christian missionary in Africa , while her aunt and uncle were missionaries in India . They now head the Arab World Missions . Harris studied under Dr . Francis Schaeffer at a LAbri Fellowship International center . Harris attended Greystone , an all-girls Christian camp at Asheville , North Carolina . She has said her faith is the most important thing in my life . Harris has criticized the Presbyterian Church ( U.S.A. ) for being too liberal ; she was reared in the more conservative",
"title": "Katherine Harris"
},
{
"text": "Presbyterian Church in America . She attends Calvary Chapel , a non-denominational charismatic church in Sarasota , Florida .",
"title": "Katherine Harris"
},
{
"text": " Harris married Swedish businessman Sven Anders Axel Ebbeson in 1996 and has one stepdaughter , Louise . Sven Ebbeson committed suicide in November 2013 .",
"title": "Katherine Harris"
},
{
"text": " Harris graduated from Bartow High School in Bartow , Florida , in 1975 . She attended the University of Madrid in 1978 . Harris received a Bachelor of Arts degree in history from Agnes Scott College in Decatur , Georgia , in 1979 . She studied under Christian theologian Francis Schaeffer at the LAbri community in Huemoz , Switzerland , near Lausanne . While in college she worked as an intern for U.S . Representative Andy Ireland .",
"title": "Education and career"
},
{
"text": "Before entering politics , Harris worked as a marketing executive at IBM and a vice president of a commercial real estate firm .",
"title": "Education and career"
},
{
"text": " Harris earned a M.P.A . from Harvard Universitys John F . Kennedy School of Government in 1996 .",
"title": "Education and career"
},
{
"text": " Harris ran for the Florida Senate as a Republican in 1994 in one of the most expensive state races in Florida history to that time . Harriss political career was guided by Dan Berger , Adam Goodman , and Benjamin McKay , along with her campaign manager , David Lapides . Florida Senate and Riscorp .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Harris played a prominent role in introducing William Griffin ( with whom she had a close personal relationship ) , the CEO of Riscorp , to various Florida legislators . In the 1994 state senate election , Sarasota-based Riscorp , Inc . made illegal contributions totaling $400,000 to dozens of political candidates and committees , including $20,600 to the Harris campaign .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Two years later , in 1996 , Harris sponsored a bill to block Riscorp competitors from getting a greater share of Florida workers compensation market , [ and ] also pushed a proposal that would hurt a particular competitor . This issue later emerged during her campaign for Florida Secretary of State in 1998 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "William Griffin eventually pleaded guilty to illegal campaign donations , among allegations of other serious wrongdoing at Riscorp , and served prison time in 1998 . The election of Republican Jeb Bush as governor of Florida is considered to have been a major factor in stopping further state investigation into the Riscorp scandal . According to a Sun-Herald column from June 2005 , Harris denied any knowledge of the scheme , was never charged with any crime and was cleared of wrongdoing by a state investigator .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Harris was elected Florida Secretary of State in 1998 . She defeated then-incumbent Sandra Mortham in the Republican primary and won the general election against Democratic candidate , Karen Gievers , an attorney from Miami . A state constitutional change passed in the same year making the Secretary of State an appointed office made Harris the last person to be elected Secretary of State in Florida .",
"title": "Secretary of State"
},
{
"text": "Harris abruptly resigned in August 2002 while campaigning for Congress when it was discovered that she had violated Floridas resign to run , which stated ...No officer may qualify as a candidate for another public office , whether state , district , county or municipal , if the terms or any part thereof run concurrently with each other , without resigning from the office he or she presently holds . Since the start of her Congressional term ( January 3 , 2003 ) would overlap with the end of her term as Secretary of State ( January 7 , 2003",
"title": "Secretary of State"
},
{
"text": ") , she was required to submit a letter of recognition . The law allowed candidates to have the resignation be effective up until the term for the new office began . Since Harris failed to do so , she was required to resign immediately . Harris said the oversight was unintentional . She said that she thought because Florida voters had approved a constitutional amendment that made the position of Secretary of State an appointed office rather than an elected office , the law did not apply to her situation .",
"title": "Secretary of State"
},
{
"text": " During her first 22 months in office , Harris spent more than $106,000 for travel , more than the governor or any other cabinet officer . She visited eight countries on ten foreign trips .",
