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/wiki/Katherine_Harris#P39#1
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Katherine Harris took which position between May 2000 and Nov 2001?
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Katherine Harris Katherine Harris ( born April 5 , 1957 ) is an American politician , elected in 1998 as Secretary of State of Florida and in 2002 to the United States House of Representatives from Florida . A Republican , Harris won the 2002 election to represent Floridas 13th congressional district , serving for two terms , from 2003 to 2007 . Harris lost her campaign in 2006 for a United States Senate seat from Florida . In 1994 , Harris was noted for the most expensive campaign for the Florida Senate to date , winning her seat that year in her entry into electoral politics . In the 2000 presidential election , Harris gained national attention for her role in the Florida election recount , certifying George W . Bushs narrow victory ( 537 votes ) over Al Gore and awarding him the Florida electors , which gained him the national election . Background and personal life . Harris was born in Key West , Florida , to one of the states wealthiest and most politically influential families . She is the daughter of Harriet ( Griffin ) and George W . Harris , Jr. , who owned Citrus and Chemical Bank in Lakeland , Florida . Her maternal grandfather was Ben Hill Griffin , Jr. , a successful businessman in the citrus and cattle industries and a powerful figure in the state legislature . Shortly before his death in 1990 , he was ranked as the 261st richest American on the Forbes 400 list . Ben Hill Griffin Stadium at the University of Florida is named for him . Harris extended family has been active in Christian evangelism . Her grandfather was a Christian missionary in Africa , while her aunt and uncle were missionaries in India . They now head the Arab World Missions . Harris studied under Dr . Francis Schaeffer at a LAbri Fellowship International center . Harris attended Greystone , an all-girls Christian camp at Asheville , North Carolina . She has said her faith is the most important thing in my life . Harris has criticized the Presbyterian Church ( U.S.A. ) for being too liberal ; she was reared in the more conservative Presbyterian Church in America . She attends Calvary Chapel , a non-denominational charismatic church in Sarasota , Florida . Harris married Swedish businessman Sven Anders Axel Ebbeson in 1996 and has one stepdaughter , Louise . Sven Ebbeson committed suicide in November 2013 . Education and career . Harris graduated from Bartow High School in Bartow , Florida , in 1975 . She attended the University of Madrid in 1978 . Harris received a Bachelor of Arts degree in history from Agnes Scott College in Decatur , Georgia , in 1979 . She studied under Christian theologian Francis Schaeffer at the LAbri community in Huemoz , Switzerland , near Lausanne . While in college she worked as an intern for U.S . Representative Andy Ireland . Before entering politics , Harris worked as a marketing executive at IBM and a vice president of a commercial real estate firm . Harris earned a M.P.A . from Harvard Universitys John F . Kennedy School of Government in 1996 . Political career . Harris ran for the Florida Senate as a Republican in 1994 in one of the most expensive state races in Florida history to that time . Harriss political career was guided by Dan Berger , Adam Goodman , and Benjamin McKay , along with her campaign manager , David Lapides . Florida Senate and Riscorp . Harris played a prominent role in introducing William Griffin ( with whom she had a close personal relationship ) , the CEO of Riscorp , to various Florida legislators . In the 1994 state senate election , Sarasota-based Riscorp , Inc . made illegal contributions totaling $400,000 to dozens of political candidates and committees , including $20,600 to the Harris campaign . Two years later , in 1996 , Harris sponsored a bill to block Riscorp competitors from getting a greater share of Florida workers compensation market , [ and ] also pushed a proposal that would hurt a particular competitor . This issue later emerged during her campaign for Florida Secretary of State in 1998 . William Griffin eventually pleaded guilty to illegal campaign donations , among allegations of other serious wrongdoing at Riscorp , and served prison time in 1998 . The election of Republican Jeb Bush as governor of Florida is considered to have been a major factor in stopping further state investigation into the Riscorp scandal . According to a Sun-Herald column from June 2005 , Harris denied any knowledge of the scheme , was never charged with any crime and was cleared of wrongdoing by a state investigator . Secretary of State . Harris was elected Florida Secretary of State in 1998 . She defeated then-incumbent Sandra Mortham in the Republican primary and won the general election against Democratic candidate , Karen Gievers , an attorney from Miami . A state constitutional change passed in the same year making the Secretary of State an appointed office made Harris the last person to be elected Secretary of State in Florida . Harris abruptly resigned in August 2002 while campaigning for Congress when it was discovered that she had violated Floridas resign to run , which stated ...No officer may qualify as a candidate for another public office , whether state , district , county or municipal , if the terms or any part thereof run concurrently with each other , without resigning from the office he or she presently holds . Since the start of her Congressional term ( January 3 , 2003 ) would overlap with the end of her term as Secretary of State ( January 7 , 2003 ) , she was required to submit a letter of recognition . The law allowed candidates to have the resignation be effective up until the term for the new office began . Since Harris failed to do so , she was required to resign immediately . Harris said the oversight was unintentional . She said that she thought because Florida voters had approved a constitutional amendment that made the position of Secretary of State an appointed office rather than an elected office , the law did not apply to her situation . International travel . During her first 22 months in office , Harris spent more than $106,000 for travel , more than the governor or any other cabinet officer . She visited eight countries on ten foreign trips . In early 2001 , Florida Senate leaders eliminated the $3.4 million that Harris had budgeted for international relations for the year , assigning it instead to Enterprise Florida , the states economic development agency . However , Florida House Leader Tom Feeney said that he disagreed with the Senate and believed that Harris was an able advocate to foreign countries . After the House refused to agree with the proposed budget action , the Senate agreed to restore the money ; however , it insisted on a review committee , appointed by Senate President John McKay , Feeney , and Governor Jeb Bush , to evaluate all of Harris expenditures on international affairs since July 1 , 1999 , and produce a report . 2000 U.S . presidential election . As Secretary of State for the State of Florida ( and co-chair of George W . Bushs election efforts in Florida ) , Harris was a central figure in the 2000 US presidential election in Florida . She was involved in purging many individuals from the voter rolls , and the election between Al Gore and George W . Bush was so close in Florida , separated by 537 votes , that a recount of the votes was called for . After several recounts were inconclusive , Harris halted the recounting process , arguing that the laws governing recounts were unclear . The official vote totals showed the Republican candidate , Texas Governor George W . Bush , as the winner of the statewide popular vote in Florida , and so Harris certified the Republican slate of electors . This victory in Florida would allow Bush to obtain a majority in the Electoral College and win the election . Her certification was upheld in the state circuit court , but subsequently overturned on appeal by the Florida Supreme Court . The Florida Supreme Court decision was reversed by the U.S . Supreme Court in Bush v . Gore ( 2000 ) . In a per curiam decision , by a 7–2 vote , the Court held that the Florida Supreme Courts method for recounting ballots was a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . Furthermore , it held , by a 5–4 vote , that no alternative method for a recount could be established within the time limits set by the State of Florida . This decision allowed Harris previous certification of Bush as the winner of Floridas electoral votes to stand . Floridas 25 electoral votes gave Bush , the Republican candidate , 271 electoral votes , thus defeating Gore , who ended up with 266 electoral votes ( with one D.C . elector abstaining ) . Harris later published Center of the Storm , her memoir of the 2000 election controversy . It was later revealed that , unimpressed with her performance in the media spotlight of the recount , the Bush Campaign had assigned a staff member to her , essentially as a handler . United States Congresswoman . In 2002 , Harris ran against Sarasota Attorney Jan Schneider for the congressional district vacated by retiring Republican Rep . Dan Miller , winning by 10 percentage points in this solidly Republican district , a victory helped with one of the biggest first term campaign fund raising efforts in the history of this district and substantial support from the Bush family . Harris considered running for the seat of retiring Senator Bob Graham in 2004 but was reportedly dissuaded by the Bush White House to allow Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Mel Martinez to run instead . Martinez went on to narrowly beat challenger Betty Castor . Harris ran for re-election to her House seat in 2004 ; she was re-elected with a margin almost identical to her first win . In a 2004 speech in Venice , Florida , Harris claimed that a Middle Eastern man was arrested for attempting to blow up the power grid in Carmel , Indiana ; Carmel Mayor James Brainard and a spokesman for Indiana Gov . Joe Kernan said they had no knowledge of such a plot . Brainard said he had never spoken to Harris . During a 2004 campaign stop in Sarasota , a local resident , Barry Seltzer , tr [ ied ] to intimidate a group of Harris supporters by menacing Harris and her supporters with his automobile . Witnesses described Seltzer as having swerved off the road and onto the sidewalk , directing it at Harris and her supporters . Nobody was injured in the incident . Seltzer , who claimed he was exercising [ his ] political expression , was eventually arrested and charged with assault with a deadly weapon . MZM incident . In 2005 and 2006 , a major corporate campaign donor to Harris , Mitchell Wade ( founder of defense contractor MZM ) , was implicated in several bribery scandals . Wade had bundled together and donated to Harriss campaign $32,000 in contributions from his employees at MZM , Inc. , then reimbursed those employees for the contributions . Regarding this issue , U.S . Attorney Kenneth Wainstein said that Harris did not appear to know the donations were obtained illegally . Harris has maintained she had no personal knowledge that her campaign was given illegal contributions . Wade acknowledged that the donations to the Harris campaign were illegal and were part of an attempt to influence Harris to MZMs benefit . Documents filed with Wades plea say that he took Harris to dinner in March 2005 , a year after the illegal contributions , where they discussed the possibility of another fundraiser and the possibility of getting funding for a Navy counterintelligence program placed in Harriss district . Harris sent a letter on April 26 , 2005 , to defense appropriations subcommittee Chairman C . W . Bill Young , in which Harris sought $10 million for a Navy project backed by Wade . In the letter , Harris emphasized the importance of the project , asking that it be added to her list of five priorities and identifying it as her new No . 3 . Harris later released the April 26 , 2005 , letter for legal scrutiny , but neither she nor Young would turn over the request form ( RFP ) used for the proposal . CQPolitics noted Harriss former political strategist , Ed Rollins , spoke on the record about the dinner and detailed a meal that cost $2,800 , far in excess of the $50 limit on gifts that members of Congress are allowed to accept at the Washington restaurant Citronelle . Wade and Harris discussed MZMs desire for a $10 million appropriation , and Wade offered to host a fundraiser for Harriss 2006 Senate campaign . Regarding the MZM contributions , the Sentinel article goes on to say The Justice Department has said Wade , who personally handed many of the checks to Harris , did not tell Harris the contributions were illegal . Regarding the expensive meal , the article quotes Harris as saying that she personally had only a beverage and appetizer worth less than $100 . Rollins said that he had conducted a thorough internal investigation into Harriss ties to MZM in hopes of finding conclusive proof of her innocence ; but when he could not , he and other advisers , including her lawyer , urged her to drop her candidacy rather than risk federal corruption charges . Although he did not believe Harris intentionally broke any laws , her story kept changing . Our great concern was that you get into trouble when you dont tell the same story twice .. . Maybe you dont think you did anything wrong , but then maybe you start getting questioned about it and so forth , and you may perjure yourself . .. . Unlike Cunningham , I dont think she set out to violate the law , but I think she was very careless . She heard whatever she wanted to hear , but we could find no evidence whatsoever that this was a project going into her district . Although Rollins recalled discussing the $2,800 meal with Harris , Harris told the Orlando Sentinel on April 19 , 2006 , that the cost of the meal was news to me , and that her campaign had since reimbursed the restaurant for the cost of the meal . According to the reporter , when questioned as to why she would reimburse the restaurant for a meal that had been paid for by MZM , Harris abruptly terminated the interview , and her spokesman later called and requested unsuccessfully that the story not be printed . The next day , Harriss campaign issued a statement that she had believed her campaign had reimbursed the restaurant , and that she had donated $100 which will more than adequately compensate for the cost of my beverage and appetizer . Harris also asserted that most of the cost of the meal was from Wade ordering several unopened bottles of wine to take home , although the management of the restaurant denies ever allowing anyone to take unopened bottles of wine off the premises , saying Why would we jeopardize our liquor license for the sake of selling a couple bottles of wine ? In the weeks following the expensive meal , former senior Harris staffers claimed that they initially rejected a defense contractors $10 million appropriation request last year but reversed course after being instructed by Harris to approve it . In May 2006 , Harriss campaign spokesman Christopher Ingram acknowledged that she had also had a previous dinner with Wade in the same restaurant in March 2004 , when the $32,000 in illegal donations had been given to her campaign . Ingram told the press that he did not know how much that meal cost , but that a charitable donation of an unknown amount had been given to a charity whose name he did not know , equivalent to her share of the meal . She takes responsibility for the oversight that there was no reimbursement , he said . Mona Tate Yost , an aide to Harris , left to work for MZM during the time Wade was pressing Harris to secure federal funding ( April or May 2005 ) . On July 17 , 2006 , Ed Rollins confirmed that Justice Department lawyers and FBI agents had recently questioned her about the $32,000 in donations . Rollins noted : I assume more [ interviews ] will be coming , though . They were very serious . On September 7 , 2006 , Federal investigators questioned Jim Dornan , who quit as Harriss campaign manager the previous November . 2006 Senate race . Overview . On June 7 , 2005 , with support from her new campaign advisors of Ed Rollins and Jim Dornan , Harris announced her candidacy for the 2006 Florida United States Senate election , challenging Democratic incumbent Bill Nelson . Both lackluster fundraising relative to Nelson and controversy over campaign contributions from MZM caused Harris to fall far behind in all polls by May 2006 . Late in the primary race , Republican contender Will McBride polled 31 points behind Nelson in a hypothetical election against him , while Harris polled 33 points behind Nelson in the same poll . Harris was still popular among Republican voters and won the September 5 primary over McBride and two other challengers with approximately 50% of the total vote . Despite Harriss support of many Republican causes and her previous statewide victories , some party leaders expressed doubt about her statewide appeal : - In May 2006 , Florida Governor Jeb Bush questioned Harriss ability to win the general election and encouraged others to challenge her in the primary . - Karl Rove expressed doubts about her statewide appeal . - National Republicans openly criticized her campaign and tried to convince other GOP candidates to challenge Harris in the primary . - Florida state House of Representatives Speaker Allan Bense declined the candidacy on May 11 despite public courting by many leaders including Governor Bush . - Conservative pundit and former Republican Congressman Joe Scarborough was also unsuccessfully recruited to enter the race . Departing Harris aides claim that Harris called potential Scarborough supporters and raised the death of an aide in order to prevent his entry into the race . Scarborough later told Nelson that drawing Harris as an opponent in the race made him the luckiest man in Washington . By late July 2006 , Harris had gone through three campaign managers and her campaign was floundering . At that time , it was disclosed that state Republican Party leaders had told Harris they would not support her because she could not win in the general election . Financial problems plagued Harris Senate campaign from the start . During the primary , it was clear that the incumbent Senator Nelson had a substantial financial advantage . On the March 15 , 2006 , edition of Fox News Channels Hannity & Colmes , Harris pledged to spend $10 million of her own money , which she said was all of her inheritance , on her campaign . She also stated that her run was dedicated to the memory of her father . Despite her promise , the $10 million never materialized . Reports surfaced that Harris would not actually receive the inheritance from her father , who instead left his entire estate to her mother . She donated $3 million to her campaign , but later took back $100,000 , fueling speculation that she would be unable to donate the promised amount . In October , Harris announced that she was trying to sell her house in Washington to raise money for her campaign , but the home was not publicly listed for sale and no sale was ever announced . Nelson defeated Harris by more than one million votes . Harris received less than 39% of the vote . Staff resignations . In late February 2006 , in the midst of revelations surrounding Mitchell Wades illegal contributions , Harriss campaign finance director and her campaign treasurer both resigned . On April 1 , 2006 Harriss top campaign advisor , pollster and campaign manager all resigned with a half-dozen other staffers . Republican pollster and consultant David Johnson said , Ive never seen staffers go like this . Its just imploding . In early April 2006 , Harris told the Tampa Tribune that some of her ex-campaign staffers and the national Republican party were deliberately sabotaging her campaign by putting knives in her back and had warned her that if she did not back out of the campaign , she would get an April surprise . Former campaign staffer Ed Rollins said They were all good professionals .. . There was no backstabbing . Its insulting that she would even say that . If she wants to know what went wrong with the campaign , maybe she needs to take a good look in the mirror . In June , the Harris campaign received a legal bill for thousands of dollars that contained a reference to DOJ subpoena . Later , an ex-aide told the Associated Press that Harris had received a grand jury subpoena from federal investigators , but kept it from her top advisers , prompting several staff members to quit when they found out . On June 8 , 2006 , Harriss fourth chief of staff , Fred Asbell , left in order to pursue a business opportunity . Asbell said hed greatly enjoyed his time with the campaign and he would remain in a consultant position . On July 12 , 2006 , Harriss campaign spokesman Chris Christopher Ingram left the campaign . The next day , Harris received resignations from Campaign Manager Glenn Hodas , Field Director Pat Thomas , Political Director Brian Brooks and Deputy Field Director John K . Byers , while Travel Aide Kyle Johnson and Field Director Mike Norris declined to leave , citing loyalty to Harris . Hodas cited Harriss tantrums and increasingly erratic behavior as his reasons for leaving . An anonymous campaign worker described Harris as very difficult to work with . The more that we put her out there , the more she shot herself in the foot . In late August , Harris lost another key staffer , Rhyan Metzler , in the wake of a disastrous political rally at Orlando Executive Airport . Only 40 people showed up for the event , and Harris blamed the paltry turnout in part on a last-minute change in location . She claimed that a tree fell on the hangar that was originally scheduled to hold the rally , forcing her campaign to switch to another hangar . Airport officials , however , stated that not only had no trees fallen , but also that there are no trees as they get in the way of the airplanes ; further adding that the event in fact took place in the hangar that Harriss campaign had originally booked . Harriss campaign blamed Metzler for the comments Harris made after the rally . On August 31 , 2006 , Harris was interviewed on Hardball with Chris Matthews , where she responded to the criticisms from her former staffers with We have their email traffic , we know what was behind all that , we know whos been paid and who isnt . Lack of Republican support . The Pensacola News Journal suggested that Harris might withdraw from the Senate race after winning a primary victory , thereby allowing the Republicans to nominate another candidate , such as Tom Gallagher , to run against Bill Nelson . In August , Katherine Harris touted political endorsements from fellow Republican lawmakers on her campaign web site . However , some of those cited claim that they never endorsed her . This conflict resulted in several Republican congressmen calling the Harris campaign to complain after the St . Petersburg Times notified them of the endorsements listed on Harriss Web site . A short time later , their names were removed without comment from Harriss Web site . Of Harriss three primary opponents , only Will McBride endorsed her candidacy for the general election . In the first few days after the primary , a number of Republican nominees such as Charlie Crist and Tom Lee went on a statewide unity tour with Gov . Bush . Harris was not invited ; Republicans said the tour was only for nominees to statewide offices . Harris claimed Bush would campaign with her sometime in the two months before the election , but the governors office denied this . President Bush did not make public appearances or private meetings with Harris before the primary . He did , however , appear with her at a fundraiser on September 21 in Tampa . When it came time for newspapers to make their op-ed endorsements , all 22 of Floridas major daily newspapers supported Senator Nelson . The only endorsement Harris received was from the Polk County Democrat , a newspaper in Bartow which publishes four days out of the week . Religious convictions . Harris was a headline speaker at the Coral Ridge Presbyterian Churchs Reclaiming America for Christ conference held in Ft . Lauderdale on March 17–18 , 2006 . The conference web site invited attendees to attend in order to reclaim this nation for Christ . The stated mission of ReclaimAmerica.org is To inform , equip , motivate , and support Christians ; enabling them to defend and implement the Biblical principles on which our country was founded . As part of her speech , Harris urged conferees to win back America for God . Her appearance was noted in a Rolling Stone article covering the conference . In an interview with the Florida Baptist Witness on August 24 , 2006 , Harris called for Christians to vote on religious lines . She said , Rep . Debbie Wasserman Schultz ( D-FL ) said she was disgusted by the comments and deeply disappointed in Representative Harris personally , adding clearly shows that she does not deserve to be a representative . Two of Harris primary opponents denounced her statements , Republican Will McBride ( an attorney and son of a pastor ) stated Im a Christian , and Im a Republican , and I dont share her views . There are people of other faiths and backgrounds of outstanding integrity who know how to tell the truth . Real estate developer Peter Monroe , another GOP primary opponent , called on her to quit the race and resign from Congress . He called her suggestion that non-Christian voters are ignorant of morality when voting as contemptible , arrogant and wicked . On August 26 , 2006 , Harriss campaign released a Statement of Clarification , that stated , In the interview , Harris was speaking to a Christian audience , addressing a common misperception that people of faith should not be actively involved in government . Addressing this Christian publication , Harris provided a statement that explains her deep grounding in Judeo-Christian values . The press release went on to mention her past support of Israel and quoted her Jewish campaign manager Bryan G . Rudnick , who stated As the grandson of Holocaust survivors , I know that she encourages people of all faiths to engage in government so that our country can continue to thrive on the principles set forth by our founding fathers , without malice towards anyone . At an appearance at an Orlando gun show that same day , she said it breaks my heart to think people understood her comments as bigoted . When asked if she thought the Founding Fathers intended the nation to have secular laws she replied , On October 3 , 2006 , Harris participated in a prayer service via phone call . In one instance , she called for the elimination of the separation of church and state when she said , Harris then went on and prayed for Jews to be converted to Christianity . Replacements in the 13th Congressional District . Vern Buchanan was the Republican nominee and Christine Jennings the Democratic nominee to replace Harris in the 2006 election . The race had been ranked as leaning Democratic by CQ Politics , but Buchanan scored a very narrow victory , winning the election by a few hundred votes . Political positions and voting record . Harris is a conservative on most issues . She is anti-abortion and has voted against embryonic stem cell research . She opposes oil-drilling in Floridas coastal waters . Harris supported reforming Social Security to include private accounts . She has voted in favor of granting legal status to fetuses via the Unborn Victims of Violence Act . She supports tax cuts and the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act , which restricts bankruptcy filings by consumers . Harris is also in favor of welfare reform , school vouchers , the Patriot Act , the Flag Desecration Amendment , the Federal Marriage Amendment , and the 2003 invasion of Iraq . In a televised debate with Nelson on November 1 , however , she repeatedly declined to say whether she would still support the Iraq War Resolution knowing that Iraq did not have weapons of mass destruction . In an earlier debate with Nelson , Harris was asked to comment on trade of arms with foreign nations and the potential threat of their acquisition by terrorist groups . Harris responded that we know we dont want to have arms going to the rogue nations like China . Later life . Harris has not been very active in public life since retiring from politics . In 2013 , her husband , Swedish-born businessman Anders Ebbeson , shot and killed himself in the Sarasota home they shared ; he had reportedly been suffering a serious illness . Three years later , she attended a reunion of former Florida legislators in Tallahassee , and in 2017 , after admitting shed become a near recluse since Ebbesons death , she married Texas banker Richard Ware . In popular culture . Katherine Harris was the subject of some skits on Saturday Night Live , in which she was played by Ana Gasteyer ; she was also portrayed by actress Laura Dern in the 2008 film Recount , for which Dern won a Golden Globe . Harris is also referenced in one of filmmaker Kevin Smiths monologues for the DVD . Harris was also satirically portrayed by comedian Janeane Garofalo as Senator Katherine Harris on the Internet talk radio and podcast show .
|
[
"Secretary of State of Florida"
] |
[
{
"text": " Katherine Harris ( born April 5 , 1957 ) is an American politician , elected in 1998 as Secretary of State of Florida and in 2002 to the United States House of Representatives from Florida . A Republican , Harris won the 2002 election to represent Floridas 13th congressional district , serving for two terms , from 2003 to 2007 . Harris lost her campaign in 2006 for a United States Senate seat from Florida .",
"title": "Katherine Harris"
},
{
"text": "In 1994 , Harris was noted for the most expensive campaign for the Florida Senate to date , winning her seat that year in her entry into electoral politics . In the 2000 presidential election , Harris gained national attention for her role in the Florida election recount , certifying George W . Bushs narrow victory ( 537 votes ) over Al Gore and awarding him the Florida electors , which gained him the national election .",
"title": "Katherine Harris"
},
{
"text": "Harris was born in Key West , Florida , to one of the states wealthiest and most politically influential families . She is the daughter of Harriet ( Griffin ) and George W . Harris , Jr. , who owned Citrus and Chemical Bank in Lakeland , Florida . Her maternal grandfather was Ben Hill Griffin , Jr. , a successful businessman in the citrus and cattle industries and a powerful figure in the state legislature . Shortly before his death in 1990 , he was ranked as the 261st richest American on the Forbes 400 list . Ben Hill",
"title": "Katherine Harris"
},
{
"text": "Griffin Stadium at the University of Florida is named for him .",
"title": "Katherine Harris"
},
{
"text": "Harris extended family has been active in Christian evangelism . Her grandfather was a Christian missionary in Africa , while her aunt and uncle were missionaries in India . They now head the Arab World Missions . Harris studied under Dr . Francis Schaeffer at a LAbri Fellowship International center . Harris attended Greystone , an all-girls Christian camp at Asheville , North Carolina . She has said her faith is the most important thing in my life . Harris has criticized the Presbyterian Church ( U.S.A. ) for being too liberal ; she was reared in the more conservative",
"title": "Katherine Harris"
},
{
"text": "Presbyterian Church in America . She attends Calvary Chapel , a non-denominational charismatic church in Sarasota , Florida .",
"title": "Katherine Harris"
},
{
"text": " Harris married Swedish businessman Sven Anders Axel Ebbeson in 1996 and has one stepdaughter , Louise . Sven Ebbeson committed suicide in November 2013 .",
"title": "Katherine Harris"
},
{
"text": " Harris graduated from Bartow High School in Bartow , Florida , in 1975 . She attended the University of Madrid in 1978 . Harris received a Bachelor of Arts degree in history from Agnes Scott College in Decatur , Georgia , in 1979 . She studied under Christian theologian Francis Schaeffer at the LAbri community in Huemoz , Switzerland , near Lausanne . While in college she worked as an intern for U.S . Representative Andy Ireland .",
"title": "Education and career"
},
{
"text": "Before entering politics , Harris worked as a marketing executive at IBM and a vice president of a commercial real estate firm .",
"title": "Education and career"
},
{
"text": " Harris earned a M.P.A . from Harvard Universitys John F . Kennedy School of Government in 1996 .",
"title": "Education and career"
},
{
"text": " Harris ran for the Florida Senate as a Republican in 1994 in one of the most expensive state races in Florida history to that time . Harriss political career was guided by Dan Berger , Adam Goodman , and Benjamin McKay , along with her campaign manager , David Lapides . Florida Senate and Riscorp .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Harris played a prominent role in introducing William Griffin ( with whom she had a close personal relationship ) , the CEO of Riscorp , to various Florida legislators . In the 1994 state senate election , Sarasota-based Riscorp , Inc . made illegal contributions totaling $400,000 to dozens of political candidates and committees , including $20,600 to the Harris campaign .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Two years later , in 1996 , Harris sponsored a bill to block Riscorp competitors from getting a greater share of Florida workers compensation market , [ and ] also pushed a proposal that would hurt a particular competitor . This issue later emerged during her campaign for Florida Secretary of State in 1998 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "William Griffin eventually pleaded guilty to illegal campaign donations , among allegations of other serious wrongdoing at Riscorp , and served prison time in 1998 . The election of Republican Jeb Bush as governor of Florida is considered to have been a major factor in stopping further state investigation into the Riscorp scandal . According to a Sun-Herald column from June 2005 , Harris denied any knowledge of the scheme , was never charged with any crime and was cleared of wrongdoing by a state investigator .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Harris was elected Florida Secretary of State in 1998 . She defeated then-incumbent Sandra Mortham in the Republican primary and won the general election against Democratic candidate , Karen Gievers , an attorney from Miami . A state constitutional change passed in the same year making the Secretary of State an appointed office made Harris the last person to be elected Secretary of State in Florida .",
"title": "Secretary of State"
},
{
"text": "Harris abruptly resigned in August 2002 while campaigning for Congress when it was discovered that she had violated Floridas resign to run , which stated ...No officer may qualify as a candidate for another public office , whether state , district , county or municipal , if the terms or any part thereof run concurrently with each other , without resigning from the office he or she presently holds . Since the start of her Congressional term ( January 3 , 2003 ) would overlap with the end of her term as Secretary of State ( January 7 , 2003",
"title": "Secretary of State"
},
{
"text": ") , she was required to submit a letter of recognition . The law allowed candidates to have the resignation be effective up until the term for the new office began . Since Harris failed to do so , she was required to resign immediately . Harris said the oversight was unintentional . She said that she thought because Florida voters had approved a constitutional amendment that made the position of Secretary of State an appointed office rather than an elected office , the law did not apply to her situation .",
"title": "Secretary of State"
},
{
"text": " During her first 22 months in office , Harris spent more than $106,000 for travel , more than the governor or any other cabinet officer . She visited eight countries on ten foreign trips .",
"title": "International travel"
},
{
"text": "In early 2001 , Florida Senate leaders eliminated the $3.4 million that Harris had budgeted for international relations for the year , assigning it instead to Enterprise Florida , the states economic development agency . However , Florida House Leader Tom Feeney said that he disagreed with the Senate and believed that Harris was an able advocate to foreign countries . After the House refused to agree with the proposed budget action , the Senate agreed to restore the money ; however , it insisted on a review committee , appointed by Senate President John McKay , Feeney , and",
"title": "International travel"
},
{
"text": "Governor Jeb Bush , to evaluate all of Harris expenditures on international affairs since July 1 , 1999 , and produce a report .",
"title": "International travel"
},
{
"text": " 2000 U.S . presidential election . As Secretary of State for the State of Florida ( and co-chair of George W . Bushs election efforts in Florida ) , Harris was a central figure in the 2000 US presidential election in Florida . She was involved in purging many individuals from the voter rolls , and the election between Al Gore and George W . Bush was so close in Florida , separated by 537 votes , that a recount of the votes was called for .",
"title": "International travel"
},
{
"text": "After several recounts were inconclusive , Harris halted the recounting process , arguing that the laws governing recounts were unclear . The official vote totals showed the Republican candidate , Texas Governor George W . Bush , as the winner of the statewide popular vote in Florida , and so Harris certified the Republican slate of electors . This victory in Florida would allow Bush to obtain a majority in the Electoral College and win the election . Her certification was upheld in the state circuit court , but subsequently overturned on appeal by the Florida Supreme Court .",
"title": "International travel"
},
{
"text": " The Florida Supreme Court decision was reversed by the U.S . Supreme Court in Bush v . Gore ( 2000 ) . In a per curiam decision , by a 7–2 vote , the Court held that the Florida Supreme Courts method for recounting ballots was a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . Furthermore , it held , by a 5–4 vote , that no alternative method for a recount could be established within the time limits set by the State of Florida .",
"title": "International travel"
},
{
"text": "This decision allowed Harris previous certification of Bush as the winner of Floridas electoral votes to stand . Floridas 25 electoral votes gave Bush , the Republican candidate , 271 electoral votes , thus defeating Gore , who ended up with 266 electoral votes ( with one D.C . elector abstaining ) .",
"title": "International travel"
},
{
"text": " Harris later published Center of the Storm , her memoir of the 2000 election controversy . It was later revealed that , unimpressed with her performance in the media spotlight of the recount , the Bush Campaign had assigned a staff member to her , essentially as a handler .",
"title": "International travel"
},
{
"text": " In 2002 , Harris ran against Sarasota Attorney Jan Schneider for the congressional district vacated by retiring Republican Rep . Dan Miller , winning by 10 percentage points in this solidly Republican district , a victory helped with one of the biggest first term campaign fund raising efforts in the history of this district and substantial support from the Bush family .",
"title": "United States Congresswoman"
},
{
"text": "Harris considered running for the seat of retiring Senator Bob Graham in 2004 but was reportedly dissuaded by the Bush White House to allow Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Mel Martinez to run instead . Martinez went on to narrowly beat challenger Betty Castor . Harris ran for re-election to her House seat in 2004 ; she was re-elected with a margin almost identical to her first win .",
"title": "United States Congresswoman"
},
{
"text": " In a 2004 speech in Venice , Florida , Harris claimed that a Middle Eastern man was arrested for attempting to blow up the power grid in Carmel , Indiana ; Carmel Mayor James Brainard and a spokesman for Indiana Gov . Joe Kernan said they had no knowledge of such a plot . Brainard said he had never spoken to Harris .",
"title": "United States Congresswoman"
},
{
"text": "During a 2004 campaign stop in Sarasota , a local resident , Barry Seltzer , tr [ ied ] to intimidate a group of Harris supporters by menacing Harris and her supporters with his automobile . Witnesses described Seltzer as having swerved off the road and onto the sidewalk , directing it at Harris and her supporters . Nobody was injured in the incident . Seltzer , who claimed he was exercising [ his ] political expression , was eventually arrested and charged with assault with a deadly weapon .",
"title": "United States Congresswoman"
},
{
"text": "In 2005 and 2006 , a major corporate campaign donor to Harris , Mitchell Wade ( founder of defense contractor MZM ) , was implicated in several bribery scandals . Wade had bundled together and donated to Harriss campaign $32,000 in contributions from his employees at MZM , Inc. , then reimbursed those employees for the contributions . Regarding this issue , U.S . Attorney Kenneth Wainstein said that Harris did not appear to know the donations were obtained illegally . Harris has maintained she had no personal knowledge that her campaign was given illegal contributions . Wade acknowledged that",
"title": "MZM incident"
},
{
"text": "the donations to the Harris campaign were illegal and were part of an attempt to influence Harris to MZMs benefit .",
"title": "MZM incident"
},
{
"text": "Documents filed with Wades plea say that he took Harris to dinner in March 2005 , a year after the illegal contributions , where they discussed the possibility of another fundraiser and the possibility of getting funding for a Navy counterintelligence program placed in Harriss district . Harris sent a letter on April 26 , 2005 , to defense appropriations subcommittee Chairman C . W . Bill Young , in which Harris sought $10 million for a Navy project backed by Wade . In the letter , Harris emphasized the importance of the project , asking that it be added",
"title": "MZM incident"
},
{
"text": "to her list of five priorities and identifying it as her new No . 3 . Harris later released the April 26 , 2005 , letter for legal scrutiny , but neither she nor Young would turn over the request form ( RFP ) used for the proposal .",
"title": "MZM incident"
},
{
"text": "CQPolitics noted Harriss former political strategist , Ed Rollins , spoke on the record about the dinner and detailed a meal that cost $2,800 , far in excess of the $50 limit on gifts that members of Congress are allowed to accept at the Washington restaurant Citronelle . Wade and Harris discussed MZMs desire for a $10 million appropriation , and Wade offered to host a fundraiser for Harriss 2006 Senate campaign . Regarding the MZM contributions , the Sentinel article goes on to say The Justice Department has said Wade , who personally handed many of the checks to",
"title": "MZM incident"
},
{
"text": "Harris , did not tell Harris the contributions were illegal . Regarding the expensive meal , the article quotes Harris as saying that she personally had only a beverage and appetizer worth less than $100 .",
"title": "MZM incident"
},
{
"text": "Rollins said that he had conducted a thorough internal investigation into Harriss ties to MZM in hopes of finding conclusive proof of her innocence ; but when he could not , he and other advisers , including her lawyer , urged her to drop her candidacy rather than risk federal corruption charges . Although he did not believe Harris intentionally broke any laws , her story kept changing . Our great concern was that you get into trouble when you dont tell the same story twice .. . Maybe you dont think you did anything wrong , but then maybe",
"title": "MZM incident"
},
{
"text": "you start getting questioned about it and so forth , and you may perjure yourself . .. . Unlike Cunningham , I dont think she set out to violate the law , but I think she was very careless . She heard whatever she wanted to hear , but we could find no evidence whatsoever that this was a project going into her district .",
"title": "MZM incident"
},
{
"text": "Although Rollins recalled discussing the $2,800 meal with Harris , Harris told the Orlando Sentinel on April 19 , 2006 , that the cost of the meal was news to me , and that her campaign had since reimbursed the restaurant for the cost of the meal . According to the reporter , when questioned as to why she would reimburse the restaurant for a meal that had been paid for by MZM , Harris abruptly terminated the interview , and her spokesman later called and requested unsuccessfully that the story not be printed . The next day , Harriss",
"title": "MZM incident"
},
{
"text": "campaign issued a statement that she had believed her campaign had reimbursed the restaurant , and that she had donated $100 which will more than adequately compensate for the cost of my beverage and appetizer . Harris also asserted that most of the cost of the meal was from Wade ordering several unopened bottles of wine to take home , although the management of the restaurant denies ever allowing anyone to take unopened bottles of wine off the premises , saying Why would we jeopardize our liquor license for the sake of selling a couple bottles of wine ?",
"title": "MZM incident"
},
{
"text": "In the weeks following the expensive meal , former senior Harris staffers claimed that they initially rejected a defense contractors $10 million appropriation request last year but reversed course after being instructed by Harris to approve it . In May 2006 , Harriss campaign spokesman Christopher Ingram acknowledged that she had also had a previous dinner with Wade in the same restaurant in March 2004 , when the $32,000 in illegal donations had been given to her campaign . Ingram told the press that he did not know how much that meal cost , but that a charitable donation of",
"title": "MZM incident"
},
{
"text": "an unknown amount had been given to a charity whose name he did not know , equivalent to her share of the meal . She takes responsibility for the oversight that there was no reimbursement , he said .",
"title": "MZM incident"
},
{
"text": "Mona Tate Yost , an aide to Harris , left to work for MZM during the time Wade was pressing Harris to secure federal funding ( April or May 2005 ) . On July 17 , 2006 , Ed Rollins confirmed that Justice Department lawyers and FBI agents had recently questioned her about the $32,000 in donations . Rollins noted : I assume more [ interviews ] will be coming , though . They were very serious . On September 7 , 2006 , Federal investigators questioned Jim Dornan , who quit as Harriss campaign manager the previous November .",
"title": "MZM incident"
},
{
"text": " On June 7 , 2005 , with support from her new campaign advisors of Ed Rollins and Jim Dornan , Harris announced her candidacy for the 2006 Florida United States Senate election , challenging Democratic incumbent Bill Nelson . Both lackluster fundraising relative to Nelson and controversy over campaign contributions from MZM caused Harris to fall far behind in all polls by May 2006 .",
"title": "Overview"
},
{
"text": "Late in the primary race , Republican contender Will McBride polled 31 points behind Nelson in a hypothetical election against him , while Harris polled 33 points behind Nelson in the same poll . Harris was still popular among Republican voters and won the September 5 primary over McBride and two other challengers with approximately 50% of the total vote .",
"title": "Overview"
},
{
"text": " Despite Harriss support of many Republican causes and her previous statewide victories , some party leaders expressed doubt about her statewide appeal : - In May 2006 , Florida Governor Jeb Bush questioned Harriss ability to win the general election and encouraged others to challenge her in the primary . - Karl Rove expressed doubts about her statewide appeal . - National Republicans openly criticized her campaign and tried to convince other GOP candidates to challenge Harris in the primary .",
"title": "Overview"
},
{
"text": "- Florida state House of Representatives Speaker Allan Bense declined the candidacy on May 11 despite public courting by many leaders including Governor Bush .",
"title": "Overview"
},
{
"text": " - Conservative pundit and former Republican Congressman Joe Scarborough was also unsuccessfully recruited to enter the race . Departing Harris aides claim that Harris called potential Scarborough supporters and raised the death of an aide in order to prevent his entry into the race . Scarborough later told Nelson that drawing Harris as an opponent in the race made him the luckiest man in Washington .",
"title": "Overview"
},
{
"text": "By late July 2006 , Harris had gone through three campaign managers and her campaign was floundering . At that time , it was disclosed that state Republican Party leaders had told Harris they would not support her because she could not win in the general election .",
"title": "Overview"
},
{
"text": " Financial problems plagued Harris Senate campaign from the start . During the primary , it was clear that the incumbent Senator Nelson had a substantial financial advantage . On the March 15 , 2006 , edition of Fox News Channels Hannity & Colmes , Harris pledged to spend $10 million of her own money , which she said was all of her inheritance , on her campaign . She also stated that her run was dedicated to the memory of her father .",
"title": "Overview"
},
{
"text": "Despite her promise , the $10 million never materialized . Reports surfaced that Harris would not actually receive the inheritance from her father , who instead left his entire estate to her mother . She donated $3 million to her campaign , but later took back $100,000 , fueling speculation that she would be unable to donate the promised amount .",
"title": "Overview"
},
{
"text": " In October , Harris announced that she was trying to sell her house in Washington to raise money for her campaign , but the home was not publicly listed for sale and no sale was ever announced . Nelson defeated Harris by more than one million votes . Harris received less than 39% of the vote .",
"title": "Overview"
},
{
"text": " In late February 2006 , in the midst of revelations surrounding Mitchell Wades illegal contributions , Harriss campaign finance director and her campaign treasurer both resigned . On April 1 , 2006 Harriss top campaign advisor , pollster and campaign manager all resigned with a half-dozen other staffers . Republican pollster and consultant David Johnson said , Ive never seen staffers go like this . Its just imploding .",
"title": "Staff resignations"
},
{
"text": "In early April 2006 , Harris told the Tampa Tribune that some of her ex-campaign staffers and the national Republican party were deliberately sabotaging her campaign by putting knives in her back and had warned her that if she did not back out of the campaign , she would get an April surprise . Former campaign staffer Ed Rollins said They were all good professionals .. . There was no backstabbing . Its insulting that she would even say that . If she wants to know what went wrong with the campaign , maybe she needs to take a good",
"title": "Staff resignations"
},
{
"text": "look in the mirror .",
"title": "Staff resignations"
},
{
"text": "In June , the Harris campaign received a legal bill for thousands of dollars that contained a reference to DOJ subpoena . Later , an ex-aide told the Associated Press that Harris had received a grand jury subpoena from federal investigators , but kept it from her top advisers , prompting several staff members to quit when they found out . On June 8 , 2006 , Harriss fourth chief of staff , Fred Asbell , left in order to pursue a business opportunity . Asbell said hed greatly enjoyed his time with the campaign and he would remain in",
"title": "Staff resignations"
},
{
"text": "a consultant position . On July 12 , 2006 , Harriss campaign spokesman Chris Christopher Ingram left the campaign . The next day , Harris received resignations from Campaign Manager Glenn Hodas , Field Director Pat Thomas , Political Director Brian Brooks and Deputy Field Director John K . Byers , while Travel Aide Kyle Johnson and Field Director Mike Norris declined to leave , citing loyalty to Harris . Hodas cited Harriss tantrums and increasingly erratic behavior as his reasons for leaving . An anonymous campaign worker described Harris as very difficult to work with . The more that",
"title": "Staff resignations"
},
{
"text": "we put her out there , the more she shot herself in the foot .",
"title": "Staff resignations"
},
{
"text": "In late August , Harris lost another key staffer , Rhyan Metzler , in the wake of a disastrous political rally at Orlando Executive Airport . Only 40 people showed up for the event , and Harris blamed the paltry turnout in part on a last-minute change in location . She claimed that a tree fell on the hangar that was originally scheduled to hold the rally , forcing her campaign to switch to another hangar . Airport officials , however , stated that not only had no trees fallen , but also that there are no trees as they",
"title": "Staff resignations"
},
{
"text": "get in the way of the airplanes ; further adding that the event in fact took place in the hangar that Harriss campaign had originally booked . Harriss campaign blamed Metzler for the comments Harris made after the rally . On August 31 , 2006 , Harris was interviewed on Hardball with Chris Matthews , where she responded to the criticisms from her former staffers with We have their email traffic , we know what was behind all that , we know whos been paid and who isnt .",
"title": "Staff resignations"
},
{
"text": " Lack of Republican support . The Pensacola News Journal suggested that Harris might withdraw from the Senate race after winning a primary victory , thereby allowing the Republicans to nominate another candidate , such as Tom Gallagher , to run against Bill Nelson .",
"title": "Staff resignations"
},
{
"text": "In August , Katherine Harris touted political endorsements from fellow Republican lawmakers on her campaign web site . However , some of those cited claim that they never endorsed her . This conflict resulted in several Republican congressmen calling the Harris campaign to complain after the St . Petersburg Times notified them of the endorsements listed on Harriss Web site . A short time later , their names were removed without comment from Harriss Web site .",
"title": "Staff resignations"
},
{
"text": " Of Harriss three primary opponents , only Will McBride endorsed her candidacy for the general election . In the first few days after the primary , a number of Republican nominees such as Charlie Crist and Tom Lee went on a statewide unity tour with Gov . Bush . Harris was not invited ; Republicans said the tour was only for nominees to statewide offices . Harris claimed Bush would campaign with her sometime in the two months before the election , but the governors office denied this .",
"title": "Staff resignations"
},
{
"text": "President Bush did not make public appearances or private meetings with Harris before the primary . He did , however , appear with her at a fundraiser on September 21 in Tampa .",
"title": "Staff resignations"
},
{
"text": " When it came time for newspapers to make their op-ed endorsements , all 22 of Floridas major daily newspapers supported Senator Nelson . The only endorsement Harris received was from the Polk County Democrat , a newspaper in Bartow which publishes four days out of the week .",
"title": "Staff resignations"
},
{
"text": "Harris was a headline speaker at the Coral Ridge Presbyterian Churchs Reclaiming America for Christ conference held in Ft . Lauderdale on March 17–18 , 2006 . The conference web site invited attendees to attend in order to reclaim this nation for Christ . The stated mission of ReclaimAmerica.org is To inform , equip , motivate , and support Christians ; enabling them to defend and implement the Biblical principles on which our country was founded . As part of her speech , Harris urged conferees to win back America for God . Her appearance was noted in a Rolling",
"title": "Religious convictions"
},
{
"text": "Stone article covering the conference .",
"title": "Religious convictions"
},
{
"text": " In an interview with the Florida Baptist Witness on August 24 , 2006 , Harris called for Christians to vote on religious lines . She said ,",
"title": "Religious convictions"
},
{
"text": "Rep . Debbie Wasserman Schultz ( D-FL ) said she was disgusted by the comments and deeply disappointed in Representative Harris personally , adding clearly shows that she does not deserve to be a representative . Two of Harris primary opponents denounced her statements , Republican Will McBride ( an attorney and son of a pastor ) stated Im a Christian , and Im a Republican , and I dont share her views . There are people of other faiths and backgrounds of outstanding integrity who know how to tell the truth . Real estate developer Peter Monroe , another",
"title": "Religious convictions"
},
{
"text": "GOP primary opponent , called on her to quit the race and resign from Congress . He called her suggestion that non-Christian voters are ignorant of morality when voting as contemptible , arrogant and wicked .",
"title": "Religious convictions"
},
{
"text": "On August 26 , 2006 , Harriss campaign released a Statement of Clarification , that stated , In the interview , Harris was speaking to a Christian audience , addressing a common misperception that people of faith should not be actively involved in government . Addressing this Christian publication , Harris provided a statement that explains her deep grounding in Judeo-Christian values . The press release went on to mention her past support of Israel and quoted her Jewish campaign manager Bryan G . Rudnick , who stated As the grandson of Holocaust survivors , I know that she encourages",
"title": "Religious convictions"
},
{
"text": "people of all faiths to engage in government so that our country can continue to thrive on the principles set forth by our founding fathers , without malice towards anyone . At an appearance at an Orlando gun show that same day , she said it breaks my heart to think people understood her comments as bigoted . When asked if she thought the Founding Fathers intended the nation to have secular laws she replied ,",
"title": "Religious convictions"
},
{
"text": " On October 3 , 2006 , Harris participated in a prayer service via phone call . In one instance , she called for the elimination of the separation of church and state when she said , Harris then went on and prayed for Jews to be converted to Christianity . Replacements in the 13th Congressional District .",
"title": "Religious convictions"
},
{
"text": "Vern Buchanan was the Republican nominee and Christine Jennings the Democratic nominee to replace Harris in the 2006 election . The race had been ranked as leaning Democratic by CQ Politics , but Buchanan scored a very narrow victory , winning the election by a few hundred votes .",
"title": "Religious convictions"
},
{
"text": "Harris is a conservative on most issues . She is anti-abortion and has voted against embryonic stem cell research . She opposes oil-drilling in Floridas coastal waters . Harris supported reforming Social Security to include private accounts . She has voted in favor of granting legal status to fetuses via the Unborn Victims of Violence Act . She supports tax cuts and the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act , which restricts bankruptcy filings by consumers . Harris is also in favor of welfare reform , school vouchers , the Patriot Act , the Flag Desecration Amendment , the",
"title": "Religious convictions"
},
{
"text": "Federal Marriage Amendment , and the 2003 invasion of Iraq . In a televised debate with Nelson on November 1 , however , she repeatedly declined to say whether she would still support the Iraq War Resolution knowing that Iraq did not have weapons of mass destruction . In an earlier debate with Nelson , Harris was asked to comment on trade of arms with foreign nations and the potential threat of their acquisition by terrorist groups . Harris responded that we know we dont want to have arms going to the rogue nations like China .",
"title": "Religious convictions"
},
{
"text": " Harris has not been very active in public life since retiring from politics . In 2013 , her husband , Swedish-born businessman Anders Ebbeson , shot and killed himself in the Sarasota home they shared ; he had reportedly been suffering a serious illness . Three years later , she attended a reunion of former Florida legislators in Tallahassee , and in 2017 , after admitting shed become a near recluse since Ebbesons death , she married Texas banker Richard Ware .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " Katherine Harris was the subject of some skits on Saturday Night Live , in which she was played by Ana Gasteyer ; she was also portrayed by actress Laura Dern in the 2008 film Recount , for which Dern won a Golden Globe . Harris is also referenced in one of filmmaker Kevin Smiths monologues for the DVD . Harris was also satirically portrayed by comedian Janeane Garofalo as Senator Katherine Harris on the Internet talk radio and podcast show .",
"title": "In popular culture"
}
] |
/wiki/Katherine_Harris#P39#2
|
Katherine Harris took which position in Dec 2006?
|
Katherine Harris Katherine Harris ( born April 5 , 1957 ) is an American politician , elected in 1998 as Secretary of State of Florida and in 2002 to the United States House of Representatives from Florida . A Republican , Harris won the 2002 election to represent Floridas 13th congressional district , serving for two terms , from 2003 to 2007 . Harris lost her campaign in 2006 for a United States Senate seat from Florida . In 1994 , Harris was noted for the most expensive campaign for the Florida Senate to date , winning her seat that year in her entry into electoral politics . In the 2000 presidential election , Harris gained national attention for her role in the Florida election recount , certifying George W . Bushs narrow victory ( 537 votes ) over Al Gore and awarding him the Florida electors , which gained him the national election . Background and personal life . Harris was born in Key West , Florida , to one of the states wealthiest and most politically influential families . She is the daughter of Harriet ( Griffin ) and George W . Harris , Jr. , who owned Citrus and Chemical Bank in Lakeland , Florida . Her maternal grandfather was Ben Hill Griffin , Jr. , a successful businessman in the citrus and cattle industries and a powerful figure in the state legislature . Shortly before his death in 1990 , he was ranked as the 261st richest American on the Forbes 400 list . Ben Hill Griffin Stadium at the University of Florida is named for him . Harris extended family has been active in Christian evangelism . Her grandfather was a Christian missionary in Africa , while her aunt and uncle were missionaries in India . They now head the Arab World Missions . Harris studied under Dr . Francis Schaeffer at a LAbri Fellowship International center . Harris attended Greystone , an all-girls Christian camp at Asheville , North Carolina . She has said her faith is the most important thing in my life . Harris has criticized the Presbyterian Church ( U.S.A. ) for being too liberal ; she was reared in the more conservative Presbyterian Church in America . She attends Calvary Chapel , a non-denominational charismatic church in Sarasota , Florida . Harris married Swedish businessman Sven Anders Axel Ebbeson in 1996 and has one stepdaughter , Louise . Sven Ebbeson committed suicide in November 2013 . Education and career . Harris graduated from Bartow High School in Bartow , Florida , in 1975 . She attended the University of Madrid in 1978 . Harris received a Bachelor of Arts degree in history from Agnes Scott College in Decatur , Georgia , in 1979 . She studied under Christian theologian Francis Schaeffer at the LAbri community in Huemoz , Switzerland , near Lausanne . While in college she worked as an intern for U.S . Representative Andy Ireland . Before entering politics , Harris worked as a marketing executive at IBM and a vice president of a commercial real estate firm . Harris earned a M.P.A . from Harvard Universitys John F . Kennedy School of Government in 1996 . Political career . Harris ran for the Florida Senate as a Republican in 1994 in one of the most expensive state races in Florida history to that time . Harriss political career was guided by Dan Berger , Adam Goodman , and Benjamin McKay , along with her campaign manager , David Lapides . Florida Senate and Riscorp . Harris played a prominent role in introducing William Griffin ( with whom she had a close personal relationship ) , the CEO of Riscorp , to various Florida legislators . In the 1994 state senate election , Sarasota-based Riscorp , Inc . made illegal contributions totaling $400,000 to dozens of political candidates and committees , including $20,600 to the Harris campaign . Two years later , in 1996 , Harris sponsored a bill to block Riscorp competitors from getting a greater share of Florida workers compensation market , [ and ] also pushed a proposal that would hurt a particular competitor . This issue later emerged during her campaign for Florida Secretary of State in 1998 . William Griffin eventually pleaded guilty to illegal campaign donations , among allegations of other serious wrongdoing at Riscorp , and served prison time in 1998 . The election of Republican Jeb Bush as governor of Florida is considered to have been a major factor in stopping further state investigation into the Riscorp scandal . According to a Sun-Herald column from June 2005 , Harris denied any knowledge of the scheme , was never charged with any crime and was cleared of wrongdoing by a state investigator . Secretary of State . Harris was elected Florida Secretary of State in 1998 . She defeated then-incumbent Sandra Mortham in the Republican primary and won the general election against Democratic candidate , Karen Gievers , an attorney from Miami . A state constitutional change passed in the same year making the Secretary of State an appointed office made Harris the last person to be elected Secretary of State in Florida . Harris abruptly resigned in August 2002 while campaigning for Congress when it was discovered that she had violated Floridas resign to run , which stated ...No officer may qualify as a candidate for another public office , whether state , district , county or municipal , if the terms or any part thereof run concurrently with each other , without resigning from the office he or she presently holds . Since the start of her Congressional term ( January 3 , 2003 ) would overlap with the end of her term as Secretary of State ( January 7 , 2003 ) , she was required to submit a letter of recognition . The law allowed candidates to have the resignation be effective up until the term for the new office began . Since Harris failed to do so , she was required to resign immediately . Harris said the oversight was unintentional . She said that she thought because Florida voters had approved a constitutional amendment that made the position of Secretary of State an appointed office rather than an elected office , the law did not apply to her situation . International travel . During her first 22 months in office , Harris spent more than $106,000 for travel , more than the governor or any other cabinet officer . She visited eight countries on ten foreign trips . In early 2001 , Florida Senate leaders eliminated the $3.4 million that Harris had budgeted for international relations for the year , assigning it instead to Enterprise Florida , the states economic development agency . However , Florida House Leader Tom Feeney said that he disagreed with the Senate and believed that Harris was an able advocate to foreign countries . After the House refused to agree with the proposed budget action , the Senate agreed to restore the money ; however , it insisted on a review committee , appointed by Senate President John McKay , Feeney , and Governor Jeb Bush , to evaluate all of Harris expenditures on international affairs since July 1 , 1999 , and produce a report . 2000 U.S . presidential election . As Secretary of State for the State of Florida ( and co-chair of George W . Bushs election efforts in Florida ) , Harris was a central figure in the 2000 US presidential election in Florida . She was involved in purging many individuals from the voter rolls , and the election between Al Gore and George W . Bush was so close in Florida , separated by 537 votes , that a recount of the votes was called for . After several recounts were inconclusive , Harris halted the recounting process , arguing that the laws governing recounts were unclear . The official vote totals showed the Republican candidate , Texas Governor George W . Bush , as the winner of the statewide popular vote in Florida , and so Harris certified the Republican slate of electors . This victory in Florida would allow Bush to obtain a majority in the Electoral College and win the election . Her certification was upheld in the state circuit court , but subsequently overturned on appeal by the Florida Supreme Court . The Florida Supreme Court decision was reversed by the U.S . Supreme Court in Bush v . Gore ( 2000 ) . In a per curiam decision , by a 7–2 vote , the Court held that the Florida Supreme Courts method for recounting ballots was a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . Furthermore , it held , by a 5–4 vote , that no alternative method for a recount could be established within the time limits set by the State of Florida . This decision allowed Harris previous certification of Bush as the winner of Floridas electoral votes to stand . Floridas 25 electoral votes gave Bush , the Republican candidate , 271 electoral votes , thus defeating Gore , who ended up with 266 electoral votes ( with one D.C . elector abstaining ) . Harris later published Center of the Storm , her memoir of the 2000 election controversy . It was later revealed that , unimpressed with her performance in the media spotlight of the recount , the Bush Campaign had assigned a staff member to her , essentially as a handler . United States Congresswoman . In 2002 , Harris ran against Sarasota Attorney Jan Schneider for the congressional district vacated by retiring Republican Rep . Dan Miller , winning by 10 percentage points in this solidly Republican district , a victory helped with one of the biggest first term campaign fund raising efforts in the history of this district and substantial support from the Bush family . Harris considered running for the seat of retiring Senator Bob Graham in 2004 but was reportedly dissuaded by the Bush White House to allow Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Mel Martinez to run instead . Martinez went on to narrowly beat challenger Betty Castor . Harris ran for re-election to her House seat in 2004 ; she was re-elected with a margin almost identical to her first win . In a 2004 speech in Venice , Florida , Harris claimed that a Middle Eastern man was arrested for attempting to blow up the power grid in Carmel , Indiana ; Carmel Mayor James Brainard and a spokesman for Indiana Gov . Joe Kernan said they had no knowledge of such a plot . Brainard said he had never spoken to Harris . During a 2004 campaign stop in Sarasota , a local resident , Barry Seltzer , tr [ ied ] to intimidate a group of Harris supporters by menacing Harris and her supporters with his automobile . Witnesses described Seltzer as having swerved off the road and onto the sidewalk , directing it at Harris and her supporters . Nobody was injured in the incident . Seltzer , who claimed he was exercising [ his ] political expression , was eventually arrested and charged with assault with a deadly weapon . MZM incident . In 2005 and 2006 , a major corporate campaign donor to Harris , Mitchell Wade ( founder of defense contractor MZM ) , was implicated in several bribery scandals . Wade had bundled together and donated to Harriss campaign $32,000 in contributions from his employees at MZM , Inc. , then reimbursed those employees for the contributions . Regarding this issue , U.S . Attorney Kenneth Wainstein said that Harris did not appear to know the donations were obtained illegally . Harris has maintained she had no personal knowledge that her campaign was given illegal contributions . Wade acknowledged that the donations to the Harris campaign were illegal and were part of an attempt to influence Harris to MZMs benefit . Documents filed with Wades plea say that he took Harris to dinner in March 2005 , a year after the illegal contributions , where they discussed the possibility of another fundraiser and the possibility of getting funding for a Navy counterintelligence program placed in Harriss district . Harris sent a letter on April 26 , 2005 , to defense appropriations subcommittee Chairman C . W . Bill Young , in which Harris sought $10 million for a Navy project backed by Wade . In the letter , Harris emphasized the importance of the project , asking that it be added to her list of five priorities and identifying it as her new No . 3 . Harris later released the April 26 , 2005 , letter for legal scrutiny , but neither she nor Young would turn over the request form ( RFP ) used for the proposal . CQPolitics noted Harriss former political strategist , Ed Rollins , spoke on the record about the dinner and detailed a meal that cost $2,800 , far in excess of the $50 limit on gifts that members of Congress are allowed to accept at the Washington restaurant Citronelle . Wade and Harris discussed MZMs desire for a $10 million appropriation , and Wade offered to host a fundraiser for Harriss 2006 Senate campaign . Regarding the MZM contributions , the Sentinel article goes on to say The Justice Department has said Wade , who personally handed many of the checks to Harris , did not tell Harris the contributions were illegal . Regarding the expensive meal , the article quotes Harris as saying that she personally had only a beverage and appetizer worth less than $100 . Rollins said that he had conducted a thorough internal investigation into Harriss ties to MZM in hopes of finding conclusive proof of her innocence ; but when he could not , he and other advisers , including her lawyer , urged her to drop her candidacy rather than risk federal corruption charges . Although he did not believe Harris intentionally broke any laws , her story kept changing . Our great concern was that you get into trouble when you dont tell the same story twice .. . Maybe you dont think you did anything wrong , but then maybe you start getting questioned about it and so forth , and you may perjure yourself . .. . Unlike Cunningham , I dont think she set out to violate the law , but I think she was very careless . She heard whatever she wanted to hear , but we could find no evidence whatsoever that this was a project going into her district . Although Rollins recalled discussing the $2,800 meal with Harris , Harris told the Orlando Sentinel on April 19 , 2006 , that the cost of the meal was news to me , and that her campaign had since reimbursed the restaurant for the cost of the meal . According to the reporter , when questioned as to why she would reimburse the restaurant for a meal that had been paid for by MZM , Harris abruptly terminated the interview , and her spokesman later called and requested unsuccessfully that the story not be printed . The next day , Harriss campaign issued a statement that she had believed her campaign had reimbursed the restaurant , and that she had donated $100 which will more than adequately compensate for the cost of my beverage and appetizer . Harris also asserted that most of the cost of the meal was from Wade ordering several unopened bottles of wine to take home , although the management of the restaurant denies ever allowing anyone to take unopened bottles of wine off the premises , saying Why would we jeopardize our liquor license for the sake of selling a couple bottles of wine ? In the weeks following the expensive meal , former senior Harris staffers claimed that they initially rejected a defense contractors $10 million appropriation request last year but reversed course after being instructed by Harris to approve it . In May 2006 , Harriss campaign spokesman Christopher Ingram acknowledged that she had also had a previous dinner with Wade in the same restaurant in March 2004 , when the $32,000 in illegal donations had been given to her campaign . Ingram told the press that he did not know how much that meal cost , but that a charitable donation of an unknown amount had been given to a charity whose name he did not know , equivalent to her share of the meal . She takes responsibility for the oversight that there was no reimbursement , he said . Mona Tate Yost , an aide to Harris , left to work for MZM during the time Wade was pressing Harris to secure federal funding ( April or May 2005 ) . On July 17 , 2006 , Ed Rollins confirmed that Justice Department lawyers and FBI agents had recently questioned her about the $32,000 in donations . Rollins noted : I assume more [ interviews ] will be coming , though . They were very serious . On September 7 , 2006 , Federal investigators questioned Jim Dornan , who quit as Harriss campaign manager the previous November . 2006 Senate race . Overview . On June 7 , 2005 , with support from her new campaign advisors of Ed Rollins and Jim Dornan , Harris announced her candidacy for the 2006 Florida United States Senate election , challenging Democratic incumbent Bill Nelson . Both lackluster fundraising relative to Nelson and controversy over campaign contributions from MZM caused Harris to fall far behind in all polls by May 2006 . Late in the primary race , Republican contender Will McBride polled 31 points behind Nelson in a hypothetical election against him , while Harris polled 33 points behind Nelson in the same poll . Harris was still popular among Republican voters and won the September 5 primary over McBride and two other challengers with approximately 50% of the total vote . Despite Harriss support of many Republican causes and her previous statewide victories , some party leaders expressed doubt about her statewide appeal : - In May 2006 , Florida Governor Jeb Bush questioned Harriss ability to win the general election and encouraged others to challenge her in the primary . - Karl Rove expressed doubts about her statewide appeal . - National Republicans openly criticized her campaign and tried to convince other GOP candidates to challenge Harris in the primary . - Florida state House of Representatives Speaker Allan Bense declined the candidacy on May 11 despite public courting by many leaders including Governor Bush . - Conservative pundit and former Republican Congressman Joe Scarborough was also unsuccessfully recruited to enter the race . Departing Harris aides claim that Harris called potential Scarborough supporters and raised the death of an aide in order to prevent his entry into the race . Scarborough later told Nelson that drawing Harris as an opponent in the race made him the luckiest man in Washington . By late July 2006 , Harris had gone through three campaign managers and her campaign was floundering . At that time , it was disclosed that state Republican Party leaders had told Harris they would not support her because she could not win in the general election . Financial problems plagued Harris Senate campaign from the start . During the primary , it was clear that the incumbent Senator Nelson had a substantial financial advantage . On the March 15 , 2006 , edition of Fox News Channels Hannity & Colmes , Harris pledged to spend $10 million of her own money , which she said was all of her inheritance , on her campaign . She also stated that her run was dedicated to the memory of her father . Despite her promise , the $10 million never materialized . Reports surfaced that Harris would not actually receive the inheritance from her father , who instead left his entire estate to her mother . She donated $3 million to her campaign , but later took back $100,000 , fueling speculation that she would be unable to donate the promised amount . In October , Harris announced that she was trying to sell her house in Washington to raise money for her campaign , but the home was not publicly listed for sale and no sale was ever announced . Nelson defeated Harris by more than one million votes . Harris received less than 39% of the vote . Staff resignations . In late February 2006 , in the midst of revelations surrounding Mitchell Wades illegal contributions , Harriss campaign finance director and her campaign treasurer both resigned . On April 1 , 2006 Harriss top campaign advisor , pollster and campaign manager all resigned with a half-dozen other staffers . Republican pollster and consultant David Johnson said , Ive never seen staffers go like this . Its just imploding . In early April 2006 , Harris told the Tampa Tribune that some of her ex-campaign staffers and the national Republican party were deliberately sabotaging her campaign by putting knives in her back and had warned her that if she did not back out of the campaign , she would get an April surprise . Former campaign staffer Ed Rollins said They were all good professionals .. . There was no backstabbing . Its insulting that she would even say that . If she wants to know what went wrong with the campaign , maybe she needs to take a good look in the mirror . In June , the Harris campaign received a legal bill for thousands of dollars that contained a reference to DOJ subpoena . Later , an ex-aide told the Associated Press that Harris had received a grand jury subpoena from federal investigators , but kept it from her top advisers , prompting several staff members to quit when they found out . On June 8 , 2006 , Harriss fourth chief of staff , Fred Asbell , left in order to pursue a business opportunity . Asbell said hed greatly enjoyed his time with the campaign and he would remain in a consultant position . On July 12 , 2006 , Harriss campaign spokesman Chris Christopher Ingram left the campaign . The next day , Harris received resignations from Campaign Manager Glenn Hodas , Field Director Pat Thomas , Political Director Brian Brooks and Deputy Field Director John K . Byers , while Travel Aide Kyle Johnson and Field Director Mike Norris declined to leave , citing loyalty to Harris . Hodas cited Harriss tantrums and increasingly erratic behavior as his reasons for leaving . An anonymous campaign worker described Harris as very difficult to work with . The more that we put her out there , the more she shot herself in the foot . In late August , Harris lost another key staffer , Rhyan Metzler , in the wake of a disastrous political rally at Orlando Executive Airport . Only 40 people showed up for the event , and Harris blamed the paltry turnout in part on a last-minute change in location . She claimed that a tree fell on the hangar that was originally scheduled to hold the rally , forcing her campaign to switch to another hangar . Airport officials , however , stated that not only had no trees fallen , but also that there are no trees as they get in the way of the airplanes ; further adding that the event in fact took place in the hangar that Harriss campaign had originally booked . Harriss campaign blamed Metzler for the comments Harris made after the rally . On August 31 , 2006 , Harris was interviewed on Hardball with Chris Matthews , where she responded to the criticisms from her former staffers with We have their email traffic , we know what was behind all that , we know whos been paid and who isnt . Lack of Republican support . The Pensacola News Journal suggested that Harris might withdraw from the Senate race after winning a primary victory , thereby allowing the Republicans to nominate another candidate , such as Tom Gallagher , to run against Bill Nelson . In August , Katherine Harris touted political endorsements from fellow Republican lawmakers on her campaign web site . However , some of those cited claim that they never endorsed her . This conflict resulted in several Republican congressmen calling the Harris campaign to complain after the St . Petersburg Times notified them of the endorsements listed on Harriss Web site . A short time later , their names were removed without comment from Harriss Web site . Of Harriss three primary opponents , only Will McBride endorsed her candidacy for the general election . In the first few days after the primary , a number of Republican nominees such as Charlie Crist and Tom Lee went on a statewide unity tour with Gov . Bush . Harris was not invited ; Republicans said the tour was only for nominees to statewide offices . Harris claimed Bush would campaign with her sometime in the two months before the election , but the governors office denied this . President Bush did not make public appearances or private meetings with Harris before the primary . He did , however , appear with her at a fundraiser on September 21 in Tampa . When it came time for newspapers to make their op-ed endorsements , all 22 of Floridas major daily newspapers supported Senator Nelson . The only endorsement Harris received was from the Polk County Democrat , a newspaper in Bartow which publishes four days out of the week . Religious convictions . Harris was a headline speaker at the Coral Ridge Presbyterian Churchs Reclaiming America for Christ conference held in Ft . Lauderdale on March 17–18 , 2006 . The conference web site invited attendees to attend in order to reclaim this nation for Christ . The stated mission of ReclaimAmerica.org is To inform , equip , motivate , and support Christians ; enabling them to defend and implement the Biblical principles on which our country was founded . As part of her speech , Harris urged conferees to win back America for God . Her appearance was noted in a Rolling Stone article covering the conference . In an interview with the Florida Baptist Witness on August 24 , 2006 , Harris called for Christians to vote on religious lines . She said , Rep . Debbie Wasserman Schultz ( D-FL ) said she was disgusted by the comments and deeply disappointed in Representative Harris personally , adding clearly shows that she does not deserve to be a representative . Two of Harris primary opponents denounced her statements , Republican Will McBride ( an attorney and son of a pastor ) stated Im a Christian , and Im a Republican , and I dont share her views . There are people of other faiths and backgrounds of outstanding integrity who know how to tell the truth . Real estate developer Peter Monroe , another GOP primary opponent , called on her to quit the race and resign from Congress . He called her suggestion that non-Christian voters are ignorant of morality when voting as contemptible , arrogant and wicked . On August 26 , 2006 , Harriss campaign released a Statement of Clarification , that stated , In the interview , Harris was speaking to a Christian audience , addressing a common misperception that people of faith should not be actively involved in government . Addressing this Christian publication , Harris provided a statement that explains her deep grounding in Judeo-Christian values . The press release went on to mention her past support of Israel and quoted her Jewish campaign manager Bryan G . Rudnick , who stated As the grandson of Holocaust survivors , I know that she encourages people of all faiths to engage in government so that our country can continue to thrive on the principles set forth by our founding fathers , without malice towards anyone . At an appearance at an Orlando gun show that same day , she said it breaks my heart to think people understood her comments as bigoted . When asked if she thought the Founding Fathers intended the nation to have secular laws she replied , On October 3 , 2006 , Harris participated in a prayer service via phone call . In one instance , she called for the elimination of the separation of church and state when she said , Harris then went on and prayed for Jews to be converted to Christianity . Replacements in the 13th Congressional District . Vern Buchanan was the Republican nominee and Christine Jennings the Democratic nominee to replace Harris in the 2006 election . The race had been ranked as leaning Democratic by CQ Politics , but Buchanan scored a very narrow victory , winning the election by a few hundred votes . Political positions and voting record . Harris is a conservative on most issues . She is anti-abortion and has voted against embryonic stem cell research . She opposes oil-drilling in Floridas coastal waters . Harris supported reforming Social Security to include private accounts . She has voted in favor of granting legal status to fetuses via the Unborn Victims of Violence Act . She supports tax cuts and the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act , which restricts bankruptcy filings by consumers . Harris is also in favor of welfare reform , school vouchers , the Patriot Act , the Flag Desecration Amendment , the Federal Marriage Amendment , and the 2003 invasion of Iraq . In a televised debate with Nelson on November 1 , however , she repeatedly declined to say whether she would still support the Iraq War Resolution knowing that Iraq did not have weapons of mass destruction . In an earlier debate with Nelson , Harris was asked to comment on trade of arms with foreign nations and the potential threat of their acquisition by terrorist groups . Harris responded that we know we dont want to have arms going to the rogue nations like China . Later life . Harris has not been very active in public life since retiring from politics . In 2013 , her husband , Swedish-born businessman Anders Ebbeson , shot and killed himself in the Sarasota home they shared ; he had reportedly been suffering a serious illness . Three years later , she attended a reunion of former Florida legislators in Tallahassee , and in 2017 , after admitting shed become a near recluse since Ebbesons death , she married Texas banker Richard Ware . In popular culture . Katherine Harris was the subject of some skits on Saturday Night Live , in which she was played by Ana Gasteyer ; she was also portrayed by actress Laura Dern in the 2008 film Recount , for which Dern won a Golden Globe . Harris is also referenced in one of filmmaker Kevin Smiths monologues for the DVD . Harris was also satirically portrayed by comedian Janeane Garofalo as Senator Katherine Harris on the Internet talk radio and podcast show .
|
[
"United States House of Representatives"
] |
[
{
"text": " Katherine Harris ( born April 5 , 1957 ) is an American politician , elected in 1998 as Secretary of State of Florida and in 2002 to the United States House of Representatives from Florida . A Republican , Harris won the 2002 election to represent Floridas 13th congressional district , serving for two terms , from 2003 to 2007 . Harris lost her campaign in 2006 for a United States Senate seat from Florida .",
"title": "Katherine Harris"
},
{
"text": "In 1994 , Harris was noted for the most expensive campaign for the Florida Senate to date , winning her seat that year in her entry into electoral politics . In the 2000 presidential election , Harris gained national attention for her role in the Florida election recount , certifying George W . Bushs narrow victory ( 537 votes ) over Al Gore and awarding him the Florida electors , which gained him the national election .",
"title": "Katherine Harris"
},
{
"text": "Harris was born in Key West , Florida , to one of the states wealthiest and most politically influential families . She is the daughter of Harriet ( Griffin ) and George W . Harris , Jr. , who owned Citrus and Chemical Bank in Lakeland , Florida . Her maternal grandfather was Ben Hill Griffin , Jr. , a successful businessman in the citrus and cattle industries and a powerful figure in the state legislature . Shortly before his death in 1990 , he was ranked as the 261st richest American on the Forbes 400 list . Ben Hill",
"title": "Katherine Harris"
},
{
"text": "Griffin Stadium at the University of Florida is named for him .",
"title": "Katherine Harris"
},
{
"text": "Harris extended family has been active in Christian evangelism . Her grandfather was a Christian missionary in Africa , while her aunt and uncle were missionaries in India . They now head the Arab World Missions . Harris studied under Dr . Francis Schaeffer at a LAbri Fellowship International center . Harris attended Greystone , an all-girls Christian camp at Asheville , North Carolina . She has said her faith is the most important thing in my life . Harris has criticized the Presbyterian Church ( U.S.A. ) for being too liberal ; she was reared in the more conservative",
"title": "Katherine Harris"
},
{
"text": "Presbyterian Church in America . She attends Calvary Chapel , a non-denominational charismatic church in Sarasota , Florida .",
"title": "Katherine Harris"
},
{
"text": " Harris married Swedish businessman Sven Anders Axel Ebbeson in 1996 and has one stepdaughter , Louise . Sven Ebbeson committed suicide in November 2013 .",
"title": "Katherine Harris"
},
{
"text": " Harris graduated from Bartow High School in Bartow , Florida , in 1975 . She attended the University of Madrid in 1978 . Harris received a Bachelor of Arts degree in history from Agnes Scott College in Decatur , Georgia , in 1979 . She studied under Christian theologian Francis Schaeffer at the LAbri community in Huemoz , Switzerland , near Lausanne . While in college she worked as an intern for U.S . Representative Andy Ireland .",
"title": "Education and career"
},
{
"text": "Before entering politics , Harris worked as a marketing executive at IBM and a vice president of a commercial real estate firm .",
"title": "Education and career"
},
{
"text": " Harris earned a M.P.A . from Harvard Universitys John F . Kennedy School of Government in 1996 .",
"title": "Education and career"
},
{
"text": " Harris ran for the Florida Senate as a Republican in 1994 in one of the most expensive state races in Florida history to that time . Harriss political career was guided by Dan Berger , Adam Goodman , and Benjamin McKay , along with her campaign manager , David Lapides . Florida Senate and Riscorp .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Harris played a prominent role in introducing William Griffin ( with whom she had a close personal relationship ) , the CEO of Riscorp , to various Florida legislators . In the 1994 state senate election , Sarasota-based Riscorp , Inc . made illegal contributions totaling $400,000 to dozens of political candidates and committees , including $20,600 to the Harris campaign .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Two years later , in 1996 , Harris sponsored a bill to block Riscorp competitors from getting a greater share of Florida workers compensation market , [ and ] also pushed a proposal that would hurt a particular competitor . This issue later emerged during her campaign for Florida Secretary of State in 1998 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "William Griffin eventually pleaded guilty to illegal campaign donations , among allegations of other serious wrongdoing at Riscorp , and served prison time in 1998 . The election of Republican Jeb Bush as governor of Florida is considered to have been a major factor in stopping further state investigation into the Riscorp scandal . According to a Sun-Herald column from June 2005 , Harris denied any knowledge of the scheme , was never charged with any crime and was cleared of wrongdoing by a state investigator .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Harris was elected Florida Secretary of State in 1998 . She defeated then-incumbent Sandra Mortham in the Republican primary and won the general election against Democratic candidate , Karen Gievers , an attorney from Miami . A state constitutional change passed in the same year making the Secretary of State an appointed office made Harris the last person to be elected Secretary of State in Florida .",
"title": "Secretary of State"
},
{
"text": "Harris abruptly resigned in August 2002 while campaigning for Congress when it was discovered that she had violated Floridas resign to run , which stated ...No officer may qualify as a candidate for another public office , whether state , district , county or municipal , if the terms or any part thereof run concurrently with each other , without resigning from the office he or she presently holds . Since the start of her Congressional term ( January 3 , 2003 ) would overlap with the end of her term as Secretary of State ( January 7 , 2003",
"title": "Secretary of State"
},
{
"text": ") , she was required to submit a letter of recognition . The law allowed candidates to have the resignation be effective up until the term for the new office began . Since Harris failed to do so , she was required to resign immediately . Harris said the oversight was unintentional . She said that she thought because Florida voters had approved a constitutional amendment that made the position of Secretary of State an appointed office rather than an elected office , the law did not apply to her situation .",
"title": "Secretary of State"
},
{
"text": " During her first 22 months in office , Harris spent more than $106,000 for travel , more than the governor or any other cabinet officer . She visited eight countries on ten foreign trips .",
"title": "International travel"
},
{
"text": "In early 2001 , Florida Senate leaders eliminated the $3.4 million that Harris had budgeted for international relations for the year , assigning it instead to Enterprise Florida , the states economic development agency . However , Florida House Leader Tom Feeney said that he disagreed with the Senate and believed that Harris was an able advocate to foreign countries . After the House refused to agree with the proposed budget action , the Senate agreed to restore the money ; however , it insisted on a review committee , appointed by Senate President John McKay , Feeney , and",
"title": "International travel"
},
{
"text": "Governor Jeb Bush , to evaluate all of Harris expenditures on international affairs since July 1 , 1999 , and produce a report .",
"title": "International travel"
},
{
"text": " 2000 U.S . presidential election . As Secretary of State for the State of Florida ( and co-chair of George W . Bushs election efforts in Florida ) , Harris was a central figure in the 2000 US presidential election in Florida . She was involved in purging many individuals from the voter rolls , and the election between Al Gore and George W . Bush was so close in Florida , separated by 537 votes , that a recount of the votes was called for .",
"title": "International travel"
},
{
"text": "After several recounts were inconclusive , Harris halted the recounting process , arguing that the laws governing recounts were unclear . The official vote totals showed the Republican candidate , Texas Governor George W . Bush , as the winner of the statewide popular vote in Florida , and so Harris certified the Republican slate of electors . This victory in Florida would allow Bush to obtain a majority in the Electoral College and win the election . Her certification was upheld in the state circuit court , but subsequently overturned on appeal by the Florida Supreme Court .",
"title": "International travel"
},
{
"text": " The Florida Supreme Court decision was reversed by the U.S . Supreme Court in Bush v . Gore ( 2000 ) . In a per curiam decision , by a 7–2 vote , the Court held that the Florida Supreme Courts method for recounting ballots was a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . Furthermore , it held , by a 5–4 vote , that no alternative method for a recount could be established within the time limits set by the State of Florida .",
"title": "International travel"
},
{
"text": "This decision allowed Harris previous certification of Bush as the winner of Floridas electoral votes to stand . Floridas 25 electoral votes gave Bush , the Republican candidate , 271 electoral votes , thus defeating Gore , who ended up with 266 electoral votes ( with one D.C . elector abstaining ) .",
"title": "International travel"
},
{
"text": " Harris later published Center of the Storm , her memoir of the 2000 election controversy . It was later revealed that , unimpressed with her performance in the media spotlight of the recount , the Bush Campaign had assigned a staff member to her , essentially as a handler .",
"title": "International travel"
},
{
"text": " In 2002 , Harris ran against Sarasota Attorney Jan Schneider for the congressional district vacated by retiring Republican Rep . Dan Miller , winning by 10 percentage points in this solidly Republican district , a victory helped with one of the biggest first term campaign fund raising efforts in the history of this district and substantial support from the Bush family .",
"title": "United States Congresswoman"
},
{
"text": "Harris considered running for the seat of retiring Senator Bob Graham in 2004 but was reportedly dissuaded by the Bush White House to allow Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Mel Martinez to run instead . Martinez went on to narrowly beat challenger Betty Castor . Harris ran for re-election to her House seat in 2004 ; she was re-elected with a margin almost identical to her first win .",
"title": "United States Congresswoman"
},
{
"text": " In a 2004 speech in Venice , Florida , Harris claimed that a Middle Eastern man was arrested for attempting to blow up the power grid in Carmel , Indiana ; Carmel Mayor James Brainard and a spokesman for Indiana Gov . Joe Kernan said they had no knowledge of such a plot . Brainard said he had never spoken to Harris .",
"title": "United States Congresswoman"
},
{
"text": "During a 2004 campaign stop in Sarasota , a local resident , Barry Seltzer , tr [ ied ] to intimidate a group of Harris supporters by menacing Harris and her supporters with his automobile . Witnesses described Seltzer as having swerved off the road and onto the sidewalk , directing it at Harris and her supporters . Nobody was injured in the incident . Seltzer , who claimed he was exercising [ his ] political expression , was eventually arrested and charged with assault with a deadly weapon .",
"title": "United States Congresswoman"
},
{
"text": "In 2005 and 2006 , a major corporate campaign donor to Harris , Mitchell Wade ( founder of defense contractor MZM ) , was implicated in several bribery scandals . Wade had bundled together and donated to Harriss campaign $32,000 in contributions from his employees at MZM , Inc. , then reimbursed those employees for the contributions . Regarding this issue , U.S . Attorney Kenneth Wainstein said that Harris did not appear to know the donations were obtained illegally . Harris has maintained she had no personal knowledge that her campaign was given illegal contributions . Wade acknowledged that",
"title": "MZM incident"
},
{
"text": "the donations to the Harris campaign were illegal and were part of an attempt to influence Harris to MZMs benefit .",
"title": "MZM incident"
},
{
"text": "Documents filed with Wades plea say that he took Harris to dinner in March 2005 , a year after the illegal contributions , where they discussed the possibility of another fundraiser and the possibility of getting funding for a Navy counterintelligence program placed in Harriss district . Harris sent a letter on April 26 , 2005 , to defense appropriations subcommittee Chairman C . W . Bill Young , in which Harris sought $10 million for a Navy project backed by Wade . In the letter , Harris emphasized the importance of the project , asking that it be added",
"title": "MZM incident"
},
{
"text": "to her list of five priorities and identifying it as her new No . 3 . Harris later released the April 26 , 2005 , letter for legal scrutiny , but neither she nor Young would turn over the request form ( RFP ) used for the proposal .",
"title": "MZM incident"
},
{
"text": "CQPolitics noted Harriss former political strategist , Ed Rollins , spoke on the record about the dinner and detailed a meal that cost $2,800 , far in excess of the $50 limit on gifts that members of Congress are allowed to accept at the Washington restaurant Citronelle . Wade and Harris discussed MZMs desire for a $10 million appropriation , and Wade offered to host a fundraiser for Harriss 2006 Senate campaign . Regarding the MZM contributions , the Sentinel article goes on to say The Justice Department has said Wade , who personally handed many of the checks to",
"title": "MZM incident"
},
{
"text": "Harris , did not tell Harris the contributions were illegal . Regarding the expensive meal , the article quotes Harris as saying that she personally had only a beverage and appetizer worth less than $100 .",
"title": "MZM incident"
},
{
"text": "Rollins said that he had conducted a thorough internal investigation into Harriss ties to MZM in hopes of finding conclusive proof of her innocence ; but when he could not , he and other advisers , including her lawyer , urged her to drop her candidacy rather than risk federal corruption charges . Although he did not believe Harris intentionally broke any laws , her story kept changing . Our great concern was that you get into trouble when you dont tell the same story twice .. . Maybe you dont think you did anything wrong , but then maybe",
"title": "MZM incident"
},
{
"text": "you start getting questioned about it and so forth , and you may perjure yourself . .. . Unlike Cunningham , I dont think she set out to violate the law , but I think she was very careless . She heard whatever she wanted to hear , but we could find no evidence whatsoever that this was a project going into her district .",
"title": "MZM incident"
},
{
"text": "Although Rollins recalled discussing the $2,800 meal with Harris , Harris told the Orlando Sentinel on April 19 , 2006 , that the cost of the meal was news to me , and that her campaign had since reimbursed the restaurant for the cost of the meal . According to the reporter , when questioned as to why she would reimburse the restaurant for a meal that had been paid for by MZM , Harris abruptly terminated the interview , and her spokesman later called and requested unsuccessfully that the story not be printed . The next day , Harriss",
"title": "MZM incident"
},
{
"text": "campaign issued a statement that she had believed her campaign had reimbursed the restaurant , and that she had donated $100 which will more than adequately compensate for the cost of my beverage and appetizer . Harris also asserted that most of the cost of the meal was from Wade ordering several unopened bottles of wine to take home , although the management of the restaurant denies ever allowing anyone to take unopened bottles of wine off the premises , saying Why would we jeopardize our liquor license for the sake of selling a couple bottles of wine ?",
"title": "MZM incident"
},
{
"text": "In the weeks following the expensive meal , former senior Harris staffers claimed that they initially rejected a defense contractors $10 million appropriation request last year but reversed course after being instructed by Harris to approve it . In May 2006 , Harriss campaign spokesman Christopher Ingram acknowledged that she had also had a previous dinner with Wade in the same restaurant in March 2004 , when the $32,000 in illegal donations had been given to her campaign . Ingram told the press that he did not know how much that meal cost , but that a charitable donation of",
"title": "MZM incident"
},
{
"text": "an unknown amount had been given to a charity whose name he did not know , equivalent to her share of the meal . She takes responsibility for the oversight that there was no reimbursement , he said .",
"title": "MZM incident"
},
{
"text": "Mona Tate Yost , an aide to Harris , left to work for MZM during the time Wade was pressing Harris to secure federal funding ( April or May 2005 ) . On July 17 , 2006 , Ed Rollins confirmed that Justice Department lawyers and FBI agents had recently questioned her about the $32,000 in donations . Rollins noted : I assume more [ interviews ] will be coming , though . They were very serious . On September 7 , 2006 , Federal investigators questioned Jim Dornan , who quit as Harriss campaign manager the previous November .",
"title": "MZM incident"
},
{
"text": " On June 7 , 2005 , with support from her new campaign advisors of Ed Rollins and Jim Dornan , Harris announced her candidacy for the 2006 Florida United States Senate election , challenging Democratic incumbent Bill Nelson . Both lackluster fundraising relative to Nelson and controversy over campaign contributions from MZM caused Harris to fall far behind in all polls by May 2006 .",
"title": "Overview"
},
{
"text": "Late in the primary race , Republican contender Will McBride polled 31 points behind Nelson in a hypothetical election against him , while Harris polled 33 points behind Nelson in the same poll . Harris was still popular among Republican voters and won the September 5 primary over McBride and two other challengers with approximately 50% of the total vote .",
"title": "Overview"
},
{
"text": " Despite Harriss support of many Republican causes and her previous statewide victories , some party leaders expressed doubt about her statewide appeal : - In May 2006 , Florida Governor Jeb Bush questioned Harriss ability to win the general election and encouraged others to challenge her in the primary . - Karl Rove expressed doubts about her statewide appeal . - National Republicans openly criticized her campaign and tried to convince other GOP candidates to challenge Harris in the primary .",
"title": "Overview"
},
{
"text": "- Florida state House of Representatives Speaker Allan Bense declined the candidacy on May 11 despite public courting by many leaders including Governor Bush .",
"title": "Overview"
},
{
"text": " - Conservative pundit and former Republican Congressman Joe Scarborough was also unsuccessfully recruited to enter the race . Departing Harris aides claim that Harris called potential Scarborough supporters and raised the death of an aide in order to prevent his entry into the race . Scarborough later told Nelson that drawing Harris as an opponent in the race made him the luckiest man in Washington .",
"title": "Overview"
},
{
"text": "By late July 2006 , Harris had gone through three campaign managers and her campaign was floundering . At that time , it was disclosed that state Republican Party leaders had told Harris they would not support her because she could not win in the general election .",
"title": "Overview"
},
{
"text": " Financial problems plagued Harris Senate campaign from the start . During the primary , it was clear that the incumbent Senator Nelson had a substantial financial advantage . On the March 15 , 2006 , edition of Fox News Channels Hannity & Colmes , Harris pledged to spend $10 million of her own money , which she said was all of her inheritance , on her campaign . She also stated that her run was dedicated to the memory of her father .",
"title": "Overview"
},
{
"text": "Despite her promise , the $10 million never materialized . Reports surfaced that Harris would not actually receive the inheritance from her father , who instead left his entire estate to her mother . She donated $3 million to her campaign , but later took back $100,000 , fueling speculation that she would be unable to donate the promised amount .",
"title": "Overview"
},
{
"text": " In October , Harris announced that she was trying to sell her house in Washington to raise money for her campaign , but the home was not publicly listed for sale and no sale was ever announced . Nelson defeated Harris by more than one million votes . Harris received less than 39% of the vote .",
"title": "Overview"
},
{
"text": " In late February 2006 , in the midst of revelations surrounding Mitchell Wades illegal contributions , Harriss campaign finance director and her campaign treasurer both resigned . On April 1 , 2006 Harriss top campaign advisor , pollster and campaign manager all resigned with a half-dozen other staffers . Republican pollster and consultant David Johnson said , Ive never seen staffers go like this . Its just imploding .",
"title": "Staff resignations"
},
{
"text": "In early April 2006 , Harris told the Tampa Tribune that some of her ex-campaign staffers and the national Republican party were deliberately sabotaging her campaign by putting knives in her back and had warned her that if she did not back out of the campaign , she would get an April surprise . Former campaign staffer Ed Rollins said They were all good professionals .. . There was no backstabbing . Its insulting that she would even say that . If she wants to know what went wrong with the campaign , maybe she needs to take a good",
"title": "Staff resignations"
},
{
"text": "look in the mirror .",
"title": "Staff resignations"
},
{
"text": "In June , the Harris campaign received a legal bill for thousands of dollars that contained a reference to DOJ subpoena . Later , an ex-aide told the Associated Press that Harris had received a grand jury subpoena from federal investigators , but kept it from her top advisers , prompting several staff members to quit when they found out . On June 8 , 2006 , Harriss fourth chief of staff , Fred Asbell , left in order to pursue a business opportunity . Asbell said hed greatly enjoyed his time with the campaign and he would remain in",
"title": "Staff resignations"
},
{
"text": "a consultant position . On July 12 , 2006 , Harriss campaign spokesman Chris Christopher Ingram left the campaign . The next day , Harris received resignations from Campaign Manager Glenn Hodas , Field Director Pat Thomas , Political Director Brian Brooks and Deputy Field Director John K . Byers , while Travel Aide Kyle Johnson and Field Director Mike Norris declined to leave , citing loyalty to Harris . Hodas cited Harriss tantrums and increasingly erratic behavior as his reasons for leaving . An anonymous campaign worker described Harris as very difficult to work with . The more that",
"title": "Staff resignations"
},
{
"text": "we put her out there , the more she shot herself in the foot .",
"title": "Staff resignations"
},
{
"text": "In late August , Harris lost another key staffer , Rhyan Metzler , in the wake of a disastrous political rally at Orlando Executive Airport . Only 40 people showed up for the event , and Harris blamed the paltry turnout in part on a last-minute change in location . She claimed that a tree fell on the hangar that was originally scheduled to hold the rally , forcing her campaign to switch to another hangar . Airport officials , however , stated that not only had no trees fallen , but also that there are no trees as they",
"title": "Staff resignations"
},
{
"text": "get in the way of the airplanes ; further adding that the event in fact took place in the hangar that Harriss campaign had originally booked . Harriss campaign blamed Metzler for the comments Harris made after the rally . On August 31 , 2006 , Harris was interviewed on Hardball with Chris Matthews , where she responded to the criticisms from her former staffers with We have their email traffic , we know what was behind all that , we know whos been paid and who isnt .",
"title": "Staff resignations"
},
{
"text": " Lack of Republican support . The Pensacola News Journal suggested that Harris might withdraw from the Senate race after winning a primary victory , thereby allowing the Republicans to nominate another candidate , such as Tom Gallagher , to run against Bill Nelson .",
"title": "Staff resignations"
},
{
"text": "In August , Katherine Harris touted political endorsements from fellow Republican lawmakers on her campaign web site . However , some of those cited claim that they never endorsed her . This conflict resulted in several Republican congressmen calling the Harris campaign to complain after the St . Petersburg Times notified them of the endorsements listed on Harriss Web site . A short time later , their names were removed without comment from Harriss Web site .",
"title": "Staff resignations"
},
{
"text": " Of Harriss three primary opponents , only Will McBride endorsed her candidacy for the general election . In the first few days after the primary , a number of Republican nominees such as Charlie Crist and Tom Lee went on a statewide unity tour with Gov . Bush . Harris was not invited ; Republicans said the tour was only for nominees to statewide offices . Harris claimed Bush would campaign with her sometime in the two months before the election , but the governors office denied this .",
"title": "Staff resignations"
},
{
"text": "President Bush did not make public appearances or private meetings with Harris before the primary . He did , however , appear with her at a fundraiser on September 21 in Tampa .",
"title": "Staff resignations"
},
{
"text": " When it came time for newspapers to make their op-ed endorsements , all 22 of Floridas major daily newspapers supported Senator Nelson . The only endorsement Harris received was from the Polk County Democrat , a newspaper in Bartow which publishes four days out of the week .",
"title": "Staff resignations"
},
{
"text": "Harris was a headline speaker at the Coral Ridge Presbyterian Churchs Reclaiming America for Christ conference held in Ft . Lauderdale on March 17–18 , 2006 . The conference web site invited attendees to attend in order to reclaim this nation for Christ . The stated mission of ReclaimAmerica.org is To inform , equip , motivate , and support Christians ; enabling them to defend and implement the Biblical principles on which our country was founded . As part of her speech , Harris urged conferees to win back America for God . Her appearance was noted in a Rolling",
"title": "Religious convictions"
},
{
"text": "Stone article covering the conference .",
"title": "Religious convictions"
},
{
"text": " In an interview with the Florida Baptist Witness on August 24 , 2006 , Harris called for Christians to vote on religious lines . She said ,",
"title": "Religious convictions"
},
{
"text": "Rep . Debbie Wasserman Schultz ( D-FL ) said she was disgusted by the comments and deeply disappointed in Representative Harris personally , adding clearly shows that she does not deserve to be a representative . Two of Harris primary opponents denounced her statements , Republican Will McBride ( an attorney and son of a pastor ) stated Im a Christian , and Im a Republican , and I dont share her views . There are people of other faiths and backgrounds of outstanding integrity who know how to tell the truth . Real estate developer Peter Monroe , another",
"title": "Religious convictions"
},
{
"text": "GOP primary opponent , called on her to quit the race and resign from Congress . He called her suggestion that non-Christian voters are ignorant of morality when voting as contemptible , arrogant and wicked .",
"title": "Religious convictions"
},
{
"text": "On August 26 , 2006 , Harriss campaign released a Statement of Clarification , that stated , In the interview , Harris was speaking to a Christian audience , addressing a common misperception that people of faith should not be actively involved in government . Addressing this Christian publication , Harris provided a statement that explains her deep grounding in Judeo-Christian values . The press release went on to mention her past support of Israel and quoted her Jewish campaign manager Bryan G . Rudnick , who stated As the grandson of Holocaust survivors , I know that she encourages",
"title": "Religious convictions"
},
{
"text": "people of all faiths to engage in government so that our country can continue to thrive on the principles set forth by our founding fathers , without malice towards anyone . At an appearance at an Orlando gun show that same day , she said it breaks my heart to think people understood her comments as bigoted . When asked if she thought the Founding Fathers intended the nation to have secular laws she replied ,",
"title": "Religious convictions"
},
{
"text": " On October 3 , 2006 , Harris participated in a prayer service via phone call . In one instance , she called for the elimination of the separation of church and state when she said , Harris then went on and prayed for Jews to be converted to Christianity . Replacements in the 13th Congressional District .",
"title": "Religious convictions"
},
{
"text": "Vern Buchanan was the Republican nominee and Christine Jennings the Democratic nominee to replace Harris in the 2006 election . The race had been ranked as leaning Democratic by CQ Politics , but Buchanan scored a very narrow victory , winning the election by a few hundred votes .",
"title": "Religious convictions"
},
{
"text": "Harris is a conservative on most issues . She is anti-abortion and has voted against embryonic stem cell research . She opposes oil-drilling in Floridas coastal waters . Harris supported reforming Social Security to include private accounts . She has voted in favor of granting legal status to fetuses via the Unborn Victims of Violence Act . She supports tax cuts and the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act , which restricts bankruptcy filings by consumers . Harris is also in favor of welfare reform , school vouchers , the Patriot Act , the Flag Desecration Amendment , the",
"title": "Religious convictions"
},
{
"text": "Federal Marriage Amendment , and the 2003 invasion of Iraq . In a televised debate with Nelson on November 1 , however , she repeatedly declined to say whether she would still support the Iraq War Resolution knowing that Iraq did not have weapons of mass destruction . In an earlier debate with Nelson , Harris was asked to comment on trade of arms with foreign nations and the potential threat of their acquisition by terrorist groups . Harris responded that we know we dont want to have arms going to the rogue nations like China .",
"title": "Religious convictions"
},
{
"text": " Harris has not been very active in public life since retiring from politics . In 2013 , her husband , Swedish-born businessman Anders Ebbeson , shot and killed himself in the Sarasota home they shared ; he had reportedly been suffering a serious illness . Three years later , she attended a reunion of former Florida legislators in Tallahassee , and in 2017 , after admitting shed become a near recluse since Ebbesons death , she married Texas banker Richard Ware .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " Katherine Harris was the subject of some skits on Saturday Night Live , in which she was played by Ana Gasteyer ; she was also portrayed by actress Laura Dern in the 2008 film Recount , for which Dern won a Golden Globe . Harris is also referenced in one of filmmaker Kevin Smiths monologues for the DVD . Harris was also satirically portrayed by comedian Janeane Garofalo as Senator Katherine Harris on the Internet talk radio and podcast show .",
"title": "In popular culture"
}
] |
/wiki/Joseph_Stella#P551#0
|
Where did Joseph Stella live in late 1870s?
|
Joseph Stella Joseph Stella ( born Giuseppe Michele Stella , June 13 , 1877 – November 5 , 1946 ) was an Italian-born American Futurist painter best known for his depictions of industrial America , especially his images of the Brooklyn Bridge . He is also associated with the American Precisionist movement of the 1910s–1940s . Biography and career . Stella was born to a middle-class family in Italy , in Muro Lucano , a village in the province of Potenza . His grandfather Antonio and his father Michele were attorneys , but he came to New York City in 1896 to study medicine , following in the foot steps of his older brother Doctor Antonio Stella . However , he quickly abandoned his medical studies and turned instead to art , studying at the Art Students League and the New York School of Art under William Merritt Chase . His first paintings were Rembrandtesque depictions of city slum life . A remarkable draftsman , he made drawings throughout the various phases of his career , beginning as an academic realist with a particular interest in immigrant and ethnic life . From 1905 to 1909 , he worked as an illustrator , publishing his realist drawings in magazines . He prowled the streets , sketch pad and pencil in hand , alert to catch the pose of the moment , the detail of costume or manner that told the story of a life . In 1908 , he was commissioned for a series on industrial Pittsburgh , later published in The Pittsburgh Survey . Stella returned to Italy in 1909 . He was unhappy with America , writing that he longed to be back in his native land after an enforced stay among enemies , in a black funereal land over which weighed .. . the curse of a merciless climate . It was a well-timed decision . His return to Europe led to his first extensive contact with Modernism which would ultimately mold his distinctive personal style , notable for its strong color and sweeping and dynamic lines . By 1911 , he had departed Italy , where the omnipresence of the Renaissance presented its own kind of obstacle for contemporary painters , and relocated to Paris . When he arrived , Fauvism , Cubism , and Futurism were in full swing , he wrote , and [ there ] was in the air the glamor of a battle . It was the right place to be , at just the right time , for a man of Stellas curiosity , openness to new trends , and ambition . In Paris , Stella attended the salon of Gertrude Stein , where he met many other painters . [ Stein ] found the big and boisterous painter rather like [ her friend , the poet ] Apollinaire ; they both had a fund of sarcastic wit that was frequently turned on their hosts . Stellas view of his hostess was indeed sarcastic : she sat , he wrote , enthroned on a sofa in the middle of the room , surrounded by her Cézannes and Picassos , with the forceful solemnity of a pythoness or a sibyl .. . in a high and distant pose . Having met Umberto Boccioni and befriended Gino Severini in Europe , he became associated with the Italian Futurists and began to incorporate Futurist principles into his art , though he was also interested in the structural experiments of the Cubists and the dynamic color of the Fauves . Returning to New York in 1913 , he was prepared to give the United States a second try . It was a decision he did not regret , although , as art historian Wanda Corn noted , his culture shock never abated . He became a part of the Alfred Stieglitz and the Walter Arensberg circles in Manhattan and enjoyed close relationships with fellow expatriates Albert Gleizes and leader of the New York Dada movement Marcel Duchamp ( Stella and Arensberg accompanied Duchamp to the plumbing supply store in 1917 to purchase the infamous urinal. ) . As a result of these associations , he had almost as many opportunities as he had known in Europe to be among kindred spirits and to see advanced new art . In 1913–14 , he painted Battle of Lights , Coney Island , one of the earliest and greatest American Futurist works . The legendary Armory Show of 1913 , in which he participated , provided him with greater impetus to experiment with modernist styles . Der Rosenkavalier ( 1914 ) and Spring ( The Procession – A Chromatic Sensation ) ( 1914–16 ) are vigorous color abstractions . With the Armory Show , Stella also became a much-talked-about figure in the New York art world , an object of virulent attacks from conservative critics who found Modernism threatening and inexplicable and an object of fascination to younger , more adventurous artists . In the view of art historian Sam Hunter , Among the modern paintings at the Armory Show , Duchamps Nude Descending a Staircase , Picabias Procession at Seville , and Stellas Futurist Battle of Lights , Coney Island came to exert the most seminal influence on American painters . A friend noted that the painting caused a general sensation , an artistic upheaval as sudden and unexpected as it was universal [ in avant-garde circles ] . Collector and art educator Katherine Dreier included Stella among those artists whose work she sought to promote under the auspices of her Societe Anonyme , New Yorks first museum dedicated exclusively to advanced contemporary art , which opened its doors in 1920 . In New York during the 1920s , Stella became fascinated with the geometric quality of the architecture of Lower Manhattan . In these works he further assimilated elements of Cubism and Futurism . In Brooklyn Bridge ( 1919–20 ) , he shows his fascination with the sweeping lines of the Roeblings bridge , a motif he used several years before poet Hart Crane turned to this structure as a symbol of modernity . Stellas depictions of the bridge feature the diagonal cables that sweep downward forcefully , providing directional energy . While these dynamic renderings suggest the excitement and motion of modern life , in Stellas hands , the image of the bridge also becomes a powerful icon of stability and solidarity . Among his other well-known paintings is New York Interpreted ( The Voice of the City ) ( 1922 ) , a five-paneled work ( almost twenty-three feet long and over eight feet high ) patterned after a religious altarpiece , but depicting bridges and skyscrapers instead of saints . This work reflects the belief , common at the time , that industry was displacing religion as the center of modern life . The painting is in the collection of the Newark Museum . At a time when virtually all modernists tried their hand at representing the city , Wanda Corn has written , Stellas painting is the summa . In the 1930s , Stella worked on the Federal Art Project and later traveled to Europe , North Africa , and the West Indies , locations that inspired him to work in various modes . He restlessly moved from one style to the next , from realism to abstraction to surrealism . He executed abstract city themes , religious images , botanical and nature studies , erotic and steamy Caribbean landscapes , and colorful still lifes of vegetables , fruits , and flowers . Stellas works from his post-Armory Show period , however , were problematic for the cultivation of a sustained career . Once he had ceased painting in a Futurist or quasi-Cubist mode and had finished with his period of Precisionist factory images ( circa 1920 ) , he was not aligned with any particular movement . His concerns , as well as his approach to painting , became less timely , more personal and idiosyncratic . Tree of My Life ( 1919 ) , like many later Stella works , is baroque and operatic , a garden scene out of Bosch , and his figure studies ( usually female , often Madonna-like ) are decoratively , extravagantly embellished . His numerous floral works border on the surreal but , in their lushness and excess , could not accurately be characterized as a part of the Surrealist movement . Critic Lewis Mumford called him a puzzling painter at that point , commenting , I have seen the fissure between his realism and his fantasy widen into an abyss . Stellas strong draftsmanship is evident in the many different kinds of images he created throughout his life . He is especially respected today for his portraits on paper drawn in silverpoint , or silverpoint and oil , most from the 1920s . His renderings of Walt Whitman , Marcel Duchamp , the artist Louis Eilshemius , and his friend , the composer Edgar Varese , are works of exceptional sensitivity to line , facial detail , and the intellectual aura of the sitter . A lesser-known aspect of Stellas work is the collages he made in the 1920s , consisting of scraps of discarded paper , wrappers ( some with the commercial logo or label still visible ) , and other bits of urban debris , often slashed with brush strokes of paint . Though Stella was attracted to the grandiose , mechanized aspects of the city , [ he ] was also drawn to its anonymous , unnoticed discards...the detritus of human existence . These are works in the spirit of the German collage artist Kurt Schwitters and the anti-high art ethos of the Dada movement , which always interested Stella . By the late 1930s , Stellas work attracted considerably less attention than it had in previous decades . His truculent personality had alienated many old friends , and his style no longer spoke to the times . Stellas health and critical fortunes sank in [ the years prior to World War II ] . Emotionally cut off from the New York art world , even his retrospective at the Newark Museum in 1939 failed to reestablish him . Though successful as a presentation , the show was less enthusiastically reviewed than Stella had anticipated , and he later complained of not being able to induce anyone living in New York City to see it . Diagnosed with heart disease in the early 1940s and subject to increasing periods of morbid anxiety , he succumbed to heart failure in 1946 . He is interred in a mausoleum at Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx , New York City . Major works in public collections . - Pittsburg Factory Scene ( 1908–1918 ) : Minneapolis Institute of Art , Minneapolis - Battle of Lights , Coney Island , Mardi Gras ( 1913–14 ) : Yale University Art Gallery - Battle of Lights , Coney Island ( 1913–14 ) : Sheldon Museum of Art , University of Nebraska–Lincoln - Der Rosenkavalier ( 1914 ) : Whitney Museum of American Art - Pyrotechnic Fires ( 1919 ) : Museum of Fine Arts Houston - Brooklyn Bridge ( 1919–20 ) : Yale University Art Gallery - New York Interpreted ( The Voice of the City ) ( 1920–22 ) : Newark Museum - Factories ( 1920 ) : Museum of Modern Art - By-Product Plants ( 1923–26 ) : Chicago Art Institute - The Amazon ( 1925–26 ) : Baltimore Museum of Art - The Virgin ( 1926 ) : Brooklyn Museum - Tree , Cactus , Moon ( 1927–28 ) : Reynolda House Museum , North Carolina - American Landscape ( 1929 ) : Walker Art Center - Lotus ( 1929 ) : Hirshhorn Museum - Flowers , Italy ( 1930 ) : Phoenix Art Museum - Smoke Stacks ( 1935 ) : Indiana State University Art Collection - Old Brooklyn Bridge ( 1941 ) : Museum of Fine Arts , Boston Art market . On 13 November 2018 a painting by Stella titled Tree of My Life ( 1919 ) sold at Christies New York for US$5,937,500 ; a world record for a work by Stella at public auction . Sources . - Sullivan Goss , Joseph Stella - Brown , Milton . American Painting from the Armory Show to the Depression . Princeton : Princeton University Press , 1955 . - Corn , Wanda . An Italian in New York ( pp . 135–190 ) in Corn , The Great American Thing : Modern Art and National Identity , 1915–1935 . Berkeley : University of California Press , 1999 . - Davidson , Abraham A . Early American Modernist Painting , 1910–1935 . New York : DaCapo , 1994 edition . - Haskell , Barbara . Joseph Stella . New York : Whitney Museum of American Art ( exhibition catalogue ) , 1994 . - Hughes , Robert . American Visions : The Epic History of Art in America . New York : Knopf , 1997 . - Hunter , Sam . Modern American Painting and Sculpture . New York : Dell , 1959 . - Jaffe , Irma . Joseph Stella . New York : Fordham University Press , 1988 edition . - Salvatore Pagliuca Antonio Stella , medico e filantropo , a New York , Basilicata Regione External links . - Pittsburgh Portraits by Joseph Stella : Menu of Portraits , Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh - AskArt page for Joseph Stella - Flowers , Italy ( 1931 ) Phoenix Art Museum
|
[
"Muro Lucano"
] |
[
{
"text": " Joseph Stella ( born Giuseppe Michele Stella , June 13 , 1877 – November 5 , 1946 ) was an Italian-born American Futurist painter best known for his depictions of industrial America , especially his images of the Brooklyn Bridge . He is also associated with the American Precisionist movement of the 1910s–1940s .",
"title": "Joseph Stella"
},
{
"text": "Stella was born to a middle-class family in Italy , in Muro Lucano , a village in the province of Potenza . His grandfather Antonio and his father Michele were attorneys , but he came to New York City in 1896 to study medicine , following in the foot steps of his older brother Doctor Antonio Stella . However , he quickly abandoned his medical studies and turned instead to art , studying at the Art Students League and the New York School of Art under William Merritt Chase . His first paintings were Rembrandtesque depictions of city slum life",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": ". A remarkable draftsman , he made drawings throughout the various phases of his career , beginning as an academic realist with a particular interest in immigrant and ethnic life . From 1905 to 1909 , he worked as an illustrator , publishing his realist drawings in magazines . He prowled the streets , sketch pad and pencil in hand , alert to catch the pose of the moment , the detail of costume or manner that told the story of a life . In 1908 , he was commissioned for a series on industrial Pittsburgh , later published in",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "The Pittsburgh Survey .",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "Stella returned to Italy in 1909 . He was unhappy with America , writing that he longed to be back in his native land after an enforced stay among enemies , in a black funereal land over which weighed .. . the curse of a merciless climate . It was a well-timed decision . His return to Europe led to his first extensive contact with Modernism which would ultimately mold his distinctive personal style , notable for its strong color and sweeping and dynamic lines . By 1911 , he had departed Italy , where the omnipresence of the Renaissance",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "presented its own kind of obstacle for contemporary painters , and relocated to Paris . When he arrived , Fauvism , Cubism , and Futurism were in full swing , he wrote , and [ there ] was in the air the glamor of a battle . It was the right place to be , at just the right time , for a man of Stellas curiosity , openness to new trends , and ambition .",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "In Paris , Stella attended the salon of Gertrude Stein , where he met many other painters . [ Stein ] found the big and boisterous painter rather like [ her friend , the poet ] Apollinaire ; they both had a fund of sarcastic wit that was frequently turned on their hosts . Stellas view of his hostess was indeed sarcastic : she sat , he wrote , enthroned on a sofa in the middle of the room , surrounded by her Cézannes and Picassos , with the forceful solemnity of a pythoness or a sibyl .. . in",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "a high and distant pose .",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "Having met Umberto Boccioni and befriended Gino Severini in Europe , he became associated with the Italian Futurists and began to incorporate Futurist principles into his art , though he was also interested in the structural experiments of the Cubists and the dynamic color of the Fauves . Returning to New York in 1913 , he was prepared to give the United States a second try . It was a decision he did not regret , although , as art historian Wanda Corn noted , his culture shock never abated . He became a part of the Alfred Stieglitz and",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "the Walter Arensberg circles in Manhattan and enjoyed close relationships with fellow expatriates Albert Gleizes and leader of the New York Dada movement Marcel Duchamp ( Stella and Arensberg accompanied Duchamp to the plumbing supply store in 1917 to purchase the infamous urinal. ) . As a result of these associations , he had almost as many opportunities as he had known in Europe to be among kindred spirits and to see advanced new art . In 1913–14 , he painted Battle of Lights , Coney Island , one of the earliest and greatest American Futurist works . The legendary",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "Armory Show of 1913 , in which he participated , provided him with greater impetus to experiment with modernist styles . Der Rosenkavalier ( 1914 ) and Spring ( The Procession – A Chromatic Sensation ) ( 1914–16 ) are vigorous color abstractions .",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "With the Armory Show , Stella also became a much-talked-about figure in the New York art world , an object of virulent attacks from conservative critics who found Modernism threatening and inexplicable and an object of fascination to younger , more adventurous artists . In the view of art historian Sam Hunter , Among the modern paintings at the Armory Show , Duchamps Nude Descending a Staircase , Picabias Procession at Seville , and Stellas Futurist Battle of Lights , Coney Island came to exert the most seminal influence on American painters . A friend noted that the painting caused",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "a general sensation , an artistic upheaval as sudden and unexpected as it was universal [ in avant-garde circles ] . Collector and art educator Katherine Dreier included Stella among those artists whose work she sought to promote under the auspices of her Societe Anonyme , New Yorks first museum dedicated exclusively to advanced contemporary art , which opened its doors in 1920 .",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "In New York during the 1920s , Stella became fascinated with the geometric quality of the architecture of Lower Manhattan . In these works he further assimilated elements of Cubism and Futurism . In Brooklyn Bridge ( 1919–20 ) , he shows his fascination with the sweeping lines of the Roeblings bridge , a motif he used several years before poet Hart Crane turned to this structure as a symbol of modernity . Stellas depictions of the bridge feature the diagonal cables that sweep downward forcefully , providing directional energy . While these dynamic renderings suggest the excitement and motion",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "of modern life , in Stellas hands , the image of the bridge also becomes a powerful icon of stability and solidarity . Among his other well-known paintings is New York Interpreted ( The Voice of the City ) ( 1922 ) , a five-paneled work ( almost twenty-three feet long and over eight feet high ) patterned after a religious altarpiece , but depicting bridges and skyscrapers instead of saints . This work reflects the belief , common at the time , that industry was displacing religion as the center of modern life . The painting is in the",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "collection of the Newark Museum . At a time when virtually all modernists tried their hand at representing the city , Wanda Corn has written , Stellas painting is the summa .",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": " In the 1930s , Stella worked on the Federal Art Project and later traveled to Europe , North Africa , and the West Indies , locations that inspired him to work in various modes . He restlessly moved from one style to the next , from realism to abstraction to surrealism . He executed abstract city themes , religious images , botanical and nature studies , erotic and steamy Caribbean landscapes , and colorful still lifes of vegetables , fruits , and flowers .",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "Stellas works from his post-Armory Show period , however , were problematic for the cultivation of a sustained career . Once he had ceased painting in a Futurist or quasi-Cubist mode and had finished with his period of Precisionist factory images ( circa 1920 ) , he was not aligned with any particular movement . His concerns , as well as his approach to painting , became less timely , more personal and idiosyncratic . Tree of My Life ( 1919 ) , like many later Stella works , is baroque and operatic , a garden scene out of Bosch",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": ", and his figure studies ( usually female , often Madonna-like ) are decoratively , extravagantly embellished . His numerous floral works border on the surreal but , in their lushness and excess , could not accurately be characterized as a part of the Surrealist movement . Critic Lewis Mumford called him a puzzling painter at that point , commenting , I have seen the fissure between his realism and his fantasy widen into an abyss .",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": " Stellas strong draftsmanship is evident in the many different kinds of images he created throughout his life . He is especially respected today for his portraits on paper drawn in silverpoint , or silverpoint and oil , most from the 1920s . His renderings of Walt Whitman , Marcel Duchamp , the artist Louis Eilshemius , and his friend , the composer Edgar Varese , are works of exceptional sensitivity to line , facial detail , and the intellectual aura of the sitter .",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "A lesser-known aspect of Stellas work is the collages he made in the 1920s , consisting of scraps of discarded paper , wrappers ( some with the commercial logo or label still visible ) , and other bits of urban debris , often slashed with brush strokes of paint . Though Stella was attracted to the grandiose , mechanized aspects of the city , [ he ] was also drawn to its anonymous , unnoticed discards...the detritus of human existence . These are works in the spirit of the German collage artist Kurt Schwitters and the anti-high art ethos of",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "the Dada movement , which always interested Stella .",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "By the late 1930s , Stellas work attracted considerably less attention than it had in previous decades . His truculent personality had alienated many old friends , and his style no longer spoke to the times . Stellas health and critical fortunes sank in [ the years prior to World War II ] . Emotionally cut off from the New York art world , even his retrospective at the Newark Museum in 1939 failed to reestablish him . Though successful as a presentation , the show was less enthusiastically reviewed than Stella had anticipated , and he later complained of",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "not being able to induce anyone living in New York City to see it . Diagnosed with heart disease in the early 1940s and subject to increasing periods of morbid anxiety , he succumbed to heart failure in 1946 . He is interred in a mausoleum at Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx , New York City .",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": " Major works in public collections . - Pittsburg Factory Scene ( 1908–1918 ) : Minneapolis Institute of Art , Minneapolis - Battle of Lights , Coney Island , Mardi Gras ( 1913–14 ) : Yale University Art Gallery - Battle of Lights , Coney Island ( 1913–14 ) : Sheldon Museum of Art , University of Nebraska–Lincoln - Der Rosenkavalier ( 1914 ) : Whitney Museum of American Art - Pyrotechnic Fires ( 1919 ) : Museum of Fine Arts Houston - Brooklyn Bridge ( 1919–20 ) : Yale University Art Gallery",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "- New York Interpreted ( The Voice of the City ) ( 1920–22 ) : Newark Museum",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": " - Factories ( 1920 ) : Museum of Modern Art - By-Product Plants ( 1923–26 ) : Chicago Art Institute - The Amazon ( 1925–26 ) : Baltimore Museum of Art - The Virgin ( 1926 ) : Brooklyn Museum - Tree , Cactus , Moon ( 1927–28 ) : Reynolda House Museum , North Carolina - American Landscape ( 1929 ) : Walker Art Center - Lotus ( 1929 ) : Hirshhorn Museum - Flowers , Italy ( 1930 ) : Phoenix Art Museum - Smoke Stacks ( 1935 ) : Indiana State University Art Collection",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "- Old Brooklyn Bridge ( 1941 ) : Museum of Fine Arts , Boston",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": " On 13 November 2018 a painting by Stella titled Tree of My Life ( 1919 ) sold at Christies New York for US$5,937,500 ; a world record for a work by Stella at public auction .",
"title": "Art market"
},
{
"text": " - Sullivan Goss , Joseph Stella - Brown , Milton . American Painting from the Armory Show to the Depression . Princeton : Princeton University Press , 1955 . - Corn , Wanda . An Italian in New York ( pp . 135–190 ) in Corn , The Great American Thing : Modern Art and National Identity , 1915–1935 . Berkeley : University of California Press , 1999 . - Davidson , Abraham A . Early American Modernist Painting , 1910–1935 . New York : DaCapo , 1994 edition .",
"title": "Sources"
},
{
"text": "- Haskell , Barbara . Joseph Stella . New York : Whitney Museum of American Art ( exhibition catalogue ) , 1994 .",
"title": "Sources"
},
{
"text": " - Hughes , Robert . American Visions : The Epic History of Art in America . New York : Knopf , 1997 . - Hunter , Sam . Modern American Painting and Sculpture . New York : Dell , 1959 . - Jaffe , Irma . Joseph Stella . New York : Fordham University Press , 1988 edition . - Salvatore Pagliuca Antonio Stella , medico e filantropo , a New York , Basilicata Regione",
"title": "Sources"
},
{
"text": " - Pittsburgh Portraits by Joseph Stella : Menu of Portraits , Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh - AskArt page for Joseph Stella - Flowers , Italy ( 1931 ) Phoenix Art Museum",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Joseph_Stella#P551#1
|
Where did Joseph Stella live in Sep 1902?