"title": "International travel"
},
{
"text": "In early 2001 , Florida Senate leaders eliminated the $3.4 million that Harris had budgeted for international relations for the year , assigning it instead to Enterprise Florida , the states economic development agency . However , Florida House Leader Tom Feeney said that he disagreed with the Senate and believed that Harris was an able advocate to foreign countries . After the House refused to agree with the proposed budget action , the Senate agreed to restore the money ; however , it insisted on a review committee , appointed by Senate President John McKay , Feeney , and",
"title": "International travel"
},
{
"text": "Governor Jeb Bush , to evaluate all of Harris expenditures on international affairs since July 1 , 1999 , and produce a report .",
"title": "International travel"
},
{
"text": " 2000 U.S . presidential election . As Secretary of State for the State of Florida ( and co-chair of George W . Bushs election efforts in Florida ) , Harris was a central figure in the 2000 US presidential election in Florida . She was involved in purging many individuals from the voter rolls , and the election between Al Gore and George W . Bush was so close in Florida , separated by 537 votes , that a recount of the votes was called for .",
"title": "International travel"
},
{
"text": "After several recounts were inconclusive , Harris halted the recounting process , arguing that the laws governing recounts were unclear . The official vote totals showed the Republican candidate , Texas Governor George W . Bush , as the winner of the statewide popular vote in Florida , and so Harris certified the Republican slate of electors . This victory in Florida would allow Bush to obtain a majority in the Electoral College and win the election . Her certification was upheld in the state circuit court , but subsequently overturned on appeal by the Florida Supreme Court .",
"title": "International travel"
},
{
"text": " The Florida Supreme Court decision was reversed by the U.S . Supreme Court in Bush v . Gore ( 2000 ) . In a per curiam decision , by a 7–2 vote , the Court held that the Florida Supreme Courts method for recounting ballots was a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . Furthermore , it held , by a 5–4 vote , that no alternative method for a recount could be established within the time limits set by the State of Florida .",
"title": "International travel"
},
{
"text": "This decision allowed Harris previous certification of Bush as the winner of Floridas electoral votes to stand . Floridas 25 electoral votes gave Bush , the Republican candidate , 271 electoral votes , thus defeating Gore , who ended up with 266 electoral votes ( with one D.C . elector abstaining ) .",
"title": "International travel"
},
{
"text": " Harris later published Center of the Storm , her memoir of the 2000 election controversy . It was later revealed that , unimpressed with her performance in the media spotlight of the recount , the Bush Campaign had assigned a staff member to her , essentially as a handler .",
"title": "International travel"
},
{
"text": " In 2002 , Harris ran against Sarasota Attorney Jan Schneider for the congressional district vacated by retiring Republican Rep . Dan Miller , winning by 10 percentage points in this solidly Republican district , a victory helped with one of the biggest first term campaign fund raising efforts in the history of this district and substantial support from the Bush family .",
"title": "United States Congresswoman"
},
{
"text": "Harris considered running for the seat of retiring Senator Bob Graham in 2004 but was reportedly dissuaded by the Bush White House to allow Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Mel Martinez to run instead . Martinez went on to narrowly beat challenger Betty Castor . Harris ran for re-election to her House seat in 2004 ; she was re-elected with a margin almost identical to her first win .",
"title": "United States Congresswoman"
},
{
"text": " In a 2004 speech in Venice , Florida , Harris claimed that a Middle Eastern man was arrested for attempting to blow up the power grid in Carmel , Indiana ; Carmel Mayor James Brainard and a spokesman for Indiana Gov . Joe Kernan said they had no knowledge of such a plot . Brainard said he had never spoken to Harris .",
"title": "United States Congresswoman"
},
{
"text": "During a 2004 campaign stop in Sarasota , a local resident , Barry Seltzer , tr [ ied ] to intimidate a group of Harris supporters by menacing Harris and her supporters with his automobile . Witnesses described Seltzer as having swerved off the road and onto the sidewalk , directing it at Harris and her supporters . Nobody was injured in the incident . Seltzer , who claimed he was exercising [ his ] political expression , was eventually arrested and charged with assault with a deadly weapon .",
"title": "United States Congresswoman"
},
{