|
Joseph Stella Joseph Stella ( born Giuseppe Michele Stella , June 13 , 1877 – November 5 , 1946 ) was an Italian-born American Futurist painter best known for his depictions of industrial America , especially his images of the Brooklyn Bridge . He is also associated with the American Precisionist movement of the 1910s–1940s . Biography and career . Stella was born to a middle-class family in Italy , in Muro Lucano , a village in the province of Potenza . His grandfather Antonio and his father Michele were attorneys , but he came to New York City in 1896 to study medicine , following in the foot steps of his older brother Doctor Antonio Stella . However , he quickly abandoned his medical studies and turned instead to art , studying at the Art Students League and the New York School of Art under William Merritt Chase . His first paintings were Rembrandtesque depictions of city slum life . A remarkable draftsman , he made drawings throughout the various phases of his career , beginning as an academic realist with a particular interest in immigrant and ethnic life . From 1905 to 1909 , he worked as an illustrator , publishing his realist drawings in magazines . He prowled the streets , sketch pad and pencil in hand , alert to catch the pose of the moment , the detail of costume or manner that told the story of a life . In 1908 , he was commissioned for a series on industrial Pittsburgh , later published in The Pittsburgh Survey . Stella returned to Italy in 1909 . He was unhappy with America , writing that he longed to be back in his native land after an enforced stay among enemies , in a black funereal land over which weighed .. . the curse of a merciless climate . It was a well-timed decision . His return to Europe led to his first extensive contact with Modernism which would ultimately mold his distinctive personal style , notable for its strong color and sweeping and dynamic lines . By 1911 , he had departed Italy , where the omnipresence of the Renaissance presented its own kind of obstacle for contemporary painters , and relocated to Paris . When he arrived , Fauvism , Cubism , and Futurism were in full swing , he wrote , and [ there ] was in the air the glamor of a battle . It was the right place to be , at just the right time , for a man of Stellas curiosity , openness to new trends , and ambition . In Paris , Stella attended the salon of Gertrude Stein , where he met many other painters . [ Stein ] found the big and boisterous painter rather like [ her friend , the poet ] Apollinaire ; they both had a fund of sarcastic wit that was frequently turned on their hosts . Stellas view of his hostess was indeed sarcastic : she sat , he wrote , enthroned on a sofa in the middle of the room , surrounded by her Cézannes and Picassos , with the forceful solemnity of a pythoness or a sibyl .. . in a high and distant pose . Having met Umberto Boccioni and befriended Gino Severini in Europe , he became associated with the Italian Futurists and began to incorporate Futurist principles into his art , though he was also interested in the structural experiments of the Cubists and the dynamic color of the Fauves . Returning to New York in 1913 , he was prepared to give the United States a second try . It was a decision he did not regret , although , as art historian Wanda Corn noted , his culture shock never abated . He became a part of the Alfred Stieglitz and the Walter Arensberg circles in Manhattan and enjoyed close relationships with fellow expatriates Albert Gleizes and leader of the New York Dada movement Marcel Duchamp ( Stella and Arensberg accompanied Duchamp to the plumbing supply store in 1917 to purchase the infamous urinal. ) . As a result of these associations , he had almost as many opportunities as he had known in Europe to be among kindred spirits and to see advanced new art . In 1913–14 , he painted Battle of Lights , Coney Island , one of the earliest and greatest American Futurist works . The legendary Armory Show of 1913 , in which he participated , provided him with greater impetus to experiment with modernist styles . Der Rosenkavalier ( 1914 ) and Spring ( The Procession – A Chromatic Sensation ) ( 1914–16 ) are vigorous color abstractions . With the Armory Show , Stella also became a much-talked-about figure in the New York art world , an object of virulent attacks from conservative critics who found Modernism threatening and inexplicable and an object of fascination to younger , more adventurous artists . In the view of art historian Sam Hunter , Among the modern paintings at the Armory Show , Duchamps Nude Descending a Staircase , Picabias Procession at Seville , and Stellas Futurist Battle of Lights , Coney Island came to exert the most seminal influence on American painters . A friend noted that the painting caused a general sensation , an artistic upheaval as sudden and unexpected as it was universal [ in avant-garde circles ] . Collector and art educator Katherine Dreier included Stella among those artists whose work she sought to promote under the auspices of her Societe Anonyme , New Yorks first museum dedicated exclusively to advanced contemporary art , which opened its doors in 1920 . In New York during the 1920s , Stella became fascinated with the geometric quality of the architecture of Lower Manhattan . In these works he further assimilated elements of Cubism and Futurism . In Brooklyn Bridge ( 1919–20 ) , he shows his fascination with the sweeping lines of the Roeblings bridge , a motif he used several years before poet Hart Crane turned to this structure as a symbol of modernity . Stellas depictions of the bridge feature the diagonal cables that sweep downward forcefully , providing directional energy . While these dynamic renderings suggest the excitement and motion of modern life , in Stellas hands , the image of the bridge also becomes a powerful icon of stability and solidarity . Among his other well-known paintings is New York Interpreted ( The Voice of the City ) ( 1922 ) , a five-paneled work ( almost twenty-three feet long and over eight feet high ) patterned after a religious altarpiece , but depicting bridges and skyscrapers instead of saints . This work reflects the belief , common at the time , that industry was displacing religion as the center of modern life . The painting is in the collection of the Newark Museum . At a time when virtually all modernists tried their hand at representing the city , Wanda Corn has written , Stellas painting is the summa . In the 1930s , Stella worked on the Federal Art Project and later traveled to Europe , North Africa , and the West Indies , locations that inspired him to work in various modes . He restlessly moved from one style to the next , from realism to abstraction to surrealism . He executed abstract city themes , religious images , botanical and nature studies , erotic and steamy Caribbean landscapes , and colorful still lifes of vegetables , fruits , and flowers . Stellas works from his post-Armory Show period , however , were problematic for the cultivation of a sustained career . Once he had ceased painting in a Futurist or quasi-Cubist mode and had finished with his period of Precisionist factory images ( circa 1920 ) , he was not aligned with any particular movement . His concerns , as well as his approach to painting , became less timely , more personal and idiosyncratic . Tree of My Life ( 1919 ) , like many later Stella works , is baroque and operatic , a garden scene out of Bosch , and his figure studies ( usually female , often Madonna-like ) are decoratively , extravagantly embellished . His numerous floral works border on the surreal but , in their lushness and excess , could not accurately be characterized as a part of the Surrealist movement . Critic Lewis Mumford called him a puzzling painter at that point , commenting , I have seen the fissure between his realism and his fantasy widen into an abyss . Stellas strong draftsmanship is evident in the many different kinds of images he created throughout his life . He is especially respected today for his portraits on paper drawn in silverpoint , or silverpoint and oil , most from the 1920s . His renderings of Walt Whitman , Marcel Duchamp , the artist Louis Eilshemius , and his friend , the composer Edgar Varese , are works of exceptional sensitivity to line , facial detail , and the intellectual aura of the sitter . A lesser-known aspect of Stellas work is the collages he made in the 1920s , consisting of scraps of discarded paper , wrappers ( some with the commercial logo or label still visible ) , and other bits of urban debris , often slashed with brush strokes of paint . Though Stella was attracted to the grandiose , mechanized aspects of the city , [ he ] was also drawn to its anonymous , unnoticed discards...the detritus of human existence . These are works in the spirit of the German collage artist Kurt Schwitters and the anti-high art ethos of the Dada movement , which always interested Stella . By the late 1930s , Stellas work attracted considerably less attention than it had in previous decades . His truculent personality had alienated many old friends , and his style no longer spoke to the times . Stellas health and critical fortunes sank in [ the years prior to World War II ] . Emotionally cut off from the New York art world , even his retrospective at the Newark Museum in 1939 failed to reestablish him . Though successful as a presentation , the show was less enthusiastically reviewed than Stella had anticipated , and he later complained of not being able to induce anyone living in New York City to see it . Diagnosed with heart disease in the early 1940s and subject to increasing periods of morbid anxiety , he succumbed to heart failure in 1946 . He is interred in a mausoleum at Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx , New York City . Major works in public collections . - Pittsburg Factory Scene ( 1908–1918 ) : Minneapolis Institute of Art , Minneapolis - Battle of Lights , Coney Island , Mardi Gras ( 1913–14 ) : Yale University Art Gallery - Battle of Lights , Coney Island ( 1913–14 ) : Sheldon Museum of Art , University of Nebraska–Lincoln - Der Rosenkavalier ( 1914 ) : Whitney Museum of American Art - Pyrotechnic Fires ( 1919 ) : Museum of Fine Arts Houston - Brooklyn Bridge ( 1919–20 ) : Yale University Art Gallery - New York Interpreted ( The Voice of the City ) ( 1920–22 ) : Newark Museum - Factories ( 1920 ) : Museum of Modern Art - By-Product Plants ( 1923–26 ) : Chicago Art Institute - The Amazon ( 1925–26 ) : Baltimore Museum of Art - The Virgin ( 1926 ) : Brooklyn Museum - Tree , Cactus , Moon ( 1927–28 ) : Reynolda House Museum , North Carolina - American Landscape ( 1929 ) : Walker Art Center - Lotus ( 1929 ) : Hirshhorn Museum - Flowers , Italy ( 1930 ) : Phoenix Art Museum - Smoke Stacks ( 1935 ) : Indiana State University Art Collection - Old Brooklyn Bridge ( 1941 ) : Museum of Fine Arts , Boston Art market . On 13 November 2018 a painting by Stella titled Tree of My Life ( 1919 ) sold at Christies New York for US$5,937,500 ; a world record for a work by Stella at public auction . Sources . - Sullivan Goss , Joseph Stella - Brown , Milton . American Painting from the Armory Show to the Depression . Princeton : Princeton University Press , 1955 . - Corn , Wanda . An Italian in New York ( pp . 135–190 ) in Corn , The Great American Thing : Modern Art and National Identity , 1915–1935 . Berkeley : University of California Press , 1999 . - Davidson , Abraham A . Early American Modernist Painting , 1910–1935 . New York : DaCapo , 1994 edition . - Haskell , Barbara . Joseph Stella . New York : Whitney Museum of American Art ( exhibition catalogue ) , 1994 . - Hughes , Robert . American Visions : The Epic History of Art in America . New York : Knopf , 1997 . - Hunter , Sam . Modern American Painting and Sculpture . New York : Dell , 1959 . - Jaffe , Irma . Joseph Stella . New York : Fordham University Press , 1988 edition . - Salvatore Pagliuca Antonio Stella , medico e filantropo , a New York , Basilicata Regione External links . - Pittsburgh Portraits by Joseph Stella : Menu of Portraits , Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh - AskArt page for Joseph Stella - Flowers , Italy ( 1931 ) Phoenix Art Museum
|
[
"New York City"
] |
[
{
"text": " Joseph Stella ( born Giuseppe Michele Stella , June 13 , 1877 – November 5 , 1946 ) was an Italian-born American Futurist painter best known for his depictions of industrial America , especially his images of the Brooklyn Bridge . He is also associated with the American Precisionist movement of the 1910s–1940s .",
"title": "Joseph Stella"
},
{
"text": "Stella was born to a middle-class family in Italy , in Muro Lucano , a village in the province of Potenza . His grandfather Antonio and his father Michele were attorneys , but he came to New York City in 1896 to study medicine , following in the foot steps of his older brother Doctor Antonio Stella . However , he quickly abandoned his medical studies and turned instead to art , studying at the Art Students League and the New York School of Art under William Merritt Chase . His first paintings were Rembrandtesque depictions of city slum life",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": ". A remarkable draftsman , he made drawings throughout the various phases of his career , beginning as an academic realist with a particular interest in immigrant and ethnic life . From 1905 to 1909 , he worked as an illustrator , publishing his realist drawings in magazines . He prowled the streets , sketch pad and pencil in hand , alert to catch the pose of the moment , the detail of costume or manner that told the story of a life . In 1908 , he was commissioned for a series on industrial Pittsburgh , later published in",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "The Pittsburgh Survey .",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "Stella returned to Italy in 1909 . He was unhappy with America , writing that he longed to be back in his native land after an enforced stay among enemies , in a black funereal land over which weighed .. . the curse of a merciless climate . It was a well-timed decision . His return to Europe led to his first extensive contact with Modernism which would ultimately mold his distinctive personal style , notable for its strong color and sweeping and dynamic lines . By 1911 , he had departed Italy , where the omnipresence of the Renaissance",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "presented its own kind of obstacle for contemporary painters , and relocated to Paris . When he arrived , Fauvism , Cubism , and Futurism were in full swing , he wrote , and [ there ] was in the air the glamor of a battle . It was the right place to be , at just the right time , for a man of Stellas curiosity , openness to new trends , and ambition .",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "In Paris , Stella attended the salon of Gertrude Stein , where he met many other painters . [ Stein ] found the big and boisterous painter rather like [ her friend , the poet ] Apollinaire ; they both had a fund of sarcastic wit that was frequently turned on their hosts . Stellas view of his hostess was indeed sarcastic : she sat , he wrote , enthroned on a sofa in the middle of the room , surrounded by her Cézannes and Picassos , with the forceful solemnity of a pythoness or a sibyl .. . in",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "a high and distant pose .",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "Having met Umberto Boccioni and befriended Gino Severini in Europe , he became associated with the Italian Futurists and began to incorporate Futurist principles into his art , though he was also interested in the structural experiments of the Cubists and the dynamic color of the Fauves . Returning to New York in 1913 , he was prepared to give the United States a second try . It was a decision he did not regret , although , as art historian Wanda Corn noted , his culture shock never abated . He became a part of the Alfred Stieglitz and",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "the Walter Arensberg circles in Manhattan and enjoyed close relationships with fellow expatriates Albert Gleizes and leader of the New York Dada movement Marcel Duchamp ( Stella and Arensberg accompanied Duchamp to the plumbing supply store in 1917 to purchase the infamous urinal. ) . As a result of these associations , he had almost as many opportunities as he had known in Europe to be among kindred spirits and to see advanced new art . In 1913–14 , he painted Battle of Lights , Coney Island , one of the earliest and greatest American Futurist works . The legendary",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "Armory Show of 1913 , in which he participated , provided him with greater impetus to experiment with modernist styles . Der Rosenkavalier ( 1914 ) and Spring ( The Procession – A Chromatic Sensation ) ( 1914–16 ) are vigorous color abstractions .",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "With the Armory Show , Stella also became a much-talked-about figure in the New York art world , an object of virulent attacks from conservative critics who found Modernism threatening and inexplicable and an object of fascination to younger , more adventurous artists . In the view of art historian Sam Hunter , Among the modern paintings at the Armory Show , Duchamps Nude Descending a Staircase , Picabias Procession at Seville , and Stellas Futurist Battle of Lights , Coney Island came to exert the most seminal influence on American painters . A friend noted that the painting caused",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "a general sensation , an artistic upheaval as sudden and unexpected as it was universal [ in avant-garde circles ] . Collector and art educator Katherine Dreier included Stella among those artists whose work she sought to promote under the auspices of her Societe Anonyme , New Yorks first museum dedicated exclusively to advanced contemporary art , which opened its doors in 1920 .",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "In New York during the 1920s , Stella became fascinated with the geometric quality of the architecture of Lower Manhattan . In these works he further assimilated elements of Cubism and Futurism . In Brooklyn Bridge ( 1919–20 ) , he shows his fascination with the sweeping lines of the Roeblings bridge , a motif he used several years before poet Hart Crane turned to this structure as a symbol of modernity . Stellas depictions of the bridge feature the diagonal cables that sweep downward forcefully , providing directional energy . While these dynamic renderings suggest the excitement and motion",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "of modern life , in Stellas hands , the image of the bridge also becomes a powerful icon of stability and solidarity . Among his other well-known paintings is New York Interpreted ( The Voice of the City ) ( 1922 ) , a five-paneled work ( almost twenty-three feet long and over eight feet high ) patterned after a religious altarpiece , but depicting bridges and skyscrapers instead of saints . This work reflects the belief , common at the time , that industry was displacing religion as the center of modern life . The painting is in the",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "collection of the Newark Museum . At a time when virtually all modernists tried their hand at representing the city , Wanda Corn has written , Stellas painting is the summa .",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": " In the 1930s , Stella worked on the Federal Art Project and later traveled to Europe , North Africa , and the West Indies , locations that inspired him to work in various modes . He restlessly moved from one style to the next , from realism to abstraction to surrealism . He executed abstract city themes , religious images , botanical and nature studies , erotic and steamy Caribbean landscapes , and colorful still lifes of vegetables , fruits , and flowers .",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "Stellas works from his post-Armory Show period , however , were problematic for the cultivation of a sustained career . Once he had ceased painting in a Futurist or quasi-Cubist mode and had finished with his period of Precisionist factory images ( circa 1920 ) , he was not aligned with any particular movement . His concerns , as well as his approach to painting , became less timely , more personal and idiosyncratic . Tree of My Life ( 1919 ) , like many later Stella works , is baroque and operatic , a garden scene out of Bosch",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": ", and his figure studies ( usually female , often Madonna-like ) are decoratively , extravagantly embellished . His numerous floral works border on the surreal but , in their lushness and excess , could not accurately be characterized as a part of the Surrealist movement . Critic Lewis Mumford called him a puzzling painter at that point , commenting , I have seen the fissure between his realism and his fantasy widen into an abyss .",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": " Stellas strong draftsmanship is evident in the many different kinds of images he created throughout his life . He is especially respected today for his portraits on paper drawn in silverpoint , or silverpoint and oil , most from the 1920s . His renderings of Walt Whitman , Marcel Duchamp , the artist Louis Eilshemius , and his friend , the composer Edgar Varese , are works of exceptional sensitivity to line , facial detail , and the intellectual aura of the sitter .",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "A lesser-known aspect of Stellas work is the collages he made in the 1920s , consisting of scraps of discarded paper , wrappers ( some with the commercial logo or label still visible ) , and other bits of urban debris , often slashed with brush strokes of paint . Though Stella was attracted to the grandiose , mechanized aspects of the city , [ he ] was also drawn to its anonymous , unnoticed discards...the detritus of human existence . These are works in the spirit of the German collage artist Kurt Schwitters and the anti-high art ethos of",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "the Dada movement , which always interested Stella .",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "By the late 1930s , Stellas work attracted considerably less attention than it had in previous decades . His truculent personality had alienated many old friends , and his style no longer spoke to the times . Stellas health and critical fortunes sank in [ the years prior to World War II ] . Emotionally cut off from the New York art world , even his retrospective at the Newark Museum in 1939 failed to reestablish him . Though successful as a presentation , the show was less enthusiastically reviewed than Stella had anticipated , and he later complained of",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "not being able to induce anyone living in New York City to see it . Diagnosed with heart disease in the early 1940s and subject to increasing periods of morbid anxiety , he succumbed to heart failure in 1946 . He is interred in a mausoleum at Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx , New York City .",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": " Major works in public collections . - Pittsburg Factory Scene ( 1908–1918 ) : Minneapolis Institute of Art , Minneapolis - Battle of Lights , Coney Island , Mardi Gras ( 1913–14 ) : Yale University Art Gallery - Battle of Lights , Coney Island ( 1913–14 ) : Sheldon Museum of Art , University of Nebraska–Lincoln - Der Rosenkavalier ( 1914 ) : Whitney Museum of American Art - Pyrotechnic Fires ( 1919 ) : Museum of Fine Arts Houston - Brooklyn Bridge ( 1919–20 ) : Yale University Art Gallery",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "- New York Interpreted ( The Voice of the City ) ( 1920–22 ) : Newark Museum",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": " - Factories ( 1920 ) : Museum of Modern Art - By-Product Plants ( 1923–26 ) : Chicago Art Institute - The Amazon ( 1925–26 ) : Baltimore Museum of Art - The Virgin ( 1926 ) : Brooklyn Museum - Tree , Cactus , Moon ( 1927–28 ) : Reynolda House Museum , North Carolina - American Landscape ( 1929 ) : Walker Art Center - Lotus ( 1929 ) : Hirshhorn Museum - Flowers , Italy ( 1930 ) : Phoenix Art Museum - Smoke Stacks ( 1935 ) : Indiana State University Art Collection",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "- Old Brooklyn Bridge ( 1941 ) : Museum of Fine Arts , Boston",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": " On 13 November 2018 a painting by Stella titled Tree of My Life ( 1919 ) sold at Christies New York for US$5,937,500 ; a world record for a work by Stella at public auction .",
"title": "Art market"
},
{
"text": " - Sullivan Goss , Joseph Stella - Brown , Milton . American Painting from the Armory Show to the Depression . Princeton : Princeton University Press , 1955 . - Corn , Wanda . An Italian in New York ( pp . 135–190 ) in Corn , The Great American Thing : Modern Art and National Identity , 1915–1935 . Berkeley : University of California Press , 1999 . - Davidson , Abraham A . Early American Modernist Painting , 1910–1935 . New York : DaCapo , 1994 edition .",
"title": "Sources"
},
{
"text": "- Haskell , Barbara . Joseph Stella . New York : Whitney Museum of American Art ( exhibition catalogue ) , 1994 .",
"title": "Sources"
},
{
"text": " - Hughes , Robert . American Visions : The Epic History of Art in America . New York : Knopf , 1997 . - Hunter , Sam . Modern American Painting and Sculpture . New York : Dell , 1959 . - Jaffe , Irma . Joseph Stella . New York : Fordham University Press , 1988 edition . - Salvatore Pagliuca Antonio Stella , medico e filantropo , a New York , Basilicata Regione",
"title": "Sources"
},
{
"text": " - Pittsburgh Portraits by Joseph Stella : Menu of Portraits , Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh - AskArt page for Joseph Stella - Flowers , Italy ( 1931 ) Phoenix Art Museum",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Joseph_Stella#P551#2
|
Where did Joseph Stella live after Feb 1921?
|
Joseph Stella Joseph Stella ( born Giuseppe Michele Stella , June 13 , 1877 – November 5 , 1946 ) was an Italian-born American Futurist painter best known for his depictions of industrial America , especially his images of the Brooklyn Bridge . He is also associated with the American Precisionist movement of the 1910s–1940s . Biography and career . Stella was born to a middle-class family in Italy , in Muro Lucano , a village in the province of Potenza . His grandfather Antonio and his father Michele were attorneys , but he came to New York City in 1896 to study medicine , following in the foot steps of his older brother Doctor Antonio Stella . However , he quickly abandoned his medical studies and turned instead to art , studying at the Art Students League and the New York School of Art under William Merritt Chase . His first paintings were Rembrandtesque depictions of city slum life . A remarkable draftsman , he made drawings throughout the various phases of his career , beginning as an academic realist with a particular interest in immigrant and ethnic life . From 1905 to 1909 , he worked as an illustrator , publishing his realist drawings in magazines . He prowled the streets , sketch pad and pencil in hand , alert to catch the pose of the moment , the detail of costume or manner that told the story of a life . In 1908 , he was commissioned for a series on industrial Pittsburgh , later published in The Pittsburgh Survey . Stella returned to Italy in 1909 . He was unhappy with America , writing that he longed to be back in his native land after an enforced stay among enemies , in a black funereal land over which weighed .. . the curse of a merciless climate . It was a well-timed decision . His return to Europe led to his first extensive contact with Modernism which would ultimately mold his distinctive personal style , notable for its strong color and sweeping and dynamic lines . By 1911 , he had departed Italy , where the omnipresence of the Renaissance presented its own kind of obstacle for contemporary painters , and relocated to Paris . When he arrived , Fauvism , Cubism , and Futurism were in full swing , he wrote , and [ there ] was in the air the glamor of a battle . It was the right place to be , at just the right time , for a man of Stellas curiosity , openness to new trends , and ambition . In Paris , Stella attended the salon of Gertrude Stein , where he met many other painters . [ Stein ] found the big and boisterous painter rather like [ her friend , the poet ] Apollinaire ; they both had a fund of sarcastic wit that was frequently turned on their hosts . Stellas view of his hostess was indeed sarcastic : she sat , he wrote , enthroned on a sofa in the middle of the room , surrounded by her Cézannes and Picassos , with the forceful solemnity of a pythoness or a sibyl .. . in a high and distant pose . Having met Umberto Boccioni and befriended Gino Severini in Europe , he became associated with the Italian Futurists and began to incorporate Futurist principles into his art , though he was also interested in the structural experiments of the Cubists and the dynamic color of the Fauves . Returning to New York in 1913 , he was prepared to give the United States a second try . It was a decision he did not regret , although , as art historian Wanda Corn noted , his culture shock never abated . He became a part of the Alfred Stieglitz and the Walter Arensberg circles in Manhattan and enjoyed close relationships with fellow expatriates Albert Gleizes and leader of the New York Dada movement Marcel Duchamp ( Stella and Arensberg accompanied Duchamp to the plumbing supply store in 1917 to purchase the infamous urinal. ) . As a result of these associations , he had almost as many opportunities as he had known in Europe to be among kindred spirits and to see advanced new art . In 1913–14 , he painted Battle of Lights , Coney Island , one of the earliest and greatest American Futurist works . The legendary Armory Show of 1913 , in which he participated , provided him with greater impetus to experiment with modernist styles . Der Rosenkavalier ( 1914 ) and Spring ( The Procession – A Chromatic Sensation ) ( 1914–16 ) are vigorous color abstractions . With the Armory Show , Stella also became a much-talked-about figure in the New York art world , an object of virulent attacks from conservative critics who found Modernism threatening and inexplicable and an object of fascination to younger , more adventurous artists . In the view of art historian Sam Hunter , Among the modern paintings at the Armory Show , Duchamps Nude Descending a Staircase , Picabias Procession at Seville , and Stellas Futurist Battle of Lights , Coney Island came to exert the most seminal influence on American painters . A friend noted that the painting caused a general sensation , an artistic upheaval as sudden and unexpected as it was universal [ in avant-garde circles ] . Collector and art educator Katherine Dreier included Stella among those artists whose work she sought to promote under the auspices of her Societe Anonyme , New Yorks first museum dedicated exclusively to advanced contemporary art , which opened its doors in 1920 . In New York during the 1920s , Stella became fascinated with the geometric quality of the architecture of Lower Manhattan . In these works he further assimilated elements of Cubism and Futurism . In Brooklyn Bridge ( 1919–20 ) , he shows his fascination with the sweeping lines of the Roeblings bridge , a motif he used several years before poet Hart Crane turned to this structure as a symbol of modernity . Stellas depictions of the bridge feature the diagonal cables that sweep downward forcefully , providing directional energy . While these dynamic renderings suggest the excitement and motion of modern life , in Stellas hands , the image of the bridge also becomes a powerful icon of stability and solidarity . Among his other well-known paintings is New York Interpreted ( The Voice of the City ) ( 1922 ) , a five-paneled work ( almost twenty-three feet long and over eight feet high ) patterned after a religious altarpiece , but depicting bridges and skyscrapers instead of saints . This work reflects the belief , common at the time , that industry was displacing religion as the center of modern life . The painting is in the collection of the Newark Museum . At a time when virtually all modernists tried their hand at representing the city , Wanda Corn has written , Stellas painting is the summa . In the 1930s , Stella worked on the Federal Art Project and later traveled to Europe , North Africa , and the West Indies , locations that inspired him to work in various modes . He restlessly moved from one style to the next , from realism to abstraction to surrealism . He executed abstract city themes , religious images , botanical and nature studies , erotic and steamy Caribbean landscapes , and colorful still lifes of vegetables , fruits , and flowers . Stellas works from his post-Armory Show period , however , were problematic for the cultivation of a sustained career . Once he had ceased painting in a Futurist or quasi-Cubist mode and had finished with his period of Precisionist factory images ( circa 1920 ) , he was not aligned with any particular movement . His concerns , as well as his approach to painting , became less timely , more personal and idiosyncratic . Tree of My Life ( 1919 ) , like many later Stella works , is baroque and operatic , a garden scene out of Bosch , and his figure studies ( usually female , often Madonna-like ) are decoratively , extravagantly embellished . His numerous floral works border on the surreal but , in their lushness and excess , could not accurately be characterized as a part of the Surrealist movement . Critic Lewis Mumford called him a puzzling painter at that point , commenting , I have seen the fissure between his realism and his fantasy widen into an abyss . Stellas strong draftsmanship is evident in the many different kinds of images he created throughout his life . He is especially respected today for his portraits on paper drawn in silverpoint , or silverpoint and oil , most from the 1920s . His renderings of Walt Whitman , Marcel Duchamp , the artist Louis Eilshemius , and his friend , the composer Edgar Varese , are works of exceptional sensitivity to line , facial detail , and the intellectual aura of the sitter . A lesser-known aspect of Stellas work is the collages he made in the 1920s , consisting of scraps of discarded paper , wrappers ( some with the commercial logo or label still visible ) , and other bits of urban debris , often slashed with brush strokes of paint . Though Stella was attracted to the grandiose , mechanized aspects of the city , [ he ] was also drawn to its anonymous , unnoticed discards...the detritus of human existence . These are works in the spirit of the German collage artist Kurt Schwitters and the anti-high art ethos of the Dada movement , which always interested Stella . By the late 1930s , Stellas work attracted considerably less attention than it had in previous decades . His truculent personality had alienated many old friends , and his style no longer spoke to the times . Stellas health and critical fortunes sank in [ the years prior to World War II ] . Emotionally cut off from the New York art world , even his retrospective at the Newark Museum in 1939 failed to reestablish him . Though successful as a presentation , the show was less enthusiastically reviewed than Stella had anticipated , and he later complained of not being able to induce anyone living in New York City to see it . Diagnosed with heart disease in the early 1940s and subject to increasing periods of morbid anxiety , he succumbed to heart failure in 1946 . He is interred in a mausoleum at Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx , New York City . Major works in public collections . - Pittsburg Factory Scene ( 1908–1918 ) : Minneapolis Institute of Art , Minneapolis - Battle of Lights , Coney Island , Mardi Gras ( 1913–14 ) : Yale University Art Gallery - Battle of Lights , Coney Island ( 1913–14 ) : Sheldon Museum of Art , University of Nebraska–Lincoln - Der Rosenkavalier ( 1914 ) : Whitney Museum of American Art - Pyrotechnic Fires ( 1919 ) : Museum of Fine Arts Houston - Brooklyn Bridge ( 1919–20 ) : Yale University Art Gallery - New York Interpreted ( The Voice of the City ) ( 1920–22 ) : Newark Museum - Factories ( 1920 ) : Museum of Modern Art - By-Product Plants ( 1923–26 ) : Chicago Art Institute - The Amazon ( 1925–26 ) : Baltimore Museum of Art - The Virgin ( 1926 ) : Brooklyn Museum - Tree , Cactus , Moon ( 1927–28 ) : Reynolda House Museum , North Carolina - American Landscape ( 1929 ) : Walker Art Center - Lotus ( 1929 ) : Hirshhorn Museum - Flowers , Italy ( 1930 ) : Phoenix Art Museum - Smoke Stacks ( 1935 ) : Indiana State University Art Collection - Old Brooklyn Bridge ( 1941 ) : Museum of Fine Arts , Boston Art market . On 13 November 2018 a painting by Stella titled Tree of My Life ( 1919 ) sold at Christies New York for US$5,937,500 ; a world record for a work by Stella at public auction . Sources . - Sullivan Goss , Joseph Stella - Brown , Milton . American Painting from the Armory Show to the Depression . Princeton : Princeton University Press , 1955 . - Corn , Wanda . An Italian in New York ( pp . 135–190 ) in Corn , The Great American Thing : Modern Art and National Identity , 1915–1935 . Berkeley : University of California Press , 1999 . - Davidson , Abraham A . Early American Modernist Painting , 1910–1935 . New York : DaCapo , 1994 edition . - Haskell , Barbara . Joseph Stella . New York : Whitney Museum of American Art ( exhibition catalogue ) , 1994 . - Hughes , Robert . American Visions : The Epic History of Art in America . New York : Knopf , 1997 . - Hunter , Sam . Modern American Painting and Sculpture . New York : Dell , 1959 . - Jaffe , Irma . Joseph Stella . New York : Fordham University Press , 1988 edition . - Salvatore Pagliuca Antonio Stella , medico e filantropo , a New York , Basilicata Regione External links . - Pittsburgh Portraits by Joseph Stella : Menu of Portraits , Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh - AskArt page for Joseph Stella - Flowers , Italy ( 1931 ) Phoenix Art Museum
|
[
"New York",
"United States"
] |
[
{
"text": " Joseph Stella ( born Giuseppe Michele Stella , June 13 , 1877 – November 5 , 1946 ) was an Italian-born American Futurist painter best known for his depictions of industrial America , especially his images of the Brooklyn Bridge . He is also associated with the American Precisionist movement of the 1910s–1940s .",
"title": "Joseph Stella"
},
{
"text": "Stella was born to a middle-class family in Italy , in Muro Lucano , a village in the province of Potenza . His grandfather Antonio and his father Michele were attorneys , but he came to New York City in 1896 to study medicine , following in the foot steps of his older brother Doctor Antonio Stella . However , he quickly abandoned his medical studies and turned instead to art , studying at the Art Students League and the New York School of Art under William Merritt Chase . His first paintings were Rembrandtesque depictions of city slum life",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": ". A remarkable draftsman , he made drawings throughout the various phases of his career , beginning as an academic realist with a particular interest in immigrant and ethnic life . From 1905 to 1909 , he worked as an illustrator , publishing his realist drawings in magazines . He prowled the streets , sketch pad and pencil in hand , alert to catch the pose of the moment , the detail of costume or manner that told the story of a life . In 1908 , he was commissioned for a series on industrial Pittsburgh , later published in",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "The Pittsburgh Survey .",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "Stella returned to Italy in 1909 . He was unhappy with America , writing that he longed to be back in his native land after an enforced stay among enemies , in a black funereal land over which weighed .. . the curse of a merciless climate . It was a well-timed decision . His return to Europe led to his first extensive contact with Modernism which would ultimately mold his distinctive personal style , notable for its strong color and sweeping and dynamic lines . By 1911 , he had departed Italy , where the omnipresence of the Renaissance",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "presented its own kind of obstacle for contemporary painters , and relocated to Paris . When he arrived , Fauvism , Cubism , and Futurism were in full swing , he wrote , and [ there ] was in the air the glamor of a battle . It was the right place to be , at just the right time , for a man of Stellas curiosity , openness to new trends , and ambition .",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "In Paris , Stella attended the salon of Gertrude Stein , where he met many other painters . [ Stein ] found the big and boisterous painter rather like [ her friend , the poet ] Apollinaire ; they both had a fund of sarcastic wit that was frequently turned on their hosts . Stellas view of his hostess was indeed sarcastic : she sat , he wrote , enthroned on a sofa in the middle of the room , surrounded by her Cézannes and Picassos , with the forceful solemnity of a pythoness or a sibyl .. . in",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "a high and distant pose .",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "Having met Umberto Boccioni and befriended Gino Severini in Europe , he became associated with the Italian Futurists and began to incorporate Futurist principles into his art , though he was also interested in the structural experiments of the Cubists and the dynamic color of the Fauves . Returning to New York in 1913 , he was prepared to give the United States a second try . It was a decision he did not regret , although , as art historian Wanda Corn noted , his culture shock never abated . He became a part of the Alfred Stieglitz and",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "the Walter Arensberg circles in Manhattan and enjoyed close relationships with fellow expatriates Albert Gleizes and leader of the New York Dada movement Marcel Duchamp ( Stella and Arensberg accompanied Duchamp to the plumbing supply store in 1917 to purchase the infamous urinal. ) . As a result of these associations , he had almost as many opportunities as he had known in Europe to be among kindred spirits and to see advanced new art . In 1913–14 , he painted Battle of Lights , Coney Island , one of the earliest and greatest American Futurist works . The legendary",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "Armory Show of 1913 , in which he participated , provided him with greater impetus to experiment with modernist styles . Der Rosenkavalier ( 1914 ) and Spring ( The Procession – A Chromatic Sensation ) ( 1914–16 ) are vigorous color abstractions .",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "With the Armory Show , Stella also became a much-talked-about figure in the New York art world , an object of virulent attacks from conservative critics who found Modernism threatening and inexplicable and an object of fascination to younger , more adventurous artists . In the view of art historian Sam Hunter , Among the modern paintings at the Armory Show , Duchamps Nude Descending a Staircase , Picabias Procession at Seville , and Stellas Futurist Battle of Lights , Coney Island came to exert the most seminal influence on American painters . A friend noted that the painting caused",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "a general sensation , an artistic upheaval as sudden and unexpected as it was universal [ in avant-garde circles ] . Collector and art educator Katherine Dreier included Stella among those artists whose work she sought to promote under the auspices of her Societe Anonyme , New Yorks first museum dedicated exclusively to advanced contemporary art , which opened its doors in 1920 .",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "In New York during the 1920s , Stella became fascinated with the geometric quality of the architecture of Lower Manhattan . In these works he further assimilated elements of Cubism and Futurism . In Brooklyn Bridge ( 1919–20 ) , he shows his fascination with the sweeping lines of the Roeblings bridge , a motif he used several years before poet Hart Crane turned to this structure as a symbol of modernity . Stellas depictions of the bridge feature the diagonal cables that sweep downward forcefully , providing directional energy . While these dynamic renderings suggest the excitement and motion",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "of modern life , in Stellas hands , the image of the bridge also becomes a powerful icon of stability and solidarity . Among his other well-known paintings is New York Interpreted ( The Voice of the City ) ( 1922 ) , a five-paneled work ( almost twenty-three feet long and over eight feet high ) patterned after a religious altarpiece , but depicting bridges and skyscrapers instead of saints . This work reflects the belief , common at the time , that industry was displacing religion as the center of modern life . The painting is in the",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "collection of the Newark Museum . At a time when virtually all modernists tried their hand at representing the city , Wanda Corn has written , Stellas painting is the summa .",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": " In the 1930s , Stella worked on the Federal Art Project and later traveled to Europe , North Africa , and the West Indies , locations that inspired him to work in various modes . He restlessly moved from one style to the next , from realism to abstraction to surrealism . He executed abstract city themes , religious images , botanical and nature studies , erotic and steamy Caribbean landscapes , and colorful still lifes of vegetables , fruits , and flowers .",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "Stellas works from his post-Armory Show period , however , were problematic for the cultivation of a sustained career . Once he had ceased painting in a Futurist or quasi-Cubist mode and had finished with his period of Precisionist factory images ( circa 1920 ) , he was not aligned with any particular movement . His concerns , as well as his approach to painting , became less timely , more personal and idiosyncratic . Tree of My Life ( 1919 ) , like many later Stella works , is baroque and operatic , a garden scene out of Bosch",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": ", and his figure studies ( usually female , often Madonna-like ) are decoratively , extravagantly embellished . His numerous floral works border on the surreal but , in their lushness and excess , could not accurately be characterized as a part of the Surrealist movement . Critic Lewis Mumford called him a puzzling painter at that point , commenting , I have seen the fissure between his realism and his fantasy widen into an abyss .",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": " Stellas strong draftsmanship is evident in the many different kinds of images he created throughout his life . He is especially respected today for his portraits on paper drawn in silverpoint , or silverpoint and oil , most from the 1920s . His renderings of Walt Whitman , Marcel Duchamp , the artist Louis Eilshemius , and his friend , the composer Edgar Varese , are works of exceptional sensitivity to line , facial detail , and the intellectual aura of the sitter .",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "A lesser-known aspect of Stellas work is the collages he made in the 1920s , consisting of scraps of discarded paper , wrappers ( some with the commercial logo or label still visible ) , and other bits of urban debris , often slashed with brush strokes of paint . Though Stella was attracted to the grandiose , mechanized aspects of the city , [ he ] was also drawn to its anonymous , unnoticed discards...the detritus of human existence . These are works in the spirit of the German collage artist Kurt Schwitters and the anti-high art ethos of",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "the Dada movement , which always interested Stella .",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "By the late 1930s , Stellas work attracted considerably less attention than it had in previous decades . His truculent personality had alienated many old friends , and his style no longer spoke to the times . Stellas health and critical fortunes sank in [ the years prior to World War II ] . Emotionally cut off from the New York art world , even his retrospective at the Newark Museum in 1939 failed to reestablish him . Though successful as a presentation , the show was less enthusiastically reviewed than Stella had anticipated , and he later complained of",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "not being able to induce anyone living in New York City to see it . Diagnosed with heart disease in the early 1940s and subject to increasing periods of morbid anxiety , he succumbed to heart failure in 1946 . He is interred in a mausoleum at Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx , New York City .",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": " Major works in public collections . - Pittsburg Factory Scene ( 1908–1918 ) : Minneapolis Institute of Art , Minneapolis - Battle of Lights , Coney Island , Mardi Gras ( 1913–14 ) : Yale University Art Gallery - Battle of Lights , Coney Island ( 1913–14 ) : Sheldon Museum of Art , University of Nebraska–Lincoln - Der Rosenkavalier ( 1914 ) : Whitney Museum of American Art - Pyrotechnic Fires ( 1919 ) : Museum of Fine Arts Houston - Brooklyn Bridge ( 1919–20 ) : Yale University Art Gallery",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "- New York Interpreted ( The Voice of the City ) ( 1920–22 ) : Newark Museum",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": " - Factories ( 1920 ) : Museum of Modern Art - By-Product Plants ( 1923–26 ) : Chicago Art Institute - The Amazon ( 1925–26 ) : Baltimore Museum of Art - The Virgin ( 1926 ) : Brooklyn Museum - Tree , Cactus , Moon ( 1927–28 ) : Reynolda House Museum , North Carolina - American Landscape ( 1929 ) : Walker Art Center - Lotus ( 1929 ) : Hirshhorn Museum - Flowers , Italy ( 1930 ) : Phoenix Art Museum - Smoke Stacks ( 1935 ) : Indiana State University Art Collection",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": "- Old Brooklyn Bridge ( 1941 ) : Museum of Fine Arts , Boston",
"title": "Biography and career"
},
{
"text": " On 13 November 2018 a painting by Stella titled Tree of My Life ( 1919 ) sold at Christies New York for US$5,937,500 ; a world record for a work by Stella at public auction .",
"title": "Art market"
},
{
"text": " - Sullivan Goss , Joseph Stella - Brown , Milton . American Painting from the Armory Show to the Depression . Princeton : Princeton University Press , 1955 . - Corn , Wanda . An Italian in New York ( pp . 135–190 ) in Corn , The Great American Thing : Modern Art and National Identity , 1915–1935 . Berkeley : University of California Press , 1999 . - Davidson , Abraham A . Early American Modernist Painting , 1910–1935 . New York : DaCapo , 1994 edition .",
"title": "Sources"
},
{
"text": "- Haskell , Barbara . Joseph Stella . New York : Whitney Museum of American Art ( exhibition catalogue ) , 1994 .",
"title": "Sources"
},
{
"text": " - Hughes , Robert . American Visions : The Epic History of Art in America . New York : Knopf , 1997 . - Hunter , Sam . Modern American Painting and Sculpture . New York : Dell , 1959 . - Jaffe , Irma . Joseph Stella . New York : Fordham University Press , 1988 edition . - Salvatore Pagliuca Antonio Stella , medico e filantropo , a New York , Basilicata Regione",
"title": "Sources"
},
{
"text": " - Pittsburgh Portraits by Joseph Stella : Menu of Portraits , Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh - AskArt page for Joseph Stella - Flowers , Italy ( 1931 ) Phoenix Art Museum",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Eleftherios_Economou#P108#0
|
Eleftherios Economou was an employee for whom in late 1970s?
|
Eleftherios Economou Eleftherios Ν . Economou ( Greek : Ελευθέριος Ν . Οικονόμου ) is a Greek theoretical physicist and professor emeritus at the department of physics of the University of Crete . He has contributed to various areas of theoretical condensed matter physics , starting with the study of surface plasmons during his thesis in 1969 . Economou influenced the evolution of theoretical physics in Greece since the late 1970s , as described in detail in a special volume published in 2000 , in Physica B , on the occasion on his 60th birthday . His opinion perspective is still solicited by major science journals , such as Nature Materials , in particular on how to address challenges related to effects of economic crisis in Greece in science and technology . He contributed substantially to shaping the first steps of the University of Crete and led the effort in creating the Foundation for Research & Technology – Hellas ( FORTH ) , serving as its first director general from its foundation in 1983 until 2004 . He has been teaching in the department of physics of the University of Crete since 1982 and also wrote 13 textbooks , mostly in topics related to theoretical physics and condensed matter physics . He has published over 250 refereed papers , which have received more than 22,000 citations , according to Google Scholar . Early years . Eleftherios Economou was born in Athens , Greece on February 7 , 1940 . He grew up in a working-class neighbourhood of Kallithea and his early years , along with his parents Nikos and Sophia and his younger brother Vassilis , were influenced by World War II and in particular by the Greek Civil War that followed . In 1952 he was admitted to the selective public Experimental School of the University of Athens , from where he graduated in 1958 . The same year he was admitted in the School of Electrical & Mechanical Engineering of the National Technical University of Athens . Among his classmates was John Iliopoulos , A theoretical physicist . He graduated with first class honours in 1963 and commenced the compulsory , in Greece , military service , which at the time lasted two and a half years . During this period , he was given the opportunity to attend a number of graduate level physics courses at the Center for Advanced Studies and Philosophy of Science which was organised at the National Centre of Scientific Research Demokritos . In 1965 Economou applied for graduate studies in the U.S . and was admitted to the department of physics of the University of Chicago . Before leaving for the U.S. , in February 1966 , he married Athanasia Paganou and they have a daughter , Sophia Economou , who is professor of physics at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University . He arrived in Chicago in 1966 . Two months later he passed the qualifying exams , ranking first among his classmates , which made it easy to be accepted as a PhD student in the group of Morrel H . Cohen . Economou decided to focus on theoretical condensed matter physics . He completed his studies and was awarded a PhD in three years with a dissertation entitled , Surface Plasmons in Thin Films in 1969 . Scientific career . Economou became assistant professor and later professor in the department of physics at the University of Virginia ( 1970–1981 ) . He has been visiting professor at the University of Chicago ( 1994 ) , Université de Lausanne ( 1992 ) , Princeton University ( 1978 ) , Iowa State University ( 1991–1992 ) and an affiliated member of Ames Laboratory since 1992 . He was visiting researcher at the National Centre of Scientific Research Demokritos ( 1997–1998 ) and a Chair Professor of Theoretical Physics at the University of Athens ( 1978–1981 ) . In 1981 he and P . Lambropoulos were the first elected professors in the newly founded department of physics of the University of Crete ( Greece ) . As the first chairman of the department he established the bases in the Physics curriculum and he was instrumental in hiring high quality faculty at the University of Crete . He was and remains a strong advocate on topics related to the negative influence of political parties and direct involvement of students in the normal operation of the universities . He retired in 2007 , and still serves and teaches in the department of physics as professor emeritus . Economou was the prominent figure of a group of five Greek scientists from abroad , namely Fotis Kafatos , Dionysios ( Dennis ) Tsichritzis , Grigoris Sifakis and Peter ( Panagiotis ) Lambropoulos , who planned the idea and with the help of the Minister of Research and Technology Georgios Lianis , convinced the Greek Government to create the first three Institutes of the Research Center of Crete ( RCC ; Ερευνητικό Κέντρο Κρήτης – ΕΚΕΚ ) in Heraklion . During his leadership as its first director general ( 1983–2004 ) , RCC expanded with the Institute of Mediterranean Studies ( IMS ) in Rethymno and the Institute of Applied Computational Mathematics in Heraklion . In 1986 Skinakas Observatory , jointly supported by RCC , the University of Crete and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics ( Germany ) also commenced its operations . In 1987 with the agreement of George Papatheodorou and Iacovos Vasalos Directors of the Institute of Chemical Engineering & High Temperature Processes - ( ICE/HT ) in Patras , and the Chemical Process Engineering Research Institute ( CPERI ) Thessaloniki , the two Institutes joined RCC and the Foundation for Research & Technology – Hellas ( FORTH ) was created . In 2000 CPERI was renamed Centre for Research and Technology Hellas ( CERTH ) becoming independent of FORTH . In 2002 the Biomedical Research Institute ( BRI ) , based in Ioannina was incorporated into FORTH . In parallel , with financial support from the European Union , the construction of the FORTH buildings in Heraklion , Patras , Thessaloniki , and the restoration of the IMS building in Rethymno began . Science and Technology Parks were established connected to the institutes in Heraklion , Patras , and Thessaloniki and respective buildings with European funding were erected . The main FORTH building infrastructure in Heraklion in 2004 had an area of 30,000 square meters . Most of the buildings were designed and supervised by Panos Koulermos , then a professor of architecture at the University of Southern California . FORTH has been established as the premier research organisation in Greece , ranking consistently first in scientific quality and international recognition by a variety of metrics , including evaluations by external Committees as well as attracting funding by European Research Council grants . Achieving this status was not easy , as several times the supervising agencies attempted to introduce political criteria and to intervene . Economou stepped down from the position of director general of FORTH in April 2004 , and he was succeeded by Stelios C . Orphanoudakis . Three years later , in 2007 , he reached the compulsory retirement age of 67 at the university . He was awarded the title of emeritus professor at the University of Crete and he continues to teach and remains active in research at the department of physics . Research areas . Economou worked in a broad range of topics in the area of condensed matter physics . These topics include electronic properties of many different materials and systems , with emphasis on systems with defects ( crystallographic defects ) and disordered systems ( e.g . amorphous semiconductors ) , magnetic and optical properties of different materials , including superconductors and strongly correlated materials , surface plasmons and their interactions in metals and semiconductors , electron-phonon interactions , non-linear systems and properties , acoustic wave and elastic wave propagation in random and periodic media ( e.g . phononic crystals ) , and electromagnetic wave propagation in complex systems , with emphasis on photonic crystals and metamaterials . Since 1990 Economous research is mainly focused on electromagnetic and acoustic/elastic wave propagation in complex systems . He was one of the initiators of the field of phononic crystals ( i.e . acoustic/elastic wave band gap materials ) which led to the more recent and wider field of acoustic metamaterials . His 1992 publication «Elastic and acoustic wave band structure» , was one of the two ( almost simultaneous ) publications discussing for the first time the concept of the acoustic band gap . This paper was followed by many other well-recognized of Economous works in the field of phononic crystals and elastic wave propagation in complex systems ( see ) . In the field of electromagnetic metamaterials , Economous research helped to eliminate some of the first objections of the scientific community on the possibility of the existence of Negative-index metamaterials , revealing the possibility and limitations for the achievement of negative refractive index in the optical spectrum , and demonstrating some of the unique properties and capabilities of metamaterials ( e.g . the possibility for achievement of repulsive Casimir force in chiral metamaterials ) . In his research on metamaterials , Economou works in close collaboration with his long-term colleague Costas Soukoulis , since the period 1979 to 1982 when Soukoulis was a postdoctoral researcher under his supervision at the University of Virginia . The collaborative research on negative index metamaterials led by Economou and Soukoulis , including scientists from Imperial College ( Sir John Pendry ) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and Bilkent University ( Ekmel Özbay ) , was recognized with the award of the European Union Descartes prize for collaborative research in 2005 . One of the most important scientific contributions by Economou is considered his PhD work on surface plasmons . The relevant 1969 publication Surface plasmons in thin films , among the first of his career , has become a reference work for the modern field of plasmonics . Among Economous earlier research , quite important is considered also the research on Anderson localization in systems with defects ( i.e. , crystallographic defect ) and disordered systems . Many of the novel and important results of this research are summarized in his book “Green’s Functions in Quantum Physics” . Books . Economou has written several physics textbooks in Greek and in English . His book Greens functions in Quantum Physics , originally published in 1979 , has received more than 2500 citations according to Google Scholar . It was included in the electronic Springer Book Archives containing 40 renowned imprints published by Springer between 1842 and 2005 . Books in English . - Greens functions in Quantum Physics , Springer-Verlag , 1979 . Second edition 1983 , third edition 2006 . - A Short Journey from Quarks to the Universe , SpringerBriefs , 2011 . A 2nd enlarged edition appeared in Jan . 2016 entitled From Quarks to the Universe : A short Physics Course , Springer-Verlag , 2016 . - The Physics of Solids . Essentials and Beyond , Springer-Verlag , 2010 . Books in Greek . - Statistical Physics and Thermodynamics , Crete University Press , 1994 , 2nd ed. , 2001 - Science : How its allurement set , Eurasian Publications , Athens 2012 - From Quarks to the Universe : A short journey , Crete University Press , 2012 - Solid State Physics Vol . I : Metals , Semiconductors , Insulators , Crete University Press , 1997 - Solid State Physics . Vol . II : Order , Disorder , Correlations , Crete University Press , 2003 - Solid State Physics : A shortened version , Crete University Press , 2016 - Solids I – General View & Solids I – Metals and Semiconductors , Hellenic Open University , 1999 - Nuclear Weapons and Human Civilization , Crete University Press , 1985 , 2nd ed . 1987 - Contemporary Physics , Volume 1 , Crete University Press , 1989 , 5th ed. , 2010 ( co-author ) - Contemporary Physics , Volume 2 , Crete University Press , 1989 , 1991 , 5th ed. , 2010 ( co-author ) Awards . - Fellow of the American Physical Society ( 1994 ) ...For contributions to the theory of disordered systems including mobility edges and localization of classical waves . - Honorary PhD , Grenoble Institute of Technology , France ( 1994 ) - Honorary PhD , Department of Materials Science & Engineering , University of Ioannina , Greece ( 2004 ) - Outstanding Referee by the American Physics Society ( 2008 ) - Award of the Foundation of the Greek Parliament ( 2010 ) - Commander of the Order of the Phoenix by the President of the Greek Republic ( 2013 ) - Award of Ethical Order of the city of Heraklion ( 2020 ) Selected publications . - E.N . Economou , Surface Plasmons in Thin Films , Phys . Rev . 182 , 539–554 ( 1969 ) - E.N . Economou , M.H . Cohen , Existence of Mobility Edges in Andersons Model for Radom Lattices , Phys . Rev . B . 5 , 2931–2948 ( 1972 ) - E.N . Economou , C.M . Soukoulis , Static Conductance and Scaling Theory of Localization in One Dimension , Phys . Rev . Lett . 46 , 618–621 ( 1981 ) - M . Sigalas , E.N . Economou,Elastic and Acoustic Wave Band Structure , Journal of Sound and Vibrations , 158 ( 2 ) , 377 ( 1992 ) - M . Kafesaki , R . S . Penciu , and E . N . Economou “Air bubbles in water : a strongly multiple scattering medium for acoustic waves” Physical Review Letters 84 ( 26 ) , 6050 ( 2000 ) - S . Foteinopoulou , E.N . Economou , C.M . Soukoulis , Refraction at Media with Negative Refractive Index , Phys . Rev . Lett . 90 , 107402 ( 2003 ) - J . Zhou , Th . Koschny , M . Kafesaki , E.N . Economou , J . Pendry , and C.M . Soukoulis , Saturation of the Magnetic Response of Split-Ring Resonators at Optical Frequencies , Phys . Rev . Lett . 95 ( 22 ) 223902 ( 2005 ) - S . Droulias , I . Katsantonis , M . Kafesaki , C.M . Soukoulis , E.N . Economou “Chiral Metamaterials with PT-Symmetry and Beyond” Physical Review Letters 122 ( 21 ) , 213201 ( 2019 )
|
[
"the University of Virginia"
] |
[
{
"text": "Eleftherios Ν . Economou ( Greek : Ελευθέριος Ν . Οικονόμου ) is a Greek theoretical physicist and professor emeritus at the department of physics of the University of Crete . He has contributed to various areas of theoretical condensed matter physics , starting with the study of surface plasmons during his thesis in 1969 . Economou influenced the evolution of theoretical physics in Greece since the late 1970s , as described in detail in a special volume published in 2000 , in Physica B , on the occasion on his 60th birthday . His opinion perspective is still solicited",
"title": "Eleftherios Economou"
},
{
"text": "by major science journals , such as Nature Materials , in particular on how to address challenges related to effects of economic crisis in Greece in science and technology . He contributed substantially to shaping the first steps of the University of Crete and led the effort in creating the Foundation for Research & Technology – Hellas ( FORTH ) , serving as its first director general from its foundation in 1983 until 2004 . He has been teaching in the department of physics of the University of Crete since 1982 and also wrote 13 textbooks , mostly in topics",
"title": "Eleftherios Economou"
},
{
"text": "related to theoretical physics and condensed matter physics . He has published over 250 refereed papers , which have received more than 22,000 citations , according to Google Scholar .",
"title": "Eleftherios Economou"
},
{
"text": "Eleftherios Economou was born in Athens , Greece on February 7 , 1940 . He grew up in a working-class neighbourhood of Kallithea and his early years , along with his parents Nikos and Sophia and his younger brother Vassilis , were influenced by World War II and in particular by the Greek Civil War that followed . In 1952 he was admitted to the selective public Experimental School of the University of Athens , from where he graduated in 1958 . The same year he was admitted in the School of Electrical & Mechanical Engineering of the National Technical",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "University of Athens . Among his classmates was John Iliopoulos , A theoretical physicist . He graduated with first class honours in 1963 and commenced the compulsory , in Greece , military service , which at the time lasted two and a half years . During this period , he was given the opportunity to attend a number of graduate level physics courses at the Center for Advanced Studies and Philosophy of Science which was organised at the National Centre of Scientific Research Demokritos .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In 1965 Economou applied for graduate studies in the U.S . and was admitted to the department of physics of the University of Chicago . Before leaving for the U.S. , in February 1966 , he married Athanasia Paganou and they have a daughter , Sophia Economou , who is professor of physics at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University . He arrived in Chicago in 1966 . Two months later he passed the qualifying exams , ranking first among his classmates , which made it easy to be accepted as a PhD student in the group of Morrel H",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": ". Cohen . Economou decided to focus on theoretical condensed matter physics . He completed his studies and was awarded a PhD in three years with a dissertation entitled , Surface Plasmons in Thin Films in 1969 .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "Economou became assistant professor and later professor in the department of physics at the University of Virginia ( 1970–1981 ) . He has been visiting professor at the University of Chicago ( 1994 ) , Université de Lausanne ( 1992 ) , Princeton University ( 1978 ) , Iowa State University ( 1991–1992 ) and an affiliated member of Ames Laboratory since 1992 . He was visiting researcher at the National Centre of Scientific Research Demokritos ( 1997–1998 ) and a Chair Professor of Theoretical Physics at the University of Athens ( 1978–1981 ) . In 1981 he and P",
"title": "Scientific career"
},
{
"text": ". Lambropoulos were the first elected professors in the newly founded department of physics of the University of Crete ( Greece ) . As the first chairman of the department he established the bases in the Physics curriculum and he was instrumental in hiring high quality faculty at the University of Crete . He was and remains a strong advocate on topics related to the negative influence of political parties and direct involvement of students in the normal operation of the universities . He retired in 2007 , and still serves and teaches in the department of physics as professor",
"title": "Scientific career"
},
{
"text": "emeritus .",
"title": "Scientific career"
},
{
"text": "Economou was the prominent figure of a group of five Greek scientists from abroad , namely Fotis Kafatos , Dionysios ( Dennis ) Tsichritzis , Grigoris Sifakis and Peter ( Panagiotis ) Lambropoulos , who planned the idea and with the help of the Minister of Research and Technology Georgios Lianis , convinced the Greek Government to create the first three Institutes of the Research Center of Crete ( RCC ; Ερευνητικό Κέντρο Κρήτης – ΕΚΕΚ ) in Heraklion . During his leadership as its first director general ( 1983–2004 ) , RCC expanded with the Institute of Mediterranean Studies",
"title": "Scientific career"
},
{
"text": "( IMS ) in Rethymno and the Institute of Applied Computational Mathematics in Heraklion . In 1986 Skinakas Observatory , jointly supported by RCC , the University of Crete and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics ( Germany ) also commenced its operations . In 1987 with the agreement of George Papatheodorou and Iacovos Vasalos Directors of the Institute of Chemical Engineering & High Temperature Processes - ( ICE/HT ) in Patras , and the Chemical Process Engineering Research Institute ( CPERI ) Thessaloniki , the two Institutes joined RCC and the Foundation for Research & Technology – Hellas",
"title": "Scientific career"
},
{
"text": "( FORTH ) was created . In 2000 CPERI was renamed Centre for Research and Technology Hellas ( CERTH ) becoming independent of FORTH . In 2002 the Biomedical Research Institute ( BRI ) , based in Ioannina was incorporated into FORTH . In parallel , with financial support from the European Union , the construction of the FORTH buildings in Heraklion , Patras , Thessaloniki , and the restoration of the IMS building in Rethymno began . Science and Technology Parks were established connected to the institutes in Heraklion , Patras , and Thessaloniki and respective buildings with European",
"title": "Scientific career"
},
{
"text": "funding were erected . The main FORTH building infrastructure in Heraklion in 2004 had an area of 30,000 square meters . Most of the buildings were designed and supervised by Panos Koulermos , then a professor of architecture at the University of Southern California . FORTH has been established as the premier research organisation in Greece , ranking consistently first in scientific quality and international recognition by a variety of metrics , including evaluations by external Committees as well as attracting funding by European Research Council grants . Achieving this status was not easy , as several times the supervising",
"title": "Scientific career"
},
{
"text": "agencies attempted to introduce political criteria and to intervene .",
"title": "Scientific career"
},
{
"text": " Economou stepped down from the position of director general of FORTH in April 2004 , and he was succeeded by Stelios C . Orphanoudakis . Three years later , in 2007 , he reached the compulsory retirement age of 67 at the university . He was awarded the title of emeritus professor at the University of Crete and he continues to teach and remains active in research at the department of physics .",
"title": "Scientific career"
},
{
"text": "Economou worked in a broad range of topics in the area of condensed matter physics . These topics include electronic properties of many different materials and systems , with emphasis on systems with defects ( crystallographic defects ) and disordered systems ( e.g . amorphous semiconductors ) , magnetic and optical properties of different materials , including superconductors and strongly correlated materials , surface plasmons and their interactions in metals and semiconductors , electron-phonon interactions , non-linear systems and properties , acoustic wave and elastic wave propagation in random and periodic media ( e.g . phononic crystals ) , and",
"title": "Research areas"
},
{
"text": "electromagnetic wave propagation in complex systems , with emphasis on photonic crystals and metamaterials .",
"title": "Research areas"
},
{
"text": "Since 1990 Economous research is mainly focused on electromagnetic and acoustic/elastic wave propagation in complex systems . He was one of the initiators of the field of phononic crystals ( i.e . acoustic/elastic wave band gap materials ) which led to the more recent and wider field of acoustic metamaterials . His 1992 publication «Elastic and acoustic wave band structure» , was one of the two ( almost simultaneous ) publications discussing for the first time the concept of the acoustic band gap . This paper was followed by many other well-recognized of Economous works in the field of phononic",
"title": "Research areas"
},
{
"text": "crystals and elastic wave propagation in complex systems ( see ) .",
"title": "Research areas"
},
{
"text": "In the field of electromagnetic metamaterials , Economous research helped to eliminate some of the first objections of the scientific community on the possibility of the existence of Negative-index metamaterials , revealing the possibility and limitations for the achievement of negative refractive index in the optical spectrum , and demonstrating some of the unique properties and capabilities of metamaterials ( e.g . the possibility for achievement of repulsive Casimir force in chiral metamaterials ) . In his research on metamaterials , Economou works in close collaboration with his long-term colleague Costas Soukoulis , since the period 1979 to 1982 when",
"title": "Research areas"
},
{
"text": "Soukoulis was a postdoctoral researcher under his supervision at the University of Virginia . The collaborative research on negative index metamaterials led by Economou and Soukoulis , including scientists from Imperial College ( Sir John Pendry ) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and Bilkent University ( Ekmel Özbay ) , was recognized with the award of the European Union Descartes prize for collaborative research in 2005 .",
"title": "Research areas"
},
{
"text": " One of the most important scientific contributions by Economou is considered his PhD work on surface plasmons . The relevant 1969 publication Surface plasmons in thin films , among the first of his career , has become a reference work for the modern field of plasmonics . Among Economous earlier research , quite important is considered also the research on Anderson localization in systems with defects ( i.e. , crystallographic defect ) and disordered systems . Many of the novel and important results of this research are summarized in his book “Green’s Functions in Quantum Physics” .",
"title": "Research areas"
},
{
"text": " Economou has written several physics textbooks in Greek and in English . His book Greens functions in Quantum Physics , originally published in 1979 , has received more than 2500 citations according to Google Scholar . It was included in the electronic Springer Book Archives containing 40 renowned imprints published by Springer between 1842 and 2005 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Greens functions in Quantum Physics , Springer-Verlag , 1979 . Second edition 1983 , third edition 2006 . - A Short Journey from Quarks to the Universe , SpringerBriefs , 2011 . A 2nd enlarged edition appeared in Jan . 2016 entitled From Quarks to the Universe : A short Physics Course , Springer-Verlag , 2016 . - The Physics of Solids . Essentials and Beyond , Springer-Verlag , 2010 .",
"title": "Books in English"
},
{
"text": " - Statistical Physics and Thermodynamics , Crete University Press , 1994 , 2nd ed. , 2001 - Science : How its allurement set , Eurasian Publications , Athens 2012 - From Quarks to the Universe : A short journey , Crete University Press , 2012 - Solid State Physics Vol . I : Metals , Semiconductors , Insulators , Crete University Press , 1997 - Solid State Physics . Vol . II : Order , Disorder , Correlations , Crete University Press , 2003 - Solid State Physics : A shortened version , Crete University Press , 2016",
"title": "Books in Greek"
},
{
"text": "- Solids I – General View & Solids I – Metals and Semiconductors , Hellenic Open University , 1999",
"title": "Books in Greek"
},
{
"text": " - Nuclear Weapons and Human Civilization , Crete University Press , 1985 , 2nd ed . 1987 - Contemporary Physics , Volume 1 , Crete University Press , 1989 , 5th ed. , 2010 ( co-author ) - Contemporary Physics , Volume 2 , Crete University Press , 1989 , 1991 , 5th ed. , 2010 ( co-author )",
"title": "Books in Greek"
},
{
"text": " - Fellow of the American Physical Society ( 1994 ) ...For contributions to the theory of disordered systems including mobility edges and localization of classical waves . - Honorary PhD , Grenoble Institute of Technology , France ( 1994 ) - Honorary PhD , Department of Materials Science & Engineering , University of Ioannina , Greece ( 2004 ) - Outstanding Referee by the American Physics Society ( 2008 ) - Award of the Foundation of the Greek Parliament ( 2010 )",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": "- Commander of the Order of the Phoenix by the President of the Greek Republic ( 2013 )",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": " - E.N . Economou , Surface Plasmons in Thin Films , Phys . Rev . 182 , 539–554 ( 1969 ) - E.N . Economou , M.H . Cohen , Existence of Mobility Edges in Andersons Model for Radom Lattices , Phys . Rev . B . 5 , 2931–2948 ( 1972 ) - E.N . Economou , C.M . Soukoulis , Static Conductance and Scaling Theory of Localization in One Dimension , Phys . Rev . Lett . 46 , 618–621 ( 1981 )",
"title": "Selected publications"
},
{
"text": "- M . Sigalas , E.N . Economou,Elastic and Acoustic Wave Band Structure , Journal of Sound and Vibrations , 158 ( 2 ) , 377 ( 1992 )",
"title": "Selected publications"
},
{
"text": " - M . Kafesaki , R . S . Penciu , and E . N . Economou “Air bubbles in water : a strongly multiple scattering medium for acoustic waves” Physical Review Letters 84 ( 26 ) , 6050 ( 2000 ) - S . Foteinopoulou , E.N . Economou , C.M . Soukoulis , Refraction at Media with Negative Refractive Index , Phys . Rev . Lett . 90 , 107402 ( 2003 )",
"title": "Selected publications"
},
{
"text": "- J . Zhou , Th . Koschny , M . Kafesaki , E.N . Economou , J . Pendry , and C.M . Soukoulis , Saturation of the Magnetic Response of Split-Ring Resonators at Optical Frequencies , Phys . Rev . Lett . 95 ( 22 ) 223902 ( 2005 )",
"title": "Selected publications"
},
{
"text": " - S . Droulias , I . Katsantonis , M . Kafesaki , C.M . Soukoulis , E.N . Economou “Chiral Metamaterials with PT-Symmetry and Beyond” Physical Review Letters 122 ( 21 ) , 213201 ( 2019 )",
"title": "Selected publications"
}
] |
/wiki/Eleftherios_Economou#P108#1
|
Eleftherios Economou was an employee for whom between Sep 1982 and Nov 1982?
|
Eleftherios Economou Eleftherios Ν . Economou ( Greek : Ελευθέριος Ν . Οικονόμου ) is a Greek theoretical physicist and professor emeritus at the department of physics of the University of Crete . He has contributed to various areas of theoretical condensed matter physics , starting with the study of surface plasmons during his thesis in 1969 . Economou influenced the evolution of theoretical physics in Greece since the late 1970s , as described in detail in a special volume published in 2000 , in Physica B , on the occasion on his 60th birthday . His opinion perspective is still solicited by major science journals , such as Nature Materials , in particular on how to address challenges related to effects of economic crisis in Greece in science and technology . He contributed substantially to shaping the first steps of the University of Crete and led the effort in creating the Foundation for Research & Technology – Hellas ( FORTH ) , serving as its first director general from its foundation in 1983 until 2004 . He has been teaching in the department of physics of the University of Crete since 1982 and also wrote 13 textbooks , mostly in topics related to theoretical physics and condensed matter physics . He has published over 250 refereed papers , which have received more than 22,000 citations , according to Google Scholar . Early years . Eleftherios Economou was born in Athens , Greece on February 7 , 1940 . He grew up in a working-class neighbourhood of Kallithea and his early years , along with his parents Nikos and Sophia and his younger brother Vassilis , were influenced by World War II and in particular by the Greek Civil War that followed . In 1952 he was admitted to the selective public Experimental School of the University of Athens , from where he graduated in 1958 . The same year he was admitted in the School of Electrical & Mechanical Engineering of the National Technical University of Athens . Among his classmates was John Iliopoulos , A theoretical physicist . He graduated with first class honours in 1963 and commenced the compulsory , in Greece , military service , which at the time lasted two and a half years . During this period , he was given the opportunity to attend a number of graduate level physics courses at the Center for Advanced Studies and Philosophy of Science which was organised at the National Centre of Scientific Research Demokritos . In 1965 Economou applied for graduate studies in the U.S . and was admitted to the department of physics of the University of Chicago . Before leaving for the U.S. , in February 1966 , he married Athanasia Paganou and they have a daughter , Sophia Economou , who is professor of physics at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University . He arrived in Chicago in 1966 . Two months later he passed the qualifying exams , ranking first among his classmates , which made it easy to be accepted as a PhD student in the group of Morrel H . Cohen . Economou decided to focus on theoretical condensed matter physics . He completed his studies and was awarded a PhD in three years with a dissertation entitled , Surface Plasmons in Thin Films in 1969 . Scientific career . Economou became assistant professor and later professor in the department of physics at the University of Virginia ( 1970–1981 ) . He has been visiting professor at the University of Chicago ( 1994 ) , Université de Lausanne ( 1992 ) , Princeton University ( 1978 ) , Iowa State University ( 1991–1992 ) and an affiliated member of Ames Laboratory since 1992 . He was visiting researcher at the National Centre of Scientific Research Demokritos ( 1997–1998 ) and a Chair Professor of Theoretical Physics at the University of Athens ( 1978–1981 ) . In 1981 he and P . Lambropoulos were the first elected professors in the newly founded department of physics of the University of Crete ( Greece ) . As the first chairman of the department he established the bases in the Physics curriculum and he was instrumental in hiring high quality faculty at the University of Crete . He was and remains a strong advocate on topics related to the negative influence of political parties and direct involvement of students in the normal operation of the universities . He retired in 2007 , and still serves and teaches in the department of physics as professor emeritus . Economou was the prominent figure of a group of five Greek scientists from abroad , namely Fotis Kafatos , Dionysios ( Dennis ) Tsichritzis , Grigoris Sifakis and Peter ( Panagiotis ) Lambropoulos , who planned the idea and with the help of the Minister of Research and Technology Georgios Lianis , convinced the Greek Government to create the first three Institutes of the Research Center of Crete ( RCC ; Ερευνητικό Κέντρο Κρήτης – ΕΚΕΚ ) in Heraklion . During his leadership as its first director general ( 1983–2004 ) , RCC expanded with the Institute of Mediterranean Studies ( IMS ) in Rethymno and the Institute of Applied Computational Mathematics in Heraklion . In 1986 Skinakas Observatory , jointly supported by RCC , the University of Crete and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics ( Germany ) also commenced its operations . In 1987 with the agreement of George Papatheodorou and Iacovos Vasalos Directors of the Institute of Chemical Engineering & High Temperature Processes - ( ICE/HT ) in Patras , and the Chemical Process Engineering Research Institute ( CPERI ) Thessaloniki , the two Institutes joined RCC and the Foundation for Research & Technology – Hellas ( FORTH ) was created . In 2000 CPERI was renamed Centre for Research and Technology Hellas ( CERTH ) becoming independent of FORTH . In 2002 the Biomedical Research Institute ( BRI ) , based in Ioannina was incorporated into FORTH . In parallel , with financial support from the European Union , the construction of the FORTH buildings in Heraklion , Patras , Thessaloniki , and the restoration of the IMS building in Rethymno began . Science and Technology Parks were established connected to the institutes in Heraklion , Patras , and Thessaloniki and respective buildings with European funding were erected . The main FORTH building infrastructure in Heraklion in 2004 had an area of 30,000 square meters . Most of the buildings were designed and supervised by Panos Koulermos , then a professor of architecture at the University of Southern California . FORTH has been established as the premier research organisation in Greece , ranking consistently first in scientific quality and international recognition by a variety of metrics , including evaluations by external Committees as well as attracting funding by European Research Council grants . Achieving this status was not easy , as several times the supervising agencies attempted to introduce political criteria and to intervene . Economou stepped down from the position of director general of FORTH in April 2004 , and he was succeeded by Stelios C . Orphanoudakis . Three years later , in 2007 , he reached the compulsory retirement age of 67 at the university . He was awarded the title of emeritus professor at the University of Crete and he continues to teach and remains active in research at the department of physics . Research areas . Economou worked in a broad range of topics in the area of condensed matter physics . These topics include electronic properties of many different materials and systems , with emphasis on systems with defects ( crystallographic defects ) and disordered systems ( e.g . amorphous semiconductors ) , magnetic and optical properties of different materials , including superconductors and strongly correlated materials , surface plasmons and their interactions in metals and semiconductors , electron-phonon interactions , non-linear systems and properties , acoustic wave and elastic wave propagation in random and periodic media ( e.g . phononic crystals ) , and electromagnetic wave propagation in complex systems , with emphasis on photonic crystals and metamaterials . Since 1990 Economous research is mainly focused on electromagnetic and acoustic/elastic wave propagation in complex systems . He was one of the initiators of the field of phononic crystals ( i.e . acoustic/elastic wave band gap materials ) which led to the more recent and wider field of acoustic metamaterials . His 1992 publication «Elastic and acoustic wave band structure» , was one of the two ( almost simultaneous ) publications discussing for the first time the concept of the acoustic band gap . This paper was followed by many other well-recognized of Economous works in the field of phononic crystals and elastic wave propagation in complex systems ( see ) . In the field of electromagnetic metamaterials , Economous research helped to eliminate some of the first objections of the scientific community on the possibility of the existence of Negative-index metamaterials , revealing the possibility and limitations for the achievement of negative refractive index in the optical spectrum , and demonstrating some of the unique properties and capabilities of metamaterials ( e.g . the possibility for achievement of repulsive Casimir force in chiral metamaterials ) . In his research on metamaterials , Economou works in close collaboration with his long-term colleague Costas Soukoulis , since the period 1979 to 1982 when Soukoulis was a postdoctoral researcher under his supervision at the University of Virginia . The collaborative research on negative index metamaterials led by Economou and Soukoulis , including scientists from Imperial College ( Sir John Pendry ) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and Bilkent University ( Ekmel Özbay ) , was recognized with the award of the European Union Descartes prize for collaborative research in 2005 . One of the most important scientific contributions by Economou is considered his PhD work on surface plasmons . The relevant 1969 publication Surface plasmons in thin films , among the first of his career , has become a reference work for the modern field of plasmonics . Among Economous earlier research , quite important is considered also the research on Anderson localization in systems with defects ( i.e. , crystallographic defect ) and disordered systems . Many of the novel and important results of this research are summarized in his book “Green’s Functions in Quantum Physics” . Books . Economou has written several physics textbooks in Greek and in English . His book Greens functions in Quantum Physics , originally published in 1979 , has received more than 2500 citations according to Google Scholar . It was included in the electronic Springer Book Archives containing 40 renowned imprints published by Springer between 1842 and 2005 . Books in English . - Greens functions in Quantum Physics , Springer-Verlag , 1979 . Second edition 1983 , third edition 2006 . - A Short Journey from Quarks to the Universe , SpringerBriefs , 2011 . A 2nd enlarged edition appeared in Jan . 2016 entitled From Quarks to the Universe : A short Physics Course , Springer-Verlag , 2016 . - The Physics of Solids . Essentials and Beyond , Springer-Verlag , 2010 . Books in Greek . - Statistical Physics and Thermodynamics , Crete University Press , 1994 , 2nd ed. , 2001 - Science : How its allurement set , Eurasian Publications , Athens 2012 - From Quarks to the Universe : A short journey , Crete University Press , 2012 - Solid State Physics Vol . I : Metals , Semiconductors , Insulators , Crete University Press , 1997 - Solid State Physics . Vol . II : Order , Disorder , Correlations , Crete University Press , 2003 - Solid State Physics : A shortened version , Crete University Press , 2016 - Solids I – General View & Solids I – Metals and Semiconductors , Hellenic Open University , 1999 - Nuclear Weapons and Human Civilization , Crete University Press , 1985 , 2nd ed . 1987 - Contemporary Physics , Volume 1 , Crete University Press , 1989 , 5th ed. , 2010 ( co-author ) - Contemporary Physics , Volume 2 , Crete University Press , 1989 , 1991 , 5th ed. , 2010 ( co-author ) Awards . - Fellow of the American Physical Society ( 1994 ) ...For contributions to the theory of disordered systems including mobility edges and localization of classical waves . - Honorary PhD , Grenoble Institute of Technology , France ( 1994 ) - Honorary PhD , Department of Materials Science & Engineering , University of Ioannina , Greece ( 2004 ) - Outstanding Referee by the American Physics Society ( 2008 ) - Award of the Foundation of the Greek Parliament ( 2010 ) - Commander of the Order of the Phoenix by the President of the Greek Republic ( 2013 ) - Award of Ethical Order of the city of Heraklion ( 2020 ) Selected publications . - E.N . Economou , Surface Plasmons in Thin Films , Phys . Rev . 182 , 539–554 ( 1969 ) - E.N . Economou , M.H . Cohen , Existence of Mobility Edges in Andersons Model for Radom Lattices , Phys . Rev . B . 5 , 2931–2948 ( 1972 ) - E.N . Economou , C.M . Soukoulis , Static Conductance and Scaling Theory of Localization in One Dimension , Phys . Rev . Lett . 46 , 618–621 ( 1981 ) - M . Sigalas , E.N . Economou,Elastic and Acoustic Wave Band Structure , Journal of Sound and Vibrations , 158 ( 2 ) , 377 ( 1992 ) - M . Kafesaki , R . S . Penciu , and E . N . Economou “Air bubbles in water : a strongly multiple scattering medium for acoustic waves” Physical Review Letters 84 ( 26 ) , 6050 ( 2000 ) - S . Foteinopoulou , E.N . Economou , C.M . Soukoulis , Refraction at Media with Negative Refractive Index , Phys . Rev . Lett . 90 , 107402 ( 2003 ) - J . Zhou , Th . Koschny , M . Kafesaki , E.N . Economou , J . Pendry , and C.M . Soukoulis , Saturation of the Magnetic Response of Split-Ring Resonators at Optical Frequencies , Phys . Rev . Lett . 95 ( 22 ) 223902 ( 2005 ) - S . Droulias , I . Katsantonis , M . Kafesaki , C.M . Soukoulis , E.N . Economou “Chiral Metamaterials with PT-Symmetry and Beyond” Physical Review Letters 122 ( 21 ) , 213201 ( 2019 )
|
[
"University of Crete"
] |
[
{
"text": "Eleftherios Ν . Economou ( Greek : Ελευθέριος Ν . Οικονόμου ) is a Greek theoretical physicist and professor emeritus at the department of physics of the University of Crete . He has contributed to various areas of theoretical condensed matter physics , starting with the study of surface plasmons during his thesis in 1969 . Economou influenced the evolution of theoretical physics in Greece since the late 1970s , as described in detail in a special volume published in 2000 , in Physica B , on the occasion on his 60th birthday . His opinion perspective is still solicited",
"title": "Eleftherios Economou"
},
{
"text": "by major science journals , such as Nature Materials , in particular on how to address challenges related to effects of economic crisis in Greece in science and technology . He contributed substantially to shaping the first steps of the University of Crete and led the effort in creating the Foundation for Research & Technology – Hellas ( FORTH ) , serving as its first director general from its foundation in 1983 until 2004 . He has been teaching in the department of physics of the University of Crete since 1982 and also wrote 13 textbooks , mostly in topics",
"title": "Eleftherios Economou"
},
{
"text": "related to theoretical physics and condensed matter physics . He has published over 250 refereed papers , which have received more than 22,000 citations , according to Google Scholar .",
"title": "Eleftherios Economou"
},
{
"text": "Eleftherios Economou was born in Athens , Greece on February 7 , 1940 . He grew up in a working-class neighbourhood of Kallithea and his early years , along with his parents Nikos and Sophia and his younger brother Vassilis , were influenced by World War II and in particular by the Greek Civil War that followed . In 1952 he was admitted to the selective public Experimental School of the University of Athens , from where he graduated in 1958 . The same year he was admitted in the School of Electrical & Mechanical Engineering of the National Technical",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "University of Athens . Among his classmates was John Iliopoulos , A theoretical physicist . He graduated with first class honours in 1963 and commenced the compulsory , in Greece , military service , which at the time lasted two and a half years . During this period , he was given the opportunity to attend a number of graduate level physics courses at the Center for Advanced Studies and Philosophy of Science which was organised at the National Centre of Scientific Research Demokritos .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In 1965 Economou applied for graduate studies in the U.S . and was admitted to the department of physics of the University of Chicago . Before leaving for the U.S. , in February 1966 , he married Athanasia Paganou and they have a daughter , Sophia Economou , who is professor of physics at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University . He arrived in Chicago in 1966 . Two months later he passed the qualifying exams , ranking first among his classmates , which made it easy to be accepted as a PhD student in the group of Morrel H",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": ". Cohen . Economou decided to focus on theoretical condensed matter physics . He completed his studies and was awarded a PhD in three years with a dissertation entitled , Surface Plasmons in Thin Films in 1969 .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "Economou became assistant professor and later professor in the department of physics at the University of Virginia ( 1970–1981 ) . He has been visiting professor at the University of Chicago ( 1994 ) , Université de Lausanne ( 1992 ) , Princeton University ( 1978 ) , Iowa State University ( 1991–1992 ) and an affiliated member of Ames Laboratory since 1992 . He was visiting researcher at the National Centre of Scientific Research Demokritos ( 1997–1998 ) and a Chair Professor of Theoretical Physics at the University of Athens ( 1978–1981 ) . In 1981 he and P",
"title": "Scientific career"
},
{
"text": ". Lambropoulos were the first elected professors in the newly founded department of physics of the University of Crete ( Greece ) . As the first chairman of the department he established the bases in the Physics curriculum and he was instrumental in hiring high quality faculty at the University of Crete . He was and remains a strong advocate on topics related to the negative influence of political parties and direct involvement of students in the normal operation of the universities . He retired in 2007 , and still serves and teaches in the department of physics as professor",
"title": "Scientific career"
},
{
"text": "emeritus .",
"title": "Scientific career"
},
{
"text": "Economou was the prominent figure of a group of five Greek scientists from abroad , namely Fotis Kafatos , Dionysios ( Dennis ) Tsichritzis , Grigoris Sifakis and Peter ( Panagiotis ) Lambropoulos , who planned the idea and with the help of the Minister of Research and Technology Georgios Lianis , convinced the Greek Government to create the first three Institutes of the Research Center of Crete ( RCC ; Ερευνητικό Κέντρο Κρήτης – ΕΚΕΚ ) in Heraklion . During his leadership as its first director general ( 1983–2004 ) , RCC expanded with the Institute of Mediterranean Studies",
"title": "Scientific career"
},
{
"text": "( IMS ) in Rethymno and the Institute of Applied Computational Mathematics in Heraklion . In 1986 Skinakas Observatory , jointly supported by RCC , the University of Crete and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics ( Germany ) also commenced its operations . In 1987 with the agreement of George Papatheodorou and Iacovos Vasalos Directors of the Institute of Chemical Engineering & High Temperature Processes - ( ICE/HT ) in Patras , and the Chemical Process Engineering Research Institute ( CPERI ) Thessaloniki , the two Institutes joined RCC and the Foundation for Research & Technology – Hellas",
"title": "Scientific career"
},
{
"text": "( FORTH ) was created . In 2000 CPERI was renamed Centre for Research and Technology Hellas ( CERTH ) becoming independent of FORTH . In 2002 the Biomedical Research Institute ( BRI ) , based in Ioannina was incorporated into FORTH . In parallel , with financial support from the European Union , the construction of the FORTH buildings in Heraklion , Patras , Thessaloniki , and the restoration of the IMS building in Rethymno began . Science and Technology Parks were established connected to the institutes in Heraklion , Patras , and Thessaloniki and respective buildings with European",
"title": "Scientific career"
},
{
"text": "funding were erected . The main FORTH building infrastructure in Heraklion in 2004 had an area of 30,000 square meters . Most of the buildings were designed and supervised by Panos Koulermos , then a professor of architecture at the University of Southern California . FORTH has been established as the premier research organisation in Greece , ranking consistently first in scientific quality and international recognition by a variety of metrics , including evaluations by external Committees as well as attracting funding by European Research Council grants . Achieving this status was not easy , as several times the supervising",
"title": "Scientific career"
},
{
"text": "agencies attempted to introduce political criteria and to intervene .",
"title": "Scientific career"
},
{
"text": " Economou stepped down from the position of director general of FORTH in April 2004 , and he was succeeded by Stelios C . Orphanoudakis . Three years later , in 2007 , he reached the compulsory retirement age of 67 at the university . He was awarded the title of emeritus professor at the University of Crete and he continues to teach and remains active in research at the department of physics .",
"title": "Scientific career"
},
{
"text": "Economou worked in a broad range of topics in the area of condensed matter physics . These topics include electronic properties of many different materials and systems , with emphasis on systems with defects ( crystallographic defects ) and disordered systems ( e.g . amorphous semiconductors ) , magnetic and optical properties of different materials , including superconductors and strongly correlated materials , surface plasmons and their interactions in metals and semiconductors , electron-phonon interactions , non-linear systems and properties , acoustic wave and elastic wave propagation in random and periodic media ( e.g . phononic crystals ) , and",
"title": "Research areas"
},
{
"text": "electromagnetic wave propagation in complex systems , with emphasis on photonic crystals and metamaterials .",
"title": "Research areas"
},
{
"text": "Since 1990 Economous research is mainly focused on electromagnetic and acoustic/elastic wave propagation in complex systems . He was one of the initiators of the field of phononic crystals ( i.e . acoustic/elastic wave band gap materials ) which led to the more recent and wider field of acoustic metamaterials . His 1992 publication «Elastic and acoustic wave band structure» , was one of the two ( almost simultaneous ) publications discussing for the first time the concept of the acoustic band gap . This paper was followed by many other well-recognized of Economous works in the field of phononic",
"title": "Research areas"
},
{
"text": "crystals and elastic wave propagation in complex systems ( see ) .",
"title": "Research areas"
},
{
"text": "In the field of electromagnetic metamaterials , Economous research helped to eliminate some of the first objections of the scientific community on the possibility of the existence of Negative-index metamaterials , revealing the possibility and limitations for the achievement of negative refractive index in the optical spectrum , and demonstrating some of the unique properties and capabilities of metamaterials ( e.g . the possibility for achievement of repulsive Casimir force in chiral metamaterials ) . In his research on metamaterials , Economou works in close collaboration with his long-term colleague Costas Soukoulis , since the period 1979 to 1982 when",
"title": "Research areas"
},
{
"text": "Soukoulis was a postdoctoral researcher under his supervision at the University of Virginia . The collaborative research on negative index metamaterials led by Economou and Soukoulis , including scientists from Imperial College ( Sir John Pendry ) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and Bilkent University ( Ekmel Özbay ) , was recognized with the award of the European Union Descartes prize for collaborative research in 2005 .",
"title": "Research areas"
},
{
"text": " One of the most important scientific contributions by Economou is considered his PhD work on surface plasmons . The relevant 1969 publication Surface plasmons in thin films , among the first of his career , has become a reference work for the modern field of plasmonics . Among Economous earlier research , quite important is considered also the research on Anderson localization in systems with defects ( i.e. , crystallographic defect ) and disordered systems . Many of the novel and important results of this research are summarized in his book “Green’s Functions in Quantum Physics” .",
"title": "Research areas"
},
{
"text": " Economou has written several physics textbooks in Greek and in English . His book Greens functions in Quantum Physics , originally published in 1979 , has received more than 2500 citations according to Google Scholar . It was included in the electronic Springer Book Archives containing 40 renowned imprints published by Springer between 1842 and 2005 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Greens functions in Quantum Physics , Springer-Verlag , 1979 . Second edition 1983 , third edition 2006 . - A Short Journey from Quarks to the Universe , SpringerBriefs , 2011 . A 2nd enlarged edition appeared in Jan . 2016 entitled From Quarks to the Universe : A short Physics Course , Springer-Verlag , 2016 . - The Physics of Solids . Essentials and Beyond , Springer-Verlag , 2010 .",
"title": "Books in English"
},
{
"text": " - Statistical Physics and Thermodynamics , Crete University Press , 1994 , 2nd ed. , 2001 - Science : How its allurement set , Eurasian Publications , Athens 2012 - From Quarks to the Universe : A short journey , Crete University Press , 2012 - Solid State Physics Vol . I : Metals , Semiconductors , Insulators , Crete University Press , 1997 - Solid State Physics . Vol . II : Order , Disorder , Correlations , Crete University Press , 2003 - Solid State Physics : A shortened version , Crete University Press , 2016",
"title": "Books in Greek"
},
{
"text": "- Solids I – General View & Solids I – Metals and Semiconductors , Hellenic Open University , 1999",
"title": "Books in Greek"
},
{
"text": " - Nuclear Weapons and Human Civilization , Crete University Press , 1985 , 2nd ed . 1987 - Contemporary Physics , Volume 1 , Crete University Press , 1989 , 5th ed. , 2010 ( co-author ) - Contemporary Physics , Volume 2 , Crete University Press , 1989 , 1991 , 5th ed. , 2010 ( co-author )",
"title": "Books in Greek"
},
{
"text": " - Fellow of the American Physical Society ( 1994 ) ...For contributions to the theory of disordered systems including mobility edges and localization of classical waves . - Honorary PhD , Grenoble Institute of Technology , France ( 1994 ) - Honorary PhD , Department of Materials Science & Engineering , University of Ioannina , Greece ( 2004 ) - Outstanding Referee by the American Physics Society ( 2008 ) - Award of the Foundation of the Greek Parliament ( 2010 )",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": "- Commander of the Order of the Phoenix by the President of the Greek Republic ( 2013 )",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": " - E.N . Economou , Surface Plasmons in Thin Films , Phys . Rev . 182 , 539–554 ( 1969 ) - E.N . Economou , M.H . Cohen , Existence of Mobility Edges in Andersons Model for Radom Lattices , Phys . Rev . B . 5 , 2931–2948 ( 1972 ) - E.N . Economou , C.M . Soukoulis , Static Conductance and Scaling Theory of Localization in One Dimension , Phys . Rev . Lett . 46 , 618–621 ( 1981 )",
"title": "Selected publications"
},
{
"text": "- M . Sigalas , E.N . Economou,Elastic and Acoustic Wave Band Structure , Journal of Sound and Vibrations , 158 ( 2 ) , 377 ( 1992 )",
"title": "Selected publications"
},
{
"text": " - M . Kafesaki , R . S . Penciu , and E . N . Economou “Air bubbles in water : a strongly multiple scattering medium for acoustic waves” Physical Review Letters 84 ( 26 ) , 6050 ( 2000 ) - S . Foteinopoulou , E.N . Economou , C.M . Soukoulis , Refraction at Media with Negative Refractive Index , Phys . Rev . Lett . 90 , 107402 ( 2003 )",
"title": "Selected publications"
},
{
"text": "- J . Zhou , Th . Koschny , M . Kafesaki , E.N . Economou , J . Pendry , and C.M . Soukoulis , Saturation of the Magnetic Response of Split-Ring Resonators at Optical Frequencies , Phys . Rev . Lett . 95 ( 22 ) 223902 ( 2005 )",
"title": "Selected publications"
},
{
"text": " - S . Droulias , I . Katsantonis , M . Kafesaki , C.M . Soukoulis , E.N . Economou “Chiral Metamaterials with PT-Symmetry and Beyond” Physical Review Letters 122 ( 21 ) , 213201 ( 2019 )",
"title": "Selected publications"
}
] |
/wiki/Eleftherios_Economou#P108#2
|
Eleftherios Economou was an employee for whom in Jul 1983?
|
Eleftherios Economou Eleftherios Ν . Economou ( Greek : Ελευθέριος Ν . Οικονόμου ) is a Greek theoretical physicist and professor emeritus at the department of physics of the University of Crete . He has contributed to various areas of theoretical condensed matter physics , starting with the study of surface plasmons during his thesis in 1969 . Economou influenced the evolution of theoretical physics in Greece since the late 1970s , as described in detail in a special volume published in 2000 , in Physica B , on the occasion on his 60th birthday . His opinion perspective is still solicited by major science journals , such as Nature Materials , in particular on how to address challenges related to effects of economic crisis in Greece in science and technology . He contributed substantially to shaping the first steps of the University of Crete and led the effort in creating the Foundation for Research & Technology – Hellas ( FORTH ) , serving as its first director general from its foundation in 1983 until 2004 . He has been teaching in the department of physics of the University of Crete since 1982 and also wrote 13 textbooks , mostly in topics related to theoretical physics and condensed matter physics . He has published over 250 refereed papers , which have received more than 22,000 citations , according to Google Scholar . Early years . Eleftherios Economou was born in Athens , Greece on February 7 , 1940 . He grew up in a working-class neighbourhood of Kallithea and his early years , along with his parents Nikos and Sophia and his younger brother Vassilis , were influenced by World War II and in particular by the Greek Civil War that followed . In 1952 he was admitted to the selective public Experimental School of the University of Athens , from where he graduated in 1958 . The same year he was admitted in the School of Electrical & Mechanical Engineering of the National Technical University of Athens . Among his classmates was John Iliopoulos , A theoretical physicist . He graduated with first class honours in 1963 and commenced the compulsory , in Greece , military service , which at the time lasted two and a half years . During this period , he was given the opportunity to attend a number of graduate level physics courses at the Center for Advanced Studies and Philosophy of Science which was organised at the National Centre of Scientific Research Demokritos . In 1965 Economou applied for graduate studies in the U.S . and was admitted to the department of physics of the University of Chicago . Before leaving for the U.S. , in February 1966 , he married Athanasia Paganou and they have a daughter , Sophia Economou , who is professor of physics at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University . He arrived in Chicago in 1966 . Two months later he passed the qualifying exams , ranking first among his classmates , which made it easy to be accepted as a PhD student in the group of Morrel H . Cohen . Economou decided to focus on theoretical condensed matter physics . He completed his studies and was awarded a PhD in three years with a dissertation entitled , Surface Plasmons in Thin Films in 1969 . Scientific career . Economou became assistant professor and later professor in the department of physics at the University of Virginia ( 1970–1981 ) . He has been visiting professor at the University of Chicago ( 1994 ) , Université de Lausanne ( 1992 ) , Princeton University ( 1978 ) , Iowa State University ( 1991–1992 ) and an affiliated member of Ames Laboratory since 1992 . He was visiting researcher at the National Centre of Scientific Research Demokritos ( 1997–1998 ) and a Chair Professor of Theoretical Physics at the University of Athens ( 1978–1981 ) . In 1981 he and P . Lambropoulos were the first elected professors in the newly founded department of physics of the University of Crete ( Greece ) . As the first chairman of the department he established the bases in the Physics curriculum and he was instrumental in hiring high quality faculty at the University of Crete . He was and remains a strong advocate on topics related to the negative influence of political parties and direct involvement of students in the normal operation of the universities . He retired in 2007 , and still serves and teaches in the department of physics as professor emeritus . Economou was the prominent figure of a group of five Greek scientists from abroad , namely Fotis Kafatos , Dionysios ( Dennis ) Tsichritzis , Grigoris Sifakis and Peter ( Panagiotis ) Lambropoulos , who planned the idea and with the help of the Minister of Research and Technology Georgios Lianis , convinced the Greek Government to create the first three Institutes of the Research Center of Crete ( RCC ; Ερευνητικό Κέντρο Κρήτης – ΕΚΕΚ ) in Heraklion . During his leadership as its first director general ( 1983–2004 ) , RCC expanded with the Institute of Mediterranean Studies ( IMS ) in Rethymno and the Institute of Applied Computational Mathematics in Heraklion . In 1986 Skinakas Observatory , jointly supported by RCC , the University of Crete and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics ( Germany ) also commenced its operations . In 1987 with the agreement of George Papatheodorou and Iacovos Vasalos Directors of the Institute of Chemical Engineering & High Temperature Processes - ( ICE/HT ) in Patras , and the Chemical Process Engineering Research Institute ( CPERI ) Thessaloniki , the two Institutes joined RCC and the Foundation for Research & Technology – Hellas ( FORTH ) was created . In 2000 CPERI was renamed Centre for Research and Technology Hellas ( CERTH ) becoming independent of FORTH . In 2002 the Biomedical Research Institute ( BRI ) , based in Ioannina was incorporated into FORTH . In parallel , with financial support from the European Union , the construction of the FORTH buildings in Heraklion , Patras , Thessaloniki , and the restoration of the IMS building in Rethymno began . Science and Technology Parks were established connected to the institutes in Heraklion , Patras , and Thessaloniki and respective buildings with European funding were erected . The main FORTH building infrastructure in Heraklion in 2004 had an area of 30,000 square meters . Most of the buildings were designed and supervised by Panos Koulermos , then a professor of architecture at the University of Southern California . FORTH has been established as the premier research organisation in Greece , ranking consistently first in scientific quality and international recognition by a variety of metrics , including evaluations by external Committees as well as attracting funding by European Research Council grants . Achieving this status was not easy , as several times the supervising agencies attempted to introduce political criteria and to intervene . Economou stepped down from the position of director general of FORTH in April 2004 , and he was succeeded by Stelios C . Orphanoudakis . Three years later , in 2007 , he reached the compulsory retirement age of 67 at the university . He was awarded the title of emeritus professor at the University of Crete and he continues to teach and remains active in research at the department of physics . Research areas . Economou worked in a broad range of topics in the area of condensed matter physics . These topics include electronic properties of many different materials and systems , with emphasis on systems with defects ( crystallographic defects ) and disordered systems ( e.g . amorphous semiconductors ) , magnetic and optical properties of different materials , including superconductors and strongly correlated materials , surface plasmons and their interactions in metals and semiconductors , electron-phonon interactions , non-linear systems and properties , acoustic wave and elastic wave propagation in random and periodic media ( e.g . phononic crystals ) , and electromagnetic wave propagation in complex systems , with emphasis on photonic crystals and metamaterials . Since 1990 Economous research is mainly focused on electromagnetic and acoustic/elastic wave propagation in complex systems . He was one of the initiators of the field of phononic crystals ( i.e . acoustic/elastic wave band gap materials ) which led to the more recent and wider field of acoustic metamaterials . His 1992 publication «Elastic and acoustic wave band structure» , was one of the two ( almost simultaneous ) publications discussing for the first time the concept of the acoustic band gap . This paper was followed by many other well-recognized of Economous works in the field of phononic crystals and elastic wave propagation in complex systems ( see ) . In the field of electromagnetic metamaterials , Economous research helped to eliminate some of the first objections of the scientific community on the possibility of the existence of Negative-index metamaterials , revealing the possibility and limitations for the achievement of negative refractive index in the optical spectrum , and demonstrating some of the unique properties and capabilities of metamaterials ( e.g . the possibility for achievement of repulsive Casimir force in chiral metamaterials ) . In his research on metamaterials , Economou works in close collaboration with his long-term colleague Costas Soukoulis , since the period 1979 to 1982 when Soukoulis was a postdoctoral researcher under his supervision at the University of Virginia . The collaborative research on negative index metamaterials led by Economou and Soukoulis , including scientists from Imperial College ( Sir John Pendry ) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and Bilkent University ( Ekmel Özbay ) , was recognized with the award of the European Union Descartes prize for collaborative research in 2005 . One of the most important scientific contributions by Economou is considered his PhD work on surface plasmons . The relevant 1969 publication Surface plasmons in thin films , among the first of his career , has become a reference work for the modern field of plasmonics . Among Economous earlier research , quite important is considered also the research on Anderson localization in systems with defects ( i.e. , crystallographic defect ) and disordered systems . Many of the novel and important results of this research are summarized in his book “Green’s Functions in Quantum Physics” . Books . Economou has written several physics textbooks in Greek and in English . His book Greens functions in Quantum Physics , originally published in 1979 , has received more than 2500 citations according to Google Scholar . It was included in the electronic Springer Book Archives containing 40 renowned imprints published by Springer between 1842 and 2005 . Books in English . - Greens functions in Quantum Physics , Springer-Verlag , 1979 . Second edition 1983 , third edition 2006 . - A Short Journey from Quarks to the Universe , SpringerBriefs , 2011 . A 2nd enlarged edition appeared in Jan . 2016 entitled From Quarks to the Universe : A short Physics Course , Springer-Verlag , 2016 . - The Physics of Solids . Essentials and Beyond , Springer-Verlag , 2010 . Books in Greek . - Statistical Physics and Thermodynamics , Crete University Press , 1994 , 2nd ed. , 2001 - Science : How its allurement set , Eurasian Publications , Athens 2012 - From Quarks to the Universe : A short journey , Crete University Press , 2012 - Solid State Physics Vol . I : Metals , Semiconductors , Insulators , Crete University Press , 1997 - Solid State Physics . Vol . II : Order , Disorder , Correlations , Crete University Press , 2003 - Solid State Physics : A shortened version , Crete University Press , 2016 - Solids I – General View & Solids I – Metals and Semiconductors , Hellenic Open University , 1999 - Nuclear Weapons and Human Civilization , Crete University Press , 1985 , 2nd ed . 1987 - Contemporary Physics , Volume 1 , Crete University Press , 1989 , 5th ed. , 2010 ( co-author ) - Contemporary Physics , Volume 2 , Crete University Press , 1989 , 1991 , 5th ed. , 2010 ( co-author ) Awards . - Fellow of the American Physical Society ( 1994 ) ...For contributions to the theory of disordered systems including mobility edges and localization of classical waves . - Honorary PhD , Grenoble Institute of Technology , France ( 1994 ) - Honorary PhD , Department of Materials Science & Engineering , University of Ioannina , Greece ( 2004 ) - Outstanding Referee by the American Physics Society ( 2008 ) - Award of the Foundation of the Greek Parliament ( 2010 ) - Commander of the Order of the Phoenix by the President of the Greek Republic ( 2013 ) - Award of Ethical Order of the city of Heraklion ( 2020 ) Selected publications . - E.N . Economou , Surface Plasmons in Thin Films , Phys . Rev . 182 , 539–554 ( 1969 ) - E.N . Economou , M.H . Cohen , Existence of Mobility Edges in Andersons Model for Radom Lattices , Phys . Rev . B . 5 , 2931–2948 ( 1972 ) - E.N . Economou , C.M . Soukoulis , Static Conductance and Scaling Theory of Localization in One Dimension , Phys . Rev . Lett . 46 , 618–621 ( 1981 ) - M . Sigalas , E.N . Economou,Elastic and Acoustic Wave Band Structure , Journal of Sound and Vibrations , 158 ( 2 ) , 377 ( 1992 ) - M . Kafesaki , R . S . Penciu , and E . N . Economou “Air bubbles in water : a strongly multiple scattering medium for acoustic waves” Physical Review Letters 84 ( 26 ) , 6050 ( 2000 ) - S . Foteinopoulou , E.N . Economou , C.M . Soukoulis , Refraction at Media with Negative Refractive Index , Phys . Rev . Lett . 90 , 107402 ( 2003 ) - J . Zhou , Th . Koschny , M . Kafesaki , E.N . Economou , J . Pendry , and C.M . Soukoulis , Saturation of the Magnetic Response of Split-Ring Resonators at Optical Frequencies , Phys . Rev . Lett . 95 ( 22 ) 223902 ( 2005 ) - S . Droulias , I . Katsantonis , M . Kafesaki , C.M . Soukoulis , E.N . Economou “Chiral Metamaterials with PT-Symmetry and Beyond” Physical Review Letters 122 ( 21 ) , 213201 ( 2019 )
|
[
"Foundation for Research & Technology – Hellas"
] |
[
{
"text": "Eleftherios Ν . Economou ( Greek : Ελευθέριος Ν . Οικονόμου ) is a Greek theoretical physicist and professor emeritus at the department of physics of the University of Crete . He has contributed to various areas of theoretical condensed matter physics , starting with the study of surface plasmons during his thesis in 1969 . Economou influenced the evolution of theoretical physics in Greece since the late 1970s , as described in detail in a special volume published in 2000 , in Physica B , on the occasion on his 60th birthday . His opinion perspective is still solicited",
"title": "Eleftherios Economou"
},
{
"text": "by major science journals , such as Nature Materials , in particular on how to address challenges related to effects of economic crisis in Greece in science and technology . He contributed substantially to shaping the first steps of the University of Crete and led the effort in creating the Foundation for Research & Technology – Hellas ( FORTH ) , serving as its first director general from its foundation in 1983 until 2004 . He has been teaching in the department of physics of the University of Crete since 1982 and also wrote 13 textbooks , mostly in topics",
"title": "Eleftherios Economou"
},
{
"text": "related to theoretical physics and condensed matter physics . He has published over 250 refereed papers , which have received more than 22,000 citations , according to Google Scholar .",
"title": "Eleftherios Economou"
},
{
"text": "Eleftherios Economou was born in Athens , Greece on February 7 , 1940 . He grew up in a working-class neighbourhood of Kallithea and his early years , along with his parents Nikos and Sophia and his younger brother Vassilis , were influenced by World War II and in particular by the Greek Civil War that followed . In 1952 he was admitted to the selective public Experimental School of the University of Athens , from where he graduated in 1958 . The same year he was admitted in the School of Electrical & Mechanical Engineering of the National Technical",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "University of Athens . Among his classmates was John Iliopoulos , A theoretical physicist . He graduated with first class honours in 1963 and commenced the compulsory , in Greece , military service , which at the time lasted two and a half years . During this period , he was given the opportunity to attend a number of graduate level physics courses at the Center for Advanced Studies and Philosophy of Science which was organised at the National Centre of Scientific Research Demokritos .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In 1965 Economou applied for graduate studies in the U.S . and was admitted to the department of physics of the University of Chicago . Before leaving for the U.S. , in February 1966 , he married Athanasia Paganou and they have a daughter , Sophia Economou , who is professor of physics at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University . He arrived in Chicago in 1966 . Two months later he passed the qualifying exams , ranking first among his classmates , which made it easy to be accepted as a PhD student in the group of Morrel H",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": ". Cohen . Economou decided to focus on theoretical condensed matter physics . He completed his studies and was awarded a PhD in three years with a dissertation entitled , Surface Plasmons in Thin Films in 1969 .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "Economou became assistant professor and later professor in the department of physics at the University of Virginia ( 1970–1981 ) . He has been visiting professor at the University of Chicago ( 1994 ) , Université de Lausanne ( 1992 ) , Princeton University ( 1978 ) , Iowa State University ( 1991–1992 ) and an affiliated member of Ames Laboratory since 1992 . He was visiting researcher at the National Centre of Scientific Research Demokritos ( 1997–1998 ) and a Chair Professor of Theoretical Physics at the University of Athens ( 1978–1981 ) . In 1981 he and P",
"title": "Scientific career"
},
{
"text": ". Lambropoulos were the first elected professors in the newly founded department of physics of the University of Crete ( Greece ) . As the first chairman of the department he established the bases in the Physics curriculum and he was instrumental in hiring high quality faculty at the University of Crete . He was and remains a strong advocate on topics related to the negative influence of political parties and direct involvement of students in the normal operation of the universities . He retired in 2007 , and still serves and teaches in the department of physics as professor",
"title": "Scientific career"
},
{
"text": "emeritus .",
"title": "Scientific career"
},
{
"text": "Economou was the prominent figure of a group of five Greek scientists from abroad , namely Fotis Kafatos , Dionysios ( Dennis ) Tsichritzis , Grigoris Sifakis and Peter ( Panagiotis ) Lambropoulos , who planned the idea and with the help of the Minister of Research and Technology Georgios Lianis , convinced the Greek Government to create the first three Institutes of the Research Center of Crete ( RCC ; Ερευνητικό Κέντρο Κρήτης – ΕΚΕΚ ) in Heraklion . During his leadership as its first director general ( 1983–2004 ) , RCC expanded with the Institute of Mediterranean Studies",
"title": "Scientific career"
},
{
"text": "( IMS ) in Rethymno and the Institute of Applied Computational Mathematics in Heraklion . In 1986 Skinakas Observatory , jointly supported by RCC , the University of Crete and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics ( Germany ) also commenced its operations . In 1987 with the agreement of George Papatheodorou and Iacovos Vasalos Directors of the Institute of Chemical Engineering & High Temperature Processes - ( ICE/HT ) in Patras , and the Chemical Process Engineering Research Institute ( CPERI ) Thessaloniki , the two Institutes joined RCC and the Foundation for Research & Technology – Hellas",
"title": "Scientific career"
},
{
"text": "( FORTH ) was created . In 2000 CPERI was renamed Centre for Research and Technology Hellas ( CERTH ) becoming independent of FORTH . In 2002 the Biomedical Research Institute ( BRI ) , based in Ioannina was incorporated into FORTH . In parallel , with financial support from the European Union , the construction of the FORTH buildings in Heraklion , Patras , Thessaloniki , and the restoration of the IMS building in Rethymno began . Science and Technology Parks were established connected to the institutes in Heraklion , Patras , and Thessaloniki and respective buildings with European",
"title": "Scientific career"
},
{
"text": "funding were erected . The main FORTH building infrastructure in Heraklion in 2004 had an area of 30,000 square meters . Most of the buildings were designed and supervised by Panos Koulermos , then a professor of architecture at the University of Southern California . FORTH has been established as the premier research organisation in Greece , ranking consistently first in scientific quality and international recognition by a variety of metrics , including evaluations by external Committees as well as attracting funding by European Research Council grants . Achieving this status was not easy , as several times the supervising",
"title": "Scientific career"
},
{
"text": "agencies attempted to introduce political criteria and to intervene .",
"title": "Scientific career"
},
{
"text": " Economou stepped down from the position of director general of FORTH in April 2004 , and he was succeeded by Stelios C . Orphanoudakis . Three years later , in 2007 , he reached the compulsory retirement age of 67 at the university . He was awarded the title of emeritus professor at the University of Crete and he continues to teach and remains active in research at the department of physics .",
"title": "Scientific career"
},
{
"text": "Economou worked in a broad range of topics in the area of condensed matter physics . These topics include electronic properties of many different materials and systems , with emphasis on systems with defects ( crystallographic defects ) and disordered systems ( e.g . amorphous semiconductors ) , magnetic and optical properties of different materials , including superconductors and strongly correlated materials , surface plasmons and their interactions in metals and semiconductors , electron-phonon interactions , non-linear systems and properties , acoustic wave and elastic wave propagation in random and periodic media ( e.g . phononic crystals ) , and",
"title": "Research areas"
},
{
"text": "electromagnetic wave propagation in complex systems , with emphasis on photonic crystals and metamaterials .",
"title": "Research areas"
},
{
"text": "Since 1990 Economous research is mainly focused on electromagnetic and acoustic/elastic wave propagation in complex systems . He was one of the initiators of the field of phononic crystals ( i.e . acoustic/elastic wave band gap materials ) which led to the more recent and wider field of acoustic metamaterials . His 1992 publication «Elastic and acoustic wave band structure» , was one of the two ( almost simultaneous ) publications discussing for the first time the concept of the acoustic band gap . This paper was followed by many other well-recognized of Economous works in the field of phononic",
"title": "Research areas"
},
{
"text": "crystals and elastic wave propagation in complex systems ( see ) .",
"title": "Research areas"
},
{
"text": "In the field of electromagnetic metamaterials , Economous research helped to eliminate some of the first objections of the scientific community on the possibility of the existence of Negative-index metamaterials , revealing the possibility and limitations for the achievement of negative refractive index in the optical spectrum , and demonstrating some of the unique properties and capabilities of metamaterials ( e.g . the possibility for achievement of repulsive Casimir force in chiral metamaterials ) . In his research on metamaterials , Economou works in close collaboration with his long-term colleague Costas Soukoulis , since the period 1979 to 1982 when",
"title": "Research areas"
},
{
"text": "Soukoulis was a postdoctoral researcher under his supervision at the University of Virginia . The collaborative research on negative index metamaterials led by Economou and Soukoulis , including scientists from Imperial College ( Sir John Pendry ) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and Bilkent University ( Ekmel Özbay ) , was recognized with the award of the European Union Descartes prize for collaborative research in 2005 .",
"title": "Research areas"
},
{
"text": " One of the most important scientific contributions by Economou is considered his PhD work on surface plasmons . The relevant 1969 publication Surface plasmons in thin films , among the first of his career , has become a reference work for the modern field of plasmonics . Among Economous earlier research , quite important is considered also the research on Anderson localization in systems with defects ( i.e. , crystallographic defect ) and disordered systems . Many of the novel and important results of this research are summarized in his book “Green’s Functions in Quantum Physics” .",
"title": "Research areas"
},
{
"text": " Economou has written several physics textbooks in Greek and in English . His book Greens functions in Quantum Physics , originally published in 1979 , has received more than 2500 citations according to Google Scholar . It was included in the electronic Springer Book Archives containing 40 renowned imprints published by Springer between 1842 and 2005 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Greens functions in Quantum Physics , Springer-Verlag , 1979 . Second edition 1983 , third edition 2006 . - A Short Journey from Quarks to the Universe , SpringerBriefs , 2011 . A 2nd enlarged edition appeared in Jan . 2016 entitled From Quarks to the Universe : A short Physics Course , Springer-Verlag , 2016 . - The Physics of Solids . Essentials and Beyond , Springer-Verlag , 2010 .",
"title": "Books in English"
},
{
"text": " - Statistical Physics and Thermodynamics , Crete University Press , 1994 , 2nd ed. , 2001 - Science : How its allurement set , Eurasian Publications , Athens 2012 - From Quarks to the Universe : A short journey , Crete University Press , 2012 - Solid State Physics Vol . I : Metals , Semiconductors , Insulators , Crete University Press , 1997 - Solid State Physics . Vol . II : Order , Disorder , Correlations , Crete University Press , 2003 - Solid State Physics : A shortened version , Crete University Press , 2016",
"title": "Books in Greek"
},
{
"text": "- Solids I – General View & Solids I – Metals and Semiconductors , Hellenic Open University , 1999",
"title": "Books in Greek"
},
{
"text": " - Nuclear Weapons and Human Civilization , Crete University Press , 1985 , 2nd ed . 1987 - Contemporary Physics , Volume 1 , Crete University Press , 1989 , 5th ed. , 2010 ( co-author ) - Contemporary Physics , Volume 2 , Crete University Press , 1989 , 1991 , 5th ed. , 2010 ( co-author )",
"title": "Books in Greek"
},
{
"text": " - Fellow of the American Physical Society ( 1994 ) ...For contributions to the theory of disordered systems including mobility edges and localization of classical waves . - Honorary PhD , Grenoble Institute of Technology , France ( 1994 ) - Honorary PhD , Department of Materials Science & Engineering , University of Ioannina , Greece ( 2004 ) - Outstanding Referee by the American Physics Society ( 2008 ) - Award of the Foundation of the Greek Parliament ( 2010 )",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": "- Commander of the Order of the Phoenix by the President of the Greek Republic ( 2013 )",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": " - E.N . Economou , Surface Plasmons in Thin Films , Phys . Rev . 182 , 539–554 ( 1969 ) - E.N . Economou , M.H . Cohen , Existence of Mobility Edges in Andersons Model for Radom Lattices , Phys . Rev . B . 5 , 2931–2948 ( 1972 ) - E.N . Economou , C.M . Soukoulis , Static Conductance and Scaling Theory of Localization in One Dimension , Phys . Rev . Lett . 46 , 618–621 ( 1981 )",
"title": "Selected publications"
},
{
"text": "- M . Sigalas , E.N . Economou,Elastic and Acoustic Wave Band Structure , Journal of Sound and Vibrations , 158 ( 2 ) , 377 ( 1992 )",
"title": "Selected publications"
},
{
"text": " - M . Kafesaki , R . S . Penciu , and E . N . Economou “Air bubbles in water : a strongly multiple scattering medium for acoustic waves” Physical Review Letters 84 ( 26 ) , 6050 ( 2000 ) - S . Foteinopoulou , E.N . Economou , C.M . Soukoulis , Refraction at Media with Negative Refractive Index , Phys . Rev . Lett . 90 , 107402 ( 2003 )",
"title": "Selected publications"
},
{
"text": "- J . Zhou , Th . Koschny , M . Kafesaki , E.N . Economou , J . Pendry , and C.M . Soukoulis , Saturation of the Magnetic Response of Split-Ring Resonators at Optical Frequencies , Phys . Rev . Lett . 95 ( 22 ) 223902 ( 2005 )",
"title": "Selected publications"
},
{
"text": " - S . Droulias , I . Katsantonis , M . Kafesaki , C.M . Soukoulis , E.N . Economou “Chiral Metamaterials with PT-Symmetry and Beyond” Physical Review Letters 122 ( 21 ) , 213201 ( 2019 )",
"title": "Selected publications"
}
] |
/wiki/Manuel_Bento#P54#0
|
Manuel Bento played for which team in Aug 1969?