"text": "In 2005 and 2006 , a major corporate campaign donor to Harris , Mitchell Wade ( founder of defense contractor MZM ) , was implicated in several bribery scandals . Wade had bundled together and donated to Harriss campaign $32,000 in contributions from his employees at MZM , Inc. , then reimbursed those employees for the contributions . Regarding this issue , U.S . Attorney Kenneth Wainstein said that Harris did not appear to know the donations were obtained illegally . Harris has maintained she had no personal knowledge that her campaign was given illegal contributions . Wade acknowledged that",
"title": "MZM incident"
},
{
"text": "the donations to the Harris campaign were illegal and were part of an attempt to influence Harris to MZMs benefit .",
"title": "MZM incident"
},
{
"text": "Documents filed with Wades plea say that he took Harris to dinner in March 2005 , a year after the illegal contributions , where they discussed the possibility of another fundraiser and the possibility of getting funding for a Navy counterintelligence program placed in Harriss district . Harris sent a letter on April 26 , 2005 , to defense appropriations subcommittee Chairman C . W . Bill Young , in which Harris sought $10 million for a Navy project backed by Wade . In the letter , Harris emphasized the importance of the project , asking that it be added",
"title": "MZM incident"
},
{
"text": "to her list of five priorities and identifying it as her new No . 3 . Harris later released the April 26 , 2005 , letter for legal scrutiny , but neither she nor Young would turn over the request form ( RFP ) used for the proposal .",
"title": "MZM incident"
},
{
"text": "CQPolitics noted Harriss former political strategist , Ed Rollins , spoke on the record about the dinner and detailed a meal that cost $2,800 , far in excess of the $50 limit on gifts that members of Congress are allowed to accept at the Washington restaurant Citronelle . Wade and Harris discussed MZMs desire for a $10 million appropriation , and Wade offered to host a fundraiser for Harriss 2006 Senate campaign . Regarding the MZM contributions , the Sentinel article goes on to say The Justice Department has said Wade , who personally handed many of the checks to",
"title": "MZM incident"
},
{
"text": "Harris , did not tell Harris the contributions were illegal . Regarding the expensive meal , the article quotes Harris as saying that she personally had only a beverage and appetizer worth less than $100 .",
"title": "MZM incident"
},
{
"text": "Rollins said that he had conducted a thorough internal investigation into Harriss ties to MZM in hopes of finding conclusive proof of her innocence ; but when he could not , he and other advisers , including her lawyer , urged her to drop her candidacy rather than risk federal corruption charges . Although he did not believe Harris intentionally broke any laws , her story kept changing . Our great concern was that you get into trouble when you dont tell the same story twice .. . Maybe you dont think you did anything wrong , but then maybe",
"title": "MZM incident"
},
{
"text": "you start getting questioned about it and so forth , and you may perjure yourself . .. . Unlike Cunningham , I dont think she set out to violate the law , but I think she was very careless . She heard whatever she wanted to hear , but we could find no evidence whatsoever that this was a project going into her district .",
"title": "MZM incident"
},
{
"text": "Although Rollins recalled discussing the $2,800 meal with Harris , Harris told the Orlando Sentinel on April 19 , 2006 , that the cost of the meal was news to me , and that her campaign had since reimbursed the restaurant for the cost of the meal . According to the reporter , when questioned as to why she would reimburse the restaurant for a meal that had been paid for by MZM , Harris abruptly terminated the interview , and her spokesman later called and requested unsuccessfully that the story not be printed . The next day , Harriss",
"title": "MZM incident"
},
{
"text": "campaign issued a statement that she had believed her campaign had reimbursed the restaurant , and that she had donated $100 which will more than adequately compensate for the cost of my beverage and appetizer . Harris also asserted that most of the cost of the meal was from Wade ordering several unopened bottles of wine to take home , although the management of the restaurant denies ever allowing anyone to take unopened bottles of wine off the premises , saying Why would we jeopardize our liquor license for the sake of selling a couple bottles of wine ?",
"title": "MZM incident"
},
{
"text": "In the weeks following the expensive meal , former senior Harris staffers claimed that they initially rejected a defense contractors $10 million appropriation request last year but reversed course after being instructed by Harris to approve it . In May 2006 , Harriss campaign spokesman Christopher Ingram acknowledged that she had also had a previous dinner with Wade in the same restaurant in March 2004 , when the $32,000 in illegal donations had been given to her campaign . Ingram told the press that he did not know how much that meal cost , but that a charitable donation of",
"title": "MZM incident"
},
{
"text": "an unknown amount had been given to a charity whose name he did not know , equivalent to her share of the meal . She takes responsibility for the oversight that there was no reimbursement , he said .",
"title": "MZM incident"
},
{
"text": "Mona Tate Yost , an aide to Harris , left to work for MZM during the time Wade was pressing Harris to secure federal funding ( April or May 2005 ) . On July 17 , 2006 , Ed Rollins confirmed that Justice Department lawyers and FBI agents had recently questioned her about the $32,000 in donations . Rollins noted : I assume more [ interviews ] will be coming , though . They were very serious . On September 7 , 2006 , Federal investigators questioned Jim Dornan , who quit as Harriss campaign manager the previous November .",
"title": "MZM incident"
},
{
"text": " On June 7 , 2005 , with support from her new campaign advisors of Ed Rollins and Jim Dornan , Harris announced her candidacy for the 2006 Florida United States Senate election , challenging Democratic incumbent Bill Nelson . Both lackluster fundraising relative to Nelson and controversy over campaign contributions from MZM caused Harris to fall far behind in all polls by May 2006 .",
"title": "Overview"
},
{
"text": "Late in the primary race , Republican contender Will McBride polled 31 points behind Nelson in a hypothetical election against him , while Harris polled 33 points behind Nelson in the same poll . Harris was still popular among Republican voters and won the September 5 primary over McBride and two other challengers with approximately 50% of the total vote .",
"title": "Overview"
},
{
"text": " Despite Harriss support of many Republican causes and her previous statewide victories , some party leaders expressed doubt about her statewide appeal : - In May 2006 , Florida Governor Jeb Bush questioned Harriss ability to win the general election and encouraged others to challenge her in the primary . - Karl Rove expressed doubts about her statewide appeal . - National Republicans openly criticized her campaign and tried to convince other GOP candidates to challenge Harris in the primary .",
"title": "Overview"
},
{
"text": "- Florida state House of Representatives Speaker Allan Bense declined the candidacy on May 11 despite public courting by many leaders including Governor Bush .",
"title": "Overview"
},
{
"text": " - Conservative pundit and former Republican Congressman Joe Scarborough was also unsuccessfully recruited to enter the race . Departing Harris aides claim that Harris called potential Scarborough supporters and raised the death of an aide in order to prevent his entry into the race . Scarborough later told Nelson that drawing Harris as an opponent in the race made him the luckiest man in Washington .",
"title": "Overview"
},
{
"text": "By late July 2006 , Harris had gone through three campaign managers and her campaign was floundering . At that time , it was disclosed that state Republican Party leaders had told Harris they would not support her because she could not win in the general election .",
"title": "Overview"
},
{
"text": " Financial problems plagued Harris Senate campaign from the start . During the primary , it was clear that the incumbent Senator Nelson had a substantial financial advantage . On the March 15 , 2006 , edition of Fox News Channels Hannity & Colmes , Harris pledged to spend $10 million of her own money , which she said was all of her inheritance , on her campaign . She also stated that her run was dedicated to the memory of her father .",
"title": "Overview"
},
{
"text": "Despite her promise , the $10 million never materialized . Reports surfaced that Harris would not actually receive the inheritance from her father , who instead left his entire estate to her mother . She donated $3 million to her campaign , but later took back $100,000 , fueling speculation that she would be unable to donate the promised amount .",
"title": "Overview"
},
{
"text": " In October , Harris announced that she was trying to sell her house in Washington to raise money for her campaign , but the home was not publicly listed for sale and no sale was ever announced . Nelson defeated Harris by more than one million votes . Harris received less than 39% of the vote .",
"title": "Overview"
},
{
"text": " In late February 2006 , in the midst of revelations surrounding Mitchell Wades illegal contributions , Harriss campaign finance director and her campaign treasurer both resigned . On April 1 , 2006 Harriss top campaign advisor , pollster and campaign manager all resigned with a half-dozen other staffers . Republican pollster and consultant David Johnson said , Ive never seen staffers go like this . Its just imploding .",
"title": "Staff resignations"
},
{
"text": "In early April 2006 , Harris told the Tampa Tribune that some of her ex-campaign staffers and the national Republican party were deliberately sabotaging her campaign by putting knives in her back and had warned her that if she did not back out of the campaign , she would get an April surprise . Former campaign staffer Ed Rollins said They were all good professionals .. . There was no backstabbing . Its insulting that she would even say that . If she wants to know what went wrong with the campaign , maybe she needs to take a good",