|
Manuel Bento Manuel Galrinho Bento ( 25 June 1948 – 1 March 2007 ) was a Portuguese professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper . Bento was best known for his 20-year spell at Benfica , having retired well into his 40s after appearing in nearly 650 official games . He represented Portugal at Euro 1984 and the 1986 World Cup , helping the national team reach the semi-finals in the former tournament . Chosen by Portuguese sports newspaper Record as one of the best 100 Portuguese footballers , Bento won the Goalkeeper of the Year award a best-ever eight times . In January 2015 , he was chosen by the UEFA website as one of Europes favourite goalkeepers . Club career . Bento was born in Golegã , Santarém District . After various youth spells , including one with Sporting CP , he started professionally at F.C . Barreirense , being transferred to S.L . Benfica for the 1972–73 season . Bento started with Benfica as a backup to another Portuguese keeper , José Henrique . After three years in an interesting battle for first-choice status , the former gained the starting position in 1976 at age 28 , and proceeded to amass 636 overall appearances for the Lisbon side . Bento suffered a severe injury in the 1986 summer on international duty , from which he never recovered fully . He spent the next six years mainly as third-string , behind Silvino and Neno , being on the bench at both the 1988 and 1990 European Cup finals , lost to PSV Eindhoven and A.C . Milan respectively ; the last game of his career came at the end of the 1989–90 campaign against C.F . Os Belenenses , in which he was chosen Man of the match . In the summer of 1989 he played in the National Soccer League with Toronto First Portuguese . In June 1992 , aged 44 , Bento retired from football after exactly 20 years at Benfica – he was the oldest footballer ever to appear in the Portuguese first division . Subsequently , he began working as a goalkeeper coach , always with his main club . Bento died in the hospital of Barreiro on 1 March 2007 , after suffering a heart attack . He was 58 years old . International career . Bento earned 63 caps for Portugal , over the course of one decade . He made his debut on 16 October 1976 in the 1978 FIFA World Cup qualifying campaigns opener , a 0–2 defeat against Poland in Porto . Bento remained first-choice for the following nine years , being between the posts as the national team reached the semi-finals at UEFA Euro 1984 , excelling in the 2–3 loss against the hosts France . He also started in the epic 1–0 win in West Germany for the 1986 World Cup qualifiers , being subsequently picked for the final stages in Mexico at age 38 : he appeared in the first game against England ( another single-goal success ) , then broke his fibula in training , being replaced for the remainder of the tournament by Sportings Vítor Damas ; Portugal lost the next two matches and were eliminated from the knockout stages . Honours . Club . Benfica - Primeira Divisão ( 8 ) : 1972–73 , 1974–75 , 1975–76 , 1976–77 , 1980–81 , 1982–83 , 1983–84 , 1986–87 - Taça de Portugal ( 5 ) : 1979–80 , 1980–81 , 1982–83 , 1984–85 , 1985–86 - Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira ( 2 ) : 1980 , 1985 - Taça de Honra ( 6 ) Individual . - Portuguese Footballer of the Year : 1977 External links . - Portugal stats at Eu-Football
|
[
"F.C . Barreirense"
] |
[
{
"text": " Manuel Galrinho Bento ( 25 June 1948 – 1 March 2007 ) was a Portuguese professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper . Bento was best known for his 20-year spell at Benfica , having retired well into his 40s after appearing in nearly 650 official games . He represented Portugal at Euro 1984 and the 1986 World Cup , helping the national team reach the semi-finals in the former tournament .",
"title": "Manuel Bento"
},
{
"text": "Chosen by Portuguese sports newspaper Record as one of the best 100 Portuguese footballers , Bento won the Goalkeeper of the Year award a best-ever eight times . In January 2015 , he was chosen by the UEFA website as one of Europes favourite goalkeepers .",
"title": "Manuel Bento"
},
{
"text": " Bento was born in Golegã , Santarém District . After various youth spells , including one with Sporting CP , he started professionally at F.C . Barreirense , being transferred to S.L . Benfica for the 1972–73 season . Bento started with Benfica as a backup to another Portuguese keeper , José Henrique . After three years in an interesting battle for first-choice status , the former gained the starting position in 1976 at age 28 , and proceeded to amass 636 overall appearances for the Lisbon side .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "Bento suffered a severe injury in the 1986 summer on international duty , from which he never recovered fully . He spent the next six years mainly as third-string , behind Silvino and Neno , being on the bench at both the 1988 and 1990 European Cup finals , lost to PSV Eindhoven and A.C . Milan respectively ; the last game of his career came at the end of the 1989–90 campaign against C.F . Os Belenenses , in which he was chosen Man of the match . In the summer of 1989 he played in the National Soccer",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "League with Toronto First Portuguese .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " In June 1992 , aged 44 , Bento retired from football after exactly 20 years at Benfica – he was the oldest footballer ever to appear in the Portuguese first division . Subsequently , he began working as a goalkeeper coach , always with his main club . Bento died in the hospital of Barreiro on 1 March 2007 , after suffering a heart attack . He was 58 years old .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Bento earned 63 caps for Portugal , over the course of one decade . He made his debut on 16 October 1976 in the 1978 FIFA World Cup qualifying campaigns opener , a 0–2 defeat against Poland in Porto .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Bento remained first-choice for the following nine years , being between the posts as the national team reached the semi-finals at UEFA Euro 1984 , excelling in the 2–3 loss against the hosts France . He also started in the epic 1–0 win in West Germany for the 1986 World Cup qualifiers , being subsequently picked for the final stages in Mexico at age 38 : he appeared in the first game against England ( another single-goal success ) , then broke his fibula in training , being replaced for the remainder of the tournament by Sportings Vítor Damas ;",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Portugal lost the next two matches and were eliminated from the knockout stages .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Primeira Divisão ( 8 ) : 1972–73 , 1974–75 , 1975–76 , 1976–77 , 1980–81 , 1982–83 , 1983–84 , 1986–87 - Taça de Portugal ( 5 ) : 1979–80 , 1980–81 , 1982–83 , 1984–85 , 1985–86 - Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira ( 2 ) : 1980 , 1985 - Taça de Honra ( 6 )",
"title": "Benfica"
},
{
"text": " - Portugal stats at Eu-Football",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Manuel_Bento#P54#1
|
Manuel Bento played for which team between Feb 1980 and Mar 1980?
|
Manuel Bento Manuel Galrinho Bento ( 25 June 1948 – 1 March 2007 ) was a Portuguese professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper . Bento was best known for his 20-year spell at Benfica , having retired well into his 40s after appearing in nearly 650 official games . He represented Portugal at Euro 1984 and the 1986 World Cup , helping the national team reach the semi-finals in the former tournament . Chosen by Portuguese sports newspaper Record as one of the best 100 Portuguese footballers , Bento won the Goalkeeper of the Year award a best-ever eight times . In January 2015 , he was chosen by the UEFA website as one of Europes favourite goalkeepers . Club career . Bento was born in Golegã , Santarém District . After various youth spells , including one with Sporting CP , he started professionally at F.C . Barreirense , being transferred to S.L . Benfica for the 1972–73 season . Bento started with Benfica as a backup to another Portuguese keeper , José Henrique . After three years in an interesting battle for first-choice status , the former gained the starting position in 1976 at age 28 , and proceeded to amass 636 overall appearances for the Lisbon side . Bento suffered a severe injury in the 1986 summer on international duty , from which he never recovered fully . He spent the next six years mainly as third-string , behind Silvino and Neno , being on the bench at both the 1988 and 1990 European Cup finals , lost to PSV Eindhoven and A.C . Milan respectively ; the last game of his career came at the end of the 1989–90 campaign against C.F . Os Belenenses , in which he was chosen Man of the match . In the summer of 1989 he played in the National Soccer League with Toronto First Portuguese . In June 1992 , aged 44 , Bento retired from football after exactly 20 years at Benfica – he was the oldest footballer ever to appear in the Portuguese first division . Subsequently , he began working as a goalkeeper coach , always with his main club . Bento died in the hospital of Barreiro on 1 March 2007 , after suffering a heart attack . He was 58 years old . International career . Bento earned 63 caps for Portugal , over the course of one decade . He made his debut on 16 October 1976 in the 1978 FIFA World Cup qualifying campaigns opener , a 0–2 defeat against Poland in Porto . Bento remained first-choice for the following nine years , being between the posts as the national team reached the semi-finals at UEFA Euro 1984 , excelling in the 2–3 loss against the hosts France . He also started in the epic 1–0 win in West Germany for the 1986 World Cup qualifiers , being subsequently picked for the final stages in Mexico at age 38 : he appeared in the first game against England ( another single-goal success ) , then broke his fibula in training , being replaced for the remainder of the tournament by Sportings Vítor Damas ; Portugal lost the next two matches and were eliminated from the knockout stages . Honours . Club . Benfica - Primeira Divisão ( 8 ) : 1972–73 , 1974–75 , 1975–76 , 1976–77 , 1980–81 , 1982–83 , 1983–84 , 1986–87 - Taça de Portugal ( 5 ) : 1979–80 , 1980–81 , 1982–83 , 1984–85 , 1985–86 - Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira ( 2 ) : 1980 , 1985 - Taça de Honra ( 6 ) Individual . - Portuguese Footballer of the Year : 1977 External links . - Portugal stats at Eu-Football
|
[
"S.L . Benfica"
] |
[
{
"text": " Manuel Galrinho Bento ( 25 June 1948 – 1 March 2007 ) was a Portuguese professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper . Bento was best known for his 20-year spell at Benfica , having retired well into his 40s after appearing in nearly 650 official games . He represented Portugal at Euro 1984 and the 1986 World Cup , helping the national team reach the semi-finals in the former tournament .",
"title": "Manuel Bento"
},
{
"text": "Chosen by Portuguese sports newspaper Record as one of the best 100 Portuguese footballers , Bento won the Goalkeeper of the Year award a best-ever eight times . In January 2015 , he was chosen by the UEFA website as one of Europes favourite goalkeepers .",
"title": "Manuel Bento"
},
{
"text": " Bento was born in Golegã , Santarém District . After various youth spells , including one with Sporting CP , he started professionally at F.C . Barreirense , being transferred to S.L . Benfica for the 1972–73 season . Bento started with Benfica as a backup to another Portuguese keeper , José Henrique . After three years in an interesting battle for first-choice status , the former gained the starting position in 1976 at age 28 , and proceeded to amass 636 overall appearances for the Lisbon side .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "Bento suffered a severe injury in the 1986 summer on international duty , from which he never recovered fully . He spent the next six years mainly as third-string , behind Silvino and Neno , being on the bench at both the 1988 and 1990 European Cup finals , lost to PSV Eindhoven and A.C . Milan respectively ; the last game of his career came at the end of the 1989–90 campaign against C.F . Os Belenenses , in which he was chosen Man of the match . In the summer of 1989 he played in the National Soccer",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "League with Toronto First Portuguese .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " In June 1992 , aged 44 , Bento retired from football after exactly 20 years at Benfica – he was the oldest footballer ever to appear in the Portuguese first division . Subsequently , he began working as a goalkeeper coach , always with his main club . Bento died in the hospital of Barreiro on 1 March 2007 , after suffering a heart attack . He was 58 years old .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Bento earned 63 caps for Portugal , over the course of one decade . He made his debut on 16 October 1976 in the 1978 FIFA World Cup qualifying campaigns opener , a 0–2 defeat against Poland in Porto .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Bento remained first-choice for the following nine years , being between the posts as the national team reached the semi-finals at UEFA Euro 1984 , excelling in the 2–3 loss against the hosts France . He also started in the epic 1–0 win in West Germany for the 1986 World Cup qualifiers , being subsequently picked for the final stages in Mexico at age 38 : he appeared in the first game against England ( another single-goal success ) , then broke his fibula in training , being replaced for the remainder of the tournament by Sportings Vítor Damas ;",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Portugal lost the next two matches and were eliminated from the knockout stages .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Primeira Divisão ( 8 ) : 1972–73 , 1974–75 , 1975–76 , 1976–77 , 1980–81 , 1982–83 , 1983–84 , 1986–87 - Taça de Portugal ( 5 ) : 1979–80 , 1980–81 , 1982–83 , 1984–85 , 1985–86 - Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira ( 2 ) : 1980 , 1985 - Taça de Honra ( 6 )",
"title": "Benfica"
},
{
"text": " - Portugal stats at Eu-Football",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Manuel_Bento#P54#2
|
Manuel Bento played for which team in Dec 1990?
|
Manuel Bento Manuel Galrinho Bento ( 25 June 1948 – 1 March 2007 ) was a Portuguese professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper . Bento was best known for his 20-year spell at Benfica , having retired well into his 40s after appearing in nearly 650 official games . He represented Portugal at Euro 1984 and the 1986 World Cup , helping the national team reach the semi-finals in the former tournament . Chosen by Portuguese sports newspaper Record as one of the best 100 Portuguese footballers , Bento won the Goalkeeper of the Year award a best-ever eight times . In January 2015 , he was chosen by the UEFA website as one of Europes favourite goalkeepers . Club career . Bento was born in Golegã , Santarém District . After various youth spells , including one with Sporting CP , he started professionally at F.C . Barreirense , being transferred to S.L . Benfica for the 1972–73 season . Bento started with Benfica as a backup to another Portuguese keeper , José Henrique . After three years in an interesting battle for first-choice status , the former gained the starting position in 1976 at age 28 , and proceeded to amass 636 overall appearances for the Lisbon side . Bento suffered a severe injury in the 1986 summer on international duty , from which he never recovered fully . He spent the next six years mainly as third-string , behind Silvino and Neno , being on the bench at both the 1988 and 1990 European Cup finals , lost to PSV Eindhoven and A.C . Milan respectively ; the last game of his career came at the end of the 1989–90 campaign against C.F . Os Belenenses , in which he was chosen Man of the match . In the summer of 1989 he played in the National Soccer League with Toronto First Portuguese . In June 1992 , aged 44 , Bento retired from football after exactly 20 years at Benfica – he was the oldest footballer ever to appear in the Portuguese first division . Subsequently , he began working as a goalkeeper coach , always with his main club . Bento died in the hospital of Barreiro on 1 March 2007 , after suffering a heart attack . He was 58 years old . International career . Bento earned 63 caps for Portugal , over the course of one decade . He made his debut on 16 October 1976 in the 1978 FIFA World Cup qualifying campaigns opener , a 0–2 defeat against Poland in Porto . Bento remained first-choice for the following nine years , being between the posts as the national team reached the semi-finals at UEFA Euro 1984 , excelling in the 2–3 loss against the hosts France . He also started in the epic 1–0 win in West Germany for the 1986 World Cup qualifiers , being subsequently picked for the final stages in Mexico at age 38 : he appeared in the first game against England ( another single-goal success ) , then broke his fibula in training , being replaced for the remainder of the tournament by Sportings Vítor Damas ; Portugal lost the next two matches and were eliminated from the knockout stages . Honours . Club . Benfica - Primeira Divisão ( 8 ) : 1972–73 , 1974–75 , 1975–76 , 1976–77 , 1980–81 , 1982–83 , 1983–84 , 1986–87 - Taça de Portugal ( 5 ) : 1979–80 , 1980–81 , 1982–83 , 1984–85 , 1985–86 - Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira ( 2 ) : 1980 , 1985 - Taça de Honra ( 6 ) Individual . - Portuguese Footballer of the Year : 1977 External links . - Portugal stats at Eu-Football
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Manuel Galrinho Bento ( 25 June 1948 – 1 March 2007 ) was a Portuguese professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper . Bento was best known for his 20-year spell at Benfica , having retired well into his 40s after appearing in nearly 650 official games . He represented Portugal at Euro 1984 and the 1986 World Cup , helping the national team reach the semi-finals in the former tournament .",
"title": "Manuel Bento"
},
{
"text": "Chosen by Portuguese sports newspaper Record as one of the best 100 Portuguese footballers , Bento won the Goalkeeper of the Year award a best-ever eight times . In January 2015 , he was chosen by the UEFA website as one of Europes favourite goalkeepers .",
"title": "Manuel Bento"
},
{
"text": " Bento was born in Golegã , Santarém District . After various youth spells , including one with Sporting CP , he started professionally at F.C . Barreirense , being transferred to S.L . Benfica for the 1972–73 season . Bento started with Benfica as a backup to another Portuguese keeper , José Henrique . After three years in an interesting battle for first-choice status , the former gained the starting position in 1976 at age 28 , and proceeded to amass 636 overall appearances for the Lisbon side .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "Bento suffered a severe injury in the 1986 summer on international duty , from which he never recovered fully . He spent the next six years mainly as third-string , behind Silvino and Neno , being on the bench at both the 1988 and 1990 European Cup finals , lost to PSV Eindhoven and A.C . Milan respectively ; the last game of his career came at the end of the 1989–90 campaign against C.F . Os Belenenses , in which he was chosen Man of the match . In the summer of 1989 he played in the National Soccer",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "League with Toronto First Portuguese .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " In June 1992 , aged 44 , Bento retired from football after exactly 20 years at Benfica – he was the oldest footballer ever to appear in the Portuguese first division . Subsequently , he began working as a goalkeeper coach , always with his main club . Bento died in the hospital of Barreiro on 1 March 2007 , after suffering a heart attack . He was 58 years old .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Bento earned 63 caps for Portugal , over the course of one decade . He made his debut on 16 October 1976 in the 1978 FIFA World Cup qualifying campaigns opener , a 0–2 defeat against Poland in Porto .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Bento remained first-choice for the following nine years , being between the posts as the national team reached the semi-finals at UEFA Euro 1984 , excelling in the 2–3 loss against the hosts France . He also started in the epic 1–0 win in West Germany for the 1986 World Cup qualifiers , being subsequently picked for the final stages in Mexico at age 38 : he appeared in the first game against England ( another single-goal success ) , then broke his fibula in training , being replaced for the remainder of the tournament by Sportings Vítor Damas ;",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Portugal lost the next two matches and were eliminated from the knockout stages .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Primeira Divisão ( 8 ) : 1972–73 , 1974–75 , 1975–76 , 1976–77 , 1980–81 , 1982–83 , 1983–84 , 1986–87 - Taça de Portugal ( 5 ) : 1979–80 , 1980–81 , 1982–83 , 1984–85 , 1985–86 - Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira ( 2 ) : 1980 , 1985 - Taça de Honra ( 6 )",
"title": "Benfica"
},
{
"text": " - Portugal stats at Eu-Football",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Paul_Merton#P26#0
|
Who was Paul Merton 's spouse in Dec 1995?
|
Paul Merton Paul James Martin ( born 9 July 1957 ) , known under the stage name Paul Merton , is an English writer , actor , comedian and radio and television presenter . Known for his improvisation skill , Mertons humour is rooted in deadpan , surreal and sometimes dark comedy . He has been ranked by critics , fellow comedians and viewers to be among Britains greatest comedians . He is well known for his regular appearances as a team captain on the BBC panel game Have I Got News for You , and as the former host of Room 101 , as well as for several appearances on the original British version of the improvisational comedy television show Whose Line Is It Anyway ? Merton appears as a panellist regularly on Radio 4s Just a Minute , first appearing in 1989 , and becoming the only remaining regular panellist in 2009 following the death of Clement Freud . He has also appeared as one of the Comedy Stores Comedy Store Players . Early life . Merton was born on 9 July 1957 in Parsons Green , west London , to an English Anglican father , Albert Martin ( a train driver on the London Underground ) , and an Irish Roman Catholic mother , Mary Ann Power . It was revealed on Who Do You Think You Are ? that Mertons maternal grandfather , James Power , was from Passage East in County Waterford and served as a lieutenant in the Irish Republican Army during the Irish War of Independence . Merton attended St Thomass School , Fulham and St Teresas , Morden . He then went to Wimbledon College , a Jesuit-run secondary school that was formerly a grammar school and had just become a comprehensive , in a stream for boys who had failed the 11-plus , and he received A-levels in English and History . After leaving school , Merton worked at the Tooting employment office as a clerical officer for three years , quitting in February 1980 . Career . Merton often claims that he was inspired to go into comedy at an early age watching clowns at a circus , remembering , I dont think Id seen clowns before . Id certainly never seen adults behave like this...From that evening , I wanted to be part of the process that was making all those people laugh . He gained his earliest professional credits under his birth name , including an appearance as a yokel in Time , an episode of The Young Ones in 1984 . On joining Equity he found that the name Paul Martin was already taken by a juggler in Leeds , so he renamed himself after Merton , the district of London where he grew up . Stage . Though he had harboured serious ambitions of becoming a performing comedian since his school days , it was not until April 1982 , at the Comedy Store in Soho , that his dream was realised . Merton commented that he made his professional debut in Swansea in 1982 which led to having an affection for Wales . What we did over the course of two weeks was perform 10 shows and it meant that our first time on stage if we made a mistake on the Monday we wouldnt repeat that mistake the next day . Merton recalls that on only his second or third night he found the dour role that has informed his comic approach ever since . He has been a member of the London improvisation group The Comedy Store Players since 1985 , and still regularly performs with them . Merton has performed in Paul Mertons Impro Chums at Pleasance as part of the Edinburgh Comedy Festival every year from 2008 . Merton was due to make his West End debut in the 2021 revival of Hairspray at the London Coliseum . However , after several delays to the show it was confirmed that Merton would not be joining the company . Television . Mertons breakthrough as a television performer came in 1988 with Channel 4s improvised comedy show Whose Line Is It Anyway? , which moved to TV from BBC Radio 4 , though he had previously performed on the channels Saturday Live and compered its series Comedy Wavelength in 1987 . He remained on Whose Line until 1993 . Have I Got News for You began in 1990 , and two series of his own sketch show , , followed soon after . In 1995 he presented a documentary series celebrating the history of the London Palladium , entitled Paul Mertons Palladium Story . In 1996 , Merton performed updated versions of fifteen of Ray Galton and Alan Simpsons old scripts for an ITV series , Paul Merton in Galton & Simpsons... . Six of these scripts were previously performed by Tony Hancock . These were very badly received by critics , and although a selection of episodes was initially released on VHS , it was not until June 2007 that the complete series was released on DVD . Also in 1996 , Merton took a break from Have I Got News for You during its eleventh series , making only one appearance as a guest on fellow captain Ian Hislops team . Merton later said that at the time he was very tired of the show and that he thought it had become stuck in a rut . Nevertheless , he added that he felt his absence gave the programme the shot in the arm it needed and that it had been better ever since . In 2002 , following allegations in the UK tabloids linking the shows chairman , Angus Deayton , with prostitutes and drug use , the host was asked to resign from the show . Merton hosted the first episode after Deaytons departure and was described as merciless in his treatment of his former co-star . In 1999 Merton replaced Nick Hancock as host of Room 101 , a chat show in which guests are offered the chance to discuss their pet hates and consign them to the oblivion of Room 101 . His first guest was Hancock . He hosted 64 editions . In 2007 , his final guest was Ian Hislop ( who became the first interviewee to appear twice , having also been on an edition with Hancock ) . Hislops selections deliberately included items that Merton was known to like , such as The Beatles and the films of Charlie Chaplin . Hislops final choice was Merton himself , done to represent his departure from the show . Merton cast himself in the room to end the show , although on the condition that Hislop would go in with him . Merton is one of the recurring stars from the 4 ITV Pantos . His best role came in 1999 , where Merton starred alongside Ronnie Corbett as one of the ugly sisters in ITVs Christmas pantomime of Cinderella . His other co-stars were Julian Clary , Samantha Janus , Ben Miller , Harry Hill , Frank Skinner and Alexander Armstrong . In the same year – to coincide with the launch of his first stand up tour in 10 years , and this is me...Paul Merton – he was given his own one hour South Bank Show special . The show charted his beginnings in the comedy business , to the development of his improvisational skills , his mental breakdown , and the popularity of Have I Got News For You . He was rumoured to be a possible new host of Countdown to replace both Richard Whiteley and his successor , Des Lynam , but decided not to pursue this . Merton is a keen student of comedy , particularly the early silent comedians and in 2006 , BBC Four broadcast Paul Mertons Silent Clowns , a four-part documentary series on the silent comedy craft of Buster Keaton , Charlie Chaplin , Laurel and Hardy and Harold Lloyd . He examined their respective careers , interspersed with moments from a live show in which he presented clips of their work . Among the audience were many children , who were seeing the performers for the first time . Merton took a stage version of this show to the 2006 Edinburgh Fringe Festival and in late 2007 took the show on a UK tour . A tie-in book , Silent Comedy , was written by Merton and published by RH Books in late 2007 . The Independent described it as clearly a labour of love but criticised the exhaustive and overly-thorough plot synopses of the films discussed . Also in 2007 Merton presented a four-part travel documentary , Paul Merton in China , which was broadcast on Five from 21 May 2007 . His second travel series , Paul Merton in India was transmitted from 8 October 2008 on the same channel . A third series , Paul Merton in Europe began broadcasting on 11 January 2010 , again on Five . In 2015 he was commissioned by More4 to present Paul Merton’s Secret Stations , a travel documentary series about some of Britains little-used request stop railway stations inspired by travel writer Dixe Wills book Tiny Stations . Merton hosted the British version of Thank God Youre Here , which aired on ITV in 2008 . In 2009 , Merton directed and presented a documentary on the British films of Alfred Hitchcock , in a series of star-presented documentaries on BBC Four . In May 2010 , Merton temporarily co-presented The One Show after Adrian Chiles left the show . His three-part documentary series Paul Mertons Birth of Hollywood about the early history of Hollywood was broadcast in May 2011 on BBC2 . In Mertons third TV series for 2011 , Paul Mertons Adventures , he travels around the world going on popular tourist trails , but still manages to find some extraordinary things . Radio . In the late 1980s , Merton appeared on BBC Radio 4s The Big Fun Show . After long-time Just a Minute panellist Kenneth Williams died in 1988 , Merton ( a fan of the show ) contacted the producer at the suggestion of the host , Nicholas Parsons . He was invited to participate during the following year and has appeared regularly on the programme ever since . In 2016 Merton overtook Williams to become the second most regular panellist , surpassed only by Clement Freud . Besides his work on Just a Minute , Merton was a semi-regular guest on Im Sorry I Havent a Clue from 1991 to 1998 . Between 1993 and 1995 , Merton was among the regular cast members on the Radio 4 improvisational comedy series The Masterson Inheritance . In 2000 he presented Two Priests and a Nun Go into a Pub , in which he interviewed British and Irish comedians who had ( like Merton himself ) been brought up as members of the Roman Catholic Church . In 2009 , Merton started a Radio 4 series in which he reads Spike Milligans war memoirs in an audio-book fashion . Personal life . Merton married actress Caroline Quentin in 1990 ; they announced their separation in April 1997 , which was followed by divorce in 1998 . Merton subsequently had a relationship with producer and actress Sarah Parkinson ; they were married unofficially in a service in the Maldives in 2000 . They were officially married three months before her death from breast cancer on 23 September 2003 . He married fellow improviser Suki Webster in 2009 . Shortly before becoming a household name on Have I Got News for You , Merton booked himself into the Maudsley psychiatric hospital for six weeks , because of psychiatric problems caused by the malaria medicine Lariam . In an interview with The Guardian he was reported to have been hallucinating conversations with friends , and became convinced he was a target for the Freemasons . He used the Maudsley episode as a key framework in his 2012 tour , Out of My Head . He gave many examples of his experiences there , conversations with staff and fellow patients were played out as sketches with his fellow performers , Richard Vranch , Lee Simpson and Suki Webster . He stated that , during his time at the Maudsley , he was simultaneously appearing in Whose Line Is It Anyway ? on Channel 4 . Acclaim and awards . In a 2007 public poll featured in The Guardian , Merton was voted alongside the likes of Oscar Wilde , Spike Milligan , Noël Coward and Winston Churchill as one of the ten greatest wits of all time . The Comedians Comedian , a 2005 Channel 4 poll of fellow comedians , saw him voted among the top twenty greatest international comedians in history , with host Jimmy Carr crediting him for being responsible for more great lines than Angus Deaytons dealer . The Observers The A–Z of Laughter , a 2003 special compiled by expert judges which featured the 50 funniest acts in British comedy by letter , applauded Merton for bringing to Have I Got News for You a genuine surrealism that cuts through the clubbable smugness . Merton has accumulated multiple awards and honours . After seven BAFTA Award nominations for Best Entertainment Performance , he finally won the award in 2003 , defeating fellow Have I Got News for You star Angus Deayton , who had been dismissed from the show the previous October . He has since been nominated for a further three awards – a total of eleven nominations – including a nomination for his travel documentary Paul Merton in China . Mertons appearances on Have I Got News for You have seen him nominated for five British Comedy Awards , winning the 1992 Top TV Comedy Personality and 1999 Best Comedy Entertainment Personality awards . He has also shared a further three British Comedy Awards with the panel and crew of the show , winning Best new TV comedy in 1991 , Best comedy gameshow in 1999 and Best Comedy Panel Show in 2009 . He received the 2004 Broadcasting Press Guild Award for Best Non-Acting Performer , also for his work on Have I Got News for You . In 2008 , Merton presented Bruce Forsyth with a BAFTA Fellowship : Forsyth had given Merton his Best Entertainment Performance award in 2003 . Bibliography . Merton has written or co-authored five books : External links . - Paul Merton Official Website - Paul Merton at bbc.co.uk - Paul Merton at Comedy Store Players website - Interactive video talk by Paul Merton on early British silent film comedy for the British Film Institute - Paul Mertons Impro Chums at Edinburgh Comedy Festival
|
[
"Caroline Quentin"
] |
[
{
"text": " Paul James Martin ( born 9 July 1957 ) , known under the stage name Paul Merton , is an English writer , actor , comedian and radio and television presenter .",
"title": "Paul Merton"
},
{
"text": "Known for his improvisation skill , Mertons humour is rooted in deadpan , surreal and sometimes dark comedy . He has been ranked by critics , fellow comedians and viewers to be among Britains greatest comedians . He is well known for his regular appearances as a team captain on the BBC panel game Have I Got News for You , and as the former host of Room 101 , as well as for several appearances on the original British version of the improvisational comedy television show Whose Line Is It Anyway ?",
"title": "Paul Merton"
},
{
"text": " Merton appears as a panellist regularly on Radio 4s Just a Minute , first appearing in 1989 , and becoming the only remaining regular panellist in 2009 following the death of Clement Freud . He has also appeared as one of the Comedy Stores Comedy Store Players .",
"title": "Paul Merton"
},
{
"text": "Merton was born on 9 July 1957 in Parsons Green , west London , to an English Anglican father , Albert Martin ( a train driver on the London Underground ) , and an Irish Roman Catholic mother , Mary Ann Power . It was revealed on Who Do You Think You Are ? that Mertons maternal grandfather , James Power , was from Passage East in County Waterford and served as a lieutenant in the Irish Republican Army during the Irish War of Independence . Merton attended St Thomass School , Fulham and St Teresas , Morden . He",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "then went to Wimbledon College , a Jesuit-run secondary school that was formerly a grammar school and had just become a comprehensive , in a stream for boys who had failed the 11-plus , and he received A-levels in English and History . After leaving school , Merton worked at the Tooting employment office as a clerical officer for three years , quitting in February 1980 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Merton often claims that he was inspired to go into comedy at an early age watching clowns at a circus , remembering , I dont think Id seen clowns before . Id certainly never seen adults behave like this...From that evening , I wanted to be part of the process that was making all those people laugh . He gained his earliest professional credits under his birth name , including an appearance as a yokel in Time , an episode of The Young Ones in 1984 . On joining Equity he found that the name Paul Martin was already taken",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "by a juggler in Leeds , so he renamed himself after Merton , the district of London where he grew up .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Though he had harboured serious ambitions of becoming a performing comedian since his school days , it was not until April 1982 , at the Comedy Store in Soho , that his dream was realised . Merton commented that he made his professional debut in Swansea in 1982 which led to having an affection for Wales . What we did over the course of two weeks was perform 10 shows and it meant that our first time on stage if we made a mistake on the Monday we wouldnt repeat that mistake the next day .",
"title": "Stage"
},
{
"text": "Merton recalls that on only his second or third night he found the dour role that has informed his comic approach ever since . He has been a member of the London improvisation group The Comedy Store Players since 1985 , and still regularly performs with them .",
"title": "Stage"
},
{
"text": " Merton has performed in Paul Mertons Impro Chums at Pleasance as part of the Edinburgh Comedy Festival every year from 2008 . Merton was due to make his West End debut in the 2021 revival of Hairspray at the London Coliseum . However , after several delays to the show it was confirmed that Merton would not be joining the company .",
"title": "Stage"
},
{
"text": "Mertons breakthrough as a television performer came in 1988 with Channel 4s improvised comedy show Whose Line Is It Anyway? , which moved to TV from BBC Radio 4 , though he had previously performed on the channels Saturday Live and compered its series Comedy Wavelength in 1987 . He remained on Whose Line until 1993 . Have I Got News for You began in 1990 , and two series of his own sketch show , , followed soon after . In 1995 he presented a documentary series celebrating the history of the London Palladium , entitled Paul Mertons Palladium",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"text": "Story . In 1996 , Merton performed updated versions of fifteen of Ray Galton and Alan Simpsons old scripts for an ITV series , Paul Merton in Galton & Simpsons... . Six of these scripts were previously performed by Tony Hancock . These were very badly received by critics , and although a selection of episodes was initially released on VHS , it was not until June 2007 that the complete series was released on DVD .",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"text": "Also in 1996 , Merton took a break from Have I Got News for You during its eleventh series , making only one appearance as a guest on fellow captain Ian Hislops team . Merton later said that at the time he was very tired of the show and that he thought it had become stuck in a rut . Nevertheless , he added that he felt his absence gave the programme the shot in the arm it needed and that it had been better ever since . In 2002 , following allegations in the UK tabloids linking the shows",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"text": "chairman , Angus Deayton , with prostitutes and drug use , the host was asked to resign from the show . Merton hosted the first episode after Deaytons departure and was described as merciless in his treatment of his former co-star .",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"text": "In 1999 Merton replaced Nick Hancock as host of Room 101 , a chat show in which guests are offered the chance to discuss their pet hates and consign them to the oblivion of Room 101 . His first guest was Hancock . He hosted 64 editions . In 2007 , his final guest was Ian Hislop ( who became the first interviewee to appear twice , having also been on an edition with Hancock ) . Hislops selections deliberately included items that Merton was known to like , such as The Beatles and the films of Charlie Chaplin .",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"text": "Hislops final choice was Merton himself , done to represent his departure from the show . Merton cast himself in the room to end the show , although on the condition that Hislop would go in with him .",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"text": "Merton is one of the recurring stars from the 4 ITV Pantos . His best role came in 1999 , where Merton starred alongside Ronnie Corbett as one of the ugly sisters in ITVs Christmas pantomime of Cinderella . His other co-stars were Julian Clary , Samantha Janus , Ben Miller , Harry Hill , Frank Skinner and Alexander Armstrong . In the same year – to coincide with the launch of his first stand up tour in 10 years , and this is me...Paul Merton – he was given his own one hour South Bank Show special . The",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"text": "show charted his beginnings in the comedy business , to the development of his improvisational skills , his mental breakdown , and the popularity of Have I Got News For You .",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"text": " He was rumoured to be a possible new host of Countdown to replace both Richard Whiteley and his successor , Des Lynam , but decided not to pursue this .",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"text": "Merton is a keen student of comedy , particularly the early silent comedians and in 2006 , BBC Four broadcast Paul Mertons Silent Clowns , a four-part documentary series on the silent comedy craft of Buster Keaton , Charlie Chaplin , Laurel and Hardy and Harold Lloyd . He examined their respective careers , interspersed with moments from a live show in which he presented clips of their work . Among the audience were many children , who were seeing the performers for the first time . Merton took a stage version of this show to the 2006 Edinburgh Fringe",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"text": "Festival and in late 2007 took the show on a UK tour . A tie-in book , Silent Comedy , was written by Merton and published by RH Books in late 2007 . The Independent described it as clearly a labour of love but criticised the exhaustive and overly-thorough plot synopses of the films discussed .",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"text": "Also in 2007 Merton presented a four-part travel documentary , Paul Merton in China , which was broadcast on Five from 21 May 2007 . His second travel series , Paul Merton in India was transmitted from 8 October 2008 on the same channel . A third series , Paul Merton in Europe began broadcasting on 11 January 2010 , again on Five . In 2015 he was commissioned by More4 to present Paul Merton’s Secret Stations , a travel documentary series about some of Britains little-used request stop railway stations inspired by travel writer Dixe Wills book Tiny Stations",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"text": " Merton hosted the British version of Thank God Youre Here , which aired on ITV in 2008 . In 2009 , Merton directed and presented a documentary on the British films of Alfred Hitchcock , in a series of star-presented documentaries on BBC Four . In May 2010 , Merton temporarily co-presented The One Show after Adrian Chiles left the show .",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"text": "His three-part documentary series Paul Mertons Birth of Hollywood about the early history of Hollywood was broadcast in May 2011 on BBC2 . In Mertons third TV series for 2011 , Paul Mertons Adventures , he travels around the world going on popular tourist trails , but still manages to find some extraordinary things .",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"text": " In the late 1980s , Merton appeared on BBC Radio 4s The Big Fun Show . After long-time Just a Minute panellist Kenneth Williams died in 1988 , Merton ( a fan of the show ) contacted the producer at the suggestion of the host , Nicholas Parsons . He was invited to participate during the following year and has appeared regularly on the programme ever since . In 2016 Merton overtook Williams to become the second most regular panellist , surpassed only by Clement Freud .",
"title": "Radio"
},
{
"text": "Besides his work on Just a Minute , Merton was a semi-regular guest on Im Sorry I Havent a Clue from 1991 to 1998 . Between 1993 and 1995 , Merton was among the regular cast members on the Radio 4 improvisational comedy series The Masterson Inheritance . In 2000 he presented Two Priests and a Nun Go into a Pub , in which he interviewed British and Irish comedians who had ( like Merton himself ) been brought up as members of the Roman Catholic Church . In 2009 , Merton started a Radio 4 series in which he",
"title": "Radio"
},
{
"text": "reads Spike Milligans war memoirs in an audio-book fashion .",
"title": "Radio"
},
{
"text": " Merton married actress Caroline Quentin in 1990 ; they announced their separation in April 1997 , which was followed by divorce in 1998 . Merton subsequently had a relationship with producer and actress Sarah Parkinson ; they were married unofficially in a service in the Maldives in 2000 . They were officially married three months before her death from breast cancer on 23 September 2003 . He married fellow improviser Suki Webster in 2009 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Shortly before becoming a household name on Have I Got News for You , Merton booked himself into the Maudsley psychiatric hospital for six weeks , because of psychiatric problems caused by the malaria medicine Lariam . In an interview with The Guardian he was reported to have been hallucinating conversations with friends , and became convinced he was a target for the Freemasons .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " He used the Maudsley episode as a key framework in his 2012 tour , Out of My Head . He gave many examples of his experiences there , conversations with staff and fellow patients were played out as sketches with his fellow performers , Richard Vranch , Lee Simpson and Suki Webster . He stated that , during his time at the Maudsley , he was simultaneously appearing in Whose Line Is It Anyway ? on Channel 4 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "In a 2007 public poll featured in The Guardian , Merton was voted alongside the likes of Oscar Wilde , Spike Milligan , Noël Coward and Winston Churchill as one of the ten greatest wits of all time . The Comedians Comedian , a 2005 Channel 4 poll of fellow comedians , saw him voted among the top twenty greatest international comedians in history , with host Jimmy Carr crediting him for being responsible for more great lines than Angus Deaytons dealer . The Observers The A–Z of Laughter , a 2003 special compiled by expert judges which featured the",
"title": "Acclaim and awards"
},
{
"text": "50 funniest acts in British comedy by letter , applauded Merton for bringing to Have I Got News for You a genuine surrealism that cuts through the clubbable smugness .",
"title": "Acclaim and awards"
},
{
"text": "Merton has accumulated multiple awards and honours . After seven BAFTA Award nominations for Best Entertainment Performance , he finally won the award in 2003 , defeating fellow Have I Got News for You star Angus Deayton , who had been dismissed from the show the previous October . He has since been nominated for a further three awards – a total of eleven nominations – including a nomination for his travel documentary Paul Merton in China . Mertons appearances on Have I Got News for You have seen him nominated for five British Comedy Awards , winning the 1992",
"title": "Acclaim and awards"
},
{
"text": "Top TV Comedy Personality and 1999 Best Comedy Entertainment Personality awards . He has also shared a further three British Comedy Awards with the panel and crew of the show , winning Best new TV comedy in 1991 , Best comedy gameshow in 1999 and Best Comedy Panel Show in 2009 . He received the 2004 Broadcasting Press Guild Award for Best Non-Acting Performer , also for his work on Have I Got News for You .",
"title": "Acclaim and awards"
},
{
"text": " In 2008 , Merton presented Bruce Forsyth with a BAFTA Fellowship : Forsyth had given Merton his Best Entertainment Performance award in 2003 .",
"title": "Acclaim and awards"
},
{
"text": " - Paul Merton Official Website - Paul Merton at bbc.co.uk - Paul Merton at Comedy Store Players website - Interactive video talk by Paul Merton on early British silent film comedy for the British Film Institute - Paul Mertons Impro Chums at Edinburgh Comedy Festival",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Paul_Merton#P26#1
|
Who was Paul Merton 's spouse between Jul 2003 and Aug 2003?
|
Paul Merton Paul James Martin ( born 9 July 1957 ) , known under the stage name Paul Merton , is an English writer , actor , comedian and radio and television presenter . Known for his improvisation skill , Mertons humour is rooted in deadpan , surreal and sometimes dark comedy . He has been ranked by critics , fellow comedians and viewers to be among Britains greatest comedians . He is well known for his regular appearances as a team captain on the BBC panel game Have I Got News for You , and as the former host of Room 101 , as well as for several appearances on the original British version of the improvisational comedy television show Whose Line Is It Anyway ? Merton appears as a panellist regularly on Radio 4s Just a Minute , first appearing in 1989 , and becoming the only remaining regular panellist in 2009 following the death of Clement Freud . He has also appeared as one of the Comedy Stores Comedy Store Players . Early life . Merton was born on 9 July 1957 in Parsons Green , west London , to an English Anglican father , Albert Martin ( a train driver on the London Underground ) , and an Irish Roman Catholic mother , Mary Ann Power . It was revealed on Who Do You Think You Are ? that Mertons maternal grandfather , James Power , was from Passage East in County Waterford and served as a lieutenant in the Irish Republican Army during the Irish War of Independence . Merton attended St Thomass School , Fulham and St Teresas , Morden . He then went to Wimbledon College , a Jesuit-run secondary school that was formerly a grammar school and had just become a comprehensive , in a stream for boys who had failed the 11-plus , and he received A-levels in English and History . After leaving school , Merton worked at the Tooting employment office as a clerical officer for three years , quitting in February 1980 . Career . Merton often claims that he was inspired to go into comedy at an early age watching clowns at a circus , remembering , I dont think Id seen clowns before . Id certainly never seen adults behave like this...From that evening , I wanted to be part of the process that was making all those people laugh . He gained his earliest professional credits under his birth name , including an appearance as a yokel in Time , an episode of The Young Ones in 1984 . On joining Equity he found that the name Paul Martin was already taken by a juggler in Leeds , so he renamed himself after Merton , the district of London where he grew up . Stage . Though he had harboured serious ambitions of becoming a performing comedian since his school days , it was not until April 1982 , at the Comedy Store in Soho , that his dream was realised . Merton commented that he made his professional debut in Swansea in 1982 which led to having an affection for Wales . What we did over the course of two weeks was perform 10 shows and it meant that our first time on stage if we made a mistake on the Monday we wouldnt repeat that mistake the next day . Merton recalls that on only his second or third night he found the dour role that has informed his comic approach ever since . He has been a member of the London improvisation group The Comedy Store Players since 1985 , and still regularly performs with them . Merton has performed in Paul Mertons Impro Chums at Pleasance as part of the Edinburgh Comedy Festival every year from 2008 . Merton was due to make his West End debut in the 2021 revival of Hairspray at the London Coliseum . However , after several delays to the show it was confirmed that Merton would not be joining the company . Television . Mertons breakthrough as a television performer came in 1988 with Channel 4s improvised comedy show Whose Line Is It Anyway? , which moved to TV from BBC Radio 4 , though he had previously performed on the channels Saturday Live and compered its series Comedy Wavelength in 1987 . He remained on Whose Line until 1993 . Have I Got News for You began in 1990 , and two series of his own sketch show , , followed soon after . In 1995 he presented a documentary series celebrating the history of the London Palladium , entitled Paul Mertons Palladium Story . In 1996 , Merton performed updated versions of fifteen of Ray Galton and Alan Simpsons old scripts for an ITV series , Paul Merton in Galton & Simpsons... . Six of these scripts were previously performed by Tony Hancock . These were very badly received by critics , and although a selection of episodes was initially released on VHS , it was not until June 2007 that the complete series was released on DVD . Also in 1996 , Merton took a break from Have I Got News for You during its eleventh series , making only one appearance as a guest on fellow captain Ian Hislops team . Merton later said that at the time he was very tired of the show and that he thought it had become stuck in a rut . Nevertheless , he added that he felt his absence gave the programme the shot in the arm it needed and that it had been better ever since . In 2002 , following allegations in the UK tabloids linking the shows chairman , Angus Deayton , with prostitutes and drug use , the host was asked to resign from the show . Merton hosted the first episode after Deaytons departure and was described as merciless in his treatment of his former co-star . In 1999 Merton replaced Nick Hancock as host of Room 101 , a chat show in which guests are offered the chance to discuss their pet hates and consign them to the oblivion of Room 101 . His first guest was Hancock . He hosted 64 editions . In 2007 , his final guest was Ian Hislop ( who became the first interviewee to appear twice , having also been on an edition with Hancock ) . Hislops selections deliberately included items that Merton was known to like , such as The Beatles and the films of Charlie Chaplin . Hislops final choice was Merton himself , done to represent his departure from the show . Merton cast himself in the room to end the show , although on the condition that Hislop would go in with him . Merton is one of the recurring stars from the 4 ITV Pantos . His best role came in 1999 , where Merton starred alongside Ronnie Corbett as one of the ugly sisters in ITVs Christmas pantomime of Cinderella . His other co-stars were Julian Clary , Samantha Janus , Ben Miller , Harry Hill , Frank Skinner and Alexander Armstrong . In the same year – to coincide with the launch of his first stand up tour in 10 years , and this is me...Paul Merton – he was given his own one hour South Bank Show special . The show charted his beginnings in the comedy business , to the development of his improvisational skills , his mental breakdown , and the popularity of Have I Got News For You . He was rumoured to be a possible new host of Countdown to replace both Richard Whiteley and his successor , Des Lynam , but decided not to pursue this . Merton is a keen student of comedy , particularly the early silent comedians and in 2006 , BBC Four broadcast Paul Mertons Silent Clowns , a four-part documentary series on the silent comedy craft of Buster Keaton , Charlie Chaplin , Laurel and Hardy and Harold Lloyd . He examined their respective careers , interspersed with moments from a live show in which he presented clips of their work . Among the audience were many children , who were seeing the performers for the first time . Merton took a stage version of this show to the 2006 Edinburgh Fringe Festival and in late 2007 took the show on a UK tour . A tie-in book , Silent Comedy , was written by Merton and published by RH Books in late 2007 . The Independent described it as clearly a labour of love but criticised the exhaustive and overly-thorough plot synopses of the films discussed . Also in 2007 Merton presented a four-part travel documentary , Paul Merton in China , which was broadcast on Five from 21 May 2007 . His second travel series , Paul Merton in India was transmitted from 8 October 2008 on the same channel . A third series , Paul Merton in Europe began broadcasting on 11 January 2010 , again on Five . In 2015 he was commissioned by More4 to present Paul Merton’s Secret Stations , a travel documentary series about some of Britains little-used request stop railway stations inspired by travel writer Dixe Wills book Tiny Stations . Merton hosted the British version of Thank God Youre Here , which aired on ITV in 2008 . In 2009 , Merton directed and presented a documentary on the British films of Alfred Hitchcock , in a series of star-presented documentaries on BBC Four . In May 2010 , Merton temporarily co-presented The One Show after Adrian Chiles left the show . His three-part documentary series Paul Mertons Birth of Hollywood about the early history of Hollywood was broadcast in May 2011 on BBC2 . In Mertons third TV series for 2011 , Paul Mertons Adventures , he travels around the world going on popular tourist trails , but still manages to find some extraordinary things . Radio . In the late 1980s , Merton appeared on BBC Radio 4s The Big Fun Show . After long-time Just a Minute panellist Kenneth Williams died in 1988 , Merton ( a fan of the show ) contacted the producer at the suggestion of the host , Nicholas Parsons . He was invited to participate during the following year and has appeared regularly on the programme ever since . In 2016 Merton overtook Williams to become the second most regular panellist , surpassed only by Clement Freud . Besides his work on Just a Minute , Merton was a semi-regular guest on Im Sorry I Havent a Clue from 1991 to 1998 . Between 1993 and 1995 , Merton was among the regular cast members on the Radio 4 improvisational comedy series The Masterson Inheritance . In 2000 he presented Two Priests and a Nun Go into a Pub , in which he interviewed British and Irish comedians who had ( like Merton himself ) been brought up as members of the Roman Catholic Church . In 2009 , Merton started a Radio 4 series in which he reads Spike Milligans war memoirs in an audio-book fashion . Personal life . Merton married actress Caroline Quentin in 1990 ; they announced their separation in April 1997 , which was followed by divorce in 1998 . Merton subsequently had a relationship with producer and actress Sarah Parkinson ; they were married unofficially in a service in the Maldives in 2000 . They were officially married three months before her death from breast cancer on 23 September 2003 . He married fellow improviser Suki Webster in 2009 . Shortly before becoming a household name on Have I Got News for You , Merton booked himself into the Maudsley psychiatric hospital for six weeks , because of psychiatric problems caused by the malaria medicine Lariam . In an interview with The Guardian he was reported to have been hallucinating conversations with friends , and became convinced he was a target for the Freemasons . He used the Maudsley episode as a key framework in his 2012 tour , Out of My Head . He gave many examples of his experiences there , conversations with staff and fellow patients were played out as sketches with his fellow performers , Richard Vranch , Lee Simpson and Suki Webster . He stated that , during his time at the Maudsley , he was simultaneously appearing in Whose Line Is It Anyway ? on Channel 4 . Acclaim and awards . In a 2007 public poll featured in The Guardian , Merton was voted alongside the likes of Oscar Wilde , Spike Milligan , Noël Coward and Winston Churchill as one of the ten greatest wits of all time . The Comedians Comedian , a 2005 Channel 4 poll of fellow comedians , saw him voted among the top twenty greatest international comedians in history , with host Jimmy Carr crediting him for being responsible for more great lines than Angus Deaytons dealer . The Observers The A–Z of Laughter , a 2003 special compiled by expert judges which featured the 50 funniest acts in British comedy by letter , applauded Merton for bringing to Have I Got News for You a genuine surrealism that cuts through the clubbable smugness . Merton has accumulated multiple awards and honours . After seven BAFTA Award nominations for Best Entertainment Performance , he finally won the award in 2003 , defeating fellow Have I Got News for You star Angus Deayton , who had been dismissed from the show the previous October . He has since been nominated for a further three awards – a total of eleven nominations – including a nomination for his travel documentary Paul Merton in China . Mertons appearances on Have I Got News for You have seen him nominated for five British Comedy Awards , winning the 1992 Top TV Comedy Personality and 1999 Best Comedy Entertainment Personality awards . He has also shared a further three British Comedy Awards with the panel and crew of the show , winning Best new TV comedy in 1991 , Best comedy gameshow in 1999 and Best Comedy Panel Show in 2009 . He received the 2004 Broadcasting Press Guild Award for Best Non-Acting Performer , also for his work on Have I Got News for You . In 2008 , Merton presented Bruce Forsyth with a BAFTA Fellowship : Forsyth had given Merton his Best Entertainment Performance award in 2003 . Bibliography . Merton has written or co-authored five books : External links . - Paul Merton Official Website - Paul Merton at bbc.co.uk - Paul Merton at Comedy Store Players website - Interactive video talk by Paul Merton on early British silent film comedy for the British Film Institute - Paul Mertons Impro Chums at Edinburgh Comedy Festival
|
[
"Sarah Parkinson"
] |
[
{
"text": " Paul James Martin ( born 9 July 1957 ) , known under the stage name Paul Merton , is an English writer , actor , comedian and radio and television presenter .",
"title": "Paul Merton"
},
{
"text": "Known for his improvisation skill , Mertons humour is rooted in deadpan , surreal and sometimes dark comedy . He has been ranked by critics , fellow comedians and viewers to be among Britains greatest comedians . He is well known for his regular appearances as a team captain on the BBC panel game Have I Got News for You , and as the former host of Room 101 , as well as for several appearances on the original British version of the improvisational comedy television show Whose Line Is It Anyway ?",
"title": "Paul Merton"
},
{
"text": " Merton appears as a panellist regularly on Radio 4s Just a Minute , first appearing in 1989 , and becoming the only remaining regular panellist in 2009 following the death of Clement Freud . He has also appeared as one of the Comedy Stores Comedy Store Players .",
"title": "Paul Merton"
},
{
"text": "Merton was born on 9 July 1957 in Parsons Green , west London , to an English Anglican father , Albert Martin ( a train driver on the London Underground ) , and an Irish Roman Catholic mother , Mary Ann Power . It was revealed on Who Do You Think You Are ? that Mertons maternal grandfather , James Power , was from Passage East in County Waterford and served as a lieutenant in the Irish Republican Army during the Irish War of Independence . Merton attended St Thomass School , Fulham and St Teresas , Morden . He",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "then went to Wimbledon College , a Jesuit-run secondary school that was formerly a grammar school and had just become a comprehensive , in a stream for boys who had failed the 11-plus , and he received A-levels in English and History . After leaving school , Merton worked at the Tooting employment office as a clerical officer for three years , quitting in February 1980 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Merton often claims that he was inspired to go into comedy at an early age watching clowns at a circus , remembering , I dont think Id seen clowns before . Id certainly never seen adults behave like this...From that evening , I wanted to be part of the process that was making all those people laugh . He gained his earliest professional credits under his birth name , including an appearance as a yokel in Time , an episode of The Young Ones in 1984 . On joining Equity he found that the name Paul Martin was already taken",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "by a juggler in Leeds , so he renamed himself after Merton , the district of London where he grew up .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Though he had harboured serious ambitions of becoming a performing comedian since his school days , it was not until April 1982 , at the Comedy Store in Soho , that his dream was realised . Merton commented that he made his professional debut in Swansea in 1982 which led to having an affection for Wales . What we did over the course of two weeks was perform 10 shows and it meant that our first time on stage if we made a mistake on the Monday we wouldnt repeat that mistake the next day .",
"title": "Stage"
},
{
"text": "Merton recalls that on only his second or third night he found the dour role that has informed his comic approach ever since . He has been a member of the London improvisation group The Comedy Store Players since 1985 , and still regularly performs with them .",
"title": "Stage"
},
{
"text": " Merton has performed in Paul Mertons Impro Chums at Pleasance as part of the Edinburgh Comedy Festival every year from 2008 . Merton was due to make his West End debut in the 2021 revival of Hairspray at the London Coliseum . However , after several delays to the show it was confirmed that Merton would not be joining the company .",
"title": "Stage"
},
{
"text": "Mertons breakthrough as a television performer came in 1988 with Channel 4s improvised comedy show Whose Line Is It Anyway? , which moved to TV from BBC Radio 4 , though he had previously performed on the channels Saturday Live and compered its series Comedy Wavelength in 1987 . He remained on Whose Line until 1993 . Have I Got News for You began in 1990 , and two series of his own sketch show , , followed soon after . In 1995 he presented a documentary series celebrating the history of the London Palladium , entitled Paul Mertons Palladium",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"text": "Story . In 1996 , Merton performed updated versions of fifteen of Ray Galton and Alan Simpsons old scripts for an ITV series , Paul Merton in Galton & Simpsons... . Six of these scripts were previously performed by Tony Hancock . These were very badly received by critics , and although a selection of episodes was initially released on VHS , it was not until June 2007 that the complete series was released on DVD .",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"text": "Also in 1996 , Merton took a break from Have I Got News for You during its eleventh series , making only one appearance as a guest on fellow captain Ian Hislops team . Merton later said that at the time he was very tired of the show and that he thought it had become stuck in a rut . Nevertheless , he added that he felt his absence gave the programme the shot in the arm it needed and that it had been better ever since . In 2002 , following allegations in the UK tabloids linking the shows",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"text": "chairman , Angus Deayton , with prostitutes and drug use , the host was asked to resign from the show . Merton hosted the first episode after Deaytons departure and was described as merciless in his treatment of his former co-star .",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"text": "In 1999 Merton replaced Nick Hancock as host of Room 101 , a chat show in which guests are offered the chance to discuss their pet hates and consign them to the oblivion of Room 101 . His first guest was Hancock . He hosted 64 editions . In 2007 , his final guest was Ian Hislop ( who became the first interviewee to appear twice , having also been on an edition with Hancock ) . Hislops selections deliberately included items that Merton was known to like , such as The Beatles and the films of Charlie Chaplin .",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"text": "Hislops final choice was Merton himself , done to represent his departure from the show . Merton cast himself in the room to end the show , although on the condition that Hislop would go in with him .",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"text": "Merton is one of the recurring stars from the 4 ITV Pantos . His best role came in 1999 , where Merton starred alongside Ronnie Corbett as one of the ugly sisters in ITVs Christmas pantomime of Cinderella . His other co-stars were Julian Clary , Samantha Janus , Ben Miller , Harry Hill , Frank Skinner and Alexander Armstrong . In the same year – to coincide with the launch of his first stand up tour in 10 years , and this is me...Paul Merton – he was given his own one hour South Bank Show special . The",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"text": "show charted his beginnings in the comedy business , to the development of his improvisational skills , his mental breakdown , and the popularity of Have I Got News For You .",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"text": " He was rumoured to be a possible new host of Countdown to replace both Richard Whiteley and his successor , Des Lynam , but decided not to pursue this .",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"text": "Merton is a keen student of comedy , particularly the early silent comedians and in 2006 , BBC Four broadcast Paul Mertons Silent Clowns , a four-part documentary series on the silent comedy craft of Buster Keaton , Charlie Chaplin , Laurel and Hardy and Harold Lloyd . He examined their respective careers , interspersed with moments from a live show in which he presented clips of their work . Among the audience were many children , who were seeing the performers for the first time . Merton took a stage version of this show to the 2006 Edinburgh Fringe",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"text": "Festival and in late 2007 took the show on a UK tour . A tie-in book , Silent Comedy , was written by Merton and published by RH Books in late 2007 . The Independent described it as clearly a labour of love but criticised the exhaustive and overly-thorough plot synopses of the films discussed .",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"text": "Also in 2007 Merton presented a four-part travel documentary , Paul Merton in China , which was broadcast on Five from 21 May 2007 . His second travel series , Paul Merton in India was transmitted from 8 October 2008 on the same channel . A third series , Paul Merton in Europe began broadcasting on 11 January 2010 , again on Five . In 2015 he was commissioned by More4 to present Paul Merton’s Secret Stations , a travel documentary series about some of Britains little-used request stop railway stations inspired by travel writer Dixe Wills book Tiny Stations",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"text": " Merton hosted the British version of Thank God Youre Here , which aired on ITV in 2008 . In 2009 , Merton directed and presented a documentary on the British films of Alfred Hitchcock , in a series of star-presented documentaries on BBC Four . In May 2010 , Merton temporarily co-presented The One Show after Adrian Chiles left the show .",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"text": "His three-part documentary series Paul Mertons Birth of Hollywood about the early history of Hollywood was broadcast in May 2011 on BBC2 . In Mertons third TV series for 2011 , Paul Mertons Adventures , he travels around the world going on popular tourist trails , but still manages to find some extraordinary things .",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"text": " In the late 1980s , Merton appeared on BBC Radio 4s The Big Fun Show . After long-time Just a Minute panellist Kenneth Williams died in 1988 , Merton ( a fan of the show ) contacted the producer at the suggestion of the host , Nicholas Parsons . He was invited to participate during the following year and has appeared regularly on the programme ever since . In 2016 Merton overtook Williams to become the second most regular panellist , surpassed only by Clement Freud .",
"title": "Radio"
},
{
"text": "Besides his work on Just a Minute , Merton was a semi-regular guest on Im Sorry I Havent a Clue from 1991 to 1998 . Between 1993 and 1995 , Merton was among the regular cast members on the Radio 4 improvisational comedy series The Masterson Inheritance . In 2000 he presented Two Priests and a Nun Go into a Pub , in which he interviewed British and Irish comedians who had ( like Merton himself ) been brought up as members of the Roman Catholic Church . In 2009 , Merton started a Radio 4 series in which he",
"title": "Radio"
},
{
"text": "reads Spike Milligans war memoirs in an audio-book fashion .",
"title": "Radio"
},
{
"text": " Merton married actress Caroline Quentin in 1990 ; they announced their separation in April 1997 , which was followed by divorce in 1998 . Merton subsequently had a relationship with producer and actress Sarah Parkinson ; they were married unofficially in a service in the Maldives in 2000 . They were officially married three months before her death from breast cancer on 23 September 2003 . He married fellow improviser Suki Webster in 2009 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Shortly before becoming a household name on Have I Got News for You , Merton booked himself into the Maudsley psychiatric hospital for six weeks , because of psychiatric problems caused by the malaria medicine Lariam . In an interview with The Guardian he was reported to have been hallucinating conversations with friends , and became convinced he was a target for the Freemasons .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " He used the Maudsley episode as a key framework in his 2012 tour , Out of My Head . He gave many examples of his experiences there , conversations with staff and fellow patients were played out as sketches with his fellow performers , Richard Vranch , Lee Simpson and Suki Webster . He stated that , during his time at the Maudsley , he was simultaneously appearing in Whose Line Is It Anyway ? on Channel 4 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "In a 2007 public poll featured in The Guardian , Merton was voted alongside the likes of Oscar Wilde , Spike Milligan , Noël Coward and Winston Churchill as one of the ten greatest wits of all time . The Comedians Comedian , a 2005 Channel 4 poll of fellow comedians , saw him voted among the top twenty greatest international comedians in history , with host Jimmy Carr crediting him for being responsible for more great lines than Angus Deaytons dealer . The Observers The A–Z of Laughter , a 2003 special compiled by expert judges which featured the",
"title": "Acclaim and awards"
},
{
"text": "50 funniest acts in British comedy by letter , applauded Merton for bringing to Have I Got News for You a genuine surrealism that cuts through the clubbable smugness .",
"title": "Acclaim and awards"
},
{
"text": "Merton has accumulated multiple awards and honours . After seven BAFTA Award nominations for Best Entertainment Performance , he finally won the award in 2003 , defeating fellow Have I Got News for You star Angus Deayton , who had been dismissed from the show the previous October . He has since been nominated for a further three awards – a total of eleven nominations – including a nomination for his travel documentary Paul Merton in China . Mertons appearances on Have I Got News for You have seen him nominated for five British Comedy Awards , winning the 1992",
"title": "Acclaim and awards"
},
{
"text": "Top TV Comedy Personality and 1999 Best Comedy Entertainment Personality awards . He has also shared a further three British Comedy Awards with the panel and crew of the show , winning Best new TV comedy in 1991 , Best comedy gameshow in 1999 and Best Comedy Panel Show in 2009 . He received the 2004 Broadcasting Press Guild Award for Best Non-Acting Performer , also for his work on Have I Got News for You .",
"title": "Acclaim and awards"
},
{
"text": " In 2008 , Merton presented Bruce Forsyth with a BAFTA Fellowship : Forsyth had given Merton his Best Entertainment Performance award in 2003 .",
"title": "Acclaim and awards"
},
{
"text": " - Paul Merton Official Website - Paul Merton at bbc.co.uk - Paul Merton at Comedy Store Players website - Interactive video talk by Paul Merton on early British silent film comedy for the British Film Institute - Paul Mertons Impro Chums at Edinburgh Comedy Festival",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Paul_Merton#P26#2
|
Who was Paul Merton 's spouse after Feb 2010?
|
Paul Merton Paul James Martin ( born 9 July 1957 ) , known under the stage name Paul Merton , is an English writer , actor , comedian and radio and television presenter . Known for his improvisation skill , Mertons humour is rooted in deadpan , surreal and sometimes dark comedy . He has been ranked by critics , fellow comedians and viewers to be among Britains greatest comedians . He is well known for his regular appearances as a team captain on the BBC panel game Have I Got News for You , and as the former host of Room 101 , as well as for several appearances on the original British version of the improvisational comedy television show Whose Line Is It Anyway ? Merton appears as a panellist regularly on Radio 4s Just a Minute , first appearing in 1989 , and becoming the only remaining regular panellist in 2009 following the death of Clement Freud . He has also appeared as one of the Comedy Stores Comedy Store Players . Early life . Merton was born on 9 July 1957 in Parsons Green , west London , to an English Anglican father , Albert Martin ( a train driver on the London Underground ) , and an Irish Roman Catholic mother , Mary Ann Power . It was revealed on Who Do You Think You Are ? that Mertons maternal grandfather , James Power , was from Passage East in County Waterford and served as a lieutenant in the Irish Republican Army during the Irish War of Independence . Merton attended St Thomass School , Fulham and St Teresas , Morden . He then went to Wimbledon College , a Jesuit-run secondary school that was formerly a grammar school and had just become a comprehensive , in a stream for boys who had failed the 11-plus , and he received A-levels in English and History . After leaving school , Merton worked at the Tooting employment office as a clerical officer for three years , quitting in February 1980 . Career . Merton often claims that he was inspired to go into comedy at an early age watching clowns at a circus , remembering , I dont think Id seen clowns before . Id certainly never seen adults behave like this...From that evening , I wanted to be part of the process that was making all those people laugh . He gained his earliest professional credits under his birth name , including an appearance as a yokel in Time , an episode of The Young Ones in 1984 . On joining Equity he found that the name Paul Martin was already taken by a juggler in Leeds , so he renamed himself after Merton , the district of London where he grew up . Stage . Though he had harboured serious ambitions of becoming a performing comedian since his school days , it was not until April 1982 , at the Comedy Store in Soho , that his dream was realised . Merton commented that he made his professional debut in Swansea in 1982 which led to having an affection for Wales . What we did over the course of two weeks was perform 10 shows and it meant that our first time on stage if we made a mistake on the Monday we wouldnt repeat that mistake the next day . Merton recalls that on only his second or third night he found the dour role that has informed his comic approach ever since . He has been a member of the London improvisation group The Comedy Store Players since 1985 , and still regularly performs with them . Merton has performed in Paul Mertons Impro Chums at Pleasance as part of the Edinburgh Comedy Festival every year from 2008 . Merton was due to make his West End debut in the 2021 revival of Hairspray at the London Coliseum . However , after several delays to the show it was confirmed that Merton would not be joining the company . Television . Mertons breakthrough as a television performer came in 1988 with Channel 4s improvised comedy show Whose Line Is It Anyway? , which moved to TV from BBC Radio 4 , though he had previously performed on the channels Saturday Live and compered its series Comedy Wavelength in 1987 . He remained on Whose Line until 1993 . Have I Got News for You began in 1990 , and two series of his own sketch show , , followed soon after . In 1995 he presented a documentary series celebrating the history of the London Palladium , entitled Paul Mertons Palladium Story . In 1996 , Merton performed updated versions of fifteen of Ray Galton and Alan Simpsons old scripts for an ITV series , Paul Merton in Galton & Simpsons... . Six of these scripts were previously performed by Tony Hancock . These were very badly received by critics , and although a selection of episodes was initially released on VHS , it was not until June 2007 that the complete series was released on DVD . Also in 1996 , Merton took a break from Have I Got News for You during its eleventh series , making only one appearance as a guest on fellow captain Ian Hislops team . Merton later said that at the time he was very tired of the show and that he thought it had become stuck in a rut . Nevertheless , he added that he felt his absence gave the programme the shot in the arm it needed and that it had been better ever since . In 2002 , following allegations in the UK tabloids linking the shows chairman , Angus Deayton , with prostitutes and drug use , the host was asked to resign from the show . Merton hosted the first episode after Deaytons departure and was described as merciless in his treatment of his former co-star . In 1999 Merton replaced Nick Hancock as host of Room 101 , a chat show in which guests are offered the chance to discuss their pet hates and consign them to the oblivion of Room 101 . His first guest was Hancock . He hosted 64 editions . In 2007 , his final guest was Ian Hislop ( who became the first interviewee to appear twice , having also been on an edition with Hancock ) . Hislops selections deliberately included items that Merton was known to like , such as The Beatles and the films of Charlie Chaplin . Hislops final choice was Merton himself , done to represent his departure from the show . Merton cast himself in the room to end the show , although on the condition that Hislop would go in with him . Merton is one of the recurring stars from the 4 ITV Pantos . His best role came in 1999 , where Merton starred alongside Ronnie Corbett as one of the ugly sisters in ITVs Christmas pantomime of Cinderella . His other co-stars were Julian Clary , Samantha Janus , Ben Miller , Harry Hill , Frank Skinner and Alexander Armstrong . In the same year – to coincide with the launch of his first stand up tour in 10 years , and this is me...Paul Merton – he was given his own one hour South Bank Show special . The show charted his beginnings in the comedy business , to the development of his improvisational skills , his mental breakdown , and the popularity of Have I Got News For You . He was rumoured to be a possible new host of Countdown to replace both Richard Whiteley and his successor , Des Lynam , but decided not to pursue this . Merton is a keen student of comedy , particularly the early silent comedians and in 2006 , BBC Four broadcast Paul Mertons Silent Clowns , a four-part documentary series on the silent comedy craft of Buster Keaton , Charlie Chaplin , Laurel and Hardy and Harold Lloyd . He examined their respective careers , interspersed with moments from a live show in which he presented clips of their work . Among the audience were many children , who were seeing the performers for the first time . Merton took a stage version of this show to the 2006 Edinburgh Fringe Festival and in late 2007 took the show on a UK tour . A tie-in book , Silent Comedy , was written by Merton and published by RH Books in late 2007 . The Independent described it as clearly a labour of love but criticised the exhaustive and overly-thorough plot synopses of the films discussed . Also in 2007 Merton presented a four-part travel documentary , Paul Merton in China , which was broadcast on Five from 21 May 2007 . His second travel series , Paul Merton in India was transmitted from 8 October 2008 on the same channel . A third series , Paul Merton in Europe began broadcasting on 11 January 2010 , again on Five . In 2015 he was commissioned by More4 to present Paul Merton’s Secret Stations , a travel documentary series about some of Britains little-used request stop railway stations inspired by travel writer Dixe Wills book Tiny Stations . Merton hosted the British version of Thank God Youre Here , which aired on ITV in 2008 . In 2009 , Merton directed and presented a documentary on the British films of Alfred Hitchcock , in a series of star-presented documentaries on BBC Four . In May 2010 , Merton temporarily co-presented The One Show after Adrian Chiles left the show . His three-part documentary series Paul Mertons Birth of Hollywood about the early history of Hollywood was broadcast in May 2011 on BBC2 . In Mertons third TV series for 2011 , Paul Mertons Adventures , he travels around the world going on popular tourist trails , but still manages to find some extraordinary things . Radio . In the late 1980s , Merton appeared on BBC Radio 4s The Big Fun Show . After long-time Just a Minute panellist Kenneth Williams died in 1988 , Merton ( a fan of the show ) contacted the producer at the suggestion of the host , Nicholas Parsons . He was invited to participate during the following year and has appeared regularly on the programme ever since . In 2016 Merton overtook Williams to become the second most regular panellist , surpassed only by Clement Freud . Besides his work on Just a Minute , Merton was a semi-regular guest on Im Sorry I Havent a Clue from 1991 to 1998 . Between 1993 and 1995 , Merton was among the regular cast members on the Radio 4 improvisational comedy series The Masterson Inheritance . In 2000 he presented Two Priests and a Nun Go into a Pub , in which he interviewed British and Irish comedians who had ( like Merton himself ) been brought up as members of the Roman Catholic Church . In 2009 , Merton started a Radio 4 series in which he reads Spike Milligans war memoirs in an audio-book fashion . Personal life . Merton married actress Caroline Quentin in 1990 ; they announced their separation in April 1997 , which was followed by divorce in 1998 . Merton subsequently had a relationship with producer and actress Sarah Parkinson ; they were married unofficially in a service in the Maldives in 2000 . They were officially married three months before her death from breast cancer on 23 September 2003 . He married fellow improviser Suki Webster in 2009 . Shortly before becoming a household name on Have I Got News for You , Merton booked himself into the Maudsley psychiatric hospital for six weeks , because of psychiatric problems caused by the malaria medicine Lariam . In an interview with The Guardian he was reported to have been hallucinating conversations with friends , and became convinced he was a target for the Freemasons . He used the Maudsley episode as a key framework in his 2012 tour , Out of My Head . He gave many examples of his experiences there , conversations with staff and fellow patients were played out as sketches with his fellow performers , Richard Vranch , Lee Simpson and Suki Webster . He stated that , during his time at the Maudsley , he was simultaneously appearing in Whose Line Is It Anyway ? on Channel 4 . Acclaim and awards . In a 2007 public poll featured in The Guardian , Merton was voted alongside the likes of Oscar Wilde , Spike Milligan , Noël Coward and Winston Churchill as one of the ten greatest wits of all time . The Comedians Comedian , a 2005 Channel 4 poll of fellow comedians , saw him voted among the top twenty greatest international comedians in history , with host Jimmy Carr crediting him for being responsible for more great lines than Angus Deaytons dealer . The Observers The A–Z of Laughter , a 2003 special compiled by expert judges which featured the 50 funniest acts in British comedy by letter , applauded Merton for bringing to Have I Got News for You a genuine surrealism that cuts through the clubbable smugness . Merton has accumulated multiple awards and honours . After seven BAFTA Award nominations for Best Entertainment Performance , he finally won the award in 2003 , defeating fellow Have I Got News for You star Angus Deayton , who had been dismissed from the show the previous October . He has since been nominated for a further three awards – a total of eleven nominations – including a nomination for his travel documentary Paul Merton in China . Mertons appearances on Have I Got News for You have seen him nominated for five British Comedy Awards , winning the 1992 Top TV Comedy Personality and 1999 Best Comedy Entertainment Personality awards . He has also shared a further three British Comedy Awards with the panel and crew of the show , winning Best new TV comedy in 1991 , Best comedy gameshow in 1999 and Best Comedy Panel Show in 2009 . He received the 2004 Broadcasting Press Guild Award for Best Non-Acting Performer , also for his work on Have I Got News for You . In 2008 , Merton presented Bruce Forsyth with a BAFTA Fellowship : Forsyth had given Merton his Best Entertainment Performance award in 2003 . Bibliography . Merton has written or co-authored five books : External links . - Paul Merton Official Website - Paul Merton at bbc.co.uk - Paul Merton at Comedy Store Players website - Interactive video talk by Paul Merton on early British silent film comedy for the British Film Institute - Paul Mertons Impro Chums at Edinburgh Comedy Festival
|
[
"Suki Webster"
] |
[
{
"text": " Paul James Martin ( born 9 July 1957 ) , known under the stage name Paul Merton , is an English writer , actor , comedian and radio and television presenter .",
"title": "Paul Merton"
},
{
"text": "Known for his improvisation skill , Mertons humour is rooted in deadpan , surreal and sometimes dark comedy . He has been ranked by critics , fellow comedians and viewers to be among Britains greatest comedians . He is well known for his regular appearances as a team captain on the BBC panel game Have I Got News for You , and as the former host of Room 101 , as well as for several appearances on the original British version of the improvisational comedy television show Whose Line Is It Anyway ?",
"title": "Paul Merton"
},
{
"text": " Merton appears as a panellist regularly on Radio 4s Just a Minute , first appearing in 1989 , and becoming the only remaining regular panellist in 2009 following the death of Clement Freud . He has also appeared as one of the Comedy Stores Comedy Store Players .",
"title": "Paul Merton"
},
{
"text": "Merton was born on 9 July 1957 in Parsons Green , west London , to an English Anglican father , Albert Martin ( a train driver on the London Underground ) , and an Irish Roman Catholic mother , Mary Ann Power . It was revealed on Who Do You Think You Are ? that Mertons maternal grandfather , James Power , was from Passage East in County Waterford and served as a lieutenant in the Irish Republican Army during the Irish War of Independence . Merton attended St Thomass School , Fulham and St Teresas , Morden . He",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "then went to Wimbledon College , a Jesuit-run secondary school that was formerly a grammar school and had just become a comprehensive , in a stream for boys who had failed the 11-plus , and he received A-levels in English and History . After leaving school , Merton worked at the Tooting employment office as a clerical officer for three years , quitting in February 1980 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Merton often claims that he was inspired to go into comedy at an early age watching clowns at a circus , remembering , I dont think Id seen clowns before . Id certainly never seen adults behave like this...From that evening , I wanted to be part of the process that was making all those people laugh . He gained his earliest professional credits under his birth name , including an appearance as a yokel in Time , an episode of The Young Ones in 1984 . On joining Equity he found that the name Paul Martin was already taken",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "by a juggler in Leeds , so he renamed himself after Merton , the district of London where he grew up .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Though he had harboured serious ambitions of becoming a performing comedian since his school days , it was not until April 1982 , at the Comedy Store in Soho , that his dream was realised . Merton commented that he made his professional debut in Swansea in 1982 which led to having an affection for Wales . What we did over the course of two weeks was perform 10 shows and it meant that our first time on stage if we made a mistake on the Monday we wouldnt repeat that mistake the next day .",
"title": "Stage"
},
{
"text": "Merton recalls that on only his second or third night he found the dour role that has informed his comic approach ever since . He has been a member of the London improvisation group The Comedy Store Players since 1985 , and still regularly performs with them .",
"title": "Stage"
},
{
"text": " Merton has performed in Paul Mertons Impro Chums at Pleasance as part of the Edinburgh Comedy Festival every year from 2008 . Merton was due to make his West End debut in the 2021 revival of Hairspray at the London Coliseum . However , after several delays to the show it was confirmed that Merton would not be joining the company .",
"title": "Stage"
},
{
"text": "Mertons breakthrough as a television performer came in 1988 with Channel 4s improvised comedy show Whose Line Is It Anyway? , which moved to TV from BBC Radio 4 , though he had previously performed on the channels Saturday Live and compered its series Comedy Wavelength in 1987 . He remained on Whose Line until 1993 . Have I Got News for You began in 1990 , and two series of his own sketch show , , followed soon after . In 1995 he presented a documentary series celebrating the history of the London Palladium , entitled Paul Mertons Palladium",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"text": "Story . In 1996 , Merton performed updated versions of fifteen of Ray Galton and Alan Simpsons old scripts for an ITV series , Paul Merton in Galton & Simpsons... . Six of these scripts were previously performed by Tony Hancock . These were very badly received by critics , and although a selection of episodes was initially released on VHS , it was not until June 2007 that the complete series was released on DVD .",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"text": "Also in 1996 , Merton took a break from Have I Got News for You during its eleventh series , making only one appearance as a guest on fellow captain Ian Hislops team . Merton later said that at the time he was very tired of the show and that he thought it had become stuck in a rut . Nevertheless , he added that he felt his absence gave the programme the shot in the arm it needed and that it had been better ever since . In 2002 , following allegations in the UK tabloids linking the shows",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"text": "chairman , Angus Deayton , with prostitutes and drug use , the host was asked to resign from the show . Merton hosted the first episode after Deaytons departure and was described as merciless in his treatment of his former co-star .",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"text": "In 1999 Merton replaced Nick Hancock as host of Room 101 , a chat show in which guests are offered the chance to discuss their pet hates and consign them to the oblivion of Room 101 . His first guest was Hancock . He hosted 64 editions . In 2007 , his final guest was Ian Hislop ( who became the first interviewee to appear twice , having also been on an edition with Hancock ) . Hislops selections deliberately included items that Merton was known to like , such as The Beatles and the films of Charlie Chaplin .",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"text": "Hislops final choice was Merton himself , done to represent his departure from the show . Merton cast himself in the room to end the show , although on the condition that Hislop would go in with him .",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"text": "Merton is one of the recurring stars from the 4 ITV Pantos . His best role came in 1999 , where Merton starred alongside Ronnie Corbett as one of the ugly sisters in ITVs Christmas pantomime of Cinderella . His other co-stars were Julian Clary , Samantha Janus , Ben Miller , Harry Hill , Frank Skinner and Alexander Armstrong . In the same year – to coincide with the launch of his first stand up tour in 10 years , and this is me...Paul Merton – he was given his own one hour South Bank Show special . The",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"text": "show charted his beginnings in the comedy business , to the development of his improvisational skills , his mental breakdown , and the popularity of Have I Got News For You .",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"text": " He was rumoured to be a possible new host of Countdown to replace both Richard Whiteley and his successor , Des Lynam , but decided not to pursue this .",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"text": "Merton is a keen student of comedy , particularly the early silent comedians and in 2006 , BBC Four broadcast Paul Mertons Silent Clowns , a four-part documentary series on the silent comedy craft of Buster Keaton , Charlie Chaplin , Laurel and Hardy and Harold Lloyd . He examined their respective careers , interspersed with moments from a live show in which he presented clips of their work . Among the audience were many children , who were seeing the performers for the first time . Merton took a stage version of this show to the 2006 Edinburgh Fringe",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"text": "Festival and in late 2007 took the show on a UK tour . A tie-in book , Silent Comedy , was written by Merton and published by RH Books in late 2007 . The Independent described it as clearly a labour of love but criticised the exhaustive and overly-thorough plot synopses of the films discussed .",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"text": "Also in 2007 Merton presented a four-part travel documentary , Paul Merton in China , which was broadcast on Five from 21 May 2007 . His second travel series , Paul Merton in India was transmitted from 8 October 2008 on the same channel . A third series , Paul Merton in Europe began broadcasting on 11 January 2010 , again on Five . In 2015 he was commissioned by More4 to present Paul Merton’s Secret Stations , a travel documentary series about some of Britains little-used request stop railway stations inspired by travel writer Dixe Wills book Tiny Stations",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"text": " Merton hosted the British version of Thank God Youre Here , which aired on ITV in 2008 . In 2009 , Merton directed and presented a documentary on the British films of Alfred Hitchcock , in a series of star-presented documentaries on BBC Four . In May 2010 , Merton temporarily co-presented The One Show after Adrian Chiles left the show .",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"text": "His three-part documentary series Paul Mertons Birth of Hollywood about the early history of Hollywood was broadcast in May 2011 on BBC2 . In Mertons third TV series for 2011 , Paul Mertons Adventures , he travels around the world going on popular tourist trails , but still manages to find some extraordinary things .",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"text": " In the late 1980s , Merton appeared on BBC Radio 4s The Big Fun Show . After long-time Just a Minute panellist Kenneth Williams died in 1988 , Merton ( a fan of the show ) contacted the producer at the suggestion of the host , Nicholas Parsons . He was invited to participate during the following year and has appeared regularly on the programme ever since . In 2016 Merton overtook Williams to become the second most regular panellist , surpassed only by Clement Freud .",
"title": "Radio"
},
{
"text": "Besides his work on Just a Minute , Merton was a semi-regular guest on Im Sorry I Havent a Clue from 1991 to 1998 . Between 1993 and 1995 , Merton was among the regular cast members on the Radio 4 improvisational comedy series The Masterson Inheritance . In 2000 he presented Two Priests and a Nun Go into a Pub , in which he interviewed British and Irish comedians who had ( like Merton himself ) been brought up as members of the Roman Catholic Church . In 2009 , Merton started a Radio 4 series in which he",
"title": "Radio"
},
{
"text": "reads Spike Milligans war memoirs in an audio-book fashion .",
"title": "Radio"
},
{
"text": " Merton married actress Caroline Quentin in 1990 ; they announced their separation in April 1997 , which was followed by divorce in 1998 . Merton subsequently had a relationship with producer and actress Sarah Parkinson ; they were married unofficially in a service in the Maldives in 2000 . They were officially married three months before her death from breast cancer on 23 September 2003 . He married fellow improviser Suki Webster in 2009 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Shortly before becoming a household name on Have I Got News for You , Merton booked himself into the Maudsley psychiatric hospital for six weeks , because of psychiatric problems caused by the malaria medicine Lariam . In an interview with The Guardian he was reported to have been hallucinating conversations with friends , and became convinced he was a target for the Freemasons .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " He used the Maudsley episode as a key framework in his 2012 tour , Out of My Head . He gave many examples of his experiences there , conversations with staff and fellow patients were played out as sketches with his fellow performers , Richard Vranch , Lee Simpson and Suki Webster . He stated that , during his time at the Maudsley , he was simultaneously appearing in Whose Line Is It Anyway ? on Channel 4 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "In a 2007 public poll featured in The Guardian , Merton was voted alongside the likes of Oscar Wilde , Spike Milligan , Noël Coward and Winston Churchill as one of the ten greatest wits of all time . The Comedians Comedian , a 2005 Channel 4 poll of fellow comedians , saw him voted among the top twenty greatest international comedians in history , with host Jimmy Carr crediting him for being responsible for more great lines than Angus Deaytons dealer . The Observers The A–Z of Laughter , a 2003 special compiled by expert judges which featured the",
"title": "Acclaim and awards"
},
{
"text": "50 funniest acts in British comedy by letter , applauded Merton for bringing to Have I Got News for You a genuine surrealism that cuts through the clubbable smugness .",
"title": "Acclaim and awards"
},
{
"text": "Merton has accumulated multiple awards and honours . After seven BAFTA Award nominations for Best Entertainment Performance , he finally won the award in 2003 , defeating fellow Have I Got News for You star Angus Deayton , who had been dismissed from the show the previous October . He has since been nominated for a further three awards – a total of eleven nominations – including a nomination for his travel documentary Paul Merton in China . Mertons appearances on Have I Got News for You have seen him nominated for five British Comedy Awards , winning the 1992",
"title": "Acclaim and awards"
},
{
"text": "Top TV Comedy Personality and 1999 Best Comedy Entertainment Personality awards . He has also shared a further three British Comedy Awards with the panel and crew of the show , winning Best new TV comedy in 1991 , Best comedy gameshow in 1999 and Best Comedy Panel Show in 2009 . He received the 2004 Broadcasting Press Guild Award for Best Non-Acting Performer , also for his work on Have I Got News for You .",
"title": "Acclaim and awards"
},
{
"text": " In 2008 , Merton presented Bruce Forsyth with a BAFTA Fellowship : Forsyth had given Merton his Best Entertainment Performance award in 2003 .",
"title": "Acclaim and awards"
},
{
"text": " - Paul Merton Official Website - Paul Merton at bbc.co.uk - Paul Merton at Comedy Store Players website - Interactive video talk by Paul Merton on early British silent film comedy for the British Film Institute - Paul Mertons Impro Chums at Edinburgh Comedy Festival",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Tal_Ben_Haim#P54#0
|
Tal Ben Haim played for which team in Jul 2002?
|
Tal Ben Haim Tal Ben Haim ( or Tal Ben Haim I , ; born 31 March 1982 ) is an Israeli footballer who currently plays at Beitar Jerusalem and the Israel national football team . He can play at either centre back or right back . He has played for Maccabi Tel Aviv , Bolton Wanderers , Chelsea , Manchester City , Sunderland , Portsmouth , West Ham United , Queens Park Rangers , Standard Liége and Charlton Athletic . Early life . Ben-Haim was born in Rishon LeZion , Israel , to a Jewish family . Club career . Maccabi Tel Aviv . Born in Rishon LeZion , Ben Haim joined the Maccabi Tel Aviv senior squads in 1998 as a reserve player . His league debut came on 30 April 2001 when he came on in the 90th minute as a substitute in the Tel Aviv derby match against Hapoel . He played a significant part in Maccabis Israeli Premier League title in the 2002–03 season , and was appointed club captain the following season , replacing Gadi Brumer who retired in mid-season . Bolton Wanderers . After a two-week trial with Bolton Wanderers in the summer of 2004 , Sam Allardyce secured the services of Ben Haim on a three-year deal for a fee believed to be in the region of £150,000 . Although Allardyce did not believe Ben Haim would be ready for the rigours of the Premier League immediately , he was confident that , given time , Ben Haim would have a big impact on the English game . His first season at the Reebok Stadium was a successful one as he made 27 appearances . On 1 February 2005 , Ben Haim scored his first and only goal for Bolton , heading a free-kick from Stelios Giannakopoulos into the net in Boltons 3–1 victory over Tottenham Hotspur . , this is his only goal in the Premier League . The only thing that hampered his campaign a little was a clash with Wayne Rooney in a league match when Rooney appeared to shove him in the face . Ben Haim , it was claimed , went down too easily and made too much of it and was charged with improper conduct by the Football Association , but was later cleared of charges . On 20 October 2005 while playing for Bolton in the UEFA Cup away at Beşiktaş , Ben Haim wore the captains armband and was praised by the regular team captain Jay-Jay Okocha . In the second leg of the UEFA Cup Round of 32 against the French side Marseille which they drew 0–0 in the first leg , Ben Haim was the blame when he scored an own goal in the 69th minutes which turns out to be a winner for Marseille as the result was 2–1 on 23 February 2006 . Ben Haims defensive displays in his following seasons at Bolton had attracted the interests of many clubs including Chelsea , West Ham United and Tottenham Hotspur . In January 2007 , Chelsea confirmed that talks to sign Ben Haim from Bolton were unsuccessful . Following the end of the 2006–07 season , Ben Haims contract with Bolton had expired and his future at Bolton was in doubt with media reports linking him with a move to Chelsea and Newcastle United , ex-Bolton boss Sam Allardyce admitting that he was ready to make an offer to his former charge to bring him to Newcastle . His transfer from Maccabi to Bolton in July 2004 is one of those about which the Stevens inquiry report in June 2007 expressed concerns because of the apparent conflict of interest between agent Craig Allardyce , his father Sam Allardyce – the then manager at Bolton – and the club itself . Chelsea . In June 2007 , Chelsea officially announced the signing of Ben Haim on a Bosman transfer after he had passed his medical at Stamford Bridge and agreed on personal terms to join the club on a four-year deal . Ben-Haim told the Jewish Telegraph exclusively : I am very happy to join one of the greatest clubs in the world . I needed a new challenge . I will play in any position Jose Mourinho wants me to play . I am looking forward to starting the new season with Champions League football . He made his competitive début for Chelsea against Manchester United in the FA Community Shield . With injuries to fellow Chelsea defenders John Terry and Ricardo Carvalho Ben Haim became a regular in the Chelsea first team . However , after the recovery of first team pairing Terry and Carvalho and the impressive form of Alex , Ben Haim found himself to be the fourth choice centre back . In April 2008 , he criticized Chelsea manager Avram Grant after Chelseas 1–1 draw with Wigan Athletic stating : If I knew Avram Grant was going to be the coach I would have signed for another club . It was Jose who brought me here and no one except he and I know the conversation we had when he tried to sign me the first time a year ago last January . The fact is while Jose was the coach I played most of the games and people who know me know that I would not have come here to be a reserve . I knew nothing good would come for me with Grant as Chelsea coach . In a press conference , Avram Grant responded : I dont think José promised Ben Haim he will play before John Terry , Carvalho and Alex . It is internal business but , in my opinion , if a player was wrong we need to deal with it — in our way , my way . Tal Ben Haim was fined two weeks wages , about £80,000 . During Ben Haims stay at Chelsea , he made 13 Premier League appearances , before transferring to Manchester City . Manchester City . Ben Haim joined City on 30 July 2008 for a fee around £5 million , becoming only the second first-team signing of new manager Mark Hughes . He chose to wear the number 26 jersey , vacated by the transfer of Matthew Mills because , apart from his time at Chelsea where it was worn by John Terry , he had always worn that number at club level . After signing , Ben Haim said I’m definitely going to give my best to City and give my heart in every game . I hope that we can do good things this season . I’m looking forward to starting the season here . Ben Haim made his City debut in second leg of the UEFA Cup qualifier against EB/Streymur at Barnsleys Oakwell Stadium on 31 July where City won 2–0 . Ben Haim eventually made his league debut for Manchester City which he received a booking as Manchester City lost to Aston Villa 4–2 on 17 August 2008 . He failed to establish himself as a first team regular , which saw him left on the substitutes bench for a long period of the season . After returning to the club , following a loan spell at Sunderland , it was clear that he was surplus to requirements at the City of Manchester Stadium . He was then transfer listed . Sunderland ( loan ) . Ben Haim signed for Sunderland on loan until the end of the 2008–09 season on 1 February 2009 . He made his debut away to Arsenal on 21 February and made his home debut at the Stadium of Light on 7 March against Tottenham Hotspur . He again found it difficult to break into the side . Ben-Haim was limited to only 5 appearances in a Sunderland shirt . At the end of the 2008–09 season , he returned to Manchester City . Portsmouth . On 31 August 2009 it was announced that Portsmouth had signed Ben-Haim on a four-year deal . On 12 September 2009 , Ben Haim made his league debut for the club in a 3–2 loss against his former club Bolton . Since then he has become one of the two first choice centre-backs under managers Paul Hart and his former manager at Chelsea , Avram Grant . He suffered an injury in the second half of the season , which kept him out of Portsmouths FA Cup final game against Chelsea , which Pompey lost 1–0 . On 20 December 2009 a match between Portsmouth and Liverpool which Portsmouth won 2–0 , Ben Haim accused Liverpool striker Fernando Torres elbowing him during the match . In May 2010 , after Portsmouth had been relegated , Ben Haim opted to stay at Portsmouth although he had a relegation-release clause in his contract but declined the chance to activate it . He played for just one season for Portsmouth and made 24 appearances for the club in all competitions . Ben Haim criticised the clubs former owners as they prepared for life in the Championship the following season and the cash issues did play a significant role in the clubs demise . As the 2010/11 Championship campaign for Portsmouth was set to start , the clubs administrator Andrew Andronikou wanted Ben Haims crippling salary off the clubs wage bill . West Ham and an unnamed Greek club were interested in signing him . West Ham United ( loan ) . In July 2010 , Ben Haim was set to join his ex-Portsmouth manager , Avram Grant at West Ham United on a free transfer , but it was reported that the move had collapsed after Ben Haim had failed a medical and Ben Haims rumoured wage demands of £38,000-a-week . On 2 August 2010 , the Israeli press reported that Ben Haim had agreed terms with West Ham on a three-year deal after passing a medical with Ben Haim considering legal action against the reporter who had published reports about his failed medical . He joined West Ham on 3 August 2010 on loan until January 2011 with a view to a permanent deal . On 24 August 2010 , Ben Haim played his first game for West Ham , against Oxford United in the League Cup , in a 1–0 victory and made his league debut for the club in a 3–1 loss against his former club Chelsea on 11 September 2010 . On 1 January 2011 assisted Freddie Sears to score in a 2–0 win over Wolverhampton Wanderers . Four days later on 5 January 2011 he played for West Ham as they lost 5–0 to Newcastle United . This turned out his last appearance for West Ham . Despite his loan spell at West Ham having ended , the club continued talks with Portsmouth regarding a deal to bring Ben Haim back ; the two clubs could not come to an agreement , while financial issues prevented him from linking up with Pompey . Return to Portsmouth . In January 2011 , Ben Haim returned to Portsmouth after his loan spell expired , but he did not make any appearances for Portsmouth that season , returning to training with the squad . He was in dispute with Portsmouth over £1.4million in unpaid wages . Because of this , manager Steve Cotterill was unable to select Ben Haim for the final fixtures of the 2010/11 season . The case was set to go to a Football League hearing in July 2011 , but with new owners ( CSI ) installed at the club , Portsmouth were able to reach an acceptable agreement with Ben Haim . On 11 July , Ben Haim made his first appearance for Portsmouth since the 2009–10 season in a 4–0 pre-season win over Havant & Waterlooville . On 6 August 2011 , Ben Haim made his first league appearance in a 2–2 draw against Middlesbrough . On 27 August 2011 , Ben Haim provided an assist to allow Nwankwo Kanu to score to make it 1–1 against Welsh side Cardiff City and also provided another assist the following week for Greg Halford to score the third goal in the match as Portsmouth lost 4–3 to his former club , West Ham . Later on in the 2011/12 season , Portsmouth would go into administration for the second time in two years , bringing them an automatic 10-point deduction . An arrest warrant was issued for Vladimir Aleksandrovich Antonov and Portsmouth were issued a winding up petition by HMRC for over £1.6 million in unpaid taxes , which was heard on 20 February . The end of the 2011–12 season saw Portsmouth get relegated from the Championship , after which Ben Haims agent , Pini Zahavi , stated that he would not play in League One despite having one year remaining on his deal , worth around £2 million . However , Zahavi later stated that he was in the dark over Ben Haims future . Ben Haims contract was criticized by administrator Trevor Birch because he was offered £36,000-a-week over four years , shortly before the club first went into liquidation . However , due to administration the maximum the club paid any player at that time was just £5,000-a-week . In response , Ben Haim refused to take a letter from a supporters group asking them to waive their wages and has suggested that the administrator takes a pay cut instead . He came to an agreement to leave the club in August 2012 . Queens Park Rangers . On 4 January 2013 , Ben Haim joined Queens Park Rangers on a short-term contract deal . He made his debut the next day in an FA Cup match against West Bromwich Albion , where he provided an assist for a late equaliser from Kieron Dyer to make the result 1–1 . On 9 May 2013 , Canadian side Toronto FC of Major League Soccer announced they had acquired Ben Haim on loan from Queens Park Rangers . However , four days later , Toronto FC GM Kevin Payne said that Ben Haim never officially signed for the club as originally announced , and never ended up joining the team . He was released by Queens Park Rangers at the end of the 2012–13 season . He continued training with the club for a short time after his release however , and appeared in a pre-season friendly against Exeter City on 11 July 2013 . Standard Liège . On 24 July 2013 , Ben Haim signed for Belgian side Standard Liège on a two-year contract , following his release from Queens Park Rangers . However , Ben Haim made ten appearance for the club after losing his first team place to Dino Arslanagic . Charlton Athletic . On 11 July 2014 , Ben Haim signed for Charlton Athletic on a one-year deal , with the Addicks becoming his eighth English club . Upon the move , Ben Haim was given number twenty-six shirt . Ben Haim started in the opening game of the season , in a 1–1 draw against Brentford . On 12 May 2015 , Ben Haim was released at the end of his contract . Return to Maccabi Tel Aviv . On 3 June 2015 , Ben Haim signed a two-year contract with his former club and current Israeli champions Maccabi Tel Aviv . On 25 August , he qualified with Maccabi to the Champions League group stage after passing FC Basel in the Play-offs round . On 24 November 2015 , Ben Haim was sent off in a 4–0 defeat by his former club Chelsea in the Champions League group stage . Beitar Jerusalem F.C . on 7 August 2018 , Ben Haim signed a two-year contract with Beitar Jerusalem F.C . He has since played 46 times for the club . on 7 August 2020 , it was announced that the player has extended his contract with the club for one more year . International career . Ben Haim made his debut for Israeli national squad on 13 February 2002 in a friendly match against Germany . He scored his first goal from a penalty in a 2–1 win against Latvia on 4 June 2011 . Personal life . He has exactly the same name as winger , Tal Ben Haim , who also played for Israel and Maccabi Tel Aviv , and he is referred to in UEFA reports as Tal Ben Haim I , while Tal Ben Haim II wears a jersey with his surname spelled as Ben Chaim to distinguish him from his fellow countryman .
|
[
"Maccabi Tel Aviv"
] |
[
{
"text": " Tal Ben Haim ( or Tal Ben Haim I , ; born 31 March 1982 ) is an Israeli footballer who currently plays at Beitar Jerusalem and the Israel national football team . He can play at either centre back or right back . He has played for Maccabi Tel Aviv , Bolton Wanderers , Chelsea , Manchester City , Sunderland , Portsmouth , West Ham United , Queens Park Rangers , Standard Liége and Charlton Athletic .",
"title": "Tal Ben Haim"
},
{
"text": " Born in Rishon LeZion , Ben Haim joined the Maccabi Tel Aviv senior squads in 1998 as a reserve player . His league debut came on 30 April 2001 when he came on in the 90th minute as a substitute in the Tel Aviv derby match against Hapoel . He played a significant part in Maccabis Israeli Premier League title in the 2002–03 season , and was appointed club captain the following season , replacing Gadi Brumer who retired in mid-season .",
"title": "Maccabi Tel Aviv"
},
{
"text": " After a two-week trial with Bolton Wanderers in the summer of 2004 , Sam Allardyce secured the services of Ben Haim on a three-year deal for a fee believed to be in the region of £150,000 . Although Allardyce did not believe Ben Haim would be ready for the rigours of the Premier League immediately , he was confident that , given time , Ben Haim would have a big impact on the English game .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": "His first season at the Reebok Stadium was a successful one as he made 27 appearances . On 1 February 2005 , Ben Haim scored his first and only goal for Bolton , heading a free-kick from Stelios Giannakopoulos into the net in Boltons 3–1 victory over Tottenham Hotspur . , this is his only goal in the Premier League . The only thing that hampered his campaign a little was a clash with Wayne Rooney in a league match when Rooney appeared to shove him in the face . Ben Haim , it was claimed , went down too",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": "easily and made too much of it and was charged with improper conduct by the Football Association , but was later cleared of charges .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": " On 20 October 2005 while playing for Bolton in the UEFA Cup away at Beşiktaş , Ben Haim wore the captains armband and was praised by the regular team captain Jay-Jay Okocha . In the second leg of the UEFA Cup Round of 32 against the French side Marseille which they drew 0–0 in the first leg , Ben Haim was the blame when he scored an own goal in the 69th minutes which turns out to be a winner for Marseille as the result was 2–1 on 23 February 2006 .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": "Ben Haims defensive displays in his following seasons at Bolton had attracted the interests of many clubs including Chelsea , West Ham United and Tottenham Hotspur . In January 2007 , Chelsea confirmed that talks to sign Ben Haim from Bolton were unsuccessful .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": " Following the end of the 2006–07 season , Ben Haims contract with Bolton had expired and his future at Bolton was in doubt with media reports linking him with a move to Chelsea and Newcastle United , ex-Bolton boss Sam Allardyce admitting that he was ready to make an offer to his former charge to bring him to Newcastle .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": "His transfer from Maccabi to Bolton in July 2004 is one of those about which the Stevens inquiry report in June 2007 expressed concerns because of the apparent conflict of interest between agent Craig Allardyce , his father Sam Allardyce – the then manager at Bolton – and the club itself .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": " In June 2007 , Chelsea officially announced the signing of Ben Haim on a Bosman transfer after he had passed his medical at Stamford Bridge and agreed on personal terms to join the club on a four-year deal . Ben-Haim told the Jewish Telegraph exclusively : I am very happy to join one of the greatest clubs in the world . I needed a new challenge . I will play in any position Jose Mourinho wants me to play . I am looking forward to starting the new season with Champions League football .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "He made his competitive début for Chelsea against Manchester United in the FA Community Shield . With injuries to fellow Chelsea defenders John Terry and Ricardo Carvalho Ben Haim became a regular in the Chelsea first team . However , after the recovery of first team pairing Terry and Carvalho and the impressive form of Alex , Ben Haim found himself to be the fourth choice centre back .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "In April 2008 , he criticized Chelsea manager Avram Grant after Chelseas 1–1 draw with Wigan Athletic stating : If I knew Avram Grant was going to be the coach I would have signed for another club . It was Jose who brought me here and no one except he and I know the conversation we had when he tried to sign me the first time a year ago last January . The fact is while Jose was the coach I played most of the games and people who know me know that I would not have come here to",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "be a reserve . I knew nothing good would come for me with Grant as Chelsea coach .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " In a press conference , Avram Grant responded : I dont think José promised Ben Haim he will play before John Terry , Carvalho and Alex . It is internal business but , in my opinion , if a player was wrong we need to deal with it — in our way , my way . Tal Ben Haim was fined two weeks wages , about £80,000 . During Ben Haims stay at Chelsea , he made 13 Premier League appearances , before transferring to Manchester City .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " Ben Haim joined City on 30 July 2008 for a fee around £5 million , becoming only the second first-team signing of new manager Mark Hughes .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "He chose to wear the number 26 jersey , vacated by the transfer of Matthew Mills because , apart from his time at Chelsea where it was worn by John Terry , he had always worn that number at club level . After signing , Ben Haim said I’m definitely going to give my best to City and give my heart in every game . I hope that we can do good things this season . I’m looking forward to starting the season here . Ben Haim made his City debut in second leg of the UEFA Cup qualifier against",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "EB/Streymur at Barnsleys Oakwell Stadium on 31 July where City won 2–0 . Ben Haim eventually made his league debut for Manchester City which he received a booking as Manchester City lost to Aston Villa 4–2 on 17 August 2008 . He failed to establish himself as a first team regular , which saw him left on the substitutes bench for a long period of the season . After returning to the club , following a loan spell at Sunderland , it was clear that he was surplus to requirements at the City of Manchester Stadium . He was then",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "transfer listed .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": " Sunderland ( loan ) . Ben Haim signed for Sunderland on loan until the end of the 2008–09 season on 1 February 2009 . He made his debut away to Arsenal on 21 February and made his home debut at the Stadium of Light on 7 March against Tottenham Hotspur . He again found it difficult to break into the side . Ben-Haim was limited to only 5 appearances in a Sunderland shirt . At the end of the 2008–09 season , he returned to Manchester City .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "On 31 August 2009 it was announced that Portsmouth had signed Ben-Haim on a four-year deal . On 12 September 2009 , Ben Haim made his league debut for the club in a 3–2 loss against his former club Bolton . Since then he has become one of the two first choice centre-backs under managers Paul Hart and his former manager at Chelsea , Avram Grant . He suffered an injury in the second half of the season , which kept him out of Portsmouths FA Cup final game against Chelsea , which Pompey lost 1–0 . On 20 December",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "2009 a match between Portsmouth and Liverpool which Portsmouth won 2–0 , Ben Haim accused Liverpool striker Fernando Torres elbowing him during the match .",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "In May 2010 , after Portsmouth had been relegated , Ben Haim opted to stay at Portsmouth although he had a relegation-release clause in his contract but declined the chance to activate it . He played for just one season for Portsmouth and made 24 appearances for the club in all competitions . Ben Haim criticised the clubs former owners as they prepared for life in the Championship the following season and the cash issues did play a significant role in the clubs demise . As the 2010/11 Championship campaign for Portsmouth was set to start , the clubs administrator",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "Andrew Andronikou wanted Ben Haims crippling salary off the clubs wage bill . West Ham and an unnamed Greek club were interested in signing him .",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "In July 2010 , Ben Haim was set to join his ex-Portsmouth manager , Avram Grant at West Ham United on a free transfer , but it was reported that the move had collapsed after Ben Haim had failed a medical and Ben Haims rumoured wage demands of £38,000-a-week . On 2 August 2010 , the Israeli press reported that Ben Haim had agreed terms with West Ham on a three-year deal after passing a medical with Ben Haim considering legal action against the reporter who had published reports about his failed medical . He joined West Ham on 3",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "August 2010 on loan until January 2011 with a view to a permanent deal .",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "On 24 August 2010 , Ben Haim played his first game for West Ham , against Oxford United in the League Cup , in a 1–0 victory and made his league debut for the club in a 3–1 loss against his former club Chelsea on 11 September 2010 . On 1 January 2011 assisted Freddie Sears to score in a 2–0 win over Wolverhampton Wanderers . Four days later on 5 January 2011 he played for West Ham as they lost 5–0 to Newcastle United . This turned out his last appearance for West Ham . Despite his loan spell",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "at West Ham having ended , the club continued talks with Portsmouth regarding a deal to bring Ben Haim back ; the two clubs could not come to an agreement , while financial issues prevented him from linking up with Pompey .",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "In January 2011 , Ben Haim returned to Portsmouth after his loan spell expired , but he did not make any appearances for Portsmouth that season , returning to training with the squad . He was in dispute with Portsmouth over £1.4million in unpaid wages . Because of this , manager Steve Cotterill was unable to select Ben Haim for the final fixtures of the 2010/11 season . The case was set to go to a Football League hearing in July 2011 , but with new owners ( CSI ) installed at the club , Portsmouth were able to reach",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "an acceptable agreement with Ben Haim .",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "On 11 July , Ben Haim made his first appearance for Portsmouth since the 2009–10 season in a 4–0 pre-season win over Havant & Waterlooville . On 6 August 2011 , Ben Haim made his first league appearance in a 2–2 draw against Middlesbrough . On 27 August 2011 , Ben Haim provided an assist to allow Nwankwo Kanu to score to make it 1–1 against Welsh side Cardiff City and also provided another assist the following week for Greg Halford to score the third goal in the match as Portsmouth lost 4–3 to his former club , West Ham",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": ". Later on in the 2011/12 season , Portsmouth would go into administration for the second time in two years , bringing them an automatic 10-point deduction . An arrest warrant was issued for Vladimir Aleksandrovich Antonov and Portsmouth were issued a winding up petition by HMRC for over £1.6 million in unpaid taxes , which was heard on 20 February .",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "The end of the 2011–12 season saw Portsmouth get relegated from the Championship , after which Ben Haims agent , Pini Zahavi , stated that he would not play in League One despite having one year remaining on his deal , worth around £2 million . However , Zahavi later stated that he was in the dark over Ben Haims future . Ben Haims contract was criticized by administrator Trevor Birch because he was offered £36,000-a-week over four years , shortly before the club first went into liquidation . However , due to administration the maximum the club paid any",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "player at that time was just £5,000-a-week . In response , Ben Haim refused to take a letter from a supporters group asking them to waive their wages and has suggested that the administrator takes a pay cut instead . He came to an agreement to leave the club in August 2012 .",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "On 4 January 2013 , Ben Haim joined Queens Park Rangers on a short-term contract deal . He made his debut the next day in an FA Cup match against West Bromwich Albion , where he provided an assist for a late equaliser from Kieron Dyer to make the result 1–1 . On 9 May 2013 , Canadian side Toronto FC of Major League Soccer announced they had acquired Ben Haim on loan from Queens Park Rangers . However , four days later , Toronto FC GM Kevin Payne said that Ben Haim never officially signed for the club as",
"title": "Queens Park Rangers"
},
{
"text": "originally announced , and never ended up joining the team .",
"title": "Queens Park Rangers"
},
{
"text": " He was released by Queens Park Rangers at the end of the 2012–13 season . He continued training with the club for a short time after his release however , and appeared in a pre-season friendly against Exeter City on 11 July 2013 .",
"title": "Queens Park Rangers"
},
{
"text": " On 24 July 2013 , Ben Haim signed for Belgian side Standard Liège on a two-year contract , following his release from Queens Park Rangers . However , Ben Haim made ten appearance for the club after losing his first team place to Dino Arslanagic .",
"title": "Standard Liège"
},
{
"text": " On 11 July 2014 , Ben Haim signed for Charlton Athletic on a one-year deal , with the Addicks becoming his eighth English club . Upon the move , Ben Haim was given number twenty-six shirt . Ben Haim started in the opening game of the season , in a 1–1 draw against Brentford . On 12 May 2015 , Ben Haim was released at the end of his contract . Return to Maccabi Tel Aviv .",
"title": "Charlton Athletic"
},
{
"text": "On 3 June 2015 , Ben Haim signed a two-year contract with his former club and current Israeli champions Maccabi Tel Aviv . On 25 August , he qualified with Maccabi to the Champions League group stage after passing FC Basel in the Play-offs round .",
"title": "Charlton Athletic"
},
{
"text": " On 24 November 2015 , Ben Haim was sent off in a 4–0 defeat by his former club Chelsea in the Champions League group stage .",
"title": "Charlton Athletic"
},
{
"text": " on 7 August 2018 , Ben Haim signed a two-year contract with Beitar Jerusalem F.C . He has since played 46 times for the club . on 7 August 2020 , it was announced that the player has extended his contract with the club for one more year .",
"title": "Beitar Jerusalem F.C"
},
{
"text": " Ben Haim made his debut for Israeli national squad on 13 February 2002 in a friendly match against Germany . He scored his first goal from a penalty in a 2–1 win against Latvia on 4 June 2011 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " He has exactly the same name as winger , Tal Ben Haim , who also played for Israel and Maccabi Tel Aviv , and he is referred to in UEFA reports as Tal Ben Haim I , while Tal Ben Haim II wears a jersey with his surname spelled as Ben Chaim to distinguish him from his fellow countryman .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Tal_Ben_Haim#P54#1
|
Tal Ben Haim played for which team in Apr 2004?
|
Tal Ben Haim Tal Ben Haim ( or Tal Ben Haim I , ; born 31 March 1982 ) is an Israeli footballer who currently plays at Beitar Jerusalem and the Israel national football team . He can play at either centre back or right back . He has played for Maccabi Tel Aviv , Bolton Wanderers , Chelsea , Manchester City , Sunderland , Portsmouth , West Ham United , Queens Park Rangers , Standard Liége and Charlton Athletic . Early life . Ben-Haim was born in Rishon LeZion , Israel , to a Jewish family . Club career . Maccabi Tel Aviv . Born in Rishon LeZion , Ben Haim joined the Maccabi Tel Aviv senior squads in 1998 as a reserve player . His league debut came on 30 April 2001 when he came on in the 90th minute as a substitute in the Tel Aviv derby match against Hapoel . He played a significant part in Maccabis Israeli Premier League title in the 2002–03 season , and was appointed club captain the following season , replacing Gadi Brumer who retired in mid-season . Bolton Wanderers . After a two-week trial with Bolton Wanderers in the summer of 2004 , Sam Allardyce secured the services of Ben Haim on a three-year deal for a fee believed to be in the region of £150,000 . Although Allardyce did not believe Ben Haim would be ready for the rigours of the Premier League immediately , he was confident that , given time , Ben Haim would have a big impact on the English game . His first season at the Reebok Stadium was a successful one as he made 27 appearances . On 1 February 2005 , Ben Haim scored his first and only goal for Bolton , heading a free-kick from Stelios Giannakopoulos into the net in Boltons 3–1 victory over Tottenham Hotspur . , this is his only goal in the Premier League . The only thing that hampered his campaign a little was a clash with Wayne Rooney in a league match when Rooney appeared to shove him in the face . Ben Haim , it was claimed , went down too easily and made too much of it and was charged with improper conduct by the Football Association , but was later cleared of charges . On 20 October 2005 while playing for Bolton in the UEFA Cup away at Beşiktaş , Ben Haim wore the captains armband and was praised by the regular team captain Jay-Jay Okocha . In the second leg of the UEFA Cup Round of 32 against the French side Marseille which they drew 0–0 in the first leg , Ben Haim was the blame when he scored an own goal in the 69th minutes which turns out to be a winner for Marseille as the result was 2–1 on 23 February 2006 . Ben Haims defensive displays in his following seasons at Bolton had attracted the interests of many clubs including Chelsea , West Ham United and Tottenham Hotspur . In January 2007 , Chelsea confirmed that talks to sign Ben Haim from Bolton were unsuccessful . Following the end of the 2006–07 season , Ben Haims contract with Bolton had expired and his future at Bolton was in doubt with media reports linking him with a move to Chelsea and Newcastle United , ex-Bolton boss Sam Allardyce admitting that he was ready to make an offer to his former charge to bring him to Newcastle . His transfer from Maccabi to Bolton in July 2004 is one of those about which the Stevens inquiry report in June 2007 expressed concerns because of the apparent conflict of interest between agent Craig Allardyce , his father Sam Allardyce – the then manager at Bolton – and the club itself . Chelsea . In June 2007 , Chelsea officially announced the signing of Ben Haim on a Bosman transfer after he had passed his medical at Stamford Bridge and agreed on personal terms to join the club on a four-year deal . Ben-Haim told the Jewish Telegraph exclusively : I am very happy to join one of the greatest clubs in the world . I needed a new challenge . I will play in any position Jose Mourinho wants me to play . I am looking forward to starting the new season with Champions League football . He made his competitive début for Chelsea against Manchester United in the FA Community Shield . With injuries to fellow Chelsea defenders John Terry and Ricardo Carvalho Ben Haim became a regular in the Chelsea first team . However , after the recovery of first team pairing Terry and Carvalho and the impressive form of Alex , Ben Haim found himself to be the fourth choice centre back . In April 2008 , he criticized Chelsea manager Avram Grant after Chelseas 1–1 draw with Wigan Athletic stating : If I knew Avram Grant was going to be the coach I would have signed for another club . It was Jose who brought me here and no one except he and I know the conversation we had when he tried to sign me the first time a year ago last January . The fact is while Jose was the coach I played most of the games and people who know me know that I would not have come here to be a reserve . I knew nothing good would come for me with Grant as Chelsea coach . In a press conference , Avram Grant responded : I dont think José promised Ben Haim he will play before John Terry , Carvalho and Alex . It is internal business but , in my opinion , if a player was wrong we need to deal with it — in our way , my way . Tal Ben Haim was fined two weeks wages , about £80,000 . During Ben Haims stay at Chelsea , he made 13 Premier League appearances , before transferring to Manchester City . Manchester City . Ben Haim joined City on 30 July 2008 for a fee around £5 million , becoming only the second first-team signing of new manager Mark Hughes . He chose to wear the number 26 jersey , vacated by the transfer of Matthew Mills because , apart from his time at Chelsea where it was worn by John Terry , he had always worn that number at club level . After signing , Ben Haim said I’m definitely going to give my best to City and give my heart in every game . I hope that we can do good things this season . I’m looking forward to starting the season here . Ben Haim made his City debut in second leg of the UEFA Cup qualifier against EB/Streymur at Barnsleys Oakwell Stadium on 31 July where City won 2–0 . Ben Haim eventually made his league debut for Manchester City which he received a booking as Manchester City lost to Aston Villa 4–2 on 17 August 2008 . He failed to establish himself as a first team regular , which saw him left on the substitutes bench for a long period of the season . After returning to the club , following a loan spell at Sunderland , it was clear that he was surplus to requirements at the City of Manchester Stadium . He was then transfer listed . Sunderland ( loan ) . Ben Haim signed for Sunderland on loan until the end of the 2008–09 season on 1 February 2009 . He made his debut away to Arsenal on 21 February and made his home debut at the Stadium of Light on 7 March against Tottenham Hotspur . He again found it difficult to break into the side . Ben-Haim was limited to only 5 appearances in a Sunderland shirt . At the end of the 2008–09 season , he returned to Manchester City . Portsmouth . On 31 August 2009 it was announced that Portsmouth had signed Ben-Haim on a four-year deal . On 12 September 2009 , Ben Haim made his league debut for the club in a 3–2 loss against his former club Bolton . Since then he has become one of the two first choice centre-backs under managers Paul Hart and his former manager at Chelsea , Avram Grant . He suffered an injury in the second half of the season , which kept him out of Portsmouths FA Cup final game against Chelsea , which Pompey lost 1–0 . On 20 December 2009 a match between Portsmouth and Liverpool which Portsmouth won 2–0 , Ben Haim accused Liverpool striker Fernando Torres elbowing him during the match . In May 2010 , after Portsmouth had been relegated , Ben Haim opted to stay at Portsmouth although he had a relegation-release clause in his contract but declined the chance to activate it . He played for just one season for Portsmouth and made 24 appearances for the club in all competitions . Ben Haim criticised the clubs former owners as they prepared for life in the Championship the following season and the cash issues did play a significant role in the clubs demise . As the 2010/11 Championship campaign for Portsmouth was set to start , the clubs administrator Andrew Andronikou wanted Ben Haims crippling salary off the clubs wage bill . West Ham and an unnamed Greek club were interested in signing him . West Ham United ( loan ) . In July 2010 , Ben Haim was set to join his ex-Portsmouth manager , Avram Grant at West Ham United on a free transfer , but it was reported that the move had collapsed after Ben Haim had failed a medical and Ben Haims rumoured wage demands of £38,000-a-week . On 2 August 2010 , the Israeli press reported that Ben Haim had agreed terms with West Ham on a three-year deal after passing a medical with Ben Haim considering legal action against the reporter who had published reports about his failed medical . He joined West Ham on 3 August 2010 on loan until January 2011 with a view to a permanent deal . On 24 August 2010 , Ben Haim played his first game for West Ham , against Oxford United in the League Cup , in a 1–0 victory and made his league debut for the club in a 3–1 loss against his former club Chelsea on 11 September 2010 . On 1 January 2011 assisted Freddie Sears to score in a 2–0 win over Wolverhampton Wanderers . Four days later on 5 January 2011 he played for West Ham as they lost 5–0 to Newcastle United . This turned out his last appearance for West Ham . Despite his loan spell at West Ham having ended , the club continued talks with Portsmouth regarding a deal to bring Ben Haim back ; the two clubs could not come to an agreement , while financial issues prevented him from linking up with Pompey . Return to Portsmouth . In January 2011 , Ben Haim returned to Portsmouth after his loan spell expired , but he did not make any appearances for Portsmouth that season , returning to training with the squad . He was in dispute with Portsmouth over £1.4million in unpaid wages . Because of this , manager Steve Cotterill was unable to select Ben Haim for the final fixtures of the 2010/11 season . The case was set to go to a Football League hearing in July 2011 , but with new owners ( CSI ) installed at the club , Portsmouth were able to reach an acceptable agreement with Ben Haim . On 11 July , Ben Haim made his first appearance for Portsmouth since the 2009–10 season in a 4–0 pre-season win over Havant & Waterlooville . On 6 August 2011 , Ben Haim made his first league appearance in a 2–2 draw against Middlesbrough . On 27 August 2011 , Ben Haim provided an assist to allow Nwankwo Kanu to score to make it 1–1 against Welsh side Cardiff City and also provided another assist the following week for Greg Halford to score the third goal in the match as Portsmouth lost 4–3 to his former club , West Ham . Later on in the 2011/12 season , Portsmouth would go into administration for the second time in two years , bringing them an automatic 10-point deduction . An arrest warrant was issued for Vladimir Aleksandrovich Antonov and Portsmouth were issued a winding up petition by HMRC for over £1.6 million in unpaid taxes , which was heard on 20 February . The end of the 2011–12 season saw Portsmouth get relegated from the Championship , after which Ben Haims agent , Pini Zahavi , stated that he would not play in League One despite having one year remaining on his deal , worth around £2 million . However , Zahavi later stated that he was in the dark over Ben Haims future . Ben Haims contract was criticized by administrator Trevor Birch because he was offered £36,000-a-week over four years , shortly before the club first went into liquidation . However , due to administration the maximum the club paid any player at that time was just £5,000-a-week . In response , Ben Haim refused to take a letter from a supporters group asking them to waive their wages and has suggested that the administrator takes a pay cut instead . He came to an agreement to leave the club in August 2012 . Queens Park Rangers . On 4 January 2013 , Ben Haim joined Queens Park Rangers on a short-term contract deal . He made his debut the next day in an FA Cup match against West Bromwich Albion , where he provided an assist for a late equaliser from Kieron Dyer to make the result 1–1 . On 9 May 2013 , Canadian side Toronto FC of Major League Soccer announced they had acquired Ben Haim on loan from Queens Park Rangers . However , four days later , Toronto FC GM Kevin Payne said that Ben Haim never officially signed for the club as originally announced , and never ended up joining the team . He was released by Queens Park Rangers at the end of the 2012–13 season . He continued training with the club for a short time after his release however , and appeared in a pre-season friendly against Exeter City on 11 July 2013 . Standard Liège . On 24 July 2013 , Ben Haim signed for Belgian side Standard Liège on a two-year contract , following his release from Queens Park Rangers . However , Ben Haim made ten appearance for the club after losing his first team place to Dino Arslanagic . Charlton Athletic . On 11 July 2014 , Ben Haim signed for Charlton Athletic on a one-year deal , with the Addicks becoming his eighth English club . Upon the move , Ben Haim was given number twenty-six shirt . Ben Haim started in the opening game of the season , in a 1–1 draw against Brentford . On 12 May 2015 , Ben Haim was released at the end of his contract . Return to Maccabi Tel Aviv . On 3 June 2015 , Ben Haim signed a two-year contract with his former club and current Israeli champions Maccabi Tel Aviv . On 25 August , he qualified with Maccabi to the Champions League group stage after passing FC Basel in the Play-offs round . On 24 November 2015 , Ben Haim was sent off in a 4–0 defeat by his former club Chelsea in the Champions League group stage . Beitar Jerusalem F.C . on 7 August 2018 , Ben Haim signed a two-year contract with Beitar Jerusalem F.C . He has since played 46 times for the club . on 7 August 2020 , it was announced that the player has extended his contract with the club for one more year . International career . Ben Haim made his debut for Israeli national squad on 13 February 2002 in a friendly match against Germany . He scored his first goal from a penalty in a 2–1 win against Latvia on 4 June 2011 . Personal life . He has exactly the same name as winger , Tal Ben Haim , who also played for Israel and Maccabi Tel Aviv , and he is referred to in UEFA reports as Tal Ben Haim I , while Tal Ben Haim II wears a jersey with his surname spelled as Ben Chaim to distinguish him from his fellow countryman .
|
[
"Bolton Wanderers"
] |
[
{
"text": " Tal Ben Haim ( or Tal Ben Haim I , ; born 31 March 1982 ) is an Israeli footballer who currently plays at Beitar Jerusalem and the Israel national football team . He can play at either centre back or right back . He has played for Maccabi Tel Aviv , Bolton Wanderers , Chelsea , Manchester City , Sunderland , Portsmouth , West Ham United , Queens Park Rangers , Standard Liége and Charlton Athletic .",
"title": "Tal Ben Haim"
},
{
"text": " Born in Rishon LeZion , Ben Haim joined the Maccabi Tel Aviv senior squads in 1998 as a reserve player . His league debut came on 30 April 2001 when he came on in the 90th minute as a substitute in the Tel Aviv derby match against Hapoel . He played a significant part in Maccabis Israeli Premier League title in the 2002–03 season , and was appointed club captain the following season , replacing Gadi Brumer who retired in mid-season .",
"title": "Maccabi Tel Aviv"
},
{
"text": " After a two-week trial with Bolton Wanderers in the summer of 2004 , Sam Allardyce secured the services of Ben Haim on a three-year deal for a fee believed to be in the region of £150,000 . Although Allardyce did not believe Ben Haim would be ready for the rigours of the Premier League immediately , he was confident that , given time , Ben Haim would have a big impact on the English game .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": "His first season at the Reebok Stadium was a successful one as he made 27 appearances . On 1 February 2005 , Ben Haim scored his first and only goal for Bolton , heading a free-kick from Stelios Giannakopoulos into the net in Boltons 3–1 victory over Tottenham Hotspur . , this is his only goal in the Premier League . The only thing that hampered his campaign a little was a clash with Wayne Rooney in a league match when Rooney appeared to shove him in the face . Ben Haim , it was claimed , went down too",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": "easily and made too much of it and was charged with improper conduct by the Football Association , but was later cleared of charges .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": " On 20 October 2005 while playing for Bolton in the UEFA Cup away at Beşiktaş , Ben Haim wore the captains armband and was praised by the regular team captain Jay-Jay Okocha . In the second leg of the UEFA Cup Round of 32 against the French side Marseille which they drew 0–0 in the first leg , Ben Haim was the blame when he scored an own goal in the 69th minutes which turns out to be a winner for Marseille as the result was 2–1 on 23 February 2006 .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": "Ben Haims defensive displays in his following seasons at Bolton had attracted the interests of many clubs including Chelsea , West Ham United and Tottenham Hotspur . In January 2007 , Chelsea confirmed that talks to sign Ben Haim from Bolton were unsuccessful .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": " Following the end of the 2006–07 season , Ben Haims contract with Bolton had expired and his future at Bolton was in doubt with media reports linking him with a move to Chelsea and Newcastle United , ex-Bolton boss Sam Allardyce admitting that he was ready to make an offer to his former charge to bring him to Newcastle .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": "His transfer from Maccabi to Bolton in July 2004 is one of those about which the Stevens inquiry report in June 2007 expressed concerns because of the apparent conflict of interest between agent Craig Allardyce , his father Sam Allardyce – the then manager at Bolton – and the club itself .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": " In June 2007 , Chelsea officially announced the signing of Ben Haim on a Bosman transfer after he had passed his medical at Stamford Bridge and agreed on personal terms to join the club on a four-year deal . Ben-Haim told the Jewish Telegraph exclusively : I am very happy to join one of the greatest clubs in the world . I needed a new challenge . I will play in any position Jose Mourinho wants me to play . I am looking forward to starting the new season with Champions League football .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "He made his competitive début for Chelsea against Manchester United in the FA Community Shield . With injuries to fellow Chelsea defenders John Terry and Ricardo Carvalho Ben Haim became a regular in the Chelsea first team . However , after the recovery of first team pairing Terry and Carvalho and the impressive form of Alex , Ben Haim found himself to be the fourth choice centre back .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "In April 2008 , he criticized Chelsea manager Avram Grant after Chelseas 1–1 draw with Wigan Athletic stating : If I knew Avram Grant was going to be the coach I would have signed for another club . It was Jose who brought me here and no one except he and I know the conversation we had when he tried to sign me the first time a year ago last January . The fact is while Jose was the coach I played most of the games and people who know me know that I would not have come here to",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "be a reserve . I knew nothing good would come for me with Grant as Chelsea coach .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " In a press conference , Avram Grant responded : I dont think José promised Ben Haim he will play before John Terry , Carvalho and Alex . It is internal business but , in my opinion , if a player was wrong we need to deal with it — in our way , my way . Tal Ben Haim was fined two weeks wages , about £80,000 . During Ben Haims stay at Chelsea , he made 13 Premier League appearances , before transferring to Manchester City .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " Ben Haim joined City on 30 July 2008 for a fee around £5 million , becoming only the second first-team signing of new manager Mark Hughes .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "He chose to wear the number 26 jersey , vacated by the transfer of Matthew Mills because , apart from his time at Chelsea where it was worn by John Terry , he had always worn that number at club level . After signing , Ben Haim said I’m definitely going to give my best to City and give my heart in every game . I hope that we can do good things this season . I’m looking forward to starting the season here . Ben Haim made his City debut in second leg of the UEFA Cup qualifier against",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "EB/Streymur at Barnsleys Oakwell Stadium on 31 July where City won 2–0 . Ben Haim eventually made his league debut for Manchester City which he received a booking as Manchester City lost to Aston Villa 4–2 on 17 August 2008 . He failed to establish himself as a first team regular , which saw him left on the substitutes bench for a long period of the season . After returning to the club , following a loan spell at Sunderland , it was clear that he was surplus to requirements at the City of Manchester Stadium . He was then",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "transfer listed .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": " Sunderland ( loan ) . Ben Haim signed for Sunderland on loan until the end of the 2008–09 season on 1 February 2009 . He made his debut away to Arsenal on 21 February and made his home debut at the Stadium of Light on 7 March against Tottenham Hotspur . He again found it difficult to break into the side . Ben-Haim was limited to only 5 appearances in a Sunderland shirt . At the end of the 2008–09 season , he returned to Manchester City .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "On 31 August 2009 it was announced that Portsmouth had signed Ben-Haim on a four-year deal . On 12 September 2009 , Ben Haim made his league debut for the club in a 3–2 loss against his former club Bolton . Since then he has become one of the two first choice centre-backs under managers Paul Hart and his former manager at Chelsea , Avram Grant . He suffered an injury in the second half of the season , which kept him out of Portsmouths FA Cup final game against Chelsea , which Pompey lost 1–0 . On 20 December",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "2009 a match between Portsmouth and Liverpool which Portsmouth won 2–0 , Ben Haim accused Liverpool striker Fernando Torres elbowing him during the match .",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "In May 2010 , after Portsmouth had been relegated , Ben Haim opted to stay at Portsmouth although he had a relegation-release clause in his contract but declined the chance to activate it . He played for just one season for Portsmouth and made 24 appearances for the club in all competitions . Ben Haim criticised the clubs former owners as they prepared for life in the Championship the following season and the cash issues did play a significant role in the clubs demise . As the 2010/11 Championship campaign for Portsmouth was set to start , the clubs administrator",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "Andrew Andronikou wanted Ben Haims crippling salary off the clubs wage bill . West Ham and an unnamed Greek club were interested in signing him .",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "In July 2010 , Ben Haim was set to join his ex-Portsmouth manager , Avram Grant at West Ham United on a free transfer , but it was reported that the move had collapsed after Ben Haim had failed a medical and Ben Haims rumoured wage demands of £38,000-a-week . On 2 August 2010 , the Israeli press reported that Ben Haim had agreed terms with West Ham on a three-year deal after passing a medical with Ben Haim considering legal action against the reporter who had published reports about his failed medical . He joined West Ham on 3",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "August 2010 on loan until January 2011 with a view to a permanent deal .",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "On 24 August 2010 , Ben Haim played his first game for West Ham , against Oxford United in the League Cup , in a 1–0 victory and made his league debut for the club in a 3–1 loss against his former club Chelsea on 11 September 2010 . On 1 January 2011 assisted Freddie Sears to score in a 2–0 win over Wolverhampton Wanderers . Four days later on 5 January 2011 he played for West Ham as they lost 5–0 to Newcastle United . This turned out his last appearance for West Ham . Despite his loan spell",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "at West Ham having ended , the club continued talks with Portsmouth regarding a deal to bring Ben Haim back ; the two clubs could not come to an agreement , while financial issues prevented him from linking up with Pompey .",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "In January 2011 , Ben Haim returned to Portsmouth after his loan spell expired , but he did not make any appearances for Portsmouth that season , returning to training with the squad . He was in dispute with Portsmouth over £1.4million in unpaid wages . Because of this , manager Steve Cotterill was unable to select Ben Haim for the final fixtures of the 2010/11 season . The case was set to go to a Football League hearing in July 2011 , but with new owners ( CSI ) installed at the club , Portsmouth were able to reach",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "an acceptable agreement with Ben Haim .",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "On 11 July , Ben Haim made his first appearance for Portsmouth since the 2009–10 season in a 4–0 pre-season win over Havant & Waterlooville . On 6 August 2011 , Ben Haim made his first league appearance in a 2–2 draw against Middlesbrough . On 27 August 2011 , Ben Haim provided an assist to allow Nwankwo Kanu to score to make it 1–1 against Welsh side Cardiff City and also provided another assist the following week for Greg Halford to score the third goal in the match as Portsmouth lost 4–3 to his former club , West Ham",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": ". Later on in the 2011/12 season , Portsmouth would go into administration for the second time in two years , bringing them an automatic 10-point deduction . An arrest warrant was issued for Vladimir Aleksandrovich Antonov and Portsmouth were issued a winding up petition by HMRC for over £1.6 million in unpaid taxes , which was heard on 20 February .",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "The end of the 2011–12 season saw Portsmouth get relegated from the Championship , after which Ben Haims agent , Pini Zahavi , stated that he would not play in League One despite having one year remaining on his deal , worth around £2 million . However , Zahavi later stated that he was in the dark over Ben Haims future . Ben Haims contract was criticized by administrator Trevor Birch because he was offered £36,000-a-week over four years , shortly before the club first went into liquidation . However , due to administration the maximum the club paid any",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "player at that time was just £5,000-a-week . In response , Ben Haim refused to take a letter from a supporters group asking them to waive their wages and has suggested that the administrator takes a pay cut instead . He came to an agreement to leave the club in August 2012 .",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "On 4 January 2013 , Ben Haim joined Queens Park Rangers on a short-term contract deal . He made his debut the next day in an FA Cup match against West Bromwich Albion , where he provided an assist for a late equaliser from Kieron Dyer to make the result 1–1 . On 9 May 2013 , Canadian side Toronto FC of Major League Soccer announced they had acquired Ben Haim on loan from Queens Park Rangers . However , four days later , Toronto FC GM Kevin Payne said that Ben Haim never officially signed for the club as",
"title": "Queens Park Rangers"
},
{
"text": "originally announced , and never ended up joining the team .",
"title": "Queens Park Rangers"
},
{
"text": " He was released by Queens Park Rangers at the end of the 2012–13 season . He continued training with the club for a short time after his release however , and appeared in a pre-season friendly against Exeter City on 11 July 2013 .",
"title": "Queens Park Rangers"
},
{
"text": " On 24 July 2013 , Ben Haim signed for Belgian side Standard Liège on a two-year contract , following his release from Queens Park Rangers . However , Ben Haim made ten appearance for the club after losing his first team place to Dino Arslanagic .",
"title": "Standard Liège"
},
{
"text": " On 11 July 2014 , Ben Haim signed for Charlton Athletic on a one-year deal , with the Addicks becoming his eighth English club . Upon the move , Ben Haim was given number twenty-six shirt . Ben Haim started in the opening game of the season , in a 1–1 draw against Brentford . On 12 May 2015 , Ben Haim was released at the end of his contract . Return to Maccabi Tel Aviv .",
"title": "Charlton Athletic"
},
{
"text": "On 3 June 2015 , Ben Haim signed a two-year contract with his former club and current Israeli champions Maccabi Tel Aviv . On 25 August , he qualified with Maccabi to the Champions League group stage after passing FC Basel in the Play-offs round .",
"title": "Charlton Athletic"
},
{
"text": " On 24 November 2015 , Ben Haim was sent off in a 4–0 defeat by his former club Chelsea in the Champions League group stage .",
"title": "Charlton Athletic"
},
{
"text": " on 7 August 2018 , Ben Haim signed a two-year contract with Beitar Jerusalem F.C . He has since played 46 times for the club . on 7 August 2020 , it was announced that the player has extended his contract with the club for one more year .",
"title": "Beitar Jerusalem F.C"
},
{
"text": " Ben Haim made his debut for Israeli national squad on 13 February 2002 in a friendly match against Germany . He scored his first goal from a penalty in a 2–1 win against Latvia on 4 June 2011 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " He has exactly the same name as winger , Tal Ben Haim , who also played for Israel and Maccabi Tel Aviv , and he is referred to in UEFA reports as Tal Ben Haim I , while Tal Ben Haim II wears a jersey with his surname spelled as Ben Chaim to distinguish him from his fellow countryman .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Tal_Ben_Haim#P54#2
|
Tal Ben Haim played for which team between Aug 2007 and Dec 2007?
|
Tal Ben Haim Tal Ben Haim ( or Tal Ben Haim I , ; born 31 March 1982 ) is an Israeli footballer who currently plays at Beitar Jerusalem and the Israel national football team . He can play at either centre back or right back . He has played for Maccabi Tel Aviv , Bolton Wanderers , Chelsea , Manchester City , Sunderland , Portsmouth , West Ham United , Queens Park Rangers , Standard Liége and Charlton Athletic . Early life . Ben-Haim was born in Rishon LeZion , Israel , to a Jewish family . Club career . Maccabi Tel Aviv . Born in Rishon LeZion , Ben Haim joined the Maccabi Tel Aviv senior squads in 1998 as a reserve player . His league debut came on 30 April 2001 when he came on in the 90th minute as a substitute in the Tel Aviv derby match against Hapoel . He played a significant part in Maccabis Israeli Premier League title in the 2002–03 season , and was appointed club captain the following season , replacing Gadi Brumer who retired in mid-season . Bolton Wanderers . After a two-week trial with Bolton Wanderers in the summer of 2004 , Sam Allardyce secured the services of Ben Haim on a three-year deal for a fee believed to be in the region of £150,000 . Although Allardyce did not believe Ben Haim would be ready for the rigours of the Premier League immediately , he was confident that , given time , Ben Haim would have a big impact on the English game . His first season at the Reebok Stadium was a successful one as he made 27 appearances . On 1 February 2005 , Ben Haim scored his first and only goal for Bolton , heading a free-kick from Stelios Giannakopoulos into the net in Boltons 3–1 victory over Tottenham Hotspur . , this is his only goal in the Premier League . The only thing that hampered his campaign a little was a clash with Wayne Rooney in a league match when Rooney appeared to shove him in the face . Ben Haim , it was claimed , went down too easily and made too much of it and was charged with improper conduct by the Football Association , but was later cleared of charges . On 20 October 2005 while playing for Bolton in the UEFA Cup away at Beşiktaş , Ben Haim wore the captains armband and was praised by the regular team captain Jay-Jay Okocha . In the second leg of the UEFA Cup Round of 32 against the French side Marseille which they drew 0–0 in the first leg , Ben Haim was the blame when he scored an own goal in the 69th minutes which turns out to be a winner for Marseille as the result was 2–1 on 23 February 2006 . Ben Haims defensive displays in his following seasons at Bolton had attracted the interests of many clubs including Chelsea , West Ham United and Tottenham Hotspur . In January 2007 , Chelsea confirmed that talks to sign Ben Haim from Bolton were unsuccessful . Following the end of the 2006–07 season , Ben Haims contract with Bolton had expired and his future at Bolton was in doubt with media reports linking him with a move to Chelsea and Newcastle United , ex-Bolton boss Sam Allardyce admitting that he was ready to make an offer to his former charge to bring him to Newcastle . His transfer from Maccabi to Bolton in July 2004 is one of those about which the Stevens inquiry report in June 2007 expressed concerns because of the apparent conflict of interest between agent Craig Allardyce , his father Sam Allardyce – the then manager at Bolton – and the club itself . Chelsea . In June 2007 , Chelsea officially announced the signing of Ben Haim on a Bosman transfer after he had passed his medical at Stamford Bridge and agreed on personal terms to join the club on a four-year deal . Ben-Haim told the Jewish Telegraph exclusively : I am very happy to join one of the greatest clubs in the world . I needed a new challenge . I will play in any position Jose Mourinho wants me to play . I am looking forward to starting the new season with Champions League football . He made his competitive début for Chelsea against Manchester United in the FA Community Shield . With injuries to fellow Chelsea defenders John Terry and Ricardo Carvalho Ben Haim became a regular in the Chelsea first team . However , after the recovery of first team pairing Terry and Carvalho and the impressive form of Alex , Ben Haim found himself to be the fourth choice centre back . In April 2008 , he criticized Chelsea manager Avram Grant after Chelseas 1–1 draw with Wigan Athletic stating : If I knew Avram Grant was going to be the coach I would have signed for another club . It was Jose who brought me here and no one except he and I know the conversation we had when he tried to sign me the first time a year ago last January . The fact is while Jose was the coach I played most of the games and people who know me know that I would not have come here to be a reserve . I knew nothing good would come for me with Grant as Chelsea coach . In a press conference , Avram Grant responded : I dont think José promised Ben Haim he will play before John Terry , Carvalho and Alex . It is internal business but , in my opinion , if a player was wrong we need to deal with it — in our way , my way . Tal Ben Haim was fined two weeks wages , about £80,000 . During Ben Haims stay at Chelsea , he made 13 Premier League appearances , before transferring to Manchester City . Manchester City . Ben Haim joined City on 30 July 2008 for a fee around £5 million , becoming only the second first-team signing of new manager Mark Hughes . He chose to wear the number 26 jersey , vacated by the transfer of Matthew Mills because , apart from his time at Chelsea where it was worn by John Terry , he had always worn that number at club level . After signing , Ben Haim said I’m definitely going to give my best to City and give my heart in every game . I hope that we can do good things this season . I’m looking forward to starting the season here . Ben Haim made his City debut in second leg of the UEFA Cup qualifier against EB/Streymur at Barnsleys Oakwell Stadium on 31 July where City won 2–0 . Ben Haim eventually made his league debut for Manchester City which he received a booking as Manchester City lost to Aston Villa 4–2 on 17 August 2008 . He failed to establish himself as a first team regular , which saw him left on the substitutes bench for a long period of the season . After returning to the club , following a loan spell at Sunderland , it was clear that he was surplus to requirements at the City of Manchester Stadium . He was then transfer listed . Sunderland ( loan ) . Ben Haim signed for Sunderland on loan until the end of the 2008–09 season on 1 February 2009 . He made his debut away to Arsenal on 21 February and made his home debut at the Stadium of Light on 7 March against Tottenham Hotspur . He again found it difficult to break into the side . Ben-Haim was limited to only 5 appearances in a Sunderland shirt . At the end of the 2008–09 season , he returned to Manchester City . Portsmouth . On 31 August 2009 it was announced that Portsmouth had signed Ben-Haim on a four-year deal . On 12 September 2009 , Ben Haim made his league debut for the club in a 3–2 loss against his former club Bolton . Since then he has become one of the two first choice centre-backs under managers Paul Hart and his former manager at Chelsea , Avram Grant . He suffered an injury in the second half of the season , which kept him out of Portsmouths FA Cup final game against Chelsea , which Pompey lost 1–0 . On 20 December 2009 a match between Portsmouth and Liverpool which Portsmouth won 2–0 , Ben Haim accused Liverpool striker Fernando Torres elbowing him during the match . In May 2010 , after Portsmouth had been relegated , Ben Haim opted to stay at Portsmouth although he had a relegation-release clause in his contract but declined the chance to activate it . He played for just one season for Portsmouth and made 24 appearances for the club in all competitions . Ben Haim criticised the clubs former owners as they prepared for life in the Championship the following season and the cash issues did play a significant role in the clubs demise . As the 2010/11 Championship campaign for Portsmouth was set to start , the clubs administrator Andrew Andronikou wanted Ben Haims crippling salary off the clubs wage bill . West Ham and an unnamed Greek club were interested in signing him . West Ham United ( loan ) . In July 2010 , Ben Haim was set to join his ex-Portsmouth manager , Avram Grant at West Ham United on a free transfer , but it was reported that the move had collapsed after Ben Haim had failed a medical and Ben Haims rumoured wage demands of £38,000-a-week . On 2 August 2010 , the Israeli press reported that Ben Haim had agreed terms with West Ham on a three-year deal after passing a medical with Ben Haim considering legal action against the reporter who had published reports about his failed medical . He joined West Ham on 3 August 2010 on loan until January 2011 with a view to a permanent deal . On 24 August 2010 , Ben Haim played his first game for West Ham , against Oxford United in the League Cup , in a 1–0 victory and made his league debut for the club in a 3–1 loss against his former club Chelsea on 11 September 2010 . On 1 January 2011 assisted Freddie Sears to score in a 2–0 win over Wolverhampton Wanderers . Four days later on 5 January 2011 he played for West Ham as they lost 5–0 to Newcastle United . This turned out his last appearance for West Ham . Despite his loan spell at West Ham having ended , the club continued talks with Portsmouth regarding a deal to bring Ben Haim back ; the two clubs could not come to an agreement , while financial issues prevented him from linking up with Pompey . Return to Portsmouth . In January 2011 , Ben Haim returned to Portsmouth after his loan spell expired , but he did not make any appearances for Portsmouth that season , returning to training with the squad . He was in dispute with Portsmouth over £1.4million in unpaid wages . Because of this , manager Steve Cotterill was unable to select Ben Haim for the final fixtures of the 2010/11 season . The case was set to go to a Football League hearing in July 2011 , but with new owners ( CSI ) installed at the club , Portsmouth were able to reach an acceptable agreement with Ben Haim . On 11 July , Ben Haim made his first appearance for Portsmouth since the 2009–10 season in a 4–0 pre-season win over Havant & Waterlooville . On 6 August 2011 , Ben Haim made his first league appearance in a 2–2 draw against Middlesbrough . On 27 August 2011 , Ben Haim provided an assist to allow Nwankwo Kanu to score to make it 1–1 against Welsh side Cardiff City and also provided another assist the following week for Greg Halford to score the third goal in the match as Portsmouth lost 4–3 to his former club , West Ham . Later on in the 2011/12 season , Portsmouth would go into administration for the second time in two years , bringing them an automatic 10-point deduction . An arrest warrant was issued for Vladimir Aleksandrovich Antonov and Portsmouth were issued a winding up petition by HMRC for over £1.6 million in unpaid taxes , which was heard on 20 February . The end of the 2011–12 season saw Portsmouth get relegated from the Championship , after which Ben Haims agent , Pini Zahavi , stated that he would not play in League One despite having one year remaining on his deal , worth around £2 million . However , Zahavi later stated that he was in the dark over Ben Haims future . Ben Haims contract was criticized by administrator Trevor Birch because he was offered £36,000-a-week over four years , shortly before the club first went into liquidation . However , due to administration the maximum the club paid any player at that time was just £5,000-a-week . In response , Ben Haim refused to take a letter from a supporters group asking them to waive their wages and has suggested that the administrator takes a pay cut instead . He came to an agreement to leave the club in August 2012 . Queens Park Rangers . On 4 January 2013 , Ben Haim joined Queens Park Rangers on a short-term contract deal . He made his debut the next day in an FA Cup match against West Bromwich Albion , where he provided an assist for a late equaliser from Kieron Dyer to make the result 1–1 . On 9 May 2013 , Canadian side Toronto FC of Major League Soccer announced they had acquired Ben Haim on loan from Queens Park Rangers . However , four days later , Toronto FC GM Kevin Payne said that Ben Haim never officially signed for the club as originally announced , and never ended up joining the team . He was released by Queens Park Rangers at the end of the 2012–13 season . He continued training with the club for a short time after his release however , and appeared in a pre-season friendly against Exeter City on 11 July 2013 . Standard Liège . On 24 July 2013 , Ben Haim signed for Belgian side Standard Liège on a two-year contract , following his release from Queens Park Rangers . However , Ben Haim made ten appearance for the club after losing his first team place to Dino Arslanagic . Charlton Athletic . On 11 July 2014 , Ben Haim signed for Charlton Athletic on a one-year deal , with the Addicks becoming his eighth English club . Upon the move , Ben Haim was given number twenty-six shirt . Ben Haim started in the opening game of the season , in a 1–1 draw against Brentford . On 12 May 2015 , Ben Haim was released at the end of his contract . Return to Maccabi Tel Aviv . On 3 June 2015 , Ben Haim signed a two-year contract with his former club and current Israeli champions Maccabi Tel Aviv . On 25 August , he qualified with Maccabi to the Champions League group stage after passing FC Basel in the Play-offs round . On 24 November 2015 , Ben Haim was sent off in a 4–0 defeat by his former club Chelsea in the Champions League group stage . Beitar Jerusalem F.C . on 7 August 2018 , Ben Haim signed a two-year contract with Beitar Jerusalem F.C . He has since played 46 times for the club . on 7 August 2020 , it was announced that the player has extended his contract with the club for one more year . International career . Ben Haim made his debut for Israeli national squad on 13 February 2002 in a friendly match against Germany . He scored his first goal from a penalty in a 2–1 win against Latvia on 4 June 2011 . Personal life . He has exactly the same name as winger , Tal Ben Haim , who also played for Israel and Maccabi Tel Aviv , and he is referred to in UEFA reports as Tal Ben Haim I , while Tal Ben Haim II wears a jersey with his surname spelled as Ben Chaim to distinguish him from his fellow countryman .
|
[
"Chelsea"
] |
[
{
"text": " Tal Ben Haim ( or Tal Ben Haim I , ; born 31 March 1982 ) is an Israeli footballer who currently plays at Beitar Jerusalem and the Israel national football team . He can play at either centre back or right back . He has played for Maccabi Tel Aviv , Bolton Wanderers , Chelsea , Manchester City , Sunderland , Portsmouth , West Ham United , Queens Park Rangers , Standard Liége and Charlton Athletic .",
"title": "Tal Ben Haim"
},
{
"text": " Born in Rishon LeZion , Ben Haim joined the Maccabi Tel Aviv senior squads in 1998 as a reserve player . His league debut came on 30 April 2001 when he came on in the 90th minute as a substitute in the Tel Aviv derby match against Hapoel . He played a significant part in Maccabis Israeli Premier League title in the 2002–03 season , and was appointed club captain the following season , replacing Gadi Brumer who retired in mid-season .",
"title": "Maccabi Tel Aviv"
},
{
"text": " After a two-week trial with Bolton Wanderers in the summer of 2004 , Sam Allardyce secured the services of Ben Haim on a three-year deal for a fee believed to be in the region of £150,000 . Although Allardyce did not believe Ben Haim would be ready for the rigours of the Premier League immediately , he was confident that , given time , Ben Haim would have a big impact on the English game .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": "His first season at the Reebok Stadium was a successful one as he made 27 appearances . On 1 February 2005 , Ben Haim scored his first and only goal for Bolton , heading a free-kick from Stelios Giannakopoulos into the net in Boltons 3–1 victory over Tottenham Hotspur . , this is his only goal in the Premier League . The only thing that hampered his campaign a little was a clash with Wayne Rooney in a league match when Rooney appeared to shove him in the face . Ben Haim , it was claimed , went down too",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": "easily and made too much of it and was charged with improper conduct by the Football Association , but was later cleared of charges .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": " On 20 October 2005 while playing for Bolton in the UEFA Cup away at Beşiktaş , Ben Haim wore the captains armband and was praised by the regular team captain Jay-Jay Okocha . In the second leg of the UEFA Cup Round of 32 against the French side Marseille which they drew 0–0 in the first leg , Ben Haim was the blame when he scored an own goal in the 69th minutes which turns out to be a winner for Marseille as the result was 2–1 on 23 February 2006 .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": "Ben Haims defensive displays in his following seasons at Bolton had attracted the interests of many clubs including Chelsea , West Ham United and Tottenham Hotspur . In January 2007 , Chelsea confirmed that talks to sign Ben Haim from Bolton were unsuccessful .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": " Following the end of the 2006–07 season , Ben Haims contract with Bolton had expired and his future at Bolton was in doubt with media reports linking him with a move to Chelsea and Newcastle United , ex-Bolton boss Sam Allardyce admitting that he was ready to make an offer to his former charge to bring him to Newcastle .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": "His transfer from Maccabi to Bolton in July 2004 is one of those about which the Stevens inquiry report in June 2007 expressed concerns because of the apparent conflict of interest between agent Craig Allardyce , his father Sam Allardyce – the then manager at Bolton – and the club itself .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": " In June 2007 , Chelsea officially announced the signing of Ben Haim on a Bosman transfer after he had passed his medical at Stamford Bridge and agreed on personal terms to join the club on a four-year deal . Ben-Haim told the Jewish Telegraph exclusively : I am very happy to join one of the greatest clubs in the world . I needed a new challenge . I will play in any position Jose Mourinho wants me to play . I am looking forward to starting the new season with Champions League football .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "He made his competitive début for Chelsea against Manchester United in the FA Community Shield . With injuries to fellow Chelsea defenders John Terry and Ricardo Carvalho Ben Haim became a regular in the Chelsea first team . However , after the recovery of first team pairing Terry and Carvalho and the impressive form of Alex , Ben Haim found himself to be the fourth choice centre back .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "In April 2008 , he criticized Chelsea manager Avram Grant after Chelseas 1–1 draw with Wigan Athletic stating : If I knew Avram Grant was going to be the coach I would have signed for another club . It was Jose who brought me here and no one except he and I know the conversation we had when he tried to sign me the first time a year ago last January . The fact is while Jose was the coach I played most of the games and people who know me know that I would not have come here to",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "be a reserve . I knew nothing good would come for me with Grant as Chelsea coach .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " In a press conference , Avram Grant responded : I dont think José promised Ben Haim he will play before John Terry , Carvalho and Alex . It is internal business but , in my opinion , if a player was wrong we need to deal with it — in our way , my way . Tal Ben Haim was fined two weeks wages , about £80,000 . During Ben Haims stay at Chelsea , he made 13 Premier League appearances , before transferring to Manchester City .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " Ben Haim joined City on 30 July 2008 for a fee around £5 million , becoming only the second first-team signing of new manager Mark Hughes .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "He chose to wear the number 26 jersey , vacated by the transfer of Matthew Mills because , apart from his time at Chelsea where it was worn by John Terry , he had always worn that number at club level . After signing , Ben Haim said I’m definitely going to give my best to City and give my heart in every game . I hope that we can do good things this season . I’m looking forward to starting the season here . Ben Haim made his City debut in second leg of the UEFA Cup qualifier against",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "EB/Streymur at Barnsleys Oakwell Stadium on 31 July where City won 2–0 . Ben Haim eventually made his league debut for Manchester City which he received a booking as Manchester City lost to Aston Villa 4–2 on 17 August 2008 . He failed to establish himself as a first team regular , which saw him left on the substitutes bench for a long period of the season . After returning to the club , following a loan spell at Sunderland , it was clear that he was surplus to requirements at the City of Manchester Stadium . He was then",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "transfer listed .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": " Sunderland ( loan ) . Ben Haim signed for Sunderland on loan until the end of the 2008–09 season on 1 February 2009 . He made his debut away to Arsenal on 21 February and made his home debut at the Stadium of Light on 7 March against Tottenham Hotspur . He again found it difficult to break into the side . Ben-Haim was limited to only 5 appearances in a Sunderland shirt . At the end of the 2008–09 season , he returned to Manchester City .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "On 31 August 2009 it was announced that Portsmouth had signed Ben-Haim on a four-year deal . On 12 September 2009 , Ben Haim made his league debut for the club in a 3–2 loss against his former club Bolton . Since then he has become one of the two first choice centre-backs under managers Paul Hart and his former manager at Chelsea , Avram Grant . He suffered an injury in the second half of the season , which kept him out of Portsmouths FA Cup final game against Chelsea , which Pompey lost 1–0 . On 20 December",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "2009 a match between Portsmouth and Liverpool which Portsmouth won 2–0 , Ben Haim accused Liverpool striker Fernando Torres elbowing him during the match .",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "In May 2010 , after Portsmouth had been relegated , Ben Haim opted to stay at Portsmouth although he had a relegation-release clause in his contract but declined the chance to activate it . He played for just one season for Portsmouth and made 24 appearances for the club in all competitions . Ben Haim criticised the clubs former owners as they prepared for life in the Championship the following season and the cash issues did play a significant role in the clubs demise . As the 2010/11 Championship campaign for Portsmouth was set to start , the clubs administrator",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "Andrew Andronikou wanted Ben Haims crippling salary off the clubs wage bill . West Ham and an unnamed Greek club were interested in signing him .",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "In July 2010 , Ben Haim was set to join his ex-Portsmouth manager , Avram Grant at West Ham United on a free transfer , but it was reported that the move had collapsed after Ben Haim had failed a medical and Ben Haims rumoured wage demands of £38,000-a-week . On 2 August 2010 , the Israeli press reported that Ben Haim had agreed terms with West Ham on a three-year deal after passing a medical with Ben Haim considering legal action against the reporter who had published reports about his failed medical . He joined West Ham on 3",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "August 2010 on loan until January 2011 with a view to a permanent deal .",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "On 24 August 2010 , Ben Haim played his first game for West Ham , against Oxford United in the League Cup , in a 1–0 victory and made his league debut for the club in a 3–1 loss against his former club Chelsea on 11 September 2010 . On 1 January 2011 assisted Freddie Sears to score in a 2–0 win over Wolverhampton Wanderers . Four days later on 5 January 2011 he played for West Ham as they lost 5–0 to Newcastle United . This turned out his last appearance for West Ham . Despite his loan spell",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "at West Ham having ended , the club continued talks with Portsmouth regarding a deal to bring Ben Haim back ; the two clubs could not come to an agreement , while financial issues prevented him from linking up with Pompey .",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "In January 2011 , Ben Haim returned to Portsmouth after his loan spell expired , but he did not make any appearances for Portsmouth that season , returning to training with the squad . He was in dispute with Portsmouth over £1.4million in unpaid wages . Because of this , manager Steve Cotterill was unable to select Ben Haim for the final fixtures of the 2010/11 season . The case was set to go to a Football League hearing in July 2011 , but with new owners ( CSI ) installed at the club , Portsmouth were able to reach",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "an acceptable agreement with Ben Haim .",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "On 11 July , Ben Haim made his first appearance for Portsmouth since the 2009–10 season in a 4–0 pre-season win over Havant & Waterlooville . On 6 August 2011 , Ben Haim made his first league appearance in a 2–2 draw against Middlesbrough . On 27 August 2011 , Ben Haim provided an assist to allow Nwankwo Kanu to score to make it 1–1 against Welsh side Cardiff City and also provided another assist the following week for Greg Halford to score the third goal in the match as Portsmouth lost 4–3 to his former club , West Ham",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": ". Later on in the 2011/12 season , Portsmouth would go into administration for the second time in two years , bringing them an automatic 10-point deduction . An arrest warrant was issued for Vladimir Aleksandrovich Antonov and Portsmouth were issued a winding up petition by HMRC for over £1.6 million in unpaid taxes , which was heard on 20 February .",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "The end of the 2011–12 season saw Portsmouth get relegated from the Championship , after which Ben Haims agent , Pini Zahavi , stated that he would not play in League One despite having one year remaining on his deal , worth around £2 million . However , Zahavi later stated that he was in the dark over Ben Haims future . Ben Haims contract was criticized by administrator Trevor Birch because he was offered £36,000-a-week over four years , shortly before the club first went into liquidation . However , due to administration the maximum the club paid any",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "player at that time was just £5,000-a-week . In response , Ben Haim refused to take a letter from a supporters group asking them to waive their wages and has suggested that the administrator takes a pay cut instead . He came to an agreement to leave the club in August 2012 .",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "On 4 January 2013 , Ben Haim joined Queens Park Rangers on a short-term contract deal . He made his debut the next day in an FA Cup match against West Bromwich Albion , where he provided an assist for a late equaliser from Kieron Dyer to make the result 1–1 . On 9 May 2013 , Canadian side Toronto FC of Major League Soccer announced they had acquired Ben Haim on loan from Queens Park Rangers . However , four days later , Toronto FC GM Kevin Payne said that Ben Haim never officially signed for the club as",
"title": "Queens Park Rangers"
},
{
"text": "originally announced , and never ended up joining the team .",
"title": "Queens Park Rangers"
},
{
"text": " He was released by Queens Park Rangers at the end of the 2012–13 season . He continued training with the club for a short time after his release however , and appeared in a pre-season friendly against Exeter City on 11 July 2013 .",
"title": "Queens Park Rangers"
},
{
"text": " On 24 July 2013 , Ben Haim signed for Belgian side Standard Liège on a two-year contract , following his release from Queens Park Rangers . However , Ben Haim made ten appearance for the club after losing his first team place to Dino Arslanagic .",
"title": "Standard Liège"
},
{
"text": " On 11 July 2014 , Ben Haim signed for Charlton Athletic on a one-year deal , with the Addicks becoming his eighth English club . Upon the move , Ben Haim was given number twenty-six shirt . Ben Haim started in the opening game of the season , in a 1–1 draw against Brentford . On 12 May 2015 , Ben Haim was released at the end of his contract . Return to Maccabi Tel Aviv .",
"title": "Charlton Athletic"
},
{
"text": "On 3 June 2015 , Ben Haim signed a two-year contract with his former club and current Israeli champions Maccabi Tel Aviv . On 25 August , he qualified with Maccabi to the Champions League group stage after passing FC Basel in the Play-offs round .",
"title": "Charlton Athletic"
},
{
"text": " On 24 November 2015 , Ben Haim was sent off in a 4–0 defeat by his former club Chelsea in the Champions League group stage .",
"title": "Charlton Athletic"
},
{
"text": " on 7 August 2018 , Ben Haim signed a two-year contract with Beitar Jerusalem F.C . He has since played 46 times for the club . on 7 August 2020 , it was announced that the player has extended his contract with the club for one more year .",
"title": "Beitar Jerusalem F.C"
},
{
"text": " Ben Haim made his debut for Israeli national squad on 13 February 2002 in a friendly match against Germany . He scored his first goal from a penalty in a 2–1 win against Latvia on 4 June 2011 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " He has exactly the same name as winger , Tal Ben Haim , who also played for Israel and Maccabi Tel Aviv , and he is referred to in UEFA reports as Tal Ben Haim I , while Tal Ben Haim II wears a jersey with his surname spelled as Ben Chaim to distinguish him from his fellow countryman .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Tal_Ben_Haim#P54#3
|
Tal Ben Haim played for which team in May 2008?
|
Tal Ben Haim Tal Ben Haim ( or Tal Ben Haim I , ; born 31 March 1982 ) is an Israeli footballer who currently plays at Beitar Jerusalem and the Israel national football team . He can play at either centre back or right back . He has played for Maccabi Tel Aviv , Bolton Wanderers , Chelsea , Manchester City , Sunderland , Portsmouth , West Ham United , Queens Park Rangers , Standard Liége and Charlton Athletic . Early life . Ben-Haim was born in Rishon LeZion , Israel , to a Jewish family . Club career . Maccabi Tel Aviv . Born in Rishon LeZion , Ben Haim joined the Maccabi Tel Aviv senior squads in 1998 as a reserve player . His league debut came on 30 April 2001 when he came on in the 90th minute as a substitute in the Tel Aviv derby match against Hapoel . He played a significant part in Maccabis Israeli Premier League title in the 2002–03 season , and was appointed club captain the following season , replacing Gadi Brumer who retired in mid-season . Bolton Wanderers . After a two-week trial with Bolton Wanderers in the summer of 2004 , Sam Allardyce secured the services of Ben Haim on a three-year deal for a fee believed to be in the region of £150,000 . Although Allardyce did not believe Ben Haim would be ready for the rigours of the Premier League immediately , he was confident that , given time , Ben Haim would have a big impact on the English game . His first season at the Reebok Stadium was a successful one as he made 27 appearances . On 1 February 2005 , Ben Haim scored his first and only goal for Bolton , heading a free-kick from Stelios Giannakopoulos into the net in Boltons 3–1 victory over Tottenham Hotspur . , this is his only goal in the Premier League . The only thing that hampered his campaign a little was a clash with Wayne Rooney in a league match when Rooney appeared to shove him in the face . Ben Haim , it was claimed , went down too easily and made too much of it and was charged with improper conduct by the Football Association , but was later cleared of charges . On 20 October 2005 while playing for Bolton in the UEFA Cup away at Beşiktaş , Ben Haim wore the captains armband and was praised by the regular team captain Jay-Jay Okocha . In the second leg of the UEFA Cup Round of 32 against the French side Marseille which they drew 0–0 in the first leg , Ben Haim was the blame when he scored an own goal in the 69th minutes which turns out to be a winner for Marseille as the result was 2–1 on 23 February 2006 . Ben Haims defensive displays in his following seasons at Bolton had attracted the interests of many clubs including Chelsea , West Ham United and Tottenham Hotspur . In January 2007 , Chelsea confirmed that talks to sign Ben Haim from Bolton were unsuccessful . Following the end of the 2006–07 season , Ben Haims contract with Bolton had expired and his future at Bolton was in doubt with media reports linking him with a move to Chelsea and Newcastle United , ex-Bolton boss Sam Allardyce admitting that he was ready to make an offer to his former charge to bring him to Newcastle . His transfer from Maccabi to Bolton in July 2004 is one of those about which the Stevens inquiry report in June 2007 expressed concerns because of the apparent conflict of interest between agent Craig Allardyce , his father Sam Allardyce – the then manager at Bolton – and the club itself . Chelsea . In June 2007 , Chelsea officially announced the signing of Ben Haim on a Bosman transfer after he had passed his medical at Stamford Bridge and agreed on personal terms to join the club on a four-year deal . Ben-Haim told the Jewish Telegraph exclusively : I am very happy to join one of the greatest clubs in the world . I needed a new challenge . I will play in any position Jose Mourinho wants me to play . I am looking forward to starting the new season with Champions League football . He made his competitive début for Chelsea against Manchester United in the FA Community Shield . With injuries to fellow Chelsea defenders John Terry and Ricardo Carvalho Ben Haim became a regular in the Chelsea first team . However , after the recovery of first team pairing Terry and Carvalho and the impressive form of Alex , Ben Haim found himself to be the fourth choice centre back . In April 2008 , he criticized Chelsea manager Avram Grant after Chelseas 1–1 draw with Wigan Athletic stating : If I knew Avram Grant was going to be the coach I would have signed for another club . It was Jose who brought me here and no one except he and I know the conversation we had when he tried to sign me the first time a year ago last January . The fact is while Jose was the coach I played most of the games and people who know me know that I would not have come here to be a reserve . I knew nothing good would come for me with Grant as Chelsea coach . In a press conference , Avram Grant responded : I dont think José promised Ben Haim he will play before John Terry , Carvalho and Alex . It is internal business but , in my opinion , if a player was wrong we need to deal with it — in our way , my way . Tal Ben Haim was fined two weeks wages , about £80,000 . During Ben Haims stay at Chelsea , he made 13 Premier League appearances , before transferring to Manchester City . Manchester City . Ben Haim joined City on 30 July 2008 for a fee around £5 million , becoming only the second first-team signing of new manager Mark Hughes . He chose to wear the number 26 jersey , vacated by the transfer of Matthew Mills because , apart from his time at Chelsea where it was worn by John Terry , he had always worn that number at club level . After signing , Ben Haim said I’m definitely going to give my best to City and give my heart in every game . I hope that we can do good things this season . I’m looking forward to starting the season here . Ben Haim made his City debut in second leg of the UEFA Cup qualifier against EB/Streymur at Barnsleys Oakwell Stadium on 31 July where City won 2–0 . Ben Haim eventually made his league debut for Manchester City which he received a booking as Manchester City lost to Aston Villa 4–2 on 17 August 2008 . He failed to establish himself as a first team regular , which saw him left on the substitutes bench for a long period of the season . After returning to the club , following a loan spell at Sunderland , it was clear that he was surplus to requirements at the City of Manchester Stadium . He was then transfer listed . Sunderland ( loan ) . Ben Haim signed for Sunderland on loan until the end of the 2008–09 season on 1 February 2009 . He made his debut away to Arsenal on 21 February and made his home debut at the Stadium of Light on 7 March against Tottenham Hotspur . He again found it difficult to break into the side . Ben-Haim was limited to only 5 appearances in a Sunderland shirt . At the end of the 2008–09 season , he returned to Manchester City . Portsmouth . On 31 August 2009 it was announced that Portsmouth had signed Ben-Haim on a four-year deal . On 12 September 2009 , Ben Haim made his league debut for the club in a 3–2 loss against his former club Bolton . Since then he has become one of the two first choice centre-backs under managers Paul Hart and his former manager at Chelsea , Avram Grant . He suffered an injury in the second half of the season , which kept him out of Portsmouths FA Cup final game against Chelsea , which Pompey lost 1–0 . On 20 December 2009 a match between Portsmouth and Liverpool which Portsmouth won 2–0 , Ben Haim accused Liverpool striker Fernando Torres elbowing him during the match . In May 2010 , after Portsmouth had been relegated , Ben Haim opted to stay at Portsmouth although he had a relegation-release clause in his contract but declined the chance to activate it . He played for just one season for Portsmouth and made 24 appearances for the club in all competitions . Ben Haim criticised the clubs former owners as they prepared for life in the Championship the following season and the cash issues did play a significant role in the clubs demise . As the 2010/11 Championship campaign for Portsmouth was set to start , the clubs administrator Andrew Andronikou wanted Ben Haims crippling salary off the clubs wage bill . West Ham and an unnamed Greek club were interested in signing him . West Ham United ( loan ) . In July 2010 , Ben Haim was set to join his ex-Portsmouth manager , Avram Grant at West Ham United on a free transfer , but it was reported that the move had collapsed after Ben Haim had failed a medical and Ben Haims rumoured wage demands of £38,000-a-week . On 2 August 2010 , the Israeli press reported that Ben Haim had agreed terms with West Ham on a three-year deal after passing a medical with Ben Haim considering legal action against the reporter who had published reports about his failed medical . He joined West Ham on 3 August 2010 on loan until January 2011 with a view to a permanent deal . On 24 August 2010 , Ben Haim played his first game for West Ham , against Oxford United in the League Cup , in a 1–0 victory and made his league debut for the club in a 3–1 loss against his former club Chelsea on 11 September 2010 . On 1 January 2011 assisted Freddie Sears to score in a 2–0 win over Wolverhampton Wanderers . Four days later on 5 January 2011 he played for West Ham as they lost 5–0 to Newcastle United . This turned out his last appearance for West Ham . Despite his loan spell at West Ham having ended , the club continued talks with Portsmouth regarding a deal to bring Ben Haim back ; the two clubs could not come to an agreement , while financial issues prevented him from linking up with Pompey . Return to Portsmouth . In January 2011 , Ben Haim returned to Portsmouth after his loan spell expired , but he did not make any appearances for Portsmouth that season , returning to training with the squad . He was in dispute with Portsmouth over £1.4million in unpaid wages . Because of this , manager Steve Cotterill was unable to select Ben Haim for the final fixtures of the 2010/11 season . The case was set to go to a Football League hearing in July 2011 , but with new owners ( CSI ) installed at the club , Portsmouth were able to reach an acceptable agreement with Ben Haim . On 11 July , Ben Haim made his first appearance for Portsmouth since the 2009–10 season in a 4–0 pre-season win over Havant & Waterlooville . On 6 August 2011 , Ben Haim made his first league appearance in a 2–2 draw against Middlesbrough . On 27 August 2011 , Ben Haim provided an assist to allow Nwankwo Kanu to score to make it 1–1 against Welsh side Cardiff City and also provided another assist the following week for Greg Halford to score the third goal in the match as Portsmouth lost 4–3 to his former club , West Ham . Later on in the 2011/12 season , Portsmouth would go into administration for the second time in two years , bringing them an automatic 10-point deduction . An arrest warrant was issued for Vladimir Aleksandrovich Antonov and Portsmouth were issued a winding up petition by HMRC for over £1.6 million in unpaid taxes , which was heard on 20 February . The end of the 2011–12 season saw Portsmouth get relegated from the Championship , after which Ben Haims agent , Pini Zahavi , stated that he would not play in League One despite having one year remaining on his deal , worth around £2 million . However , Zahavi later stated that he was in the dark over Ben Haims future . Ben Haims contract was criticized by administrator Trevor Birch because he was offered £36,000-a-week over four years , shortly before the club first went into liquidation . However , due to administration the maximum the club paid any player at that time was just £5,000-a-week . In response , Ben Haim refused to take a letter from a supporters group asking them to waive their wages and has suggested that the administrator takes a pay cut instead . He came to an agreement to leave the club in August 2012 . Queens Park Rangers . On 4 January 2013 , Ben Haim joined Queens Park Rangers on a short-term contract deal . He made his debut the next day in an FA Cup match against West Bromwich Albion , where he provided an assist for a late equaliser from Kieron Dyer to make the result 1–1 . On 9 May 2013 , Canadian side Toronto FC of Major League Soccer announced they had acquired Ben Haim on loan from Queens Park Rangers . However , four days later , Toronto FC GM Kevin Payne said that Ben Haim never officially signed for the club as originally announced , and never ended up joining the team . He was released by Queens Park Rangers at the end of the 2012–13 season . He continued training with the club for a short time after his release however , and appeared in a pre-season friendly against Exeter City on 11 July 2013 . Standard Liège . On 24 July 2013 , Ben Haim signed for Belgian side Standard Liège on a two-year contract , following his release from Queens Park Rangers . However , Ben Haim made ten appearance for the club after losing his first team place to Dino Arslanagic . Charlton Athletic . On 11 July 2014 , Ben Haim signed for Charlton Athletic on a one-year deal , with the Addicks becoming his eighth English club . Upon the move , Ben Haim was given number twenty-six shirt . Ben Haim started in the opening game of the season , in a 1–1 draw against Brentford . On 12 May 2015 , Ben Haim was released at the end of his contract . Return to Maccabi Tel Aviv . On 3 June 2015 , Ben Haim signed a two-year contract with his former club and current Israeli champions Maccabi Tel Aviv . On 25 August , he qualified with Maccabi to the Champions League group stage after passing FC Basel in the Play-offs round . On 24 November 2015 , Ben Haim was sent off in a 4–0 defeat by his former club Chelsea in the Champions League group stage . Beitar Jerusalem F.C . on 7 August 2018 , Ben Haim signed a two-year contract with Beitar Jerusalem F.C . He has since played 46 times for the club . on 7 August 2020 , it was announced that the player has extended his contract with the club for one more year . International career . Ben Haim made his debut for Israeli national squad on 13 February 2002 in a friendly match against Germany . He scored his first goal from a penalty in a 2–1 win against Latvia on 4 June 2011 . Personal life . He has exactly the same name as winger , Tal Ben Haim , who also played for Israel and Maccabi Tel Aviv , and he is referred to in UEFA reports as Tal Ben Haim I , while Tal Ben Haim II wears a jersey with his surname spelled as Ben Chaim to distinguish him from his fellow countryman .
|
[
"Manchester City",
"Sunderland"
] |
[
{
"text": " Tal Ben Haim ( or Tal Ben Haim I , ; born 31 March 1982 ) is an Israeli footballer who currently plays at Beitar Jerusalem and the Israel national football team . He can play at either centre back or right back . He has played for Maccabi Tel Aviv , Bolton Wanderers , Chelsea , Manchester City , Sunderland , Portsmouth , West Ham United , Queens Park Rangers , Standard Liége and Charlton Athletic .",
"title": "Tal Ben Haim"
},
{
"text": " Born in Rishon LeZion , Ben Haim joined the Maccabi Tel Aviv senior squads in 1998 as a reserve player . His league debut came on 30 April 2001 when he came on in the 90th minute as a substitute in the Tel Aviv derby match against Hapoel . He played a significant part in Maccabis Israeli Premier League title in the 2002–03 season , and was appointed club captain the following season , replacing Gadi Brumer who retired in mid-season .",
"title": "Maccabi Tel Aviv"
},
{
"text": " After a two-week trial with Bolton Wanderers in the summer of 2004 , Sam Allardyce secured the services of Ben Haim on a three-year deal for a fee believed to be in the region of £150,000 . Although Allardyce did not believe Ben Haim would be ready for the rigours of the Premier League immediately , he was confident that , given time , Ben Haim would have a big impact on the English game .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": "His first season at the Reebok Stadium was a successful one as he made 27 appearances . On 1 February 2005 , Ben Haim scored his first and only goal for Bolton , heading a free-kick from Stelios Giannakopoulos into the net in Boltons 3–1 victory over Tottenham Hotspur . , this is his only goal in the Premier League . The only thing that hampered his campaign a little was a clash with Wayne Rooney in a league match when Rooney appeared to shove him in the face . Ben Haim , it was claimed , went down too",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": "easily and made too much of it and was charged with improper conduct by the Football Association , but was later cleared of charges .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": " On 20 October 2005 while playing for Bolton in the UEFA Cup away at Beşiktaş , Ben Haim wore the captains armband and was praised by the regular team captain Jay-Jay Okocha . In the second leg of the UEFA Cup Round of 32 against the French side Marseille which they drew 0–0 in the first leg , Ben Haim was the blame when he scored an own goal in the 69th minutes which turns out to be a winner for Marseille as the result was 2–1 on 23 February 2006 .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": "Ben Haims defensive displays in his following seasons at Bolton had attracted the interests of many clubs including Chelsea , West Ham United and Tottenham Hotspur . In January 2007 , Chelsea confirmed that talks to sign Ben Haim from Bolton were unsuccessful .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": " Following the end of the 2006–07 season , Ben Haims contract with Bolton had expired and his future at Bolton was in doubt with media reports linking him with a move to Chelsea and Newcastle United , ex-Bolton boss Sam Allardyce admitting that he was ready to make an offer to his former charge to bring him to Newcastle .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": "His transfer from Maccabi to Bolton in July 2004 is one of those about which the Stevens inquiry report in June 2007 expressed concerns because of the apparent conflict of interest between agent Craig Allardyce , his father Sam Allardyce – the then manager at Bolton – and the club itself .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": " In June 2007 , Chelsea officially announced the signing of Ben Haim on a Bosman transfer after he had passed his medical at Stamford Bridge and agreed on personal terms to join the club on a four-year deal . Ben-Haim told the Jewish Telegraph exclusively : I am very happy to join one of the greatest clubs in the world . I needed a new challenge . I will play in any position Jose Mourinho wants me to play . I am looking forward to starting the new season with Champions League football .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "He made his competitive début for Chelsea against Manchester United in the FA Community Shield . With injuries to fellow Chelsea defenders John Terry and Ricardo Carvalho Ben Haim became a regular in the Chelsea first team . However , after the recovery of first team pairing Terry and Carvalho and the impressive form of Alex , Ben Haim found himself to be the fourth choice centre back .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "In April 2008 , he criticized Chelsea manager Avram Grant after Chelseas 1–1 draw with Wigan Athletic stating : If I knew Avram Grant was going to be the coach I would have signed for another club . It was Jose who brought me here and no one except he and I know the conversation we had when he tried to sign me the first time a year ago last January . The fact is while Jose was the coach I played most of the games and people who know me know that I would not have come here to",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "be a reserve . I knew nothing good would come for me with Grant as Chelsea coach .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " In a press conference , Avram Grant responded : I dont think José promised Ben Haim he will play before John Terry , Carvalho and Alex . It is internal business but , in my opinion , if a player was wrong we need to deal with it — in our way , my way . Tal Ben Haim was fined two weeks wages , about £80,000 . During Ben Haims stay at Chelsea , he made 13 Premier League appearances , before transferring to Manchester City .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " Ben Haim joined City on 30 July 2008 for a fee around £5 million , becoming only the second first-team signing of new manager Mark Hughes .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "He chose to wear the number 26 jersey , vacated by the transfer of Matthew Mills because , apart from his time at Chelsea where it was worn by John Terry , he had always worn that number at club level . After signing , Ben Haim said I’m definitely going to give my best to City and give my heart in every game . I hope that we can do good things this season . I’m looking forward to starting the season here . Ben Haim made his City debut in second leg of the UEFA Cup qualifier against",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "EB/Streymur at Barnsleys Oakwell Stadium on 31 July where City won 2–0 . Ben Haim eventually made his league debut for Manchester City which he received a booking as Manchester City lost to Aston Villa 4–2 on 17 August 2008 . He failed to establish himself as a first team regular , which saw him left on the substitutes bench for a long period of the season . After returning to the club , following a loan spell at Sunderland , it was clear that he was surplus to requirements at the City of Manchester Stadium . He was then",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "transfer listed .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": " Sunderland ( loan ) . Ben Haim signed for Sunderland on loan until the end of the 2008–09 season on 1 February 2009 . He made his debut away to Arsenal on 21 February and made his home debut at the Stadium of Light on 7 March against Tottenham Hotspur . He again found it difficult to break into the side . Ben-Haim was limited to only 5 appearances in a Sunderland shirt . At the end of the 2008–09 season , he returned to Manchester City .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "On 31 August 2009 it was announced that Portsmouth had signed Ben-Haim on a four-year deal . On 12 September 2009 , Ben Haim made his league debut for the club in a 3–2 loss against his former club Bolton . Since then he has become one of the two first choice centre-backs under managers Paul Hart and his former manager at Chelsea , Avram Grant . He suffered an injury in the second half of the season , which kept him out of Portsmouths FA Cup final game against Chelsea , which Pompey lost 1–0 . On 20 December",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "2009 a match between Portsmouth and Liverpool which Portsmouth won 2–0 , Ben Haim accused Liverpool striker Fernando Torres elbowing him during the match .",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "In May 2010 , after Portsmouth had been relegated , Ben Haim opted to stay at Portsmouth although he had a relegation-release clause in his contract but declined the chance to activate it . He played for just one season for Portsmouth and made 24 appearances for the club in all competitions . Ben Haim criticised the clubs former owners as they prepared for life in the Championship the following season and the cash issues did play a significant role in the clubs demise . As the 2010/11 Championship campaign for Portsmouth was set to start , the clubs administrator",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "Andrew Andronikou wanted Ben Haims crippling salary off the clubs wage bill . West Ham and an unnamed Greek club were interested in signing him .",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "In July 2010 , Ben Haim was set to join his ex-Portsmouth manager , Avram Grant at West Ham United on a free transfer , but it was reported that the move had collapsed after Ben Haim had failed a medical and Ben Haims rumoured wage demands of £38,000-a-week . On 2 August 2010 , the Israeli press reported that Ben Haim had agreed terms with West Ham on a three-year deal after passing a medical with Ben Haim considering legal action against the reporter who had published reports about his failed medical . He joined West Ham on 3",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "August 2010 on loan until January 2011 with a view to a permanent deal .",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "On 24 August 2010 , Ben Haim played his first game for West Ham , against Oxford United in the League Cup , in a 1–0 victory and made his league debut for the club in a 3–1 loss against his former club Chelsea on 11 September 2010 . On 1 January 2011 assisted Freddie Sears to score in a 2–0 win over Wolverhampton Wanderers . Four days later on 5 January 2011 he played for West Ham as they lost 5–0 to Newcastle United . This turned out his last appearance for West Ham . Despite his loan spell",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "at West Ham having ended , the club continued talks with Portsmouth regarding a deal to bring Ben Haim back ; the two clubs could not come to an agreement , while financial issues prevented him from linking up with Pompey .",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "In January 2011 , Ben Haim returned to Portsmouth after his loan spell expired , but he did not make any appearances for Portsmouth that season , returning to training with the squad . He was in dispute with Portsmouth over £1.4million in unpaid wages . Because of this , manager Steve Cotterill was unable to select Ben Haim for the final fixtures of the 2010/11 season . The case was set to go to a Football League hearing in July 2011 , but with new owners ( CSI ) installed at the club , Portsmouth were able to reach",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "an acceptable agreement with Ben Haim .",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "On 11 July , Ben Haim made his first appearance for Portsmouth since the 2009–10 season in a 4–0 pre-season win over Havant & Waterlooville . On 6 August 2011 , Ben Haim made his first league appearance in a 2–2 draw against Middlesbrough . On 27 August 2011 , Ben Haim provided an assist to allow Nwankwo Kanu to score to make it 1–1 against Welsh side Cardiff City and also provided another assist the following week for Greg Halford to score the third goal in the match as Portsmouth lost 4–3 to his former club , West Ham",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": ". Later on in the 2011/12 season , Portsmouth would go into administration for the second time in two years , bringing them an automatic 10-point deduction . An arrest warrant was issued for Vladimir Aleksandrovich Antonov and Portsmouth were issued a winding up petition by HMRC for over £1.6 million in unpaid taxes , which was heard on 20 February .",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "The end of the 2011–12 season saw Portsmouth get relegated from the Championship , after which Ben Haims agent , Pini Zahavi , stated that he would not play in League One despite having one year remaining on his deal , worth around £2 million . However , Zahavi later stated that he was in the dark over Ben Haims future . Ben Haims contract was criticized by administrator Trevor Birch because he was offered £36,000-a-week over four years , shortly before the club first went into liquidation . However , due to administration the maximum the club paid any",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "player at that time was just £5,000-a-week . In response , Ben Haim refused to take a letter from a supporters group asking them to waive their wages and has suggested that the administrator takes a pay cut instead . He came to an agreement to leave the club in August 2012 .",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "On 4 January 2013 , Ben Haim joined Queens Park Rangers on a short-term contract deal . He made his debut the next day in an FA Cup match against West Bromwich Albion , where he provided an assist for a late equaliser from Kieron Dyer to make the result 1–1 . On 9 May 2013 , Canadian side Toronto FC of Major League Soccer announced they had acquired Ben Haim on loan from Queens Park Rangers . However , four days later , Toronto FC GM Kevin Payne said that Ben Haim never officially signed for the club as",
"title": "Queens Park Rangers"
},
{
"text": "originally announced , and never ended up joining the team .",
"title": "Queens Park Rangers"
},
{
"text": " He was released by Queens Park Rangers at the end of the 2012–13 season . He continued training with the club for a short time after his release however , and appeared in a pre-season friendly against Exeter City on 11 July 2013 .",
"title": "Queens Park Rangers"
},
{
"text": " On 24 July 2013 , Ben Haim signed for Belgian side Standard Liège on a two-year contract , following his release from Queens Park Rangers . However , Ben Haim made ten appearance for the club after losing his first team place to Dino Arslanagic .",
"title": "Standard Liège"
},
{
"text": " On 11 July 2014 , Ben Haim signed for Charlton Athletic on a one-year deal , with the Addicks becoming his eighth English club . Upon the move , Ben Haim was given number twenty-six shirt . Ben Haim started in the opening game of the season , in a 1–1 draw against Brentford . On 12 May 2015 , Ben Haim was released at the end of his contract . Return to Maccabi Tel Aviv .",
"title": "Charlton Athletic"
},
{
"text": "On 3 June 2015 , Ben Haim signed a two-year contract with his former club and current Israeli champions Maccabi Tel Aviv . On 25 August , he qualified with Maccabi to the Champions League group stage after passing FC Basel in the Play-offs round .",
"title": "Charlton Athletic"
},
{
"text": " On 24 November 2015 , Ben Haim was sent off in a 4–0 defeat by his former club Chelsea in the Champions League group stage .",
"title": "Charlton Athletic"
},
{
"text": " on 7 August 2018 , Ben Haim signed a two-year contract with Beitar Jerusalem F.C . He has since played 46 times for the club . on 7 August 2020 , it was announced that the player has extended his contract with the club for one more year .",
"title": "Beitar Jerusalem F.C"
},
{
"text": " Ben Haim made his debut for Israeli national squad on 13 February 2002 in a friendly match against Germany . He scored his first goal from a penalty in a 2–1 win against Latvia on 4 June 2011 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " He has exactly the same name as winger , Tal Ben Haim , who also played for Israel and Maccabi Tel Aviv , and he is referred to in UEFA reports as Tal Ben Haim I , while Tal Ben Haim II wears a jersey with his surname spelled as Ben Chaim to distinguish him from his fellow countryman .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Tal_Ben_Haim#P54#4
|
Tal Ben Haim played for which team between Feb 2009 and Apr 2009?
|
Tal Ben Haim Tal Ben Haim ( or Tal Ben Haim I , ; born 31 March 1982 ) is an Israeli footballer who currently plays at Beitar Jerusalem and the Israel national football team . He can play at either centre back or right back . He has played for Maccabi Tel Aviv , Bolton Wanderers , Chelsea , Manchester City , Sunderland , Portsmouth , West Ham United , Queens Park Rangers , Standard Liége and Charlton Athletic . Early life . Ben-Haim was born in Rishon LeZion , Israel , to a Jewish family . Club career . Maccabi Tel Aviv . Born in Rishon LeZion , Ben Haim joined the Maccabi Tel Aviv senior squads in 1998 as a reserve player . His league debut came on 30 April 2001 when he came on in the 90th minute as a substitute in the Tel Aviv derby match against Hapoel . He played a significant part in Maccabis Israeli Premier League title in the 2002–03 season , and was appointed club captain the following season , replacing Gadi Brumer who retired in mid-season . Bolton Wanderers . After a two-week trial with Bolton Wanderers in the summer of 2004 , Sam Allardyce secured the services of Ben Haim on a three-year deal for a fee believed to be in the region of £150,000 . Although Allardyce did not believe Ben Haim would be ready for the rigours of the Premier League immediately , he was confident that , given time , Ben Haim would have a big impact on the English game . His first season at the Reebok Stadium was a successful one as he made 27 appearances . On 1 February 2005 , Ben Haim scored his first and only goal for Bolton , heading a free-kick from Stelios Giannakopoulos into the net in Boltons 3–1 victory over Tottenham Hotspur . , this is his only goal in the Premier League . The only thing that hampered his campaign a little was a clash with Wayne Rooney in a league match when Rooney appeared to shove him in the face . Ben Haim , it was claimed , went down too easily and made too much of it and was charged with improper conduct by the Football Association , but was later cleared of charges . On 20 October 2005 while playing for Bolton in the UEFA Cup away at Beşiktaş , Ben Haim wore the captains armband and was praised by the regular team captain Jay-Jay Okocha . In the second leg of the UEFA Cup Round of 32 against the French side Marseille which they drew 0–0 in the first leg , Ben Haim was the blame when he scored an own goal in the 69th minutes which turns out to be a winner for Marseille as the result was 2–1 on 23 February 2006 . Ben Haims defensive displays in his following seasons at Bolton had attracted the interests of many clubs including Chelsea , West Ham United and Tottenham Hotspur . In January 2007 , Chelsea confirmed that talks to sign Ben Haim from Bolton were unsuccessful . Following the end of the 2006–07 season , Ben Haims contract with Bolton had expired and his future at Bolton was in doubt with media reports linking him with a move to Chelsea and Newcastle United , ex-Bolton boss Sam Allardyce admitting that he was ready to make an offer to his former charge to bring him to Newcastle . His transfer from Maccabi to Bolton in July 2004 is one of those about which the Stevens inquiry report in June 2007 expressed concerns because of the apparent conflict of interest between agent Craig Allardyce , his father Sam Allardyce – the then manager at Bolton – and the club itself . Chelsea . In June 2007 , Chelsea officially announced the signing of Ben Haim on a Bosman transfer after he had passed his medical at Stamford Bridge and agreed on personal terms to join the club on a four-year deal . Ben-Haim told the Jewish Telegraph exclusively : I am very happy to join one of the greatest clubs in the world . I needed a new challenge . I will play in any position Jose Mourinho wants me to play . I am looking forward to starting the new season with Champions League football . He made his competitive début for Chelsea against Manchester United in the FA Community Shield . With injuries to fellow Chelsea defenders John Terry and Ricardo Carvalho Ben Haim became a regular in the Chelsea first team . However , after the recovery of first team pairing Terry and Carvalho and the impressive form of Alex , Ben Haim found himself to be the fourth choice centre back . In April 2008 , he criticized Chelsea manager Avram Grant after Chelseas 1–1 draw with Wigan Athletic stating : If I knew Avram Grant was going to be the coach I would have signed for another club . It was Jose who brought me here and no one except he and I know the conversation we had when he tried to sign me the first time a year ago last January . The fact is while Jose was the coach I played most of the games and people who know me know that I would not have come here to be a reserve . I knew nothing good would come for me with Grant as Chelsea coach . In a press conference , Avram Grant responded : I dont think José promised Ben Haim he will play before John Terry , Carvalho and Alex . It is internal business but , in my opinion , if a player was wrong we need to deal with it — in our way , my way . Tal Ben Haim was fined two weeks wages , about £80,000 . During Ben Haims stay at Chelsea , he made 13 Premier League appearances , before transferring to Manchester City . Manchester City . Ben Haim joined City on 30 July 2008 for a fee around £5 million , becoming only the second first-team signing of new manager Mark Hughes . He chose to wear the number 26 jersey , vacated by the transfer of Matthew Mills because , apart from his time at Chelsea where it was worn by John Terry , he had always worn that number at club level . After signing , Ben Haim said I’m definitely going to give my best to City and give my heart in every game . I hope that we can do good things this season . I’m looking forward to starting the season here . Ben Haim made his City debut in second leg of the UEFA Cup qualifier against EB/Streymur at Barnsleys Oakwell Stadium on 31 July where City won 2–0 . Ben Haim eventually made his league debut for Manchester City which he received a booking as Manchester City lost to Aston Villa 4–2 on 17 August 2008 . He failed to establish himself as a first team regular , which saw him left on the substitutes bench for a long period of the season . After returning to the club , following a loan spell at Sunderland , it was clear that he was surplus to requirements at the City of Manchester Stadium . He was then transfer listed . Sunderland ( loan ) . Ben Haim signed for Sunderland on loan until the end of the 2008–09 season on 1 February 2009 . He made his debut away to Arsenal on 21 February and made his home debut at the Stadium of Light on 7 March against Tottenham Hotspur . He again found it difficult to break into the side . Ben-Haim was limited to only 5 appearances in a Sunderland shirt . At the end of the 2008–09 season , he returned to Manchester City . Portsmouth . On 31 August 2009 it was announced that Portsmouth had signed Ben-Haim on a four-year deal . On 12 September 2009 , Ben Haim made his league debut for the club in a 3–2 loss against his former club Bolton . Since then he has become one of the two first choice centre-backs under managers Paul Hart and his former manager at Chelsea , Avram Grant . He suffered an injury in the second half of the season , which kept him out of Portsmouths FA Cup final game against Chelsea , which Pompey lost 1–0 . On 20 December 2009 a match between Portsmouth and Liverpool which Portsmouth won 2–0 , Ben Haim accused Liverpool striker Fernando Torres elbowing him during the match . In May 2010 , after Portsmouth had been relegated , Ben Haim opted to stay at Portsmouth although he had a relegation-release clause in his contract but declined the chance to activate it . He played for just one season for Portsmouth and made 24 appearances for the club in all competitions . Ben Haim criticised the clubs former owners as they prepared for life in the Championship the following season and the cash issues did play a significant role in the clubs demise . As the 2010/11 Championship campaign for Portsmouth was set to start , the clubs administrator Andrew Andronikou wanted Ben Haims crippling salary off the clubs wage bill . West Ham and an unnamed Greek club were interested in signing him . West Ham United ( loan ) . In July 2010 , Ben Haim was set to join his ex-Portsmouth manager , Avram Grant at West Ham United on a free transfer , but it was reported that the move had collapsed after Ben Haim had failed a medical and Ben Haims rumoured wage demands of £38,000-a-week . On 2 August 2010 , the Israeli press reported that Ben Haim had agreed terms with West Ham on a three-year deal after passing a medical with Ben Haim considering legal action against the reporter who had published reports about his failed medical . He joined West Ham on 3 August 2010 on loan until January 2011 with a view to a permanent deal . On 24 August 2010 , Ben Haim played his first game for West Ham , against Oxford United in the League Cup , in a 1–0 victory and made his league debut for the club in a 3–1 loss against his former club Chelsea on 11 September 2010 . On 1 January 2011 assisted Freddie Sears to score in a 2–0 win over Wolverhampton Wanderers . Four days later on 5 January 2011 he played for West Ham as they lost 5–0 to Newcastle United . This turned out his last appearance for West Ham . Despite his loan spell at West Ham having ended , the club continued talks with Portsmouth regarding a deal to bring Ben Haim back ; the two clubs could not come to an agreement , while financial issues prevented him from linking up with Pompey . Return to Portsmouth . In January 2011 , Ben Haim returned to Portsmouth after his loan spell expired , but he did not make any appearances for Portsmouth that season , returning to training with the squad . He was in dispute with Portsmouth over £1.4million in unpaid wages . Because of this , manager Steve Cotterill was unable to select Ben Haim for the final fixtures of the 2010/11 season . The case was set to go to a Football League hearing in July 2011 , but with new owners ( CSI ) installed at the club , Portsmouth were able to reach an acceptable agreement with Ben Haim . On 11 July , Ben Haim made his first appearance for Portsmouth since the 2009–10 season in a 4–0 pre-season win over Havant & Waterlooville . On 6 August 2011 , Ben Haim made his first league appearance in a 2–2 draw against Middlesbrough . On 27 August 2011 , Ben Haim provided an assist to allow Nwankwo Kanu to score to make it 1–1 against Welsh side Cardiff City and also provided another assist the following week for Greg Halford to score the third goal in the match as Portsmouth lost 4–3 to his former club , West Ham . Later on in the 2011/12 season , Portsmouth would go into administration for the second time in two years , bringing them an automatic 10-point deduction . An arrest warrant was issued for Vladimir Aleksandrovich Antonov and Portsmouth were issued a winding up petition by HMRC for over £1.6 million in unpaid taxes , which was heard on 20 February . The end of the 2011–12 season saw Portsmouth get relegated from the Championship , after which Ben Haims agent , Pini Zahavi , stated that he would not play in League One despite having one year remaining on his deal , worth around £2 million . However , Zahavi later stated that he was in the dark over Ben Haims future . Ben Haims contract was criticized by administrator Trevor Birch because he was offered £36,000-a-week over four years , shortly before the club first went into liquidation . However , due to administration the maximum the club paid any player at that time was just £5,000-a-week . In response , Ben Haim refused to take a letter from a supporters group asking them to waive their wages and has suggested that the administrator takes a pay cut instead . He came to an agreement to leave the club in August 2012 . Queens Park Rangers . On 4 January 2013 , Ben Haim joined Queens Park Rangers on a short-term contract deal . He made his debut the next day in an FA Cup match against West Bromwich Albion , where he provided an assist for a late equaliser from Kieron Dyer to make the result 1–1 . On 9 May 2013 , Canadian side Toronto FC of Major League Soccer announced they had acquired Ben Haim on loan from Queens Park Rangers . However , four days later , Toronto FC GM Kevin Payne said that Ben Haim never officially signed for the club as originally announced , and never ended up joining the team . He was released by Queens Park Rangers at the end of the 2012–13 season . He continued training with the club for a short time after his release however , and appeared in a pre-season friendly against Exeter City on 11 July 2013 . Standard Liège . On 24 July 2013 , Ben Haim signed for Belgian side Standard Liège on a two-year contract , following his release from Queens Park Rangers . However , Ben Haim made ten appearance for the club after losing his first team place to Dino Arslanagic . Charlton Athletic . On 11 July 2014 , Ben Haim signed for Charlton Athletic on a one-year deal , with the Addicks becoming his eighth English club . Upon the move , Ben Haim was given number twenty-six shirt . Ben Haim started in the opening game of the season , in a 1–1 draw against Brentford . On 12 May 2015 , Ben Haim was released at the end of his contract . Return to Maccabi Tel Aviv . On 3 June 2015 , Ben Haim signed a two-year contract with his former club and current Israeli champions Maccabi Tel Aviv . On 25 August , he qualified with Maccabi to the Champions League group stage after passing FC Basel in the Play-offs round . On 24 November 2015 , Ben Haim was sent off in a 4–0 defeat by his former club Chelsea in the Champions League group stage . Beitar Jerusalem F.C . on 7 August 2018 , Ben Haim signed a two-year contract with Beitar Jerusalem F.C . He has since played 46 times for the club . on 7 August 2020 , it was announced that the player has extended his contract with the club for one more year . International career . Ben Haim made his debut for Israeli national squad on 13 February 2002 in a friendly match against Germany . He scored his first goal from a penalty in a 2–1 win against Latvia on 4 June 2011 . Personal life . He has exactly the same name as winger , Tal Ben Haim , who also played for Israel and Maccabi Tel Aviv , and he is referred to in UEFA reports as Tal Ben Haim I , while Tal Ben Haim II wears a jersey with his surname spelled as Ben Chaim to distinguish him from his fellow countryman .
|
[
"Portsmouth"
] |
[
{
"text": " Tal Ben Haim ( or Tal Ben Haim I , ; born 31 March 1982 ) is an Israeli footballer who currently plays at Beitar Jerusalem and the Israel national football team . He can play at either centre back or right back . He has played for Maccabi Tel Aviv , Bolton Wanderers , Chelsea , Manchester City , Sunderland , Portsmouth , West Ham United , Queens Park Rangers , Standard Liége and Charlton Athletic .",
"title": "Tal Ben Haim"
},
{
"text": " Born in Rishon LeZion , Ben Haim joined the Maccabi Tel Aviv senior squads in 1998 as a reserve player . His league debut came on 30 April 2001 when he came on in the 90th minute as a substitute in the Tel Aviv derby match against Hapoel . He played a significant part in Maccabis Israeli Premier League title in the 2002–03 season , and was appointed club captain the following season , replacing Gadi Brumer who retired in mid-season .",
"title": "Maccabi Tel Aviv"
},
{
"text": " After a two-week trial with Bolton Wanderers in the summer of 2004 , Sam Allardyce secured the services of Ben Haim on a three-year deal for a fee believed to be in the region of £150,000 . Although Allardyce did not believe Ben Haim would be ready for the rigours of the Premier League immediately , he was confident that , given time , Ben Haim would have a big impact on the English game .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": "His first season at the Reebok Stadium was a successful one as he made 27 appearances . On 1 February 2005 , Ben Haim scored his first and only goal for Bolton , heading a free-kick from Stelios Giannakopoulos into the net in Boltons 3–1 victory over Tottenham Hotspur . , this is his only goal in the Premier League . The only thing that hampered his campaign a little was a clash with Wayne Rooney in a league match when Rooney appeared to shove him in the face . Ben Haim , it was claimed , went down too",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": "easily and made too much of it and was charged with improper conduct by the Football Association , but was later cleared of charges .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": " On 20 October 2005 while playing for Bolton in the UEFA Cup away at Beşiktaş , Ben Haim wore the captains armband and was praised by the regular team captain Jay-Jay Okocha . In the second leg of the UEFA Cup Round of 32 against the French side Marseille which they drew 0–0 in the first leg , Ben Haim was the blame when he scored an own goal in the 69th minutes which turns out to be a winner for Marseille as the result was 2–1 on 23 February 2006 .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": "Ben Haims defensive displays in his following seasons at Bolton had attracted the interests of many clubs including Chelsea , West Ham United and Tottenham Hotspur . In January 2007 , Chelsea confirmed that talks to sign Ben Haim from Bolton were unsuccessful .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": " Following the end of the 2006–07 season , Ben Haims contract with Bolton had expired and his future at Bolton was in doubt with media reports linking him with a move to Chelsea and Newcastle United , ex-Bolton boss Sam Allardyce admitting that he was ready to make an offer to his former charge to bring him to Newcastle .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": "His transfer from Maccabi to Bolton in July 2004 is one of those about which the Stevens inquiry report in June 2007 expressed concerns because of the apparent conflict of interest between agent Craig Allardyce , his father Sam Allardyce – the then manager at Bolton – and the club itself .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": " In June 2007 , Chelsea officially announced the signing of Ben Haim on a Bosman transfer after he had passed his medical at Stamford Bridge and agreed on personal terms to join the club on a four-year deal . Ben-Haim told the Jewish Telegraph exclusively : I am very happy to join one of the greatest clubs in the world . I needed a new challenge . I will play in any position Jose Mourinho wants me to play . I am looking forward to starting the new season with Champions League football .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "He made his competitive début for Chelsea against Manchester United in the FA Community Shield . With injuries to fellow Chelsea defenders John Terry and Ricardo Carvalho Ben Haim became a regular in the Chelsea first team . However , after the recovery of first team pairing Terry and Carvalho and the impressive form of Alex , Ben Haim found himself to be the fourth choice centre back .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "In April 2008 , he criticized Chelsea manager Avram Grant after Chelseas 1–1 draw with Wigan Athletic stating : If I knew Avram Grant was going to be the coach I would have signed for another club . It was Jose who brought me here and no one except he and I know the conversation we had when he tried to sign me the first time a year ago last January . The fact is while Jose was the coach I played most of the games and people who know me know that I would not have come here to",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "be a reserve . I knew nothing good would come for me with Grant as Chelsea coach .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " In a press conference , Avram Grant responded : I dont think José promised Ben Haim he will play before John Terry , Carvalho and Alex . It is internal business but , in my opinion , if a player was wrong we need to deal with it — in our way , my way . Tal Ben Haim was fined two weeks wages , about £80,000 . During Ben Haims stay at Chelsea , he made 13 Premier League appearances , before transferring to Manchester City .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " Ben Haim joined City on 30 July 2008 for a fee around £5 million , becoming only the second first-team signing of new manager Mark Hughes .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "He chose to wear the number 26 jersey , vacated by the transfer of Matthew Mills because , apart from his time at Chelsea where it was worn by John Terry , he had always worn that number at club level . After signing , Ben Haim said I’m definitely going to give my best to City and give my heart in every game . I hope that we can do good things this season . I’m looking forward to starting the season here . Ben Haim made his City debut in second leg of the UEFA Cup qualifier against",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "EB/Streymur at Barnsleys Oakwell Stadium on 31 July where City won 2–0 . Ben Haim eventually made his league debut for Manchester City which he received a booking as Manchester City lost to Aston Villa 4–2 on 17 August 2008 . He failed to establish himself as a first team regular , which saw him left on the substitutes bench for a long period of the season . After returning to the club , following a loan spell at Sunderland , it was clear that he was surplus to requirements at the City of Manchester Stadium . He was then",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "transfer listed .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": " Sunderland ( loan ) . Ben Haim signed for Sunderland on loan until the end of the 2008–09 season on 1 February 2009 . He made his debut away to Arsenal on 21 February and made his home debut at the Stadium of Light on 7 March against Tottenham Hotspur . He again found it difficult to break into the side . Ben-Haim was limited to only 5 appearances in a Sunderland shirt . At the end of the 2008–09 season , he returned to Manchester City .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "On 31 August 2009 it was announced that Portsmouth had signed Ben-Haim on a four-year deal . On 12 September 2009 , Ben Haim made his league debut for the club in a 3–2 loss against his former club Bolton . Since then he has become one of the two first choice centre-backs under managers Paul Hart and his former manager at Chelsea , Avram Grant . He suffered an injury in the second half of the season , which kept him out of Portsmouths FA Cup final game against Chelsea , which Pompey lost 1–0 . On 20 December",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "2009 a match between Portsmouth and Liverpool which Portsmouth won 2–0 , Ben Haim accused Liverpool striker Fernando Torres elbowing him during the match .",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "In May 2010 , after Portsmouth had been relegated , Ben Haim opted to stay at Portsmouth although he had a relegation-release clause in his contract but declined the chance to activate it . He played for just one season for Portsmouth and made 24 appearances for the club in all competitions . Ben Haim criticised the clubs former owners as they prepared for life in the Championship the following season and the cash issues did play a significant role in the clubs demise . As the 2010/11 Championship campaign for Portsmouth was set to start , the clubs administrator",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "Andrew Andronikou wanted Ben Haims crippling salary off the clubs wage bill . West Ham and an unnamed Greek club were interested in signing him .",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "In July 2010 , Ben Haim was set to join his ex-Portsmouth manager , Avram Grant at West Ham United on a free transfer , but it was reported that the move had collapsed after Ben Haim had failed a medical and Ben Haims rumoured wage demands of £38,000-a-week . On 2 August 2010 , the Israeli press reported that Ben Haim had agreed terms with West Ham on a three-year deal after passing a medical with Ben Haim considering legal action against the reporter who had published reports about his failed medical . He joined West Ham on 3",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "August 2010 on loan until January 2011 with a view to a permanent deal .",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "On 24 August 2010 , Ben Haim played his first game for West Ham , against Oxford United in the League Cup , in a 1–0 victory and made his league debut for the club in a 3–1 loss against his former club Chelsea on 11 September 2010 . On 1 January 2011 assisted Freddie Sears to score in a 2–0 win over Wolverhampton Wanderers . Four days later on 5 January 2011 he played for West Ham as they lost 5–0 to Newcastle United . This turned out his last appearance for West Ham . Despite his loan spell",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "at West Ham having ended , the club continued talks with Portsmouth regarding a deal to bring Ben Haim back ; the two clubs could not come to an agreement , while financial issues prevented him from linking up with Pompey .",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "In January 2011 , Ben Haim returned to Portsmouth after his loan spell expired , but he did not make any appearances for Portsmouth that season , returning to training with the squad . He was in dispute with Portsmouth over £1.4million in unpaid wages . Because of this , manager Steve Cotterill was unable to select Ben Haim for the final fixtures of the 2010/11 season . The case was set to go to a Football League hearing in July 2011 , but with new owners ( CSI ) installed at the club , Portsmouth were able to reach",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "an acceptable agreement with Ben Haim .",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "On 11 July , Ben Haim made his first appearance for Portsmouth since the 2009–10 season in a 4–0 pre-season win over Havant & Waterlooville . On 6 August 2011 , Ben Haim made his first league appearance in a 2–2 draw against Middlesbrough . On 27 August 2011 , Ben Haim provided an assist to allow Nwankwo Kanu to score to make it 1–1 against Welsh side Cardiff City and also provided another assist the following week for Greg Halford to score the third goal in the match as Portsmouth lost 4–3 to his former club , West Ham",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": ". Later on in the 2011/12 season , Portsmouth would go into administration for the second time in two years , bringing them an automatic 10-point deduction . An arrest warrant was issued for Vladimir Aleksandrovich Antonov and Portsmouth were issued a winding up petition by HMRC for over £1.6 million in unpaid taxes , which was heard on 20 February .",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "The end of the 2011–12 season saw Portsmouth get relegated from the Championship , after which Ben Haims agent , Pini Zahavi , stated that he would not play in League One despite having one year remaining on his deal , worth around £2 million . However , Zahavi later stated that he was in the dark over Ben Haims future . Ben Haims contract was criticized by administrator Trevor Birch because he was offered £36,000-a-week over four years , shortly before the club first went into liquidation . However , due to administration the maximum the club paid any",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "player at that time was just £5,000-a-week . In response , Ben Haim refused to take a letter from a supporters group asking them to waive their wages and has suggested that the administrator takes a pay cut instead . He came to an agreement to leave the club in August 2012 .",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "On 4 January 2013 , Ben Haim joined Queens Park Rangers on a short-term contract deal . He made his debut the next day in an FA Cup match against West Bromwich Albion , where he provided an assist for a late equaliser from Kieron Dyer to make the result 1–1 . On 9 May 2013 , Canadian side Toronto FC of Major League Soccer announced they had acquired Ben Haim on loan from Queens Park Rangers . However , four days later , Toronto FC GM Kevin Payne said that Ben Haim never officially signed for the club as",
"title": "Queens Park Rangers"
},
{
"text": "originally announced , and never ended up joining the team .",
"title": "Queens Park Rangers"
},
{
"text": " He was released by Queens Park Rangers at the end of the 2012–13 season . He continued training with the club for a short time after his release however , and appeared in a pre-season friendly against Exeter City on 11 July 2013 .",
"title": "Queens Park Rangers"
},
{
"text": " On 24 July 2013 , Ben Haim signed for Belgian side Standard Liège on a two-year contract , following his release from Queens Park Rangers . However , Ben Haim made ten appearance for the club after losing his first team place to Dino Arslanagic .",
"title": "Standard Liège"
},
{
"text": " On 11 July 2014 , Ben Haim signed for Charlton Athletic on a one-year deal , with the Addicks becoming his eighth English club . Upon the move , Ben Haim was given number twenty-six shirt . Ben Haim started in the opening game of the season , in a 1–1 draw against Brentford . On 12 May 2015 , Ben Haim was released at the end of his contract . Return to Maccabi Tel Aviv .",
"title": "Charlton Athletic"
},
{
"text": "On 3 June 2015 , Ben Haim signed a two-year contract with his former club and current Israeli champions Maccabi Tel Aviv . On 25 August , he qualified with Maccabi to the Champions League group stage after passing FC Basel in the Play-offs round .",
"title": "Charlton Athletic"
},
{
"text": " On 24 November 2015 , Ben Haim was sent off in a 4–0 defeat by his former club Chelsea in the Champions League group stage .",
"title": "Charlton Athletic"
},
{
"text": " on 7 August 2018 , Ben Haim signed a two-year contract with Beitar Jerusalem F.C . He has since played 46 times for the club . on 7 August 2020 , it was announced that the player has extended his contract with the club for one more year .",
"title": "Beitar Jerusalem F.C"
},
{
"text": " Ben Haim made his debut for Israeli national squad on 13 February 2002 in a friendly match against Germany . He scored his first goal from a penalty in a 2–1 win against Latvia on 4 June 2011 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " He has exactly the same name as winger , Tal Ben Haim , who also played for Israel and Maccabi Tel Aviv , and he is referred to in UEFA reports as Tal Ben Haim I , while Tal Ben Haim II wears a jersey with his surname spelled as Ben Chaim to distinguish him from his fellow countryman .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Tal_Ben_Haim#P54#5
|
Tal Ben Haim played for which team in Nov 2010?
|
Tal Ben Haim Tal Ben Haim ( or Tal Ben Haim I , ; born 31 March 1982 ) is an Israeli footballer who currently plays at Beitar Jerusalem and the Israel national football team . He can play at either centre back or right back . He has played for Maccabi Tel Aviv , Bolton Wanderers , Chelsea , Manchester City , Sunderland , Portsmouth , West Ham United , Queens Park Rangers , Standard Liége and Charlton Athletic . Early life . Ben-Haim was born in Rishon LeZion , Israel , to a Jewish family . Club career . Maccabi Tel Aviv . Born in Rishon LeZion , Ben Haim joined the Maccabi Tel Aviv senior squads in 1998 as a reserve player . His league debut came on 30 April 2001 when he came on in the 90th minute as a substitute in the Tel Aviv derby match against Hapoel . He played a significant part in Maccabis Israeli Premier League title in the 2002–03 season , and was appointed club captain the following season , replacing Gadi Brumer who retired in mid-season . Bolton Wanderers . After a two-week trial with Bolton Wanderers in the summer of 2004 , Sam Allardyce secured the services of Ben Haim on a three-year deal for a fee believed to be in the region of £150,000 . Although Allardyce did not believe Ben Haim would be ready for the rigours of the Premier League immediately , he was confident that , given time , Ben Haim would have a big impact on the English game . His first season at the Reebok Stadium was a successful one as he made 27 appearances . On 1 February 2005 , Ben Haim scored his first and only goal for Bolton , heading a free-kick from Stelios Giannakopoulos into the net in Boltons 3–1 victory over Tottenham Hotspur . , this is his only goal in the Premier League . The only thing that hampered his campaign a little was a clash with Wayne Rooney in a league match when Rooney appeared to shove him in the face . Ben Haim , it was claimed , went down too easily and made too much of it and was charged with improper conduct by the Football Association , but was later cleared of charges . On 20 October 2005 while playing for Bolton in the UEFA Cup away at Beşiktaş , Ben Haim wore the captains armband and was praised by the regular team captain Jay-Jay Okocha . In the second leg of the UEFA Cup Round of 32 against the French side Marseille which they drew 0–0 in the first leg , Ben Haim was the blame when he scored an own goal in the 69th minutes which turns out to be a winner for Marseille as the result was 2–1 on 23 February 2006 . Ben Haims defensive displays in his following seasons at Bolton had attracted the interests of many clubs including Chelsea , West Ham United and Tottenham Hotspur . In January 2007 , Chelsea confirmed that talks to sign Ben Haim from Bolton were unsuccessful . Following the end of the 2006–07 season , Ben Haims contract with Bolton had expired and his future at Bolton was in doubt with media reports linking him with a move to Chelsea and Newcastle United , ex-Bolton boss Sam Allardyce admitting that he was ready to make an offer to his former charge to bring him to Newcastle . His transfer from Maccabi to Bolton in July 2004 is one of those about which the Stevens inquiry report in June 2007 expressed concerns because of the apparent conflict of interest between agent Craig Allardyce , his father Sam Allardyce – the then manager at Bolton – and the club itself . Chelsea . In June 2007 , Chelsea officially announced the signing of Ben Haim on a Bosman transfer after he had passed his medical at Stamford Bridge and agreed on personal terms to join the club on a four-year deal . Ben-Haim told the Jewish Telegraph exclusively : I am very happy to join one of the greatest clubs in the world . I needed a new challenge . I will play in any position Jose Mourinho wants me to play . I am looking forward to starting the new season with Champions League football . He made his competitive début for Chelsea against Manchester United in the FA Community Shield . With injuries to fellow Chelsea defenders John Terry and Ricardo Carvalho Ben Haim became a regular in the Chelsea first team . However , after the recovery of first team pairing Terry and Carvalho and the impressive form of Alex , Ben Haim found himself to be the fourth choice centre back . In April 2008 , he criticized Chelsea manager Avram Grant after Chelseas 1–1 draw with Wigan Athletic stating : If I knew Avram Grant was going to be the coach I would have signed for another club . It was Jose who brought me here and no one except he and I know the conversation we had when he tried to sign me the first time a year ago last January . The fact is while Jose was the coach I played most of the games and people who know me know that I would not have come here to be a reserve . I knew nothing good would come for me with Grant as Chelsea coach . In a press conference , Avram Grant responded : I dont think José promised Ben Haim he will play before John Terry , Carvalho and Alex . It is internal business but , in my opinion , if a player was wrong we need to deal with it — in our way , my way . Tal Ben Haim was fined two weeks wages , about £80,000 . During Ben Haims stay at Chelsea , he made 13 Premier League appearances , before transferring to Manchester City . Manchester City . Ben Haim joined City on 30 July 2008 for a fee around £5 million , becoming only the second first-team signing of new manager Mark Hughes . He chose to wear the number 26 jersey , vacated by the transfer of Matthew Mills because , apart from his time at Chelsea where it was worn by John Terry , he had always worn that number at club level . After signing , Ben Haim said I’m definitely going to give my best to City and give my heart in every game . I hope that we can do good things this season . I’m looking forward to starting the season here . Ben Haim made his City debut in second leg of the UEFA Cup qualifier against EB/Streymur at Barnsleys Oakwell Stadium on 31 July where City won 2–0 . Ben Haim eventually made his league debut for Manchester City which he received a booking as Manchester City lost to Aston Villa 4–2 on 17 August 2008 . He failed to establish himself as a first team regular , which saw him left on the substitutes bench for a long period of the season . After returning to the club , following a loan spell at Sunderland , it was clear that he was surplus to requirements at the City of Manchester Stadium . He was then transfer listed . Sunderland ( loan ) . Ben Haim signed for Sunderland on loan until the end of the 2008–09 season on 1 February 2009 . He made his debut away to Arsenal on 21 February and made his home debut at the Stadium of Light on 7 March against Tottenham Hotspur . He again found it difficult to break into the side . Ben-Haim was limited to only 5 appearances in a Sunderland shirt . At the end of the 2008–09 season , he returned to Manchester City . Portsmouth . On 31 August 2009 it was announced that Portsmouth had signed Ben-Haim on a four-year deal . On 12 September 2009 , Ben Haim made his league debut for the club in a 3–2 loss against his former club Bolton . Since then he has become one of the two first choice centre-backs under managers Paul Hart and his former manager at Chelsea , Avram Grant . He suffered an injury in the second half of the season , which kept him out of Portsmouths FA Cup final game against Chelsea , which Pompey lost 1–0 . On 20 December 2009 a match between Portsmouth and Liverpool which Portsmouth won 2–0 , Ben Haim accused Liverpool striker Fernando Torres elbowing him during the match . In May 2010 , after Portsmouth had been relegated , Ben Haim opted to stay at Portsmouth although he had a relegation-release clause in his contract but declined the chance to activate it . He played for just one season for Portsmouth and made 24 appearances for the club in all competitions . Ben Haim criticised the clubs former owners as they prepared for life in the Championship the following season and the cash issues did play a significant role in the clubs demise . As the 2010/11 Championship campaign for Portsmouth was set to start , the clubs administrator Andrew Andronikou wanted Ben Haims crippling salary off the clubs wage bill . West Ham and an unnamed Greek club were interested in signing him . West Ham United ( loan ) . In July 2010 , Ben Haim was set to join his ex-Portsmouth manager , Avram Grant at West Ham United on a free transfer , but it was reported that the move had collapsed after Ben Haim had failed a medical and Ben Haims rumoured wage demands of £38,000-a-week . On 2 August 2010 , the Israeli press reported that Ben Haim had agreed terms with West Ham on a three-year deal after passing a medical with Ben Haim considering legal action against the reporter who had published reports about his failed medical . He joined West Ham on 3 August 2010 on loan until January 2011 with a view to a permanent deal . On 24 August 2010 , Ben Haim played his first game for West Ham , against Oxford United in the League Cup , in a 1–0 victory and made his league debut for the club in a 3–1 loss against his former club Chelsea on 11 September 2010 . On 1 January 2011 assisted Freddie Sears to score in a 2–0 win over Wolverhampton Wanderers . Four days later on 5 January 2011 he played for West Ham as they lost 5–0 to Newcastle United . This turned out his last appearance for West Ham . Despite his loan spell at West Ham having ended , the club continued talks with Portsmouth regarding a deal to bring Ben Haim back ; the two clubs could not come to an agreement , while financial issues prevented him from linking up with Pompey . Return to Portsmouth . In January 2011 , Ben Haim returned to Portsmouth after his loan spell expired , but he did not make any appearances for Portsmouth that season , returning to training with the squad . He was in dispute with Portsmouth over £1.4million in unpaid wages . Because of this , manager Steve Cotterill was unable to select Ben Haim for the final fixtures of the 2010/11 season . The case was set to go to a Football League hearing in July 2011 , but with new owners ( CSI ) installed at the club , Portsmouth were able to reach an acceptable agreement with Ben Haim . On 11 July , Ben Haim made his first appearance for Portsmouth since the 2009–10 season in a 4–0 pre-season win over Havant & Waterlooville . On 6 August 2011 , Ben Haim made his first league appearance in a 2–2 draw against Middlesbrough . On 27 August 2011 , Ben Haim provided an assist to allow Nwankwo Kanu to score to make it 1–1 against Welsh side Cardiff City and also provided another assist the following week for Greg Halford to score the third goal in the match as Portsmouth lost 4–3 to his former club , West Ham . Later on in the 2011/12 season , Portsmouth would go into administration for the second time in two years , bringing them an automatic 10-point deduction . An arrest warrant was issued for Vladimir Aleksandrovich Antonov and Portsmouth were issued a winding up petition by HMRC for over £1.6 million in unpaid taxes , which was heard on 20 February . The end of the 2011–12 season saw Portsmouth get relegated from the Championship , after which Ben Haims agent , Pini Zahavi , stated that he would not play in League One despite having one year remaining on his deal , worth around £2 million . However , Zahavi later stated that he was in the dark over Ben Haims future . Ben Haims contract was criticized by administrator Trevor Birch because he was offered £36,000-a-week over four years , shortly before the club first went into liquidation . However , due to administration the maximum the club paid any player at that time was just £5,000-a-week . In response , Ben Haim refused to take a letter from a supporters group asking them to waive their wages and has suggested that the administrator takes a pay cut instead . He came to an agreement to leave the club in August 2012 . Queens Park Rangers . On 4 January 2013 , Ben Haim joined Queens Park Rangers on a short-term contract deal . He made his debut the next day in an FA Cup match against West Bromwich Albion , where he provided an assist for a late equaliser from Kieron Dyer to make the result 1–1 . On 9 May 2013 , Canadian side Toronto FC of Major League Soccer announced they had acquired Ben Haim on loan from Queens Park Rangers . However , four days later , Toronto FC GM Kevin Payne said that Ben Haim never officially signed for the club as originally announced , and never ended up joining the team . He was released by Queens Park Rangers at the end of the 2012–13 season . He continued training with the club for a short time after his release however , and appeared in a pre-season friendly against Exeter City on 11 July 2013 . Standard Liège . On 24 July 2013 , Ben Haim signed for Belgian side Standard Liège on a two-year contract , following his release from Queens Park Rangers . However , Ben Haim made ten appearance for the club after losing his first team place to Dino Arslanagic . Charlton Athletic . On 11 July 2014 , Ben Haim signed for Charlton Athletic on a one-year deal , with the Addicks becoming his eighth English club . Upon the move , Ben Haim was given number twenty-six shirt . Ben Haim started in the opening game of the season , in a 1–1 draw against Brentford . On 12 May 2015 , Ben Haim was released at the end of his contract . Return to Maccabi Tel Aviv . On 3 June 2015 , Ben Haim signed a two-year contract with his former club and current Israeli champions Maccabi Tel Aviv . On 25 August , he qualified with Maccabi to the Champions League group stage after passing FC Basel in the Play-offs round . On 24 November 2015 , Ben Haim was sent off in a 4–0 defeat by his former club Chelsea in the Champions League group stage . Beitar Jerusalem F.C . on 7 August 2018 , Ben Haim signed a two-year contract with Beitar Jerusalem F.C . He has since played 46 times for the club . on 7 August 2020 , it was announced that the player has extended his contract with the club for one more year . International career . Ben Haim made his debut for Israeli national squad on 13 February 2002 in a friendly match against Germany . He scored his first goal from a penalty in a 2–1 win against Latvia on 4 June 2011 . Personal life . He has exactly the same name as winger , Tal Ben Haim , who also played for Israel and Maccabi Tel Aviv , and he is referred to in UEFA reports as Tal Ben Haim I , while Tal Ben Haim II wears a jersey with his surname spelled as Ben Chaim to distinguish him from his fellow countryman .