"title": "Staff resignations"
},
{
"text": "look in the mirror .",
"title": "Staff resignations"
},
{
"text": "In June , the Harris campaign received a legal bill for thousands of dollars that contained a reference to DOJ subpoena . Later , an ex-aide told the Associated Press that Harris had received a grand jury subpoena from federal investigators , but kept it from her top advisers , prompting several staff members to quit when they found out . On June 8 , 2006 , Harriss fourth chief of staff , Fred Asbell , left in order to pursue a business opportunity . Asbell said hed greatly enjoyed his time with the campaign and he would remain in",
"title": "Staff resignations"
},
{
"text": "a consultant position . On July 12 , 2006 , Harriss campaign spokesman Chris Christopher Ingram left the campaign . The next day , Harris received resignations from Campaign Manager Glenn Hodas , Field Director Pat Thomas , Political Director Brian Brooks and Deputy Field Director John K . Byers , while Travel Aide Kyle Johnson and Field Director Mike Norris declined to leave , citing loyalty to Harris . Hodas cited Harriss tantrums and increasingly erratic behavior as his reasons for leaving . An anonymous campaign worker described Harris as very difficult to work with . The more that",
"title": "Staff resignations"
},
{
"text": "we put her out there , the more she shot herself in the foot .",
"title": "Staff resignations"
},
{
"text": "In late August , Harris lost another key staffer , Rhyan Metzler , in the wake of a disastrous political rally at Orlando Executive Airport . Only 40 people showed up for the event , and Harris blamed the paltry turnout in part on a last-minute change in location . She claimed that a tree fell on the hangar that was originally scheduled to hold the rally , forcing her campaign to switch to another hangar . Airport officials , however , stated that not only had no trees fallen , but also that there are no trees as they",
"title": "Staff resignations"
},
{
"text": "get in the way of the airplanes ; further adding that the event in fact took place in the hangar that Harriss campaign had originally booked . Harriss campaign blamed Metzler for the comments Harris made after the rally . On August 31 , 2006 , Harris was interviewed on Hardball with Chris Matthews , where she responded to the criticisms from her former staffers with We have their email traffic , we know what was behind all that , we know whos been paid and who isnt .",
"title": "Staff resignations"
},
{
"text": " Lack of Republican support . The Pensacola News Journal suggested that Harris might withdraw from the Senate race after winning a primary victory , thereby allowing the Republicans to nominate another candidate , such as Tom Gallagher , to run against Bill Nelson .",
"title": "Staff resignations"
},
{
"text": "In August , Katherine Harris touted political endorsements from fellow Republican lawmakers on her campaign web site . However , some of those cited claim that they never endorsed her . This conflict resulted in several Republican congressmen calling the Harris campaign to complain after the St . Petersburg Times notified them of the endorsements listed on Harriss Web site . A short time later , their names were removed without comment from Harriss Web site .",
"title": "Staff resignations"
},
{
"text": " Of Harriss three primary opponents , only Will McBride endorsed her candidacy for the general election . In the first few days after the primary , a number of Republican nominees such as Charlie Crist and Tom Lee went on a statewide unity tour with Gov . Bush . Harris was not invited ; Republicans said the tour was only for nominees to statewide offices . Harris claimed Bush would campaign with her sometime in the two months before the election , but the governors office denied this .",
"title": "Staff resignations"
},
{
"text": "President Bush did not make public appearances or private meetings with Harris before the primary . He did , however , appear with her at a fundraiser on September 21 in Tampa .",
"title": "Staff resignations"
},
{
"text": " When it came time for newspapers to make their op-ed endorsements , all 22 of Floridas major daily newspapers supported Senator Nelson . The only endorsement Harris received was from the Polk County Democrat , a newspaper in Bartow which publishes four days out of the week .",
"title": "Staff resignations"
},
{
"text": "Harris was a headline speaker at the Coral Ridge Presbyterian Churchs Reclaiming America for Christ conference held in Ft . Lauderdale on March 17–18 , 2006 . The conference web site invited attendees to attend in order to reclaim this nation for Christ . The stated mission of ReclaimAmerica.org is To inform , equip , motivate , and support Christians ; enabling them to defend and implement the Biblical principles on which our country was founded . As part of her speech , Harris urged conferees to win back America for God . Her appearance was noted in a Rolling",
"title": "Religious convictions"
},
{
"text": "Stone article covering the conference .",