|
[
"West Ham"
] |
[
{
"text": " Tal Ben Haim ( or Tal Ben Haim I , ; born 31 March 1982 ) is an Israeli footballer who currently plays at Beitar Jerusalem and the Israel national football team . He can play at either centre back or right back . He has played for Maccabi Tel Aviv , Bolton Wanderers , Chelsea , Manchester City , Sunderland , Portsmouth , West Ham United , Queens Park Rangers , Standard Liége and Charlton Athletic .",
"title": "Tal Ben Haim"
},
{
"text": " Born in Rishon LeZion , Ben Haim joined the Maccabi Tel Aviv senior squads in 1998 as a reserve player . His league debut came on 30 April 2001 when he came on in the 90th minute as a substitute in the Tel Aviv derby match against Hapoel . He played a significant part in Maccabis Israeli Premier League title in the 2002–03 season , and was appointed club captain the following season , replacing Gadi Brumer who retired in mid-season .",
"title": "Maccabi Tel Aviv"
},
{
"text": " After a two-week trial with Bolton Wanderers in the summer of 2004 , Sam Allardyce secured the services of Ben Haim on a three-year deal for a fee believed to be in the region of £150,000 . Although Allardyce did not believe Ben Haim would be ready for the rigours of the Premier League immediately , he was confident that , given time , Ben Haim would have a big impact on the English game .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": "His first season at the Reebok Stadium was a successful one as he made 27 appearances . On 1 February 2005 , Ben Haim scored his first and only goal for Bolton , heading a free-kick from Stelios Giannakopoulos into the net in Boltons 3–1 victory over Tottenham Hotspur . , this is his only goal in the Premier League . The only thing that hampered his campaign a little was a clash with Wayne Rooney in a league match when Rooney appeared to shove him in the face . Ben Haim , it was claimed , went down too",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": "easily and made too much of it and was charged with improper conduct by the Football Association , but was later cleared of charges .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": " On 20 October 2005 while playing for Bolton in the UEFA Cup away at Beşiktaş , Ben Haim wore the captains armband and was praised by the regular team captain Jay-Jay Okocha . In the second leg of the UEFA Cup Round of 32 against the French side Marseille which they drew 0–0 in the first leg , Ben Haim was the blame when he scored an own goal in the 69th minutes which turns out to be a winner for Marseille as the result was 2–1 on 23 February 2006 .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": "Ben Haims defensive displays in his following seasons at Bolton had attracted the interests of many clubs including Chelsea , West Ham United and Tottenham Hotspur . In January 2007 , Chelsea confirmed that talks to sign Ben Haim from Bolton were unsuccessful .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": " Following the end of the 2006–07 season , Ben Haims contract with Bolton had expired and his future at Bolton was in doubt with media reports linking him with a move to Chelsea and Newcastle United , ex-Bolton boss Sam Allardyce admitting that he was ready to make an offer to his former charge to bring him to Newcastle .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": "His transfer from Maccabi to Bolton in July 2004 is one of those about which the Stevens inquiry report in June 2007 expressed concerns because of the apparent conflict of interest between agent Craig Allardyce , his father Sam Allardyce – the then manager at Bolton – and the club itself .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": " In June 2007 , Chelsea officially announced the signing of Ben Haim on a Bosman transfer after he had passed his medical at Stamford Bridge and agreed on personal terms to join the club on a four-year deal . Ben-Haim told the Jewish Telegraph exclusively : I am very happy to join one of the greatest clubs in the world . I needed a new challenge . I will play in any position Jose Mourinho wants me to play . I am looking forward to starting the new season with Champions League football .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "He made his competitive début for Chelsea against Manchester United in the FA Community Shield . With injuries to fellow Chelsea defenders John Terry and Ricardo Carvalho Ben Haim became a regular in the Chelsea first team . However , after the recovery of first team pairing Terry and Carvalho and the impressive form of Alex , Ben Haim found himself to be the fourth choice centre back .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "In April 2008 , he criticized Chelsea manager Avram Grant after Chelseas 1–1 draw with Wigan Athletic stating : If I knew Avram Grant was going to be the coach I would have signed for another club . It was Jose who brought me here and no one except he and I know the conversation we had when he tried to sign me the first time a year ago last January . The fact is while Jose was the coach I played most of the games and people who know me know that I would not have come here to",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "be a reserve . I knew nothing good would come for me with Grant as Chelsea coach .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " In a press conference , Avram Grant responded : I dont think José promised Ben Haim he will play before John Terry , Carvalho and Alex . It is internal business but , in my opinion , if a player was wrong we need to deal with it — in our way , my way . Tal Ben Haim was fined two weeks wages , about £80,000 . During Ben Haims stay at Chelsea , he made 13 Premier League appearances , before transferring to Manchester City .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " Ben Haim joined City on 30 July 2008 for a fee around £5 million , becoming only the second first-team signing of new manager Mark Hughes .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "He chose to wear the number 26 jersey , vacated by the transfer of Matthew Mills because , apart from his time at Chelsea where it was worn by John Terry , he had always worn that number at club level . After signing , Ben Haim said I’m definitely going to give my best to City and give my heart in every game . I hope that we can do good things this season . I’m looking forward to starting the season here . Ben Haim made his City debut in second leg of the UEFA Cup qualifier against",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "EB/Streymur at Barnsleys Oakwell Stadium on 31 July where City won 2–0 . Ben Haim eventually made his league debut for Manchester City which he received a booking as Manchester City lost to Aston Villa 4–2 on 17 August 2008 . He failed to establish himself as a first team regular , which saw him left on the substitutes bench for a long period of the season . After returning to the club , following a loan spell at Sunderland , it was clear that he was surplus to requirements at the City of Manchester Stadium . He was then",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "transfer listed .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": " Sunderland ( loan ) . Ben Haim signed for Sunderland on loan until the end of the 2008–09 season on 1 February 2009 . He made his debut away to Arsenal on 21 February and made his home debut at the Stadium of Light on 7 March against Tottenham Hotspur . He again found it difficult to break into the side . Ben-Haim was limited to only 5 appearances in a Sunderland shirt . At the end of the 2008–09 season , he returned to Manchester City .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "On 31 August 2009 it was announced that Portsmouth had signed Ben-Haim on a four-year deal . On 12 September 2009 , Ben Haim made his league debut for the club in a 3–2 loss against his former club Bolton . Since then he has become one of the two first choice centre-backs under managers Paul Hart and his former manager at Chelsea , Avram Grant . He suffered an injury in the second half of the season , which kept him out of Portsmouths FA Cup final game against Chelsea , which Pompey lost 1–0 . On 20 December",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "2009 a match between Portsmouth and Liverpool which Portsmouth won 2–0 , Ben Haim accused Liverpool striker Fernando Torres elbowing him during the match .",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "In May 2010 , after Portsmouth had been relegated , Ben Haim opted to stay at Portsmouth although he had a relegation-release clause in his contract but declined the chance to activate it . He played for just one season for Portsmouth and made 24 appearances for the club in all competitions . Ben Haim criticised the clubs former owners as they prepared for life in the Championship the following season and the cash issues did play a significant role in the clubs demise . As the 2010/11 Championship campaign for Portsmouth was set to start , the clubs administrator",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "Andrew Andronikou wanted Ben Haims crippling salary off the clubs wage bill . West Ham and an unnamed Greek club were interested in signing him .",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "In July 2010 , Ben Haim was set to join his ex-Portsmouth manager , Avram Grant at West Ham United on a free transfer , but it was reported that the move had collapsed after Ben Haim had failed a medical and Ben Haims rumoured wage demands of £38,000-a-week . On 2 August 2010 , the Israeli press reported that Ben Haim had agreed terms with West Ham on a three-year deal after passing a medical with Ben Haim considering legal action against the reporter who had published reports about his failed medical . He joined West Ham on 3",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "August 2010 on loan until January 2011 with a view to a permanent deal .",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "On 24 August 2010 , Ben Haim played his first game for West Ham , against Oxford United in the League Cup , in a 1–0 victory and made his league debut for the club in a 3–1 loss against his former club Chelsea on 11 September 2010 . On 1 January 2011 assisted Freddie Sears to score in a 2–0 win over Wolverhampton Wanderers . Four days later on 5 January 2011 he played for West Ham as they lost 5–0 to Newcastle United . This turned out his last appearance for West Ham . Despite his loan spell",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "at West Ham having ended , the club continued talks with Portsmouth regarding a deal to bring Ben Haim back ; the two clubs could not come to an agreement , while financial issues prevented him from linking up with Pompey .",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "In January 2011 , Ben Haim returned to Portsmouth after his loan spell expired , but he did not make any appearances for Portsmouth that season , returning to training with the squad . He was in dispute with Portsmouth over £1.4million in unpaid wages . Because of this , manager Steve Cotterill was unable to select Ben Haim for the final fixtures of the 2010/11 season . The case was set to go to a Football League hearing in July 2011 , but with new owners ( CSI ) installed at the club , Portsmouth were able to reach",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "an acceptable agreement with Ben Haim .",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "On 11 July , Ben Haim made his first appearance for Portsmouth since the 2009–10 season in a 4–0 pre-season win over Havant & Waterlooville . On 6 August 2011 , Ben Haim made his first league appearance in a 2–2 draw against Middlesbrough . On 27 August 2011 , Ben Haim provided an assist to allow Nwankwo Kanu to score to make it 1–1 against Welsh side Cardiff City and also provided another assist the following week for Greg Halford to score the third goal in the match as Portsmouth lost 4–3 to his former club , West Ham",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": ". Later on in the 2011/12 season , Portsmouth would go into administration for the second time in two years , bringing them an automatic 10-point deduction . An arrest warrant was issued for Vladimir Aleksandrovich Antonov and Portsmouth were issued a winding up petition by HMRC for over £1.6 million in unpaid taxes , which was heard on 20 February .",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "The end of the 2011–12 season saw Portsmouth get relegated from the Championship , after which Ben Haims agent , Pini Zahavi , stated that he would not play in League One despite having one year remaining on his deal , worth around £2 million . However , Zahavi later stated that he was in the dark over Ben Haims future . Ben Haims contract was criticized by administrator Trevor Birch because he was offered £36,000-a-week over four years , shortly before the club first went into liquidation . However , due to administration the maximum the club paid any",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "player at that time was just £5,000-a-week . In response , Ben Haim refused to take a letter from a supporters group asking them to waive their wages and has suggested that the administrator takes a pay cut instead . He came to an agreement to leave the club in August 2012 .",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "On 4 January 2013 , Ben Haim joined Queens Park Rangers on a short-term contract deal . He made his debut the next day in an FA Cup match against West Bromwich Albion , where he provided an assist for a late equaliser from Kieron Dyer to make the result 1–1 . On 9 May 2013 , Canadian side Toronto FC of Major League Soccer announced they had acquired Ben Haim on loan from Queens Park Rangers . However , four days later , Toronto FC GM Kevin Payne said that Ben Haim never officially signed for the club as",
"title": "Queens Park Rangers"
},
{
"text": "originally announced , and never ended up joining the team .",
"title": "Queens Park Rangers"
},
{
"text": " He was released by Queens Park Rangers at the end of the 2012–13 season . He continued training with the club for a short time after his release however , and appeared in a pre-season friendly against Exeter City on 11 July 2013 .",
"title": "Queens Park Rangers"
},
{
"text": " On 24 July 2013 , Ben Haim signed for Belgian side Standard Liège on a two-year contract , following his release from Queens Park Rangers . However , Ben Haim made ten appearance for the club after losing his first team place to Dino Arslanagic .",
"title": "Standard Liège"
},
{
"text": " On 11 July 2014 , Ben Haim signed for Charlton Athletic on a one-year deal , with the Addicks becoming his eighth English club . Upon the move , Ben Haim was given number twenty-six shirt . Ben Haim started in the opening game of the season , in a 1–1 draw against Brentford . On 12 May 2015 , Ben Haim was released at the end of his contract . Return to Maccabi Tel Aviv .",
"title": "Charlton Athletic"
},
{
"text": "On 3 June 2015 , Ben Haim signed a two-year contract with his former club and current Israeli champions Maccabi Tel Aviv . On 25 August , he qualified with Maccabi to the Champions League group stage after passing FC Basel in the Play-offs round .",
"title": "Charlton Athletic"
},
{
"text": " On 24 November 2015 , Ben Haim was sent off in a 4–0 defeat by his former club Chelsea in the Champions League group stage .",
"title": "Charlton Athletic"
},
{
"text": " on 7 August 2018 , Ben Haim signed a two-year contract with Beitar Jerusalem F.C . He has since played 46 times for the club . on 7 August 2020 , it was announced that the player has extended his contract with the club for one more year .",
"title": "Beitar Jerusalem F.C"
},
{
"text": " Ben Haim made his debut for Israeli national squad on 13 February 2002 in a friendly match against Germany . He scored his first goal from a penalty in a 2–1 win against Latvia on 4 June 2011 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " He has exactly the same name as winger , Tal Ben Haim , who also played for Israel and Maccabi Tel Aviv , and he is referred to in UEFA reports as Tal Ben Haim I , while Tal Ben Haim II wears a jersey with his surname spelled as Ben Chaim to distinguish him from his fellow countryman .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Tal_Ben_Haim#P54#6
|
Tal Ben Haim played for which team in May 2011?
|
Tal Ben Haim Tal Ben Haim ( or Tal Ben Haim I , ; born 31 March 1982 ) is an Israeli footballer who currently plays at Beitar Jerusalem and the Israel national football team . He can play at either centre back or right back . He has played for Maccabi Tel Aviv , Bolton Wanderers , Chelsea , Manchester City , Sunderland , Portsmouth , West Ham United , Queens Park Rangers , Standard Liége and Charlton Athletic . Early life . Ben-Haim was born in Rishon LeZion , Israel , to a Jewish family . Club career . Maccabi Tel Aviv . Born in Rishon LeZion , Ben Haim joined the Maccabi Tel Aviv senior squads in 1998 as a reserve player . His league debut came on 30 April 2001 when he came on in the 90th minute as a substitute in the Tel Aviv derby match against Hapoel . He played a significant part in Maccabis Israeli Premier League title in the 2002–03 season , and was appointed club captain the following season , replacing Gadi Brumer who retired in mid-season . Bolton Wanderers . After a two-week trial with Bolton Wanderers in the summer of 2004 , Sam Allardyce secured the services of Ben Haim on a three-year deal for a fee believed to be in the region of £150,000 . Although Allardyce did not believe Ben Haim would be ready for the rigours of the Premier League immediately , he was confident that , given time , Ben Haim would have a big impact on the English game . His first season at the Reebok Stadium was a successful one as he made 27 appearances . On 1 February 2005 , Ben Haim scored his first and only goal for Bolton , heading a free-kick from Stelios Giannakopoulos into the net in Boltons 3–1 victory over Tottenham Hotspur . , this is his only goal in the Premier League . The only thing that hampered his campaign a little was a clash with Wayne Rooney in a league match when Rooney appeared to shove him in the face . Ben Haim , it was claimed , went down too easily and made too much of it and was charged with improper conduct by the Football Association , but was later cleared of charges . On 20 October 2005 while playing for Bolton in the UEFA Cup away at Beşiktaş , Ben Haim wore the captains armband and was praised by the regular team captain Jay-Jay Okocha . In the second leg of the UEFA Cup Round of 32 against the French side Marseille which they drew 0–0 in the first leg , Ben Haim was the blame when he scored an own goal in the 69th minutes which turns out to be a winner for Marseille as the result was 2–1 on 23 February 2006 . Ben Haims defensive displays in his following seasons at Bolton had attracted the interests of many clubs including Chelsea , West Ham United and Tottenham Hotspur . In January 2007 , Chelsea confirmed that talks to sign Ben Haim from Bolton were unsuccessful . Following the end of the 2006–07 season , Ben Haims contract with Bolton had expired and his future at Bolton was in doubt with media reports linking him with a move to Chelsea and Newcastle United , ex-Bolton boss Sam Allardyce admitting that he was ready to make an offer to his former charge to bring him to Newcastle . His transfer from Maccabi to Bolton in July 2004 is one of those about which the Stevens inquiry report in June 2007 expressed concerns because of the apparent conflict of interest between agent Craig Allardyce , his father Sam Allardyce – the then manager at Bolton – and the club itself . Chelsea . In June 2007 , Chelsea officially announced the signing of Ben Haim on a Bosman transfer after he had passed his medical at Stamford Bridge and agreed on personal terms to join the club on a four-year deal . Ben-Haim told the Jewish Telegraph exclusively : I am very happy to join one of the greatest clubs in the world . I needed a new challenge . I will play in any position Jose Mourinho wants me to play . I am looking forward to starting the new season with Champions League football . He made his competitive début for Chelsea against Manchester United in the FA Community Shield . With injuries to fellow Chelsea defenders John Terry and Ricardo Carvalho Ben Haim became a regular in the Chelsea first team . However , after the recovery of first team pairing Terry and Carvalho and the impressive form of Alex , Ben Haim found himself to be the fourth choice centre back . In April 2008 , he criticized Chelsea manager Avram Grant after Chelseas 1–1 draw with Wigan Athletic stating : If I knew Avram Grant was going to be the coach I would have signed for another club . It was Jose who brought me here and no one except he and I know the conversation we had when he tried to sign me the first time a year ago last January . The fact is while Jose was the coach I played most of the games and people who know me know that I would not have come here to be a reserve . I knew nothing good would come for me with Grant as Chelsea coach . In a press conference , Avram Grant responded : I dont think José promised Ben Haim he will play before John Terry , Carvalho and Alex . It is internal business but , in my opinion , if a player was wrong we need to deal with it — in our way , my way . Tal Ben Haim was fined two weeks wages , about £80,000 . During Ben Haims stay at Chelsea , he made 13 Premier League appearances , before transferring to Manchester City . Manchester City . Ben Haim joined City on 30 July 2008 for a fee around £5 million , becoming only the second first-team signing of new manager Mark Hughes . He chose to wear the number 26 jersey , vacated by the transfer of Matthew Mills because , apart from his time at Chelsea where it was worn by John Terry , he had always worn that number at club level . After signing , Ben Haim said I’m definitely going to give my best to City and give my heart in every game . I hope that we can do good things this season . I’m looking forward to starting the season here . Ben Haim made his City debut in second leg of the UEFA Cup qualifier against EB/Streymur at Barnsleys Oakwell Stadium on 31 July where City won 2–0 . Ben Haim eventually made his league debut for Manchester City which he received a booking as Manchester City lost to Aston Villa 4–2 on 17 August 2008 . He failed to establish himself as a first team regular , which saw him left on the substitutes bench for a long period of the season . After returning to the club , following a loan spell at Sunderland , it was clear that he was surplus to requirements at the City of Manchester Stadium . He was then transfer listed . Sunderland ( loan ) . Ben Haim signed for Sunderland on loan until the end of the 2008–09 season on 1 February 2009 . He made his debut away to Arsenal on 21 February and made his home debut at the Stadium of Light on 7 March against Tottenham Hotspur . He again found it difficult to break into the side . Ben-Haim was limited to only 5 appearances in a Sunderland shirt . At the end of the 2008–09 season , he returned to Manchester City . Portsmouth . On 31 August 2009 it was announced that Portsmouth had signed Ben-Haim on a four-year deal . On 12 September 2009 , Ben Haim made his league debut for the club in a 3–2 loss against his former club Bolton . Since then he has become one of the two first choice centre-backs under managers Paul Hart and his former manager at Chelsea , Avram Grant . He suffered an injury in the second half of the season , which kept him out of Portsmouths FA Cup final game against Chelsea , which Pompey lost 1–0 . On 20 December 2009 a match between Portsmouth and Liverpool which Portsmouth won 2–0 , Ben Haim accused Liverpool striker Fernando Torres elbowing him during the match . In May 2010 , after Portsmouth had been relegated , Ben Haim opted to stay at Portsmouth although he had a relegation-release clause in his contract but declined the chance to activate it . He played for just one season for Portsmouth and made 24 appearances for the club in all competitions . Ben Haim criticised the clubs former owners as they prepared for life in the Championship the following season and the cash issues did play a significant role in the clubs demise . As the 2010/11 Championship campaign for Portsmouth was set to start , the clubs administrator Andrew Andronikou wanted Ben Haims crippling salary off the clubs wage bill . West Ham and an unnamed Greek club were interested in signing him . West Ham United ( loan ) . In July 2010 , Ben Haim was set to join his ex-Portsmouth manager , Avram Grant at West Ham United on a free transfer , but it was reported that the move had collapsed after Ben Haim had failed a medical and Ben Haims rumoured wage demands of £38,000-a-week . On 2 August 2010 , the Israeli press reported that Ben Haim had agreed terms with West Ham on a three-year deal after passing a medical with Ben Haim considering legal action against the reporter who had published reports about his failed medical . He joined West Ham on 3 August 2010 on loan until January 2011 with a view to a permanent deal . On 24 August 2010 , Ben Haim played his first game for West Ham , against Oxford United in the League Cup , in a 1–0 victory and made his league debut for the club in a 3–1 loss against his former club Chelsea on 11 September 2010 . On 1 January 2011 assisted Freddie Sears to score in a 2–0 win over Wolverhampton Wanderers . Four days later on 5 January 2011 he played for West Ham as they lost 5–0 to Newcastle United . This turned out his last appearance for West Ham . Despite his loan spell at West Ham having ended , the club continued talks with Portsmouth regarding a deal to bring Ben Haim back ; the two clubs could not come to an agreement , while financial issues prevented him from linking up with Pompey . Return to Portsmouth . In January 2011 , Ben Haim returned to Portsmouth after his loan spell expired , but he did not make any appearances for Portsmouth that season , returning to training with the squad . He was in dispute with Portsmouth over £1.4million in unpaid wages . Because of this , manager Steve Cotterill was unable to select Ben Haim for the final fixtures of the 2010/11 season . The case was set to go to a Football League hearing in July 2011 , but with new owners ( CSI ) installed at the club , Portsmouth were able to reach an acceptable agreement with Ben Haim . On 11 July , Ben Haim made his first appearance for Portsmouth since the 2009–10 season in a 4–0 pre-season win over Havant & Waterlooville . On 6 August 2011 , Ben Haim made his first league appearance in a 2–2 draw against Middlesbrough . On 27 August 2011 , Ben Haim provided an assist to allow Nwankwo Kanu to score to make it 1–1 against Welsh side Cardiff City and also provided another assist the following week for Greg Halford to score the third goal in the match as Portsmouth lost 4–3 to his former club , West Ham . Later on in the 2011/12 season , Portsmouth would go into administration for the second time in two years , bringing them an automatic 10-point deduction . An arrest warrant was issued for Vladimir Aleksandrovich Antonov and Portsmouth were issued a winding up petition by HMRC for over £1.6 million in unpaid taxes , which was heard on 20 February . The end of the 2011–12 season saw Portsmouth get relegated from the Championship , after which Ben Haims agent , Pini Zahavi , stated that he would not play in League One despite having one year remaining on his deal , worth around £2 million . However , Zahavi later stated that he was in the dark over Ben Haims future . Ben Haims contract was criticized by administrator Trevor Birch because he was offered £36,000-a-week over four years , shortly before the club first went into liquidation . However , due to administration the maximum the club paid any player at that time was just £5,000-a-week . In response , Ben Haim refused to take a letter from a supporters group asking them to waive their wages and has suggested that the administrator takes a pay cut instead . He came to an agreement to leave the club in August 2012 . Queens Park Rangers . On 4 January 2013 , Ben Haim joined Queens Park Rangers on a short-term contract deal . He made his debut the next day in an FA Cup match against West Bromwich Albion , where he provided an assist for a late equaliser from Kieron Dyer to make the result 1–1 . On 9 May 2013 , Canadian side Toronto FC of Major League Soccer announced they had acquired Ben Haim on loan from Queens Park Rangers . However , four days later , Toronto FC GM Kevin Payne said that Ben Haim never officially signed for the club as originally announced , and never ended up joining the team . He was released by Queens Park Rangers at the end of the 2012–13 season . He continued training with the club for a short time after his release however , and appeared in a pre-season friendly against Exeter City on 11 July 2013 . Standard Liège . On 24 July 2013 , Ben Haim signed for Belgian side Standard Liège on a two-year contract , following his release from Queens Park Rangers . However , Ben Haim made ten appearance for the club after losing his first team place to Dino Arslanagic . Charlton Athletic . On 11 July 2014 , Ben Haim signed for Charlton Athletic on a one-year deal , with the Addicks becoming his eighth English club . Upon the move , Ben Haim was given number twenty-six shirt . Ben Haim started in the opening game of the season , in a 1–1 draw against Brentford . On 12 May 2015 , Ben Haim was released at the end of his contract . Return to Maccabi Tel Aviv . On 3 June 2015 , Ben Haim signed a two-year contract with his former club and current Israeli champions Maccabi Tel Aviv . On 25 August , he qualified with Maccabi to the Champions League group stage after passing FC Basel in the Play-offs round . On 24 November 2015 , Ben Haim was sent off in a 4–0 defeat by his former club Chelsea in the Champions League group stage . Beitar Jerusalem F.C . on 7 August 2018 , Ben Haim signed a two-year contract with Beitar Jerusalem F.C . He has since played 46 times for the club . on 7 August 2020 , it was announced that the player has extended his contract with the club for one more year . International career . Ben Haim made his debut for Israeli national squad on 13 February 2002 in a friendly match against Germany . He scored his first goal from a penalty in a 2–1 win against Latvia on 4 June 2011 . Personal life . He has exactly the same name as winger , Tal Ben Haim , who also played for Israel and Maccabi Tel Aviv , and he is referred to in UEFA reports as Tal Ben Haim I , while Tal Ben Haim II wears a jersey with his surname spelled as Ben Chaim to distinguish him from his fellow countryman .
|
[
"Portsmouth"
] |
[
{
"text": " Tal Ben Haim ( or Tal Ben Haim I , ; born 31 March 1982 ) is an Israeli footballer who currently plays at Beitar Jerusalem and the Israel national football team . He can play at either centre back or right back . He has played for Maccabi Tel Aviv , Bolton Wanderers , Chelsea , Manchester City , Sunderland , Portsmouth , West Ham United , Queens Park Rangers , Standard Liége and Charlton Athletic .",
"title": "Tal Ben Haim"
},
{
"text": " Born in Rishon LeZion , Ben Haim joined the Maccabi Tel Aviv senior squads in 1998 as a reserve player . His league debut came on 30 April 2001 when he came on in the 90th minute as a substitute in the Tel Aviv derby match against Hapoel . He played a significant part in Maccabis Israeli Premier League title in the 2002–03 season , and was appointed club captain the following season , replacing Gadi Brumer who retired in mid-season .",
"title": "Maccabi Tel Aviv"
},
{
"text": " After a two-week trial with Bolton Wanderers in the summer of 2004 , Sam Allardyce secured the services of Ben Haim on a three-year deal for a fee believed to be in the region of £150,000 . Although Allardyce did not believe Ben Haim would be ready for the rigours of the Premier League immediately , he was confident that , given time , Ben Haim would have a big impact on the English game .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": "His first season at the Reebok Stadium was a successful one as he made 27 appearances . On 1 February 2005 , Ben Haim scored his first and only goal for Bolton , heading a free-kick from Stelios Giannakopoulos into the net in Boltons 3–1 victory over Tottenham Hotspur . , this is his only goal in the Premier League . The only thing that hampered his campaign a little was a clash with Wayne Rooney in a league match when Rooney appeared to shove him in the face . Ben Haim , it was claimed , went down too",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": "easily and made too much of it and was charged with improper conduct by the Football Association , but was later cleared of charges .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": " On 20 October 2005 while playing for Bolton in the UEFA Cup away at Beşiktaş , Ben Haim wore the captains armband and was praised by the regular team captain Jay-Jay Okocha . In the second leg of the UEFA Cup Round of 32 against the French side Marseille which they drew 0–0 in the first leg , Ben Haim was the blame when he scored an own goal in the 69th minutes which turns out to be a winner for Marseille as the result was 2–1 on 23 February 2006 .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": "Ben Haims defensive displays in his following seasons at Bolton had attracted the interests of many clubs including Chelsea , West Ham United and Tottenham Hotspur . In January 2007 , Chelsea confirmed that talks to sign Ben Haim from Bolton were unsuccessful .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": " Following the end of the 2006–07 season , Ben Haims contract with Bolton had expired and his future at Bolton was in doubt with media reports linking him with a move to Chelsea and Newcastle United , ex-Bolton boss Sam Allardyce admitting that he was ready to make an offer to his former charge to bring him to Newcastle .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": "His transfer from Maccabi to Bolton in July 2004 is one of those about which the Stevens inquiry report in June 2007 expressed concerns because of the apparent conflict of interest between agent Craig Allardyce , his father Sam Allardyce – the then manager at Bolton – and the club itself .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": " In June 2007 , Chelsea officially announced the signing of Ben Haim on a Bosman transfer after he had passed his medical at Stamford Bridge and agreed on personal terms to join the club on a four-year deal . Ben-Haim told the Jewish Telegraph exclusively : I am very happy to join one of the greatest clubs in the world . I needed a new challenge . I will play in any position Jose Mourinho wants me to play . I am looking forward to starting the new season with Champions League football .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "He made his competitive début for Chelsea against Manchester United in the FA Community Shield . With injuries to fellow Chelsea defenders John Terry and Ricardo Carvalho Ben Haim became a regular in the Chelsea first team . However , after the recovery of first team pairing Terry and Carvalho and the impressive form of Alex , Ben Haim found himself to be the fourth choice centre back .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "In April 2008 , he criticized Chelsea manager Avram Grant after Chelseas 1–1 draw with Wigan Athletic stating : If I knew Avram Grant was going to be the coach I would have signed for another club . It was Jose who brought me here and no one except he and I know the conversation we had when he tried to sign me the first time a year ago last January . The fact is while Jose was the coach I played most of the games and people who know me know that I would not have come here to",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "be a reserve . I knew nothing good would come for me with Grant as Chelsea coach .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " In a press conference , Avram Grant responded : I dont think José promised Ben Haim he will play before John Terry , Carvalho and Alex . It is internal business but , in my opinion , if a player was wrong we need to deal with it — in our way , my way . Tal Ben Haim was fined two weeks wages , about £80,000 . During Ben Haims stay at Chelsea , he made 13 Premier League appearances , before transferring to Manchester City .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " Ben Haim joined City on 30 July 2008 for a fee around £5 million , becoming only the second first-team signing of new manager Mark Hughes .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "He chose to wear the number 26 jersey , vacated by the transfer of Matthew Mills because , apart from his time at Chelsea where it was worn by John Terry , he had always worn that number at club level . After signing , Ben Haim said I’m definitely going to give my best to City and give my heart in every game . I hope that we can do good things this season . I’m looking forward to starting the season here . Ben Haim made his City debut in second leg of the UEFA Cup qualifier against",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "EB/Streymur at Barnsleys Oakwell Stadium on 31 July where City won 2–0 . Ben Haim eventually made his league debut for Manchester City which he received a booking as Manchester City lost to Aston Villa 4–2 on 17 August 2008 . He failed to establish himself as a first team regular , which saw him left on the substitutes bench for a long period of the season . After returning to the club , following a loan spell at Sunderland , it was clear that he was surplus to requirements at the City of Manchester Stadium . He was then",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "transfer listed .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": " Sunderland ( loan ) . Ben Haim signed for Sunderland on loan until the end of the 2008–09 season on 1 February 2009 . He made his debut away to Arsenal on 21 February and made his home debut at the Stadium of Light on 7 March against Tottenham Hotspur . He again found it difficult to break into the side . Ben-Haim was limited to only 5 appearances in a Sunderland shirt . At the end of the 2008–09 season , he returned to Manchester City .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "On 31 August 2009 it was announced that Portsmouth had signed Ben-Haim on a four-year deal . On 12 September 2009 , Ben Haim made his league debut for the club in a 3–2 loss against his former club Bolton . Since then he has become one of the two first choice centre-backs under managers Paul Hart and his former manager at Chelsea , Avram Grant . He suffered an injury in the second half of the season , which kept him out of Portsmouths FA Cup final game against Chelsea , which Pompey lost 1–0 . On 20 December",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "2009 a match between Portsmouth and Liverpool which Portsmouth won 2–0 , Ben Haim accused Liverpool striker Fernando Torres elbowing him during the match .",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "In May 2010 , after Portsmouth had been relegated , Ben Haim opted to stay at Portsmouth although he had a relegation-release clause in his contract but declined the chance to activate it . He played for just one season for Portsmouth and made 24 appearances for the club in all competitions . Ben Haim criticised the clubs former owners as they prepared for life in the Championship the following season and the cash issues did play a significant role in the clubs demise . As the 2010/11 Championship campaign for Portsmouth was set to start , the clubs administrator",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "Andrew Andronikou wanted Ben Haims crippling salary off the clubs wage bill . West Ham and an unnamed Greek club were interested in signing him .",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "In July 2010 , Ben Haim was set to join his ex-Portsmouth manager , Avram Grant at West Ham United on a free transfer , but it was reported that the move had collapsed after Ben Haim had failed a medical and Ben Haims rumoured wage demands of £38,000-a-week . On 2 August 2010 , the Israeli press reported that Ben Haim had agreed terms with West Ham on a three-year deal after passing a medical with Ben Haim considering legal action against the reporter who had published reports about his failed medical . He joined West Ham on 3",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "August 2010 on loan until January 2011 with a view to a permanent deal .",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "On 24 August 2010 , Ben Haim played his first game for West Ham , against Oxford United in the League Cup , in a 1–0 victory and made his league debut for the club in a 3–1 loss against his former club Chelsea on 11 September 2010 . On 1 January 2011 assisted Freddie Sears to score in a 2–0 win over Wolverhampton Wanderers . Four days later on 5 January 2011 he played for West Ham as they lost 5–0 to Newcastle United . This turned out his last appearance for West Ham . Despite his loan spell",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "at West Ham having ended , the club continued talks with Portsmouth regarding a deal to bring Ben Haim back ; the two clubs could not come to an agreement , while financial issues prevented him from linking up with Pompey .",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "In January 2011 , Ben Haim returned to Portsmouth after his loan spell expired , but he did not make any appearances for Portsmouth that season , returning to training with the squad . He was in dispute with Portsmouth over £1.4million in unpaid wages . Because of this , manager Steve Cotterill was unable to select Ben Haim for the final fixtures of the 2010/11 season . The case was set to go to a Football League hearing in July 2011 , but with new owners ( CSI ) installed at the club , Portsmouth were able to reach",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "an acceptable agreement with Ben Haim .",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "On 11 July , Ben Haim made his first appearance for Portsmouth since the 2009–10 season in a 4–0 pre-season win over Havant & Waterlooville . On 6 August 2011 , Ben Haim made his first league appearance in a 2–2 draw against Middlesbrough . On 27 August 2011 , Ben Haim provided an assist to allow Nwankwo Kanu to score to make it 1–1 against Welsh side Cardiff City and also provided another assist the following week for Greg Halford to score the third goal in the match as Portsmouth lost 4–3 to his former club , West Ham",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": ". Later on in the 2011/12 season , Portsmouth would go into administration for the second time in two years , bringing them an automatic 10-point deduction . An arrest warrant was issued for Vladimir Aleksandrovich Antonov and Portsmouth were issued a winding up petition by HMRC for over £1.6 million in unpaid taxes , which was heard on 20 February .",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "The end of the 2011–12 season saw Portsmouth get relegated from the Championship , after which Ben Haims agent , Pini Zahavi , stated that he would not play in League One despite having one year remaining on his deal , worth around £2 million . However , Zahavi later stated that he was in the dark over Ben Haims future . Ben Haims contract was criticized by administrator Trevor Birch because he was offered £36,000-a-week over four years , shortly before the club first went into liquidation . However , due to administration the maximum the club paid any",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "player at that time was just £5,000-a-week . In response , Ben Haim refused to take a letter from a supporters group asking them to waive their wages and has suggested that the administrator takes a pay cut instead . He came to an agreement to leave the club in August 2012 .",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "On 4 January 2013 , Ben Haim joined Queens Park Rangers on a short-term contract deal . He made his debut the next day in an FA Cup match against West Bromwich Albion , where he provided an assist for a late equaliser from Kieron Dyer to make the result 1–1 . On 9 May 2013 , Canadian side Toronto FC of Major League Soccer announced they had acquired Ben Haim on loan from Queens Park Rangers . However , four days later , Toronto FC GM Kevin Payne said that Ben Haim never officially signed for the club as",
"title": "Queens Park Rangers"
},
{
"text": "originally announced , and never ended up joining the team .",
"title": "Queens Park Rangers"
},
{
"text": " He was released by Queens Park Rangers at the end of the 2012–13 season . He continued training with the club for a short time after his release however , and appeared in a pre-season friendly against Exeter City on 11 July 2013 .",
"title": "Queens Park Rangers"
},
{
"text": " On 24 July 2013 , Ben Haim signed for Belgian side Standard Liège on a two-year contract , following his release from Queens Park Rangers . However , Ben Haim made ten appearance for the club after losing his first team place to Dino Arslanagic .",
"title": "Standard Liège"
},
{
"text": " On 11 July 2014 , Ben Haim signed for Charlton Athletic on a one-year deal , with the Addicks becoming his eighth English club . Upon the move , Ben Haim was given number twenty-six shirt . Ben Haim started in the opening game of the season , in a 1–1 draw against Brentford . On 12 May 2015 , Ben Haim was released at the end of his contract . Return to Maccabi Tel Aviv .",
"title": "Charlton Athletic"
},
{
"text": "On 3 June 2015 , Ben Haim signed a two-year contract with his former club and current Israeli champions Maccabi Tel Aviv . On 25 August , he qualified with Maccabi to the Champions League group stage after passing FC Basel in the Play-offs round .",
"title": "Charlton Athletic"
},
{
"text": " On 24 November 2015 , Ben Haim was sent off in a 4–0 defeat by his former club Chelsea in the Champions League group stage .",
"title": "Charlton Athletic"
},
{
"text": " on 7 August 2018 , Ben Haim signed a two-year contract with Beitar Jerusalem F.C . He has since played 46 times for the club . on 7 August 2020 , it was announced that the player has extended his contract with the club for one more year .",
"title": "Beitar Jerusalem F.C"
},
{
"text": " Ben Haim made his debut for Israeli national squad on 13 February 2002 in a friendly match against Germany . He scored his first goal from a penalty in a 2–1 win against Latvia on 4 June 2011 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " He has exactly the same name as winger , Tal Ben Haim , who also played for Israel and Maccabi Tel Aviv , and he is referred to in UEFA reports as Tal Ben Haim I , while Tal Ben Haim II wears a jersey with his surname spelled as Ben Chaim to distinguish him from his fellow countryman .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Tal_Ben_Haim#P54#7
|
Tal Ben Haim played for which team between Jun 2013 and Sep 2013?
|
Tal Ben Haim Tal Ben Haim ( or Tal Ben Haim I , ; born 31 March 1982 ) is an Israeli footballer who currently plays at Beitar Jerusalem and the Israel national football team . He can play at either centre back or right back . He has played for Maccabi Tel Aviv , Bolton Wanderers , Chelsea , Manchester City , Sunderland , Portsmouth , West Ham United , Queens Park Rangers , Standard Liége and Charlton Athletic . Early life . Ben-Haim was born in Rishon LeZion , Israel , to a Jewish family . Club career . Maccabi Tel Aviv . Born in Rishon LeZion , Ben Haim joined the Maccabi Tel Aviv senior squads in 1998 as a reserve player . His league debut came on 30 April 2001 when he came on in the 90th minute as a substitute in the Tel Aviv derby match against Hapoel . He played a significant part in Maccabis Israeli Premier League title in the 2002–03 season , and was appointed club captain the following season , replacing Gadi Brumer who retired in mid-season . Bolton Wanderers . After a two-week trial with Bolton Wanderers in the summer of 2004 , Sam Allardyce secured the services of Ben Haim on a three-year deal for a fee believed to be in the region of £150,000 . Although Allardyce did not believe Ben Haim would be ready for the rigours of the Premier League immediately , he was confident that , given time , Ben Haim would have a big impact on the English game . His first season at the Reebok Stadium was a successful one as he made 27 appearances . On 1 February 2005 , Ben Haim scored his first and only goal for Bolton , heading a free-kick from Stelios Giannakopoulos into the net in Boltons 3–1 victory over Tottenham Hotspur . , this is his only goal in the Premier League . The only thing that hampered his campaign a little was a clash with Wayne Rooney in a league match when Rooney appeared to shove him in the face . Ben Haim , it was claimed , went down too easily and made too much of it and was charged with improper conduct by the Football Association , but was later cleared of charges . On 20 October 2005 while playing for Bolton in the UEFA Cup away at Beşiktaş , Ben Haim wore the captains armband and was praised by the regular team captain Jay-Jay Okocha . In the second leg of the UEFA Cup Round of 32 against the French side Marseille which they drew 0–0 in the first leg , Ben Haim was the blame when he scored an own goal in the 69th minutes which turns out to be a winner for Marseille as the result was 2–1 on 23 February 2006 . Ben Haims defensive displays in his following seasons at Bolton had attracted the interests of many clubs including Chelsea , West Ham United and Tottenham Hotspur . In January 2007 , Chelsea confirmed that talks to sign Ben Haim from Bolton were unsuccessful . Following the end of the 2006–07 season , Ben Haims contract with Bolton had expired and his future at Bolton was in doubt with media reports linking him with a move to Chelsea and Newcastle United , ex-Bolton boss Sam Allardyce admitting that he was ready to make an offer to his former charge to bring him to Newcastle . His transfer from Maccabi to Bolton in July 2004 is one of those about which the Stevens inquiry report in June 2007 expressed concerns because of the apparent conflict of interest between agent Craig Allardyce , his father Sam Allardyce – the then manager at Bolton – and the club itself . Chelsea . In June 2007 , Chelsea officially announced the signing of Ben Haim on a Bosman transfer after he had passed his medical at Stamford Bridge and agreed on personal terms to join the club on a four-year deal . Ben-Haim told the Jewish Telegraph exclusively : I am very happy to join one of the greatest clubs in the world . I needed a new challenge . I will play in any position Jose Mourinho wants me to play . I am looking forward to starting the new season with Champions League football . He made his competitive début for Chelsea against Manchester United in the FA Community Shield . With injuries to fellow Chelsea defenders John Terry and Ricardo Carvalho Ben Haim became a regular in the Chelsea first team . However , after the recovery of first team pairing Terry and Carvalho and the impressive form of Alex , Ben Haim found himself to be the fourth choice centre back . In April 2008 , he criticized Chelsea manager Avram Grant after Chelseas 1–1 draw with Wigan Athletic stating : If I knew Avram Grant was going to be the coach I would have signed for another club . It was Jose who brought me here and no one except he and I know the conversation we had when he tried to sign me the first time a year ago last January . The fact is while Jose was the coach I played most of the games and people who know me know that I would not have come here to be a reserve . I knew nothing good would come for me with Grant as Chelsea coach . In a press conference , Avram Grant responded : I dont think José promised Ben Haim he will play before John Terry , Carvalho and Alex . It is internal business but , in my opinion , if a player was wrong we need to deal with it — in our way , my way . Tal Ben Haim was fined two weeks wages , about £80,000 . During Ben Haims stay at Chelsea , he made 13 Premier League appearances , before transferring to Manchester City . Manchester City . Ben Haim joined City on 30 July 2008 for a fee around £5 million , becoming only the second first-team signing of new manager Mark Hughes . He chose to wear the number 26 jersey , vacated by the transfer of Matthew Mills because , apart from his time at Chelsea where it was worn by John Terry , he had always worn that number at club level . After signing , Ben Haim said I’m definitely going to give my best to City and give my heart in every game . I hope that we can do good things this season . I’m looking forward to starting the season here . Ben Haim made his City debut in second leg of the UEFA Cup qualifier against EB/Streymur at Barnsleys Oakwell Stadium on 31 July where City won 2–0 . Ben Haim eventually made his league debut for Manchester City which he received a booking as Manchester City lost to Aston Villa 4–2 on 17 August 2008 . He failed to establish himself as a first team regular , which saw him left on the substitutes bench for a long period of the season . After returning to the club , following a loan spell at Sunderland , it was clear that he was surplus to requirements at the City of Manchester Stadium . He was then transfer listed . Sunderland ( loan ) . Ben Haim signed for Sunderland on loan until the end of the 2008–09 season on 1 February 2009 . He made his debut away to Arsenal on 21 February and made his home debut at the Stadium of Light on 7 March against Tottenham Hotspur . He again found it difficult to break into the side . Ben-Haim was limited to only 5 appearances in a Sunderland shirt . At the end of the 2008–09 season , he returned to Manchester City . Portsmouth . On 31 August 2009 it was announced that Portsmouth had signed Ben-Haim on a four-year deal . On 12 September 2009 , Ben Haim made his league debut for the club in a 3–2 loss against his former club Bolton . Since then he has become one of the two first choice centre-backs under managers Paul Hart and his former manager at Chelsea , Avram Grant . He suffered an injury in the second half of the season , which kept him out of Portsmouths FA Cup final game against Chelsea , which Pompey lost 1–0 . On 20 December 2009 a match between Portsmouth and Liverpool which Portsmouth won 2–0 , Ben Haim accused Liverpool striker Fernando Torres elbowing him during the match . In May 2010 , after Portsmouth had been relegated , Ben Haim opted to stay at Portsmouth although he had a relegation-release clause in his contract but declined the chance to activate it . He played for just one season for Portsmouth and made 24 appearances for the club in all competitions . Ben Haim criticised the clubs former owners as they prepared for life in the Championship the following season and the cash issues did play a significant role in the clubs demise . As the 2010/11 Championship campaign for Portsmouth was set to start , the clubs administrator Andrew Andronikou wanted Ben Haims crippling salary off the clubs wage bill . West Ham and an unnamed Greek club were interested in signing him . West Ham United ( loan ) . In July 2010 , Ben Haim was set to join his ex-Portsmouth manager , Avram Grant at West Ham United on a free transfer , but it was reported that the move had collapsed after Ben Haim had failed a medical and Ben Haims rumoured wage demands of £38,000-a-week . On 2 August 2010 , the Israeli press reported that Ben Haim had agreed terms with West Ham on a three-year deal after passing a medical with Ben Haim considering legal action against the reporter who had published reports about his failed medical . He joined West Ham on 3 August 2010 on loan until January 2011 with a view to a permanent deal . On 24 August 2010 , Ben Haim played his first game for West Ham , against Oxford United in the League Cup , in a 1–0 victory and made his league debut for the club in a 3–1 loss against his former club Chelsea on 11 September 2010 . On 1 January 2011 assisted Freddie Sears to score in a 2–0 win over Wolverhampton Wanderers . Four days later on 5 January 2011 he played for West Ham as they lost 5–0 to Newcastle United . This turned out his last appearance for West Ham . Despite his loan spell at West Ham having ended , the club continued talks with Portsmouth regarding a deal to bring Ben Haim back ; the two clubs could not come to an agreement , while financial issues prevented him from linking up with Pompey . Return to Portsmouth . In January 2011 , Ben Haim returned to Portsmouth after his loan spell expired , but he did not make any appearances for Portsmouth that season , returning to training with the squad . He was in dispute with Portsmouth over £1.4million in unpaid wages . Because of this , manager Steve Cotterill was unable to select Ben Haim for the final fixtures of the 2010/11 season . The case was set to go to a Football League hearing in July 2011 , but with new owners ( CSI ) installed at the club , Portsmouth were able to reach an acceptable agreement with Ben Haim . On 11 July , Ben Haim made his first appearance for Portsmouth since the 2009–10 season in a 4–0 pre-season win over Havant & Waterlooville . On 6 August 2011 , Ben Haim made his first league appearance in a 2–2 draw against Middlesbrough . On 27 August 2011 , Ben Haim provided an assist to allow Nwankwo Kanu to score to make it 1–1 against Welsh side Cardiff City and also provided another assist the following week for Greg Halford to score the third goal in the match as Portsmouth lost 4–3 to his former club , West Ham . Later on in the 2011/12 season , Portsmouth would go into administration for the second time in two years , bringing them an automatic 10-point deduction . An arrest warrant was issued for Vladimir Aleksandrovich Antonov and Portsmouth were issued a winding up petition by HMRC for over £1.6 million in unpaid taxes , which was heard on 20 February . The end of the 2011–12 season saw Portsmouth get relegated from the Championship , after which Ben Haims agent , Pini Zahavi , stated that he would not play in League One despite having one year remaining on his deal , worth around £2 million . However , Zahavi later stated that he was in the dark over Ben Haims future . Ben Haims contract was criticized by administrator Trevor Birch because he was offered £36,000-a-week over four years , shortly before the club first went into liquidation . However , due to administration the maximum the club paid any player at that time was just £5,000-a-week . In response , Ben Haim refused to take a letter from a supporters group asking them to waive their wages and has suggested that the administrator takes a pay cut instead . He came to an agreement to leave the club in August 2012 . Queens Park Rangers . On 4 January 2013 , Ben Haim joined Queens Park Rangers on a short-term contract deal . He made his debut the next day in an FA Cup match against West Bromwich Albion , where he provided an assist for a late equaliser from Kieron Dyer to make the result 1–1 . On 9 May 2013 , Canadian side Toronto FC of Major League Soccer announced they had acquired Ben Haim on loan from Queens Park Rangers . However , four days later , Toronto FC GM Kevin Payne said that Ben Haim never officially signed for the club as originally announced , and never ended up joining the team . He was released by Queens Park Rangers at the end of the 2012–13 season . He continued training with the club for a short time after his release however , and appeared in a pre-season friendly against Exeter City on 11 July 2013 . Standard Liège . On 24 July 2013 , Ben Haim signed for Belgian side Standard Liège on a two-year contract , following his release from Queens Park Rangers . However , Ben Haim made ten appearance for the club after losing his first team place to Dino Arslanagic . Charlton Athletic . On 11 July 2014 , Ben Haim signed for Charlton Athletic on a one-year deal , with the Addicks becoming his eighth English club . Upon the move , Ben Haim was given number twenty-six shirt . Ben Haim started in the opening game of the season , in a 1–1 draw against Brentford . On 12 May 2015 , Ben Haim was released at the end of his contract . Return to Maccabi Tel Aviv . On 3 June 2015 , Ben Haim signed a two-year contract with his former club and current Israeli champions Maccabi Tel Aviv . On 25 August , he qualified with Maccabi to the Champions League group stage after passing FC Basel in the Play-offs round . On 24 November 2015 , Ben Haim was sent off in a 4–0 defeat by his former club Chelsea in the Champions League group stage . Beitar Jerusalem F.C . on 7 August 2018 , Ben Haim signed a two-year contract with Beitar Jerusalem F.C . He has since played 46 times for the club . on 7 August 2020 , it was announced that the player has extended his contract with the club for one more year . International career . Ben Haim made his debut for Israeli national squad on 13 February 2002 in a friendly match against Germany . He scored his first goal from a penalty in a 2–1 win against Latvia on 4 June 2011 . Personal life . He has exactly the same name as winger , Tal Ben Haim , who also played for Israel and Maccabi Tel Aviv , and he is referred to in UEFA reports as Tal Ben Haim I , while Tal Ben Haim II wears a jersey with his surname spelled as Ben Chaim to distinguish him from his fellow countryman .
|
[
"Queens Park Rangers",
"Standard Liège"
] |
[
{
"text": " Tal Ben Haim ( or Tal Ben Haim I , ; born 31 March 1982 ) is an Israeli footballer who currently plays at Beitar Jerusalem and the Israel national football team . He can play at either centre back or right back . He has played for Maccabi Tel Aviv , Bolton Wanderers , Chelsea , Manchester City , Sunderland , Portsmouth , West Ham United , Queens Park Rangers , Standard Liége and Charlton Athletic .",
"title": "Tal Ben Haim"
},
{
"text": " Born in Rishon LeZion , Ben Haim joined the Maccabi Tel Aviv senior squads in 1998 as a reserve player . His league debut came on 30 April 2001 when he came on in the 90th minute as a substitute in the Tel Aviv derby match against Hapoel . He played a significant part in Maccabis Israeli Premier League title in the 2002–03 season , and was appointed club captain the following season , replacing Gadi Brumer who retired in mid-season .",
"title": "Maccabi Tel Aviv"
},
{
"text": " After a two-week trial with Bolton Wanderers in the summer of 2004 , Sam Allardyce secured the services of Ben Haim on a three-year deal for a fee believed to be in the region of £150,000 . Although Allardyce did not believe Ben Haim would be ready for the rigours of the Premier League immediately , he was confident that , given time , Ben Haim would have a big impact on the English game .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": "His first season at the Reebok Stadium was a successful one as he made 27 appearances . On 1 February 2005 , Ben Haim scored his first and only goal for Bolton , heading a free-kick from Stelios Giannakopoulos into the net in Boltons 3–1 victory over Tottenham Hotspur . , this is his only goal in the Premier League . The only thing that hampered his campaign a little was a clash with Wayne Rooney in a league match when Rooney appeared to shove him in the face . Ben Haim , it was claimed , went down too",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": "easily and made too much of it and was charged with improper conduct by the Football Association , but was later cleared of charges .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": " On 20 October 2005 while playing for Bolton in the UEFA Cup away at Beşiktaş , Ben Haim wore the captains armband and was praised by the regular team captain Jay-Jay Okocha . In the second leg of the UEFA Cup Round of 32 against the French side Marseille which they drew 0–0 in the first leg , Ben Haim was the blame when he scored an own goal in the 69th minutes which turns out to be a winner for Marseille as the result was 2–1 on 23 February 2006 .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": "Ben Haims defensive displays in his following seasons at Bolton had attracted the interests of many clubs including Chelsea , West Ham United and Tottenham Hotspur . In January 2007 , Chelsea confirmed that talks to sign Ben Haim from Bolton were unsuccessful .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": " Following the end of the 2006–07 season , Ben Haims contract with Bolton had expired and his future at Bolton was in doubt with media reports linking him with a move to Chelsea and Newcastle United , ex-Bolton boss Sam Allardyce admitting that he was ready to make an offer to his former charge to bring him to Newcastle .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": "His transfer from Maccabi to Bolton in July 2004 is one of those about which the Stevens inquiry report in June 2007 expressed concerns because of the apparent conflict of interest between agent Craig Allardyce , his father Sam Allardyce – the then manager at Bolton – and the club itself .",
"title": "Bolton Wanderers"
},
{
"text": " In June 2007 , Chelsea officially announced the signing of Ben Haim on a Bosman transfer after he had passed his medical at Stamford Bridge and agreed on personal terms to join the club on a four-year deal . Ben-Haim told the Jewish Telegraph exclusively : I am very happy to join one of the greatest clubs in the world . I needed a new challenge . I will play in any position Jose Mourinho wants me to play . I am looking forward to starting the new season with Champions League football .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "He made his competitive début for Chelsea against Manchester United in the FA Community Shield . With injuries to fellow Chelsea defenders John Terry and Ricardo Carvalho Ben Haim became a regular in the Chelsea first team . However , after the recovery of first team pairing Terry and Carvalho and the impressive form of Alex , Ben Haim found himself to be the fourth choice centre back .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "In April 2008 , he criticized Chelsea manager Avram Grant after Chelseas 1–1 draw with Wigan Athletic stating : If I knew Avram Grant was going to be the coach I would have signed for another club . It was Jose who brought me here and no one except he and I know the conversation we had when he tried to sign me the first time a year ago last January . The fact is while Jose was the coach I played most of the games and people who know me know that I would not have come here to",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "be a reserve . I knew nothing good would come for me with Grant as Chelsea coach .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " In a press conference , Avram Grant responded : I dont think José promised Ben Haim he will play before John Terry , Carvalho and Alex . It is internal business but , in my opinion , if a player was wrong we need to deal with it — in our way , my way . Tal Ben Haim was fined two weeks wages , about £80,000 . During Ben Haims stay at Chelsea , he made 13 Premier League appearances , before transferring to Manchester City .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " Ben Haim joined City on 30 July 2008 for a fee around £5 million , becoming only the second first-team signing of new manager Mark Hughes .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "He chose to wear the number 26 jersey , vacated by the transfer of Matthew Mills because , apart from his time at Chelsea where it was worn by John Terry , he had always worn that number at club level . After signing , Ben Haim said I’m definitely going to give my best to City and give my heart in every game . I hope that we can do good things this season . I’m looking forward to starting the season here . Ben Haim made his City debut in second leg of the UEFA Cup qualifier against",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "EB/Streymur at Barnsleys Oakwell Stadium on 31 July where City won 2–0 . Ben Haim eventually made his league debut for Manchester City which he received a booking as Manchester City lost to Aston Villa 4–2 on 17 August 2008 . He failed to establish himself as a first team regular , which saw him left on the substitutes bench for a long period of the season . After returning to the club , following a loan spell at Sunderland , it was clear that he was surplus to requirements at the City of Manchester Stadium . He was then",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "transfer listed .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": " Sunderland ( loan ) . Ben Haim signed for Sunderland on loan until the end of the 2008–09 season on 1 February 2009 . He made his debut away to Arsenal on 21 February and made his home debut at the Stadium of Light on 7 March against Tottenham Hotspur . He again found it difficult to break into the side . Ben-Haim was limited to only 5 appearances in a Sunderland shirt . At the end of the 2008–09 season , he returned to Manchester City .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "On 31 August 2009 it was announced that Portsmouth had signed Ben-Haim on a four-year deal . On 12 September 2009 , Ben Haim made his league debut for the club in a 3–2 loss against his former club Bolton . Since then he has become one of the two first choice centre-backs under managers Paul Hart and his former manager at Chelsea , Avram Grant . He suffered an injury in the second half of the season , which kept him out of Portsmouths FA Cup final game against Chelsea , which Pompey lost 1–0 . On 20 December",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "2009 a match between Portsmouth and Liverpool which Portsmouth won 2–0 , Ben Haim accused Liverpool striker Fernando Torres elbowing him during the match .",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "In May 2010 , after Portsmouth had been relegated , Ben Haim opted to stay at Portsmouth although he had a relegation-release clause in his contract but declined the chance to activate it . He played for just one season for Portsmouth and made 24 appearances for the club in all competitions . Ben Haim criticised the clubs former owners as they prepared for life in the Championship the following season and the cash issues did play a significant role in the clubs demise . As the 2010/11 Championship campaign for Portsmouth was set to start , the clubs administrator",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "Andrew Andronikou wanted Ben Haims crippling salary off the clubs wage bill . West Ham and an unnamed Greek club were interested in signing him .",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "In July 2010 , Ben Haim was set to join his ex-Portsmouth manager , Avram Grant at West Ham United on a free transfer , but it was reported that the move had collapsed after Ben Haim had failed a medical and Ben Haims rumoured wage demands of £38,000-a-week . On 2 August 2010 , the Israeli press reported that Ben Haim had agreed terms with West Ham on a three-year deal after passing a medical with Ben Haim considering legal action against the reporter who had published reports about his failed medical . He joined West Ham on 3",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "August 2010 on loan until January 2011 with a view to a permanent deal .",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "On 24 August 2010 , Ben Haim played his first game for West Ham , against Oxford United in the League Cup , in a 1–0 victory and made his league debut for the club in a 3–1 loss against his former club Chelsea on 11 September 2010 . On 1 January 2011 assisted Freddie Sears to score in a 2–0 win over Wolverhampton Wanderers . Four days later on 5 January 2011 he played for West Ham as they lost 5–0 to Newcastle United . This turned out his last appearance for West Ham . Despite his loan spell",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "at West Ham having ended , the club continued talks with Portsmouth regarding a deal to bring Ben Haim back ; the two clubs could not come to an agreement , while financial issues prevented him from linking up with Pompey .",
"title": "Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "In January 2011 , Ben Haim returned to Portsmouth after his loan spell expired , but he did not make any appearances for Portsmouth that season , returning to training with the squad . He was in dispute with Portsmouth over £1.4million in unpaid wages . Because of this , manager Steve Cotterill was unable to select Ben Haim for the final fixtures of the 2010/11 season . The case was set to go to a Football League hearing in July 2011 , but with new owners ( CSI ) installed at the club , Portsmouth were able to reach",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "an acceptable agreement with Ben Haim .",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "On 11 July , Ben Haim made his first appearance for Portsmouth since the 2009–10 season in a 4–0 pre-season win over Havant & Waterlooville . On 6 August 2011 , Ben Haim made his first league appearance in a 2–2 draw against Middlesbrough . On 27 August 2011 , Ben Haim provided an assist to allow Nwankwo Kanu to score to make it 1–1 against Welsh side Cardiff City and also provided another assist the following week for Greg Halford to score the third goal in the match as Portsmouth lost 4–3 to his former club , West Ham",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": ". Later on in the 2011/12 season , Portsmouth would go into administration for the second time in two years , bringing them an automatic 10-point deduction . An arrest warrant was issued for Vladimir Aleksandrovich Antonov and Portsmouth were issued a winding up petition by HMRC for over £1.6 million in unpaid taxes , which was heard on 20 February .",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "The end of the 2011–12 season saw Portsmouth get relegated from the Championship , after which Ben Haims agent , Pini Zahavi , stated that he would not play in League One despite having one year remaining on his deal , worth around £2 million . However , Zahavi later stated that he was in the dark over Ben Haims future . Ben Haims contract was criticized by administrator Trevor Birch because he was offered £36,000-a-week over four years , shortly before the club first went into liquidation . However , due to administration the maximum the club paid any",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "player at that time was just £5,000-a-week . In response , Ben Haim refused to take a letter from a supporters group asking them to waive their wages and has suggested that the administrator takes a pay cut instead . He came to an agreement to leave the club in August 2012 .",
"title": "Return to Portsmouth"
},
{
"text": "On 4 January 2013 , Ben Haim joined Queens Park Rangers on a short-term contract deal . He made his debut the next day in an FA Cup match against West Bromwich Albion , where he provided an assist for a late equaliser from Kieron Dyer to make the result 1–1 . On 9 May 2013 , Canadian side Toronto FC of Major League Soccer announced they had acquired Ben Haim on loan from Queens Park Rangers . However , four days later , Toronto FC GM Kevin Payne said that Ben Haim never officially signed for the club as",
"title": "Queens Park Rangers"
},
{
"text": "originally announced , and never ended up joining the team .",
"title": "Queens Park Rangers"
},
{
"text": " He was released by Queens Park Rangers at the end of the 2012–13 season . He continued training with the club for a short time after his release however , and appeared in a pre-season friendly against Exeter City on 11 July 2013 .",
"title": "Queens Park Rangers"
},
{
"text": " On 24 July 2013 , Ben Haim signed for Belgian side Standard Liège on a two-year contract , following his release from Queens Park Rangers . However , Ben Haim made ten appearance for the club after losing his first team place to Dino Arslanagic .",
"title": "Standard Liège"
},
{
"text": " On 11 July 2014 , Ben Haim signed for Charlton Athletic on a one-year deal , with the Addicks becoming his eighth English club . Upon the move , Ben Haim was given number twenty-six shirt . Ben Haim started in the opening game of the season , in a 1–1 draw against Brentford . On 12 May 2015 , Ben Haim was released at the end of his contract . Return to Maccabi Tel Aviv .",
"title": "Charlton Athletic"
},
{
"text": "On 3 June 2015 , Ben Haim signed a two-year contract with his former club and current Israeli champions Maccabi Tel Aviv . On 25 August , he qualified with Maccabi to the Champions League group stage after passing FC Basel in the Play-offs round .",
"title": "Charlton Athletic"
},
{
"text": " On 24 November 2015 , Ben Haim was sent off in a 4–0 defeat by his former club Chelsea in the Champions League group stage .",
"title": "Charlton Athletic"
},
{
"text": " on 7 August 2018 , Ben Haim signed a two-year contract with Beitar Jerusalem F.C . He has since played 46 times for the club . on 7 August 2020 , it was announced that the player has extended his contract with the club for one more year .",
"title": "Beitar Jerusalem F.C"
},
{
"text": " Ben Haim made his debut for Israeli national squad on 13 February 2002 in a friendly match against Germany . He scored his first goal from a penalty in a 2–1 win against Latvia on 4 June 2011 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " He has exactly the same name as winger , Tal Ben Haim , who also played for Israel and Maccabi Tel Aviv , and he is referred to in UEFA reports as Tal Ben Haim I , while Tal Ben Haim II wears a jersey with his surname spelled as Ben Chaim to distinguish him from his fellow countryman .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Antoine_Kombouaré#P6087#0
|
Which team was coached by Antoine Kombouaré before May 2003?
|
Antoine Kombouaré Antoine Krilone Kombouaré ( ) ( born 16 November 1963 ) is a French professional football manager and former player , who manages Ligue 1 side Nantes . Playing career . Kombouaré began his career at local club WS Plum Nouméa in Nouméa in 1975 , before moving to Nantes in 1983 . He later joined Paris Saint-Germain in 1990 . At the Parisian club , he became famous for a winning header he scored in the dying seconds of a UEFA Cup quarter-final match against Real Madrid during the 1992–93 season . The header qualified PSG for the next round with a 4–1 scoreline . Kombouaré had already scored a decisive goal in similar circumstances against Anderlecht in the previous round . His habit of netting tie-deciding headers earned him the name of Casque dOr , which means Golden Helmet in French . In 1994–95 , during a UEFA Champions League quarter-final against Johan Cruyffs Barcelona dream team , Kombouaré captained PSG to a resounding and unexpected 2–1 win which qualified the French side for the semi-final , which they lost to A.C . Milan . In all , Kombouaré spent five seasons in Paris , winning the Coupe de France in 1993 and 1995 and the Coupe de la Ligue in 1995 . Kombouaré scored a penalty in the 1993 Coupe de France Final . He also played nine games in the title-winning side of 1993–94 under Artur Jorge . From 1992–93 , he found his first-team appearances restricted by the presence of fellow defenders Alain Roche , Paul Le Guen and Ricardo . Kombouaré became a cult hero among PSG fans for his habit of scoring last-minute winning goals and his presence and composure in big games . Kombouaré signed for Swiss side Sion in 1995 for an undisclosed fee , then joined Aberdeen a year later for £300,000 ; he was signed by manager Roy Aitken to add experience to the shaky Aberdeen defence . He made 50 appearances for Aberdeen and scored three goals . He left Aberdeen in May 1998 . Managerial career . Strasbourg . In 2003 , Kombouaré was already being tipped to coach PSG , the club where he made his name as a player , and had spent four years coaching the reserves team with positive results . However , the arrival of Vahid Halilhodžić at the helm forced him to change his plans . He therefore joined Strasbourg where he achieved an impressive 13th spot in the league , playing some good football along the way . However , a poor start to the 2004–05 season prompted him to leave the Alsace-based club . Valenciennes . In July 2005 , Kombouaré was appointed at Valenciennes , then playing in the second tier of French football . In his first season , he led them to promotion to the top flight , a level from which the club had been relegated in 1993 . In the three seasons that followed , Kombouaré helped the club to stabilize itself at the top level of French football . He improved the clubs position in every season : 14th in 2006–07 , 13th in 2007–08 and 12th in 2008–09 , establishing his credentials as a coach who could achieve impressive results on a tight budget . Paris Saint-Germain . In May 2009 , Kombouarés former club PSG came calling back to him , offering him the position of manager . He accepted and signed a three-year contract , replacing Paul Le Guen , with whom he had played at Nantes and PSG . In 2009–10 , the Parisian club , in spite of its new signings such as Mevlüt Erdinç and Grégory Coupet , performed poorly in the league and finished in mid-table . Kombouaré made up for this by leading the club to success in the Coupe de France , where they beat Monaco in the final . In 2010–11 , he again led the club to the Coupe de France Final , which they lost to French champions Lille . In the Coupe de la Ligue , PSG looked set for a final showdown with fierce rivals Marseille , but were stunned by Montpellier in the semi-final . The side performed much better in the league , finishing fourth in spite of a limited playing squad . The Parisians almost achieved qualification to the Champions League , but were let down by tiredness and an inability to perform when it mattered most . However , the attacking brand of football played under Kombouarés guidance brought acclaim from both fans and writers for the capital club , with many people agreeing that PSG were playing their best football since Luis Fernándezs first spell as coach between 1994 and 1996 . During the 2011–12 season , PSG crashed out of the Coupe de la Ligue and the Europa League during the first half of the season , and on 29 December 2011 – with his club top of the Ligue 1 table – Kombouaré was sacked by PSG sporting director Leonardo and replaced by Carlo Ancelotti , putting an end to much speculation about his position at the club . Despite holding top spot in Ligue 1 when he was sacked , the club ultimately finished as runners-up to champions Montpellier . Al-Hilal . On 27 June 2012 , it was confirmed that Kombouaré was appointed head coach of Saudi Arabian side Al-Hilal on a one-year deal with an option for a second , but he was sacked on 31 January 2013 . Lens . On 18 June 2013 , Kombouaré became manager of Lens , earning his team a promotion in his first season at the club after it finished in second place in Ligue 2 . Guingamp . On 30 May 2016 , Kombouaré became manager of Ligue 1 side Guingamp . They finished the season in mid-table . On 6 November 2018 , he was sacked due to poor results . Dijon . On 10 January 2019 , Kombouaré became manager of Dijon , replacing Olivier DallOglio . After winning the relegation play-off to keep Dijon in Ligue 1 , he parted ways with the club on 9 June 2019 , with Stéphane Jobard taking over as manager on 20 June . Toulouse . On 14 October 2019 , Kombouaré was appointed as manager of Toulouse FC . On 6 January 2020 , Toulouse terminated Kombouaré as manager following the clubs humiliating 1–0 loss to Championnat National 2 side Saint-Pryvé in the Coupe de France . Under Kombouaré the club had lost ten matches in a row leading him to be dismissed and replaced by Denis Zanko . Nantes . On 11 February 2021 , Kombouaré signed with Ligue 1 side Nantes . After finishing 18th , Kombouaré led Nantes to win the relegation / promotion playoff against Toulouse and remain in Ligue 1 for the 2021/22 season . Honours . Player . Paris Saint-Germain - Division 1 : 1993–94 , runner-up : 1992–93 - Coupe de France : 1992–93 , 1994–95 - Coupe de la Ligue : 1994–95 Sion - Swiss Cup : 1995–96 Manager . Valenciennes - Ligue 2 : 2005–06 Paris Saint-Germain - Coupe de France : 2009–10 , runner-up : 2010–11 Lens - Ligue 2 runner-up : 2013–14 Individual - Ligue 2 Manager of the Year : 2005–06 Orders . - Chevalier of the Légion dhonneur : 2015 External links . - Antoine Kombouaré profile at Paris Saint-Germain official website
|
[
"PSG"
] |
[
{
"text": " Antoine Krilone Kombouaré ( ) ( born 16 November 1963 ) is a French professional football manager and former player , who manages Ligue 1 side Nantes .",
"title": "Antoine Kombouaré"
},
{
"text": "Kombouaré began his career at local club WS Plum Nouméa in Nouméa in 1975 , before moving to Nantes in 1983 . He later joined Paris Saint-Germain in 1990 . At the Parisian club , he became famous for a winning header he scored in the dying seconds of a UEFA Cup quarter-final match against Real Madrid during the 1992–93 season . The header qualified PSG for the next round with a 4–1 scoreline . Kombouaré had already scored a decisive goal in similar circumstances against Anderlecht in the previous round . His habit of netting tie-deciding headers earned him",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "the name of Casque dOr , which means Golden Helmet in French . In 1994–95 , during a UEFA Champions League quarter-final against Johan Cruyffs Barcelona dream team , Kombouaré captained PSG to a resounding and unexpected 2–1 win which qualified the French side for the semi-final , which they lost to A.C . Milan .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "In all , Kombouaré spent five seasons in Paris , winning the Coupe de France in 1993 and 1995 and the Coupe de la Ligue in 1995 . Kombouaré scored a penalty in the 1993 Coupe de France Final . He also played nine games in the title-winning side of 1993–94 under Artur Jorge . From 1992–93 , he found his first-team appearances restricted by the presence of fellow defenders Alain Roche , Paul Le Guen and Ricardo . Kombouaré became a cult hero among PSG fans for his habit of scoring last-minute winning goals and his presence and composure",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "in big games .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " Kombouaré signed for Swiss side Sion in 1995 for an undisclosed fee , then joined Aberdeen a year later for £300,000 ; he was signed by manager Roy Aitken to add experience to the shaky Aberdeen defence . He made 50 appearances for Aberdeen and scored three goals . He left Aberdeen in May 1998 .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " In 2003 , Kombouaré was already being tipped to coach PSG , the club where he made his name as a player , and had spent four years coaching the reserves team with positive results . However , the arrival of Vahid Halilhodžić at the helm forced him to change his plans . He therefore joined Strasbourg where he achieved an impressive 13th spot in the league , playing some good football along the way . However , a poor start to the 2004–05 season prompted him to leave the Alsace-based club .",
"title": "Strasbourg"
},
{
"text": "In July 2005 , Kombouaré was appointed at Valenciennes , then playing in the second tier of French football . In his first season , he led them to promotion to the top flight , a level from which the club had been relegated in 1993 . In the three seasons that followed , Kombouaré helped the club to stabilize itself at the top level of French football . He improved the clubs position in every season : 14th in 2006–07 , 13th in 2007–08 and 12th in 2008–09 , establishing his credentials as a coach who could achieve impressive",
"title": "Valenciennes"
},
{
"text": "results on a tight budget .",
"title": "Valenciennes"
},
{
"text": "In May 2009 , Kombouarés former club PSG came calling back to him , offering him the position of manager . He accepted and signed a three-year contract , replacing Paul Le Guen , with whom he had played at Nantes and PSG . In 2009–10 , the Parisian club , in spite of its new signings such as Mevlüt Erdinç and Grégory Coupet , performed poorly in the league and finished in mid-table . Kombouaré made up for this by leading the club to success in the Coupe de France , where they beat Monaco in the final .",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": "In 2010–11 , he again led the club to the Coupe de France Final , which they lost to French champions Lille . In the Coupe de la Ligue , PSG looked set for a final showdown with fierce rivals Marseille , but were stunned by Montpellier in the semi-final . The side performed much better in the league , finishing fourth in spite of a limited playing squad . The Parisians almost achieved qualification to the Champions League , but were let down by tiredness and an inability to perform when it mattered most . However , the attacking",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": "brand of football played under Kombouarés guidance brought acclaim from both fans and writers for the capital club , with many people agreeing that PSG were playing their best football since Luis Fernándezs first spell as coach between 1994 and 1996 .",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": " During the 2011–12 season , PSG crashed out of the Coupe de la Ligue and the Europa League during the first half of the season , and on 29 December 2011 – with his club top of the Ligue 1 table – Kombouaré was sacked by PSG sporting director Leonardo and replaced by Carlo Ancelotti , putting an end to much speculation about his position at the club . Despite holding top spot in Ligue 1 when he was sacked , the club ultimately finished as runners-up to champions Montpellier .",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": " On 27 June 2012 , it was confirmed that Kombouaré was appointed head coach of Saudi Arabian side Al-Hilal on a one-year deal with an option for a second , but he was sacked on 31 January 2013 .",
"title": "Al-Hilal"
},
{
"text": " On 18 June 2013 , Kombouaré became manager of Lens , earning his team a promotion in his first season at the club after it finished in second place in Ligue 2 .",
"title": "Lens"
},
{
"text": " On 30 May 2016 , Kombouaré became manager of Ligue 1 side Guingamp . They finished the season in mid-table . On 6 November 2018 , he was sacked due to poor results .",
"title": "Guingamp"
},
{
"text": " On 10 January 2019 , Kombouaré became manager of Dijon , replacing Olivier DallOglio . After winning the relegation play-off to keep Dijon in Ligue 1 , he parted ways with the club on 9 June 2019 , with Stéphane Jobard taking over as manager on 20 June .",
"title": "Dijon"
},
{
"text": " On 14 October 2019 , Kombouaré was appointed as manager of Toulouse FC . On 6 January 2020 , Toulouse terminated Kombouaré as manager following the clubs humiliating 1–0 loss to Championnat National 2 side Saint-Pryvé in the Coupe de France . Under Kombouaré the club had lost ten matches in a row leading him to be dismissed and replaced by Denis Zanko .",
"title": "Toulouse"
},
{
"text": " On 11 February 2021 , Kombouaré signed with Ligue 1 side Nantes . After finishing 18th , Kombouaré led Nantes to win the relegation / promotion playoff against Toulouse and remain in Ligue 1 for the 2021/22 season .",
"title": "Nantes"
},
{
"text": " - Division 1 : 1993–94 , runner-up : 1992–93 - Coupe de France : 1992–93 , 1994–95 - Coupe de la Ligue : 1994–95",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": " - Antoine Kombouaré profile at Paris Saint-Germain official website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Antoine_Kombouaré#P6087#1
|
Which team was coached by Antoine Kombouaré between Jun 2009 and Dec 2009?
|
Antoine Kombouaré Antoine Krilone Kombouaré ( ) ( born 16 November 1963 ) is a French professional football manager and former player , who manages Ligue 1 side Nantes . Playing career . Kombouaré began his career at local club WS Plum Nouméa in Nouméa in 1975 , before moving to Nantes in 1983 . He later joined Paris Saint-Germain in 1990 . At the Parisian club , he became famous for a winning header he scored in the dying seconds of a UEFA Cup quarter-final match against Real Madrid during the 1992–93 season . The header qualified PSG for the next round with a 4–1 scoreline . Kombouaré had already scored a decisive goal in similar circumstances against Anderlecht in the previous round . His habit of netting tie-deciding headers earned him the name of Casque dOr , which means Golden Helmet in French . In 1994–95 , during a UEFA Champions League quarter-final against Johan Cruyffs Barcelona dream team , Kombouaré captained PSG to a resounding and unexpected 2–1 win which qualified the French side for the semi-final , which they lost to A.C . Milan . In all , Kombouaré spent five seasons in Paris , winning the Coupe de France in 1993 and 1995 and the Coupe de la Ligue in 1995 . Kombouaré scored a penalty in the 1993 Coupe de France Final . He also played nine games in the title-winning side of 1993–94 under Artur Jorge . From 1992–93 , he found his first-team appearances restricted by the presence of fellow defenders Alain Roche , Paul Le Guen and Ricardo . Kombouaré became a cult hero among PSG fans for his habit of scoring last-minute winning goals and his presence and composure in big games . Kombouaré signed for Swiss side Sion in 1995 for an undisclosed fee , then joined Aberdeen a year later for £300,000 ; he was signed by manager Roy Aitken to add experience to the shaky Aberdeen defence . He made 50 appearances for Aberdeen and scored three goals . He left Aberdeen in May 1998 . Managerial career . Strasbourg . In 2003 , Kombouaré was already being tipped to coach PSG , the club where he made his name as a player , and had spent four years coaching the reserves team with positive results . However , the arrival of Vahid Halilhodžić at the helm forced him to change his plans . He therefore joined Strasbourg where he achieved an impressive 13th spot in the league , playing some good football along the way . However , a poor start to the 2004–05 season prompted him to leave the Alsace-based club . Valenciennes . In July 2005 , Kombouaré was appointed at Valenciennes , then playing in the second tier of French football . In his first season , he led them to promotion to the top flight , a level from which the club had been relegated in 1993 . In the three seasons that followed , Kombouaré helped the club to stabilize itself at the top level of French football . He improved the clubs position in every season : 14th in 2006–07 , 13th in 2007–08 and 12th in 2008–09 , establishing his credentials as a coach who could achieve impressive results on a tight budget . Paris Saint-Germain . In May 2009 , Kombouarés former club PSG came calling back to him , offering him the position of manager . He accepted and signed a three-year contract , replacing Paul Le Guen , with whom he had played at Nantes and PSG . In 2009–10 , the Parisian club , in spite of its new signings such as Mevlüt Erdinç and Grégory Coupet , performed poorly in the league and finished in mid-table . Kombouaré made up for this by leading the club to success in the Coupe de France , where they beat Monaco in the final . In 2010–11 , he again led the club to the Coupe de France Final , which they lost to French champions Lille . In the Coupe de la Ligue , PSG looked set for a final showdown with fierce rivals Marseille , but were stunned by Montpellier in the semi-final . The side performed much better in the league , finishing fourth in spite of a limited playing squad . The Parisians almost achieved qualification to the Champions League , but were let down by tiredness and an inability to perform when it mattered most . However , the attacking brand of football played under Kombouarés guidance brought acclaim from both fans and writers for the capital club , with many people agreeing that PSG were playing their best football since Luis Fernándezs first spell as coach between 1994 and 1996 . During the 2011–12 season , PSG crashed out of the Coupe de la Ligue and the Europa League during the first half of the season , and on 29 December 2011 – with his club top of the Ligue 1 table – Kombouaré was sacked by PSG sporting director Leonardo and replaced by Carlo Ancelotti , putting an end to much speculation about his position at the club . Despite holding top spot in Ligue 1 when he was sacked , the club ultimately finished as runners-up to champions Montpellier . Al-Hilal . On 27 June 2012 , it was confirmed that Kombouaré was appointed head coach of Saudi Arabian side Al-Hilal on a one-year deal with an option for a second , but he was sacked on 31 January 2013 . Lens . On 18 June 2013 , Kombouaré became manager of Lens , earning his team a promotion in his first season at the club after it finished in second place in Ligue 2 . Guingamp . On 30 May 2016 , Kombouaré became manager of Ligue 1 side Guingamp . They finished the season in mid-table . On 6 November 2018 , he was sacked due to poor results . Dijon . On 10 January 2019 , Kombouaré became manager of Dijon , replacing Olivier DallOglio . After winning the relegation play-off to keep Dijon in Ligue 1 , he parted ways with the club on 9 June 2019 , with Stéphane Jobard taking over as manager on 20 June . Toulouse . On 14 October 2019 , Kombouaré was appointed as manager of Toulouse FC . On 6 January 2020 , Toulouse terminated Kombouaré as manager following the clubs humiliating 1–0 loss to Championnat National 2 side Saint-Pryvé in the Coupe de France . Under Kombouaré the club had lost ten matches in a row leading him to be dismissed and replaced by Denis Zanko . Nantes . On 11 February 2021 , Kombouaré signed with Ligue 1 side Nantes . After finishing 18th , Kombouaré led Nantes to win the relegation / promotion playoff against Toulouse and remain in Ligue 1 for the 2021/22 season . Honours . Player . Paris Saint-Germain - Division 1 : 1993–94 , runner-up : 1992–93 - Coupe de France : 1992–93 , 1994–95 - Coupe de la Ligue : 1994–95 Sion - Swiss Cup : 1995–96 Manager . Valenciennes - Ligue 2 : 2005–06 Paris Saint-Germain - Coupe de France : 2009–10 , runner-up : 2010–11 Lens - Ligue 2 runner-up : 2013–14 Individual - Ligue 2 Manager of the Year : 2005–06 Orders . - Chevalier of the Légion dhonneur : 2015 External links . - Antoine Kombouaré profile at Paris Saint-Germain official website
|
[
"Paris Saint-Germain"
] |
[
{
"text": " Antoine Krilone Kombouaré ( ) ( born 16 November 1963 ) is a French professional football manager and former player , who manages Ligue 1 side Nantes .",
"title": "Antoine Kombouaré"
},
{
"text": "Kombouaré began his career at local club WS Plum Nouméa in Nouméa in 1975 , before moving to Nantes in 1983 . He later joined Paris Saint-Germain in 1990 . At the Parisian club , he became famous for a winning header he scored in the dying seconds of a UEFA Cup quarter-final match against Real Madrid during the 1992–93 season . The header qualified PSG for the next round with a 4–1 scoreline . Kombouaré had already scored a decisive goal in similar circumstances against Anderlecht in the previous round . His habit of netting tie-deciding headers earned him",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "the name of Casque dOr , which means Golden Helmet in French . In 1994–95 , during a UEFA Champions League quarter-final against Johan Cruyffs Barcelona dream team , Kombouaré captained PSG to a resounding and unexpected 2–1 win which qualified the French side for the semi-final , which they lost to A.C . Milan .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "In all , Kombouaré spent five seasons in Paris , winning the Coupe de France in 1993 and 1995 and the Coupe de la Ligue in 1995 . Kombouaré scored a penalty in the 1993 Coupe de France Final . He also played nine games in the title-winning side of 1993–94 under Artur Jorge . From 1992–93 , he found his first-team appearances restricted by the presence of fellow defenders Alain Roche , Paul Le Guen and Ricardo . Kombouaré became a cult hero among PSG fans for his habit of scoring last-minute winning goals and his presence and composure",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "in big games .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " Kombouaré signed for Swiss side Sion in 1995 for an undisclosed fee , then joined Aberdeen a year later for £300,000 ; he was signed by manager Roy Aitken to add experience to the shaky Aberdeen defence . He made 50 appearances for Aberdeen and scored three goals . He left Aberdeen in May 1998 .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " In 2003 , Kombouaré was already being tipped to coach PSG , the club where he made his name as a player , and had spent four years coaching the reserves team with positive results . However , the arrival of Vahid Halilhodžić at the helm forced him to change his plans . He therefore joined Strasbourg where he achieved an impressive 13th spot in the league , playing some good football along the way . However , a poor start to the 2004–05 season prompted him to leave the Alsace-based club .",
"title": "Strasbourg"
},
{
"text": "In July 2005 , Kombouaré was appointed at Valenciennes , then playing in the second tier of French football . In his first season , he led them to promotion to the top flight , a level from which the club had been relegated in 1993 . In the three seasons that followed , Kombouaré helped the club to stabilize itself at the top level of French football . He improved the clubs position in every season : 14th in 2006–07 , 13th in 2007–08 and 12th in 2008–09 , establishing his credentials as a coach who could achieve impressive",
"title": "Valenciennes"
},
{
"text": "results on a tight budget .",
"title": "Valenciennes"
},
{
"text": "In May 2009 , Kombouarés former club PSG came calling back to him , offering him the position of manager . He accepted and signed a three-year contract , replacing Paul Le Guen , with whom he had played at Nantes and PSG . In 2009–10 , the Parisian club , in spite of its new signings such as Mevlüt Erdinç and Grégory Coupet , performed poorly in the league and finished in mid-table . Kombouaré made up for this by leading the club to success in the Coupe de France , where they beat Monaco in the final .",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": "In 2010–11 , he again led the club to the Coupe de France Final , which they lost to French champions Lille . In the Coupe de la Ligue , PSG looked set for a final showdown with fierce rivals Marseille , but were stunned by Montpellier in the semi-final . The side performed much better in the league , finishing fourth in spite of a limited playing squad . The Parisians almost achieved qualification to the Champions League , but were let down by tiredness and an inability to perform when it mattered most . However , the attacking",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": "brand of football played under Kombouarés guidance brought acclaim from both fans and writers for the capital club , with many people agreeing that PSG were playing their best football since Luis Fernándezs first spell as coach between 1994 and 1996 .",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": " During the 2011–12 season , PSG crashed out of the Coupe de la Ligue and the Europa League during the first half of the season , and on 29 December 2011 – with his club top of the Ligue 1 table – Kombouaré was sacked by PSG sporting director Leonardo and replaced by Carlo Ancelotti , putting an end to much speculation about his position at the club . Despite holding top spot in Ligue 1 when he was sacked , the club ultimately finished as runners-up to champions Montpellier .",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": " On 27 June 2012 , it was confirmed that Kombouaré was appointed head coach of Saudi Arabian side Al-Hilal on a one-year deal with an option for a second , but he was sacked on 31 January 2013 .",
"title": "Al-Hilal"
},
{
"text": " On 18 June 2013 , Kombouaré became manager of Lens , earning his team a promotion in his first season at the club after it finished in second place in Ligue 2 .",
"title": "Lens"
},
{
"text": " On 30 May 2016 , Kombouaré became manager of Ligue 1 side Guingamp . They finished the season in mid-table . On 6 November 2018 , he was sacked due to poor results .",
"title": "Guingamp"
},
{
"text": " On 10 January 2019 , Kombouaré became manager of Dijon , replacing Olivier DallOglio . After winning the relegation play-off to keep Dijon in Ligue 1 , he parted ways with the club on 9 June 2019 , with Stéphane Jobard taking over as manager on 20 June .",
"title": "Dijon"
},
{
"text": " On 14 October 2019 , Kombouaré was appointed as manager of Toulouse FC . On 6 January 2020 , Toulouse terminated Kombouaré as manager following the clubs humiliating 1–0 loss to Championnat National 2 side Saint-Pryvé in the Coupe de France . Under Kombouaré the club had lost ten matches in a row leading him to be dismissed and replaced by Denis Zanko .",
"title": "Toulouse"
},
{
"text": " On 11 February 2021 , Kombouaré signed with Ligue 1 side Nantes . After finishing 18th , Kombouaré led Nantes to win the relegation / promotion playoff against Toulouse and remain in Ligue 1 for the 2021/22 season .",
"title": "Nantes"
},
{
"text": " - Division 1 : 1993–94 , runner-up : 1992–93 - Coupe de France : 1992–93 , 1994–95 - Coupe de la Ligue : 1994–95",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": " - Antoine Kombouaré profile at Paris Saint-Germain official website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Antoine_Kombouaré#P6087#2
|
Which team was coached by Antoine Kombouaré in Jul 2020?
|
Antoine Kombouaré Antoine Krilone Kombouaré ( ) ( born 16 November 1963 ) is a French professional football manager and former player , who manages Ligue 1 side Nantes . Playing career . Kombouaré began his career at local club WS Plum Nouméa in Nouméa in 1975 , before moving to Nantes in 1983 . He later joined Paris Saint-Germain in 1990 . At the Parisian club , he became famous for a winning header he scored in the dying seconds of a UEFA Cup quarter-final match against Real Madrid during the 1992–93 season . The header qualified PSG for the next round with a 4–1 scoreline . Kombouaré had already scored a decisive goal in similar circumstances against Anderlecht in the previous round . His habit of netting tie-deciding headers earned him the name of Casque dOr , which means Golden Helmet in French . In 1994–95 , during a UEFA Champions League quarter-final against Johan Cruyffs Barcelona dream team , Kombouaré captained PSG to a resounding and unexpected 2–1 win which qualified the French side for the semi-final , which they lost to A.C . Milan . In all , Kombouaré spent five seasons in Paris , winning the Coupe de France in 1993 and 1995 and the Coupe de la Ligue in 1995 . Kombouaré scored a penalty in the 1993 Coupe de France Final . He also played nine games in the title-winning side of 1993–94 under Artur Jorge . From 1992–93 , he found his first-team appearances restricted by the presence of fellow defenders Alain Roche , Paul Le Guen and Ricardo . Kombouaré became a cult hero among PSG fans for his habit of scoring last-minute winning goals and his presence and composure in big games . Kombouaré signed for Swiss side Sion in 1995 for an undisclosed fee , then joined Aberdeen a year later for £300,000 ; he was signed by manager Roy Aitken to add experience to the shaky Aberdeen defence . He made 50 appearances for Aberdeen and scored three goals . He left Aberdeen in May 1998 . Managerial career . Strasbourg . In 2003 , Kombouaré was already being tipped to coach PSG , the club where he made his name as a player , and had spent four years coaching the reserves team with positive results . However , the arrival of Vahid Halilhodžić at the helm forced him to change his plans . He therefore joined Strasbourg where he achieved an impressive 13th spot in the league , playing some good football along the way . However , a poor start to the 2004–05 season prompted him to leave the Alsace-based club . Valenciennes . In July 2005 , Kombouaré was appointed at Valenciennes , then playing in the second tier of French football . In his first season , he led them to promotion to the top flight , a level from which the club had been relegated in 1993 . In the three seasons that followed , Kombouaré helped the club to stabilize itself at the top level of French football . He improved the clubs position in every season : 14th in 2006–07 , 13th in 2007–08 and 12th in 2008–09 , establishing his credentials as a coach who could achieve impressive results on a tight budget . Paris Saint-Germain . In May 2009 , Kombouarés former club PSG came calling back to him , offering him the position of manager . He accepted and signed a three-year contract , replacing Paul Le Guen , with whom he had played at Nantes and PSG . In 2009–10 , the Parisian club , in spite of its new signings such as Mevlüt Erdinç and Grégory Coupet , performed poorly in the league and finished in mid-table . Kombouaré made up for this by leading the club to success in the Coupe de France , where they beat Monaco in the final . In 2010–11 , he again led the club to the Coupe de France Final , which they lost to French champions Lille . In the Coupe de la Ligue , PSG looked set for a final showdown with fierce rivals Marseille , but were stunned by Montpellier in the semi-final . The side performed much better in the league , finishing fourth in spite of a limited playing squad . The Parisians almost achieved qualification to the Champions League , but were let down by tiredness and an inability to perform when it mattered most . However , the attacking brand of football played under Kombouarés guidance brought acclaim from both fans and writers for the capital club , with many people agreeing that PSG were playing their best football since Luis Fernándezs first spell as coach between 1994 and 1996 . During the 2011–12 season , PSG crashed out of the Coupe de la Ligue and the Europa League during the first half of the season , and on 29 December 2011 – with his club top of the Ligue 1 table – Kombouaré was sacked by PSG sporting director Leonardo and replaced by Carlo Ancelotti , putting an end to much speculation about his position at the club . Despite holding top spot in Ligue 1 when he was sacked , the club ultimately finished as runners-up to champions Montpellier . Al-Hilal . On 27 June 2012 , it was confirmed that Kombouaré was appointed head coach of Saudi Arabian side Al-Hilal on a one-year deal with an option for a second , but he was sacked on 31 January 2013 . Lens . On 18 June 2013 , Kombouaré became manager of Lens , earning his team a promotion in his first season at the club after it finished in second place in Ligue 2 . Guingamp . On 30 May 2016 , Kombouaré became manager of Ligue 1 side Guingamp . They finished the season in mid-table . On 6 November 2018 , he was sacked due to poor results . Dijon . On 10 January 2019 , Kombouaré became manager of Dijon , replacing Olivier DallOglio . After winning the relegation play-off to keep Dijon in Ligue 1 , he parted ways with the club on 9 June 2019 , with Stéphane Jobard taking over as manager on 20 June . Toulouse . On 14 October 2019 , Kombouaré was appointed as manager of Toulouse FC . On 6 January 2020 , Toulouse terminated Kombouaré as manager following the clubs humiliating 1–0 loss to Championnat National 2 side Saint-Pryvé in the Coupe de France . Under Kombouaré the club had lost ten matches in a row leading him to be dismissed and replaced by Denis Zanko . Nantes . On 11 February 2021 , Kombouaré signed with Ligue 1 side Nantes . After finishing 18th , Kombouaré led Nantes to win the relegation / promotion playoff against Toulouse and remain in Ligue 1 for the 2021/22 season . Honours . Player . Paris Saint-Germain - Division 1 : 1993–94 , runner-up : 1992–93 - Coupe de France : 1992–93 , 1994–95 - Coupe de la Ligue : 1994–95 Sion - Swiss Cup : 1995–96 Manager . Valenciennes - Ligue 2 : 2005–06 Paris Saint-Germain - Coupe de France : 2009–10 , runner-up : 2010–11 Lens - Ligue 2 runner-up : 2013–14 Individual - Ligue 2 Manager of the Year : 2005–06 Orders . - Chevalier of the Légion dhonneur : 2015 External links . - Antoine Kombouaré profile at Paris Saint-Germain official website
|
[
"Toulouse FC"
] |
[
{
"text": " Antoine Krilone Kombouaré ( ) ( born 16 November 1963 ) is a French professional football manager and former player , who manages Ligue 1 side Nantes .",
"title": "Antoine Kombouaré"
},
{
"text": "Kombouaré began his career at local club WS Plum Nouméa in Nouméa in 1975 , before moving to Nantes in 1983 . He later joined Paris Saint-Germain in 1990 . At the Parisian club , he became famous for a winning header he scored in the dying seconds of a UEFA Cup quarter-final match against Real Madrid during the 1992–93 season . The header qualified PSG for the next round with a 4–1 scoreline . Kombouaré had already scored a decisive goal in similar circumstances against Anderlecht in the previous round . His habit of netting tie-deciding headers earned him",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "the name of Casque dOr , which means Golden Helmet in French . In 1994–95 , during a UEFA Champions League quarter-final against Johan Cruyffs Barcelona dream team , Kombouaré captained PSG to a resounding and unexpected 2–1 win which qualified the French side for the semi-final , which they lost to A.C . Milan .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "In all , Kombouaré spent five seasons in Paris , winning the Coupe de France in 1993 and 1995 and the Coupe de la Ligue in 1995 . Kombouaré scored a penalty in the 1993 Coupe de France Final . He also played nine games in the title-winning side of 1993–94 under Artur Jorge . From 1992–93 , he found his first-team appearances restricted by the presence of fellow defenders Alain Roche , Paul Le Guen and Ricardo . Kombouaré became a cult hero among PSG fans for his habit of scoring last-minute winning goals and his presence and composure",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "in big games .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " Kombouaré signed for Swiss side Sion in 1995 for an undisclosed fee , then joined Aberdeen a year later for £300,000 ; he was signed by manager Roy Aitken to add experience to the shaky Aberdeen defence . He made 50 appearances for Aberdeen and scored three goals . He left Aberdeen in May 1998 .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " In 2003 , Kombouaré was already being tipped to coach PSG , the club where he made his name as a player , and had spent four years coaching the reserves team with positive results . However , the arrival of Vahid Halilhodžić at the helm forced him to change his plans . He therefore joined Strasbourg where he achieved an impressive 13th spot in the league , playing some good football along the way . However , a poor start to the 2004–05 season prompted him to leave the Alsace-based club .",
"title": "Strasbourg"
},
{
"text": "In July 2005 , Kombouaré was appointed at Valenciennes , then playing in the second tier of French football . In his first season , he led them to promotion to the top flight , a level from which the club had been relegated in 1993 . In the three seasons that followed , Kombouaré helped the club to stabilize itself at the top level of French football . He improved the clubs position in every season : 14th in 2006–07 , 13th in 2007–08 and 12th in 2008–09 , establishing his credentials as a coach who could achieve impressive",
"title": "Valenciennes"
},
{
"text": "results on a tight budget .",
"title": "Valenciennes"
},
{
"text": "In May 2009 , Kombouarés former club PSG came calling back to him , offering him the position of manager . He accepted and signed a three-year contract , replacing Paul Le Guen , with whom he had played at Nantes and PSG . In 2009–10 , the Parisian club , in spite of its new signings such as Mevlüt Erdinç and Grégory Coupet , performed poorly in the league and finished in mid-table . Kombouaré made up for this by leading the club to success in the Coupe de France , where they beat Monaco in the final .",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": "In 2010–11 , he again led the club to the Coupe de France Final , which they lost to French champions Lille . In the Coupe de la Ligue , PSG looked set for a final showdown with fierce rivals Marseille , but were stunned by Montpellier in the semi-final . The side performed much better in the league , finishing fourth in spite of a limited playing squad . The Parisians almost achieved qualification to the Champions League , but were let down by tiredness and an inability to perform when it mattered most . However , the attacking",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": "brand of football played under Kombouarés guidance brought acclaim from both fans and writers for the capital club , with many people agreeing that PSG were playing their best football since Luis Fernándezs first spell as coach between 1994 and 1996 .",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": " During the 2011–12 season , PSG crashed out of the Coupe de la Ligue and the Europa League during the first half of the season , and on 29 December 2011 – with his club top of the Ligue 1 table – Kombouaré was sacked by PSG sporting director Leonardo and replaced by Carlo Ancelotti , putting an end to much speculation about his position at the club . Despite holding top spot in Ligue 1 when he was sacked , the club ultimately finished as runners-up to champions Montpellier .",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": " On 27 June 2012 , it was confirmed that Kombouaré was appointed head coach of Saudi Arabian side Al-Hilal on a one-year deal with an option for a second , but he was sacked on 31 January 2013 .",
"title": "Al-Hilal"
},
{
"text": " On 18 June 2013 , Kombouaré became manager of Lens , earning his team a promotion in his first season at the club after it finished in second place in Ligue 2 .",
"title": "Lens"
},
{
"text": " On 30 May 2016 , Kombouaré became manager of Ligue 1 side Guingamp . They finished the season in mid-table . On 6 November 2018 , he was sacked due to poor results .",
"title": "Guingamp"
},
{
"text": " On 10 January 2019 , Kombouaré became manager of Dijon , replacing Olivier DallOglio . After winning the relegation play-off to keep Dijon in Ligue 1 , he parted ways with the club on 9 June 2019 , with Stéphane Jobard taking over as manager on 20 June .",
"title": "Dijon"
},
{
"text": " On 14 October 2019 , Kombouaré was appointed as manager of Toulouse FC . On 6 January 2020 , Toulouse terminated Kombouaré as manager following the clubs humiliating 1–0 loss to Championnat National 2 side Saint-Pryvé in the Coupe de France . Under Kombouaré the club had lost ten matches in a row leading him to be dismissed and replaced by Denis Zanko .",
"title": "Toulouse"
},
{
"text": " On 11 February 2021 , Kombouaré signed with Ligue 1 side Nantes . After finishing 18th , Kombouaré led Nantes to win the relegation / promotion playoff against Toulouse and remain in Ligue 1 for the 2021/22 season .",
"title": "Nantes"
},
{
"text": " - Division 1 : 1993–94 , runner-up : 1992–93 - Coupe de France : 1992–93 , 1994–95 - Coupe de la Ligue : 1994–95",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": " - Antoine Kombouaré profile at Paris Saint-Germain official website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/RJR_Nabisco#P159#0
|
Where was the headquarter of RJR Nabisco located before Oct 1986?
|
RJR Nabisco RJR Nabisco , Inc. , was an American conglomerate , selling tobacco and food products , headquartered in the Calyon Building in Midtown Manhattan , New York City . RJR Nabisco stopped operating as a single entity in 1999 ; however , both RJR ( as R . J . Reynolds Tobacco Company ) and Nabisco ( now part of Mondelēz International ) still exist . History . RJR Nabisco was formed in 1985 by the merger of Nabisco Brands and R.J . Reynolds Tobacco Company . In 1988 RJR Nabisco was purchased by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co . in what was at the time the largest leveraged buyout in history . In 1999 , due to concerns about tobacco lawsuit liabilities , the tobacco business was spun off into a separate company , and RJR Nabisco was renamed Nabisco Holdings Corporation . Nabisco is currently owned by Mondelēz International Inc . RJR Nabisco Holdings Corp . ( NYSE : NGH ) was the parent company of RJR Nabisco , Inc . After the food and tobacco businesses separated in June 1999 , Nabisco Group Holdings Corp . owned 80% of RJR Nabisco Holdings Corp. , which was the parent company of Nabisco , Inc . Formation . R . J . Reynolds Tobacco Company was founded in Winston-Salem , North Carolina , in 1875 and changed its name to R . J . Reynolds Industries , Inc . in 1970 . It became RJR Nabisco on April 25 , 1986 after the companys $4.9 billion purchase , and earlier 1.9 billion stock swap , of Nabisco Brands Inc . in 1985 . Headquarters move . In August 1986 , the RJR Nabisco board announced that F . Ross Johnson would replace J . Tylee Wilson as head of the company effective January 1 , 1987 . Soon after that , Johnson , believing bucolic Winston-Salem did not have the right image for a world-class company , began looking at other possible headquarters cities . After ruling out New York City and Dallas , the company decided on Atlanta because it was nouveau riche and overbuilt . On January 15 , 1987 , the RJR Nabisco board approved a headquarters move from Winston-Salem to Cobb County , Georgia , north of Atlanta , where the company had rented space . The move would affect 250 to 300 employees , while Winston-Salem would still have 14,000 people working for the company . RJR Nabisco donated the 519,000-square-foot World Headquarters Building to Wake Forest University but continued to use it until the September 1987 move . Later , RJR Nabiscos Planters-Life Savers Division moved to the former headquarters building . The leveraged buyout . The RJR Nabisco leveraged buyout was , at the time , widely considered to be the preeminent example of corporate and executive greed . Bryan Burrough and John Helyar published , a successful book about the events which was later turned into a television movie for HBO . Ross Johnson was the President and CEO of RJR Nabisco at the time of the leveraged buyout and Henry Kravis was the managing partner at Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co . The leveraged buyout was in the amount of $25 billion , and the battle for control took place between October and November 1988 . Although KKR eventually took control of RJR Nabisco , RJR management and Shearson Lehman Hutton had originally announced that they would take RJR Nabisco private at $75 per share . A fierce series of negotiations and proposals ensued which involved nearly all of the major private equity players of the day , including Morgan Stanley , Goldman Sachs , Salomon Brothers , First Boston , Wasserstein Perella & Co. , Forstmann Little , Shearson Lehman Hutton , and Merrill Lynch . Once put in play by Shearson Lehman Hutton and RJR management , almost every major Wall Street firm involved in M&A launched frenzied , literal last-minute bids in a fog of incomplete or misleading information . KKR quickly introduced a tender offer to obtain RJR Nabisco for $90 per share—a price that enabled it to proceed without the approval of RJR Nabiscos management . RJRs management team , working with Shearson Lehman Hutton and Salomon Brothers , submitted a bid of $112 , a figure they felt certain would enable it to outflank any response by Kravis . KKRs final bid of $109 , while a lower dollar figure , was ultimately accepted by the board of directors . It was accepted because KKRs offer was guaranteed whereas managements lacked a reset , meaning that the final share price might have been lower than their professed $112 per share . Additionally , many in RJRs board of directors had grown concerned at recent disclosures of Johnsons unprecedented golden parachute deal . Time Magazine featured Johnson on the cover of its December 1988 issue along with the headline A Game of Greed : This man could pocket $100 million from the largest corporate takeover in history . Has the buyout craze gone too far? . KKRs offer was welcomed by the board , and , to some observers , it appeared that their elevation of the reset issue as a deal-breaker in KKRs favor was little more than an excuse to reject Johnsons higher payout of $112 per share . Johnson received compensation worth more than $60 million from the buyout , then left in February 1989 . In March 1989 , Louis V . Gerstner of American Express became the new head of RJR Nabisco . After the KKR buyout . On April 27 , 1989 , RJR Nabisco announced it would move its headquarters to the New York City area . As a result of the acquisition , RJR Nabisco divested the following divisions : - Nabiscos UK operations ( including Smiths and Walkers ) , Belin of France , and Saiwa of Italy were sold to BSN . Smiths and Walkers were swiftly resold to PepsiCo . - Chun King was sold to Yeo Hiap Seng . - Associated Biscuits International ( consisting of 38% of Indias Britannia and 40% of Pakistans English Biscuit Manufacturers ) to Britannia Industries . - Fresh Del Monte Produce was sold to Polly Peck . - Del Monte Foods was sold to Merrill Lynch , Citicorp Venture Capital , and Kikkoman . Del Montes Asia operations ( outside the Philippines ) were separately sold to Kikkoman . - The companys 20% stake in ESPN Inc . was sold to Hearst Communications . Another major consequence of the buyout was that according to United States Department of Labor , in its report American Workplace , over 2,000 workers subsequently lost their jobs , which 72% eventually replaced , but earning less than half of their previous incomes , suggesting that it took most of those who lost their jobs an average of 5.6 months to find new employment . On March 21 , 1991 , RJR Nabisco Holdings Corp . became a publicly traded stock . In March 1999 , RJR Nabisco announced the sale of the international division of R . J . Reynolds Tobacco , and in June of that year , the company sold the remainder of R . J . Reynolds Tobacco to stockholders . The parent company became Nabisco Group Holdings and owned 80.5 percent of Nabisco Holdings . In 2000 , Philip Morris bought Nabisco Holdings . Soon after that , R . J . Reynolds Tobacco Holdings , Inc. , first traded in June 1999 , announced the acquisition of Nabisco Group Holdings . The deal was completed in December 2000 . Advertising controversy . In April 1988 , RJR Nabisco fired the Saatchi & Saatchi advertising agency after their Northwest Airlines ad introducing the airlines in-flight smoking ban . This was despite the agency only being contracted for Nabisco products , not any tobacco products . External links . - RJR Nabisco ( Archive )
|
[
"Winston-Salem , North Carolina"
] |
[
{
"text": " RJR Nabisco , Inc. , was an American conglomerate , selling tobacco and food products , headquartered in the Calyon Building in Midtown Manhattan , New York City . RJR Nabisco stopped operating as a single entity in 1999 ; however , both RJR ( as R . J . Reynolds Tobacco Company ) and Nabisco ( now part of Mondelēz International ) still exist .",
"title": "RJR Nabisco"
},
{
"text": " RJR Nabisco was formed in 1985 by the merger of Nabisco Brands and R.J . Reynolds Tobacco Company . In 1988 RJR Nabisco was purchased by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co . in what was at the time the largest leveraged buyout in history . In 1999 , due to concerns about tobacco lawsuit liabilities , the tobacco business was spun off into a separate company , and RJR Nabisco was renamed Nabisco Holdings Corporation . Nabisco is currently owned by Mondelēz International Inc .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "RJR Nabisco Holdings Corp . ( NYSE : NGH ) was the parent company of RJR Nabisco , Inc . After the food and tobacco businesses separated in June 1999 , Nabisco Group Holdings Corp . owned 80% of RJR Nabisco Holdings Corp. , which was the parent company of Nabisco , Inc .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " R . J . Reynolds Tobacco Company was founded in Winston-Salem , North Carolina , in 1875 and changed its name to R . J . Reynolds Industries , Inc . in 1970 . It became RJR Nabisco on April 25 , 1986 after the companys $4.9 billion purchase , and earlier 1.9 billion stock swap , of Nabisco Brands Inc . in 1985 .",
"title": "Formation"
},
{
"text": "In August 1986 , the RJR Nabisco board announced that F . Ross Johnson would replace J . Tylee Wilson as head of the company effective January 1 , 1987 . Soon after that , Johnson , believing bucolic Winston-Salem did not have the right image for a world-class company , began looking at other possible headquarters cities . After ruling out New York City and Dallas , the company decided on Atlanta because it was nouveau riche and overbuilt . On January 15 , 1987 , the RJR Nabisco board approved a headquarters move from Winston-Salem to Cobb County",
"title": "Headquarters move"
},
{
"text": ", Georgia , north of Atlanta , where the company had rented space . The move would affect 250 to 300 employees , while Winston-Salem would still have 14,000 people working for the company . RJR Nabisco donated the 519,000-square-foot World Headquarters Building to Wake Forest University but continued to use it until the September 1987 move . Later , RJR Nabiscos Planters-Life Savers Division moved to the former headquarters building .",
"title": "Headquarters move"
},
{
"text": " The RJR Nabisco leveraged buyout was , at the time , widely considered to be the preeminent example of corporate and executive greed . Bryan Burrough and John Helyar published , a successful book about the events which was later turned into a television movie for HBO .",
"title": "The leveraged buyout"
},
{
"text": "Ross Johnson was the President and CEO of RJR Nabisco at the time of the leveraged buyout and Henry Kravis was the managing partner at Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co . The leveraged buyout was in the amount of $25 billion , and the battle for control took place between October and November 1988 .",
"title": "The leveraged buyout"
},
{
"text": "Although KKR eventually took control of RJR Nabisco , RJR management and Shearson Lehman Hutton had originally announced that they would take RJR Nabisco private at $75 per share . A fierce series of negotiations and proposals ensued which involved nearly all of the major private equity players of the day , including Morgan Stanley , Goldman Sachs , Salomon Brothers , First Boston , Wasserstein Perella & Co. , Forstmann Little , Shearson Lehman Hutton , and Merrill Lynch . Once put in play by Shearson Lehman Hutton and RJR management , almost every major Wall Street firm involved",
"title": "The leveraged buyout"
},
{
"text": "in M&A launched frenzied , literal last-minute bids in a fog of incomplete or misleading information .",
"title": "The leveraged buyout"
},
{
"text": " KKR quickly introduced a tender offer to obtain RJR Nabisco for $90 per share—a price that enabled it to proceed without the approval of RJR Nabiscos management . RJRs management team , working with Shearson Lehman Hutton and Salomon Brothers , submitted a bid of $112 , a figure they felt certain would enable it to outflank any response by Kravis . KKRs final bid of $109 , while a lower dollar figure , was ultimately accepted by the board of directors .",
"title": "The leveraged buyout"
},
{
"text": "It was accepted because KKRs offer was guaranteed whereas managements lacked a reset , meaning that the final share price might have been lower than their professed $112 per share . Additionally , many in RJRs board of directors had grown concerned at recent disclosures of Johnsons unprecedented golden parachute deal . Time Magazine featured Johnson on the cover of its December 1988 issue along with the headline A Game of Greed : This man could pocket $100 million from the largest corporate takeover in history . Has the buyout craze gone too far? .",
"title": "The leveraged buyout"
},
{
"text": " KKRs offer was welcomed by the board , and , to some observers , it appeared that their elevation of the reset issue as a deal-breaker in KKRs favor was little more than an excuse to reject Johnsons higher payout of $112 per share . Johnson received compensation worth more than $60 million from the buyout , then left in February 1989 . In March 1989 , Louis V . Gerstner of American Express became the new head of RJR Nabisco . After the KKR buyout .",
"title": "The leveraged buyout"
},
{
"text": "On April 27 , 1989 , RJR Nabisco announced it would move its headquarters to the New York City area .",
"title": "The leveraged buyout"
},
{
"text": " As a result of the acquisition , RJR Nabisco divested the following divisions : - Nabiscos UK operations ( including Smiths and Walkers ) , Belin of France , and Saiwa of Italy were sold to BSN . Smiths and Walkers were swiftly resold to PepsiCo . - Chun King was sold to Yeo Hiap Seng . - Associated Biscuits International ( consisting of 38% of Indias Britannia and 40% of Pakistans English Biscuit Manufacturers ) to Britannia Industries . - Fresh Del Monte Produce was sold to Polly Peck .",
"title": "The leveraged buyout"
},
{
"text": "- Del Monte Foods was sold to Merrill Lynch , Citicorp Venture Capital , and Kikkoman . Del Montes Asia operations ( outside the Philippines ) were separately sold to Kikkoman .",
"title": "The leveraged buyout"
},
{
"text": " - The companys 20% stake in ESPN Inc . was sold to Hearst Communications . Another major consequence of the buyout was that according to United States Department of Labor , in its report American Workplace , over 2,000 workers subsequently lost their jobs , which 72% eventually replaced , but earning less than half of their previous incomes , suggesting that it took most of those who lost their jobs an average of 5.6 months to find new employment .",
"title": "The leveraged buyout"
},
{
"text": "On March 21 , 1991 , RJR Nabisco Holdings Corp . became a publicly traded stock . In March 1999 , RJR Nabisco announced the sale of the international division of R . J . Reynolds Tobacco , and in June of that year , the company sold the remainder of R . J . Reynolds Tobacco to stockholders . The parent company became Nabisco Group Holdings and owned 80.5 percent of Nabisco Holdings . In 2000 , Philip Morris bought Nabisco Holdings . Soon after that , R . J . Reynolds Tobacco Holdings , Inc. , first traded",
"title": "The leveraged buyout"
},
{
"text": "in June 1999 , announced the acquisition of Nabisco Group Holdings . The deal was completed in December 2000 .",
"title": "The leveraged buyout"
},
{
"text": " In April 1988 , RJR Nabisco fired the Saatchi & Saatchi advertising agency after their Northwest Airlines ad introducing the airlines in-flight smoking ban . This was despite the agency only being contracted for Nabisco products , not any tobacco products .",
"title": "Advertising controversy"
},
{
"text": " - RJR Nabisco ( Archive )",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/RJR_Nabisco#P159#1
|
Where was the headquarter of RJR Nabisco located between Jul 1987 and Feb 1988?
|
RJR Nabisco RJR Nabisco , Inc. , was an American conglomerate , selling tobacco and food products , headquartered in the Calyon Building in Midtown Manhattan , New York City . RJR Nabisco stopped operating as a single entity in 1999 ; however , both RJR ( as R . J . Reynolds Tobacco Company ) and Nabisco ( now part of Mondelēz International ) still exist . History . RJR Nabisco was formed in 1985 by the merger of Nabisco Brands and R.J . Reynolds Tobacco Company . In 1988 RJR Nabisco was purchased by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co . in what was at the time the largest leveraged buyout in history . In 1999 , due to concerns about tobacco lawsuit liabilities , the tobacco business was spun off into a separate company , and RJR Nabisco was renamed Nabisco Holdings Corporation . Nabisco is currently owned by Mondelēz International Inc . RJR Nabisco Holdings Corp . ( NYSE : NGH ) was the parent company of RJR Nabisco , Inc . After the food and tobacco businesses separated in June 1999 , Nabisco Group Holdings Corp . owned 80% of RJR Nabisco Holdings Corp. , which was the parent company of Nabisco , Inc . Formation . R . J . Reynolds Tobacco Company was founded in Winston-Salem , North Carolina , in 1875 and changed its name to R . J . Reynolds Industries , Inc . in 1970 . It became RJR Nabisco on April 25 , 1986 after the companys $4.9 billion purchase , and earlier 1.9 billion stock swap , of Nabisco Brands Inc . in 1985 . Headquarters move . In August 1986 , the RJR Nabisco board announced that F . Ross Johnson would replace J . Tylee Wilson as head of the company effective January 1 , 1987 . Soon after that , Johnson , believing bucolic Winston-Salem did not have the right image for a world-class company , began looking at other possible headquarters cities . After ruling out New York City and Dallas , the company decided on Atlanta because it was nouveau riche and overbuilt . On January 15 , 1987 , the RJR Nabisco board approved a headquarters move from Winston-Salem to Cobb County , Georgia , north of Atlanta , where the company had rented space . The move would affect 250 to 300 employees , while Winston-Salem would still have 14,000 people working for the company . RJR Nabisco donated the 519,000-square-foot World Headquarters Building to Wake Forest University but continued to use it until the September 1987 move . Later , RJR Nabiscos Planters-Life Savers Division moved to the former headquarters building . The leveraged buyout . The RJR Nabisco leveraged buyout was , at the time , widely considered to be the preeminent example of corporate and executive greed . Bryan Burrough and John Helyar published , a successful book about the events which was later turned into a television movie for HBO . Ross Johnson was the President and CEO of RJR Nabisco at the time of the leveraged buyout and Henry Kravis was the managing partner at Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co . The leveraged buyout was in the amount of $25 billion , and the battle for control took place between October and November 1988 . Although KKR eventually took control of RJR Nabisco , RJR management and Shearson Lehman Hutton had originally announced that they would take RJR Nabisco private at $75 per share . A fierce series of negotiations and proposals ensued which involved nearly all of the major private equity players of the day , including Morgan Stanley , Goldman Sachs , Salomon Brothers , First Boston , Wasserstein Perella & Co. , Forstmann Little , Shearson Lehman Hutton , and Merrill Lynch . Once put in play by Shearson Lehman Hutton and RJR management , almost every major Wall Street firm involved in M&A launched frenzied , literal last-minute bids in a fog of incomplete or misleading information . KKR quickly introduced a tender offer to obtain RJR Nabisco for $90 per share—a price that enabled it to proceed without the approval of RJR Nabiscos management . RJRs management team , working with Shearson Lehman Hutton and Salomon Brothers , submitted a bid of $112 , a figure they felt certain would enable it to outflank any response by Kravis . KKRs final bid of $109 , while a lower dollar figure , was ultimately accepted by the board of directors . It was accepted because KKRs offer was guaranteed whereas managements lacked a reset , meaning that the final share price might have been lower than their professed $112 per share . Additionally , many in RJRs board of directors had grown concerned at recent disclosures of Johnsons unprecedented golden parachute deal . Time Magazine featured Johnson on the cover of its December 1988 issue along with the headline A Game of Greed : This man could pocket $100 million from the largest corporate takeover in history . Has the buyout craze gone too far? . KKRs offer was welcomed by the board , and , to some observers , it appeared that their elevation of the reset issue as a deal-breaker in KKRs favor was little more than an excuse to reject Johnsons higher payout of $112 per share . Johnson received compensation worth more than $60 million from the buyout , then left in February 1989 . In March 1989 , Louis V . Gerstner of American Express became the new head of RJR Nabisco . After the KKR buyout . On April 27 , 1989 , RJR Nabisco announced it would move its headquarters to the New York City area . As a result of the acquisition , RJR Nabisco divested the following divisions : - Nabiscos UK operations ( including Smiths and Walkers ) , Belin of France , and Saiwa of Italy were sold to BSN . Smiths and Walkers were swiftly resold to PepsiCo . - Chun King was sold to Yeo Hiap Seng . - Associated Biscuits International ( consisting of 38% of Indias Britannia and 40% of Pakistans English Biscuit Manufacturers ) to Britannia Industries . - Fresh Del Monte Produce was sold to Polly Peck . - Del Monte Foods was sold to Merrill Lynch , Citicorp Venture Capital , and Kikkoman . Del Montes Asia operations ( outside the Philippines ) were separately sold to Kikkoman . - The companys 20% stake in ESPN Inc . was sold to Hearst Communications . Another major consequence of the buyout was that according to United States Department of Labor , in its report American Workplace , over 2,000 workers subsequently lost their jobs , which 72% eventually replaced , but earning less than half of their previous incomes , suggesting that it took most of those who lost their jobs an average of 5.6 months to find new employment . On March 21 , 1991 , RJR Nabisco Holdings Corp . became a publicly traded stock . In March 1999 , RJR Nabisco announced the sale of the international division of R . J . Reynolds Tobacco , and in June of that year , the company sold the remainder of R . J . Reynolds Tobacco to stockholders . The parent company became Nabisco Group Holdings and owned 80.5 percent of Nabisco Holdings . In 2000 , Philip Morris bought Nabisco Holdings . Soon after that , R . J . Reynolds Tobacco Holdings , Inc. , first traded in June 1999 , announced the acquisition of Nabisco Group Holdings . The deal was completed in December 2000 . Advertising controversy . In April 1988 , RJR Nabisco fired the Saatchi & Saatchi advertising agency after their Northwest Airlines ad introducing the airlines in-flight smoking ban . This was despite the agency only being contracted for Nabisco products , not any tobacco products . External links . - RJR Nabisco ( Archive )
|
[
"Cobb County , Georgia"
] |
[
{
"text": " RJR Nabisco , Inc. , was an American conglomerate , selling tobacco and food products , headquartered in the Calyon Building in Midtown Manhattan , New York City . RJR Nabisco stopped operating as a single entity in 1999 ; however , both RJR ( as R . J . Reynolds Tobacco Company ) and Nabisco ( now part of Mondelēz International ) still exist .",
"title": "RJR Nabisco"
},
{
"text": " RJR Nabisco was formed in 1985 by the merger of Nabisco Brands and R.J . Reynolds Tobacco Company . In 1988 RJR Nabisco was purchased by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co . in what was at the time the largest leveraged buyout in history . In 1999 , due to concerns about tobacco lawsuit liabilities , the tobacco business was spun off into a separate company , and RJR Nabisco was renamed Nabisco Holdings Corporation . Nabisco is currently owned by Mondelēz International Inc .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "RJR Nabisco Holdings Corp . ( NYSE : NGH ) was the parent company of RJR Nabisco , Inc . After the food and tobacco businesses separated in June 1999 , Nabisco Group Holdings Corp . owned 80% of RJR Nabisco Holdings Corp. , which was the parent company of Nabisco , Inc .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " R . J . Reynolds Tobacco Company was founded in Winston-Salem , North Carolina , in 1875 and changed its name to R . J . Reynolds Industries , Inc . in 1970 . It became RJR Nabisco on April 25 , 1986 after the companys $4.9 billion purchase , and earlier 1.9 billion stock swap , of Nabisco Brands Inc . in 1985 .",
"title": "Formation"
},
{
"text": "In August 1986 , the RJR Nabisco board announced that F . Ross Johnson would replace J . Tylee Wilson as head of the company effective January 1 , 1987 . Soon after that , Johnson , believing bucolic Winston-Salem did not have the right image for a world-class company , began looking at other possible headquarters cities . After ruling out New York City and Dallas , the company decided on Atlanta because it was nouveau riche and overbuilt . On January 15 , 1987 , the RJR Nabisco board approved a headquarters move from Winston-Salem to Cobb County",
"title": "Headquarters move"
},
{
"text": ", Georgia , north of Atlanta , where the company had rented space . The move would affect 250 to 300 employees , while Winston-Salem would still have 14,000 people working for the company . RJR Nabisco donated the 519,000-square-foot World Headquarters Building to Wake Forest University but continued to use it until the September 1987 move . Later , RJR Nabiscos Planters-Life Savers Division moved to the former headquarters building .",
"title": "Headquarters move"
},
{
"text": " The RJR Nabisco leveraged buyout was , at the time , widely considered to be the preeminent example of corporate and executive greed . Bryan Burrough and John Helyar published , a successful book about the events which was later turned into a television movie for HBO .",
"title": "The leveraged buyout"
},
{
"text": "Ross Johnson was the President and CEO of RJR Nabisco at the time of the leveraged buyout and Henry Kravis was the managing partner at Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co . The leveraged buyout was in the amount of $25 billion , and the battle for control took place between October and November 1988 .",
"title": "The leveraged buyout"
},
{
"text": "Although KKR eventually took control of RJR Nabisco , RJR management and Shearson Lehman Hutton had originally announced that they would take RJR Nabisco private at $75 per share . A fierce series of negotiations and proposals ensued which involved nearly all of the major private equity players of the day , including Morgan Stanley , Goldman Sachs , Salomon Brothers , First Boston , Wasserstein Perella & Co. , Forstmann Little , Shearson Lehman Hutton , and Merrill Lynch . Once put in play by Shearson Lehman Hutton and RJR management , almost every major Wall Street firm involved",
"title": "The leveraged buyout"
},
{
"text": "in M&A launched frenzied , literal last-minute bids in a fog of incomplete or misleading information .",
"title": "The leveraged buyout"
},
{
"text": " KKR quickly introduced a tender offer to obtain RJR Nabisco for $90 per share—a price that enabled it to proceed without the approval of RJR Nabiscos management . RJRs management team , working with Shearson Lehman Hutton and Salomon Brothers , submitted a bid of $112 , a figure they felt certain would enable it to outflank any response by Kravis . KKRs final bid of $109 , while a lower dollar figure , was ultimately accepted by the board of directors .",
"title": "The leveraged buyout"
},
{
"text": "It was accepted because KKRs offer was guaranteed whereas managements lacked a reset , meaning that the final share price might have been lower than their professed $112 per share . Additionally , many in RJRs board of directors had grown concerned at recent disclosures of Johnsons unprecedented golden parachute deal . Time Magazine featured Johnson on the cover of its December 1988 issue along with the headline A Game of Greed : This man could pocket $100 million from the largest corporate takeover in history . Has the buyout craze gone too far? .",
"title": "The leveraged buyout"
},
{
"text": " KKRs offer was welcomed by the board , and , to some observers , it appeared that their elevation of the reset issue as a deal-breaker in KKRs favor was little more than an excuse to reject Johnsons higher payout of $112 per share . Johnson received compensation worth more than $60 million from the buyout , then left in February 1989 . In March 1989 , Louis V . Gerstner of American Express became the new head of RJR Nabisco . After the KKR buyout .",
"title": "The leveraged buyout"
},
{
"text": "On April 27 , 1989 , RJR Nabisco announced it would move its headquarters to the New York City area .",
"title": "The leveraged buyout"
},
{
"text": " As a result of the acquisition , RJR Nabisco divested the following divisions : - Nabiscos UK operations ( including Smiths and Walkers ) , Belin of France , and Saiwa of Italy were sold to BSN . Smiths and Walkers were swiftly resold to PepsiCo . - Chun King was sold to Yeo Hiap Seng . - Associated Biscuits International ( consisting of 38% of Indias Britannia and 40% of Pakistans English Biscuit Manufacturers ) to Britannia Industries . - Fresh Del Monte Produce was sold to Polly Peck .",
"title": "The leveraged buyout"
},
{
"text": "- Del Monte Foods was sold to Merrill Lynch , Citicorp Venture Capital , and Kikkoman . Del Montes Asia operations ( outside the Philippines ) were separately sold to Kikkoman .",
"title": "The leveraged buyout"
},
{
"text": " - The companys 20% stake in ESPN Inc . was sold to Hearst Communications . Another major consequence of the buyout was that according to United States Department of Labor , in its report American Workplace , over 2,000 workers subsequently lost their jobs , which 72% eventually replaced , but earning less than half of their previous incomes , suggesting that it took most of those who lost their jobs an average of 5.6 months to find new employment .",
"title": "The leveraged buyout"
},
{
"text": "On March 21 , 1991 , RJR Nabisco Holdings Corp . became a publicly traded stock . In March 1999 , RJR Nabisco announced the sale of the international division of R . J . Reynolds Tobacco , and in June of that year , the company sold the remainder of R . J . Reynolds Tobacco to stockholders . The parent company became Nabisco Group Holdings and owned 80.5 percent of Nabisco Holdings . In 2000 , Philip Morris bought Nabisco Holdings . Soon after that , R . J . Reynolds Tobacco Holdings , Inc. , first traded",
"title": "The leveraged buyout"
},
{
"text": "in June 1999 , announced the acquisition of Nabisco Group Holdings . The deal was completed in December 2000 .",
"title": "The leveraged buyout"
},
{
"text": " In April 1988 , RJR Nabisco fired the Saatchi & Saatchi advertising agency after their Northwest Airlines ad introducing the airlines in-flight smoking ban . This was despite the agency only being contracted for Nabisco products , not any tobacco products .",
"title": "Advertising controversy"
},
{
"text": " - RJR Nabisco ( Archive )",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/RJR_Nabisco#P159#2
|
Where was the headquarter of RJR Nabisco located in Mar 1989?
|
RJR Nabisco RJR Nabisco , Inc. , was an American conglomerate , selling tobacco and food products , headquartered in the Calyon Building in Midtown Manhattan , New York City . RJR Nabisco stopped operating as a single entity in 1999 ; however , both RJR ( as R . J . Reynolds Tobacco Company ) and Nabisco ( now part of Mondelēz International ) still exist . History . RJR Nabisco was formed in 1985 by the merger of Nabisco Brands and R.J . Reynolds Tobacco Company . In 1988 RJR Nabisco was purchased by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co . in what was at the time the largest leveraged buyout in history . In 1999 , due to concerns about tobacco lawsuit liabilities , the tobacco business was spun off into a separate company , and RJR Nabisco was renamed Nabisco Holdings Corporation . Nabisco is currently owned by Mondelēz International Inc . RJR Nabisco Holdings Corp . ( NYSE : NGH ) was the parent company of RJR Nabisco , Inc . After the food and tobacco businesses separated in June 1999 , Nabisco Group Holdings Corp . owned 80% of RJR Nabisco Holdings Corp. , which was the parent company of Nabisco , Inc . Formation . R . J . Reynolds Tobacco Company was founded in Winston-Salem , North Carolina , in 1875 and changed its name to R . J . Reynolds Industries , Inc . in 1970 . It became RJR Nabisco on April 25 , 1986 after the companys $4.9 billion purchase , and earlier 1.9 billion stock swap , of Nabisco Brands Inc . in 1985 . Headquarters move . In August 1986 , the RJR Nabisco board announced that F . Ross Johnson would replace J . Tylee Wilson as head of the company effective January 1 , 1987 . Soon after that , Johnson , believing bucolic Winston-Salem did not have the right image for a world-class company , began looking at other possible headquarters cities . After ruling out New York City and Dallas , the company decided on Atlanta because it was nouveau riche and overbuilt . On January 15 , 1987 , the RJR Nabisco board approved a headquarters move from Winston-Salem to Cobb County , Georgia , north of Atlanta , where the company had rented space . The move would affect 250 to 300 employees , while Winston-Salem would still have 14,000 people working for the company . RJR Nabisco donated the 519,000-square-foot World Headquarters Building to Wake Forest University but continued to use it until the September 1987 move . Later , RJR Nabiscos Planters-Life Savers Division moved to the former headquarters building . The leveraged buyout . The RJR Nabisco leveraged buyout was , at the time , widely considered to be the preeminent example of corporate and executive greed . Bryan Burrough and John Helyar published , a successful book about the events which was later turned into a television movie for HBO . Ross Johnson was the President and CEO of RJR Nabisco at the time of the leveraged buyout and Henry Kravis was the managing partner at Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co . The leveraged buyout was in the amount of $25 billion , and the battle for control took place between October and November 1988 . Although KKR eventually took control of RJR Nabisco , RJR management and Shearson Lehman Hutton had originally announced that they would take RJR Nabisco private at $75 per share . A fierce series of negotiations and proposals ensued which involved nearly all of the major private equity players of the day , including Morgan Stanley , Goldman Sachs , Salomon Brothers , First Boston , Wasserstein Perella & Co. , Forstmann Little , Shearson Lehman Hutton , and Merrill Lynch . Once put in play by Shearson Lehman Hutton and RJR management , almost every major Wall Street firm involved in M&A launched frenzied , literal last-minute bids in a fog of incomplete or misleading information . KKR quickly introduced a tender offer to obtain RJR Nabisco for $90 per share—a price that enabled it to proceed without the approval of RJR Nabiscos management . RJRs management team , working with Shearson Lehman Hutton and Salomon Brothers , submitted a bid of $112 , a figure they felt certain would enable it to outflank any response by Kravis . KKRs final bid of $109 , while a lower dollar figure , was ultimately accepted by the board of directors . It was accepted because KKRs offer was guaranteed whereas managements lacked a reset , meaning that the final share price might have been lower than their professed $112 per share . Additionally , many in RJRs board of directors had grown concerned at recent disclosures of Johnsons unprecedented golden parachute deal . Time Magazine featured Johnson on the cover of its December 1988 issue along with the headline A Game of Greed : This man could pocket $100 million from the largest corporate takeover in history . Has the buyout craze gone too far? . KKRs offer was welcomed by the board , and , to some observers , it appeared that their elevation of the reset issue as a deal-breaker in KKRs favor was little more than an excuse to reject Johnsons higher payout of $112 per share . Johnson received compensation worth more than $60 million from the buyout , then left in February 1989 . In March 1989 , Louis V . Gerstner of American Express became the new head of RJR Nabisco . After the KKR buyout . On April 27 , 1989 , RJR Nabisco announced it would move its headquarters to the New York City area . As a result of the acquisition , RJR Nabisco divested the following divisions : - Nabiscos UK operations ( including Smiths and Walkers ) , Belin of France , and Saiwa of Italy were sold to BSN . Smiths and Walkers were swiftly resold to PepsiCo . - Chun King was sold to Yeo Hiap Seng . - Associated Biscuits International ( consisting of 38% of Indias Britannia and 40% of Pakistans English Biscuit Manufacturers ) to Britannia Industries . - Fresh Del Monte Produce was sold to Polly Peck . - Del Monte Foods was sold to Merrill Lynch , Citicorp Venture Capital , and Kikkoman . Del Montes Asia operations ( outside the Philippines ) were separately sold to Kikkoman . - The companys 20% stake in ESPN Inc . was sold to Hearst Communications . Another major consequence of the buyout was that according to United States Department of Labor , in its report American Workplace , over 2,000 workers subsequently lost their jobs , which 72% eventually replaced , but earning less than half of their previous incomes , suggesting that it took most of those who lost their jobs an average of 5.6 months to find new employment . On March 21 , 1991 , RJR Nabisco Holdings Corp . became a publicly traded stock . In March 1999 , RJR Nabisco announced the sale of the international division of R . J . Reynolds Tobacco , and in June of that year , the company sold the remainder of R . J . Reynolds Tobacco to stockholders . The parent company became Nabisco Group Holdings and owned 80.5 percent of Nabisco Holdings . In 2000 , Philip Morris bought Nabisco Holdings . Soon after that , R . J . Reynolds Tobacco Holdings , Inc. , first traded in June 1999 , announced the acquisition of Nabisco Group Holdings . The deal was completed in December 2000 . Advertising controversy . In April 1988 , RJR Nabisco fired the Saatchi & Saatchi advertising agency after their Northwest Airlines ad introducing the airlines in-flight smoking ban . This was despite the agency only being contracted for Nabisco products , not any tobacco products . External links . - RJR Nabisco ( Archive )
|
[
"New York City"
] |
[
{
"text": " RJR Nabisco , Inc. , was an American conglomerate , selling tobacco and food products , headquartered in the Calyon Building in Midtown Manhattan , New York City . RJR Nabisco stopped operating as a single entity in 1999 ; however , both RJR ( as R . J . Reynolds Tobacco Company ) and Nabisco ( now part of Mondelēz International ) still exist .",
"title": "RJR Nabisco"
},
{
"text": " RJR Nabisco was formed in 1985 by the merger of Nabisco Brands and R.J . Reynolds Tobacco Company . In 1988 RJR Nabisco was purchased by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co . in what was at the time the largest leveraged buyout in history . In 1999 , due to concerns about tobacco lawsuit liabilities , the tobacco business was spun off into a separate company , and RJR Nabisco was renamed Nabisco Holdings Corporation . Nabisco is currently owned by Mondelēz International Inc .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "RJR Nabisco Holdings Corp . ( NYSE : NGH ) was the parent company of RJR Nabisco , Inc . After the food and tobacco businesses separated in June 1999 , Nabisco Group Holdings Corp . owned 80% of RJR Nabisco Holdings Corp. , which was the parent company of Nabisco , Inc .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " R . J . Reynolds Tobacco Company was founded in Winston-Salem , North Carolina , in 1875 and changed its name to R . J . Reynolds Industries , Inc . in 1970 . It became RJR Nabisco on April 25 , 1986 after the companys $4.9 billion purchase , and earlier 1.9 billion stock swap , of Nabisco Brands Inc . in 1985 .",
"title": "Formation"
},
{
"text": "In August 1986 , the RJR Nabisco board announced that F . Ross Johnson would replace J . Tylee Wilson as head of the company effective January 1 , 1987 . Soon after that , Johnson , believing bucolic Winston-Salem did not have the right image for a world-class company , began looking at other possible headquarters cities . After ruling out New York City and Dallas , the company decided on Atlanta because it was nouveau riche and overbuilt . On January 15 , 1987 , the RJR Nabisco board approved a headquarters move from Winston-Salem to Cobb County",
"title": "Headquarters move"
},
{
"text": ", Georgia , north of Atlanta , where the company had rented space . The move would affect 250 to 300 employees , while Winston-Salem would still have 14,000 people working for the company . RJR Nabisco donated the 519,000-square-foot World Headquarters Building to Wake Forest University but continued to use it until the September 1987 move . Later , RJR Nabiscos Planters-Life Savers Division moved to the former headquarters building .",
"title": "Headquarters move"
},
{
"text": " The RJR Nabisco leveraged buyout was , at the time , widely considered to be the preeminent example of corporate and executive greed . Bryan Burrough and John Helyar published , a successful book about the events which was later turned into a television movie for HBO .",
"title": "The leveraged buyout"
},
{
"text": "Ross Johnson was the President and CEO of RJR Nabisco at the time of the leveraged buyout and Henry Kravis was the managing partner at Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co . The leveraged buyout was in the amount of $25 billion , and the battle for control took place between October and November 1988 .",
"title": "The leveraged buyout"
},
{
"text": "Although KKR eventually took control of RJR Nabisco , RJR management and Shearson Lehman Hutton had originally announced that they would take RJR Nabisco private at $75 per share . A fierce series of negotiations and proposals ensued which involved nearly all of the major private equity players of the day , including Morgan Stanley , Goldman Sachs , Salomon Brothers , First Boston , Wasserstein Perella & Co. , Forstmann Little , Shearson Lehman Hutton , and Merrill Lynch . Once put in play by Shearson Lehman Hutton and RJR management , almost every major Wall Street firm involved",
"title": "The leveraged buyout"
},
{
"text": "in M&A launched frenzied , literal last-minute bids in a fog of incomplete or misleading information .",
"title": "The leveraged buyout"
},
{
"text": " KKR quickly introduced a tender offer to obtain RJR Nabisco for $90 per share—a price that enabled it to proceed without the approval of RJR Nabiscos management . RJRs management team , working with Shearson Lehman Hutton and Salomon Brothers , submitted a bid of $112 , a figure they felt certain would enable it to outflank any response by Kravis . KKRs final bid of $109 , while a lower dollar figure , was ultimately accepted by the board of directors .",
"title": "The leveraged buyout"
},
{
"text": "It was accepted because KKRs offer was guaranteed whereas managements lacked a reset , meaning that the final share price might have been lower than their professed $112 per share . Additionally , many in RJRs board of directors had grown concerned at recent disclosures of Johnsons unprecedented golden parachute deal . Time Magazine featured Johnson on the cover of its December 1988 issue along with the headline A Game of Greed : This man could pocket $100 million from the largest corporate takeover in history . Has the buyout craze gone too far? .",
"title": "The leveraged buyout"
},
{
"text": " KKRs offer was welcomed by the board , and , to some observers , it appeared that their elevation of the reset issue as a deal-breaker in KKRs favor was little more than an excuse to reject Johnsons higher payout of $112 per share . Johnson received compensation worth more than $60 million from the buyout , then left in February 1989 . In March 1989 , Louis V . Gerstner of American Express became the new head of RJR Nabisco . After the KKR buyout .",
"title": "The leveraged buyout"
},
{
"text": "On April 27 , 1989 , RJR Nabisco announced it would move its headquarters to the New York City area .",
"title": "The leveraged buyout"
},
{
"text": " As a result of the acquisition , RJR Nabisco divested the following divisions : - Nabiscos UK operations ( including Smiths and Walkers ) , Belin of France , and Saiwa of Italy were sold to BSN . Smiths and Walkers were swiftly resold to PepsiCo . - Chun King was sold to Yeo Hiap Seng . - Associated Biscuits International ( consisting of 38% of Indias Britannia and 40% of Pakistans English Biscuit Manufacturers ) to Britannia Industries . - Fresh Del Monte Produce was sold to Polly Peck .",
"title": "The leveraged buyout"
},
{
"text": "- Del Monte Foods was sold to Merrill Lynch , Citicorp Venture Capital , and Kikkoman . Del Montes Asia operations ( outside the Philippines ) were separately sold to Kikkoman .",
"title": "The leveraged buyout"
},
{
"text": " - The companys 20% stake in ESPN Inc . was sold to Hearst Communications . Another major consequence of the buyout was that according to United States Department of Labor , in its report American Workplace , over 2,000 workers subsequently lost their jobs , which 72% eventually replaced , but earning less than half of their previous incomes , suggesting that it took most of those who lost their jobs an average of 5.6 months to find new employment .",
"title": "The leveraged buyout"
},
{
"text": "On March 21 , 1991 , RJR Nabisco Holdings Corp . became a publicly traded stock . In March 1999 , RJR Nabisco announced the sale of the international division of R . J . Reynolds Tobacco , and in June of that year , the company sold the remainder of R . J . Reynolds Tobacco to stockholders . The parent company became Nabisco Group Holdings and owned 80.5 percent of Nabisco Holdings . In 2000 , Philip Morris bought Nabisco Holdings . Soon after that , R . J . Reynolds Tobacco Holdings , Inc. , first traded",
"title": "The leveraged buyout"
},
{
"text": "in June 1999 , announced the acquisition of Nabisco Group Holdings . The deal was completed in December 2000 .",
"title": "The leveraged buyout"
},
{
"text": " In April 1988 , RJR Nabisco fired the Saatchi & Saatchi advertising agency after their Northwest Airlines ad introducing the airlines in-flight smoking ban . This was despite the agency only being contracted for Nabisco products , not any tobacco products .",
"title": "Advertising controversy"
},
{
"text": " - RJR Nabisco ( Archive )",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Idris_Hasan_Latif#P39#0
|
Idris Hasan Latif took which position in Nov 1980?
|
Idris Hasan Latif Air Chief Marshal Idris Hasan Latif ( 9 June 1923 – 30 April 2018 ) was a former Air Officer in the Indian Air Force . He served as the 10th Chief of Air Staff ( CAS ) of the Indian Air Force ( IAF ) from 1978 to 1981 . Born in an affluent family in Hyderabad , he joined the Indian Air Force Volunteer Reserve ( IAFVR ) during World War II . After joining the Coastal Flight at Karachi , he spent a year in the United Kingdom with the Royal Air Force . As part of the No . 3 Squadron IAF , he served in the Burma Campaign . After the partition of India , he chose to stay with the IAF . He commanded the No . 4 Squadron IAF and led the squadron in the fly-past during the first Republic Day parade in 1950 . He commanded a squadron at the Joint Services Wing , the precursor to the National Defence Academy . As a Wing Commander , he advised the Indonesian Air Force and helped them induct jet fighters in 1955 . After attending the Defence Services Staff College in 1957 , he served as the Senior Air Staff and Administrative Officer of the Maintenance Command . Promoted to Group Captain , he served as the Station Commander in Hyderabad , commanding the airbases at Begumpet and Hakimpet . Latif served as the Air Attaché at the Embassy of India , Washington , D.C . from 1961 to 1965 . From 1965 to 1966 , Latif served as the Air Defence Commander and the Senior Air Staff Officer of the Eastern Air Command . In 1967 , he attended the National Defence College . He subsequently commanded the Lohegaon airbase from 1968 to 1970 . In August 1970 , he was promoted Air Vice Marshal and took over as the first ACAS ( Plans ) at Air HQ . He was awarded the Param Vishisht Seva Medal in 1971 . He served in this appointment during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 . In the rank of Air Marshal , from 1974 to 1978 , he served as the Air Officer-in-Charge Administration at Air HQ and Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief ( AOC-in-C ) of the Central Air Command and the Maintenance Command . In 1977 , Latif was posted as Vice Chief of Air Staff and took over as Chief of Air Staff on 1 September 1978 . After retirement from military service , Latif served as the Governor of Maharashtra from 1982 to 1985 . He also held additional charge as Administrator of Goa , Daman and Diu and Administrator of Dadra and Nagar Haveli . From 1985 to 1988 , he served as the Indian ambassador to France . Early life and education . Latif was born on 9 June 1923 in the princely state of Hyderabad into an educated and affluent Sulaymani Bohra Muslim family , a large family of seven siblings . His father , Hasan Latif , was a civil engineer who was educated at the Kings College London and in Heidelberg . Joining the engineering department of the Nizams government as an assistant engineer , he rose to become the chief engineer of Hyderabad State . His mother , Leila Hydari was the niece and adoptive daughter of Akbar Hydari , former Prime Minister of Hyderabad . His maternal great-grandmothers brother was the barrister Badruddin Tyabji . He spent his early years in Warangal , where his father was posted , and later moved to Khairtabad in Hyderabad . He attended the St . Georges Grammar School and the Madrasa-i-Aliya . All the siblings loved horse riding , having been trained at a Hyderabad State Forces training institution at Masab Tank . After his matriculation , he attended the Nizam College . His ambition was to join the Hyderabad Forest Service ; however , after seeing World War II recruitment posters , he decided to join the Air Force . After being interviewed by the British Resident at the Residency House ( now Rashtrapati Nilayam ) in Bolarum , Latif was selected to join the Indian Air Force volunteer Reserve ( IAFVR ) . He was sent to the Madras Flying Club to complete 25 hours of flying on the de Havilland Tiger Moth . He was then trained at the Initial Training Wing at Walton , Lahore and at the No.1 Elementary Flying Training School ( EFTS ) at Begumpet . Subsequently , he attended the Advanced Flying School at Ambala where he flew the Hawker Hart and Audax . Military career . World War II . Latif was commissioned into the Indian Air Force on 26 January 1942 as an acting Pilot Officer . He joined the No . 6 Coastal Flight based out of RAF Drigh Road . Flying the Westland Wapiti and Audax , he conducted anti-submarine patrols off Karachi . In 1943 , Latif promoted to the rank of Flying Officer and posted to the No . 3 Squadron IAF , commanded by Squadron Leader DAR Nanda , based at RAF Station Kohat . The airbase was commanded by Wing Commander ( later Air Marshal & CAS ) Subroto Mukerjee , the first Indian officer to command an airbase . He flew operational missions in the North-West Frontier Province , periodically flying to the advance base at Miramshah . Later in the year , he was among the few Indian pilots to be seconded to the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) . He was trained on the Hawker Hurricane and the Supermarine Spitfire along with the operational squadrons of the RAF . He returned to India in May 1944 and joined the No . 3 Squadron , flying the Hawker Hurricane during the Burma Campaign on the Arakan Front during World War II where he distinguished himself . He subsequently joined the No . 9 Squadron IAF commanded by Squadron Leader Asghar Khan , who later rose to become the Commander in Chief of the Pakistan Air Force . In early 1947 , he was posted to the Air Force Selection Board in Dehradun . Post-Independence . Latif was promoted to the rank of Squadron Leader and appointed Commanding Officer of No . 4 Squadron IAF . The squadron was equipped with the Hawker Tempest . He led his squadron during the first fly past over during the Delhi Republic Day parade in January 1950 . 23 aircraft were part of the flypast in formation of the letters I , A and F . In 1951 , he was posted to the Joint Services Wing ( JSW ) ( later National Defence Academy , Pune ) at Dehradun . At JSW , there were four squadrons - A , B , C and D . He commanded the Charlie squadron while Major ( later General and COAS ) K . V . Krishna Rao commanded D squadron . In July 1952 , Latif was promoted to the acting rank of Wing Commander and appointed Deputy Director Weapons at Air headquarters . He was also appointed Deputy Director Operations shortly afterwards . He was promoted substantive Wing Commander on 1 October 1954 . After a three-year stint at Air HQ , in late 1955 , he was deputed as an Advisor to the newly-created Indonesian Air Force . He was part of the team which helped induct the de Havilland Vampire jet fighters . He worked closely with the Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Air Force Air Marshal . In September 1957 , Latif was selected to attend the Defence Services Staff College at Wellington . He was the senior-most IAF officer in the batch which also included future CAS Lakshman Madhav Katre . After the year-long staff course , he was appointed Senior Air & Administration Staff Officer ( SAASO ) of the Maintenance Command , which was commanded by the legendary Air Vice Marshal Harjinder Singh , at Kanpur . In June 1959 , Latif was promoted to the acting rank of Group Captain and appointed Station Commander in Hyderabad commanding Hakimpet Air Force Station and Begumpet Air Force Station . The Transport Training Wing ( TTW ) equipped with English Electric Canberras and the Navigation and Signals School ( N&SS ) equipped with Dakotas were based at Begumpet while the Fighter training Wing was based at Hakimpet . During this tenure , he was the senior-most air force officer in the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad . Latif was appointed the air attaché at the Embassy of India , Washington , D.C . in early 1961 . The Ambassador of India to the United States was B K Nehru . He simultaneously held the office of Air adviser to the High Commissioner of India to Canada . On 1 October 1962 , he was promoted substantive Group Captain . After a three-year term as Air attache , he was asked by the CAS Air Marshal Arjan Singh to continue on an extended term in the acting rank of Air Commodore . Air rank . Latif returned to India in June 1965 and appointed the first Air Defence Controller of the Eastern Air Command in Shillong . He served in this appointment during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 . In June 1966 , he took over as the Senior Air Staff Officer ( SASO ) of the Eastern Air Command . After a year-long tenure as SASO , he was selected to attend the National Defence College ( NDC ) in early 1967 . He was promoted to the substantive rank of Air Commodore on 1 April 1967 when he was attending the NDC course . In January 1968 , he took over as the Air Officer Commanding Jammu and Kashmir at Udhampur Air Force Station where he served a very short stint . In March , he took over as Air Officer Commanding Air Force Station Lohegaon in Pune . He had a varied inventory of fighters , bombers , four-engined transport aircraft and Consolidated B-24 Liberator of World War II vintage at the airbase . In August 1970 , Latif was promoted to the acting rank of Air Vice Marshal and appointed to the newly-created position of Assistant Chief of Air Staff Plans ( ACAS ( Plans ) ) at Air HQ under CAS Air Chief Marshal Pratap Chandra Lal . During this tenure , he assessed the modernisation plans o the IAF . He made first-hand observations of the frontline combat squadrons across the country . He was awarded the Param Vishisht Seva Medal on 26 January 1971 . He was promoted to substantive Air Vice Marshal on 1 April 1971 . He served in this appointment during the 1971 Indo-Pakistani war and was in the eastern sector when the Pakistani Instrument of Surrender was signed by Lieutenant General A . A . K . Niazi in Dacca and the war ended . Latif was promoted to the acting rank of Air Marshal in January 1974 and posted as Air Officer-in-charge Administration ( AOA ) at Air HQ . After a short stint , he was promoted substantive Air Marshal and appointed Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief ( AOC-in-C ) Central Air Command in Allahabad . As the AOC-in-C , he led the Air Force relief operations during the Patna floods in 1975 . The floods were the worst that hit Patna . The Central Air Command , under Latif , flew as many as 20 helicopter sorties per day carrying out humanitarian tasks . On 1 March 1976 , he took over as AOC-in-C of the Maintenance Command , where he had served as SAASO two decades ago , in Kanpur . After a year at the helm of the Maintenance Command , Latif moved to Air HQ as Vice Chief of the Air Staff in May 1977 . Chief of Air Staff . In May 1978 , the Government of India appointed Latif the next Chief of Air Staff . He took command of the IAF from Air Chief Marshal Hrushikesh Moolgavkar on 31 August 1978 . He oversaw the induction of the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23 and the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25 into the IAF . Under him , the SEPECAT Jaguar was procured by the IAF , among the largest defence acquisitions of the country . He also flew the aircraft at one of the frontline air bases after its delivery to the IAF . With the retirement of General Om Prakash Malhotra in May 1981 , Latif took over as the Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee . Just before retiring from the Air Force , he flew the MiG-25 , which was then just assembled from a semi-knocked down condition by IAF personnel . Latif relinquished command of the IAF on 31 August 1981 , handing over to Air Chief Marshal Dilbagh Singh . Diplomatic and political career . After retirement from active military service , Latif was appointed as Governor of Maharashtra , on 6 March 1982 . He also had the additional charge as the Administrator of Union territory of Goa , Daman and Diu and the Administrator of Dadra and Nagar Haveli on two occasions , serving from August 1982 to February 1983 and from July 1984 to September 1984 . He completed his tenure as Governor of Maharashtra on 16 April 1985 . In March 1985 , Latif was appointed Indias Ambassador to France . He carried the rank of Minister of State in this appointment . He served as the Ambassador till August 1988 . Personal life , later life and death . He was married to Bilkees Latif , a noted social worker , and daughter of Ali Yavar Jung . The couple had three children , a daughter – Mariam and two sons – Asad and Asgar . For her work in the Dharavi slum of Mumbai , Bilkees was awarded the Padma Shri in 2009 . She also penned multiple books including the biography of her husband , The Ladder of His Life ( Biography of Air Chief Marshal Idris Hasan Latif , PVSM ) , which was published in 2013 . She died in 2017 , a year before her husbands death in 2018 . Latifs health started deteriorating after the death of Bilkees . He was ailing for some time before dying at a private hospital on 30 April 2018 , at the age of 95 . Awards and decorations . - Source :
|
[
"Chief of Air Staff"
] |
[
{
"text": " Air Chief Marshal Idris Hasan Latif ( 9 June 1923 – 30 April 2018 ) was a former Air Officer in the Indian Air Force . He served as the 10th Chief of Air Staff ( CAS ) of the Indian Air Force ( IAF ) from 1978 to 1981 .",
"title": "Idris Hasan Latif"
},
{
"text": "Born in an affluent family in Hyderabad , he joined the Indian Air Force Volunteer Reserve ( IAFVR ) during World War II . After joining the Coastal Flight at Karachi , he spent a year in the United Kingdom with the Royal Air Force . As part of the No . 3 Squadron IAF , he served in the Burma Campaign . After the partition of India , he chose to stay with the IAF . He commanded the No . 4 Squadron IAF and led the squadron in the fly-past during the first Republic Day parade in 1950",
"title": "Idris Hasan Latif"
},
{
"text": ". He commanded a squadron at the Joint Services Wing , the precursor to the National Defence Academy .",
"title": "Idris Hasan Latif"
},
{
"text": " As a Wing Commander , he advised the Indonesian Air Force and helped them induct jet fighters in 1955 . After attending the Defence Services Staff College in 1957 , he served as the Senior Air Staff and Administrative Officer of the Maintenance Command . Promoted to Group Captain , he served as the Station Commander in Hyderabad , commanding the airbases at Begumpet and Hakimpet . Latif served as the Air Attaché at the Embassy of India , Washington , D.C . from 1961 to 1965 .",
"title": "Idris Hasan Latif"
},
{
"text": "From 1965 to 1966 , Latif served as the Air Defence Commander and the Senior Air Staff Officer of the Eastern Air Command . In 1967 , he attended the National Defence College . He subsequently commanded the Lohegaon airbase from 1968 to 1970 . In August 1970 , he was promoted Air Vice Marshal and took over as the first ACAS ( Plans ) at Air HQ . He was awarded the Param Vishisht Seva Medal in 1971 . He served in this appointment during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 . In the rank of Air Marshal , from",
"title": "Idris Hasan Latif"
},
{
"text": "1974 to 1978 , he served as the Air Officer-in-Charge Administration at Air HQ and Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief ( AOC-in-C ) of the Central Air Command and the Maintenance Command . In 1977 , Latif was posted as Vice Chief of Air Staff and took over as Chief of Air Staff on 1 September 1978 .",
"title": "Idris Hasan Latif"
},
{
"text": " After retirement from military service , Latif served as the Governor of Maharashtra from 1982 to 1985 . He also held additional charge as Administrator of Goa , Daman and Diu and Administrator of Dadra and Nagar Haveli . From 1985 to 1988 , he served as the Indian ambassador to France . Early life and education .",
"title": "Idris Hasan Latif"
},
{
"text": "Latif was born on 9 June 1923 in the princely state of Hyderabad into an educated and affluent Sulaymani Bohra Muslim family , a large family of seven siblings . His father , Hasan Latif , was a civil engineer who was educated at the Kings College London and in Heidelberg . Joining the engineering department of the Nizams government as an assistant engineer , he rose to become the chief engineer of Hyderabad State . His mother , Leila Hydari was the niece and adoptive daughter of Akbar Hydari , former Prime Minister of Hyderabad . His maternal great-grandmothers",
"title": "Idris Hasan Latif"
},
{
"text": "brother was the barrister Badruddin Tyabji .",
"title": "Idris Hasan Latif"
},
{
"text": " He spent his early years in Warangal , where his father was posted , and later moved to Khairtabad in Hyderabad . He attended the St . Georges Grammar School and the Madrasa-i-Aliya . All the siblings loved horse riding , having been trained at a Hyderabad State Forces training institution at Masab Tank . After his matriculation , he attended the Nizam College . His ambition was to join the Hyderabad Forest Service ; however , after seeing World War II recruitment posters , he decided to join the Air Force .",
"title": "Idris Hasan Latif"
},
{
"text": "After being interviewed by the British Resident at the Residency House ( now Rashtrapati Nilayam ) in Bolarum , Latif was selected to join the Indian Air Force volunteer Reserve ( IAFVR ) . He was sent to the Madras Flying Club to complete 25 hours of flying on the de Havilland Tiger Moth . He was then trained at the Initial Training Wing at Walton , Lahore and at the No.1 Elementary Flying Training School ( EFTS ) at Begumpet . Subsequently , he attended the Advanced Flying School at Ambala where he flew the Hawker Hart and Audax",
"title": "Idris Hasan Latif"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Idris Hasan Latif"
},
{
"text": " Latif was commissioned into the Indian Air Force on 26 January 1942 as an acting Pilot Officer . He joined the No . 6 Coastal Flight based out of RAF Drigh Road . Flying the Westland Wapiti and Audax , he conducted anti-submarine patrols off Karachi .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "In 1943 , Latif promoted to the rank of Flying Officer and posted to the No . 3 Squadron IAF , commanded by Squadron Leader DAR Nanda , based at RAF Station Kohat . The airbase was commanded by Wing Commander ( later Air Marshal & CAS ) Subroto Mukerjee , the first Indian officer to command an airbase . He flew operational missions in the North-West Frontier Province , periodically flying to the advance base at Miramshah . Later in the year , he was among the few Indian pilots to be seconded to the Royal Air Force (",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "RAF ) . He was trained on the Hawker Hurricane and the Supermarine Spitfire along with the operational squadrons of the RAF .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " He returned to India in May 1944 and joined the No . 3 Squadron , flying the Hawker Hurricane during the Burma Campaign on the Arakan Front during World War II where he distinguished himself . He subsequently joined the No . 9 Squadron IAF commanded by Squadron Leader Asghar Khan , who later rose to become the Commander in Chief of the Pakistan Air Force . In early 1947 , he was posted to the Air Force Selection Board in Dehradun .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Latif was promoted to the rank of Squadron Leader and appointed Commanding Officer of No . 4 Squadron IAF . The squadron was equipped with the Hawker Tempest . He led his squadron during the first fly past over during the Delhi Republic Day parade in January 1950 . 23 aircraft were part of the flypast in formation of the letters I , A and F . In 1951 , he was posted to the Joint Services Wing ( JSW ) ( later National Defence Academy , Pune ) at Dehradun . At JSW , there were four squadrons -",
"title": "Post-Independence"
},
{
"text": "A , B , C and D . He commanded the Charlie squadron while Major ( later General and COAS ) K . V . Krishna Rao commanded D squadron .",
"title": "Post-Independence"
},
{
"text": "In July 1952 , Latif was promoted to the acting rank of Wing Commander and appointed Deputy Director Weapons at Air headquarters . He was also appointed Deputy Director Operations shortly afterwards . He was promoted substantive Wing Commander on 1 October 1954 . After a three-year stint at Air HQ , in late 1955 , he was deputed as an Advisor to the newly-created Indonesian Air Force . He was part of the team which helped induct the de Havilland Vampire jet fighters . He worked closely with the Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Air Force Air Marshal",
"title": "Post-Independence"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Post-Independence"
},
{
"text": " In September 1957 , Latif was selected to attend the Defence Services Staff College at Wellington . He was the senior-most IAF officer in the batch which also included future CAS Lakshman Madhav Katre . After the year-long staff course , he was appointed Senior Air & Administration Staff Officer ( SAASO ) of the Maintenance Command , which was commanded by the legendary Air Vice Marshal Harjinder Singh , at Kanpur .",
"title": "Post-Independence"
},
{
"text": "In June 1959 , Latif was promoted to the acting rank of Group Captain and appointed Station Commander in Hyderabad commanding Hakimpet Air Force Station and Begumpet Air Force Station . The Transport Training Wing ( TTW ) equipped with English Electric Canberras and the Navigation and Signals School ( N&SS ) equipped with Dakotas were based at Begumpet while the Fighter training Wing was based at Hakimpet . During this tenure , he was the senior-most air force officer in the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad .",
"title": "Post-Independence"
},
{
"text": " Latif was appointed the air attaché at the Embassy of India , Washington , D.C . in early 1961 . The Ambassador of India to the United States was B K Nehru . He simultaneously held the office of Air adviser to the High Commissioner of India to Canada . On 1 October 1962 , he was promoted substantive Group Captain . After a three-year term as Air attache , he was asked by the CAS Air Marshal Arjan Singh to continue on an extended term in the acting rank of Air Commodore .",
"title": "Post-Independence"
},
{
"text": "Latif returned to India in June 1965 and appointed the first Air Defence Controller of the Eastern Air Command in Shillong . He served in this appointment during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 . In June 1966 , he took over as the Senior Air Staff Officer ( SASO ) of the Eastern Air Command . After a year-long tenure as SASO , he was selected to attend the National Defence College ( NDC ) in early 1967 . He was promoted to the substantive rank of Air Commodore on 1 April 1967 when he was attending the NDC course",
"title": "Air rank"
},
{
"text": ". In January 1968 , he took over as the Air Officer Commanding Jammu and Kashmir at Udhampur Air Force Station where he served a very short stint . In March , he took over as Air Officer Commanding Air Force Station Lohegaon in Pune . He had a varied inventory of fighters , bombers , four-engined",
"title": "Air rank"
},
{
"text": " transport aircraft and Consolidated B-24 Liberator of World War II vintage at the airbase .",
"title": "Air rank"
},
{
"text": "In August 1970 , Latif was promoted to the acting rank of Air Vice Marshal and appointed to the newly-created position of Assistant Chief of Air Staff Plans ( ACAS ( Plans ) ) at Air HQ under CAS Air Chief Marshal Pratap Chandra Lal . During this tenure , he assessed the modernisation plans o the IAF . He made first-hand observations of the frontline combat squadrons across the country . He was awarded the Param Vishisht Seva Medal on 26 January 1971 . He was promoted to substantive Air Vice Marshal on 1 April 1971 . He served",
"title": "Air rank"
},
{
"text": "in this appointment during the 1971 Indo-Pakistani war and was in the eastern sector when the Pakistani Instrument of Surrender was signed by Lieutenant General A . A . K . Niazi in Dacca and the war ended .",
"title": "Air rank"
},
{
"text": "Latif was promoted to the acting rank of Air Marshal in January 1974 and posted as Air Officer-in-charge Administration ( AOA ) at Air HQ . After a short stint , he was promoted substantive Air Marshal and appointed Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief ( AOC-in-C ) Central Air Command in Allahabad . As the AOC-in-C , he led the Air Force relief operations during the Patna floods in 1975 . The floods were the worst that hit Patna . The Central Air Command , under Latif , flew as many as 20 helicopter sorties per day carrying out humanitarian tasks .",
"title": "Air rank"
},
{
"text": "On 1 March 1976 , he took over as AOC-in-C of the Maintenance Command , where he had served as SAASO two decades ago , in Kanpur . After a year at the helm of the Maintenance Command , Latif moved to Air HQ as Vice Chief of the Air Staff in May 1977 .",
"title": "Air rank"
},
{
"text": "In May 1978 , the Government of India appointed Latif the next Chief of Air Staff . He took command of the IAF from Air Chief Marshal Hrushikesh Moolgavkar on 31 August 1978 . He oversaw the induction of the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23 and the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25 into the IAF . Under him , the SEPECAT Jaguar was procured by the IAF , among the largest defence acquisitions of the country . He also flew the aircraft at one of the frontline air bases after its delivery to the IAF . With the retirement of General Om Prakash Malhotra in May",
"title": "Air rank"
},
{
"text": "1981 , Latif took over as the Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee . Just before retiring from the Air Force , he flew the MiG-25 , which was then just assembled from a semi-knocked down condition by IAF personnel . Latif relinquished command of the IAF on 31 August 1981 , handing over to Air Chief Marshal Dilbagh Singh .",
"title": "Air rank"
},
{
"text": " Diplomatic and political career . After retirement from active military service , Latif was appointed as Governor of Maharashtra , on 6 March 1982 . He also had the additional charge as the Administrator of Union territory of Goa , Daman and Diu and the Administrator of Dadra and Nagar Haveli on two occasions , serving from August 1982 to February 1983 and from July 1984 to September 1984 . He completed his tenure as Governor of Maharashtra on 16 April 1985 .",
"title": "Air rank"
},
{
"text": "In March 1985 , Latif was appointed Indias Ambassador to France . He carried the rank of Minister of State in this appointment . He served as the Ambassador till August 1988 .",
"title": "Air rank"
},
{
"text": "He was married to Bilkees Latif , a noted social worker , and daughter of Ali Yavar Jung . The couple had three children , a daughter – Mariam and two sons – Asad and Asgar . For her work in the Dharavi slum of Mumbai , Bilkees was awarded the Padma Shri in 2009 . She also penned multiple books including the biography of her husband , The Ladder of His Life ( Biography of Air Chief Marshal Idris Hasan Latif , PVSM ) , which was published in 2013 . She died in 2017 , a year before",
"title": "Air rank"
},
{
"text": "her husbands death in 2018 .",
"title": "Air rank"
},
{
"text": " Latifs health started deteriorating after the death of Bilkees . He was ailing for some time before dying at a private hospital on 30 April 2018 , at the age of 95 .",
"title": "Air rank"
},
{
"text": " - Source :",
"title": "Awards and decorations"
}
] |
/wiki/Idris_Hasan_Latif#P39#1
|
Idris Hasan Latif took which position between Aug 1982 and Mar 1983?
|
Idris Hasan Latif Air Chief Marshal Idris Hasan Latif ( 9 June 1923 – 30 April 2018 ) was a former Air Officer in the Indian Air Force . He served as the 10th Chief of Air Staff ( CAS ) of the Indian Air Force ( IAF ) from 1978 to 1981 . Born in an affluent family in Hyderabad , he joined the Indian Air Force Volunteer Reserve ( IAFVR ) during World War II . After joining the Coastal Flight at Karachi , he spent a year in the United Kingdom with the Royal Air Force . As part of the No . 3 Squadron IAF , he served in the Burma Campaign . After the partition of India , he chose to stay with the IAF . He commanded the No . 4 Squadron IAF and led the squadron in the fly-past during the first Republic Day parade in 1950 . He commanded a squadron at the Joint Services Wing , the precursor to the National Defence Academy . As a Wing Commander , he advised the Indonesian Air Force and helped them induct jet fighters in 1955 . After attending the Defence Services Staff College in 1957 , he served as the Senior Air Staff and Administrative Officer of the Maintenance Command . Promoted to Group Captain , he served as the Station Commander in Hyderabad , commanding the airbases at Begumpet and Hakimpet . Latif served as the Air Attaché at the Embassy of India , Washington , D.C . from 1961 to 1965 . From 1965 to 1966 , Latif served as the Air Defence Commander and the Senior Air Staff Officer of the Eastern Air Command . In 1967 , he attended the National Defence College . He subsequently commanded the Lohegaon airbase from 1968 to 1970 . In August 1970 , he was promoted Air Vice Marshal and took over as the first ACAS ( Plans ) at Air HQ . He was awarded the Param Vishisht Seva Medal in 1971 . He served in this appointment during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 . In the rank of Air Marshal , from 1974 to 1978 , he served as the Air Officer-in-Charge Administration at Air HQ and Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief ( AOC-in-C ) of the Central Air Command and the Maintenance Command . In 1977 , Latif was posted as Vice Chief of Air Staff and took over as Chief of Air Staff on 1 September 1978 . After retirement from military service , Latif served as the Governor of Maharashtra from 1982 to 1985 . He also held additional charge as Administrator of Goa , Daman and Diu and Administrator of Dadra and Nagar Haveli . From 1985 to 1988 , he served as the Indian ambassador to France . Early life and education . Latif was born on 9 June 1923 in the princely state of Hyderabad into an educated and affluent Sulaymani Bohra Muslim family , a large family of seven siblings . His father , Hasan Latif , was a civil engineer who was educated at the Kings College London and in Heidelberg . Joining the engineering department of the Nizams government as an assistant engineer , he rose to become the chief engineer of Hyderabad State . His mother , Leila Hydari was the niece and adoptive daughter of Akbar Hydari , former Prime Minister of Hyderabad . His maternal great-grandmothers brother was the barrister Badruddin Tyabji . He spent his early years in Warangal , where his father was posted , and later moved to Khairtabad in Hyderabad . He attended the St . Georges Grammar School and the Madrasa-i-Aliya . All the siblings loved horse riding , having been trained at a Hyderabad State Forces training institution at Masab Tank . After his matriculation , he attended the Nizam College . His ambition was to join the Hyderabad Forest Service ; however , after seeing World War II recruitment posters , he decided to join the Air Force . After being interviewed by the British Resident at the Residency House ( now Rashtrapati Nilayam ) in Bolarum , Latif was selected to join the Indian Air Force volunteer Reserve ( IAFVR ) . He was sent to the Madras Flying Club to complete 25 hours of flying on the de Havilland Tiger Moth . He was then trained at the Initial Training Wing at Walton , Lahore and at the No.1 Elementary Flying Training School ( EFTS ) at Begumpet . Subsequently , he attended the Advanced Flying School at Ambala where he flew the Hawker Hart and Audax . Military career . World War II . Latif was commissioned into the Indian Air Force on 26 January 1942 as an acting Pilot Officer . He joined the No . 6 Coastal Flight based out of RAF Drigh Road . Flying the Westland Wapiti and Audax , he conducted anti-submarine patrols off Karachi . In 1943 , Latif promoted to the rank of Flying Officer and posted to the No . 3 Squadron IAF , commanded by Squadron Leader DAR Nanda , based at RAF Station Kohat . The airbase was commanded by Wing Commander ( later Air Marshal & CAS ) Subroto Mukerjee , the first Indian officer to command an airbase . He flew operational missions in the North-West Frontier Province , periodically flying to the advance base at Miramshah . Later in the year , he was among the few Indian pilots to be seconded to the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) . He was trained on the Hawker Hurricane and the Supermarine Spitfire along with the operational squadrons of the RAF . He returned to India in May 1944 and joined the No . 3 Squadron , flying the Hawker Hurricane during the Burma Campaign on the Arakan Front during World War II where he distinguished himself . He subsequently joined the No . 9 Squadron IAF commanded by Squadron Leader Asghar Khan , who later rose to become the Commander in Chief of the Pakistan Air Force . In early 1947 , he was posted to the Air Force Selection Board in Dehradun . Post-Independence . Latif was promoted to the rank of Squadron Leader and appointed Commanding Officer of No . 4 Squadron IAF . The squadron was equipped with the Hawker Tempest . He led his squadron during the first fly past over during the Delhi Republic Day parade in January 1950 . 23 aircraft were part of the flypast in formation of the letters I , A and F . In 1951 , he was posted to the Joint Services Wing ( JSW ) ( later National Defence Academy , Pune ) at Dehradun . At JSW , there were four squadrons - A , B , C and D . He commanded the Charlie squadron while Major ( later General and COAS ) K . V . Krishna Rao commanded D squadron . In July 1952 , Latif was promoted to the acting rank of Wing Commander and appointed Deputy Director Weapons at Air headquarters . He was also appointed Deputy Director Operations shortly afterwards . He was promoted substantive Wing Commander on 1 October 1954 . After a three-year stint at Air HQ , in late 1955 , he was deputed as an Advisor to the newly-created Indonesian Air Force . He was part of the team which helped induct the de Havilland Vampire jet fighters . He worked closely with the Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Air Force Air Marshal . In September 1957 , Latif was selected to attend the Defence Services Staff College at Wellington . He was the senior-most IAF officer in the batch which also included future CAS Lakshman Madhav Katre . After the year-long staff course , he was appointed Senior Air & Administration Staff Officer ( SAASO ) of the Maintenance Command , which was commanded by the legendary Air Vice Marshal Harjinder Singh , at Kanpur . In June 1959 , Latif was promoted to the acting rank of Group Captain and appointed Station Commander in Hyderabad commanding Hakimpet Air Force Station and Begumpet Air Force Station . The Transport Training Wing ( TTW ) equipped with English Electric Canberras and the Navigation and Signals School ( N&SS ) equipped with Dakotas were based at Begumpet while the Fighter training Wing was based at Hakimpet . During this tenure , he was the senior-most air force officer in the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad . Latif was appointed the air attaché at the Embassy of India , Washington , D.C . in early 1961 . The Ambassador of India to the United States was B K Nehru . He simultaneously held the office of Air adviser to the High Commissioner of India to Canada . On 1 October 1962 , he was promoted substantive Group Captain . After a three-year term as Air attache , he was asked by the CAS Air Marshal Arjan Singh to continue on an extended term in the acting rank of Air Commodore . Air rank . Latif returned to India in June 1965 and appointed the first Air Defence Controller of the Eastern Air Command in Shillong . He served in this appointment during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 . In June 1966 , he took over as the Senior Air Staff Officer ( SASO ) of the Eastern Air Command . After a year-long tenure as SASO , he was selected to attend the National Defence College ( NDC ) in early 1967 . He was promoted to the substantive rank of Air Commodore on 1 April 1967 when he was attending the NDC course . In January 1968 , he took over as the Air Officer Commanding Jammu and Kashmir at Udhampur Air Force Station where he served a very short stint . In March , he took over as Air Officer Commanding Air Force Station Lohegaon in Pune . He had a varied inventory of fighters , bombers , four-engined transport aircraft and Consolidated B-24 Liberator of World War II vintage at the airbase . In August 1970 , Latif was promoted to the acting rank of Air Vice Marshal and appointed to the newly-created position of Assistant Chief of Air Staff Plans ( ACAS ( Plans ) ) at Air HQ under CAS Air Chief Marshal Pratap Chandra Lal . During this tenure , he assessed the modernisation plans o the IAF . He made first-hand observations of the frontline combat squadrons across the country . He was awarded the Param Vishisht Seva Medal on 26 January 1971 . He was promoted to substantive Air Vice Marshal on 1 April 1971 . He served in this appointment during the 1971 Indo-Pakistani war and was in the eastern sector when the Pakistani Instrument of Surrender was signed by Lieutenant General A . A . K . Niazi in Dacca and the war ended . Latif was promoted to the acting rank of Air Marshal in January 1974 and posted as Air Officer-in-charge Administration ( AOA ) at Air HQ . After a short stint , he was promoted substantive Air Marshal and appointed Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief ( AOC-in-C ) Central Air Command in Allahabad . As the AOC-in-C , he led the Air Force relief operations during the Patna floods in 1975 . The floods were the worst that hit Patna . The Central Air Command , under Latif , flew as many as 20 helicopter sorties per day carrying out humanitarian tasks . On 1 March 1976 , he took over as AOC-in-C of the Maintenance Command , where he had served as SAASO two decades ago , in Kanpur . After a year at the helm of the Maintenance Command , Latif moved to Air HQ as Vice Chief of the Air Staff in May 1977 . Chief of Air Staff . In May 1978 , the Government of India appointed Latif the next Chief of Air Staff . He took command of the IAF from Air Chief Marshal Hrushikesh Moolgavkar on 31 August 1978 . He oversaw the induction of the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23 and the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25 into the IAF . Under him , the SEPECAT Jaguar was procured by the IAF , among the largest defence acquisitions of the country . He also flew the aircraft at one of the frontline air bases after its delivery to the IAF . With the retirement of General Om Prakash Malhotra in May 1981 , Latif took over as the Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee . Just before retiring from the Air Force , he flew the MiG-25 , which was then just assembled from a semi-knocked down condition by IAF personnel . Latif relinquished command of the IAF on 31 August 1981 , handing over to Air Chief Marshal Dilbagh Singh . Diplomatic and political career . After retirement from active military service , Latif was appointed as Governor of Maharashtra , on 6 March 1982 . He also had the additional charge as the Administrator of Union territory of Goa , Daman and Diu and the Administrator of Dadra and Nagar Haveli on two occasions , serving from August 1982 to February 1983 and from July 1984 to September 1984 . He completed his tenure as Governor of Maharashtra on 16 April 1985 . In March 1985 , Latif was appointed Indias Ambassador to France . He carried the rank of Minister of State in this appointment . He served as the Ambassador till August 1988 . Personal life , later life and death . He was married to Bilkees Latif , a noted social worker , and daughter of Ali Yavar Jung . The couple had three children , a daughter – Mariam and two sons – Asad and Asgar . For her work in the Dharavi slum of Mumbai , Bilkees was awarded the Padma Shri in 2009 . She also penned multiple books including the biography of her husband , The Ladder of His Life ( Biography of Air Chief Marshal Idris Hasan Latif , PVSM ) , which was published in 2013 . She died in 2017 , a year before her husbands death in 2018 . Latifs health started deteriorating after the death of Bilkees . He was ailing for some time before dying at a private hospital on 30 April 2018 , at the age of 95 . Awards and decorations . - Source :
|
[
"Administrator of Union territory of Goa , Daman and Diu",
"Governor of Maharashtra",
"Administrator of Dadra and Nagar Haveli"
] |
[
{
"text": " Air Chief Marshal Idris Hasan Latif ( 9 June 1923 – 30 April 2018 ) was a former Air Officer in the Indian Air Force . He served as the 10th Chief of Air Staff ( CAS ) of the Indian Air Force ( IAF ) from 1978 to 1981 .",
"title": "Idris Hasan Latif"
},
{
"text": "Born in an affluent family in Hyderabad , he joined the Indian Air Force Volunteer Reserve ( IAFVR ) during World War II . After joining the Coastal Flight at Karachi , he spent a year in the United Kingdom with the Royal Air Force . As part of the No . 3 Squadron IAF , he served in the Burma Campaign . After the partition of India , he chose to stay with the IAF . He commanded the No . 4 Squadron IAF and led the squadron in the fly-past during the first Republic Day parade in 1950",
"title": "Idris Hasan Latif"
},
{
"text": ". He commanded a squadron at the Joint Services Wing , the precursor to the National Defence Academy .",
"title": "Idris Hasan Latif"
},
{
"text": " As a Wing Commander , he advised the Indonesian Air Force and helped them induct jet fighters in 1955 . After attending the Defence Services Staff College in 1957 , he served as the Senior Air Staff and Administrative Officer of the Maintenance Command . Promoted to Group Captain , he served as the Station Commander in Hyderabad , commanding the airbases at Begumpet and Hakimpet . Latif served as the Air Attaché at the Embassy of India , Washington , D.C . from 1961 to 1965 .",
"title": "Idris Hasan Latif"
},
{
"text": "From 1965 to 1966 , Latif served as the Air Defence Commander and the Senior Air Staff Officer of the Eastern Air Command . In 1967 , he attended the National Defence College . He subsequently commanded the Lohegaon airbase from 1968 to 1970 . In August 1970 , he was promoted Air Vice Marshal and took over as the first ACAS ( Plans ) at Air HQ . He was awarded the Param Vishisht Seva Medal in 1971 . He served in this appointment during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 . In the rank of Air Marshal , from",
"title": "Idris Hasan Latif"
},
{
"text": "1974 to 1978 , he served as the Air Officer-in-Charge Administration at Air HQ and Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief ( AOC-in-C ) of the Central Air Command and the Maintenance Command . In 1977 , Latif was posted as Vice Chief of Air Staff and took over as Chief of Air Staff on 1 September 1978 .",
"title": "Idris Hasan Latif"
},
{
"text": " After retirement from military service , Latif served as the Governor of Maharashtra from 1982 to 1985 . He also held additional charge as Administrator of Goa , Daman and Diu and Administrator of Dadra and Nagar Haveli . From 1985 to 1988 , he served as the Indian ambassador to France . Early life and education .",
"title": "Idris Hasan Latif"
},
{
"text": "Latif was born on 9 June 1923 in the princely state of Hyderabad into an educated and affluent Sulaymani Bohra Muslim family , a large family of seven siblings . His father , Hasan Latif , was a civil engineer who was educated at the Kings College London and in Heidelberg . Joining the engineering department of the Nizams government as an assistant engineer , he rose to become the chief engineer of Hyderabad State . His mother , Leila Hydari was the niece and adoptive daughter of Akbar Hydari , former Prime Minister of Hyderabad . His maternal great-grandmothers",
"title": "Idris Hasan Latif"
},
{
"text": "brother was the barrister Badruddin Tyabji .",
"title": "Idris Hasan Latif"
},
{
"text": " He spent his early years in Warangal , where his father was posted , and later moved to Khairtabad in Hyderabad . He attended the St . Georges Grammar School and the Madrasa-i-Aliya . All the siblings loved horse riding , having been trained at a Hyderabad State Forces training institution at Masab Tank . After his matriculation , he attended the Nizam College . His ambition was to join the Hyderabad Forest Service ; however , after seeing World War II recruitment posters , he decided to join the Air Force .",
"title": "Idris Hasan Latif"
},
{
"text": "After being interviewed by the British Resident at the Residency House ( now Rashtrapati Nilayam ) in Bolarum , Latif was selected to join the Indian Air Force volunteer Reserve ( IAFVR ) . He was sent to the Madras Flying Club to complete 25 hours of flying on the de Havilland Tiger Moth . He was then trained at the Initial Training Wing at Walton , Lahore and at the No.1 Elementary Flying Training School ( EFTS ) at Begumpet . Subsequently , he attended the Advanced Flying School at Ambala where he flew the Hawker Hart and Audax",
"title": "Idris Hasan Latif"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Idris Hasan Latif"
},
{
"text": " Latif was commissioned into the Indian Air Force on 26 January 1942 as an acting Pilot Officer . He joined the No . 6 Coastal Flight based out of RAF Drigh Road . Flying the Westland Wapiti and Audax , he conducted anti-submarine patrols off Karachi .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "In 1943 , Latif promoted to the rank of Flying Officer and posted to the No . 3 Squadron IAF , commanded by Squadron Leader DAR Nanda , based at RAF Station Kohat . The airbase was commanded by Wing Commander ( later Air Marshal & CAS ) Subroto Mukerjee , the first Indian officer to command an airbase . He flew operational missions in the North-West Frontier Province , periodically flying to the advance base at Miramshah . Later in the year , he was among the few Indian pilots to be seconded to the Royal Air Force (",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "RAF ) . He was trained on the Hawker Hurricane and the Supermarine Spitfire along with the operational squadrons of the RAF .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " He returned to India in May 1944 and joined the No . 3 Squadron , flying the Hawker Hurricane during the Burma Campaign on the Arakan Front during World War II where he distinguished himself . He subsequently joined the No . 9 Squadron IAF commanded by Squadron Leader Asghar Khan , who later rose to become the Commander in Chief of the Pakistan Air Force . In early 1947 , he was posted to the Air Force Selection Board in Dehradun .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Latif was promoted to the rank of Squadron Leader and appointed Commanding Officer of No . 4 Squadron IAF . The squadron was equipped with the Hawker Tempest . He led his squadron during the first fly past over during the Delhi Republic Day parade in January 1950 . 23 aircraft were part of the flypast in formation of the letters I , A and F . In 1951 , he was posted to the Joint Services Wing ( JSW ) ( later National Defence Academy , Pune ) at Dehradun . At JSW , there were four squadrons -",
"title": "Post-Independence"
},
{
"text": "A , B , C and D . He commanded the Charlie squadron while Major ( later General and COAS ) K . V . Krishna Rao commanded D squadron .",
"title": "Post-Independence"
},
{
"text": "In July 1952 , Latif was promoted to the acting rank of Wing Commander and appointed Deputy Director Weapons at Air headquarters . He was also appointed Deputy Director Operations shortly afterwards . He was promoted substantive Wing Commander on 1 October 1954 . After a three-year stint at Air HQ , in late 1955 , he was deputed as an Advisor to the newly-created Indonesian Air Force . He was part of the team which helped induct the de Havilland Vampire jet fighters . He worked closely with the Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Air Force Air Marshal",
"title": "Post-Independence"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Post-Independence"
},
{
"text": " In September 1957 , Latif was selected to attend the Defence Services Staff College at Wellington . He was the senior-most IAF officer in the batch which also included future CAS Lakshman Madhav Katre . After the year-long staff course , he was appointed Senior Air & Administration Staff Officer ( SAASO ) of the Maintenance Command , which was commanded by the legendary Air Vice Marshal Harjinder Singh , at Kanpur .",
"title": "Post-Independence"
},
{
"text": "In June 1959 , Latif was promoted to the acting rank of Group Captain and appointed Station Commander in Hyderabad commanding Hakimpet Air Force Station and Begumpet Air Force Station . The Transport Training Wing ( TTW ) equipped with English Electric Canberras and the Navigation and Signals School ( N&SS ) equipped with Dakotas were based at Begumpet while the Fighter training Wing was based at Hakimpet . During this tenure , he was the senior-most air force officer in the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad .",
"title": "Post-Independence"
},
{
"text": " Latif was appointed the air attaché at the Embassy of India , Washington , D.C . in early 1961 . The Ambassador of India to the United States was B K Nehru . He simultaneously held the office of Air adviser to the High Commissioner of India to Canada . On 1 October 1962 , he was promoted substantive Group Captain . After a three-year term as Air attache , he was asked by the CAS Air Marshal Arjan Singh to continue on an extended term in the acting rank of Air Commodore .",
"title": "Post-Independence"
},
{
"text": "Latif returned to India in June 1965 and appointed the first Air Defence Controller of the Eastern Air Command in Shillong . He served in this appointment during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 . In June 1966 , he took over as the Senior Air Staff Officer ( SASO ) of the Eastern Air Command . After a year-long tenure as SASO , he was selected to attend the National Defence College ( NDC ) in early 1967 . He was promoted to the substantive rank of Air Commodore on 1 April 1967 when he was attending the NDC course",
"title": "Air rank"
},
{
"text": ". In January 1968 , he took over as the Air Officer Commanding Jammu and Kashmir at Udhampur Air Force Station where he served a very short stint . In March , he took over as Air Officer Commanding Air Force Station Lohegaon in Pune . He had a varied inventory of fighters , bombers , four-engined",
"title": "Air rank"
},
{
"text": " transport aircraft and Consolidated B-24 Liberator of World War II vintage at the airbase .",
"title": "Air rank"
},
{
"text": "In August 1970 , Latif was promoted to the acting rank of Air Vice Marshal and appointed to the newly-created position of Assistant Chief of Air Staff Plans ( ACAS ( Plans ) ) at Air HQ under CAS Air Chief Marshal Pratap Chandra Lal . During this tenure , he assessed the modernisation plans o the IAF . He made first-hand observations of the frontline combat squadrons across the country . He was awarded the Param Vishisht Seva Medal on 26 January 1971 . He was promoted to substantive Air Vice Marshal on 1 April 1971 . He served",
"title": "Air rank"
},
{
"text": "in this appointment during the 1971 Indo-Pakistani war and was in the eastern sector when the Pakistani Instrument of Surrender was signed by Lieutenant General A . A . K . Niazi in Dacca and the war ended .",
"title": "Air rank"
},
{
"text": "Latif was promoted to the acting rank of Air Marshal in January 1974 and posted as Air Officer-in-charge Administration ( AOA ) at Air HQ . After a short stint , he was promoted substantive Air Marshal and appointed Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief ( AOC-in-C ) Central Air Command in Allahabad . As the AOC-in-C , he led the Air Force relief operations during the Patna floods in 1975 . The floods were the worst that hit Patna . The Central Air Command , under Latif , flew as many as 20 helicopter sorties per day carrying out humanitarian tasks .",
"title": "Air rank"
},
{
"text": "On 1 March 1976 , he took over as AOC-in-C of the Maintenance Command , where he had served as SAASO two decades ago , in Kanpur . After a year at the helm of the Maintenance Command , Latif moved to Air HQ as Vice Chief of the Air Staff in May 1977 .",
"title": "Air rank"
},
{
"text": "In May 1978 , the Government of India appointed Latif the next Chief of Air Staff . He took command of the IAF from Air Chief Marshal Hrushikesh Moolgavkar on 31 August 1978 . He oversaw the induction of the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23 and the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25 into the IAF . Under him , the SEPECAT Jaguar was procured by the IAF , among the largest defence acquisitions of the country . He also flew the aircraft at one of the frontline air bases after its delivery to the IAF . With the retirement of General Om Prakash Malhotra in May",
"title": "Air rank"
},
{
"text": "1981 , Latif took over as the Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee . Just before retiring from the Air Force , he flew the MiG-25 , which was then just assembled from a semi-knocked down condition by IAF personnel . Latif relinquished command of the IAF on 31 August 1981 , handing over to Air Chief Marshal Dilbagh Singh .",
"title": "Air rank"
},
{
"text": " Diplomatic and political career . After retirement from active military service , Latif was appointed as Governor of Maharashtra , on 6 March 1982 . He also had the additional charge as the Administrator of Union territory of Goa , Daman and Diu and the Administrator of Dadra and Nagar Haveli on two occasions , serving from August 1982 to February 1983 and from July 1984 to September 1984 . He completed his tenure as Governor of Maharashtra on 16 April 1985 .",
"title": "Air rank"
},
{
"text": "In March 1985 , Latif was appointed Indias Ambassador to France . He carried the rank of Minister of State in this appointment . He served as the Ambassador till August 1988 .",
"title": "Air rank"
},
{
"text": "He was married to Bilkees Latif , a noted social worker , and daughter of Ali Yavar Jung . The couple had three children , a daughter – Mariam and two sons – Asad and Asgar . For her work in the Dharavi slum of Mumbai , Bilkees was awarded the Padma Shri in 2009 . She also penned multiple books including the biography of her husband , The Ladder of His Life ( Biography of Air Chief Marshal Idris Hasan Latif , PVSM ) , which was published in 2013 . She died in 2017 , a year before",
"title": "Air rank"
},
{
"text": "her husbands death in 2018 .",
"title": "Air rank"
},
{
"text": " Latifs health started deteriorating after the death of Bilkees . He was ailing for some time before dying at a private hospital on 30 April 2018 , at the age of 95 .",
"title": "Air rank"
},
{
"text": " - Source :",
"title": "Awards and decorations"
}
] |
/wiki/Idris_Hasan_Latif#P39#2
|
Idris Hasan Latif took which position in Oct 1987?
|
Idris Hasan Latif Air Chief Marshal Idris Hasan Latif ( 9 June 1923 – 30 April 2018 ) was a former Air Officer in the Indian Air Force . He served as the 10th Chief of Air Staff ( CAS ) of the Indian Air Force ( IAF ) from 1978 to 1981 . Born in an affluent family in Hyderabad , he joined the Indian Air Force Volunteer Reserve ( IAFVR ) during World War II . After joining the Coastal Flight at Karachi , he spent a year in the United Kingdom with the Royal Air Force . As part of the No . 3 Squadron IAF , he served in the Burma Campaign . After the partition of India , he chose to stay with the IAF . He commanded the No . 4 Squadron IAF and led the squadron in the fly-past during the first Republic Day parade in 1950 . He commanded a squadron at the Joint Services Wing , the precursor to the National Defence Academy . As a Wing Commander , he advised the Indonesian Air Force and helped them induct jet fighters in 1955 . After attending the Defence Services Staff College in 1957 , he served as the Senior Air Staff and Administrative Officer of the Maintenance Command . Promoted to Group Captain , he served as the Station Commander in Hyderabad , commanding the airbases at Begumpet and Hakimpet . Latif served as the Air Attaché at the Embassy of India , Washington , D.C . from 1961 to 1965 . From 1965 to 1966 , Latif served as the Air Defence Commander and the Senior Air Staff Officer of the Eastern Air Command . In 1967 , he attended the National Defence College . He subsequently commanded the Lohegaon airbase from 1968 to 1970 . In August 1970 , he was promoted Air Vice Marshal and took over as the first ACAS ( Plans ) at Air HQ . He was awarded the Param Vishisht Seva Medal in 1971 . He served in this appointment during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 . In the rank of Air Marshal , from 1974 to 1978 , he served as the Air Officer-in-Charge Administration at Air HQ and Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief ( AOC-in-C ) of the Central Air Command and the Maintenance Command . In 1977 , Latif was posted as Vice Chief of Air Staff and took over as Chief of Air Staff on 1 September 1978 . After retirement from military service , Latif served as the Governor of Maharashtra from 1982 to 1985 . He also held additional charge as Administrator of Goa , Daman and Diu and Administrator of Dadra and Nagar Haveli . From 1985 to 1988 , he served as the Indian ambassador to France . Early life and education . Latif was born on 9 June 1923 in the princely state of Hyderabad into an educated and affluent Sulaymani Bohra Muslim family , a large family of seven siblings . His father , Hasan Latif , was a civil engineer who was educated at the Kings College London and in Heidelberg . Joining the engineering department of the Nizams government as an assistant engineer , he rose to become the chief engineer of Hyderabad State . His mother , Leila Hydari was the niece and adoptive daughter of Akbar Hydari , former Prime Minister of Hyderabad . His maternal great-grandmothers brother was the barrister Badruddin Tyabji . He spent his early years in Warangal , where his father was posted , and later moved to Khairtabad in Hyderabad . He attended the St . Georges Grammar School and the Madrasa-i-Aliya . All the siblings loved horse riding , having been trained at a Hyderabad State Forces training institution at Masab Tank . After his matriculation , he attended the Nizam College . His ambition was to join the Hyderabad Forest Service ; however , after seeing World War II recruitment posters , he decided to join the Air Force . After being interviewed by the British Resident at the Residency House ( now Rashtrapati Nilayam ) in Bolarum , Latif was selected to join the Indian Air Force volunteer Reserve ( IAFVR ) . He was sent to the Madras Flying Club to complete 25 hours of flying on the de Havilland Tiger Moth . He was then trained at the Initial Training Wing at Walton , Lahore and at the No.1 Elementary Flying Training School ( EFTS ) at Begumpet . Subsequently , he attended the Advanced Flying School at Ambala where he flew the Hawker Hart and Audax . Military career . World War II . Latif was commissioned into the Indian Air Force on 26 January 1942 as an acting Pilot Officer . He joined the No . 6 Coastal Flight based out of RAF Drigh Road . Flying the Westland Wapiti and Audax , he conducted anti-submarine patrols off Karachi . In 1943 , Latif promoted to the rank of Flying Officer and posted to the No . 3 Squadron IAF , commanded by Squadron Leader DAR Nanda , based at RAF Station Kohat . The airbase was commanded by Wing Commander ( later Air Marshal & CAS ) Subroto Mukerjee , the first Indian officer to command an airbase . He flew operational missions in the North-West Frontier Province , periodically flying to the advance base at Miramshah . Later in the year , he was among the few Indian pilots to be seconded to the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) . He was trained on the Hawker Hurricane and the Supermarine Spitfire along with the operational squadrons of the RAF . He returned to India in May 1944 and joined the No . 3 Squadron , flying the Hawker Hurricane during the Burma Campaign on the Arakan Front during World War II where he distinguished himself . He subsequently joined the No . 9 Squadron IAF commanded by Squadron Leader Asghar Khan , who later rose to become the Commander in Chief of the Pakistan Air Force . In early 1947 , he was posted to the Air Force Selection Board in Dehradun . Post-Independence . Latif was promoted to the rank of Squadron Leader and appointed Commanding Officer of No . 4 Squadron IAF . The squadron was equipped with the Hawker Tempest . He led his squadron during the first fly past over during the Delhi Republic Day parade in January 1950 . 23 aircraft were part of the flypast in formation of the letters I , A and F . In 1951 , he was posted to the Joint Services Wing ( JSW ) ( later National Defence Academy , Pune ) at Dehradun . At JSW , there were four squadrons - A , B , C and D . He commanded the Charlie squadron while Major ( later General and COAS ) K . V . Krishna Rao commanded D squadron . In July 1952 , Latif was promoted to the acting rank of Wing Commander and appointed Deputy Director Weapons at Air headquarters . He was also appointed Deputy Director Operations shortly afterwards . He was promoted substantive Wing Commander on 1 October 1954 . After a three-year stint at Air HQ , in late 1955 , he was deputed as an Advisor to the newly-created Indonesian Air Force . He was part of the team which helped induct the de Havilland Vampire jet fighters . He worked closely with the Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Air Force Air Marshal . In September 1957 , Latif was selected to attend the Defence Services Staff College at Wellington . He was the senior-most IAF officer in the batch which also included future CAS Lakshman Madhav Katre . After the year-long staff course , he was appointed Senior Air & Administration Staff Officer ( SAASO ) of the Maintenance Command , which was commanded by the legendary Air Vice Marshal Harjinder Singh , at Kanpur . In June 1959 , Latif was promoted to the acting rank of Group Captain and appointed Station Commander in Hyderabad commanding Hakimpet Air Force Station and Begumpet Air Force Station . The Transport Training Wing ( TTW ) equipped with English Electric Canberras and the Navigation and Signals School ( N&SS ) equipped with Dakotas were based at Begumpet while the Fighter training Wing was based at Hakimpet . During this tenure , he was the senior-most air force officer in the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad . Latif was appointed the air attaché at the Embassy of India , Washington , D.C . in early 1961 . The Ambassador of India to the United States was B K Nehru . He simultaneously held the office of Air adviser to the High Commissioner of India to Canada . On 1 October 1962 , he was promoted substantive Group Captain . After a three-year term as Air attache , he was asked by the CAS Air Marshal Arjan Singh to continue on an extended term in the acting rank of Air Commodore . Air rank . Latif returned to India in June 1965 and appointed the first Air Defence Controller of the Eastern Air Command in Shillong . He served in this appointment during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 . In June 1966 , he took over as the Senior Air Staff Officer ( SASO ) of the Eastern Air Command . After a year-long tenure as SASO , he was selected to attend the National Defence College ( NDC ) in early 1967 . He was promoted to the substantive rank of Air Commodore on 1 April 1967 when he was attending the NDC course . In January 1968 , he took over as the Air Officer Commanding Jammu and Kashmir at Udhampur Air Force Station where he served a very short stint . In March , he took over as Air Officer Commanding Air Force Station Lohegaon in Pune . He had a varied inventory of fighters , bombers , four-engined transport aircraft and Consolidated B-24 Liberator of World War II vintage at the airbase . In August 1970 , Latif was promoted to the acting rank of Air Vice Marshal and appointed to the newly-created position of Assistant Chief of Air Staff Plans ( ACAS ( Plans ) ) at Air HQ under CAS Air Chief Marshal Pratap Chandra Lal . During this tenure , he assessed the modernisation plans o the IAF . He made first-hand observations of the frontline combat squadrons across the country . He was awarded the Param Vishisht Seva Medal on 26 January 1971 . He was promoted to substantive Air Vice Marshal on 1 April 1971 . He served in this appointment during the 1971 Indo-Pakistani war and was in the eastern sector when the Pakistani Instrument of Surrender was signed by Lieutenant General A . A . K . Niazi in Dacca and the war ended . Latif was promoted to the acting rank of Air Marshal in January 1974 and posted as Air Officer-in-charge Administration ( AOA ) at Air HQ . After a short stint , he was promoted substantive Air Marshal and appointed Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief ( AOC-in-C ) Central Air Command in Allahabad . As the AOC-in-C , he led the Air Force relief operations during the Patna floods in 1975 . The floods were the worst that hit Patna . The Central Air Command , under Latif , flew as many as 20 helicopter sorties per day carrying out humanitarian tasks . On 1 March 1976 , he took over as AOC-in-C of the Maintenance Command , where he had served as SAASO two decades ago , in Kanpur . After a year at the helm of the Maintenance Command , Latif moved to Air HQ as Vice Chief of the Air Staff in May 1977 . Chief of Air Staff . In May 1978 , the Government of India appointed Latif the next Chief of Air Staff . He took command of the IAF from Air Chief Marshal Hrushikesh Moolgavkar on 31 August 1978 . He oversaw the induction of the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23 and the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25 into the IAF . Under him , the SEPECAT Jaguar was procured by the IAF , among the largest defence acquisitions of the country . He also flew the aircraft at one of the frontline air bases after its delivery to the IAF . With the retirement of General Om Prakash Malhotra in May 1981 , Latif took over as the Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee . Just before retiring from the Air Force , he flew the MiG-25 , which was then just assembled from a semi-knocked down condition by IAF personnel . Latif relinquished command of the IAF on 31 August 1981 , handing over to Air Chief Marshal Dilbagh Singh . Diplomatic and political career . After retirement from active military service , Latif was appointed as Governor of Maharashtra , on 6 March 1982 . He also had the additional charge as the Administrator of Union territory of Goa , Daman and Diu and the Administrator of Dadra and Nagar Haveli on two occasions , serving from August 1982 to February 1983 and from July 1984 to September 1984 . He completed his tenure as Governor of Maharashtra on 16 April 1985 . In March 1985 , Latif was appointed Indias Ambassador to France . He carried the rank of Minister of State in this appointment . He served as the Ambassador till August 1988 . Personal life , later life and death . He was married to Bilkees Latif , a noted social worker , and daughter of Ali Yavar Jung . The couple had three children , a daughter – Mariam and two sons – Asad and Asgar . For her work in the Dharavi slum of Mumbai , Bilkees was awarded the Padma Shri in 2009 . She also penned multiple books including the biography of her husband , The Ladder of His Life ( Biography of Air Chief Marshal Idris Hasan Latif , PVSM ) , which was published in 2013 . She died in 2017 , a year before her husbands death in 2018 . Latifs health started deteriorating after the death of Bilkees . He was ailing for some time before dying at a private hospital on 30 April 2018 , at the age of 95 . Awards and decorations . - Source :
|
[
"Ambassador to France"
] |
[
{
"text": " Air Chief Marshal Idris Hasan Latif ( 9 June 1923 – 30 April 2018 ) was a former Air Officer in the Indian Air Force . He served as the 10th Chief of Air Staff ( CAS ) of the Indian Air Force ( IAF ) from 1978 to 1981 .",
"title": "Idris Hasan Latif"
},
{
"text": "Born in an affluent family in Hyderabad , he joined the Indian Air Force Volunteer Reserve ( IAFVR ) during World War II . After joining the Coastal Flight at Karachi , he spent a year in the United Kingdom with the Royal Air Force . As part of the No . 3 Squadron IAF , he served in the Burma Campaign . After the partition of India , he chose to stay with the IAF . He commanded the No . 4 Squadron IAF and led the squadron in the fly-past during the first Republic Day parade in 1950",
"title": "Idris Hasan Latif"
},
{
"text": ". He commanded a squadron at the Joint Services Wing , the precursor to the National Defence Academy .",
"title": "Idris Hasan Latif"
},
{
"text": " As a Wing Commander , he advised the Indonesian Air Force and helped them induct jet fighters in 1955 . After attending the Defence Services Staff College in 1957 , he served as the Senior Air Staff and Administrative Officer of the Maintenance Command . Promoted to Group Captain , he served as the Station Commander in Hyderabad , commanding the airbases at Begumpet and Hakimpet . Latif served as the Air Attaché at the Embassy of India , Washington , D.C . from 1961 to 1965 .",
"title": "Idris Hasan Latif"
},
{
"text": "From 1965 to 1966 , Latif served as the Air Defence Commander and the Senior Air Staff Officer of the Eastern Air Command . In 1967 , he attended the National Defence College . He subsequently commanded the Lohegaon airbase from 1968 to 1970 . In August 1970 , he was promoted Air Vice Marshal and took over as the first ACAS ( Plans ) at Air HQ . He was awarded the Param Vishisht Seva Medal in 1971 . He served in this appointment during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 . In the rank of Air Marshal , from",
"title": "Idris Hasan Latif"
},
{
"text": "1974 to 1978 , he served as the Air Officer-in-Charge Administration at Air HQ and Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief ( AOC-in-C ) of the Central Air Command and the Maintenance Command . In 1977 , Latif was posted as Vice Chief of Air Staff and took over as Chief of Air Staff on 1 September 1978 .",
"title": "Idris Hasan Latif"
},
{
"text": " After retirement from military service , Latif served as the Governor of Maharashtra from 1982 to 1985 . He also held additional charge as Administrator of Goa , Daman and Diu and Administrator of Dadra and Nagar Haveli . From 1985 to 1988 , he served as the Indian ambassador to France . Early life and education .",
"title": "Idris Hasan Latif"
},
{
"text": "Latif was born on 9 June 1923 in the princely state of Hyderabad into an educated and affluent Sulaymani Bohra Muslim family , a large family of seven siblings . His father , Hasan Latif , was a civil engineer who was educated at the Kings College London and in Heidelberg . Joining the engineering department of the Nizams government as an assistant engineer , he rose to become the chief engineer of Hyderabad State . His mother , Leila Hydari was the niece and adoptive daughter of Akbar Hydari , former Prime Minister of Hyderabad . His maternal great-grandmothers",
"title": "Idris Hasan Latif"
},
{
"text": "brother was the barrister Badruddin Tyabji .",
"title": "Idris Hasan Latif"
},
{
"text": " He spent his early years in Warangal , where his father was posted , and later moved to Khairtabad in Hyderabad . He attended the St . Georges Grammar School and the Madrasa-i-Aliya . All the siblings loved horse riding , having been trained at a Hyderabad State Forces training institution at Masab Tank . After his matriculation , he attended the Nizam College . His ambition was to join the Hyderabad Forest Service ; however , after seeing World War II recruitment posters , he decided to join the Air Force .",
"title": "Idris Hasan Latif"
},
{
"text": "After being interviewed by the British Resident at the Residency House ( now Rashtrapati Nilayam ) in Bolarum , Latif was selected to join the Indian Air Force volunteer Reserve ( IAFVR ) . He was sent to the Madras Flying Club to complete 25 hours of flying on the de Havilland Tiger Moth . He was then trained at the Initial Training Wing at Walton , Lahore and at the No.1 Elementary Flying Training School ( EFTS ) at Begumpet . Subsequently , he attended the Advanced Flying School at Ambala where he flew the Hawker Hart and Audax",
"title": "Idris Hasan Latif"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Idris Hasan Latif"
},
{
"text": " Latif was commissioned into the Indian Air Force on 26 January 1942 as an acting Pilot Officer . He joined the No . 6 Coastal Flight based out of RAF Drigh Road . Flying the Westland Wapiti and Audax , he conducted anti-submarine patrols off Karachi .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "In 1943 , Latif promoted to the rank of Flying Officer and posted to the No . 3 Squadron IAF , commanded by Squadron Leader DAR Nanda , based at RAF Station Kohat . The airbase was commanded by Wing Commander ( later Air Marshal & CAS ) Subroto Mukerjee , the first Indian officer to command an airbase . He flew operational missions in the North-West Frontier Province , periodically flying to the advance base at Miramshah . Later in the year , he was among the few Indian pilots to be seconded to the Royal Air Force (",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "RAF ) . He was trained on the Hawker Hurricane and the Supermarine Spitfire along with the operational squadrons of the RAF .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " He returned to India in May 1944 and joined the No . 3 Squadron , flying the Hawker Hurricane during the Burma Campaign on the Arakan Front during World War II where he distinguished himself . He subsequently joined the No . 9 Squadron IAF commanded by Squadron Leader Asghar Khan , who later rose to become the Commander in Chief of the Pakistan Air Force . In early 1947 , he was posted to the Air Force Selection Board in Dehradun .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Latif was promoted to the rank of Squadron Leader and appointed Commanding Officer of No . 4 Squadron IAF . The squadron was equipped with the Hawker Tempest . He led his squadron during the first fly past over during the Delhi Republic Day parade in January 1950 . 23 aircraft were part of the flypast in formation of the letters I , A and F . In 1951 , he was posted to the Joint Services Wing ( JSW ) ( later National Defence Academy , Pune ) at Dehradun . At JSW , there were four squadrons -",
"title": "Post-Independence"
},
{
"text": "A , B , C and D . He commanded the Charlie squadron while Major ( later General and COAS ) K . V . Krishna Rao commanded D squadron .",
"title": "Post-Independence"
},
{
"text": "In July 1952 , Latif was promoted to the acting rank of Wing Commander and appointed Deputy Director Weapons at Air headquarters . He was also appointed Deputy Director Operations shortly afterwards . He was promoted substantive Wing Commander on 1 October 1954 . After a three-year stint at Air HQ , in late 1955 , he was deputed as an Advisor to the newly-created Indonesian Air Force . He was part of the team which helped induct the de Havilland Vampire jet fighters . He worked closely with the Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Air Force Air Marshal",
"title": "Post-Independence"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Post-Independence"
},
{
"text": " In September 1957 , Latif was selected to attend the Defence Services Staff College at Wellington . He was the senior-most IAF officer in the batch which also included future CAS Lakshman Madhav Katre . After the year-long staff course , he was appointed Senior Air & Administration Staff Officer ( SAASO ) of the Maintenance Command , which was commanded by the legendary Air Vice Marshal Harjinder Singh , at Kanpur .",
"title": "Post-Independence"
},
{
"text": "In June 1959 , Latif was promoted to the acting rank of Group Captain and appointed Station Commander in Hyderabad commanding Hakimpet Air Force Station and Begumpet Air Force Station . The Transport Training Wing ( TTW ) equipped with English Electric Canberras and the Navigation and Signals School ( N&SS ) equipped with Dakotas were based at Begumpet while the Fighter training Wing was based at Hakimpet . During this tenure , he was the senior-most air force officer in the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad .",
"title": "Post-Independence"
},
{
"text": " Latif was appointed the air attaché at the Embassy of India , Washington , D.C . in early 1961 . The Ambassador of India to the United States was B K Nehru . He simultaneously held the office of Air adviser to the High Commissioner of India to Canada . On 1 October 1962 , he was promoted substantive Group Captain . After a three-year term as Air attache , he was asked by the CAS Air Marshal Arjan Singh to continue on an extended term in the acting rank of Air Commodore .",
"title": "Post-Independence"
},
{
"text": "Latif returned to India in June 1965 and appointed the first Air Defence Controller of the Eastern Air Command in Shillong . He served in this appointment during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 . In June 1966 , he took over as the Senior Air Staff Officer ( SASO ) of the Eastern Air Command . After a year-long tenure as SASO , he was selected to attend the National Defence College ( NDC ) in early 1967 . He was promoted to the substantive rank of Air Commodore on 1 April 1967 when he was attending the NDC course",
"title": "Air rank"
},
{
"text": ". In January 1968 , he took over as the Air Officer Commanding Jammu and Kashmir at Udhampur Air Force Station where he served a very short stint . In March , he took over as Air Officer Commanding Air Force Station Lohegaon in Pune . He had a varied inventory of fighters , bombers , four-engined",
"title": "Air rank"
},
{
"text": " transport aircraft and Consolidated B-24 Liberator of World War II vintage at the airbase .",
"title": "Air rank"
},
{
"text": "In August 1970 , Latif was promoted to the acting rank of Air Vice Marshal and appointed to the newly-created position of Assistant Chief of Air Staff Plans ( ACAS ( Plans ) ) at Air HQ under CAS Air Chief Marshal Pratap Chandra Lal . During this tenure , he assessed the modernisation plans o the IAF . He made first-hand observations of the frontline combat squadrons across the country . He was awarded the Param Vishisht Seva Medal on 26 January 1971 . He was promoted to substantive Air Vice Marshal on 1 April 1971 . He served",
"title": "Air rank"
},
{
"text": "in this appointment during the 1971 Indo-Pakistani war and was in the eastern sector when the Pakistani Instrument of Surrender was signed by Lieutenant General A . A . K . Niazi in Dacca and the war ended .",
"title": "Air rank"
},
{
"text": "Latif was promoted to the acting rank of Air Marshal in January 1974 and posted as Air Officer-in-charge Administration ( AOA ) at Air HQ . After a short stint , he was promoted substantive Air Marshal and appointed Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief ( AOC-in-C ) Central Air Command in Allahabad . As the AOC-in-C , he led the Air Force relief operations during the Patna floods in 1975 . The floods were the worst that hit Patna . The Central Air Command , under Latif , flew as many as 20 helicopter sorties per day carrying out humanitarian tasks .",
"title": "Air rank"
},
{
"text": "On 1 March 1976 , he took over as AOC-in-C of the Maintenance Command , where he had served as SAASO two decades ago , in Kanpur . After a year at the helm of the Maintenance Command , Latif moved to Air HQ as Vice Chief of the Air Staff in May 1977 .",
"title": "Air rank"
},
{
"text": "In May 1978 , the Government of India appointed Latif the next Chief of Air Staff . He took command of the IAF from Air Chief Marshal Hrushikesh Moolgavkar on 31 August 1978 . He oversaw the induction of the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23 and the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25 into the IAF . Under him , the SEPECAT Jaguar was procured by the IAF , among the largest defence acquisitions of the country . He also flew the aircraft at one of the frontline air bases after its delivery to the IAF . With the retirement of General Om Prakash Malhotra in May",
"title": "Air rank"
},
{
"text": "1981 , Latif took over as the Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee . Just before retiring from the Air Force , he flew the MiG-25 , which was then just assembled from a semi-knocked down condition by IAF personnel . Latif relinquished command of the IAF on 31 August 1981 , handing over to Air Chief Marshal Dilbagh Singh .",
"title": "Air rank"
},
{
"text": " Diplomatic and political career . After retirement from active military service , Latif was appointed as Governor of Maharashtra , on 6 March 1982 . He also had the additional charge as the Administrator of Union territory of Goa , Daman and Diu and the Administrator of Dadra and Nagar Haveli on two occasions , serving from August 1982 to February 1983 and from July 1984 to September 1984 . He completed his tenure as Governor of Maharashtra on 16 April 1985 .",
"title": "Air rank"
},
{
"text": "In March 1985 , Latif was appointed Indias Ambassador to France . He carried the rank of Minister of State in this appointment . He served as the Ambassador till August 1988 .",
"title": "Air rank"
},
{
"text": "He was married to Bilkees Latif , a noted social worker , and daughter of Ali Yavar Jung . The couple had three children , a daughter – Mariam and two sons – Asad and Asgar . For her work in the Dharavi slum of Mumbai , Bilkees was awarded the Padma Shri in 2009 . She also penned multiple books including the biography of her husband , The Ladder of His Life ( Biography of Air Chief Marshal Idris Hasan Latif , PVSM ) , which was published in 2013 . She died in 2017 , a year before",
"title": "Air rank"
},
{
"text": "her husbands death in 2018 .",
"title": "Air rank"
},
{
"text": " Latifs health started deteriorating after the death of Bilkees . He was ailing for some time before dying at a private hospital on 30 April 2018 , at the age of 95 .",
"title": "Air rank"
},
{
"text": " - Source :",
"title": "Awards and decorations"
}
] |
/wiki/Pierre_Mauroy#P39#0
|
Pierre Mauroy took which position before Mar 1980?