"title": "Religious convictions"
},
{
"text": " In an interview with the Florida Baptist Witness on August 24 , 2006 , Harris called for Christians to vote on religious lines . She said ,",
"title": "Religious convictions"
},
{
"text": "Rep . Debbie Wasserman Schultz ( D-FL ) said she was disgusted by the comments and deeply disappointed in Representative Harris personally , adding clearly shows that she does not deserve to be a representative . Two of Harris primary opponents denounced her statements , Republican Will McBride ( an attorney and son of a pastor ) stated Im a Christian , and Im a Republican , and I dont share her views . There are people of other faiths and backgrounds of outstanding integrity who know how to tell the truth . Real estate developer Peter Monroe , another",
"title": "Religious convictions"
},
{
"text": "GOP primary opponent , called on her to quit the race and resign from Congress . He called her suggestion that non-Christian voters are ignorant of morality when voting as contemptible , arrogant and wicked .",
"title": "Religious convictions"
},
{
"text": "On August 26 , 2006 , Harriss campaign released a Statement of Clarification , that stated , In the interview , Harris was speaking to a Christian audience , addressing a common misperception that people of faith should not be actively involved in government . Addressing this Christian publication , Harris provided a statement that explains her deep grounding in Judeo-Christian values . The press release went on to mention her past support of Israel and quoted her Jewish campaign manager Bryan G . Rudnick , who stated As the grandson of Holocaust survivors , I know that she encourages",
"title": "Religious convictions"
},
{
"text": "people of all faiths to engage in government so that our country can continue to thrive on the principles set forth by our founding fathers , without malice towards anyone . At an appearance at an Orlando gun show that same day , she said it breaks my heart to think people understood her comments as bigoted . When asked if she thought the Founding Fathers intended the nation to have secular laws she replied ,",
"title": "Religious convictions"
},
{
"text": " On October 3 , 2006 , Harris participated in a prayer service via phone call . In one instance , she called for the elimination of the separation of church and state when she said , Harris then went on and prayed for Jews to be converted to Christianity . Replacements in the 13th Congressional District .",
"title": "Religious convictions"
},
{
"text": "Vern Buchanan was the Republican nominee and Christine Jennings the Democratic nominee to replace Harris in the 2006 election . The race had been ranked as leaning Democratic by CQ Politics , but Buchanan scored a very narrow victory , winning the election by a few hundred votes .",
"title": "Religious convictions"
},
{
"text": "Harris is a conservative on most issues . She is anti-abortion and has voted against embryonic stem cell research . She opposes oil-drilling in Floridas coastal waters . Harris supported reforming Social Security to include private accounts . She has voted in favor of granting legal status to fetuses via the Unborn Victims of Violence Act . She supports tax cuts and the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act , which restricts bankruptcy filings by consumers . Harris is also in favor of welfare reform , school vouchers , the Patriot Act , the Flag Desecration Amendment , the",
"title": "Religious convictions"
},
{
"text": "Federal Marriage Amendment , and the 2003 invasion of Iraq . In a televised debate with Nelson on November 1 , however , she repeatedly declined to say whether she would still support the Iraq War Resolution knowing that Iraq did not have weapons of mass destruction . In an earlier debate with Nelson , Harris was asked to comment on trade of arms with foreign nations and the potential threat of their acquisition by terrorist groups . Harris responded that we know we dont want to have arms going to the rogue nations like China .",
"title": "Religious convictions"
},
{
"text": " Harris has not been very active in public life since retiring from politics . In 2013 , her husband , Swedish-born businessman Anders Ebbeson , shot and killed himself in the Sarasota home they shared ; he had reportedly been suffering a serious illness . Three years later , she attended a reunion of former Florida legislators in Tallahassee , and in 2017 , after admitting shed become a near recluse since Ebbesons death , she married Texas banker Richard Ware .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " Katherine Harris was the subject of some skits on Saturday Night Live , in which she was played by Ana Gasteyer ; she was also portrayed by actress Laura Dern in the 2008 film Recount , for which Dern won a Golden Globe . Harris is also referenced in one of filmmaker Kevin Smiths monologues for the DVD . Harris was also satirically portrayed by comedian Janeane Garofalo as Senator Katherine Harris on the Internet talk radio and podcast show .",
"title": "In popular culture"
}
] |
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