|
Pierre Mauroy Pierre Mauroy ( ; 5 July 1928 – 7 June 2013 ) was a French Socialist politician who was Prime Minister of France from 1981 to 1984 under President François Mitterrand . Mauroy also served as Mayor of Lille from 1973 to 2001 . At the time of his death Mauroy was the emeritus mayor of the city of Lille . He died from complications of lung cancer on 7 June 2013 at the age of 84 . He is the namesake of Lilles new stadium , Stade Pierre-Mauroy . Biography . Background . Mauroy was born in Cartignies . A teacher , he led the Socialist Youth Movement and the Technical Teaching Union in the 1950s . He became a leading figure in the Socialist federation of Nord département , which was among the third biggest of the French Section of the Workers International ( SFIO ) party and climbed quickly in the party . In 1966 , he became the second most powerful person of the party behind the secretary general , Guy Mollet . Nevertheless , when Mollet resigned as leader in 1969 , Alain Savary was chosen to succeed him . Political career . After the electoral disasters of 1968 and 1969 , he was persuaded of the necessity to renew the party . In 1971 , during the Epinay Congress , he supported François Mitterrands election to the party leadership and became the second most powerful person in the Socialist Party ( PS ) . Two years later , he was elected as a deputy and Mayor of Lille . Increasingly , Mauroy criticized the replacement of former SFIO members from important positions by allies of Mitterrand . In this , he formed an alliance with Michel Rocard , the main opponent of Mitterrand , during the 1979 Metz Congress . However , Mitterrand chose him as spokesperson during the 1981 presidential campaign ; after Mitterrands election , he appointed Mauroy as Prime Minister . Prime Minister . Mauroys government was a radical reforming one , implementing a wide range of social reforms including the reduction of the legal workweek from 40 to 39 hours , the limiting of continuous shift working to an average of no more than 35 hours per week , the lowering of the retirement age to 60 , and a rise in social welfare benefits . Entitlement to paid holidays was also extended from four to five weeks . During the Mauroy governments first year in office , minimum pensions were increased by 38% , rent allowances by 50% , family allowances by 25% ( 50% for households with two children ) , and the minimum wage by 25% . During the 1981–82 period , state industrial investment was substantially increased , 17 billion francs in ”soft loan credit was provided to private industry , 7 billion francs was set aside to help school leavers , 54,000 new civil service jobs were created , and a major housebuilding drive was launched . Efforts were made to shift the burden of direct taxes away from lower- income groups , while increases in the minimum wage gave the low paid a real increase in their living standards of about 15% in 1981–82 . Unemployment benefits were also increased , together with the duration of time in which one could receive them . In addition , the maximum allowable workweek was reduced from 50 to 48 hours . Upon taking office , the Mauroy Government embarked upon an ambitious redistributive programme . The minimum wage went up in real terms by 11% between May 1981 and September 1982 , while the minimum old age pension was increased by 30% . 800,000 elderly people were exempted from paying T.V . licenses , while 1.5 million were also exempted from local taxes . Between May 1981 and January 1983 , family benefits were significantly increased , with the purchasing power of the 2,700,000 families with two children raised by 40% . These policies significantly improved the living standards of the less well off in French society , with poverty reduced during Mauroys term in office . Family allowances were increased by 81% for families with two children and by 49% for families with three children , while old-age pensions were raised by 300 francs a month for a single person and 3,700 francs for a couple . Altogether , the purchasing power of social transfers went up by 45% in 1981 and by 7.6% in 1982 . Health care coverage was also extended , with health insurance benefits made more widely available to part-time employees and the unemployed . Efforts were also made to promote voluntary retirement at sixty , with a pension ranging upwards from 80% of the SMIC to 50% of a middle-management salary . In 1982 , two measures were introduced that extended eligibility for early retirement for workers aged 55 to 59 : the contrats de préretraites progressives and the contrats de solidarité-démission . These programmes were aimed at stimulating consumption and aggregate demand by providing firms with incentives to hire younger workers as replacements for early retirees . A year later , solidarity contracts were introduced which provided early retirement for older workers aged 55 or above on the condition that firms replace recipients with younger workers . Elderly people benefited greatly from the social and economic measures undertaken by the Mauroy Government , with the real income of pensioners rising by a quarter . Harsh immigration statutes introduced during the presidency of Valéry Giscard dEstaing were reversed , while an immigration law was passed ( 1981 ) to limit the grounds for expelling foreigners to facilitate family reunions and amnesty 130,000 illegal immigrants . A 1982 law introduced new rights for helper spouses , while the anti-discriminatory Professional Equality Law ( 1983 ) , which defined equality between men and women in sweeping terms , required all businesses to furnish statistics on the situation of women in the workplace . This legislation marked a new departure in anti-discriminatory efforts and , reinforced by a series of measures taken by the Rocard government in 1989 , brought an end to wage differentials hidden by different job descriptions . Decentralising laws were also passed which transferred responsibilities for urban planning to municipalities and economic planning to the regions . In addition , various measures were introduced to improve socio-economic conditions in low-income neighbourhoods . Aid for the improvement of older HLM housing was increased , with the allocation for 1982 being about 40% higher than in 1981 . A collaborative interministerial approach to employment and the social rehabilitation of at risk youth was adopted , and in 1983 the Banlieue 89 project was instigated for social and educational measures on estates in the educational priority areas . As a result of such policies , urban grants ( as a proportion of local authority revenues ) significantly increased during the first three years of the Mitterrand presidency , especially in municipalities controlled by the Left . In 1982 , the Missions locales pour l’insertion professionnelle et sociale des jeunes were established , local advice centres that targeted young people ( essentially in the 16-25 age group ) experiencing major difficulties in finding work . A military reform law , passed in July 1983 , enabled those who were opposed to the usage of arms on grounds of conscience to be accepted for civilian service . An Ordinance of February 1982 limited the duration of fixed-term contracts to 6 to 12 months , and introduced an end of contract bonus of 5% total gross pay over the contracts period . Another Ordinance passed that same month restricted the duration of assignments to 6 months , and increased the precarious employment allowance from 4% to 15% of gross pay per assignment . For public sector workers , a law was passed in 1982 to prevent gender segregation in recruitment and to ensure that the situation was monitored carefully . An Act of July 1982 allowed the spouses of shopkeepers and artisans to receive social or work-related entitlements . An Act of August 1982 raised employers participation in financing the public transportation expenses of employees . In April 1982 special aids were extended to farmers who had invested between 1 April 1981 and 31 March 1982 . Pursuant to its campaign pledges , the Mauroy Government established 14,760 new permanent teaching posts at the elementary and secondary levels in June 1981 , and provided for 16,800 more in the 1982 budget and an additional 8,370 in the 1983 budget . A major increase in the modest salaries of elementary school teachers was announced . Technical education at the secondary level was declared to be a priority area , with special attention in the form of more scholarship money , additional teaching positions , and the commitment of 430 million francs per year for three years for the introduction of new technologies into the school programme . However , these actions ( particularly the creation of only 400 new technical teachers positions in 1981 , when enrolment went up by 11,000 ) were seen as inadequate by the National Union of Technical Education-Autonomous Apprenticeship . In December 1981 , a general science programme in the eleventh grade ( premier ) was created to replace the mathematics programme ( the Bac C ) which , after the fall from favour of Latin and Greek , had come to be known as a royal road into élitist schools and careers . The Premier S programme was an attempt to postpone definitive scholastic and social segregation , and also to reduce the importance of mathematical aptitude as the primary criterion for selection into élite schools . Greater funds were allocated to education , with the education budget was increased by 17.3% in 1982 and by 15% in 1983 . In 1981–82 , as a means of tackling cases of education failure , the Ministry of Education subsidized projects designed to help weaker students in 4,500 of the countrys 7,300 secondary schools . Although these subsidies were only of 30 million francs , the programme encouraged secondary schools to pay attention to the problem . They were heaviest in designated priority education and action zones . In 1981 , Educational Priority Zones were set up to provide additional resources to schools in depressed areas and to combat academic failure . The 1982 budget increased spending on education by 17% , while the 1983 budget provided tenure for 14,399 auxiliariat , teachers were only employed on a casual basis . A decree of June 1982 established a commission for public education staff training ( or MAFPEN ) in each académie , while CPR ( or regional teacher training centre , which were established in 1952 ) training placements were extended to 8–9 hours a week . That same year , the Delegation for Training and Research in Education was set up to coordinate the activities of the MAFPENs . The outgoing centre-right government was perceived to have harassed university assistants , the most junior faculty rank , by publicly questioning their qualifications , by increasing the teaching load of those who had not completed doctoral theses , and by limiting prospects for promotion and tenure . In May 1982 , after several unions and associations announced a strike of assistants to call attention to their unmet grievances , the new education minister Alain Savary assured union leaders that all assistants who wished to continue a university career would be granted tenure . Promotion would be facilitated by the establishment of a thousand new maitre-assistant post per year for 4 years . In April 1982 , following several demonstrations and strikes by the National Associations of Assistants ( ANA ) , 2000 new tenured assistant positions were created . Government decrees of September and October 1982 introduced various reforms aimed at making entry to the National School of Administration ( or ENA ) more accessible to a wider range of French society . The age limit was raised to enable less favoured candidates to catch up on career advancement , the element in the entrance examination for general culture ( which had proven advantageous to upper-class applicants ) was reduced , students from other grandes ecoles were prevented from making claims that they were already civil servants when they applied to the National School of Administration , and a rule of parity between students and lower civil servants among candidates for admission to the ENA was established . In addition , a law of January 1983 introduced a third route of access to the National School of Administration , reserved for those who had held important posts in mutual aid societies , voluntary associations , and trade unions for a period of at least eight years , and extended this opportunity to certain local elected officials . The Auroux laws ( 1982 ) increased the rights of trade unions and employees in the workplace , covering collective bargaining , representation , information , health and safety , and unfair dismissal . The Auroux Laws included a requirement that half of all overtime worked in excess of 130 hours per year must be compensated by additional time off , while trade union delegates became entitled to an increase in paid time off for union activities and to increased protection against dismissal . In addition , an Auroux Law of November 1982 established an obligation to negotiate real wages and hours once a year at the level of the firm , and to negotiate real wages once a year and to revise job classifications once every five years at the national industry level . Mandatory collective bargaining at the firm level of industry was introduced , while the laws also strengthened the rules on health and safety in the workplace , bestowing more rights upon the Comites d’hygiene et securite ( though not the right to stop production in case of extreme danger ) , while also granting working-class representatives release time , training for involvement in the comite d’entreprise and other representative bodies in the firm , recourse to expert consultants . Unions acquired rights to organise , to hold meetings in firms , and to call in outside speakers to address the workers . Worker representation on the comite d’rentreprise was increased and the comite was provided with additional powers , such as the right to obtain confidential economic information from the firm to use in advising it on policy . In spite of these positive changes , however , the comite dentreprise remained a consultative body with little influence on economic policy , while only large firms were required to provide their comite d’enterprises with economic information . This meant that almost two-thirds of the workers were excluded from exercising this oversight function . A government decree of March 1982 sought to provide greater employment security for the increasing number of workers on part-time and fixed-term contracts by restricting the circumstances in which employers could use such labour ( this was largely to ensure that permanent employees were not displaced by cheaper and more easily dismissed part-time workers ) . The law set out to ensure that such workers receive the same benefits as full-time workers and trade unions were given statutory rights to institute legal proceedings against employers or temporary work agencies if the provisions of the new law were evaded . That same year , the government passed legislation to ensure the full , legal eligibility of women for all civil service posts and an active policy was adopted to encourage them to come forward for promotion . In 1981 , legislation was passed which permitted the establishment of local private radio stations . In March 1982 , a Special Statute was granted to Corsica , which set the territory apart legally from other regions and provided it with additional state subsidies and greater autonomy over cultural , social , economic , and educational policies . Various measures were also introduced to improve conditions for migrants . A new drive began in 1981 to encourage local authorities to establish programmes including literacy programmes , housing schemes , and the setting up of young peoples and womens groups , and in 1983 France ratified the Council of Europes Convention on the Legal Status of Migrant Workers . The Association Law of 1981 allowed foreigners for the first time to form associations in France under the same rules that governed citizens , and these new immigrant associations were thereafter eligible to receive public funding . New policies removed the French language requirements of immigrants to run for seats in employee institutions , and foreign workers became eligible for the first time to sit on important industrial relations councils known as the Conseils des Prud’hommes . In 1982 , an existing programme to assist the repatriation of Algerian nationals was replaced by a system offering a choice between vocational training , assistance to set up a small business and a repatriation grant . Decrees were made in January 1982 concerning official recognition of persons and bodies responsible for noise monitoring , the monitoring of carbon monoxide and benzene levels in the atmosphere at workplaces , and the inspection of electrical installations . A decree issued in February 1982 laid down safety measures to be taken against electrical hazards arising during the construction , operation and maintenance of electric power distribution installations . A decree issued by the Minister of Labour in March 1982 specified the offices responsible for carrying out the technical tests on particularly dangerous machinery ( listed in a decree of April 1981 ) which are required before the machinery can be officially approved . It also specified the information to be provided by the person applying for official approval . A decree of May 1982 contained provisions on the setting up , restructuring , organization , financing and tasks of occupational health services in agricultural undertakings and listed those agricultural undertakings for which special medical surveillance is required . Another decree , made that same month , contained new regulations governing health , safety and preventive health measures in public undertakings . It laid down detailed health and safety requirements and specified how these were to be met . It also contained provisions on training in the area , medical surveillance , and health and safety services . Two Orders of July 1982 amended the rules applicable to fixed-term contracts and temporary work with the intention of restricting the use of casual labour and improving the living and working conditions of workers in insecure jobs . A law of July 1982 concerning the spouses of craftsmen and tradesmen employed in the family business amended the provisions of the labour code , social security system , civil code and company law to establish an occupational status for this group of people . In June 1982 , a new popular savings book paying index-linked interest was introduced , under which Individuals domiciled for tax purposes in France and whose tax liability was under FF 1 000 were entitled to hold a maximum of FF 10000 ( FF 20000 for households ) savings in that scheme . Also in 1982 , holidays for the low-paid were encouraged by an extension of holiday Vouchers ( Cheques-Vacances ) , subsidized by the employer and requiring regular saving out of earnings . A banking law of January 1984 entitled individuals lacking current accounts who had been refused by three banks to ask the Bank of France to designate a bank or the postal bank to provide them with free accounts . An Act of January 1984 asserted a right for all parents to benefit from a parental leave of absence for childrearing , providing that they have one years seniority . This legislation also allowed parents ( under the same conditions ) to request part-time work and to shift freely between part-time work and parental leave . In 1982 , the law governing the age of consent for homosexual activity was reduced from 18 to 15 years to match the age of consent for heterosexual activity . For those with disabilities , a 1982 law on urban transport reform stated that special measures must be taken to accommodate the special needs of people with limited mobility . A law passed on 9 July 1984 provided that a worker with at least two years service must receive a redundancy payment based on gross earnings prior to termination of the work contract . The law further provided that workers aged 60 or above who voluntarily left the firm would receive a retirement severance grant . Various measures were also undertaken to encourage research . Higher spending was allocated to research , while the directors of the various research councils were changed and a series of regional colloquia set up , which culminated in a national assises of researchers , where some 3,000 met in Paris to establish guidelines for future research policy . A law was passed that allowed researchers in universities and agencies to sign contracts with industry . CESTA , an agency for evaluating new fields of science and technology , was established , while more money was allocate to ANVAR , the national agency for promoting the application of basic research . To safeguard workers from exposure to dangerous substances and agents , three Orders containing the lists and the conditions for the labelling and packaging of dangerous substances ( 10 October 1983 ) , of dangerous preparations solvents ( 11 October 1983 ) and of paints , varnishes , printing inks , glues and similar products ( 12 October 1983 ) gave effect to the corresponding EEC Directives under national legislation . A circular implementing these three Orders was issued in January 1984 and the substances and preparations not included in these orders were covered by a circular on 4 July 1984 . A circular of July 1982 on maximum concentrations was supplemented by two others , dated December 1983 and May 1984 , with a view to the introduction of EEC Directive 80-1107 November 1980 on the protection of workers from exposure to chemical , physical and biological agents at work . A law on workers democracy in public-sector companies was passed in July 1983 which sought to recreate a spirit of tripartism in a sector of the economy where existing statutory rights had failed to provide anything more than a consultative role for representatives . Previously , workers had the right to be represented on the boards of public sector companies with 50 or more staff and were entitled to at least 2 board seats , but under the new legislation , public sector companies ( previously nationalized companies plus those companies that were nationalized in 1982 in which the state was the majority shareholder ) would be obliged to have tripartite administrative or supervisory boards to which employee representatives would be elected by the workforce . A couple of autogestionary measures were also introduced . One measure involved workers representation on the administrative councils of the nationalized industries , under which one-third of the members of these councils being drawn from the workforce . The other measure involved elections to the administrative commissions for social security , under which 15 and 25 members of these commissions were chosen through elections among those who were insured by the fund . A law on vocational training in February 1984 established employment contracts for six months for further training on the job while taking courses . These included the contrats de qualification , the contrats d’adaptation , ranging from 6 to 24 months , and a 3 to 6-month programme known as the stages d’initiation a la vie professionnelle , which was designed to familiarise young people with factory and firm . A 1983 law on apprenticeships laid down the principle that apprenticeship is a method of giving young workers having completed schooling a general theoretical and practical training , for the purpose of acquiring professional qualifications leading to technology diplomas . The law laid down a number of general rules on apprenticeship . Training is organised on the basis of alternation , part in industry , and part in the apprenticeship centre , while a contractual relationship must be created between the apprentice and the employer , by means of an apprenticeship contract . A higher education law of 1983 restored democratic representation on university councils and granted the universities greater autonomy and more power to conduct research and to make contacts with industry . A decree of 23 March 1982 listed the offices responsible for testing lifting equipment other than lifts and building-site hoists , while a decree issued in May that same year 1982 extended its provisions to agriculture . Under a decree of 31 March 1982 , the general health and safety regulations for dangerous machinery and appliances were extended to include portable hand-operated machinery and appliances . Exceptions for certain less dangerous appliances were laid down in a decree of June 1982 . In regards to the agricultural sector , a decree of 8 March 1982 laid down the conditions attached to the approval of electrical installations in agricultural undertakings and specified which offices are authorized to test these installations . In 1983 , leave was introduced for setting up businesses and sabbatical leave for wage-earners , and in June that year , a law was passed that completed the incorporation into French Law of a 1977 European Council Directive on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the safeguarding of employees rights in the event of transfers of undertakings , businesses or parts of businesses . The Deferre Law reduced the powers of the prefect , set up elected regional councils , and increased the powers of local government . The security court was abolished , and measures were introduced to control police harassment . Legal aid was extended , legislation was introduced which effectively combated discrimination against homosexuals , and the traditional powers of the juge d’instruction in the preparation of criminal cases was reduced . The Quillot Law of 1982 provided renters with additional rights in housing matters , while an audiovisual law passed that same year brought an end to the state monopoly of audiovisual broadcasting and established a High Authority to guarantee the independence of public television channels . Laws were passed in 1982 to reform higher education to make the academy more responsive to the needs of the state . High security wings in prisons were abolished , while social security reform increased workers representation on the bodies that oversaw the management of the social security schemes . In order to make the elite political academy ( the ENA ) accessible to a wider section of the population , a special entry pathway was established for those who had held trade union or political office . A new health care policy was implemented , which included the abolition of private beds in hospitals , reform of medical training , modernisation of facilities , and the election of the heads of medical services by the entire staff , rather than just by doctors , as had previously been the case . The Mauroy Government also withdrew a ministerial circular issued by the previous government that limited initiatives by regional councils , while a grant was created for the purpose of subsidizing local cultural projects and activities . The Mauroy Government did much to promote arts , culture , and education , as characterised by a tripling in real terms in state aid to the arts , a quadrupling of spending on public libraries , which led to the number of library loans growing by a third , and the removal of obstacles to cheaper book-retailing . Aid was provided to provincial art museums and local archives for working-class affairs established , while funding to provincial libraries was significantly increased , with the national library budget going up from 163 million to 677 million francs . As a result of this additional library expenditure , 17 departments which had previously lacked a bibliothèque centrale de pret in 1981 had acquired one by 1986 . In addition , as a result of the Mauroy Governments library programme , 10 million more people obtained access to major lending library resources . As Paris share of the cultural budget fell from 60% to 45% between 1981 and 1985 , the provinces acquired new theatres , artistic centres , music halls , ballet companies , and popular culture facilities . During its first year in office , the Mauroy government increased spending on culture from 0.45% of the national budget to 0.75% , a figure which rose to 0.84% in 1984 . The incomes of the poorest sections of society were increased exponentially as a result of social security reforms and a 25% increase in the minimum wage . Allowances for the handicapped were also increased , while the right to deduct the cost of child care for all children under the age of three was introduced ( a right later extended to include all children under the age of five in some cases ) . Unemployed workers ineligible for jobless benefits were given back the right to claim sickness insurance that they had lost in 1979 while the reimbursal of the costs of dental fees , hearing aids , and glasses was improved . An 80-franc-per-month charge that had been imposed on certain long-term illnesses was abrogated , and certain individuals who had retired before 1973 had the base upon which their pensions were calculated adjusted upward . Between 1981 and 1983 , the minimum vieillesse ( the basic pension benefit for the elderly poor ) was raised by 62% . To assist young farmers , the role of the SAFER ( Societe dAmenagemcnt Foncier et dEtablissement Rural ) was extended in 1982 to give preferential aid to this group to enlarge their holdings . Various measures were also introduced that helped to boost farmers incomes . A partial price freeze instituted in June 1982 helped to limit the increase in production costs , while an income assistance programme ( introduced in 1982 to compensate for a decline in farmers incomes in 1981 ) contributed to a reduction in sectoral inequalities . In addition , an EEC price hike which the government negotiated in May 1982 represented an improvement over that of the previous year ( 11.2% compared with 10.3% ) . Consultative channels between farmers and government were also widened beyond the Federation Nationale des Syndicats dExploitants Agricoles ( or FNSEA , the chief farming syndicat ) . In addition , the Mauroy Government had helped in the establishment of 12,000 farms with young farmers by mid-1983 . From 1982 onwards , all self-employed women in France were provided with a lump-sum maternity grant which may be supplemented by an income-replacement allowance . In 1983 , the unemployment compensation programme was expanded to include workers who had resigned from their jobs . A law of July 1984 introduced a new benefit called the Insertion Allowance , providing short-term support for those in periods of transition into the labour market . Another law passed that same month introduced a Special Solidarity Allowance for long-term unemployed persons with no insurance entitlements remaining . In addition , an Act of October 1982 fully extended the right to join a union to people who were retired , and a law of February 1984 increased state support for the development and training activities of companies . Although the Mauroy governments social policies improved the living standards of the less well-off in French society , its reflationary economic strategy ( based on encouraging domestic consumption ) failed to improve the French economy in the long term , with increases in the level of inflation as well as in the trade and budget deficits . Although the governments reflationary policies tended to stabilise unemployment , the number of people out of work topped 2 million , in spite of a pledge made by Mitterrand to keep it below this figure . A large budget deficit emerged , with social benefits and aid to industry alone going up by 50% in the 1982 budget . In addition , private investment failed to respond to the governments initiatives , with a 12% decline in volume in 1981 . This led Mauroy to advocate the abandonment of Socialist economic policies ( which failed to reduce unemployment and inflation ) , a controversial U-turn which was ratified by President Mitterrand in March 1983 , and a number of austerity measures were carried out . In 1982 , housing allowances were decoupled from the cost-of-living adjustment index . In 1982 and 1983 , eligibility for unemployment benefits was tightened . A complex set of changes introduced in 1983 surrounding early retirement effectively reduced guarantees to full pensions for early retirees . Daily charges for hospital beds were introduced , while a variety of medical reimbursements were reduced . In September 1982 , the indexation of wages and salaries in the public sector was abolished . During the austerity period , the aim of the Socialists was limited to that of safeguarding the position of beneficiaries as far as possible and of giving special consideration to the poorest amongst them . While further increases in benefits for the elderly , the handicapped , and in some family allowances later became possible , extra costs were also imposed . For instance , the duration of unemployment benefits was reduced , while a basic hospital charge ( with exemptions ) was introduced , and contributions from the early retired and unemployed towards health care were demanded although , once again , the worse off were exempt . Austerity measures also led to efforts to restrain family costs while at the same time trying to safeguard priority groups . In February 1982 , a 25% increase was made in allowances for families containing two eligible children , but some benefits were abandoned and the starting and finishing dates for eligibility altered . Later , cash increases were less than the amounts necessary to maintain the real value of family benefits except for the poorest groups in French society . The limits on income assessed for social insurance contributions were raised and the income base upon which employers and the self-employed were assessed for contributions was changed . The cost of support for handicapped adults was transferred to the national government , although some taxation on tobacco and alcohol was also earmarked for this purpose . A 1% tax on personal incomes was imposed ( although the poorest 33% of taxpayers was excluded ) , and a 1% solidarity contribution levied on civil servants towards the cost of unemployment insurance . In spite of austerity , however , the real value of social protection made modest increases . Within the total , the greatest benefits was reserved for the poorest whilst income was raised in ways which saw a modest shift from traditional financing methods towards general community financing . Failing to restrict the financing of private schools via the Savary Law , he resigned in 1984 . After Matignon . In 1988 he became First Secretary of the PS against the will of Mitterrand , who supported Laurent Fabius . Until the end of his term , in 1992 , he tried to appease the relations between the factions which composed the PS , notably during the very strained 1990 Rennes Congress . He allied with the rocardien group and Lionel Jospins supporters , who came from the mitterrandist group . President of the Socialist International from 1992 to 1999 , Senator since 1992 , he left the Lille mayoralty in 2001 . Considered a moral authority of the French Left , he supported the candidacy of Ségolène Royal during the 2007 primary election . Political career . Governmental functions Prime minister : 1981–1984 . Electoral mandates European Parliament Member of European Parliament : 1979–1980 ( Resignation ) . National Assembly of France Member of the National Assembly of France for Nord ( French department ) ( 2nd , then 1st constituency from 1988 to 1992 ) : 1973–1981 ( Became Prime minister in 1981 ) / 1984–1992 ( Elected senator in 1992 ) . Elected in 1973 , reelected in 1978 , 1981 , 1984 , 1986 , 1988 . Senate of France Senator of Nord ( French department ) : 1992–2011 . Elected in 1992 , reelected in 2001 . Regional Council President of the Regional Council of Nord-Pas-de-Calais : 1974–1981 . Regional councillor of Nord-Pas-de-Calais : 1974–1981 / 1986–1988 ( Resignation ) . General Council Vice-president of the General Council of Nord ( French department ) : 1967–1973 . General councillor of Nord ( French department ) : 1967–1973 . Municipal Council Mayor of Lille : 1973–2001 . Reelected in 1977 , 1983 , 1989 , 1995 . Deputy-mayor of Lille : 1971–1973 . Municipal councillor of Lille : 1971–2008 . Reelected in 1977 , 1983 , 1989 , 1995 , 2001 . Urban community Council President of the Urban Community of Lille Métropole : 1989–2008 . Reelected in 1995 , 2001 . Vice-president of the Urban Community of Lille Métropole : 1971–1989 . Reelected in 1977 , 1983 . Member of the Urban Community of Lille Métropole : 1971–2008 . Reelected in 1977 , 1983 , 1989 , 1995 , 2001 . Political function First Secretary ( leader ) of the Socialist Party ( France ) : 1988–1992 . Elected in 1988 . Mauroys First Government , 22 May 1981 – 23 June 1981 . - Pierre Mauroy – Prime Minister - Claude Cheysson – Minister of External Relations - Charles Hernu – Minister of Defense - Gaston Defferre – Minister of the Interior and Decentralization - Jacques Delors – Minister of Economy - Pierre Joxe – Minister of Industry - Jean Auroux – Minister of Labour - Maurice Faure – Minister of Justice - Alain Savary – Minister of National Education - Jean Laurain – Minister of Veterans - Jack Lang – Minister of Culture - Édith Cresson – Minister of Agriculture - Michel Crépeau – Minister of Environment - André Henry – Minister of Free Time - Louis Mermaz – Minister of Transport and Equipment - Edmond Hervé – Minister of Health - Roger Quilliot – Minister of Housing - Georges Fillioud – Minister of Communication - Louis Mexandeau – Minister of Posts - Michel Rocard – Minister of Planning and Regional Planning - André Delelis – Minister of Commerce and Craft Industry - Michel Jobert – Minister of External Commerce - Jean-Pierre Chevènement – Minister of Research and Technology - Nicole Questiaux – Minister of National Solidarity - Louis Le Pensec – Minister of the Sea Mauroys Second Government , 23 June 1981 – 22 March 1983 . - Pierre Mauroy – Prime Minister - Claude Cheysson – Minister of External Relations - Charles Hernu – Minister of Defense - Gaston Defferre – Minister of the Interior and Decentralization - Jacques Delors – Minister of Economy - Catherine Lalumière – Minister of Consumption - Pierre Dreyfus – Minister of Industry - Jean Auroux – Minister of Labour - Marcel Rigout – Minister of Vocational Training - Robert Badinter – Minister of Justice - Alain Savary – Minister of National Education - Jean Laurain – Minister of Veterans - Jack Lang – Minister of Culture - Édith Cresson – Minister of Agriculture - Michel Crépeau – Minister of Environment - André Henry – Minister of Free Time - Charles Fiterman – Minister of Transport - Jack Ralite – Minister of Health - Roger Quilliot – Minister of Town Planning and Housing - Georges Fillioud – Minister of Communication - Louis Mexandeau – Minister of Posts - Michel Rocard – Minister of Planning and Regional Planning - André Delelis – Minister of Commerce and Craft Industry - Michel Jobert – Minister of External Commerce - Jean-Pierre Chevènement – Minister of Research and Technology - Nicole Questiaux – Minister of National Solidarity - Louis Le Pensec – Minister of the Sea Changes - 29 June 1982 – Jean-Pierre Chevènement succeeds Dreyfus as Minister of Industry . Pierre Bérégovoy succeeds Questiaux as Minister of National Solidarity , becoming also Minister of Social Affairs . Mauroys Third Government , 22 March 1983 – 17 July 1984 . - Pierre Mauroy – Prime Minister - Claude Cheysson – Minister of External Relations - Charles Hernu – Minister of Defense - Gaston Defferre – Minister of the Interior and Decentralization - Jacques Delors – Minister of Economy , Finance , and Budget - Laurent Fabius – Minister of Industry and Research - Marcel Rigout – Minister of Vocational Training - Robert Badinter – Minister of Justice - Alain Savary – Minister of National Education - Michel Rocard – Minister of Agriculture - Charles Fiterman – Minister of Transport - Roger Quilliot – Minister of Town Planning and Housing - Édith Cresson – Minister of Tourism and External Commerce - Michel Crépeau – Minister of Commerce and Craft Industry - Pierre Bérégovoy – Minister of Social Affairs and National Solidarity Changes - 4 October 1983 – Paul Quilès succeeds Quiliot as Minister of Town Planning and Housing . - 18 December 1983 – Roland Dumas enters the Cabinet as Minister of European Affairs . External links . - Pierre Mauroy at the French Senate
|
[
"Mayor of Lille"
] |
[
{
"text": " Pierre Mauroy ( ; 5 July 1928 – 7 June 2013 ) was a French Socialist politician who was Prime Minister of France from 1981 to 1984 under President François Mitterrand . Mauroy also served as Mayor of Lille from 1973 to 2001 . At the time of his death Mauroy was the emeritus mayor of the city of Lille . He died from complications of lung cancer on 7 June 2013 at the age of 84 . He is the namesake of Lilles new stadium , Stade Pierre-Mauroy .",
"title": "Pierre Mauroy"
},
{
"text": "Mauroy was born in Cartignies . A teacher , he led the Socialist Youth Movement and the Technical Teaching Union in the 1950s . He became a leading figure in the Socialist federation of Nord département , which was among the third biggest of the French Section of the Workers International ( SFIO ) party and climbed quickly in the party . In 1966 , he became the second most powerful person of the party behind the secretary general , Guy Mollet . Nevertheless , when Mollet resigned as leader in 1969 , Alain Savary was chosen to succeed him",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " After the electoral disasters of 1968 and 1969 , he was persuaded of the necessity to renew the party . In 1971 , during the Epinay Congress , he supported François Mitterrands election to the party leadership and became the second most powerful person in the Socialist Party ( PS ) . Two years later , he was elected as a deputy and Mayor of Lille .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Increasingly , Mauroy criticized the replacement of former SFIO members from important positions by allies of Mitterrand . In this , he formed an alliance with Michel Rocard , the main opponent of Mitterrand , during the 1979 Metz Congress . However , Mitterrand chose him as spokesperson during the 1981 presidential campaign ; after Mitterrands election , he appointed Mauroy as Prime Minister .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Mauroys government was a radical reforming one , implementing a wide range of social reforms including the reduction of the legal workweek from 40 to 39 hours , the limiting of continuous shift working to an average of no more than 35 hours per week , the lowering of the retirement age to 60 , and a rise in social welfare benefits . Entitlement to paid holidays was also extended from four to five weeks . During the Mauroy governments first year in office , minimum pensions were increased by 38% , rent allowances by 50% , family allowances by",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "25% ( 50% for households with two children ) , and the minimum wage by 25% .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "During the 1981–82 period , state industrial investment was substantially increased , 17 billion francs in ”soft loan credit was provided to private industry , 7 billion francs was set aside to help school leavers , 54,000 new civil service jobs were created , and a major housebuilding drive was launched . Efforts were made to shift the burden of direct taxes away from lower- income groups , while increases in the minimum wage gave the low paid a real increase in their living standards of about 15% in 1981–82 . Unemployment benefits were also increased , together with the",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "duration of time in which one could receive them . In addition , the maximum allowable workweek was reduced from 50 to 48 hours .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "Upon taking office , the Mauroy Government embarked upon an ambitious redistributive programme . The minimum wage went up in real terms by 11% between May 1981 and September 1982 , while the minimum old age pension was increased by 30% . 800,000 elderly people were exempted from paying T.V . licenses , while 1.5 million were also exempted from local taxes . Between May 1981 and January 1983 , family benefits were significantly increased , with the purchasing power of the 2,700,000 families with two children raised by 40% . These policies significantly improved the living standards of the",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "less well off in French society , with poverty reduced during Mauroys term in office . Family allowances were increased by 81% for families with two children and by 49% for families with three children , while old-age pensions were raised by 300 francs a month for a single person and 3,700 francs for a couple .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "Altogether , the purchasing power of social transfers went up by 45% in 1981 and by 7.6% in 1982 . Health care coverage was also extended , with health insurance benefits made more widely available to part-time employees and the unemployed . Efforts were also made to promote voluntary retirement at sixty , with a pension ranging upwards from 80% of the SMIC to 50% of a middle-management salary . In 1982 , two measures were introduced that extended eligibility for early retirement for workers aged 55 to 59 : the contrats de préretraites progressives and the contrats de solidarité-démission",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": ". These programmes were aimed at stimulating consumption and aggregate demand by providing firms with incentives to hire younger workers as replacements for early retirees . A year later , solidarity contracts were introduced which provided early retirement for older workers aged 55 or above on the condition that firms replace recipients with younger workers . Elderly people benefited greatly from the social and economic measures undertaken by the Mauroy Government , with the real income of pensioners rising by a quarter .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "Harsh immigration statutes introduced during the presidency of Valéry Giscard dEstaing were reversed , while an immigration law was passed ( 1981 ) to limit the grounds for expelling foreigners to facilitate family reunions and amnesty 130,000 illegal immigrants . A 1982 law introduced new rights for helper spouses , while the anti-discriminatory Professional Equality Law ( 1983 ) , which defined equality between men and women in sweeping terms , required all businesses to furnish statistics on the situation of women in the workplace . This legislation marked a new departure in anti-discriminatory efforts and , reinforced by a",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "series of measures taken by the Rocard government in 1989 , brought an end to wage differentials hidden by different job descriptions . Decentralising laws were also passed which transferred responsibilities for urban planning to municipalities and economic planning to the regions . In addition , various measures were introduced to improve socio-economic conditions in low-income neighbourhoods . Aid for the improvement of older HLM housing was increased , with the allocation for 1982 being about 40% higher than in 1981 . A collaborative interministerial approach to employment and the social rehabilitation of at risk youth was adopted , and",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "in 1983 the Banlieue 89 project was instigated for social and educational measures on estates in the educational priority areas . As a result of such policies , urban grants ( as a proportion of local authority revenues ) significantly increased during the first three years of the Mitterrand presidency , especially in municipalities controlled by the Left . In 1982 , the Missions locales pour l’insertion professionnelle et sociale des jeunes were established , local advice centres that targeted young people ( essentially in the 16-25 age group ) experiencing major difficulties in finding work . A military reform",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "law , passed in July 1983 , enabled those who were opposed to the usage of arms on grounds of conscience to be accepted for civilian service .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "An Ordinance of February 1982 limited the duration of fixed-term contracts to 6 to 12 months , and introduced an end of contract bonus of 5% total gross pay over the contracts period . Another Ordinance passed that same month restricted the duration of assignments to 6 months , and increased the precarious employment allowance from 4% to 15% of gross pay per assignment . For public sector workers , a law was passed in 1982 to prevent gender segregation in recruitment and to ensure that the situation was monitored carefully . An Act of July 1982 allowed the spouses",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "of shopkeepers and artisans to receive social or work-related entitlements . An Act of August 1982 raised employers participation in financing the public transportation expenses of employees . In April 1982 special aids were extended to farmers who had invested between 1 April 1981 and 31 March 1982 .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "Pursuant to its campaign pledges , the Mauroy Government established 14,760 new permanent teaching posts at the elementary and secondary levels in June 1981 , and provided for 16,800 more in the 1982 budget and an additional 8,370 in the 1983 budget . A major increase in the modest salaries of elementary school teachers was announced . Technical education at the secondary level was declared to be a priority area , with special attention in the form of more scholarship money , additional teaching positions , and the commitment of 430 million francs per year for three years for the",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "introduction of new technologies into the school programme . However , these actions ( particularly the creation of only 400 new technical teachers positions in 1981 , when enrolment went up by 11,000 ) were seen as inadequate by the National Union of Technical Education-Autonomous Apprenticeship . In December 1981 , a general science programme in the eleventh grade ( premier ) was created to replace the mathematics programme ( the Bac C ) which , after the fall from favour of Latin and Greek , had come to be known as a royal road into élitist schools and careers",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": ". The Premier S programme was an attempt to postpone definitive scholastic and social segregation , and also to reduce the importance of mathematical aptitude as the primary criterion for selection into élite schools . Greater funds were allocated to education , with the education budget was increased by 17.3% in 1982 and by 15% in 1983 . In 1981–82 , as a means of tackling cases of education failure , the Ministry of Education subsidized projects designed to help weaker students in 4,500 of the countrys 7,300 secondary schools . Although these subsidies were only of 30 million francs",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": ", the programme encouraged secondary schools to pay attention to the problem . They were heaviest in designated priority education and action zones .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "In 1981 , Educational Priority Zones were set up to provide additional resources to schools in depressed areas and to combat academic failure . The 1982 budget increased spending on education by 17% , while the 1983 budget provided tenure for 14,399 auxiliariat , teachers were only employed on a casual basis . A decree of June 1982 established a commission for public education staff training ( or MAFPEN ) in each académie , while CPR ( or regional teacher training centre , which were established in 1952 ) training placements were extended to 8–9 hours a week . That",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "same year , the Delegation for Training and Research in Education was set up to coordinate the activities of the MAFPENs .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "The outgoing centre-right government was perceived to have harassed university assistants , the most junior faculty rank , by publicly questioning their qualifications , by increasing the teaching load of those who had not completed doctoral theses , and by limiting prospects for promotion and tenure . In May 1982 , after several unions and associations announced a strike of assistants to call attention to their unmet grievances , the new education minister Alain Savary assured union leaders that all assistants who wished to continue a university career would be granted tenure . Promotion would be facilitated by the establishment",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "of a thousand new maitre-assistant post per year for 4 years . In April 1982 , following several demonstrations and strikes by the National Associations of Assistants ( ANA ) , 2000 new tenured assistant positions were created .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "Government decrees of September and October 1982 introduced various reforms aimed at making entry to the National School of Administration ( or ENA ) more accessible to a wider range of French society . The age limit was raised to enable less favoured candidates to catch up on career advancement , the element in the entrance examination for general culture ( which had proven advantageous to upper-class applicants ) was reduced , students from other grandes ecoles were prevented from making claims that they were already civil servants when they applied to the National School of Administration , and a",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "rule of parity between students and lower civil servants among candidates for admission to the ENA was established . In addition , a law of January 1983 introduced a third route of access to the National School of Administration , reserved for those who had held important posts in mutual aid societies , voluntary associations , and trade unions for a period of at least eight years , and extended this opportunity to certain local elected officials .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "The Auroux laws ( 1982 ) increased the rights of trade unions and employees in the workplace , covering collective bargaining , representation , information , health and safety , and unfair dismissal . The Auroux Laws included a requirement that half of all overtime worked in excess of 130 hours per year must be compensated by additional time off , while trade union delegates became entitled to an increase in paid time off for union activities and to increased protection against dismissal . In addition , an Auroux Law of November 1982 established an obligation to negotiate real wages",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "and hours once a year at the level of the firm , and to negotiate real wages once a year and to revise job classifications once every five years at the national industry level . Mandatory collective bargaining at the firm level of industry was introduced , while the laws also strengthened the rules on health and safety in the workplace , bestowing more rights upon the Comites d’hygiene et securite ( though not the right to stop production in case of extreme danger ) , while also granting working-class representatives release time , training for involvement in the comite",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "d’entreprise and other representative bodies in the firm , recourse to expert consultants . Unions acquired rights to organise , to hold meetings in firms , and to call in outside speakers to address the workers . Worker representation on the comite d’rentreprise was increased and the comite was provided with additional powers , such as the right to obtain confidential economic information from the firm to use in advising it on policy . In spite of these positive changes , however , the comite dentreprise remained a consultative body with little influence on economic policy , while only large",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "firms were required to provide their comite d’enterprises with economic information . This meant that almost two-thirds of the workers were excluded from exercising this oversight function .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "A government decree of March 1982 sought to provide greater employment security for the increasing number of workers on part-time and fixed-term contracts by restricting the circumstances in which employers could use such labour ( this was largely to ensure that permanent employees were not displaced by cheaper and more easily dismissed part-time workers ) . The law set out to ensure that such workers receive the same benefits as full-time workers and trade unions were given statutory rights to institute legal proceedings against employers or temporary work agencies if the provisions of the new law were evaded . That",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "same year , the government passed legislation to ensure the full , legal eligibility of women for all civil service posts and an active policy was adopted to encourage them to come forward for promotion . In 1981 , legislation was passed which permitted the establishment of local private radio stations . In March 1982 , a Special Statute was granted to Corsica , which set the territory apart legally from other regions and provided it with additional state subsidies and greater autonomy over cultural , social , economic , and educational policies . Various measures were also introduced to",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "improve conditions for migrants . A new drive began in 1981 to encourage local authorities to establish programmes including literacy programmes , housing schemes , and the setting up of young peoples and womens groups , and in 1983 France ratified the Council of Europes Convention on the Legal Status of Migrant Workers . The Association Law of 1981 allowed foreigners for the first time to form associations in France under the same rules that governed citizens , and these new immigrant associations were thereafter eligible to receive public funding . New policies removed the French language requirements of immigrants",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "to run for seats in employee institutions , and foreign workers became eligible for the first time to sit on important industrial relations councils known as the Conseils des Prud’hommes . In 1982 , an existing programme to assist the repatriation of Algerian nationals was replaced by a system offering a choice between vocational training , assistance to set up a small business and a repatriation grant .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "Decrees were made in January 1982 concerning official recognition of persons and bodies responsible for noise monitoring , the monitoring of carbon monoxide and benzene levels in the atmosphere at workplaces , and the inspection of electrical installations . A decree issued in February 1982 laid down safety measures to be taken against electrical hazards arising during the construction , operation and maintenance of electric power distribution installations . A decree issued by the Minister of Labour in March 1982 specified the offices responsible for carrying out the technical tests on particularly dangerous machinery ( listed in a decree of",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "April 1981 ) which are required before the machinery can be officially approved . It also specified the information to be provided by the person applying for official approval . A decree of May 1982 contained provisions on the setting up , restructuring , organization , financing and tasks of occupational health services in agricultural undertakings and listed those agricultural undertakings for which special medical surveillance is required . Another decree , made that same month , contained new regulations governing health , safety and preventive health measures in public undertakings . It laid down detailed health and safety requirements",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "and specified how these were to be met . It also contained provisions on training in the area , medical surveillance , and health and safety services . Two Orders of July 1982 amended the rules applicable to fixed-term contracts and temporary work with the intention of restricting the use of casual labour and improving the living and working conditions of workers in insecure jobs . A law of July 1982 concerning the spouses of craftsmen and tradesmen employed in the family business amended the provisions of the labour code , social security system , civil code and company law",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "to establish an occupational status for this group of people . In June 1982 , a new popular savings book paying index-linked interest was introduced , under which Individuals domiciled for tax purposes in France and whose tax liability was under FF 1 000 were entitled to hold a maximum of FF 10000 ( FF 20000 for households ) savings in that scheme . Also in 1982 , holidays for the low-paid were encouraged by an extension of holiday Vouchers ( Cheques-Vacances ) , subsidized by the employer and requiring regular saving out of earnings . A banking law of",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "January 1984 entitled individuals lacking current accounts who had been refused by three banks to ask the Bank of France to designate a bank or the postal bank to provide them with free accounts .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "An Act of January 1984 asserted a right for all parents to benefit from a parental leave of absence for childrearing , providing that they have one years seniority . This legislation also allowed parents ( under the same conditions ) to request part-time work and to shift freely between part-time work and parental leave . In 1982 , the law governing the age of consent for homosexual activity was reduced from 18 to 15 years to match the age of consent for heterosexual activity . For those with disabilities , a 1982 law on urban transport reform stated that",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "special measures must be taken to accommodate the special needs of people with limited mobility . A law passed on 9 July 1984 provided that a worker with at least two years service must receive a redundancy payment based on gross earnings prior to termination of the work contract . The law further provided that workers aged 60 or above who voluntarily left the firm would receive a retirement severance grant .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "Various measures were also undertaken to encourage research . Higher spending was allocated to research , while the directors of the various research councils were changed and a series of regional colloquia set up , which culminated in a national assises of researchers , where some 3,000 met in Paris to establish guidelines for future research policy . A law was passed that allowed researchers in universities and agencies to sign contracts with industry . CESTA , an agency for evaluating new fields of science and technology , was established , while more money was allocate to ANVAR , the",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "national agency for promoting the application of basic research .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": " To safeguard workers from exposure to dangerous substances and agents , three Orders containing the lists and the conditions for the labelling and packaging of dangerous substances ( 10 October 1983 ) , of dangerous preparations solvents ( 11 October 1983 ) and of paints , varnishes , printing inks , glues and similar products ( 12 October 1983 ) gave effect to the corresponding EEC Directives under national legislation . A circular implementing these three Orders was issued in January 1984 and the substances and preparations not included in these orders were",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "covered by a circular on 4 July 1984 . A circular of July 1982 on maximum concentrations was supplemented by two others , dated December 1983 and May 1984 , with a view to the introduction of EEC Directive 80-1107 November 1980 on the protection of workers from exposure to chemical , physical and biological agents at work .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "A law on workers democracy in public-sector companies was passed in July 1983 which sought to recreate a spirit of tripartism in a sector of the economy where existing statutory rights had failed to provide anything more than a consultative role for representatives . Previously , workers had the right to be represented on the boards of public sector companies with 50 or more staff and were entitled to at least 2 board seats , but under the new legislation , public sector companies ( previously nationalized companies plus those companies that were nationalized in 1982 in which the state",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "was the majority shareholder ) would be obliged to have tripartite administrative or supervisory boards to which employee representatives would be elected by the workforce . A couple of autogestionary measures were also introduced . One measure involved workers representation on the administrative councils of the nationalized industries , under which one-third of the members of these councils being drawn from the workforce . The other measure involved elections to the administrative commissions for social security , under which 15 and 25 members of these commissions were chosen through elections among those who were insured by the fund .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "A law on vocational training in February 1984 established employment contracts for six months for further training on the job while taking courses . These included the contrats de qualification , the contrats d’adaptation , ranging from 6 to 24 months , and a 3 to 6-month programme known as the stages d’initiation a la vie professionnelle , which was designed to familiarise young people with factory and firm . A 1983 law on apprenticeships laid down the principle that apprenticeship is a method of giving young workers having completed schooling a general theoretical and practical training , for the",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "purpose of acquiring professional qualifications leading to technology diplomas . The law laid down a number of general rules on apprenticeship . Training is organised on the basis of alternation , part in industry , and part in the",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": " apprenticeship centre , while a contractual relationship must be created between the apprentice and the employer , by means of an apprenticeship contract . A higher education law of 1983 restored democratic representation on university councils and granted the universities greater autonomy and more power to conduct research and to make contacts with industry .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "A decree of 23 March 1982 listed the offices responsible for testing lifting equipment other than lifts and building-site hoists , while a decree issued in May that same year 1982 extended its provisions to agriculture . Under a decree of 31 March 1982 , the general health and safety regulations for dangerous machinery and appliances were extended to include portable hand-operated machinery and appliances . Exceptions for certain less dangerous appliances were laid down in a decree of June 1982 . In regards to the agricultural sector , a decree of 8 March 1982 laid down the conditions attached",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "to the approval of electrical installations in agricultural undertakings and specified which offices are authorized to test these installations . In 1983 , leave was introduced for setting up businesses and sabbatical leave for wage-earners , and in June that year , a law was passed that completed the incorporation into French Law of a 1977 European Council Directive on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the safeguarding of employees rights in the event of transfers of undertakings , businesses or parts of businesses .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "The Deferre Law reduced the powers of the prefect , set up elected regional councils , and increased the powers of local government . The security court was abolished , and measures were introduced to control police harassment . Legal aid was extended , legislation was introduced which effectively combated discrimination against homosexuals , and the traditional powers of the juge d’instruction in the preparation of criminal cases was reduced . The Quillot Law of 1982 provided renters with additional rights in housing matters , while an audiovisual law passed that same year brought an end to the state monopoly",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "of audiovisual broadcasting and established a High Authority to guarantee the independence of public television channels . Laws were passed in 1982 to reform higher education to make the academy more responsive to the needs of the state . High security wings in prisons were abolished , while social security reform increased workers representation on the bodies that oversaw the management of the social security schemes . In order to make the elite political academy ( the ENA ) accessible to a wider section of the population , a special entry pathway was established for those who had held trade",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "union or political office . A new health care policy was implemented , which included the abolition of private beds in hospitals , reform of medical training , modernisation of facilities , and the election of the heads of medical services by the entire staff , rather than just by doctors , as had previously been the case . The Mauroy Government also withdrew a ministerial circular issued by the previous government that limited initiatives by regional councils , while a grant was created for the purpose of subsidizing local cultural projects and activities .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "The Mauroy Government did much to promote arts , culture , and education , as characterised by a tripling in real terms in state aid to the arts , a quadrupling of spending on public libraries , which led to the number of library loans growing by a third , and the removal of obstacles to cheaper book-retailing . Aid was provided to provincial art museums and local archives for working-class affairs established , while funding to provincial libraries was significantly increased , with the national library budget going up from 163 million to 677 million francs . As a",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "result of this additional library expenditure , 17 departments which had previously lacked a bibliothèque centrale de pret in 1981 had acquired one by 1986 . In addition , as a result of the Mauroy Governments library programme , 10 million more people obtained access to major lending library resources . As Paris share of the cultural budget fell from 60% to 45% between 1981 and 1985 , the provinces acquired new theatres , artistic centres , music halls , ballet companies , and popular culture facilities . During its first year in office , the Mauroy government increased spending",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "on culture from 0.45% of the national budget to 0.75% , a figure which rose to 0.84% in 1984 .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "The incomes of the poorest sections of society were increased exponentially as a result of social security reforms and a 25% increase in the minimum wage . Allowances for the handicapped were also increased , while the right to deduct the cost of child care for all children under the age of three was introduced ( a right later extended to include all children under the age of five in some cases ) . Unemployed workers ineligible for jobless benefits were given back the right to claim sickness insurance that they had lost in 1979 while the reimbursal of the",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "costs of dental fees , hearing aids , and glasses was improved . An 80-franc-per-month charge that had been imposed on certain long-term illnesses was abrogated , and certain individuals who had retired before 1973 had the base upon which their pensions were calculated adjusted upward . Between 1981 and 1983 , the minimum vieillesse ( the basic pension benefit for the elderly poor ) was raised by 62% .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "To assist young farmers , the role of the SAFER ( Societe dAmenagemcnt Foncier et dEtablissement Rural ) was extended in 1982 to give preferential aid to this group to enlarge their holdings . Various measures were also introduced that helped to boost farmers incomes . A partial price freeze instituted in June 1982 helped to limit the increase in production costs , while an income assistance programme ( introduced in 1982 to compensate for a decline in farmers incomes in 1981 ) contributed to a reduction in sectoral inequalities . In addition , an EEC price hike which the",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "government negotiated in May 1982 represented an improvement over that of the previous year ( 11.2% compared with 10.3% ) . Consultative channels between farmers and government were also widened beyond the Federation Nationale des Syndicats dExploitants Agricoles ( or FNSEA , the chief farming syndicat ) . In addition , the Mauroy Government had helped in the establishment of 12,000 farms with young farmers by mid-1983 .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "From 1982 onwards , all self-employed women in France were provided with a lump-sum maternity grant which may be supplemented by an income-replacement allowance . In 1983 , the unemployment compensation programme was expanded to include workers who had resigned from their jobs . A law of July 1984 introduced a new benefit called the Insertion Allowance , providing short-term support for those in periods of transition into the labour market . Another law passed that same month introduced a Special Solidarity Allowance for long-term unemployed persons with no insurance entitlements remaining . In addition , an Act of October",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "1982 fully extended the right to join a union to people who were retired , and a law of February 1984 increased state support for the development and training activities of companies .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "Although the Mauroy governments social policies improved the living standards of the less well-off in French society , its reflationary economic strategy ( based on encouraging domestic consumption ) failed to improve the French economy in the long term , with increases in the level of inflation as well as in the trade and budget deficits . Although the governments reflationary policies tended to stabilise unemployment , the number of people out of work topped 2 million , in spite of a pledge made by Mitterrand to keep it below this figure . A large budget deficit emerged , with",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "social benefits and aid to industry alone going up by 50% in the 1982 budget . In addition , private investment failed to respond to the governments initiatives , with a 12% decline in volume in 1981 . This led Mauroy to advocate the abandonment of Socialist economic policies ( which failed to reduce unemployment and inflation ) , a controversial U-turn which was ratified by President Mitterrand in March 1983 , and a number of austerity measures were carried out . In 1982 , housing allowances were decoupled from the cost-of-living adjustment index . In 1982 and 1983 ,",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "eligibility for unemployment benefits was tightened . A complex set of changes introduced in 1983 surrounding early retirement effectively reduced guarantees to full pensions for early retirees . Daily charges for hospital beds were introduced , while a variety of medical reimbursements were reduced . In September 1982 , the indexation of wages and salaries in the public sector was abolished .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "During the austerity period , the aim of the Socialists was limited to that of safeguarding the position of beneficiaries as far as possible and of giving special consideration to the poorest amongst them . While further increases in benefits for the elderly , the handicapped , and in some family allowances later became possible , extra costs were also imposed . For instance , the duration of unemployment benefits was reduced , while a basic hospital charge ( with exemptions ) was introduced , and contributions from the early retired and unemployed towards health care were demanded although ,",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "once again , the worse off were exempt . Austerity measures also led to efforts to restrain family costs while at the same time trying to safeguard priority groups . In February 1982 , a 25% increase was made in allowances for families containing two eligible children , but some benefits were abandoned and the starting and finishing dates for eligibility altered . Later , cash increases were less than the amounts necessary to maintain the real value of family benefits except for the poorest groups in French society . The limits on income assessed for social insurance contributions were",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "raised and the income base upon which employers and the self-employed were assessed for contributions was changed . The cost of support for handicapped adults was transferred to the national government , although some taxation on tobacco and alcohol was also earmarked for this purpose . A 1% tax on personal incomes was imposed ( although the poorest 33% of taxpayers was excluded ) , and a 1% solidarity contribution levied on civil servants towards the cost of unemployment insurance . In spite of austerity , however , the real value of social protection made modest increases . Within the",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "total , the greatest benefits was reserved for the poorest whilst income was raised in ways which saw a modest shift from traditional financing methods towards general community financing .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": " Failing to restrict the financing of private schools via the Savary Law , he resigned in 1984 .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": " In 1988 he became First Secretary of the PS against the will of Mitterrand , who supported Laurent Fabius . Until the end of his term , in 1992 , he tried to appease the relations between the factions which composed the PS , notably during the very strained 1990 Rennes Congress . He allied with the rocardien group and Lionel Jospins supporters , who came from the mitterrandist group .",
"title": "After Matignon"
},
{
"text": "President of the Socialist International from 1992 to 1999 , Senator since 1992 , he left the Lille mayoralty in 2001 . Considered a moral authority of the French Left , he supported the candidacy of Ségolène Royal during the 2007 primary election .",
"title": "After Matignon"
},
{
"text": " Member of the National Assembly of France for Nord ( French department ) ( 2nd , then 1st constituency from 1988 to 1992 ) : 1973–1981 ( Became Prime minister in 1981 ) / 1984–1992 ( Elected senator in 1992 ) . Elected in 1973 , reelected in 1978 , 1981 , 1984 , 1986 , 1988 .",
"title": "National Assembly of France"
},
{
"text": " Senator of Nord ( French department ) : 1992–2011 . Elected in 1992 , reelected in 2001 .",
"title": "Senate of France"
},
{
"text": " President of the Regional Council of Nord-Pas-de-Calais : 1974–1981 . Regional councillor of Nord-Pas-de-Calais : 1974–1981 / 1986–1988 ( Resignation ) .",
"title": "Regional Council"
},
{
"text": " Vice-president of the General Council of Nord ( French department ) : 1967–1973 . General councillor of Nord ( French department ) : 1967–1973 .",
"title": "General Council"
},
{
"text": " Mayor of Lille : 1973–2001 . Reelected in 1977 , 1983 , 1989 , 1995 . Deputy-mayor of Lille : 1971–1973 . Municipal councillor of Lille : 1971–2008 . Reelected in 1977 , 1983 , 1989 , 1995 , 2001 .",
"title": "Municipal Council"
},
{
"text": " President of the Urban Community of Lille Métropole : 1989–2008 . Reelected in 1995 , 2001 . Vice-president of the Urban Community of Lille Métropole : 1971–1989 . Reelected in 1977 , 1983 . Member of the Urban Community of Lille Métropole : 1971–2008 . Reelected in 1977 , 1983 , 1989 , 1995 , 2001 .",
"title": "Urban community Council"
},
{
"text": " First Secretary ( leader ) of the Socialist Party ( France ) : 1988–1992 . Elected in 1988 . Mauroys First Government , 22 May 1981 – 23 June 1981 . - Pierre Mauroy – Prime Minister - Claude Cheysson – Minister of External Relations - Charles Hernu – Minister of Defense - Gaston Defferre – Minister of the Interior and Decentralization - Jacques Delors – Minister of Economy - Pierre Joxe – Minister of Industry - Jean Auroux – Minister of Labour - Maurice Faure – Minister of Justice - Alain Savary – Minister of National Education",
"title": "Political function"
},
{
"text": "- Jean Laurain – Minister of Veterans",
"title": "Political function"
},
{
"text": " - Jack Lang – Minister of Culture - Édith Cresson – Minister of Agriculture - Michel Crépeau – Minister of Environment - André Henry – Minister of Free Time - Louis Mermaz – Minister of Transport and Equipment - Edmond Hervé – Minister of Health - Roger Quilliot – Minister of Housing - Georges Fillioud – Minister of Communication - Louis Mexandeau – Minister of Posts - Michel Rocard – Minister of Planning and Regional Planning - André Delelis – Minister of Commerce and Craft Industry - Michel Jobert – Minister of External Commerce",
"title": "Political function"
},
{
"text": "- Jean-Pierre Chevènement – Minister of Research and Technology",
"title": "Political function"
},
{
"text": " - Nicole Questiaux – Minister of National Solidarity - Louis Le Pensec – Minister of the Sea Mauroys Second Government , 23 June 1981 – 22 March 1983 . - Pierre Mauroy – Prime Minister - Claude Cheysson – Minister of External Relations - Charles Hernu – Minister of Defense - Gaston Defferre – Minister of the Interior and Decentralization - Jacques Delors – Minister of Economy - Catherine Lalumière – Minister of Consumption - Pierre Dreyfus – Minister of Industry - Jean Auroux – Minister of Labour - Marcel Rigout – Minister of Vocational Training",
"title": "Political function"
},
{
"text": "- Robert Badinter – Minister of Justice",
"title": "Political function"
},
{
"text": " - Alain Savary – Minister of National Education - Jean Laurain – Minister of Veterans - Jack Lang – Minister of Culture - Édith Cresson – Minister of Agriculture - Michel Crépeau – Minister of Environment - André Henry – Minister of Free Time - Charles Fiterman – Minister of Transport - Jack Ralite – Minister of Health - Roger Quilliot – Minister of Town Planning and Housing - Georges Fillioud – Minister of Communication - Louis Mexandeau – Minister of Posts - Michel Rocard – Minister of Planning and Regional Planning",
"title": "Political function"
},
{
"text": "- André Delelis – Minister of Commerce and Craft Industry",
"title": "Political function"
},
{
"text": " - Michel Jobert – Minister of External Commerce - Jean-Pierre Chevènement – Minister of Research and Technology - Nicole Questiaux – Minister of National Solidarity - Louis Le Pensec – Minister of the Sea",
"title": "Political function"
},
{
"text": " - 29 June 1982 – Jean-Pierre Chevènement succeeds Dreyfus as Minister of Industry . Pierre Bérégovoy succeeds Questiaux as Minister of National Solidarity , becoming also Minister of Social Affairs . Mauroys Third Government , 22 March 1983 – 17 July 1984 . - Pierre Mauroy – Prime Minister - Claude Cheysson – Minister of External Relations - Charles Hernu – Minister of Defense - Gaston Defferre – Minister of the Interior and Decentralization - Jacques Delors – Minister of Economy , Finance , and Budget - Laurent Fabius – Minister of Industry and Research",
"title": "Changes"
},
{
"text": "- Marcel Rigout – Minister of Vocational Training",
"title": "Changes"
},
{
"text": " - Robert Badinter – Minister of Justice - Alain Savary – Minister of National Education - Michel Rocard – Minister of Agriculture - Charles Fiterman – Minister of Transport - Roger Quilliot – Minister of Town Planning and Housing - Édith Cresson – Minister of Tourism and External Commerce - Michel Crépeau – Minister of Commerce and Craft Industry - Pierre Bérégovoy – Minister of Social Affairs and National Solidarity",
"title": "Changes"
},
{
"text": " - 4 October 1983 – Paul Quilès succeeds Quiliot as Minister of Town Planning and Housing . - 18 December 1983 – Roland Dumas enters the Cabinet as Minister of European Affairs .",
"title": "Changes"
},
{
"text": " - Pierre Mauroy at the French Senate",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Pierre_Mauroy#P39#1
|
Pierre Mauroy took which position between Dec 1981 and Feb 1984?
|
Pierre Mauroy Pierre Mauroy ( ; 5 July 1928 – 7 June 2013 ) was a French Socialist politician who was Prime Minister of France from 1981 to 1984 under President François Mitterrand . Mauroy also served as Mayor of Lille from 1973 to 2001 . At the time of his death Mauroy was the emeritus mayor of the city of Lille . He died from complications of lung cancer on 7 June 2013 at the age of 84 . He is the namesake of Lilles new stadium , Stade Pierre-Mauroy . Biography . Background . Mauroy was born in Cartignies . A teacher , he led the Socialist Youth Movement and the Technical Teaching Union in the 1950s . He became a leading figure in the Socialist federation of Nord département , which was among the third biggest of the French Section of the Workers International ( SFIO ) party and climbed quickly in the party . In 1966 , he became the second most powerful person of the party behind the secretary general , Guy Mollet . Nevertheless , when Mollet resigned as leader in 1969 , Alain Savary was chosen to succeed him . Political career . After the electoral disasters of 1968 and 1969 , he was persuaded of the necessity to renew the party . In 1971 , during the Epinay Congress , he supported François Mitterrands election to the party leadership and became the second most powerful person in the Socialist Party ( PS ) . Two years later , he was elected as a deputy and Mayor of Lille . Increasingly , Mauroy criticized the replacement of former SFIO members from important positions by allies of Mitterrand . In this , he formed an alliance with Michel Rocard , the main opponent of Mitterrand , during the 1979 Metz Congress . However , Mitterrand chose him as spokesperson during the 1981 presidential campaign ; after Mitterrands election , he appointed Mauroy as Prime Minister . Prime Minister . Mauroys government was a radical reforming one , implementing a wide range of social reforms including the reduction of the legal workweek from 40 to 39 hours , the limiting of continuous shift working to an average of no more than 35 hours per week , the lowering of the retirement age to 60 , and a rise in social welfare benefits . Entitlement to paid holidays was also extended from four to five weeks . During the Mauroy governments first year in office , minimum pensions were increased by 38% , rent allowances by 50% , family allowances by 25% ( 50% for households with two children ) , and the minimum wage by 25% . During the 1981–82 period , state industrial investment was substantially increased , 17 billion francs in ”soft loan credit was provided to private industry , 7 billion francs was set aside to help school leavers , 54,000 new civil service jobs were created , and a major housebuilding drive was launched . Efforts were made to shift the burden of direct taxes away from lower- income groups , while increases in the minimum wage gave the low paid a real increase in their living standards of about 15% in 1981–82 . Unemployment benefits were also increased , together with the duration of time in which one could receive them . In addition , the maximum allowable workweek was reduced from 50 to 48 hours . Upon taking office , the Mauroy Government embarked upon an ambitious redistributive programme . The minimum wage went up in real terms by 11% between May 1981 and September 1982 , while the minimum old age pension was increased by 30% . 800,000 elderly people were exempted from paying T.V . licenses , while 1.5 million were also exempted from local taxes . Between May 1981 and January 1983 , family benefits were significantly increased , with the purchasing power of the 2,700,000 families with two children raised by 40% . These policies significantly improved the living standards of the less well off in French society , with poverty reduced during Mauroys term in office . Family allowances were increased by 81% for families with two children and by 49% for families with three children , while old-age pensions were raised by 300 francs a month for a single person and 3,700 francs for a couple . Altogether , the purchasing power of social transfers went up by 45% in 1981 and by 7.6% in 1982 . Health care coverage was also extended , with health insurance benefits made more widely available to part-time employees and the unemployed . Efforts were also made to promote voluntary retirement at sixty , with a pension ranging upwards from 80% of the SMIC to 50% of a middle-management salary . In 1982 , two measures were introduced that extended eligibility for early retirement for workers aged 55 to 59 : the contrats de préretraites progressives and the contrats de solidarité-démission . These programmes were aimed at stimulating consumption and aggregate demand by providing firms with incentives to hire younger workers as replacements for early retirees . A year later , solidarity contracts were introduced which provided early retirement for older workers aged 55 or above on the condition that firms replace recipients with younger workers . Elderly people benefited greatly from the social and economic measures undertaken by the Mauroy Government , with the real income of pensioners rising by a quarter . Harsh immigration statutes introduced during the presidency of Valéry Giscard dEstaing were reversed , while an immigration law was passed ( 1981 ) to limit the grounds for expelling foreigners to facilitate family reunions and amnesty 130,000 illegal immigrants . A 1982 law introduced new rights for helper spouses , while the anti-discriminatory Professional Equality Law ( 1983 ) , which defined equality between men and women in sweeping terms , required all businesses to furnish statistics on the situation of women in the workplace . This legislation marked a new departure in anti-discriminatory efforts and , reinforced by a series of measures taken by the Rocard government in 1989 , brought an end to wage differentials hidden by different job descriptions . Decentralising laws were also passed which transferred responsibilities for urban planning to municipalities and economic planning to the regions . In addition , various measures were introduced to improve socio-economic conditions in low-income neighbourhoods . Aid for the improvement of older HLM housing was increased , with the allocation for 1982 being about 40% higher than in 1981 . A collaborative interministerial approach to employment and the social rehabilitation of at risk youth was adopted , and in 1983 the Banlieue 89 project was instigated for social and educational measures on estates in the educational priority areas . As a result of such policies , urban grants ( as a proportion of local authority revenues ) significantly increased during the first three years of the Mitterrand presidency , especially in municipalities controlled by the Left . In 1982 , the Missions locales pour l’insertion professionnelle et sociale des jeunes were established , local advice centres that targeted young people ( essentially in the 16-25 age group ) experiencing major difficulties in finding work . A military reform law , passed in July 1983 , enabled those who were opposed to the usage of arms on grounds of conscience to be accepted for civilian service . An Ordinance of February 1982 limited the duration of fixed-term contracts to 6 to 12 months , and introduced an end of contract bonus of 5% total gross pay over the contracts period . Another Ordinance passed that same month restricted the duration of assignments to 6 months , and increased the precarious employment allowance from 4% to 15% of gross pay per assignment . For public sector workers , a law was passed in 1982 to prevent gender segregation in recruitment and to ensure that the situation was monitored carefully . An Act of July 1982 allowed the spouses of shopkeepers and artisans to receive social or work-related entitlements . An Act of August 1982 raised employers participation in financing the public transportation expenses of employees . In April 1982 special aids were extended to farmers who had invested between 1 April 1981 and 31 March 1982 . Pursuant to its campaign pledges , the Mauroy Government established 14,760 new permanent teaching posts at the elementary and secondary levels in June 1981 , and provided for 16,800 more in the 1982 budget and an additional 8,370 in the 1983 budget . A major increase in the modest salaries of elementary school teachers was announced . Technical education at the secondary level was declared to be a priority area , with special attention in the form of more scholarship money , additional teaching positions , and the commitment of 430 million francs per year for three years for the introduction of new technologies into the school programme . However , these actions ( particularly the creation of only 400 new technical teachers positions in 1981 , when enrolment went up by 11,000 ) were seen as inadequate by the National Union of Technical Education-Autonomous Apprenticeship . In December 1981 , a general science programme in the eleventh grade ( premier ) was created to replace the mathematics programme ( the Bac C ) which , after the fall from favour of Latin and Greek , had come to be known as a royal road into élitist schools and careers . The Premier S programme was an attempt to postpone definitive scholastic and social segregation , and also to reduce the importance of mathematical aptitude as the primary criterion for selection into élite schools . Greater funds were allocated to education , with the education budget was increased by 17.3% in 1982 and by 15% in 1983 . In 1981–82 , as a means of tackling cases of education failure , the Ministry of Education subsidized projects designed to help weaker students in 4,500 of the countrys 7,300 secondary schools . Although these subsidies were only of 30 million francs , the programme encouraged secondary schools to pay attention to the problem . They were heaviest in designated priority education and action zones . In 1981 , Educational Priority Zones were set up to provide additional resources to schools in depressed areas and to combat academic failure . The 1982 budget increased spending on education by 17% , while the 1983 budget provided tenure for 14,399 auxiliariat , teachers were only employed on a casual basis . A decree of June 1982 established a commission for public education staff training ( or MAFPEN ) in each académie , while CPR ( or regional teacher training centre , which were established in 1952 ) training placements were extended to 8–9 hours a week . That same year , the Delegation for Training and Research in Education was set up to coordinate the activities of the MAFPENs . The outgoing centre-right government was perceived to have harassed university assistants , the most junior faculty rank , by publicly questioning their qualifications , by increasing the teaching load of those who had not completed doctoral theses , and by limiting prospects for promotion and tenure . In May 1982 , after several unions and associations announced a strike of assistants to call attention to their unmet grievances , the new education minister Alain Savary assured union leaders that all assistants who wished to continue a university career would be granted tenure . Promotion would be facilitated by the establishment of a thousand new maitre-assistant post per year for 4 years . In April 1982 , following several demonstrations and strikes by the National Associations of Assistants ( ANA ) , 2000 new tenured assistant positions were created . Government decrees of September and October 1982 introduced various reforms aimed at making entry to the National School of Administration ( or ENA ) more accessible to a wider range of French society . The age limit was raised to enable less favoured candidates to catch up on career advancement , the element in the entrance examination for general culture ( which had proven advantageous to upper-class applicants ) was reduced , students from other grandes ecoles were prevented from making claims that they were already civil servants when they applied to the National School of Administration , and a rule of parity between students and lower civil servants among candidates for admission to the ENA was established . In addition , a law of January 1983 introduced a third route of access to the National School of Administration , reserved for those who had held important posts in mutual aid societies , voluntary associations , and trade unions for a period of at least eight years , and extended this opportunity to certain local elected officials . The Auroux laws ( 1982 ) increased the rights of trade unions and employees in the workplace , covering collective bargaining , representation , information , health and safety , and unfair dismissal . The Auroux Laws included a requirement that half of all overtime worked in excess of 130 hours per year must be compensated by additional time off , while trade union delegates became entitled to an increase in paid time off for union activities and to increased protection against dismissal . In addition , an Auroux Law of November 1982 established an obligation to negotiate real wages and hours once a year at the level of the firm , and to negotiate real wages once a year and to revise job classifications once every five years at the national industry level . Mandatory collective bargaining at the firm level of industry was introduced , while the laws also strengthened the rules on health and safety in the workplace , bestowing more rights upon the Comites d’hygiene et securite ( though not the right to stop production in case of extreme danger ) , while also granting working-class representatives release time , training for involvement in the comite d’entreprise and other representative bodies in the firm , recourse to expert consultants . Unions acquired rights to organise , to hold meetings in firms , and to call in outside speakers to address the workers . Worker representation on the comite d’rentreprise was increased and the comite was provided with additional powers , such as the right to obtain confidential economic information from the firm to use in advising it on policy . In spite of these positive changes , however , the comite dentreprise remained a consultative body with little influence on economic policy , while only large firms were required to provide their comite d’enterprises with economic information . This meant that almost two-thirds of the workers were excluded from exercising this oversight function . A government decree of March 1982 sought to provide greater employment security for the increasing number of workers on part-time and fixed-term contracts by restricting the circumstances in which employers could use such labour ( this was largely to ensure that permanent employees were not displaced by cheaper and more easily dismissed part-time workers ) . The law set out to ensure that such workers receive the same benefits as full-time workers and trade unions were given statutory rights to institute legal proceedings against employers or temporary work agencies if the provisions of the new law were evaded . That same year , the government passed legislation to ensure the full , legal eligibility of women for all civil service posts and an active policy was adopted to encourage them to come forward for promotion . In 1981 , legislation was passed which permitted the establishment of local private radio stations . In March 1982 , a Special Statute was granted to Corsica , which set the territory apart legally from other regions and provided it with additional state subsidies and greater autonomy over cultural , social , economic , and educational policies . Various measures were also introduced to improve conditions for migrants . A new drive began in 1981 to encourage local authorities to establish programmes including literacy programmes , housing schemes , and the setting up of young peoples and womens groups , and in 1983 France ratified the Council of Europes Convention on the Legal Status of Migrant Workers . The Association Law of 1981 allowed foreigners for the first time to form associations in France under the same rules that governed citizens , and these new immigrant associations were thereafter eligible to receive public funding . New policies removed the French language requirements of immigrants to run for seats in employee institutions , and foreign workers became eligible for the first time to sit on important industrial relations councils known as the Conseils des Prud’hommes . In 1982 , an existing programme to assist the repatriation of Algerian nationals was replaced by a system offering a choice between vocational training , assistance to set up a small business and a repatriation grant . Decrees were made in January 1982 concerning official recognition of persons and bodies responsible for noise monitoring , the monitoring of carbon monoxide and benzene levels in the atmosphere at workplaces , and the inspection of electrical installations . A decree issued in February 1982 laid down safety measures to be taken against electrical hazards arising during the construction , operation and maintenance of electric power distribution installations . A decree issued by the Minister of Labour in March 1982 specified the offices responsible for carrying out the technical tests on particularly dangerous machinery ( listed in a decree of April 1981 ) which are required before the machinery can be officially approved . It also specified the information to be provided by the person applying for official approval . A decree of May 1982 contained provisions on the setting up , restructuring , organization , financing and tasks of occupational health services in agricultural undertakings and listed those agricultural undertakings for which special medical surveillance is required . Another decree , made that same month , contained new regulations governing health , safety and preventive health measures in public undertakings . It laid down detailed health and safety requirements and specified how these were to be met . It also contained provisions on training in the area , medical surveillance , and health and safety services . Two Orders of July 1982 amended the rules applicable to fixed-term contracts and temporary work with the intention of restricting the use of casual labour and improving the living and working conditions of workers in insecure jobs . A law of July 1982 concerning the spouses of craftsmen and tradesmen employed in the family business amended the provisions of the labour code , social security system , civil code and company law to establish an occupational status for this group of people . In June 1982 , a new popular savings book paying index-linked interest was introduced , under which Individuals domiciled for tax purposes in France and whose tax liability was under FF 1 000 were entitled to hold a maximum of FF 10000 ( FF 20000 for households ) savings in that scheme . Also in 1982 , holidays for the low-paid were encouraged by an extension of holiday Vouchers ( Cheques-Vacances ) , subsidized by the employer and requiring regular saving out of earnings . A banking law of January 1984 entitled individuals lacking current accounts who had been refused by three banks to ask the Bank of France to designate a bank or the postal bank to provide them with free accounts . An Act of January 1984 asserted a right for all parents to benefit from a parental leave of absence for childrearing , providing that they have one years seniority . This legislation also allowed parents ( under the same conditions ) to request part-time work and to shift freely between part-time work and parental leave . In 1982 , the law governing the age of consent for homosexual activity was reduced from 18 to 15 years to match the age of consent for heterosexual activity . For those with disabilities , a 1982 law on urban transport reform stated that special measures must be taken to accommodate the special needs of people with limited mobility . A law passed on 9 July 1984 provided that a worker with at least two years service must receive a redundancy payment based on gross earnings prior to termination of the work contract . The law further provided that workers aged 60 or above who voluntarily left the firm would receive a retirement severance grant . Various measures were also undertaken to encourage research . Higher spending was allocated to research , while the directors of the various research councils were changed and a series of regional colloquia set up , which culminated in a national assises of researchers , where some 3,000 met in Paris to establish guidelines for future research policy . A law was passed that allowed researchers in universities and agencies to sign contracts with industry . CESTA , an agency for evaluating new fields of science and technology , was established , while more money was allocate to ANVAR , the national agency for promoting the application of basic research . To safeguard workers from exposure to dangerous substances and agents , three Orders containing the lists and the conditions for the labelling and packaging of dangerous substances ( 10 October 1983 ) , of dangerous preparations solvents ( 11 October 1983 ) and of paints , varnishes , printing inks , glues and similar products ( 12 October 1983 ) gave effect to the corresponding EEC Directives under national legislation . A circular implementing these three Orders was issued in January 1984 and the substances and preparations not included in these orders were covered by a circular on 4 July 1984 . A circular of July 1982 on maximum concentrations was supplemented by two others , dated December 1983 and May 1984 , with a view to the introduction of EEC Directive 80-1107 November 1980 on the protection of workers from exposure to chemical , physical and biological agents at work . A law on workers democracy in public-sector companies was passed in July 1983 which sought to recreate a spirit of tripartism in a sector of the economy where existing statutory rights had failed to provide anything more than a consultative role for representatives . Previously , workers had the right to be represented on the boards of public sector companies with 50 or more staff and were entitled to at least 2 board seats , but under the new legislation , public sector companies ( previously nationalized companies plus those companies that were nationalized in 1982 in which the state was the majority shareholder ) would be obliged to have tripartite administrative or supervisory boards to which employee representatives would be elected by the workforce . A couple of autogestionary measures were also introduced . One measure involved workers representation on the administrative councils of the nationalized industries , under which one-third of the members of these councils being drawn from the workforce . The other measure involved elections to the administrative commissions for social security , under which 15 and 25 members of these commissions were chosen through elections among those who were insured by the fund . A law on vocational training in February 1984 established employment contracts for six months for further training on the job while taking courses . These included the contrats de qualification , the contrats d’adaptation , ranging from 6 to 24 months , and a 3 to 6-month programme known as the stages d’initiation a la vie professionnelle , which was designed to familiarise young people with factory and firm . A 1983 law on apprenticeships laid down the principle that apprenticeship is a method of giving young workers having completed schooling a general theoretical and practical training , for the purpose of acquiring professional qualifications leading to technology diplomas . The law laid down a number of general rules on apprenticeship . Training is organised on the basis of alternation , part in industry , and part in the apprenticeship centre , while a contractual relationship must be created between the apprentice and the employer , by means of an apprenticeship contract . A higher education law of 1983 restored democratic representation on university councils and granted the universities greater autonomy and more power to conduct research and to make contacts with industry . A decree of 23 March 1982 listed the offices responsible for testing lifting equipment other than lifts and building-site hoists , while a decree issued in May that same year 1982 extended its provisions to agriculture . Under a decree of 31 March 1982 , the general health and safety regulations for dangerous machinery and appliances were extended to include portable hand-operated machinery and appliances . Exceptions for certain less dangerous appliances were laid down in a decree of June 1982 . In regards to the agricultural sector , a decree of 8 March 1982 laid down the conditions attached to the approval of electrical installations in agricultural undertakings and specified which offices are authorized to test these installations . In 1983 , leave was introduced for setting up businesses and sabbatical leave for wage-earners , and in June that year , a law was passed that completed the incorporation into French Law of a 1977 European Council Directive on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the safeguarding of employees rights in the event of transfers of undertakings , businesses or parts of businesses . The Deferre Law reduced the powers of the prefect , set up elected regional councils , and increased the powers of local government . The security court was abolished , and measures were introduced to control police harassment . Legal aid was extended , legislation was introduced which effectively combated discrimination against homosexuals , and the traditional powers of the juge d’instruction in the preparation of criminal cases was reduced . The Quillot Law of 1982 provided renters with additional rights in housing matters , while an audiovisual law passed that same year brought an end to the state monopoly of audiovisual broadcasting and established a High Authority to guarantee the independence of public television channels . Laws were passed in 1982 to reform higher education to make the academy more responsive to the needs of the state . High security wings in prisons were abolished , while social security reform increased workers representation on the bodies that oversaw the management of the social security schemes . In order to make the elite political academy ( the ENA ) accessible to a wider section of the population , a special entry pathway was established for those who had held trade union or political office . A new health care policy was implemented , which included the abolition of private beds in hospitals , reform of medical training , modernisation of facilities , and the election of the heads of medical services by the entire staff , rather than just by doctors , as had previously been the case . The Mauroy Government also withdrew a ministerial circular issued by the previous government that limited initiatives by regional councils , while a grant was created for the purpose of subsidizing local cultural projects and activities . The Mauroy Government did much to promote arts , culture , and education , as characterised by a tripling in real terms in state aid to the arts , a quadrupling of spending on public libraries , which led to the number of library loans growing by a third , and the removal of obstacles to cheaper book-retailing . Aid was provided to provincial art museums and local archives for working-class affairs established , while funding to provincial libraries was significantly increased , with the national library budget going up from 163 million to 677 million francs . As a result of this additional library expenditure , 17 departments which had previously lacked a bibliothèque centrale de pret in 1981 had acquired one by 1986 . In addition , as a result of the Mauroy Governments library programme , 10 million more people obtained access to major lending library resources . As Paris share of the cultural budget fell from 60% to 45% between 1981 and 1985 , the provinces acquired new theatres , artistic centres , music halls , ballet companies , and popular culture facilities . During its first year in office , the Mauroy government increased spending on culture from 0.45% of the national budget to 0.75% , a figure which rose to 0.84% in 1984 . The incomes of the poorest sections of society were increased exponentially as a result of social security reforms and a 25% increase in the minimum wage . Allowances for the handicapped were also increased , while the right to deduct the cost of child care for all children under the age of three was introduced ( a right later extended to include all children under the age of five in some cases ) . Unemployed workers ineligible for jobless benefits were given back the right to claim sickness insurance that they had lost in 1979 while the reimbursal of the costs of dental fees , hearing aids , and glasses was improved . An 80-franc-per-month charge that had been imposed on certain long-term illnesses was abrogated , and certain individuals who had retired before 1973 had the base upon which their pensions were calculated adjusted upward . Between 1981 and 1983 , the minimum vieillesse ( the basic pension benefit for the elderly poor ) was raised by 62% . To assist young farmers , the role of the SAFER ( Societe dAmenagemcnt Foncier et dEtablissement Rural ) was extended in 1982 to give preferential aid to this group to enlarge their holdings . Various measures were also introduced that helped to boost farmers incomes . A partial price freeze instituted in June 1982 helped to limit the increase in production costs , while an income assistance programme ( introduced in 1982 to compensate for a decline in farmers incomes in 1981 ) contributed to a reduction in sectoral inequalities . In addition , an EEC price hike which the government negotiated in May 1982 represented an improvement over that of the previous year ( 11.2% compared with 10.3% ) . Consultative channels between farmers and government were also widened beyond the Federation Nationale des Syndicats dExploitants Agricoles ( or FNSEA , the chief farming syndicat ) . In addition , the Mauroy Government had helped in the establishment of 12,000 farms with young farmers by mid-1983 . From 1982 onwards , all self-employed women in France were provided with a lump-sum maternity grant which may be supplemented by an income-replacement allowance . In 1983 , the unemployment compensation programme was expanded to include workers who had resigned from their jobs . A law of July 1984 introduced a new benefit called the Insertion Allowance , providing short-term support for those in periods of transition into the labour market . Another law passed that same month introduced a Special Solidarity Allowance for long-term unemployed persons with no insurance entitlements remaining . In addition , an Act of October 1982 fully extended the right to join a union to people who were retired , and a law of February 1984 increased state support for the development and training activities of companies . Although the Mauroy governments social policies improved the living standards of the less well-off in French society , its reflationary economic strategy ( based on encouraging domestic consumption ) failed to improve the French economy in the long term , with increases in the level of inflation as well as in the trade and budget deficits . Although the governments reflationary policies tended to stabilise unemployment , the number of people out of work topped 2 million , in spite of a pledge made by Mitterrand to keep it below this figure . A large budget deficit emerged , with social benefits and aid to industry alone going up by 50% in the 1982 budget . In addition , private investment failed to respond to the governments initiatives , with a 12% decline in volume in 1981 . This led Mauroy to advocate the abandonment of Socialist economic policies ( which failed to reduce unemployment and inflation ) , a controversial U-turn which was ratified by President Mitterrand in March 1983 , and a number of austerity measures were carried out . In 1982 , housing allowances were decoupled from the cost-of-living adjustment index . In 1982 and 1983 , eligibility for unemployment benefits was tightened . A complex set of changes introduced in 1983 surrounding early retirement effectively reduced guarantees to full pensions for early retirees . Daily charges for hospital beds were introduced , while a variety of medical reimbursements were reduced . In September 1982 , the indexation of wages and salaries in the public sector was abolished . During the austerity period , the aim of the Socialists was limited to that of safeguarding the position of beneficiaries as far as possible and of giving special consideration to the poorest amongst them . While further increases in benefits for the elderly , the handicapped , and in some family allowances later became possible , extra costs were also imposed . For instance , the duration of unemployment benefits was reduced , while a basic hospital charge ( with exemptions ) was introduced , and contributions from the early retired and unemployed towards health care were demanded although , once again , the worse off were exempt . Austerity measures also led to efforts to restrain family costs while at the same time trying to safeguard priority groups . In February 1982 , a 25% increase was made in allowances for families containing two eligible children , but some benefits were abandoned and the starting and finishing dates for eligibility altered . Later , cash increases were less than the amounts necessary to maintain the real value of family benefits except for the poorest groups in French society . The limits on income assessed for social insurance contributions were raised and the income base upon which employers and the self-employed were assessed for contributions was changed . The cost of support for handicapped adults was transferred to the national government , although some taxation on tobacco and alcohol was also earmarked for this purpose . A 1% tax on personal incomes was imposed ( although the poorest 33% of taxpayers was excluded ) , and a 1% solidarity contribution levied on civil servants towards the cost of unemployment insurance . In spite of austerity , however , the real value of social protection made modest increases . Within the total , the greatest benefits was reserved for the poorest whilst income was raised in ways which saw a modest shift from traditional financing methods towards general community financing . Failing to restrict the financing of private schools via the Savary Law , he resigned in 1984 . After Matignon . In 1988 he became First Secretary of the PS against the will of Mitterrand , who supported Laurent Fabius . Until the end of his term , in 1992 , he tried to appease the relations between the factions which composed the PS , notably during the very strained 1990 Rennes Congress . He allied with the rocardien group and Lionel Jospins supporters , who came from the mitterrandist group . President of the Socialist International from 1992 to 1999 , Senator since 1992 , he left the Lille mayoralty in 2001 . Considered a moral authority of the French Left , he supported the candidacy of Ségolène Royal during the 2007 primary election . Political career . Governmental functions Prime minister : 1981–1984 . Electoral mandates European Parliament Member of European Parliament : 1979–1980 ( Resignation ) . National Assembly of France Member of the National Assembly of France for Nord ( French department ) ( 2nd , then 1st constituency from 1988 to 1992 ) : 1973–1981 ( Became Prime minister in 1981 ) / 1984–1992 ( Elected senator in 1992 ) . Elected in 1973 , reelected in 1978 , 1981 , 1984 , 1986 , 1988 . Senate of France Senator of Nord ( French department ) : 1992–2011 . Elected in 1992 , reelected in 2001 . Regional Council President of the Regional Council of Nord-Pas-de-Calais : 1974–1981 . Regional councillor of Nord-Pas-de-Calais : 1974–1981 / 1986–1988 ( Resignation ) . General Council Vice-president of the General Council of Nord ( French department ) : 1967–1973 . General councillor of Nord ( French department ) : 1967–1973 . Municipal Council Mayor of Lille : 1973–2001 . Reelected in 1977 , 1983 , 1989 , 1995 . Deputy-mayor of Lille : 1971–1973 . Municipal councillor of Lille : 1971–2008 . Reelected in 1977 , 1983 , 1989 , 1995 , 2001 . Urban community Council President of the Urban Community of Lille Métropole : 1989–2008 . Reelected in 1995 , 2001 . Vice-president of the Urban Community of Lille Métropole : 1971–1989 . Reelected in 1977 , 1983 . Member of the Urban Community of Lille Métropole : 1971–2008 . Reelected in 1977 , 1983 , 1989 , 1995 , 2001 . Political function First Secretary ( leader ) of the Socialist Party ( France ) : 1988–1992 . Elected in 1988 . Mauroys First Government , 22 May 1981 – 23 June 1981 . - Pierre Mauroy – Prime Minister - Claude Cheysson – Minister of External Relations - Charles Hernu – Minister of Defense - Gaston Defferre – Minister of the Interior and Decentralization - Jacques Delors – Minister of Economy - Pierre Joxe – Minister of Industry - Jean Auroux – Minister of Labour - Maurice Faure – Minister of Justice - Alain Savary – Minister of National Education - Jean Laurain – Minister of Veterans - Jack Lang – Minister of Culture - Édith Cresson – Minister of Agriculture - Michel Crépeau – Minister of Environment - André Henry – Minister of Free Time - Louis Mermaz – Minister of Transport and Equipment - Edmond Hervé – Minister of Health - Roger Quilliot – Minister of Housing - Georges Fillioud – Minister of Communication - Louis Mexandeau – Minister of Posts - Michel Rocard – Minister of Planning and Regional Planning - André Delelis – Minister of Commerce and Craft Industry - Michel Jobert – Minister of External Commerce - Jean-Pierre Chevènement – Minister of Research and Technology - Nicole Questiaux – Minister of National Solidarity - Louis Le Pensec – Minister of the Sea Mauroys Second Government , 23 June 1981 – 22 March 1983 . - Pierre Mauroy – Prime Minister - Claude Cheysson – Minister of External Relations - Charles Hernu – Minister of Defense - Gaston Defferre – Minister of the Interior and Decentralization - Jacques Delors – Minister of Economy - Catherine Lalumière – Minister of Consumption - Pierre Dreyfus – Minister of Industry - Jean Auroux – Minister of Labour - Marcel Rigout – Minister of Vocational Training - Robert Badinter – Minister of Justice - Alain Savary – Minister of National Education - Jean Laurain – Minister of Veterans - Jack Lang – Minister of Culture - Édith Cresson – Minister of Agriculture - Michel Crépeau – Minister of Environment - André Henry – Minister of Free Time - Charles Fiterman – Minister of Transport - Jack Ralite – Minister of Health - Roger Quilliot – Minister of Town Planning and Housing - Georges Fillioud – Minister of Communication - Louis Mexandeau – Minister of Posts - Michel Rocard – Minister of Planning and Regional Planning - André Delelis – Minister of Commerce and Craft Industry - Michel Jobert – Minister of External Commerce - Jean-Pierre Chevènement – Minister of Research and Technology - Nicole Questiaux – Minister of National Solidarity - Louis Le Pensec – Minister of the Sea Changes - 29 June 1982 – Jean-Pierre Chevènement succeeds Dreyfus as Minister of Industry . Pierre Bérégovoy succeeds Questiaux as Minister of National Solidarity , becoming also Minister of Social Affairs . Mauroys Third Government , 22 March 1983 – 17 July 1984 . - Pierre Mauroy – Prime Minister - Claude Cheysson – Minister of External Relations - Charles Hernu – Minister of Defense - Gaston Defferre – Minister of the Interior and Decentralization - Jacques Delors – Minister of Economy , Finance , and Budget - Laurent Fabius – Minister of Industry and Research - Marcel Rigout – Minister of Vocational Training - Robert Badinter – Minister of Justice - Alain Savary – Minister of National Education - Michel Rocard – Minister of Agriculture - Charles Fiterman – Minister of Transport - Roger Quilliot – Minister of Town Planning and Housing - Édith Cresson – Minister of Tourism and External Commerce - Michel Crépeau – Minister of Commerce and Craft Industry - Pierre Bérégovoy – Minister of Social Affairs and National Solidarity Changes - 4 October 1983 – Paul Quilès succeeds Quiliot as Minister of Town Planning and Housing . - 18 December 1983 – Roland Dumas enters the Cabinet as Minister of European Affairs . External links . - Pierre Mauroy at the French Senate
|
[
"Prime Minister of France",
"Mayor of Lille"
] |
[
{
"text": " Pierre Mauroy ( ; 5 July 1928 – 7 June 2013 ) was a French Socialist politician who was Prime Minister of France from 1981 to 1984 under President François Mitterrand . Mauroy also served as Mayor of Lille from 1973 to 2001 . At the time of his death Mauroy was the emeritus mayor of the city of Lille . He died from complications of lung cancer on 7 June 2013 at the age of 84 . He is the namesake of Lilles new stadium , Stade Pierre-Mauroy .",
"title": "Pierre Mauroy"
},
{
"text": "Mauroy was born in Cartignies . A teacher , he led the Socialist Youth Movement and the Technical Teaching Union in the 1950s . He became a leading figure in the Socialist federation of Nord département , which was among the third biggest of the French Section of the Workers International ( SFIO ) party and climbed quickly in the party . In 1966 , he became the second most powerful person of the party behind the secretary general , Guy Mollet . Nevertheless , when Mollet resigned as leader in 1969 , Alain Savary was chosen to succeed him",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " After the electoral disasters of 1968 and 1969 , he was persuaded of the necessity to renew the party . In 1971 , during the Epinay Congress , he supported François Mitterrands election to the party leadership and became the second most powerful person in the Socialist Party ( PS ) . Two years later , he was elected as a deputy and Mayor of Lille .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Increasingly , Mauroy criticized the replacement of former SFIO members from important positions by allies of Mitterrand . In this , he formed an alliance with Michel Rocard , the main opponent of Mitterrand , during the 1979 Metz Congress . However , Mitterrand chose him as spokesperson during the 1981 presidential campaign ; after Mitterrands election , he appointed Mauroy as Prime Minister .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Mauroys government was a radical reforming one , implementing a wide range of social reforms including the reduction of the legal workweek from 40 to 39 hours , the limiting of continuous shift working to an average of no more than 35 hours per week , the lowering of the retirement age to 60 , and a rise in social welfare benefits . Entitlement to paid holidays was also extended from four to five weeks . During the Mauroy governments first year in office , minimum pensions were increased by 38% , rent allowances by 50% , family allowances by",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "25% ( 50% for households with two children ) , and the minimum wage by 25% .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "During the 1981–82 period , state industrial investment was substantially increased , 17 billion francs in ”soft loan credit was provided to private industry , 7 billion francs was set aside to help school leavers , 54,000 new civil service jobs were created , and a major housebuilding drive was launched . Efforts were made to shift the burden of direct taxes away from lower- income groups , while increases in the minimum wage gave the low paid a real increase in their living standards of about 15% in 1981–82 . Unemployment benefits were also increased , together with the",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "duration of time in which one could receive them . In addition , the maximum allowable workweek was reduced from 50 to 48 hours .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "Upon taking office , the Mauroy Government embarked upon an ambitious redistributive programme . The minimum wage went up in real terms by 11% between May 1981 and September 1982 , while the minimum old age pension was increased by 30% . 800,000 elderly people were exempted from paying T.V . licenses , while 1.5 million were also exempted from local taxes . Between May 1981 and January 1983 , family benefits were significantly increased , with the purchasing power of the 2,700,000 families with two children raised by 40% . These policies significantly improved the living standards of the",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "less well off in French society , with poverty reduced during Mauroys term in office . Family allowances were increased by 81% for families with two children and by 49% for families with three children , while old-age pensions were raised by 300 francs a month for a single person and 3,700 francs for a couple .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "Altogether , the purchasing power of social transfers went up by 45% in 1981 and by 7.6% in 1982 . Health care coverage was also extended , with health insurance benefits made more widely available to part-time employees and the unemployed . Efforts were also made to promote voluntary retirement at sixty , with a pension ranging upwards from 80% of the SMIC to 50% of a middle-management salary . In 1982 , two measures were introduced that extended eligibility for early retirement for workers aged 55 to 59 : the contrats de préretraites progressives and the contrats de solidarité-démission",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": ". These programmes were aimed at stimulating consumption and aggregate demand by providing firms with incentives to hire younger workers as replacements for early retirees . A year later , solidarity contracts were introduced which provided early retirement for older workers aged 55 or above on the condition that firms replace recipients with younger workers . Elderly people benefited greatly from the social and economic measures undertaken by the Mauroy Government , with the real income of pensioners rising by a quarter .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "Harsh immigration statutes introduced during the presidency of Valéry Giscard dEstaing were reversed , while an immigration law was passed ( 1981 ) to limit the grounds for expelling foreigners to facilitate family reunions and amnesty 130,000 illegal immigrants . A 1982 law introduced new rights for helper spouses , while the anti-discriminatory Professional Equality Law ( 1983 ) , which defined equality between men and women in sweeping terms , required all businesses to furnish statistics on the situation of women in the workplace . This legislation marked a new departure in anti-discriminatory efforts and , reinforced by a",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "series of measures taken by the Rocard government in 1989 , brought an end to wage differentials hidden by different job descriptions . Decentralising laws were also passed which transferred responsibilities for urban planning to municipalities and economic planning to the regions . In addition , various measures were introduced to improve socio-economic conditions in low-income neighbourhoods . Aid for the improvement of older HLM housing was increased , with the allocation for 1982 being about 40% higher than in 1981 . A collaborative interministerial approach to employment and the social rehabilitation of at risk youth was adopted , and",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "in 1983 the Banlieue 89 project was instigated for social and educational measures on estates in the educational priority areas . As a result of such policies , urban grants ( as a proportion of local authority revenues ) significantly increased during the first three years of the Mitterrand presidency , especially in municipalities controlled by the Left . In 1982 , the Missions locales pour l’insertion professionnelle et sociale des jeunes were established , local advice centres that targeted young people ( essentially in the 16-25 age group ) experiencing major difficulties in finding work . A military reform",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "law , passed in July 1983 , enabled those who were opposed to the usage of arms on grounds of conscience to be accepted for civilian service .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "An Ordinance of February 1982 limited the duration of fixed-term contracts to 6 to 12 months , and introduced an end of contract bonus of 5% total gross pay over the contracts period . Another Ordinance passed that same month restricted the duration of assignments to 6 months , and increased the precarious employment allowance from 4% to 15% of gross pay per assignment . For public sector workers , a law was passed in 1982 to prevent gender segregation in recruitment and to ensure that the situation was monitored carefully . An Act of July 1982 allowed the spouses",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "of shopkeepers and artisans to receive social or work-related entitlements . An Act of August 1982 raised employers participation in financing the public transportation expenses of employees . In April 1982 special aids were extended to farmers who had invested between 1 April 1981 and 31 March 1982 .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "Pursuant to its campaign pledges , the Mauroy Government established 14,760 new permanent teaching posts at the elementary and secondary levels in June 1981 , and provided for 16,800 more in the 1982 budget and an additional 8,370 in the 1983 budget . A major increase in the modest salaries of elementary school teachers was announced . Technical education at the secondary level was declared to be a priority area , with special attention in the form of more scholarship money , additional teaching positions , and the commitment of 430 million francs per year for three years for the",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "introduction of new technologies into the school programme . However , these actions ( particularly the creation of only 400 new technical teachers positions in 1981 , when enrolment went up by 11,000 ) were seen as inadequate by the National Union of Technical Education-Autonomous Apprenticeship . In December 1981 , a general science programme in the eleventh grade ( premier ) was created to replace the mathematics programme ( the Bac C ) which , after the fall from favour of Latin and Greek , had come to be known as a royal road into élitist schools and careers",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": ". The Premier S programme was an attempt to postpone definitive scholastic and social segregation , and also to reduce the importance of mathematical aptitude as the primary criterion for selection into élite schools . Greater funds were allocated to education , with the education budget was increased by 17.3% in 1982 and by 15% in 1983 . In 1981–82 , as a means of tackling cases of education failure , the Ministry of Education subsidized projects designed to help weaker students in 4,500 of the countrys 7,300 secondary schools . Although these subsidies were only of 30 million francs",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": ", the programme encouraged secondary schools to pay attention to the problem . They were heaviest in designated priority education and action zones .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "In 1981 , Educational Priority Zones were set up to provide additional resources to schools in depressed areas and to combat academic failure . The 1982 budget increased spending on education by 17% , while the 1983 budget provided tenure for 14,399 auxiliariat , teachers were only employed on a casual basis . A decree of June 1982 established a commission for public education staff training ( or MAFPEN ) in each académie , while CPR ( or regional teacher training centre , which were established in 1952 ) training placements were extended to 8–9 hours a week . That",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "same year , the Delegation for Training and Research in Education was set up to coordinate the activities of the MAFPENs .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "The outgoing centre-right government was perceived to have harassed university assistants , the most junior faculty rank , by publicly questioning their qualifications , by increasing the teaching load of those who had not completed doctoral theses , and by limiting prospects for promotion and tenure . In May 1982 , after several unions and associations announced a strike of assistants to call attention to their unmet grievances , the new education minister Alain Savary assured union leaders that all assistants who wished to continue a university career would be granted tenure . Promotion would be facilitated by the establishment",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "of a thousand new maitre-assistant post per year for 4 years . In April 1982 , following several demonstrations and strikes by the National Associations of Assistants ( ANA ) , 2000 new tenured assistant positions were created .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "Government decrees of September and October 1982 introduced various reforms aimed at making entry to the National School of Administration ( or ENA ) more accessible to a wider range of French society . The age limit was raised to enable less favoured candidates to catch up on career advancement , the element in the entrance examination for general culture ( which had proven advantageous to upper-class applicants ) was reduced , students from other grandes ecoles were prevented from making claims that they were already civil servants when they applied to the National School of Administration , and a",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "rule of parity between students and lower civil servants among candidates for admission to the ENA was established . In addition , a law of January 1983 introduced a third route of access to the National School of Administration , reserved for those who had held important posts in mutual aid societies , voluntary associations , and trade unions for a period of at least eight years , and extended this opportunity to certain local elected officials .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "The Auroux laws ( 1982 ) increased the rights of trade unions and employees in the workplace , covering collective bargaining , representation , information , health and safety , and unfair dismissal . The Auroux Laws included a requirement that half of all overtime worked in excess of 130 hours per year must be compensated by additional time off , while trade union delegates became entitled to an increase in paid time off for union activities and to increased protection against dismissal . In addition , an Auroux Law of November 1982 established an obligation to negotiate real wages",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "and hours once a year at the level of the firm , and to negotiate real wages once a year and to revise job classifications once every five years at the national industry level . Mandatory collective bargaining at the firm level of industry was introduced , while the laws also strengthened the rules on health and safety in the workplace , bestowing more rights upon the Comites d’hygiene et securite ( though not the right to stop production in case of extreme danger ) , while also granting working-class representatives release time , training for involvement in the comite",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "d’entreprise and other representative bodies in the firm , recourse to expert consultants . Unions acquired rights to organise , to hold meetings in firms , and to call in outside speakers to address the workers . Worker representation on the comite d’rentreprise was increased and the comite was provided with additional powers , such as the right to obtain confidential economic information from the firm to use in advising it on policy . In spite of these positive changes , however , the comite dentreprise remained a consultative body with little influence on economic policy , while only large",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "firms were required to provide their comite d’enterprises with economic information . This meant that almost two-thirds of the workers were excluded from exercising this oversight function .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "A government decree of March 1982 sought to provide greater employment security for the increasing number of workers on part-time and fixed-term contracts by restricting the circumstances in which employers could use such labour ( this was largely to ensure that permanent employees were not displaced by cheaper and more easily dismissed part-time workers ) . The law set out to ensure that such workers receive the same benefits as full-time workers and trade unions were given statutory rights to institute legal proceedings against employers or temporary work agencies if the provisions of the new law were evaded . That",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "same year , the government passed legislation to ensure the full , legal eligibility of women for all civil service posts and an active policy was adopted to encourage them to come forward for promotion . In 1981 , legislation was passed which permitted the establishment of local private radio stations . In March 1982 , a Special Statute was granted to Corsica , which set the territory apart legally from other regions and provided it with additional state subsidies and greater autonomy over cultural , social , economic , and educational policies . Various measures were also introduced to",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "improve conditions for migrants . A new drive began in 1981 to encourage local authorities to establish programmes including literacy programmes , housing schemes , and the setting up of young peoples and womens groups , and in 1983 France ratified the Council of Europes Convention on the Legal Status of Migrant Workers . The Association Law of 1981 allowed foreigners for the first time to form associations in France under the same rules that governed citizens , and these new immigrant associations were thereafter eligible to receive public funding . New policies removed the French language requirements of immigrants",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "to run for seats in employee institutions , and foreign workers became eligible for the first time to sit on important industrial relations councils known as the Conseils des Prud’hommes . In 1982 , an existing programme to assist the repatriation of Algerian nationals was replaced by a system offering a choice between vocational training , assistance to set up a small business and a repatriation grant .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "Decrees were made in January 1982 concerning official recognition of persons and bodies responsible for noise monitoring , the monitoring of carbon monoxide and benzene levels in the atmosphere at workplaces , and the inspection of electrical installations . A decree issued in February 1982 laid down safety measures to be taken against electrical hazards arising during the construction , operation and maintenance of electric power distribution installations . A decree issued by the Minister of Labour in March 1982 specified the offices responsible for carrying out the technical tests on particularly dangerous machinery ( listed in a decree of",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "April 1981 ) which are required before the machinery can be officially approved . It also specified the information to be provided by the person applying for official approval . A decree of May 1982 contained provisions on the setting up , restructuring , organization , financing and tasks of occupational health services in agricultural undertakings and listed those agricultural undertakings for which special medical surveillance is required . Another decree , made that same month , contained new regulations governing health , safety and preventive health measures in public undertakings . It laid down detailed health and safety requirements",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "and specified how these were to be met . It also contained provisions on training in the area , medical surveillance , and health and safety services . Two Orders of July 1982 amended the rules applicable to fixed-term contracts and temporary work with the intention of restricting the use of casual labour and improving the living and working conditions of workers in insecure jobs . A law of July 1982 concerning the spouses of craftsmen and tradesmen employed in the family business amended the provisions of the labour code , social security system , civil code and company law",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "to establish an occupational status for this group of people . In June 1982 , a new popular savings book paying index-linked interest was introduced , under which Individuals domiciled for tax purposes in France and whose tax liability was under FF 1 000 were entitled to hold a maximum of FF 10000 ( FF 20000 for households ) savings in that scheme . Also in 1982 , holidays for the low-paid were encouraged by an extension of holiday Vouchers ( Cheques-Vacances ) , subsidized by the employer and requiring regular saving out of earnings . A banking law of",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "January 1984 entitled individuals lacking current accounts who had been refused by three banks to ask the Bank of France to designate a bank or the postal bank to provide them with free accounts .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "An Act of January 1984 asserted a right for all parents to benefit from a parental leave of absence for childrearing , providing that they have one years seniority . This legislation also allowed parents ( under the same conditions ) to request part-time work and to shift freely between part-time work and parental leave . In 1982 , the law governing the age of consent for homosexual activity was reduced from 18 to 15 years to match the age of consent for heterosexual activity . For those with disabilities , a 1982 law on urban transport reform stated that",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "special measures must be taken to accommodate the special needs of people with limited mobility . A law passed on 9 July 1984 provided that a worker with at least two years service must receive a redundancy payment based on gross earnings prior to termination of the work contract . The law further provided that workers aged 60 or above who voluntarily left the firm would receive a retirement severance grant .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "Various measures were also undertaken to encourage research . Higher spending was allocated to research , while the directors of the various research councils were changed and a series of regional colloquia set up , which culminated in a national assises of researchers , where some 3,000 met in Paris to establish guidelines for future research policy . A law was passed that allowed researchers in universities and agencies to sign contracts with industry . CESTA , an agency for evaluating new fields of science and technology , was established , while more money was allocate to ANVAR , the",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "national agency for promoting the application of basic research .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": " To safeguard workers from exposure to dangerous substances and agents , three Orders containing the lists and the conditions for the labelling and packaging of dangerous substances ( 10 October 1983 ) , of dangerous preparations solvents ( 11 October 1983 ) and of paints , varnishes , printing inks , glues and similar products ( 12 October 1983 ) gave effect to the corresponding EEC Directives under national legislation . A circular implementing these three Orders was issued in January 1984 and the substances and preparations not included in these orders were",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "covered by a circular on 4 July 1984 . A circular of July 1982 on maximum concentrations was supplemented by two others , dated December 1983 and May 1984 , with a view to the introduction of EEC Directive 80-1107 November 1980 on the protection of workers from exposure to chemical , physical and biological agents at work .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "A law on workers democracy in public-sector companies was passed in July 1983 which sought to recreate a spirit of tripartism in a sector of the economy where existing statutory rights had failed to provide anything more than a consultative role for representatives . Previously , workers had the right to be represented on the boards of public sector companies with 50 or more staff and were entitled to at least 2 board seats , but under the new legislation , public sector companies ( previously nationalized companies plus those companies that were nationalized in 1982 in which the state",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "was the majority shareholder ) would be obliged to have tripartite administrative or supervisory boards to which employee representatives would be elected by the workforce . A couple of autogestionary measures were also introduced . One measure involved workers representation on the administrative councils of the nationalized industries , under which one-third of the members of these councils being drawn from the workforce . The other measure involved elections to the administrative commissions for social security , under which 15 and 25 members of these commissions were chosen through elections among those who were insured by the fund .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "A law on vocational training in February 1984 established employment contracts for six months for further training on the job while taking courses . These included the contrats de qualification , the contrats d’adaptation , ranging from 6 to 24 months , and a 3 to 6-month programme known as the stages d’initiation a la vie professionnelle , which was designed to familiarise young people with factory and firm . A 1983 law on apprenticeships laid down the principle that apprenticeship is a method of giving young workers having completed schooling a general theoretical and practical training , for the",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "purpose of acquiring professional qualifications leading to technology diplomas . The law laid down a number of general rules on apprenticeship . Training is organised on the basis of alternation , part in industry , and part in the",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": " apprenticeship centre , while a contractual relationship must be created between the apprentice and the employer , by means of an apprenticeship contract . A higher education law of 1983 restored democratic representation on university councils and granted the universities greater autonomy and more power to conduct research and to make contacts with industry .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "A decree of 23 March 1982 listed the offices responsible for testing lifting equipment other than lifts and building-site hoists , while a decree issued in May that same year 1982 extended its provisions to agriculture . Under a decree of 31 March 1982 , the general health and safety regulations for dangerous machinery and appliances were extended to include portable hand-operated machinery and appliances . Exceptions for certain less dangerous appliances were laid down in a decree of June 1982 . In regards to the agricultural sector , a decree of 8 March 1982 laid down the conditions attached",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "to the approval of electrical installations in agricultural undertakings and specified which offices are authorized to test these installations . In 1983 , leave was introduced for setting up businesses and sabbatical leave for wage-earners , and in June that year , a law was passed that completed the incorporation into French Law of a 1977 European Council Directive on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the safeguarding of employees rights in the event of transfers of undertakings , businesses or parts of businesses .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "The Deferre Law reduced the powers of the prefect , set up elected regional councils , and increased the powers of local government . The security court was abolished , and measures were introduced to control police harassment . Legal aid was extended , legislation was introduced which effectively combated discrimination against homosexuals , and the traditional powers of the juge d’instruction in the preparation of criminal cases was reduced . The Quillot Law of 1982 provided renters with additional rights in housing matters , while an audiovisual law passed that same year brought an end to the state monopoly",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "of audiovisual broadcasting and established a High Authority to guarantee the independence of public television channels . Laws were passed in 1982 to reform higher education to make the academy more responsive to the needs of the state . High security wings in prisons were abolished , while social security reform increased workers representation on the bodies that oversaw the management of the social security schemes . In order to make the elite political academy ( the ENA ) accessible to a wider section of the population , a special entry pathway was established for those who had held trade",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "union or political office . A new health care policy was implemented , which included the abolition of private beds in hospitals , reform of medical training , modernisation of facilities , and the election of the heads of medical services by the entire staff , rather than just by doctors , as had previously been the case . The Mauroy Government also withdrew a ministerial circular issued by the previous government that limited initiatives by regional councils , while a grant was created for the purpose of subsidizing local cultural projects and activities .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "The Mauroy Government did much to promote arts , culture , and education , as characterised by a tripling in real terms in state aid to the arts , a quadrupling of spending on public libraries , which led to the number of library loans growing by a third , and the removal of obstacles to cheaper book-retailing . Aid was provided to provincial art museums and local archives for working-class affairs established , while funding to provincial libraries was significantly increased , with the national library budget going up from 163 million to 677 million francs . As a",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "result of this additional library expenditure , 17 departments which had previously lacked a bibliothèque centrale de pret in 1981 had acquired one by 1986 . In addition , as a result of the Mauroy Governments library programme , 10 million more people obtained access to major lending library resources . As Paris share of the cultural budget fell from 60% to 45% between 1981 and 1985 , the provinces acquired new theatres , artistic centres , music halls , ballet companies , and popular culture facilities . During its first year in office , the Mauroy government increased spending",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "on culture from 0.45% of the national budget to 0.75% , a figure which rose to 0.84% in 1984 .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "The incomes of the poorest sections of society were increased exponentially as a result of social security reforms and a 25% increase in the minimum wage . Allowances for the handicapped were also increased , while the right to deduct the cost of child care for all children under the age of three was introduced ( a right later extended to include all children under the age of five in some cases ) . Unemployed workers ineligible for jobless benefits were given back the right to claim sickness insurance that they had lost in 1979 while the reimbursal of the",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "costs of dental fees , hearing aids , and glasses was improved . An 80-franc-per-month charge that had been imposed on certain long-term illnesses was abrogated , and certain individuals who had retired before 1973 had the base upon which their pensions were calculated adjusted upward . Between 1981 and 1983 , the minimum vieillesse ( the basic pension benefit for the elderly poor ) was raised by 62% .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "To assist young farmers , the role of the SAFER ( Societe dAmenagemcnt Foncier et dEtablissement Rural ) was extended in 1982 to give preferential aid to this group to enlarge their holdings . Various measures were also introduced that helped to boost farmers incomes . A partial price freeze instituted in June 1982 helped to limit the increase in production costs , while an income assistance programme ( introduced in 1982 to compensate for a decline in farmers incomes in 1981 ) contributed to a reduction in sectoral inequalities . In addition , an EEC price hike which the",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "government negotiated in May 1982 represented an improvement over that of the previous year ( 11.2% compared with 10.3% ) . Consultative channels between farmers and government were also widened beyond the Federation Nationale des Syndicats dExploitants Agricoles ( or FNSEA , the chief farming syndicat ) . In addition , the Mauroy Government had helped in the establishment of 12,000 farms with young farmers by mid-1983 .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "From 1982 onwards , all self-employed women in France were provided with a lump-sum maternity grant which may be supplemented by an income-replacement allowance . In 1983 , the unemployment compensation programme was expanded to include workers who had resigned from their jobs . A law of July 1984 introduced a new benefit called the Insertion Allowance , providing short-term support for those in periods of transition into the labour market . Another law passed that same month introduced a Special Solidarity Allowance for long-term unemployed persons with no insurance entitlements remaining . In addition , an Act of October",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "1982 fully extended the right to join a union to people who were retired , and a law of February 1984 increased state support for the development and training activities of companies .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "Although the Mauroy governments social policies improved the living standards of the less well-off in French society , its reflationary economic strategy ( based on encouraging domestic consumption ) failed to improve the French economy in the long term , with increases in the level of inflation as well as in the trade and budget deficits . Although the governments reflationary policies tended to stabilise unemployment , the number of people out of work topped 2 million , in spite of a pledge made by Mitterrand to keep it below this figure . A large budget deficit emerged , with",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "social benefits and aid to industry alone going up by 50% in the 1982 budget . In addition , private investment failed to respond to the governments initiatives , with a 12% decline in volume in 1981 . This led Mauroy to advocate the abandonment of Socialist economic policies ( which failed to reduce unemployment and inflation ) , a controversial U-turn which was ratified by President Mitterrand in March 1983 , and a number of austerity measures were carried out . In 1982 , housing allowances were decoupled from the cost-of-living adjustment index . In 1982 and 1983 ,",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "eligibility for unemployment benefits was tightened . A complex set of changes introduced in 1983 surrounding early retirement effectively reduced guarantees to full pensions for early retirees . Daily charges for hospital beds were introduced , while a variety of medical reimbursements were reduced . In September 1982 , the indexation of wages and salaries in the public sector was abolished .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "During the austerity period , the aim of the Socialists was limited to that of safeguarding the position of beneficiaries as far as possible and of giving special consideration to the poorest amongst them . While further increases in benefits for the elderly , the handicapped , and in some family allowances later became possible , extra costs were also imposed . For instance , the duration of unemployment benefits was reduced , while a basic hospital charge ( with exemptions ) was introduced , and contributions from the early retired and unemployed towards health care were demanded although ,",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "once again , the worse off were exempt . Austerity measures also led to efforts to restrain family costs while at the same time trying to safeguard priority groups . In February 1982 , a 25% increase was made in allowances for families containing two eligible children , but some benefits were abandoned and the starting and finishing dates for eligibility altered . Later , cash increases were less than the amounts necessary to maintain the real value of family benefits except for the poorest groups in French society . The limits on income assessed for social insurance contributions were",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "raised and the income base upon which employers and the self-employed were assessed for contributions was changed . The cost of support for handicapped adults was transferred to the national government , although some taxation on tobacco and alcohol was also earmarked for this purpose . A 1% tax on personal incomes was imposed ( although the poorest 33% of taxpayers was excluded ) , and a 1% solidarity contribution levied on civil servants towards the cost of unemployment insurance . In spite of austerity , however , the real value of social protection made modest increases . Within the",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "total , the greatest benefits was reserved for the poorest whilst income was raised in ways which saw a modest shift from traditional financing methods towards general community financing .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": " Failing to restrict the financing of private schools via the Savary Law , he resigned in 1984 .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": " In 1988 he became First Secretary of the PS against the will of Mitterrand , who supported Laurent Fabius . Until the end of his term , in 1992 , he tried to appease the relations between the factions which composed the PS , notably during the very strained 1990 Rennes Congress . He allied with the rocardien group and Lionel Jospins supporters , who came from the mitterrandist group .",
"title": "After Matignon"
},
{
"text": "President of the Socialist International from 1992 to 1999 , Senator since 1992 , he left the Lille mayoralty in 2001 . Considered a moral authority of the French Left , he supported the candidacy of Ségolène Royal during the 2007 primary election .",
"title": "After Matignon"
},
{
"text": " Member of the National Assembly of France for Nord ( French department ) ( 2nd , then 1st constituency from 1988 to 1992 ) : 1973–1981 ( Became Prime minister in 1981 ) / 1984–1992 ( Elected senator in 1992 ) . Elected in 1973 , reelected in 1978 , 1981 , 1984 , 1986 , 1988 .",
"title": "National Assembly of France"
},
{
"text": " Senator of Nord ( French department ) : 1992–2011 . Elected in 1992 , reelected in 2001 .",
"title": "Senate of France"
},
{
"text": " President of the Regional Council of Nord-Pas-de-Calais : 1974–1981 . Regional councillor of Nord-Pas-de-Calais : 1974–1981 / 1986–1988 ( Resignation ) .",
"title": "Regional Council"
},
{
"text": " Vice-president of the General Council of Nord ( French department ) : 1967–1973 . General councillor of Nord ( French department ) : 1967–1973 .",
"title": "General Council"
},
{
"text": " Mayor of Lille : 1973–2001 . Reelected in 1977 , 1983 , 1989 , 1995 . Deputy-mayor of Lille : 1971–1973 . Municipal councillor of Lille : 1971–2008 . Reelected in 1977 , 1983 , 1989 , 1995 , 2001 .",
"title": "Municipal Council"
},
{
"text": " President of the Urban Community of Lille Métropole : 1989–2008 . Reelected in 1995 , 2001 . Vice-president of the Urban Community of Lille Métropole : 1971–1989 . Reelected in 1977 , 1983 . Member of the Urban Community of Lille Métropole : 1971–2008 . Reelected in 1977 , 1983 , 1989 , 1995 , 2001 .",
"title": "Urban community Council"
},
{
"text": " First Secretary ( leader ) of the Socialist Party ( France ) : 1988–1992 . Elected in 1988 . Mauroys First Government , 22 May 1981 – 23 June 1981 . - Pierre Mauroy – Prime Minister - Claude Cheysson – Minister of External Relations - Charles Hernu – Minister of Defense - Gaston Defferre – Minister of the Interior and Decentralization - Jacques Delors – Minister of Economy - Pierre Joxe – Minister of Industry - Jean Auroux – Minister of Labour - Maurice Faure – Minister of Justice - Alain Savary – Minister of National Education",
"title": "Political function"
},
{
"text": "- Jean Laurain – Minister of Veterans",
"title": "Political function"
},
{
"text": " - Jack Lang – Minister of Culture - Édith Cresson – Minister of Agriculture - Michel Crépeau – Minister of Environment - André Henry – Minister of Free Time - Louis Mermaz – Minister of Transport and Equipment - Edmond Hervé – Minister of Health - Roger Quilliot – Minister of Housing - Georges Fillioud – Minister of Communication - Louis Mexandeau – Minister of Posts - Michel Rocard – Minister of Planning and Regional Planning - André Delelis – Minister of Commerce and Craft Industry - Michel Jobert – Minister of External Commerce",
"title": "Political function"
},
{
"text": "- Jean-Pierre Chevènement – Minister of Research and Technology",
"title": "Political function"
},
{
"text": " - Nicole Questiaux – Minister of National Solidarity - Louis Le Pensec – Minister of the Sea Mauroys Second Government , 23 June 1981 – 22 March 1983 . - Pierre Mauroy – Prime Minister - Claude Cheysson – Minister of External Relations - Charles Hernu – Minister of Defense - Gaston Defferre – Minister of the Interior and Decentralization - Jacques Delors – Minister of Economy - Catherine Lalumière – Minister of Consumption - Pierre Dreyfus – Minister of Industry - Jean Auroux – Minister of Labour - Marcel Rigout – Minister of Vocational Training",
"title": "Political function"
},
{
"text": "- Robert Badinter – Minister of Justice",
"title": "Political function"
},
{
"text": " - Alain Savary – Minister of National Education - Jean Laurain – Minister of Veterans - Jack Lang – Minister of Culture - Édith Cresson – Minister of Agriculture - Michel Crépeau – Minister of Environment - André Henry – Minister of Free Time - Charles Fiterman – Minister of Transport - Jack Ralite – Minister of Health - Roger Quilliot – Minister of Town Planning and Housing - Georges Fillioud – Minister of Communication - Louis Mexandeau – Minister of Posts - Michel Rocard – Minister of Planning and Regional Planning",
"title": "Political function"
},
{
"text": "- André Delelis – Minister of Commerce and Craft Industry",
"title": "Political function"
},
{
"text": " - Michel Jobert – Minister of External Commerce - Jean-Pierre Chevènement – Minister of Research and Technology - Nicole Questiaux – Minister of National Solidarity - Louis Le Pensec – Minister of the Sea",
"title": "Political function"
},
{
"text": " - 29 June 1982 – Jean-Pierre Chevènement succeeds Dreyfus as Minister of Industry . Pierre Bérégovoy succeeds Questiaux as Minister of National Solidarity , becoming also Minister of Social Affairs . Mauroys Third Government , 22 March 1983 – 17 July 1984 . - Pierre Mauroy – Prime Minister - Claude Cheysson – Minister of External Relations - Charles Hernu – Minister of Defense - Gaston Defferre – Minister of the Interior and Decentralization - Jacques Delors – Minister of Economy , Finance , and Budget - Laurent Fabius – Minister of Industry and Research",
"title": "Changes"
},
{
"text": "- Marcel Rigout – Minister of Vocational Training",
"title": "Changes"
},
{
"text": " - Robert Badinter – Minister of Justice - Alain Savary – Minister of National Education - Michel Rocard – Minister of Agriculture - Charles Fiterman – Minister of Transport - Roger Quilliot – Minister of Town Planning and Housing - Édith Cresson – Minister of Tourism and External Commerce - Michel Crépeau – Minister of Commerce and Craft Industry - Pierre Bérégovoy – Minister of Social Affairs and National Solidarity",
"title": "Changes"
},
{
"text": " - 4 October 1983 – Paul Quilès succeeds Quiliot as Minister of Town Planning and Housing . - 18 December 1983 – Roland Dumas enters the Cabinet as Minister of European Affairs .",
"title": "Changes"
},
{
"text": " - Pierre Mauroy at the French Senate",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Pierre_Mauroy#P39#2
|
Pierre Mauroy took which position between May 1988 and May 1989?
|
Pierre Mauroy Pierre Mauroy ( ; 5 July 1928 – 7 June 2013 ) was a French Socialist politician who was Prime Minister of France from 1981 to 1984 under President François Mitterrand . Mauroy also served as Mayor of Lille from 1973 to 2001 . At the time of his death Mauroy was the emeritus mayor of the city of Lille . He died from complications of lung cancer on 7 June 2013 at the age of 84 . He is the namesake of Lilles new stadium , Stade Pierre-Mauroy . Biography . Background . Mauroy was born in Cartignies . A teacher , he led the Socialist Youth Movement and the Technical Teaching Union in the 1950s . He became a leading figure in the Socialist federation of Nord département , which was among the third biggest of the French Section of the Workers International ( SFIO ) party and climbed quickly in the party . In 1966 , he became the second most powerful person of the party behind the secretary general , Guy Mollet . Nevertheless , when Mollet resigned as leader in 1969 , Alain Savary was chosen to succeed him . Political career . After the electoral disasters of 1968 and 1969 , he was persuaded of the necessity to renew the party . In 1971 , during the Epinay Congress , he supported François Mitterrands election to the party leadership and became the second most powerful person in the Socialist Party ( PS ) . Two years later , he was elected as a deputy and Mayor of Lille . Increasingly , Mauroy criticized the replacement of former SFIO members from important positions by allies of Mitterrand . In this , he formed an alliance with Michel Rocard , the main opponent of Mitterrand , during the 1979 Metz Congress . However , Mitterrand chose him as spokesperson during the 1981 presidential campaign ; after Mitterrands election , he appointed Mauroy as Prime Minister . Prime Minister . Mauroys government was a radical reforming one , implementing a wide range of social reforms including the reduction of the legal workweek from 40 to 39 hours , the limiting of continuous shift working to an average of no more than 35 hours per week , the lowering of the retirement age to 60 , and a rise in social welfare benefits . Entitlement to paid holidays was also extended from four to five weeks . During the Mauroy governments first year in office , minimum pensions were increased by 38% , rent allowances by 50% , family allowances by 25% ( 50% for households with two children ) , and the minimum wage by 25% . During the 1981–82 period , state industrial investment was substantially increased , 17 billion francs in ”soft loan credit was provided to private industry , 7 billion francs was set aside to help school leavers , 54,000 new civil service jobs were created , and a major housebuilding drive was launched . Efforts were made to shift the burden of direct taxes away from lower- income groups , while increases in the minimum wage gave the low paid a real increase in their living standards of about 15% in 1981–82 . Unemployment benefits were also increased , together with the duration of time in which one could receive them . In addition , the maximum allowable workweek was reduced from 50 to 48 hours . Upon taking office , the Mauroy Government embarked upon an ambitious redistributive programme . The minimum wage went up in real terms by 11% between May 1981 and September 1982 , while the minimum old age pension was increased by 30% . 800,000 elderly people were exempted from paying T.V . licenses , while 1.5 million were also exempted from local taxes . Between May 1981 and January 1983 , family benefits were significantly increased , with the purchasing power of the 2,700,000 families with two children raised by 40% . These policies significantly improved the living standards of the less well off in French society , with poverty reduced during Mauroys term in office . Family allowances were increased by 81% for families with two children and by 49% for families with three children , while old-age pensions were raised by 300 francs a month for a single person and 3,700 francs for a couple . Altogether , the purchasing power of social transfers went up by 45% in 1981 and by 7.6% in 1982 . Health care coverage was also extended , with health insurance benefits made more widely available to part-time employees and the unemployed . Efforts were also made to promote voluntary retirement at sixty , with a pension ranging upwards from 80% of the SMIC to 50% of a middle-management salary . In 1982 , two measures were introduced that extended eligibility for early retirement for workers aged 55 to 59 : the contrats de préretraites progressives and the contrats de solidarité-démission . These programmes were aimed at stimulating consumption and aggregate demand by providing firms with incentives to hire younger workers as replacements for early retirees . A year later , solidarity contracts were introduced which provided early retirement for older workers aged 55 or above on the condition that firms replace recipients with younger workers . Elderly people benefited greatly from the social and economic measures undertaken by the Mauroy Government , with the real income of pensioners rising by a quarter . Harsh immigration statutes introduced during the presidency of Valéry Giscard dEstaing were reversed , while an immigration law was passed ( 1981 ) to limit the grounds for expelling foreigners to facilitate family reunions and amnesty 130,000 illegal immigrants . A 1982 law introduced new rights for helper spouses , while the anti-discriminatory Professional Equality Law ( 1983 ) , which defined equality between men and women in sweeping terms , required all businesses to furnish statistics on the situation of women in the workplace . This legislation marked a new departure in anti-discriminatory efforts and , reinforced by a series of measures taken by the Rocard government in 1989 , brought an end to wage differentials hidden by different job descriptions . Decentralising laws were also passed which transferred responsibilities for urban planning to municipalities and economic planning to the regions . In addition , various measures were introduced to improve socio-economic conditions in low-income neighbourhoods . Aid for the improvement of older HLM housing was increased , with the allocation for 1982 being about 40% higher than in 1981 . A collaborative interministerial approach to employment and the social rehabilitation of at risk youth was adopted , and in 1983 the Banlieue 89 project was instigated for social and educational measures on estates in the educational priority areas . As a result of such policies , urban grants ( as a proportion of local authority revenues ) significantly increased during the first three years of the Mitterrand presidency , especially in municipalities controlled by the Left . In 1982 , the Missions locales pour l’insertion professionnelle et sociale des jeunes were established , local advice centres that targeted young people ( essentially in the 16-25 age group ) experiencing major difficulties in finding work . A military reform law , passed in July 1983 , enabled those who were opposed to the usage of arms on grounds of conscience to be accepted for civilian service . An Ordinance of February 1982 limited the duration of fixed-term contracts to 6 to 12 months , and introduced an end of contract bonus of 5% total gross pay over the contracts period . Another Ordinance passed that same month restricted the duration of assignments to 6 months , and increased the precarious employment allowance from 4% to 15% of gross pay per assignment . For public sector workers , a law was passed in 1982 to prevent gender segregation in recruitment and to ensure that the situation was monitored carefully . An Act of July 1982 allowed the spouses of shopkeepers and artisans to receive social or work-related entitlements . An Act of August 1982 raised employers participation in financing the public transportation expenses of employees . In April 1982 special aids were extended to farmers who had invested between 1 April 1981 and 31 March 1982 . Pursuant to its campaign pledges , the Mauroy Government established 14,760 new permanent teaching posts at the elementary and secondary levels in June 1981 , and provided for 16,800 more in the 1982 budget and an additional 8,370 in the 1983 budget . A major increase in the modest salaries of elementary school teachers was announced . Technical education at the secondary level was declared to be a priority area , with special attention in the form of more scholarship money , additional teaching positions , and the commitment of 430 million francs per year for three years for the introduction of new technologies into the school programme . However , these actions ( particularly the creation of only 400 new technical teachers positions in 1981 , when enrolment went up by 11,000 ) were seen as inadequate by the National Union of Technical Education-Autonomous Apprenticeship . In December 1981 , a general science programme in the eleventh grade ( premier ) was created to replace the mathematics programme ( the Bac C ) which , after the fall from favour of Latin and Greek , had come to be known as a royal road into élitist schools and careers . The Premier S programme was an attempt to postpone definitive scholastic and social segregation , and also to reduce the importance of mathematical aptitude as the primary criterion for selection into élite schools . Greater funds were allocated to education , with the education budget was increased by 17.3% in 1982 and by 15% in 1983 . In 1981–82 , as a means of tackling cases of education failure , the Ministry of Education subsidized projects designed to help weaker students in 4,500 of the countrys 7,300 secondary schools . Although these subsidies were only of 30 million francs , the programme encouraged secondary schools to pay attention to the problem . They were heaviest in designated priority education and action zones . In 1981 , Educational Priority Zones were set up to provide additional resources to schools in depressed areas and to combat academic failure . The 1982 budget increased spending on education by 17% , while the 1983 budget provided tenure for 14,399 auxiliariat , teachers were only employed on a casual basis . A decree of June 1982 established a commission for public education staff training ( or MAFPEN ) in each académie , while CPR ( or regional teacher training centre , which were established in 1952 ) training placements were extended to 8–9 hours a week . That same year , the Delegation for Training and Research in Education was set up to coordinate the activities of the MAFPENs . The outgoing centre-right government was perceived to have harassed university assistants , the most junior faculty rank , by publicly questioning their qualifications , by increasing the teaching load of those who had not completed doctoral theses , and by limiting prospects for promotion and tenure . In May 1982 , after several unions and associations announced a strike of assistants to call attention to their unmet grievances , the new education minister Alain Savary assured union leaders that all assistants who wished to continue a university career would be granted tenure . Promotion would be facilitated by the establishment of a thousand new maitre-assistant post per year for 4 years . In April 1982 , following several demonstrations and strikes by the National Associations of Assistants ( ANA ) , 2000 new tenured assistant positions were created . Government decrees of September and October 1982 introduced various reforms aimed at making entry to the National School of Administration ( or ENA ) more accessible to a wider range of French society . The age limit was raised to enable less favoured candidates to catch up on career advancement , the element in the entrance examination for general culture ( which had proven advantageous to upper-class applicants ) was reduced , students from other grandes ecoles were prevented from making claims that they were already civil servants when they applied to the National School of Administration , and a rule of parity between students and lower civil servants among candidates for admission to the ENA was established . In addition , a law of January 1983 introduced a third route of access to the National School of Administration , reserved for those who had held important posts in mutual aid societies , voluntary associations , and trade unions for a period of at least eight years , and extended this opportunity to certain local elected officials . The Auroux laws ( 1982 ) increased the rights of trade unions and employees in the workplace , covering collective bargaining , representation , information , health and safety , and unfair dismissal . The Auroux Laws included a requirement that half of all overtime worked in excess of 130 hours per year must be compensated by additional time off , while trade union delegates became entitled to an increase in paid time off for union activities and to increased protection against dismissal . In addition , an Auroux Law of November 1982 established an obligation to negotiate real wages and hours once a year at the level of the firm , and to negotiate real wages once a year and to revise job classifications once every five years at the national industry level . Mandatory collective bargaining at the firm level of industry was introduced , while the laws also strengthened the rules on health and safety in the workplace , bestowing more rights upon the Comites d’hygiene et securite ( though not the right to stop production in case of extreme danger ) , while also granting working-class representatives release time , training for involvement in the comite d’entreprise and other representative bodies in the firm , recourse to expert consultants . Unions acquired rights to organise , to hold meetings in firms , and to call in outside speakers to address the workers . Worker representation on the comite d’rentreprise was increased and the comite was provided with additional powers , such as the right to obtain confidential economic information from the firm to use in advising it on policy . In spite of these positive changes , however , the comite dentreprise remained a consultative body with little influence on economic policy , while only large firms were required to provide their comite d’enterprises with economic information . This meant that almost two-thirds of the workers were excluded from exercising this oversight function . A government decree of March 1982 sought to provide greater employment security for the increasing number of workers on part-time and fixed-term contracts by restricting the circumstances in which employers could use such labour ( this was largely to ensure that permanent employees were not displaced by cheaper and more easily dismissed part-time workers ) . The law set out to ensure that such workers receive the same benefits as full-time workers and trade unions were given statutory rights to institute legal proceedings against employers or temporary work agencies if the provisions of the new law were evaded . That same year , the government passed legislation to ensure the full , legal eligibility of women for all civil service posts and an active policy was adopted to encourage them to come forward for promotion . In 1981 , legislation was passed which permitted the establishment of local private radio stations . In March 1982 , a Special Statute was granted to Corsica , which set the territory apart legally from other regions and provided it with additional state subsidies and greater autonomy over cultural , social , economic , and educational policies . Various measures were also introduced to improve conditions for migrants . A new drive began in 1981 to encourage local authorities to establish programmes including literacy programmes , housing schemes , and the setting up of young peoples and womens groups , and in 1983 France ratified the Council of Europes Convention on the Legal Status of Migrant Workers . The Association Law of 1981 allowed foreigners for the first time to form associations in France under the same rules that governed citizens , and these new immigrant associations were thereafter eligible to receive public funding . New policies removed the French language requirements of immigrants to run for seats in employee institutions , and foreign workers became eligible for the first time to sit on important industrial relations councils known as the Conseils des Prud’hommes . In 1982 , an existing programme to assist the repatriation of Algerian nationals was replaced by a system offering a choice between vocational training , assistance to set up a small business and a repatriation grant . Decrees were made in January 1982 concerning official recognition of persons and bodies responsible for noise monitoring , the monitoring of carbon monoxide and benzene levels in the atmosphere at workplaces , and the inspection of electrical installations . A decree issued in February 1982 laid down safety measures to be taken against electrical hazards arising during the construction , operation and maintenance of electric power distribution installations . A decree issued by the Minister of Labour in March 1982 specified the offices responsible for carrying out the technical tests on particularly dangerous machinery ( listed in a decree of April 1981 ) which are required before the machinery can be officially approved . It also specified the information to be provided by the person applying for official approval . A decree of May 1982 contained provisions on the setting up , restructuring , organization , financing and tasks of occupational health services in agricultural undertakings and listed those agricultural undertakings for which special medical surveillance is required . Another decree , made that same month , contained new regulations governing health , safety and preventive health measures in public undertakings . It laid down detailed health and safety requirements and specified how these were to be met . It also contained provisions on training in the area , medical surveillance , and health and safety services . Two Orders of July 1982 amended the rules applicable to fixed-term contracts and temporary work with the intention of restricting the use of casual labour and improving the living and working conditions of workers in insecure jobs . A law of July 1982 concerning the spouses of craftsmen and tradesmen employed in the family business amended the provisions of the labour code , social security system , civil code and company law to establish an occupational status for this group of people . In June 1982 , a new popular savings book paying index-linked interest was introduced , under which Individuals domiciled for tax purposes in France and whose tax liability was under FF 1 000 were entitled to hold a maximum of FF 10000 ( FF 20000 for households ) savings in that scheme . Also in 1982 , holidays for the low-paid were encouraged by an extension of holiday Vouchers ( Cheques-Vacances ) , subsidized by the employer and requiring regular saving out of earnings . A banking law of January 1984 entitled individuals lacking current accounts who had been refused by three banks to ask the Bank of France to designate a bank or the postal bank to provide them with free accounts . An Act of January 1984 asserted a right for all parents to benefit from a parental leave of absence for childrearing , providing that they have one years seniority . This legislation also allowed parents ( under the same conditions ) to request part-time work and to shift freely between part-time work and parental leave . In 1982 , the law governing the age of consent for homosexual activity was reduced from 18 to 15 years to match the age of consent for heterosexual activity . For those with disabilities , a 1982 law on urban transport reform stated that special measures must be taken to accommodate the special needs of people with limited mobility . A law passed on 9 July 1984 provided that a worker with at least two years service must receive a redundancy payment based on gross earnings prior to termination of the work contract . The law further provided that workers aged 60 or above who voluntarily left the firm would receive a retirement severance grant . Various measures were also undertaken to encourage research . Higher spending was allocated to research , while the directors of the various research councils were changed and a series of regional colloquia set up , which culminated in a national assises of researchers , where some 3,000 met in Paris to establish guidelines for future research policy . A law was passed that allowed researchers in universities and agencies to sign contracts with industry . CESTA , an agency for evaluating new fields of science and technology , was established , while more money was allocate to ANVAR , the national agency for promoting the application of basic research . To safeguard workers from exposure to dangerous substances and agents , three Orders containing the lists and the conditions for the labelling and packaging of dangerous substances ( 10 October 1983 ) , of dangerous preparations solvents ( 11 October 1983 ) and of paints , varnishes , printing inks , glues and similar products ( 12 October 1983 ) gave effect to the corresponding EEC Directives under national legislation . A circular implementing these three Orders was issued in January 1984 and the substances and preparations not included in these orders were covered by a circular on 4 July 1984 . A circular of July 1982 on maximum concentrations was supplemented by two others , dated December 1983 and May 1984 , with a view to the introduction of EEC Directive 80-1107 November 1980 on the protection of workers from exposure to chemical , physical and biological agents at work . A law on workers democracy in public-sector companies was passed in July 1983 which sought to recreate a spirit of tripartism in a sector of the economy where existing statutory rights had failed to provide anything more than a consultative role for representatives . Previously , workers had the right to be represented on the boards of public sector companies with 50 or more staff and were entitled to at least 2 board seats , but under the new legislation , public sector companies ( previously nationalized companies plus those companies that were nationalized in 1982 in which the state was the majority shareholder ) would be obliged to have tripartite administrative or supervisory boards to which employee representatives would be elected by the workforce . A couple of autogestionary measures were also introduced . One measure involved workers representation on the administrative councils of the nationalized industries , under which one-third of the members of these councils being drawn from the workforce . The other measure involved elections to the administrative commissions for social security , under which 15 and 25 members of these commissions were chosen through elections among those who were insured by the fund . A law on vocational training in February 1984 established employment contracts for six months for further training on the job while taking courses . These included the contrats de qualification , the contrats d’adaptation , ranging from 6 to 24 months , and a 3 to 6-month programme known as the stages d’initiation a la vie professionnelle , which was designed to familiarise young people with factory and firm . A 1983 law on apprenticeships laid down the principle that apprenticeship is a method of giving young workers having completed schooling a general theoretical and practical training , for the purpose of acquiring professional qualifications leading to technology diplomas . The law laid down a number of general rules on apprenticeship . Training is organised on the basis of alternation , part in industry , and part in the apprenticeship centre , while a contractual relationship must be created between the apprentice and the employer , by means of an apprenticeship contract . A higher education law of 1983 restored democratic representation on university councils and granted the universities greater autonomy and more power to conduct research and to make contacts with industry . A decree of 23 March 1982 listed the offices responsible for testing lifting equipment other than lifts and building-site hoists , while a decree issued in May that same year 1982 extended its provisions to agriculture . Under a decree of 31 March 1982 , the general health and safety regulations for dangerous machinery and appliances were extended to include portable hand-operated machinery and appliances . Exceptions for certain less dangerous appliances were laid down in a decree of June 1982 . In regards to the agricultural sector , a decree of 8 March 1982 laid down the conditions attached to the approval of electrical installations in agricultural undertakings and specified which offices are authorized to test these installations . In 1983 , leave was introduced for setting up businesses and sabbatical leave for wage-earners , and in June that year , a law was passed that completed the incorporation into French Law of a 1977 European Council Directive on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the safeguarding of employees rights in the event of transfers of undertakings , businesses or parts of businesses . The Deferre Law reduced the powers of the prefect , set up elected regional councils , and increased the powers of local government . The security court was abolished , and measures were introduced to control police harassment . Legal aid was extended , legislation was introduced which effectively combated discrimination against homosexuals , and the traditional powers of the juge d’instruction in the preparation of criminal cases was reduced . The Quillot Law of 1982 provided renters with additional rights in housing matters , while an audiovisual law passed that same year brought an end to the state monopoly of audiovisual broadcasting and established a High Authority to guarantee the independence of public television channels . Laws were passed in 1982 to reform higher education to make the academy more responsive to the needs of the state . High security wings in prisons were abolished , while social security reform increased workers representation on the bodies that oversaw the management of the social security schemes . In order to make the elite political academy ( the ENA ) accessible to a wider section of the population , a special entry pathway was established for those who had held trade union or political office . A new health care policy was implemented , which included the abolition of private beds in hospitals , reform of medical training , modernisation of facilities , and the election of the heads of medical services by the entire staff , rather than just by doctors , as had previously been the case . The Mauroy Government also withdrew a ministerial circular issued by the previous government that limited initiatives by regional councils , while a grant was created for the purpose of subsidizing local cultural projects and activities . The Mauroy Government did much to promote arts , culture , and education , as characterised by a tripling in real terms in state aid to the arts , a quadrupling of spending on public libraries , which led to the number of library loans growing by a third , and the removal of obstacles to cheaper book-retailing . Aid was provided to provincial art museums and local archives for working-class affairs established , while funding to provincial libraries was significantly increased , with the national library budget going up from 163 million to 677 million francs . As a result of this additional library expenditure , 17 departments which had previously lacked a bibliothèque centrale de pret in 1981 had acquired one by 1986 . In addition , as a result of the Mauroy Governments library programme , 10 million more people obtained access to major lending library resources . As Paris share of the cultural budget fell from 60% to 45% between 1981 and 1985 , the provinces acquired new theatres , artistic centres , music halls , ballet companies , and popular culture facilities . During its first year in office , the Mauroy government increased spending on culture from 0.45% of the national budget to 0.75% , a figure which rose to 0.84% in 1984 . The incomes of the poorest sections of society were increased exponentially as a result of social security reforms and a 25% increase in the minimum wage . Allowances for the handicapped were also increased , while the right to deduct the cost of child care for all children under the age of three was introduced ( a right later extended to include all children under the age of five in some cases ) . Unemployed workers ineligible for jobless benefits were given back the right to claim sickness insurance that they had lost in 1979 while the reimbursal of the costs of dental fees , hearing aids , and glasses was improved . An 80-franc-per-month charge that had been imposed on certain long-term illnesses was abrogated , and certain individuals who had retired before 1973 had the base upon which their pensions were calculated adjusted upward . Between 1981 and 1983 , the minimum vieillesse ( the basic pension benefit for the elderly poor ) was raised by 62% . To assist young farmers , the role of the SAFER ( Societe dAmenagemcnt Foncier et dEtablissement Rural ) was extended in 1982 to give preferential aid to this group to enlarge their holdings . Various measures were also introduced that helped to boost farmers incomes . A partial price freeze instituted in June 1982 helped to limit the increase in production costs , while an income assistance programme ( introduced in 1982 to compensate for a decline in farmers incomes in 1981 ) contributed to a reduction in sectoral inequalities . In addition , an EEC price hike which the government negotiated in May 1982 represented an improvement over that of the previous year ( 11.2% compared with 10.3% ) . Consultative channels between farmers and government were also widened beyond the Federation Nationale des Syndicats dExploitants Agricoles ( or FNSEA , the chief farming syndicat ) . In addition , the Mauroy Government had helped in the establishment of 12,000 farms with young farmers by mid-1983 . From 1982 onwards , all self-employed women in France were provided with a lump-sum maternity grant which may be supplemented by an income-replacement allowance . In 1983 , the unemployment compensation programme was expanded to include workers who had resigned from their jobs . A law of July 1984 introduced a new benefit called the Insertion Allowance , providing short-term support for those in periods of transition into the labour market . Another law passed that same month introduced a Special Solidarity Allowance for long-term unemployed persons with no insurance entitlements remaining . In addition , an Act of October 1982 fully extended the right to join a union to people who were retired , and a law of February 1984 increased state support for the development and training activities of companies . Although the Mauroy governments social policies improved the living standards of the less well-off in French society , its reflationary economic strategy ( based on encouraging domestic consumption ) failed to improve the French economy in the long term , with increases in the level of inflation as well as in the trade and budget deficits . Although the governments reflationary policies tended to stabilise unemployment , the number of people out of work topped 2 million , in spite of a pledge made by Mitterrand to keep it below this figure . A large budget deficit emerged , with social benefits and aid to industry alone going up by 50% in the 1982 budget . In addition , private investment failed to respond to the governments initiatives , with a 12% decline in volume in 1981 . This led Mauroy to advocate the abandonment of Socialist economic policies ( which failed to reduce unemployment and inflation ) , a controversial U-turn which was ratified by President Mitterrand in March 1983 , and a number of austerity measures were carried out . In 1982 , housing allowances were decoupled from the cost-of-living adjustment index . In 1982 and 1983 , eligibility for unemployment benefits was tightened . A complex set of changes introduced in 1983 surrounding early retirement effectively reduced guarantees to full pensions for early retirees . Daily charges for hospital beds were introduced , while a variety of medical reimbursements were reduced . In September 1982 , the indexation of wages and salaries in the public sector was abolished . During the austerity period , the aim of the Socialists was limited to that of safeguarding the position of beneficiaries as far as possible and of giving special consideration to the poorest amongst them . While further increases in benefits for the elderly , the handicapped , and in some family allowances later became possible , extra costs were also imposed . For instance , the duration of unemployment benefits was reduced , while a basic hospital charge ( with exemptions ) was introduced , and contributions from the early retired and unemployed towards health care were demanded although , once again , the worse off were exempt . Austerity measures also led to efforts to restrain family costs while at the same time trying to safeguard priority groups . In February 1982 , a 25% increase was made in allowances for families containing two eligible children , but some benefits were abandoned and the starting and finishing dates for eligibility altered . Later , cash increases were less than the amounts necessary to maintain the real value of family benefits except for the poorest groups in French society . The limits on income assessed for social insurance contributions were raised and the income base upon which employers and the self-employed were assessed for contributions was changed . The cost of support for handicapped adults was transferred to the national government , although some taxation on tobacco and alcohol was also earmarked for this purpose . A 1% tax on personal incomes was imposed ( although the poorest 33% of taxpayers was excluded ) , and a 1% solidarity contribution levied on civil servants towards the cost of unemployment insurance . In spite of austerity , however , the real value of social protection made modest increases . Within the total , the greatest benefits was reserved for the poorest whilst income was raised in ways which saw a modest shift from traditional financing methods towards general community financing . Failing to restrict the financing of private schools via the Savary Law , he resigned in 1984 . After Matignon . In 1988 he became First Secretary of the PS against the will of Mitterrand , who supported Laurent Fabius . Until the end of his term , in 1992 , he tried to appease the relations between the factions which composed the PS , notably during the very strained 1990 Rennes Congress . He allied with the rocardien group and Lionel Jospins supporters , who came from the mitterrandist group . President of the Socialist International from 1992 to 1999 , Senator since 1992 , he left the Lille mayoralty in 2001 . Considered a moral authority of the French Left , he supported the candidacy of Ségolène Royal during the 2007 primary election . Political career . Governmental functions Prime minister : 1981–1984 . Electoral mandates European Parliament Member of European Parliament : 1979–1980 ( Resignation ) . National Assembly of France Member of the National Assembly of France for Nord ( French department ) ( 2nd , then 1st constituency from 1988 to 1992 ) : 1973–1981 ( Became Prime minister in 1981 ) / 1984–1992 ( Elected senator in 1992 ) . Elected in 1973 , reelected in 1978 , 1981 , 1984 , 1986 , 1988 . Senate of France Senator of Nord ( French department ) : 1992–2011 . Elected in 1992 , reelected in 2001 . Regional Council President of the Regional Council of Nord-Pas-de-Calais : 1974–1981 . Regional councillor of Nord-Pas-de-Calais : 1974–1981 / 1986–1988 ( Resignation ) . General Council Vice-president of the General Council of Nord ( French department ) : 1967–1973 . General councillor of Nord ( French department ) : 1967–1973 . Municipal Council Mayor of Lille : 1973–2001 . Reelected in 1977 , 1983 , 1989 , 1995 . Deputy-mayor of Lille : 1971–1973 . Municipal councillor of Lille : 1971–2008 . Reelected in 1977 , 1983 , 1989 , 1995 , 2001 . Urban community Council President of the Urban Community of Lille Métropole : 1989–2008 . Reelected in 1995 , 2001 . Vice-president of the Urban Community of Lille Métropole : 1971–1989 . Reelected in 1977 , 1983 . Member of the Urban Community of Lille Métropole : 1971–2008 . Reelected in 1977 , 1983 , 1989 , 1995 , 2001 . Political function First Secretary ( leader ) of the Socialist Party ( France ) : 1988–1992 . Elected in 1988 . Mauroys First Government , 22 May 1981 – 23 June 1981 . - Pierre Mauroy – Prime Minister - Claude Cheysson – Minister of External Relations - Charles Hernu – Minister of Defense - Gaston Defferre – Minister of the Interior and Decentralization - Jacques Delors – Minister of Economy - Pierre Joxe – Minister of Industry - Jean Auroux – Minister of Labour - Maurice Faure – Minister of Justice - Alain Savary – Minister of National Education - Jean Laurain – Minister of Veterans - Jack Lang – Minister of Culture - Édith Cresson – Minister of Agriculture - Michel Crépeau – Minister of Environment - André Henry – Minister of Free Time - Louis Mermaz – Minister of Transport and Equipment - Edmond Hervé – Minister of Health - Roger Quilliot – Minister of Housing - Georges Fillioud – Minister of Communication - Louis Mexandeau – Minister of Posts - Michel Rocard – Minister of Planning and Regional Planning - André Delelis – Minister of Commerce and Craft Industry - Michel Jobert – Minister of External Commerce - Jean-Pierre Chevènement – Minister of Research and Technology - Nicole Questiaux – Minister of National Solidarity - Louis Le Pensec – Minister of the Sea Mauroys Second Government , 23 June 1981 – 22 March 1983 . - Pierre Mauroy – Prime Minister - Claude Cheysson – Minister of External Relations - Charles Hernu – Minister of Defense - Gaston Defferre – Minister of the Interior and Decentralization - Jacques Delors – Minister of Economy - Catherine Lalumière – Minister of Consumption - Pierre Dreyfus – Minister of Industry - Jean Auroux – Minister of Labour - Marcel Rigout – Minister of Vocational Training - Robert Badinter – Minister of Justice - Alain Savary – Minister of National Education - Jean Laurain – Minister of Veterans - Jack Lang – Minister of Culture - Édith Cresson – Minister of Agriculture - Michel Crépeau – Minister of Environment - André Henry – Minister of Free Time - Charles Fiterman – Minister of Transport - Jack Ralite – Minister of Health - Roger Quilliot – Minister of Town Planning and Housing - Georges Fillioud – Minister of Communication - Louis Mexandeau – Minister of Posts - Michel Rocard – Minister of Planning and Regional Planning - André Delelis – Minister of Commerce and Craft Industry - Michel Jobert – Minister of External Commerce - Jean-Pierre Chevènement – Minister of Research and Technology - Nicole Questiaux – Minister of National Solidarity - Louis Le Pensec – Minister of the Sea Changes - 29 June 1982 – Jean-Pierre Chevènement succeeds Dreyfus as Minister of Industry . Pierre Bérégovoy succeeds Questiaux as Minister of National Solidarity , becoming also Minister of Social Affairs . Mauroys Third Government , 22 March 1983 – 17 July 1984 . - Pierre Mauroy – Prime Minister - Claude Cheysson – Minister of External Relations - Charles Hernu – Minister of Defense - Gaston Defferre – Minister of the Interior and Decentralization - Jacques Delors – Minister of Economy , Finance , and Budget - Laurent Fabius – Minister of Industry and Research - Marcel Rigout – Minister of Vocational Training - Robert Badinter – Minister of Justice - Alain Savary – Minister of National Education - Michel Rocard – Minister of Agriculture - Charles Fiterman – Minister of Transport - Roger Quilliot – Minister of Town Planning and Housing - Édith Cresson – Minister of Tourism and External Commerce - Michel Crépeau – Minister of Commerce and Craft Industry - Pierre Bérégovoy – Minister of Social Affairs and National Solidarity Changes - 4 October 1983 – Paul Quilès succeeds Quiliot as Minister of Town Planning and Housing . - 18 December 1983 – Roland Dumas enters the Cabinet as Minister of European Affairs . External links . - Pierre Mauroy at the French Senate
|
[
"Mayor of Lille"
] |
[
{
"text": " Pierre Mauroy ( ; 5 July 1928 – 7 June 2013 ) was a French Socialist politician who was Prime Minister of France from 1981 to 1984 under President François Mitterrand . Mauroy also served as Mayor of Lille from 1973 to 2001 . At the time of his death Mauroy was the emeritus mayor of the city of Lille . He died from complications of lung cancer on 7 June 2013 at the age of 84 . He is the namesake of Lilles new stadium , Stade Pierre-Mauroy .",
"title": "Pierre Mauroy"
},
{
"text": "Mauroy was born in Cartignies . A teacher , he led the Socialist Youth Movement and the Technical Teaching Union in the 1950s . He became a leading figure in the Socialist federation of Nord département , which was among the third biggest of the French Section of the Workers International ( SFIO ) party and climbed quickly in the party . In 1966 , he became the second most powerful person of the party behind the secretary general , Guy Mollet . Nevertheless , when Mollet resigned as leader in 1969 , Alain Savary was chosen to succeed him",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " After the electoral disasters of 1968 and 1969 , he was persuaded of the necessity to renew the party . In 1971 , during the Epinay Congress , he supported François Mitterrands election to the party leadership and became the second most powerful person in the Socialist Party ( PS ) . Two years later , he was elected as a deputy and Mayor of Lille .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Increasingly , Mauroy criticized the replacement of former SFIO members from important positions by allies of Mitterrand . In this , he formed an alliance with Michel Rocard , the main opponent of Mitterrand , during the 1979 Metz Congress . However , Mitterrand chose him as spokesperson during the 1981 presidential campaign ; after Mitterrands election , he appointed Mauroy as Prime Minister .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Mauroys government was a radical reforming one , implementing a wide range of social reforms including the reduction of the legal workweek from 40 to 39 hours , the limiting of continuous shift working to an average of no more than 35 hours per week , the lowering of the retirement age to 60 , and a rise in social welfare benefits . Entitlement to paid holidays was also extended from four to five weeks . During the Mauroy governments first year in office , minimum pensions were increased by 38% , rent allowances by 50% , family allowances by",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "25% ( 50% for households with two children ) , and the minimum wage by 25% .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "During the 1981–82 period , state industrial investment was substantially increased , 17 billion francs in ”soft loan credit was provided to private industry , 7 billion francs was set aside to help school leavers , 54,000 new civil service jobs were created , and a major housebuilding drive was launched . Efforts were made to shift the burden of direct taxes away from lower- income groups , while increases in the minimum wage gave the low paid a real increase in their living standards of about 15% in 1981–82 . Unemployment benefits were also increased , together with the",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "duration of time in which one could receive them . In addition , the maximum allowable workweek was reduced from 50 to 48 hours .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "Upon taking office , the Mauroy Government embarked upon an ambitious redistributive programme . The minimum wage went up in real terms by 11% between May 1981 and September 1982 , while the minimum old age pension was increased by 30% . 800,000 elderly people were exempted from paying T.V . licenses , while 1.5 million were also exempted from local taxes . Between May 1981 and January 1983 , family benefits were significantly increased , with the purchasing power of the 2,700,000 families with two children raised by 40% . These policies significantly improved the living standards of the",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "less well off in French society , with poverty reduced during Mauroys term in office . Family allowances were increased by 81% for families with two children and by 49% for families with three children , while old-age pensions were raised by 300 francs a month for a single person and 3,700 francs for a couple .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "Altogether , the purchasing power of social transfers went up by 45% in 1981 and by 7.6% in 1982 . Health care coverage was also extended , with health insurance benefits made more widely available to part-time employees and the unemployed . Efforts were also made to promote voluntary retirement at sixty , with a pension ranging upwards from 80% of the SMIC to 50% of a middle-management salary . In 1982 , two measures were introduced that extended eligibility for early retirement for workers aged 55 to 59 : the contrats de préretraites progressives and the contrats de solidarité-démission",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": ". These programmes were aimed at stimulating consumption and aggregate demand by providing firms with incentives to hire younger workers as replacements for early retirees . A year later , solidarity contracts were introduced which provided early retirement for older workers aged 55 or above on the condition that firms replace recipients with younger workers . Elderly people benefited greatly from the social and economic measures undertaken by the Mauroy Government , with the real income of pensioners rising by a quarter .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "Harsh immigration statutes introduced during the presidency of Valéry Giscard dEstaing were reversed , while an immigration law was passed ( 1981 ) to limit the grounds for expelling foreigners to facilitate family reunions and amnesty 130,000 illegal immigrants . A 1982 law introduced new rights for helper spouses , while the anti-discriminatory Professional Equality Law ( 1983 ) , which defined equality between men and women in sweeping terms , required all businesses to furnish statistics on the situation of women in the workplace . This legislation marked a new departure in anti-discriminatory efforts and , reinforced by a",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "series of measures taken by the Rocard government in 1989 , brought an end to wage differentials hidden by different job descriptions . Decentralising laws were also passed which transferred responsibilities for urban planning to municipalities and economic planning to the regions . In addition , various measures were introduced to improve socio-economic conditions in low-income neighbourhoods . Aid for the improvement of older HLM housing was increased , with the allocation for 1982 being about 40% higher than in 1981 . A collaborative interministerial approach to employment and the social rehabilitation of at risk youth was adopted , and",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "in 1983 the Banlieue 89 project was instigated for social and educational measures on estates in the educational priority areas . As a result of such policies , urban grants ( as a proportion of local authority revenues ) significantly increased during the first three years of the Mitterrand presidency , especially in municipalities controlled by the Left . In 1982 , the Missions locales pour l’insertion professionnelle et sociale des jeunes were established , local advice centres that targeted young people ( essentially in the 16-25 age group ) experiencing major difficulties in finding work . A military reform",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "law , passed in July 1983 , enabled those who were opposed to the usage of arms on grounds of conscience to be accepted for civilian service .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "An Ordinance of February 1982 limited the duration of fixed-term contracts to 6 to 12 months , and introduced an end of contract bonus of 5% total gross pay over the contracts period . Another Ordinance passed that same month restricted the duration of assignments to 6 months , and increased the precarious employment allowance from 4% to 15% of gross pay per assignment . For public sector workers , a law was passed in 1982 to prevent gender segregation in recruitment and to ensure that the situation was monitored carefully . An Act of July 1982 allowed the spouses",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "of shopkeepers and artisans to receive social or work-related entitlements . An Act of August 1982 raised employers participation in financing the public transportation expenses of employees . In April 1982 special aids were extended to farmers who had invested between 1 April 1981 and 31 March 1982 .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "Pursuant to its campaign pledges , the Mauroy Government established 14,760 new permanent teaching posts at the elementary and secondary levels in June 1981 , and provided for 16,800 more in the 1982 budget and an additional 8,370 in the 1983 budget . A major increase in the modest salaries of elementary school teachers was announced . Technical education at the secondary level was declared to be a priority area , with special attention in the form of more scholarship money , additional teaching positions , and the commitment of 430 million francs per year for three years for the",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "introduction of new technologies into the school programme . However , these actions ( particularly the creation of only 400 new technical teachers positions in 1981 , when enrolment went up by 11,000 ) were seen as inadequate by the National Union of Technical Education-Autonomous Apprenticeship . In December 1981 , a general science programme in the eleventh grade ( premier ) was created to replace the mathematics programme ( the Bac C ) which , after the fall from favour of Latin and Greek , had come to be known as a royal road into élitist schools and careers",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": ". The Premier S programme was an attempt to postpone definitive scholastic and social segregation , and also to reduce the importance of mathematical aptitude as the primary criterion for selection into élite schools . Greater funds were allocated to education , with the education budget was increased by 17.3% in 1982 and by 15% in 1983 . In 1981–82 , as a means of tackling cases of education failure , the Ministry of Education subsidized projects designed to help weaker students in 4,500 of the countrys 7,300 secondary schools . Although these subsidies were only of 30 million francs",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": ", the programme encouraged secondary schools to pay attention to the problem . They were heaviest in designated priority education and action zones .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "In 1981 , Educational Priority Zones were set up to provide additional resources to schools in depressed areas and to combat academic failure . The 1982 budget increased spending on education by 17% , while the 1983 budget provided tenure for 14,399 auxiliariat , teachers were only employed on a casual basis . A decree of June 1982 established a commission for public education staff training ( or MAFPEN ) in each académie , while CPR ( or regional teacher training centre , which were established in 1952 ) training placements were extended to 8–9 hours a week . That",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "same year , the Delegation for Training and Research in Education was set up to coordinate the activities of the MAFPENs .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "The outgoing centre-right government was perceived to have harassed university assistants , the most junior faculty rank , by publicly questioning their qualifications , by increasing the teaching load of those who had not completed doctoral theses , and by limiting prospects for promotion and tenure . In May 1982 , after several unions and associations announced a strike of assistants to call attention to their unmet grievances , the new education minister Alain Savary assured union leaders that all assistants who wished to continue a university career would be granted tenure . Promotion would be facilitated by the establishment",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "of a thousand new maitre-assistant post per year for 4 years . In April 1982 , following several demonstrations and strikes by the National Associations of Assistants ( ANA ) , 2000 new tenured assistant positions were created .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "Government decrees of September and October 1982 introduced various reforms aimed at making entry to the National School of Administration ( or ENA ) more accessible to a wider range of French society . The age limit was raised to enable less favoured candidates to catch up on career advancement , the element in the entrance examination for general culture ( which had proven advantageous to upper-class applicants ) was reduced , students from other grandes ecoles were prevented from making claims that they were already civil servants when they applied to the National School of Administration , and a",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "rule of parity between students and lower civil servants among candidates for admission to the ENA was established . In addition , a law of January 1983 introduced a third route of access to the National School of Administration , reserved for those who had held important posts in mutual aid societies , voluntary associations , and trade unions for a period of at least eight years , and extended this opportunity to certain local elected officials .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "The Auroux laws ( 1982 ) increased the rights of trade unions and employees in the workplace , covering collective bargaining , representation , information , health and safety , and unfair dismissal . The Auroux Laws included a requirement that half of all overtime worked in excess of 130 hours per year must be compensated by additional time off , while trade union delegates became entitled to an increase in paid time off for union activities and to increased protection against dismissal . In addition , an Auroux Law of November 1982 established an obligation to negotiate real wages",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "and hours once a year at the level of the firm , and to negotiate real wages once a year and to revise job classifications once every five years at the national industry level . Mandatory collective bargaining at the firm level of industry was introduced , while the laws also strengthened the rules on health and safety in the workplace , bestowing more rights upon the Comites d’hygiene et securite ( though not the right to stop production in case of extreme danger ) , while also granting working-class representatives release time , training for involvement in the comite",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "d’entreprise and other representative bodies in the firm , recourse to expert consultants . Unions acquired rights to organise , to hold meetings in firms , and to call in outside speakers to address the workers . Worker representation on the comite d’rentreprise was increased and the comite was provided with additional powers , such as the right to obtain confidential economic information from the firm to use in advising it on policy . In spite of these positive changes , however , the comite dentreprise remained a consultative body with little influence on economic policy , while only large",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "firms were required to provide their comite d’enterprises with economic information . This meant that almost two-thirds of the workers were excluded from exercising this oversight function .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "A government decree of March 1982 sought to provide greater employment security for the increasing number of workers on part-time and fixed-term contracts by restricting the circumstances in which employers could use such labour ( this was largely to ensure that permanent employees were not displaced by cheaper and more easily dismissed part-time workers ) . The law set out to ensure that such workers receive the same benefits as full-time workers and trade unions were given statutory rights to institute legal proceedings against employers or temporary work agencies if the provisions of the new law were evaded . That",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "same year , the government passed legislation to ensure the full , legal eligibility of women for all civil service posts and an active policy was adopted to encourage them to come forward for promotion . In 1981 , legislation was passed which permitted the establishment of local private radio stations . In March 1982 , a Special Statute was granted to Corsica , which set the territory apart legally from other regions and provided it with additional state subsidies and greater autonomy over cultural , social , economic , and educational policies . Various measures were also introduced to",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "improve conditions for migrants . A new drive began in 1981 to encourage local authorities to establish programmes including literacy programmes , housing schemes , and the setting up of young peoples and womens groups , and in 1983 France ratified the Council of Europes Convention on the Legal Status of Migrant Workers . The Association Law of 1981 allowed foreigners for the first time to form associations in France under the same rules that governed citizens , and these new immigrant associations were thereafter eligible to receive public funding . New policies removed the French language requirements of immigrants",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "to run for seats in employee institutions , and foreign workers became eligible for the first time to sit on important industrial relations councils known as the Conseils des Prud’hommes . In 1982 , an existing programme to assist the repatriation of Algerian nationals was replaced by a system offering a choice between vocational training , assistance to set up a small business and a repatriation grant .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "Decrees were made in January 1982 concerning official recognition of persons and bodies responsible for noise monitoring , the monitoring of carbon monoxide and benzene levels in the atmosphere at workplaces , and the inspection of electrical installations . A decree issued in February 1982 laid down safety measures to be taken against electrical hazards arising during the construction , operation and maintenance of electric power distribution installations . A decree issued by the Minister of Labour in March 1982 specified the offices responsible for carrying out the technical tests on particularly dangerous machinery ( listed in a decree of",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "April 1981 ) which are required before the machinery can be officially approved . It also specified the information to be provided by the person applying for official approval . A decree of May 1982 contained provisions on the setting up , restructuring , organization , financing and tasks of occupational health services in agricultural undertakings and listed those agricultural undertakings for which special medical surveillance is required . Another decree , made that same month , contained new regulations governing health , safety and preventive health measures in public undertakings . It laid down detailed health and safety requirements",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "and specified how these were to be met . It also contained provisions on training in the area , medical surveillance , and health and safety services . Two Orders of July 1982 amended the rules applicable to fixed-term contracts and temporary work with the intention of restricting the use of casual labour and improving the living and working conditions of workers in insecure jobs . A law of July 1982 concerning the spouses of craftsmen and tradesmen employed in the family business amended the provisions of the labour code , social security system , civil code and company law",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "to establish an occupational status for this group of people . In June 1982 , a new popular savings book paying index-linked interest was introduced , under which Individuals domiciled for tax purposes in France and whose tax liability was under FF 1 000 were entitled to hold a maximum of FF 10000 ( FF 20000 for households ) savings in that scheme . Also in 1982 , holidays for the low-paid were encouraged by an extension of holiday Vouchers ( Cheques-Vacances ) , subsidized by the employer and requiring regular saving out of earnings . A banking law of",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "January 1984 entitled individuals lacking current accounts who had been refused by three banks to ask the Bank of France to designate a bank or the postal bank to provide them with free accounts .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "An Act of January 1984 asserted a right for all parents to benefit from a parental leave of absence for childrearing , providing that they have one years seniority . This legislation also allowed parents ( under the same conditions ) to request part-time work and to shift freely between part-time work and parental leave . In 1982 , the law governing the age of consent for homosexual activity was reduced from 18 to 15 years to match the age of consent for heterosexual activity . For those with disabilities , a 1982 law on urban transport reform stated that",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "special measures must be taken to accommodate the special needs of people with limited mobility . A law passed on 9 July 1984 provided that a worker with at least two years service must receive a redundancy payment based on gross earnings prior to termination of the work contract . The law further provided that workers aged 60 or above who voluntarily left the firm would receive a retirement severance grant .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "Various measures were also undertaken to encourage research . Higher spending was allocated to research , while the directors of the various research councils were changed and a series of regional colloquia set up , which culminated in a national assises of researchers , where some 3,000 met in Paris to establish guidelines for future research policy . A law was passed that allowed researchers in universities and agencies to sign contracts with industry . CESTA , an agency for evaluating new fields of science and technology , was established , while more money was allocate to ANVAR , the",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "national agency for promoting the application of basic research .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": " To safeguard workers from exposure to dangerous substances and agents , three Orders containing the lists and the conditions for the labelling and packaging of dangerous substances ( 10 October 1983 ) , of dangerous preparations solvents ( 11 October 1983 ) and of paints , varnishes , printing inks , glues and similar products ( 12 October 1983 ) gave effect to the corresponding EEC Directives under national legislation . A circular implementing these three Orders was issued in January 1984 and the substances and preparations not included in these orders were",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "covered by a circular on 4 July 1984 . A circular of July 1982 on maximum concentrations was supplemented by two others , dated December 1983 and May 1984 , with a view to the introduction of EEC Directive 80-1107 November 1980 on the protection of workers from exposure to chemical , physical and biological agents at work .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "A law on workers democracy in public-sector companies was passed in July 1983 which sought to recreate a spirit of tripartism in a sector of the economy where existing statutory rights had failed to provide anything more than a consultative role for representatives . Previously , workers had the right to be represented on the boards of public sector companies with 50 or more staff and were entitled to at least 2 board seats , but under the new legislation , public sector companies ( previously nationalized companies plus those companies that were nationalized in 1982 in which the state",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "was the majority shareholder ) would be obliged to have tripartite administrative or supervisory boards to which employee representatives would be elected by the workforce . A couple of autogestionary measures were also introduced . One measure involved workers representation on the administrative councils of the nationalized industries , under which one-third of the members of these councils being drawn from the workforce . The other measure involved elections to the administrative commissions for social security , under which 15 and 25 members of these commissions were chosen through elections among those who were insured by the fund .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "A law on vocational training in February 1984 established employment contracts for six months for further training on the job while taking courses . These included the contrats de qualification , the contrats d’adaptation , ranging from 6 to 24 months , and a 3 to 6-month programme known as the stages d’initiation a la vie professionnelle , which was designed to familiarise young people with factory and firm . A 1983 law on apprenticeships laid down the principle that apprenticeship is a method of giving young workers having completed schooling a general theoretical and practical training , for the",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "purpose of acquiring professional qualifications leading to technology diplomas . The law laid down a number of general rules on apprenticeship . Training is organised on the basis of alternation , part in industry , and part in the",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": " apprenticeship centre , while a contractual relationship must be created between the apprentice and the employer , by means of an apprenticeship contract . A higher education law of 1983 restored democratic representation on university councils and granted the universities greater autonomy and more power to conduct research and to make contacts with industry .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "A decree of 23 March 1982 listed the offices responsible for testing lifting equipment other than lifts and building-site hoists , while a decree issued in May that same year 1982 extended its provisions to agriculture . Under a decree of 31 March 1982 , the general health and safety regulations for dangerous machinery and appliances were extended to include portable hand-operated machinery and appliances . Exceptions for certain less dangerous appliances were laid down in a decree of June 1982 . In regards to the agricultural sector , a decree of 8 March 1982 laid down the conditions attached",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "to the approval of electrical installations in agricultural undertakings and specified which offices are authorized to test these installations . In 1983 , leave was introduced for setting up businesses and sabbatical leave for wage-earners , and in June that year , a law was passed that completed the incorporation into French Law of a 1977 European Council Directive on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the safeguarding of employees rights in the event of transfers of undertakings , businesses or parts of businesses .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "The Deferre Law reduced the powers of the prefect , set up elected regional councils , and increased the powers of local government . The security court was abolished , and measures were introduced to control police harassment . Legal aid was extended , legislation was introduced which effectively combated discrimination against homosexuals , and the traditional powers of the juge d’instruction in the preparation of criminal cases was reduced . The Quillot Law of 1982 provided renters with additional rights in housing matters , while an audiovisual law passed that same year brought an end to the state monopoly",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "of audiovisual broadcasting and established a High Authority to guarantee the independence of public television channels . Laws were passed in 1982 to reform higher education to make the academy more responsive to the needs of the state . High security wings in prisons were abolished , while social security reform increased workers representation on the bodies that oversaw the management of the social security schemes . In order to make the elite political academy ( the ENA ) accessible to a wider section of the population , a special entry pathway was established for those who had held trade",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "union or political office . A new health care policy was implemented , which included the abolition of private beds in hospitals , reform of medical training , modernisation of facilities , and the election of the heads of medical services by the entire staff , rather than just by doctors , as had previously been the case . The Mauroy Government also withdrew a ministerial circular issued by the previous government that limited initiatives by regional councils , while a grant was created for the purpose of subsidizing local cultural projects and activities .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "The Mauroy Government did much to promote arts , culture , and education , as characterised by a tripling in real terms in state aid to the arts , a quadrupling of spending on public libraries , which led to the number of library loans growing by a third , and the removal of obstacles to cheaper book-retailing . Aid was provided to provincial art museums and local archives for working-class affairs established , while funding to provincial libraries was significantly increased , with the national library budget going up from 163 million to 677 million francs . As a",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "result of this additional library expenditure , 17 departments which had previously lacked a bibliothèque centrale de pret in 1981 had acquired one by 1986 . In addition , as a result of the Mauroy Governments library programme , 10 million more people obtained access to major lending library resources . As Paris share of the cultural budget fell from 60% to 45% between 1981 and 1985 , the provinces acquired new theatres , artistic centres , music halls , ballet companies , and popular culture facilities . During its first year in office , the Mauroy government increased spending",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "on culture from 0.45% of the national budget to 0.75% , a figure which rose to 0.84% in 1984 .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "The incomes of the poorest sections of society were increased exponentially as a result of social security reforms and a 25% increase in the minimum wage . Allowances for the handicapped were also increased , while the right to deduct the cost of child care for all children under the age of three was introduced ( a right later extended to include all children under the age of five in some cases ) . Unemployed workers ineligible for jobless benefits were given back the right to claim sickness insurance that they had lost in 1979 while the reimbursal of the",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "costs of dental fees , hearing aids , and glasses was improved . An 80-franc-per-month charge that had been imposed on certain long-term illnesses was abrogated , and certain individuals who had retired before 1973 had the base upon which their pensions were calculated adjusted upward . Between 1981 and 1983 , the minimum vieillesse ( the basic pension benefit for the elderly poor ) was raised by 62% .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "To assist young farmers , the role of the SAFER ( Societe dAmenagemcnt Foncier et dEtablissement Rural ) was extended in 1982 to give preferential aid to this group to enlarge their holdings . Various measures were also introduced that helped to boost farmers incomes . A partial price freeze instituted in June 1982 helped to limit the increase in production costs , while an income assistance programme ( introduced in 1982 to compensate for a decline in farmers incomes in 1981 ) contributed to a reduction in sectoral inequalities . In addition , an EEC price hike which the",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "government negotiated in May 1982 represented an improvement over that of the previous year ( 11.2% compared with 10.3% ) . Consultative channels between farmers and government were also widened beyond the Federation Nationale des Syndicats dExploitants Agricoles ( or FNSEA , the chief farming syndicat ) . In addition , the Mauroy Government had helped in the establishment of 12,000 farms with young farmers by mid-1983 .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "From 1982 onwards , all self-employed women in France were provided with a lump-sum maternity grant which may be supplemented by an income-replacement allowance . In 1983 , the unemployment compensation programme was expanded to include workers who had resigned from their jobs . A law of July 1984 introduced a new benefit called the Insertion Allowance , providing short-term support for those in periods of transition into the labour market . Another law passed that same month introduced a Special Solidarity Allowance for long-term unemployed persons with no insurance entitlements remaining . In addition , an Act of October",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "1982 fully extended the right to join a union to people who were retired , and a law of February 1984 increased state support for the development and training activities of companies .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "Although the Mauroy governments social policies improved the living standards of the less well-off in French society , its reflationary economic strategy ( based on encouraging domestic consumption ) failed to improve the French economy in the long term , with increases in the level of inflation as well as in the trade and budget deficits . Although the governments reflationary policies tended to stabilise unemployment , the number of people out of work topped 2 million , in spite of a pledge made by Mitterrand to keep it below this figure . A large budget deficit emerged , with",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "social benefits and aid to industry alone going up by 50% in the 1982 budget . In addition , private investment failed to respond to the governments initiatives , with a 12% decline in volume in 1981 . This led Mauroy to advocate the abandonment of Socialist economic policies ( which failed to reduce unemployment and inflation ) , a controversial U-turn which was ratified by President Mitterrand in March 1983 , and a number of austerity measures were carried out . In 1982 , housing allowances were decoupled from the cost-of-living adjustment index . In 1982 and 1983 ,",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "eligibility for unemployment benefits was tightened . A complex set of changes introduced in 1983 surrounding early retirement effectively reduced guarantees to full pensions for early retirees . Daily charges for hospital beds were introduced , while a variety of medical reimbursements were reduced . In September 1982 , the indexation of wages and salaries in the public sector was abolished .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "During the austerity period , the aim of the Socialists was limited to that of safeguarding the position of beneficiaries as far as possible and of giving special consideration to the poorest amongst them . While further increases in benefits for the elderly , the handicapped , and in some family allowances later became possible , extra costs were also imposed . For instance , the duration of unemployment benefits was reduced , while a basic hospital charge ( with exemptions ) was introduced , and contributions from the early retired and unemployed towards health care were demanded although ,",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "once again , the worse off were exempt . Austerity measures also led to efforts to restrain family costs while at the same time trying to safeguard priority groups . In February 1982 , a 25% increase was made in allowances for families containing two eligible children , but some benefits were abandoned and the starting and finishing dates for eligibility altered . Later , cash increases were less than the amounts necessary to maintain the real value of family benefits except for the poorest groups in French society . The limits on income assessed for social insurance contributions were",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "raised and the income base upon which employers and the self-employed were assessed for contributions was changed . The cost of support for handicapped adults was transferred to the national government , although some taxation on tobacco and alcohol was also earmarked for this purpose . A 1% tax on personal incomes was imposed ( although the poorest 33% of taxpayers was excluded ) , and a 1% solidarity contribution levied on civil servants towards the cost of unemployment insurance . In spite of austerity , however , the real value of social protection made modest increases . Within the",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "total , the greatest benefits was reserved for the poorest whilst income was raised in ways which saw a modest shift from traditional financing methods towards general community financing .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": " Failing to restrict the financing of private schools via the Savary Law , he resigned in 1984 .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": " In 1988 he became First Secretary of the PS against the will of Mitterrand , who supported Laurent Fabius . Until the end of his term , in 1992 , he tried to appease the relations between the factions which composed the PS , notably during the very strained 1990 Rennes Congress . He allied with the rocardien group and Lionel Jospins supporters , who came from the mitterrandist group .",
"title": "After Matignon"
},
{
"text": "President of the Socialist International from 1992 to 1999 , Senator since 1992 , he left the Lille mayoralty in 2001 . Considered a moral authority of the French Left , he supported the candidacy of Ségolène Royal during the 2007 primary election .",
"title": "After Matignon"
},
{
"text": " Member of the National Assembly of France for Nord ( French department ) ( 2nd , then 1st constituency from 1988 to 1992 ) : 1973–1981 ( Became Prime minister in 1981 ) / 1984–1992 ( Elected senator in 1992 ) . Elected in 1973 , reelected in 1978 , 1981 , 1984 , 1986 , 1988 .",
"title": "National Assembly of France"
},
{
"text": " Senator of Nord ( French department ) : 1992–2011 . Elected in 1992 , reelected in 2001 .",
"title": "Senate of France"
},
{
"text": " President of the Regional Council of Nord-Pas-de-Calais : 1974–1981 . Regional councillor of Nord-Pas-de-Calais : 1974–1981 / 1986–1988 ( Resignation ) .",
"title": "Regional Council"
},
{
"text": " Vice-president of the General Council of Nord ( French department ) : 1967–1973 . General councillor of Nord ( French department ) : 1967–1973 .",
"title": "General Council"
},
{
"text": " Mayor of Lille : 1973–2001 . Reelected in 1977 , 1983 , 1989 , 1995 . Deputy-mayor of Lille : 1971–1973 . Municipal councillor of Lille : 1971–2008 . Reelected in 1977 , 1983 , 1989 , 1995 , 2001 .",
"title": "Municipal Council"
},
{
"text": " President of the Urban Community of Lille Métropole : 1989–2008 . Reelected in 1995 , 2001 . Vice-president of the Urban Community of Lille Métropole : 1971–1989 . Reelected in 1977 , 1983 . Member of the Urban Community of Lille Métropole : 1971–2008 . Reelected in 1977 , 1983 , 1989 , 1995 , 2001 .",
"title": "Urban community Council"
},
{
"text": " First Secretary ( leader ) of the Socialist Party ( France ) : 1988–1992 . Elected in 1988 . Mauroys First Government , 22 May 1981 – 23 June 1981 . - Pierre Mauroy – Prime Minister - Claude Cheysson – Minister of External Relations - Charles Hernu – Minister of Defense - Gaston Defferre – Minister of the Interior and Decentralization - Jacques Delors – Minister of Economy - Pierre Joxe – Minister of Industry - Jean Auroux – Minister of Labour - Maurice Faure – Minister of Justice - Alain Savary – Minister of National Education",
"title": "Political function"
},
{
"text": "- Jean Laurain – Minister of Veterans",
"title": "Political function"
},
{
"text": " - Jack Lang – Minister of Culture - Édith Cresson – Minister of Agriculture - Michel Crépeau – Minister of Environment - André Henry – Minister of Free Time - Louis Mermaz – Minister of Transport and Equipment - Edmond Hervé – Minister of Health - Roger Quilliot – Minister of Housing - Georges Fillioud – Minister of Communication - Louis Mexandeau – Minister of Posts - Michel Rocard – Minister of Planning and Regional Planning - André Delelis – Minister of Commerce and Craft Industry - Michel Jobert – Minister of External Commerce",
"title": "Political function"
},
{
"text": "- Jean-Pierre Chevènement – Minister of Research and Technology",
"title": "Political function"
},
{
"text": " - Nicole Questiaux – Minister of National Solidarity - Louis Le Pensec – Minister of the Sea Mauroys Second Government , 23 June 1981 – 22 March 1983 . - Pierre Mauroy – Prime Minister - Claude Cheysson – Minister of External Relations - Charles Hernu – Minister of Defense - Gaston Defferre – Minister of the Interior and Decentralization - Jacques Delors – Minister of Economy - Catherine Lalumière – Minister of Consumption - Pierre Dreyfus – Minister of Industry - Jean Auroux – Minister of Labour - Marcel Rigout – Minister of Vocational Training",
"title": "Political function"
},
{
"text": "- Robert Badinter – Minister of Justice",
"title": "Political function"
},
{
"text": " - Alain Savary – Minister of National Education - Jean Laurain – Minister of Veterans - Jack Lang – Minister of Culture - Édith Cresson – Minister of Agriculture - Michel Crépeau – Minister of Environment - André Henry – Minister of Free Time - Charles Fiterman – Minister of Transport - Jack Ralite – Minister of Health - Roger Quilliot – Minister of Town Planning and Housing - Georges Fillioud – Minister of Communication - Louis Mexandeau – Minister of Posts - Michel Rocard – Minister of Planning and Regional Planning",
"title": "Political function"
},
{
"text": "- André Delelis – Minister of Commerce and Craft Industry",
"title": "Political function"
},
{
"text": " - Michel Jobert – Minister of External Commerce - Jean-Pierre Chevènement – Minister of Research and Technology - Nicole Questiaux – Minister of National Solidarity - Louis Le Pensec – Minister of the Sea",
"title": "Political function"
},
{
"text": " - 29 June 1982 – Jean-Pierre Chevènement succeeds Dreyfus as Minister of Industry . Pierre Bérégovoy succeeds Questiaux as Minister of National Solidarity , becoming also Minister of Social Affairs . Mauroys Third Government , 22 March 1983 – 17 July 1984 . - Pierre Mauroy – Prime Minister - Claude Cheysson – Minister of External Relations - Charles Hernu – Minister of Defense - Gaston Defferre – Minister of the Interior and Decentralization - Jacques Delors – Minister of Economy , Finance , and Budget - Laurent Fabius – Minister of Industry and Research",
"title": "Changes"
},
{
"text": "- Marcel Rigout – Minister of Vocational Training",
"title": "Changes"
},
{
"text": " - Robert Badinter – Minister of Justice - Alain Savary – Minister of National Education - Michel Rocard – Minister of Agriculture - Charles Fiterman – Minister of Transport - Roger Quilliot – Minister of Town Planning and Housing - Édith Cresson – Minister of Tourism and External Commerce - Michel Crépeau – Minister of Commerce and Craft Industry - Pierre Bérégovoy – Minister of Social Affairs and National Solidarity",
"title": "Changes"
},
{
"text": " - 4 October 1983 – Paul Quilès succeeds Quiliot as Minister of Town Planning and Housing . - 18 December 1983 – Roland Dumas enters the Cabinet as Minister of European Affairs .",
"title": "Changes"
},
{
"text": " - Pierre Mauroy at the French Senate",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Pierre_Mauroy#P39#3
|
Pierre Mauroy took which position after Sep 2005?
|
Pierre Mauroy Pierre Mauroy ( ; 5 July 1928 – 7 June 2013 ) was a French Socialist politician who was Prime Minister of France from 1981 to 1984 under President François Mitterrand . Mauroy also served as Mayor of Lille from 1973 to 2001 . At the time of his death Mauroy was the emeritus mayor of the city of Lille . He died from complications of lung cancer on 7 June 2013 at the age of 84 . He is the namesake of Lilles new stadium , Stade Pierre-Mauroy . Biography . Background . Mauroy was born in Cartignies . A teacher , he led the Socialist Youth Movement and the Technical Teaching Union in the 1950s . He became a leading figure in the Socialist federation of Nord département , which was among the third biggest of the French Section of the Workers International ( SFIO ) party and climbed quickly in the party . In 1966 , he became the second most powerful person of the party behind the secretary general , Guy Mollet . Nevertheless , when Mollet resigned as leader in 1969 , Alain Savary was chosen to succeed him . Political career . After the electoral disasters of 1968 and 1969 , he was persuaded of the necessity to renew the party . In 1971 , during the Epinay Congress , he supported François Mitterrands election to the party leadership and became the second most powerful person in the Socialist Party ( PS ) . Two years later , he was elected as a deputy and Mayor of Lille . Increasingly , Mauroy criticized the replacement of former SFIO members from important positions by allies of Mitterrand . In this , he formed an alliance with Michel Rocard , the main opponent of Mitterrand , during the 1979 Metz Congress . However , Mitterrand chose him as spokesperson during the 1981 presidential campaign ; after Mitterrands election , he appointed Mauroy as Prime Minister . Prime Minister . Mauroys government was a radical reforming one , implementing a wide range of social reforms including the reduction of the legal workweek from 40 to 39 hours , the limiting of continuous shift working to an average of no more than 35 hours per week , the lowering of the retirement age to 60 , and a rise in social welfare benefits . Entitlement to paid holidays was also extended from four to five weeks . During the Mauroy governments first year in office , minimum pensions were increased by 38% , rent allowances by 50% , family allowances by 25% ( 50% for households with two children ) , and the minimum wage by 25% . During the 1981–82 period , state industrial investment was substantially increased , 17 billion francs in ”soft loan credit was provided to private industry , 7 billion francs was set aside to help school leavers , 54,000 new civil service jobs were created , and a major housebuilding drive was launched . Efforts were made to shift the burden of direct taxes away from lower- income groups , while increases in the minimum wage gave the low paid a real increase in their living standards of about 15% in 1981–82 . Unemployment benefits were also increased , together with the duration of time in which one could receive them . In addition , the maximum allowable workweek was reduced from 50 to 48 hours . Upon taking office , the Mauroy Government embarked upon an ambitious redistributive programme . The minimum wage went up in real terms by 11% between May 1981 and September 1982 , while the minimum old age pension was increased by 30% . 800,000 elderly people were exempted from paying T.V . licenses , while 1.5 million were also exempted from local taxes . Between May 1981 and January 1983 , family benefits were significantly increased , with the purchasing power of the 2,700,000 families with two children raised by 40% . These policies significantly improved the living standards of the less well off in French society , with poverty reduced during Mauroys term in office . Family allowances were increased by 81% for families with two children and by 49% for families with three children , while old-age pensions were raised by 300 francs a month for a single person and 3,700 francs for a couple . Altogether , the purchasing power of social transfers went up by 45% in 1981 and by 7.6% in 1982 . Health care coverage was also extended , with health insurance benefits made more widely available to part-time employees and the unemployed . Efforts were also made to promote voluntary retirement at sixty , with a pension ranging upwards from 80% of the SMIC to 50% of a middle-management salary . In 1982 , two measures were introduced that extended eligibility for early retirement for workers aged 55 to 59 : the contrats de préretraites progressives and the contrats de solidarité-démission . These programmes were aimed at stimulating consumption and aggregate demand by providing firms with incentives to hire younger workers as replacements for early retirees . A year later , solidarity contracts were introduced which provided early retirement for older workers aged 55 or above on the condition that firms replace recipients with younger workers . Elderly people benefited greatly from the social and economic measures undertaken by the Mauroy Government , with the real income of pensioners rising by a quarter . Harsh immigration statutes introduced during the presidency of Valéry Giscard dEstaing were reversed , while an immigration law was passed ( 1981 ) to limit the grounds for expelling foreigners to facilitate family reunions and amnesty 130,000 illegal immigrants . A 1982 law introduced new rights for helper spouses , while the anti-discriminatory Professional Equality Law ( 1983 ) , which defined equality between men and women in sweeping terms , required all businesses to furnish statistics on the situation of women in the workplace . This legislation marked a new departure in anti-discriminatory efforts and , reinforced by a series of measures taken by the Rocard government in 1989 , brought an end to wage differentials hidden by different job descriptions . Decentralising laws were also passed which transferred responsibilities for urban planning to municipalities and economic planning to the regions . In addition , various measures were introduced to improve socio-economic conditions in low-income neighbourhoods . Aid for the improvement of older HLM housing was increased , with the allocation for 1982 being about 40% higher than in 1981 . A collaborative interministerial approach to employment and the social rehabilitation of at risk youth was adopted , and in 1983 the Banlieue 89 project was instigated for social and educational measures on estates in the educational priority areas . As a result of such policies , urban grants ( as a proportion of local authority revenues ) significantly increased during the first three years of the Mitterrand presidency , especially in municipalities controlled by the Left . In 1982 , the Missions locales pour l’insertion professionnelle et sociale des jeunes were established , local advice centres that targeted young people ( essentially in the 16-25 age group ) experiencing major difficulties in finding work . A military reform law , passed in July 1983 , enabled those who were opposed to the usage of arms on grounds of conscience to be accepted for civilian service . An Ordinance of February 1982 limited the duration of fixed-term contracts to 6 to 12 months , and introduced an end of contract bonus of 5% total gross pay over the contracts period . Another Ordinance passed that same month restricted the duration of assignments to 6 months , and increased the precarious employment allowance from 4% to 15% of gross pay per assignment . For public sector workers , a law was passed in 1982 to prevent gender segregation in recruitment and to ensure that the situation was monitored carefully . An Act of July 1982 allowed the spouses of shopkeepers and artisans to receive social or work-related entitlements . An Act of August 1982 raised employers participation in financing the public transportation expenses of employees . In April 1982 special aids were extended to farmers who had invested between 1 April 1981 and 31 March 1982 . Pursuant to its campaign pledges , the Mauroy Government established 14,760 new permanent teaching posts at the elementary and secondary levels in June 1981 , and provided for 16,800 more in the 1982 budget and an additional 8,370 in the 1983 budget . A major increase in the modest salaries of elementary school teachers was announced . Technical education at the secondary level was declared to be a priority area , with special attention in the form of more scholarship money , additional teaching positions , and the commitment of 430 million francs per year for three years for the introduction of new technologies into the school programme . However , these actions ( particularly the creation of only 400 new technical teachers positions in 1981 , when enrolment went up by 11,000 ) were seen as inadequate by the National Union of Technical Education-Autonomous Apprenticeship . In December 1981 , a general science programme in the eleventh grade ( premier ) was created to replace the mathematics programme ( the Bac C ) which , after the fall from favour of Latin and Greek , had come to be known as a royal road into élitist schools and careers . The Premier S programme was an attempt to postpone definitive scholastic and social segregation , and also to reduce the importance of mathematical aptitude as the primary criterion for selection into élite schools . Greater funds were allocated to education , with the education budget was increased by 17.3% in 1982 and by 15% in 1983 . In 1981–82 , as a means of tackling cases of education failure , the Ministry of Education subsidized projects designed to help weaker students in 4,500 of the countrys 7,300 secondary schools . Although these subsidies were only of 30 million francs , the programme encouraged secondary schools to pay attention to the problem . They were heaviest in designated priority education and action zones . In 1981 , Educational Priority Zones were set up to provide additional resources to schools in depressed areas and to combat academic failure . The 1982 budget increased spending on education by 17% , while the 1983 budget provided tenure for 14,399 auxiliariat , teachers were only employed on a casual basis . A decree of June 1982 established a commission for public education staff training ( or MAFPEN ) in each académie , while CPR ( or regional teacher training centre , which were established in 1952 ) training placements were extended to 8–9 hours a week . That same year , the Delegation for Training and Research in Education was set up to coordinate the activities of the MAFPENs . The outgoing centre-right government was perceived to have harassed university assistants , the most junior faculty rank , by publicly questioning their qualifications , by increasing the teaching load of those who had not completed doctoral theses , and by limiting prospects for promotion and tenure . In May 1982 , after several unions and associations announced a strike of assistants to call attention to their unmet grievances , the new education minister Alain Savary assured union leaders that all assistants who wished to continue a university career would be granted tenure . Promotion would be facilitated by the establishment of a thousand new maitre-assistant post per year for 4 years . In April 1982 , following several demonstrations and strikes by the National Associations of Assistants ( ANA ) , 2000 new tenured assistant positions were created . Government decrees of September and October 1982 introduced various reforms aimed at making entry to the National School of Administration ( or ENA ) more accessible to a wider range of French society . The age limit was raised to enable less favoured candidates to catch up on career advancement , the element in the entrance examination for general culture ( which had proven advantageous to upper-class applicants ) was reduced , students from other grandes ecoles were prevented from making claims that they were already civil servants when they applied to the National School of Administration , and a rule of parity between students and lower civil servants among candidates for admission to the ENA was established . In addition , a law of January 1983 introduced a third route of access to the National School of Administration , reserved for those who had held important posts in mutual aid societies , voluntary associations , and trade unions for a period of at least eight years , and extended this opportunity to certain local elected officials . The Auroux laws ( 1982 ) increased the rights of trade unions and employees in the workplace , covering collective bargaining , representation , information , health and safety , and unfair dismissal . The Auroux Laws included a requirement that half of all overtime worked in excess of 130 hours per year must be compensated by additional time off , while trade union delegates became entitled to an increase in paid time off for union activities and to increased protection against dismissal . In addition , an Auroux Law of November 1982 established an obligation to negotiate real wages and hours once a year at the level of the firm , and to negotiate real wages once a year and to revise job classifications once every five years at the national industry level . Mandatory collective bargaining at the firm level of industry was introduced , while the laws also strengthened the rules on health and safety in the workplace , bestowing more rights upon the Comites d’hygiene et securite ( though not the right to stop production in case of extreme danger ) , while also granting working-class representatives release time , training for involvement in the comite d’entreprise and other representative bodies in the firm , recourse to expert consultants . Unions acquired rights to organise , to hold meetings in firms , and to call in outside speakers to address the workers . Worker representation on the comite d’rentreprise was increased and the comite was provided with additional powers , such as the right to obtain confidential economic information from the firm to use in advising it on policy . In spite of these positive changes , however , the comite dentreprise remained a consultative body with little influence on economic policy , while only large firms were required to provide their comite d’enterprises with economic information . This meant that almost two-thirds of the workers were excluded from exercising this oversight function . A government decree of March 1982 sought to provide greater employment security for the increasing number of workers on part-time and fixed-term contracts by restricting the circumstances in which employers could use such labour ( this was largely to ensure that permanent employees were not displaced by cheaper and more easily dismissed part-time workers ) . The law set out to ensure that such workers receive the same benefits as full-time workers and trade unions were given statutory rights to institute legal proceedings against employers or temporary work agencies if the provisions of the new law were evaded . That same year , the government passed legislation to ensure the full , legal eligibility of women for all civil service posts and an active policy was adopted to encourage them to come forward for promotion . In 1981 , legislation was passed which permitted the establishment of local private radio stations . In March 1982 , a Special Statute was granted to Corsica , which set the territory apart legally from other regions and provided it with additional state subsidies and greater autonomy over cultural , social , economic , and educational policies . Various measures were also introduced to improve conditions for migrants . A new drive began in 1981 to encourage local authorities to establish programmes including literacy programmes , housing schemes , and the setting up of young peoples and womens groups , and in 1983 France ratified the Council of Europes Convention on the Legal Status of Migrant Workers . The Association Law of 1981 allowed foreigners for the first time to form associations in France under the same rules that governed citizens , and these new immigrant associations were thereafter eligible to receive public funding . New policies removed the French language requirements of immigrants to run for seats in employee institutions , and foreign workers became eligible for the first time to sit on important industrial relations councils known as the Conseils des Prud’hommes . In 1982 , an existing programme to assist the repatriation of Algerian nationals was replaced by a system offering a choice between vocational training , assistance to set up a small business and a repatriation grant . Decrees were made in January 1982 concerning official recognition of persons and bodies responsible for noise monitoring , the monitoring of carbon monoxide and benzene levels in the atmosphere at workplaces , and the inspection of electrical installations . A decree issued in February 1982 laid down safety measures to be taken against electrical hazards arising during the construction , operation and maintenance of electric power distribution installations . A decree issued by the Minister of Labour in March 1982 specified the offices responsible for carrying out the technical tests on particularly dangerous machinery ( listed in a decree of April 1981 ) which are required before the machinery can be officially approved . It also specified the information to be provided by the person applying for official approval . A decree of May 1982 contained provisions on the setting up , restructuring , organization , financing and tasks of occupational health services in agricultural undertakings and listed those agricultural undertakings for which special medical surveillance is required . Another decree , made that same month , contained new regulations governing health , safety and preventive health measures in public undertakings . It laid down detailed health and safety requirements and specified how these were to be met . It also contained provisions on training in the area , medical surveillance , and health and safety services . Two Orders of July 1982 amended the rules applicable to fixed-term contracts and temporary work with the intention of restricting the use of casual labour and improving the living and working conditions of workers in insecure jobs . A law of July 1982 concerning the spouses of craftsmen and tradesmen employed in the family business amended the provisions of the labour code , social security system , civil code and company law to establish an occupational status for this group of people . In June 1982 , a new popular savings book paying index-linked interest was introduced , under which Individuals domiciled for tax purposes in France and whose tax liability was under FF 1 000 were entitled to hold a maximum of FF 10000 ( FF 20000 for households ) savings in that scheme . Also in 1982 , holidays for the low-paid were encouraged by an extension of holiday Vouchers ( Cheques-Vacances ) , subsidized by the employer and requiring regular saving out of earnings . A banking law of January 1984 entitled individuals lacking current accounts who had been refused by three banks to ask the Bank of France to designate a bank or the postal bank to provide them with free accounts . An Act of January 1984 asserted a right for all parents to benefit from a parental leave of absence for childrearing , providing that they have one years seniority . This legislation also allowed parents ( under the same conditions ) to request part-time work and to shift freely between part-time work and parental leave . In 1982 , the law governing the age of consent for homosexual activity was reduced from 18 to 15 years to match the age of consent for heterosexual activity . For those with disabilities , a 1982 law on urban transport reform stated that special measures must be taken to accommodate the special needs of people with limited mobility . A law passed on 9 July 1984 provided that a worker with at least two years service must receive a redundancy payment based on gross earnings prior to termination of the work contract . The law further provided that workers aged 60 or above who voluntarily left the firm would receive a retirement severance grant . Various measures were also undertaken to encourage research . Higher spending was allocated to research , while the directors of the various research councils were changed and a series of regional colloquia set up , which culminated in a national assises of researchers , where some 3,000 met in Paris to establish guidelines for future research policy . A law was passed that allowed researchers in universities and agencies to sign contracts with industry . CESTA , an agency for evaluating new fields of science and technology , was established , while more money was allocate to ANVAR , the national agency for promoting the application of basic research . To safeguard workers from exposure to dangerous substances and agents , three Orders containing the lists and the conditions for the labelling and packaging of dangerous substances ( 10 October 1983 ) , of dangerous preparations solvents ( 11 October 1983 ) and of paints , varnishes , printing inks , glues and similar products ( 12 October 1983 ) gave effect to the corresponding EEC Directives under national legislation . A circular implementing these three Orders was issued in January 1984 and the substances and preparations not included in these orders were covered by a circular on 4 July 1984 . A circular of July 1982 on maximum concentrations was supplemented by two others , dated December 1983 and May 1984 , with a view to the introduction of EEC Directive 80-1107 November 1980 on the protection of workers from exposure to chemical , physical and biological agents at work . A law on workers democracy in public-sector companies was passed in July 1983 which sought to recreate a spirit of tripartism in a sector of the economy where existing statutory rights had failed to provide anything more than a consultative role for representatives . Previously , workers had the right to be represented on the boards of public sector companies with 50 or more staff and were entitled to at least 2 board seats , but under the new legislation , public sector companies ( previously nationalized companies plus those companies that were nationalized in 1982 in which the state was the majority shareholder ) would be obliged to have tripartite administrative or supervisory boards to which employee representatives would be elected by the workforce . A couple of autogestionary measures were also introduced . One measure involved workers representation on the administrative councils of the nationalized industries , under which one-third of the members of these councils being drawn from the workforce . The other measure involved elections to the administrative commissions for social security , under which 15 and 25 members of these commissions were chosen through elections among those who were insured by the fund . A law on vocational training in February 1984 established employment contracts for six months for further training on the job while taking courses . These included the contrats de qualification , the contrats d’adaptation , ranging from 6 to 24 months , and a 3 to 6-month programme known as the stages d’initiation a la vie professionnelle , which was designed to familiarise young people with factory and firm . A 1983 law on apprenticeships laid down the principle that apprenticeship is a method of giving young workers having completed schooling a general theoretical and practical training , for the purpose of acquiring professional qualifications leading to technology diplomas . The law laid down a number of general rules on apprenticeship . Training is organised on the basis of alternation , part in industry , and part in the apprenticeship centre , while a contractual relationship must be created between the apprentice and the employer , by means of an apprenticeship contract . A higher education law of 1983 restored democratic representation on university councils and granted the universities greater autonomy and more power to conduct research and to make contacts with industry . A decree of 23 March 1982 listed the offices responsible for testing lifting equipment other than lifts and building-site hoists , while a decree issued in May that same year 1982 extended its provisions to agriculture . Under a decree of 31 March 1982 , the general health and safety regulations for dangerous machinery and appliances were extended to include portable hand-operated machinery and appliances . Exceptions for certain less dangerous appliances were laid down in a decree of June 1982 . In regards to the agricultural sector , a decree of 8 March 1982 laid down the conditions attached to the approval of electrical installations in agricultural undertakings and specified which offices are authorized to test these installations . In 1983 , leave was introduced for setting up businesses and sabbatical leave for wage-earners , and in June that year , a law was passed that completed the incorporation into French Law of a 1977 European Council Directive on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the safeguarding of employees rights in the event of transfers of undertakings , businesses or parts of businesses . The Deferre Law reduced the powers of the prefect , set up elected regional councils , and increased the powers of local government . The security court was abolished , and measures were introduced to control police harassment . Legal aid was extended , legislation was introduced which effectively combated discrimination against homosexuals , and the traditional powers of the juge d’instruction in the preparation of criminal cases was reduced . The Quillot Law of 1982 provided renters with additional rights in housing matters , while an audiovisual law passed that same year brought an end to the state monopoly of audiovisual broadcasting and established a High Authority to guarantee the independence of public television channels . Laws were passed in 1982 to reform higher education to make the academy more responsive to the needs of the state . High security wings in prisons were abolished , while social security reform increased workers representation on the bodies that oversaw the management of the social security schemes . In order to make the elite political academy ( the ENA ) accessible to a wider section of the population , a special entry pathway was established for those who had held trade union or political office . A new health care policy was implemented , which included the abolition of private beds in hospitals , reform of medical training , modernisation of facilities , and the election of the heads of medical services by the entire staff , rather than just by doctors , as had previously been the case . The Mauroy Government also withdrew a ministerial circular issued by the previous government that limited initiatives by regional councils , while a grant was created for the purpose of subsidizing local cultural projects and activities . The Mauroy Government did much to promote arts , culture , and education , as characterised by a tripling in real terms in state aid to the arts , a quadrupling of spending on public libraries , which led to the number of library loans growing by a third , and the removal of obstacles to cheaper book-retailing . Aid was provided to provincial art museums and local archives for working-class affairs established , while funding to provincial libraries was significantly increased , with the national library budget going up from 163 million to 677 million francs . As a result of this additional library expenditure , 17 departments which had previously lacked a bibliothèque centrale de pret in 1981 had acquired one by 1986 . In addition , as a result of the Mauroy Governments library programme , 10 million more people obtained access to major lending library resources . As Paris share of the cultural budget fell from 60% to 45% between 1981 and 1985 , the provinces acquired new theatres , artistic centres , music halls , ballet companies , and popular culture facilities . During its first year in office , the Mauroy government increased spending on culture from 0.45% of the national budget to 0.75% , a figure which rose to 0.84% in 1984 . The incomes of the poorest sections of society were increased exponentially as a result of social security reforms and a 25% increase in the minimum wage . Allowances for the handicapped were also increased , while the right to deduct the cost of child care for all children under the age of three was introduced ( a right later extended to include all children under the age of five in some cases ) . Unemployed workers ineligible for jobless benefits were given back the right to claim sickness insurance that they had lost in 1979 while the reimbursal of the costs of dental fees , hearing aids , and glasses was improved . An 80-franc-per-month charge that had been imposed on certain long-term illnesses was abrogated , and certain individuals who had retired before 1973 had the base upon which their pensions were calculated adjusted upward . Between 1981 and 1983 , the minimum vieillesse ( the basic pension benefit for the elderly poor ) was raised by 62% . To assist young farmers , the role of the SAFER ( Societe dAmenagemcnt Foncier et dEtablissement Rural ) was extended in 1982 to give preferential aid to this group to enlarge their holdings . Various measures were also introduced that helped to boost farmers incomes . A partial price freeze instituted in June 1982 helped to limit the increase in production costs , while an income assistance programme ( introduced in 1982 to compensate for a decline in farmers incomes in 1981 ) contributed to a reduction in sectoral inequalities . In addition , an EEC price hike which the government negotiated in May 1982 represented an improvement over that of the previous year ( 11.2% compared with 10.3% ) . Consultative channels between farmers and government were also widened beyond the Federation Nationale des Syndicats dExploitants Agricoles ( or FNSEA , the chief farming syndicat ) . In addition , the Mauroy Government had helped in the establishment of 12,000 farms with young farmers by mid-1983 . From 1982 onwards , all self-employed women in France were provided with a lump-sum maternity grant which may be supplemented by an income-replacement allowance . In 1983 , the unemployment compensation programme was expanded to include workers who had resigned from their jobs . A law of July 1984 introduced a new benefit called the Insertion Allowance , providing short-term support for those in periods of transition into the labour market . Another law passed that same month introduced a Special Solidarity Allowance for long-term unemployed persons with no insurance entitlements remaining . In addition , an Act of October 1982 fully extended the right to join a union to people who were retired , and a law of February 1984 increased state support for the development and training activities of companies . Although the Mauroy governments social policies improved the living standards of the less well-off in French society , its reflationary economic strategy ( based on encouraging domestic consumption ) failed to improve the French economy in the long term , with increases in the level of inflation as well as in the trade and budget deficits . Although the governments reflationary policies tended to stabilise unemployment , the number of people out of work topped 2 million , in spite of a pledge made by Mitterrand to keep it below this figure . A large budget deficit emerged , with social benefits and aid to industry alone going up by 50% in the 1982 budget . In addition , private investment failed to respond to the governments initiatives , with a 12% decline in volume in 1981 . This led Mauroy to advocate the abandonment of Socialist economic policies ( which failed to reduce unemployment and inflation ) , a controversial U-turn which was ratified by President Mitterrand in March 1983 , and a number of austerity measures were carried out . In 1982 , housing allowances were decoupled from the cost-of-living adjustment index . In 1982 and 1983 , eligibility for unemployment benefits was tightened . A complex set of changes introduced in 1983 surrounding early retirement effectively reduced guarantees to full pensions for early retirees . Daily charges for hospital beds were introduced , while a variety of medical reimbursements were reduced . In September 1982 , the indexation of wages and salaries in the public sector was abolished . During the austerity period , the aim of the Socialists was limited to that of safeguarding the position of beneficiaries as far as possible and of giving special consideration to the poorest amongst them . While further increases in benefits for the elderly , the handicapped , and in some family allowances later became possible , extra costs were also imposed . For instance , the duration of unemployment benefits was reduced , while a basic hospital charge ( with exemptions ) was introduced , and contributions from the early retired and unemployed towards health care were demanded although , once again , the worse off were exempt . Austerity measures also led to efforts to restrain family costs while at the same time trying to safeguard priority groups . In February 1982 , a 25% increase was made in allowances for families containing two eligible children , but some benefits were abandoned and the starting and finishing dates for eligibility altered . Later , cash increases were less than the amounts necessary to maintain the real value of family benefits except for the poorest groups in French society . The limits on income assessed for social insurance contributions were raised and the income base upon which employers and the self-employed were assessed for contributions was changed . The cost of support for handicapped adults was transferred to the national government , although some taxation on tobacco and alcohol was also earmarked for this purpose . A 1% tax on personal incomes was imposed ( although the poorest 33% of taxpayers was excluded ) , and a 1% solidarity contribution levied on civil servants towards the cost of unemployment insurance . In spite of austerity , however , the real value of social protection made modest increases . Within the total , the greatest benefits was reserved for the poorest whilst income was raised in ways which saw a modest shift from traditional financing methods towards general community financing . Failing to restrict the financing of private schools via the Savary Law , he resigned in 1984 . After Matignon . In 1988 he became First Secretary of the PS against the will of Mitterrand , who supported Laurent Fabius . Until the end of his term , in 1992 , he tried to appease the relations between the factions which composed the PS , notably during the very strained 1990 Rennes Congress . He allied with the rocardien group and Lionel Jospins supporters , who came from the mitterrandist group . President of the Socialist International from 1992 to 1999 , Senator since 1992 , he left the Lille mayoralty in 2001 . Considered a moral authority of the French Left , he supported the candidacy of Ségolène Royal during the 2007 primary election . Political career . Governmental functions Prime minister : 1981–1984 . Electoral mandates European Parliament Member of European Parliament : 1979–1980 ( Resignation ) . National Assembly of France Member of the National Assembly of France for Nord ( French department ) ( 2nd , then 1st constituency from 1988 to 1992 ) : 1973–1981 ( Became Prime minister in 1981 ) / 1984–1992 ( Elected senator in 1992 ) . Elected in 1973 , reelected in 1978 , 1981 , 1984 , 1986 , 1988 . Senate of France Senator of Nord ( French department ) : 1992–2011 . Elected in 1992 , reelected in 2001 . Regional Council President of the Regional Council of Nord-Pas-de-Calais : 1974–1981 . Regional councillor of Nord-Pas-de-Calais : 1974–1981 / 1986–1988 ( Resignation ) . General Council Vice-president of the General Council of Nord ( French department ) : 1967–1973 . General councillor of Nord ( French department ) : 1967–1973 . Municipal Council Mayor of Lille : 1973–2001 . Reelected in 1977 , 1983 , 1989 , 1995 . Deputy-mayor of Lille : 1971–1973 . Municipal councillor of Lille : 1971–2008 . Reelected in 1977 , 1983 , 1989 , 1995 , 2001 . Urban community Council President of the Urban Community of Lille Métropole : 1989–2008 . Reelected in 1995 , 2001 . Vice-president of the Urban Community of Lille Métropole : 1971–1989 . Reelected in 1977 , 1983 . Member of the Urban Community of Lille Métropole : 1971–2008 . Reelected in 1977 , 1983 , 1989 , 1995 , 2001 . Political function First Secretary ( leader ) of the Socialist Party ( France ) : 1988–1992 . Elected in 1988 . Mauroys First Government , 22 May 1981 – 23 June 1981 . - Pierre Mauroy – Prime Minister - Claude Cheysson – Minister of External Relations - Charles Hernu – Minister of Defense - Gaston Defferre – Minister of the Interior and Decentralization - Jacques Delors – Minister of Economy - Pierre Joxe – Minister of Industry - Jean Auroux – Minister of Labour - Maurice Faure – Minister of Justice - Alain Savary – Minister of National Education - Jean Laurain – Minister of Veterans - Jack Lang – Minister of Culture - Édith Cresson – Minister of Agriculture - Michel Crépeau – Minister of Environment - André Henry – Minister of Free Time - Louis Mermaz – Minister of Transport and Equipment - Edmond Hervé – Minister of Health - Roger Quilliot – Minister of Housing - Georges Fillioud – Minister of Communication - Louis Mexandeau – Minister of Posts - Michel Rocard – Minister of Planning and Regional Planning - André Delelis – Minister of Commerce and Craft Industry - Michel Jobert – Minister of External Commerce - Jean-Pierre Chevènement – Minister of Research and Technology - Nicole Questiaux – Minister of National Solidarity - Louis Le Pensec – Minister of the Sea Mauroys Second Government , 23 June 1981 – 22 March 1983 . - Pierre Mauroy – Prime Minister - Claude Cheysson – Minister of External Relations - Charles Hernu – Minister of Defense - Gaston Defferre – Minister of the Interior and Decentralization - Jacques Delors – Minister of Economy - Catherine Lalumière – Minister of Consumption - Pierre Dreyfus – Minister of Industry - Jean Auroux – Minister of Labour - Marcel Rigout – Minister of Vocational Training - Robert Badinter – Minister of Justice - Alain Savary – Minister of National Education - Jean Laurain – Minister of Veterans - Jack Lang – Minister of Culture - Édith Cresson – Minister of Agriculture - Michel Crépeau – Minister of Environment - André Henry – Minister of Free Time - Charles Fiterman – Minister of Transport - Jack Ralite – Minister of Health - Roger Quilliot – Minister of Town Planning and Housing - Georges Fillioud – Minister of Communication - Louis Mexandeau – Minister of Posts - Michel Rocard – Minister of Planning and Regional Planning - André Delelis – Minister of Commerce and Craft Industry - Michel Jobert – Minister of External Commerce - Jean-Pierre Chevènement – Minister of Research and Technology - Nicole Questiaux – Minister of National Solidarity - Louis Le Pensec – Minister of the Sea Changes - 29 June 1982 – Jean-Pierre Chevènement succeeds Dreyfus as Minister of Industry . Pierre Bérégovoy succeeds Questiaux as Minister of National Solidarity , becoming also Minister of Social Affairs . Mauroys Third Government , 22 March 1983 – 17 July 1984 . - Pierre Mauroy – Prime Minister - Claude Cheysson – Minister of External Relations - Charles Hernu – Minister of Defense - Gaston Defferre – Minister of the Interior and Decentralization - Jacques Delors – Minister of Economy , Finance , and Budget - Laurent Fabius – Minister of Industry and Research - Marcel Rigout – Minister of Vocational Training - Robert Badinter – Minister of Justice - Alain Savary – Minister of National Education - Michel Rocard – Minister of Agriculture - Charles Fiterman – Minister of Transport - Roger Quilliot – Minister of Town Planning and Housing - Édith Cresson – Minister of Tourism and External Commerce - Michel Crépeau – Minister of Commerce and Craft Industry - Pierre Bérégovoy – Minister of Social Affairs and National Solidarity Changes - 4 October 1983 – Paul Quilès succeeds Quiliot as Minister of Town Planning and Housing . - 18 December 1983 – Roland Dumas enters the Cabinet as Minister of European Affairs . External links . - Pierre Mauroy at the French Senate
|
[
"Senator of Nord"
] |
[
{
"text": " Pierre Mauroy ( ; 5 July 1928 – 7 June 2013 ) was a French Socialist politician who was Prime Minister of France from 1981 to 1984 under President François Mitterrand . Mauroy also served as Mayor of Lille from 1973 to 2001 . At the time of his death Mauroy was the emeritus mayor of the city of Lille . He died from complications of lung cancer on 7 June 2013 at the age of 84 . He is the namesake of Lilles new stadium , Stade Pierre-Mauroy .",
"title": "Pierre Mauroy"
},
{
"text": "Mauroy was born in Cartignies . A teacher , he led the Socialist Youth Movement and the Technical Teaching Union in the 1950s . He became a leading figure in the Socialist federation of Nord département , which was among the third biggest of the French Section of the Workers International ( SFIO ) party and climbed quickly in the party . In 1966 , he became the second most powerful person of the party behind the secretary general , Guy Mollet . Nevertheless , when Mollet resigned as leader in 1969 , Alain Savary was chosen to succeed him",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " After the electoral disasters of 1968 and 1969 , he was persuaded of the necessity to renew the party . In 1971 , during the Epinay Congress , he supported François Mitterrands election to the party leadership and became the second most powerful person in the Socialist Party ( PS ) . Two years later , he was elected as a deputy and Mayor of Lille .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Increasingly , Mauroy criticized the replacement of former SFIO members from important positions by allies of Mitterrand . In this , he formed an alliance with Michel Rocard , the main opponent of Mitterrand , during the 1979 Metz Congress . However , Mitterrand chose him as spokesperson during the 1981 presidential campaign ; after Mitterrands election , he appointed Mauroy as Prime Minister .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Mauroys government was a radical reforming one , implementing a wide range of social reforms including the reduction of the legal workweek from 40 to 39 hours , the limiting of continuous shift working to an average of no more than 35 hours per week , the lowering of the retirement age to 60 , and a rise in social welfare benefits . Entitlement to paid holidays was also extended from four to five weeks . During the Mauroy governments first year in office , minimum pensions were increased by 38% , rent allowances by 50% , family allowances by",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "25% ( 50% for households with two children ) , and the minimum wage by 25% .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "During the 1981–82 period , state industrial investment was substantially increased , 17 billion francs in ”soft loan credit was provided to private industry , 7 billion francs was set aside to help school leavers , 54,000 new civil service jobs were created , and a major housebuilding drive was launched . Efforts were made to shift the burden of direct taxes away from lower- income groups , while increases in the minimum wage gave the low paid a real increase in their living standards of about 15% in 1981–82 . Unemployment benefits were also increased , together with the",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "duration of time in which one could receive them . In addition , the maximum allowable workweek was reduced from 50 to 48 hours .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "Upon taking office , the Mauroy Government embarked upon an ambitious redistributive programme . The minimum wage went up in real terms by 11% between May 1981 and September 1982 , while the minimum old age pension was increased by 30% . 800,000 elderly people were exempted from paying T.V . licenses , while 1.5 million were also exempted from local taxes . Between May 1981 and January 1983 , family benefits were significantly increased , with the purchasing power of the 2,700,000 families with two children raised by 40% . These policies significantly improved the living standards of the",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "less well off in French society , with poverty reduced during Mauroys term in office . Family allowances were increased by 81% for families with two children and by 49% for families with three children , while old-age pensions were raised by 300 francs a month for a single person and 3,700 francs for a couple .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "Altogether , the purchasing power of social transfers went up by 45% in 1981 and by 7.6% in 1982 . Health care coverage was also extended , with health insurance benefits made more widely available to part-time employees and the unemployed . Efforts were also made to promote voluntary retirement at sixty , with a pension ranging upwards from 80% of the SMIC to 50% of a middle-management salary . In 1982 , two measures were introduced that extended eligibility for early retirement for workers aged 55 to 59 : the contrats de préretraites progressives and the contrats de solidarité-démission",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": ". These programmes were aimed at stimulating consumption and aggregate demand by providing firms with incentives to hire younger workers as replacements for early retirees . A year later , solidarity contracts were introduced which provided early retirement for older workers aged 55 or above on the condition that firms replace recipients with younger workers . Elderly people benefited greatly from the social and economic measures undertaken by the Mauroy Government , with the real income of pensioners rising by a quarter .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "Harsh immigration statutes introduced during the presidency of Valéry Giscard dEstaing were reversed , while an immigration law was passed ( 1981 ) to limit the grounds for expelling foreigners to facilitate family reunions and amnesty 130,000 illegal immigrants . A 1982 law introduced new rights for helper spouses , while the anti-discriminatory Professional Equality Law ( 1983 ) , which defined equality between men and women in sweeping terms , required all businesses to furnish statistics on the situation of women in the workplace . This legislation marked a new departure in anti-discriminatory efforts and , reinforced by a",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "series of measures taken by the Rocard government in 1989 , brought an end to wage differentials hidden by different job descriptions . Decentralising laws were also passed which transferred responsibilities for urban planning to municipalities and economic planning to the regions . In addition , various measures were introduced to improve socio-economic conditions in low-income neighbourhoods . Aid for the improvement of older HLM housing was increased , with the allocation for 1982 being about 40% higher than in 1981 . A collaborative interministerial approach to employment and the social rehabilitation of at risk youth was adopted , and",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "in 1983 the Banlieue 89 project was instigated for social and educational measures on estates in the educational priority areas . As a result of such policies , urban grants ( as a proportion of local authority revenues ) significantly increased during the first three years of the Mitterrand presidency , especially in municipalities controlled by the Left . In 1982 , the Missions locales pour l’insertion professionnelle et sociale des jeunes were established , local advice centres that targeted young people ( essentially in the 16-25 age group ) experiencing major difficulties in finding work . A military reform",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "law , passed in July 1983 , enabled those who were opposed to the usage of arms on grounds of conscience to be accepted for civilian service .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "An Ordinance of February 1982 limited the duration of fixed-term contracts to 6 to 12 months , and introduced an end of contract bonus of 5% total gross pay over the contracts period . Another Ordinance passed that same month restricted the duration of assignments to 6 months , and increased the precarious employment allowance from 4% to 15% of gross pay per assignment . For public sector workers , a law was passed in 1982 to prevent gender segregation in recruitment and to ensure that the situation was monitored carefully . An Act of July 1982 allowed the spouses",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "of shopkeepers and artisans to receive social or work-related entitlements . An Act of August 1982 raised employers participation in financing the public transportation expenses of employees . In April 1982 special aids were extended to farmers who had invested between 1 April 1981 and 31 March 1982 .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "Pursuant to its campaign pledges , the Mauroy Government established 14,760 new permanent teaching posts at the elementary and secondary levels in June 1981 , and provided for 16,800 more in the 1982 budget and an additional 8,370 in the 1983 budget . A major increase in the modest salaries of elementary school teachers was announced . Technical education at the secondary level was declared to be a priority area , with special attention in the form of more scholarship money , additional teaching positions , and the commitment of 430 million francs per year for three years for the",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "introduction of new technologies into the school programme . However , these actions ( particularly the creation of only 400 new technical teachers positions in 1981 , when enrolment went up by 11,000 ) were seen as inadequate by the National Union of Technical Education-Autonomous Apprenticeship . In December 1981 , a general science programme in the eleventh grade ( premier ) was created to replace the mathematics programme ( the Bac C ) which , after the fall from favour of Latin and Greek , had come to be known as a royal road into élitist schools and careers",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": ". The Premier S programme was an attempt to postpone definitive scholastic and social segregation , and also to reduce the importance of mathematical aptitude as the primary criterion for selection into élite schools . Greater funds were allocated to education , with the education budget was increased by 17.3% in 1982 and by 15% in 1983 . In 1981–82 , as a means of tackling cases of education failure , the Ministry of Education subsidized projects designed to help weaker students in 4,500 of the countrys 7,300 secondary schools . Although these subsidies were only of 30 million francs",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": ", the programme encouraged secondary schools to pay attention to the problem . They were heaviest in designated priority education and action zones .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "In 1981 , Educational Priority Zones were set up to provide additional resources to schools in depressed areas and to combat academic failure . The 1982 budget increased spending on education by 17% , while the 1983 budget provided tenure for 14,399 auxiliariat , teachers were only employed on a casual basis . A decree of June 1982 established a commission for public education staff training ( or MAFPEN ) in each académie , while CPR ( or regional teacher training centre , which were established in 1952 ) training placements were extended to 8–9 hours a week . That",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "same year , the Delegation for Training and Research in Education was set up to coordinate the activities of the MAFPENs .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "The outgoing centre-right government was perceived to have harassed university assistants , the most junior faculty rank , by publicly questioning their qualifications , by increasing the teaching load of those who had not completed doctoral theses , and by limiting prospects for promotion and tenure . In May 1982 , after several unions and associations announced a strike of assistants to call attention to their unmet grievances , the new education minister Alain Savary assured union leaders that all assistants who wished to continue a university career would be granted tenure . Promotion would be facilitated by the establishment",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "of a thousand new maitre-assistant post per year for 4 years . In April 1982 , following several demonstrations and strikes by the National Associations of Assistants ( ANA ) , 2000 new tenured assistant positions were created .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "Government decrees of September and October 1982 introduced various reforms aimed at making entry to the National School of Administration ( or ENA ) more accessible to a wider range of French society . The age limit was raised to enable less favoured candidates to catch up on career advancement , the element in the entrance examination for general culture ( which had proven advantageous to upper-class applicants ) was reduced , students from other grandes ecoles were prevented from making claims that they were already civil servants when they applied to the National School of Administration , and a",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "rule of parity between students and lower civil servants among candidates for admission to the ENA was established . In addition , a law of January 1983 introduced a third route of access to the National School of Administration , reserved for those who had held important posts in mutual aid societies , voluntary associations , and trade unions for a period of at least eight years , and extended this opportunity to certain local elected officials .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "The Auroux laws ( 1982 ) increased the rights of trade unions and employees in the workplace , covering collective bargaining , representation , information , health and safety , and unfair dismissal . The Auroux Laws included a requirement that half of all overtime worked in excess of 130 hours per year must be compensated by additional time off , while trade union delegates became entitled to an increase in paid time off for union activities and to increased protection against dismissal . In addition , an Auroux Law of November 1982 established an obligation to negotiate real wages",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "and hours once a year at the level of the firm , and to negotiate real wages once a year and to revise job classifications once every five years at the national industry level . Mandatory collective bargaining at the firm level of industry was introduced , while the laws also strengthened the rules on health and safety in the workplace , bestowing more rights upon the Comites d’hygiene et securite ( though not the right to stop production in case of extreme danger ) , while also granting working-class representatives release time , training for involvement in the comite",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "d’entreprise and other representative bodies in the firm , recourse to expert consultants . Unions acquired rights to organise , to hold meetings in firms , and to call in outside speakers to address the workers . Worker representation on the comite d’rentreprise was increased and the comite was provided with additional powers , such as the right to obtain confidential economic information from the firm to use in advising it on policy . In spite of these positive changes , however , the comite dentreprise remained a consultative body with little influence on economic policy , while only large",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "firms were required to provide their comite d’enterprises with economic information . This meant that almost two-thirds of the workers were excluded from exercising this oversight function .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "A government decree of March 1982 sought to provide greater employment security for the increasing number of workers on part-time and fixed-term contracts by restricting the circumstances in which employers could use such labour ( this was largely to ensure that permanent employees were not displaced by cheaper and more easily dismissed part-time workers ) . The law set out to ensure that such workers receive the same benefits as full-time workers and trade unions were given statutory rights to institute legal proceedings against employers or temporary work agencies if the provisions of the new law were evaded . That",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "same year , the government passed legislation to ensure the full , legal eligibility of women for all civil service posts and an active policy was adopted to encourage them to come forward for promotion . In 1981 , legislation was passed which permitted the establishment of local private radio stations . In March 1982 , a Special Statute was granted to Corsica , which set the territory apart legally from other regions and provided it with additional state subsidies and greater autonomy over cultural , social , economic , and educational policies . Various measures were also introduced to",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "improve conditions for migrants . A new drive began in 1981 to encourage local authorities to establish programmes including literacy programmes , housing schemes , and the setting up of young peoples and womens groups , and in 1983 France ratified the Council of Europes Convention on the Legal Status of Migrant Workers . The Association Law of 1981 allowed foreigners for the first time to form associations in France under the same rules that governed citizens , and these new immigrant associations were thereafter eligible to receive public funding . New policies removed the French language requirements of immigrants",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "to run for seats in employee institutions , and foreign workers became eligible for the first time to sit on important industrial relations councils known as the Conseils des Prud’hommes . In 1982 , an existing programme to assist the repatriation of Algerian nationals was replaced by a system offering a choice between vocational training , assistance to set up a small business and a repatriation grant .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "Decrees were made in January 1982 concerning official recognition of persons and bodies responsible for noise monitoring , the monitoring of carbon monoxide and benzene levels in the atmosphere at workplaces , and the inspection of electrical installations . A decree issued in February 1982 laid down safety measures to be taken against electrical hazards arising during the construction , operation and maintenance of electric power distribution installations . A decree issued by the Minister of Labour in March 1982 specified the offices responsible for carrying out the technical tests on particularly dangerous machinery ( listed in a decree of",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "April 1981 ) which are required before the machinery can be officially approved . It also specified the information to be provided by the person applying for official approval . A decree of May 1982 contained provisions on the setting up , restructuring , organization , financing and tasks of occupational health services in agricultural undertakings and listed those agricultural undertakings for which special medical surveillance is required . Another decree , made that same month , contained new regulations governing health , safety and preventive health measures in public undertakings . It laid down detailed health and safety requirements",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "and specified how these were to be met . It also contained provisions on training in the area , medical surveillance , and health and safety services . Two Orders of July 1982 amended the rules applicable to fixed-term contracts and temporary work with the intention of restricting the use of casual labour and improving the living and working conditions of workers in insecure jobs . A law of July 1982 concerning the spouses of craftsmen and tradesmen employed in the family business amended the provisions of the labour code , social security system , civil code and company law",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "to establish an occupational status for this group of people . In June 1982 , a new popular savings book paying index-linked interest was introduced , under which Individuals domiciled for tax purposes in France and whose tax liability was under FF 1 000 were entitled to hold a maximum of FF 10000 ( FF 20000 for households ) savings in that scheme . Also in 1982 , holidays for the low-paid were encouraged by an extension of holiday Vouchers ( Cheques-Vacances ) , subsidized by the employer and requiring regular saving out of earnings . A banking law of",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "January 1984 entitled individuals lacking current accounts who had been refused by three banks to ask the Bank of France to designate a bank or the postal bank to provide them with free accounts .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "An Act of January 1984 asserted a right for all parents to benefit from a parental leave of absence for childrearing , providing that they have one years seniority . This legislation also allowed parents ( under the same conditions ) to request part-time work and to shift freely between part-time work and parental leave . In 1982 , the law governing the age of consent for homosexual activity was reduced from 18 to 15 years to match the age of consent for heterosexual activity . For those with disabilities , a 1982 law on urban transport reform stated that",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "special measures must be taken to accommodate the special needs of people with limited mobility . A law passed on 9 July 1984 provided that a worker with at least two years service must receive a redundancy payment based on gross earnings prior to termination of the work contract . The law further provided that workers aged 60 or above who voluntarily left the firm would receive a retirement severance grant .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "Various measures were also undertaken to encourage research . Higher spending was allocated to research , while the directors of the various research councils were changed and a series of regional colloquia set up , which culminated in a national assises of researchers , where some 3,000 met in Paris to establish guidelines for future research policy . A law was passed that allowed researchers in universities and agencies to sign contracts with industry . CESTA , an agency for evaluating new fields of science and technology , was established , while more money was allocate to ANVAR , the",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "national agency for promoting the application of basic research .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": " To safeguard workers from exposure to dangerous substances and agents , three Orders containing the lists and the conditions for the labelling and packaging of dangerous substances ( 10 October 1983 ) , of dangerous preparations solvents ( 11 October 1983 ) and of paints , varnishes , printing inks , glues and similar products ( 12 October 1983 ) gave effect to the corresponding EEC Directives under national legislation . A circular implementing these three Orders was issued in January 1984 and the substances and preparations not included in these orders were",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "covered by a circular on 4 July 1984 . A circular of July 1982 on maximum concentrations was supplemented by two others , dated December 1983 and May 1984 , with a view to the introduction of EEC Directive 80-1107 November 1980 on the protection of workers from exposure to chemical , physical and biological agents at work .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "A law on workers democracy in public-sector companies was passed in July 1983 which sought to recreate a spirit of tripartism in a sector of the economy where existing statutory rights had failed to provide anything more than a consultative role for representatives . Previously , workers had the right to be represented on the boards of public sector companies with 50 or more staff and were entitled to at least 2 board seats , but under the new legislation , public sector companies ( previously nationalized companies plus those companies that were nationalized in 1982 in which the state",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "was the majority shareholder ) would be obliged to have tripartite administrative or supervisory boards to which employee representatives would be elected by the workforce . A couple of autogestionary measures were also introduced . One measure involved workers representation on the administrative councils of the nationalized industries , under which one-third of the members of these councils being drawn from the workforce . The other measure involved elections to the administrative commissions for social security , under which 15 and 25 members of these commissions were chosen through elections among those who were insured by the fund .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "A law on vocational training in February 1984 established employment contracts for six months for further training on the job while taking courses . These included the contrats de qualification , the contrats d’adaptation , ranging from 6 to 24 months , and a 3 to 6-month programme known as the stages d’initiation a la vie professionnelle , which was designed to familiarise young people with factory and firm . A 1983 law on apprenticeships laid down the principle that apprenticeship is a method of giving young workers having completed schooling a general theoretical and practical training , for the",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "purpose of acquiring professional qualifications leading to technology diplomas . The law laid down a number of general rules on apprenticeship . Training is organised on the basis of alternation , part in industry , and part in the",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": " apprenticeship centre , while a contractual relationship must be created between the apprentice and the employer , by means of an apprenticeship contract . A higher education law of 1983 restored democratic representation on university councils and granted the universities greater autonomy and more power to conduct research and to make contacts with industry .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "A decree of 23 March 1982 listed the offices responsible for testing lifting equipment other than lifts and building-site hoists , while a decree issued in May that same year 1982 extended its provisions to agriculture . Under a decree of 31 March 1982 , the general health and safety regulations for dangerous machinery and appliances were extended to include portable hand-operated machinery and appliances . Exceptions for certain less dangerous appliances were laid down in a decree of June 1982 . In regards to the agricultural sector , a decree of 8 March 1982 laid down the conditions attached",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "to the approval of electrical installations in agricultural undertakings and specified which offices are authorized to test these installations . In 1983 , leave was introduced for setting up businesses and sabbatical leave for wage-earners , and in June that year , a law was passed that completed the incorporation into French Law of a 1977 European Council Directive on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the safeguarding of employees rights in the event of transfers of undertakings , businesses or parts of businesses .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "The Deferre Law reduced the powers of the prefect , set up elected regional councils , and increased the powers of local government . The security court was abolished , and measures were introduced to control police harassment . Legal aid was extended , legislation was introduced which effectively combated discrimination against homosexuals , and the traditional powers of the juge d’instruction in the preparation of criminal cases was reduced . The Quillot Law of 1982 provided renters with additional rights in housing matters , while an audiovisual law passed that same year brought an end to the state monopoly",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "of audiovisual broadcasting and established a High Authority to guarantee the independence of public television channels . Laws were passed in 1982 to reform higher education to make the academy more responsive to the needs of the state . High security wings in prisons were abolished , while social security reform increased workers representation on the bodies that oversaw the management of the social security schemes . In order to make the elite political academy ( the ENA ) accessible to a wider section of the population , a special entry pathway was established for those who had held trade",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "union or political office . A new health care policy was implemented , which included the abolition of private beds in hospitals , reform of medical training , modernisation of facilities , and the election of the heads of medical services by the entire staff , rather than just by doctors , as had previously been the case . The Mauroy Government also withdrew a ministerial circular issued by the previous government that limited initiatives by regional councils , while a grant was created for the purpose of subsidizing local cultural projects and activities .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "The Mauroy Government did much to promote arts , culture , and education , as characterised by a tripling in real terms in state aid to the arts , a quadrupling of spending on public libraries , which led to the number of library loans growing by a third , and the removal of obstacles to cheaper book-retailing . Aid was provided to provincial art museums and local archives for working-class affairs established , while funding to provincial libraries was significantly increased , with the national library budget going up from 163 million to 677 million francs . As a",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "result of this additional library expenditure , 17 departments which had previously lacked a bibliothèque centrale de pret in 1981 had acquired one by 1986 . In addition , as a result of the Mauroy Governments library programme , 10 million more people obtained access to major lending library resources . As Paris share of the cultural budget fell from 60% to 45% between 1981 and 1985 , the provinces acquired new theatres , artistic centres , music halls , ballet companies , and popular culture facilities . During its first year in office , the Mauroy government increased spending",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "on culture from 0.45% of the national budget to 0.75% , a figure which rose to 0.84% in 1984 .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "The incomes of the poorest sections of society were increased exponentially as a result of social security reforms and a 25% increase in the minimum wage . Allowances for the handicapped were also increased , while the right to deduct the cost of child care for all children under the age of three was introduced ( a right later extended to include all children under the age of five in some cases ) . Unemployed workers ineligible for jobless benefits were given back the right to claim sickness insurance that they had lost in 1979 while the reimbursal of the",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "costs of dental fees , hearing aids , and glasses was improved . An 80-franc-per-month charge that had been imposed on certain long-term illnesses was abrogated , and certain individuals who had retired before 1973 had the base upon which their pensions were calculated adjusted upward . Between 1981 and 1983 , the minimum vieillesse ( the basic pension benefit for the elderly poor ) was raised by 62% .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "To assist young farmers , the role of the SAFER ( Societe dAmenagemcnt Foncier et dEtablissement Rural ) was extended in 1982 to give preferential aid to this group to enlarge their holdings . Various measures were also introduced that helped to boost farmers incomes . A partial price freeze instituted in June 1982 helped to limit the increase in production costs , while an income assistance programme ( introduced in 1982 to compensate for a decline in farmers incomes in 1981 ) contributed to a reduction in sectoral inequalities . In addition , an EEC price hike which the",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "government negotiated in May 1982 represented an improvement over that of the previous year ( 11.2% compared with 10.3% ) . Consultative channels between farmers and government were also widened beyond the Federation Nationale des Syndicats dExploitants Agricoles ( or FNSEA , the chief farming syndicat ) . In addition , the Mauroy Government had helped in the establishment of 12,000 farms with young farmers by mid-1983 .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "From 1982 onwards , all self-employed women in France were provided with a lump-sum maternity grant which may be supplemented by an income-replacement allowance . In 1983 , the unemployment compensation programme was expanded to include workers who had resigned from their jobs . A law of July 1984 introduced a new benefit called the Insertion Allowance , providing short-term support for those in periods of transition into the labour market . Another law passed that same month introduced a Special Solidarity Allowance for long-term unemployed persons with no insurance entitlements remaining . In addition , an Act of October",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "1982 fully extended the right to join a union to people who were retired , and a law of February 1984 increased state support for the development and training activities of companies .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "Although the Mauroy governments social policies improved the living standards of the less well-off in French society , its reflationary economic strategy ( based on encouraging domestic consumption ) failed to improve the French economy in the long term , with increases in the level of inflation as well as in the trade and budget deficits . Although the governments reflationary policies tended to stabilise unemployment , the number of people out of work topped 2 million , in spite of a pledge made by Mitterrand to keep it below this figure . A large budget deficit emerged , with",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "social benefits and aid to industry alone going up by 50% in the 1982 budget . In addition , private investment failed to respond to the governments initiatives , with a 12% decline in volume in 1981 . This led Mauroy to advocate the abandonment of Socialist economic policies ( which failed to reduce unemployment and inflation ) , a controversial U-turn which was ratified by President Mitterrand in March 1983 , and a number of austerity measures were carried out . In 1982 , housing allowances were decoupled from the cost-of-living adjustment index . In 1982 and 1983 ,",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "eligibility for unemployment benefits was tightened . A complex set of changes introduced in 1983 surrounding early retirement effectively reduced guarantees to full pensions for early retirees . Daily charges for hospital beds were introduced , while a variety of medical reimbursements were reduced . In September 1982 , the indexation of wages and salaries in the public sector was abolished .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "During the austerity period , the aim of the Socialists was limited to that of safeguarding the position of beneficiaries as far as possible and of giving special consideration to the poorest amongst them . While further increases in benefits for the elderly , the handicapped , and in some family allowances later became possible , extra costs were also imposed . For instance , the duration of unemployment benefits was reduced , while a basic hospital charge ( with exemptions ) was introduced , and contributions from the early retired and unemployed towards health care were demanded although ,",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "once again , the worse off were exempt . Austerity measures also led to efforts to restrain family costs while at the same time trying to safeguard priority groups . In February 1982 , a 25% increase was made in allowances for families containing two eligible children , but some benefits were abandoned and the starting and finishing dates for eligibility altered . Later , cash increases were less than the amounts necessary to maintain the real value of family benefits except for the poorest groups in French society . The limits on income assessed for social insurance contributions were",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "raised and the income base upon which employers and the self-employed were assessed for contributions was changed . The cost of support for handicapped adults was transferred to the national government , although some taxation on tobacco and alcohol was also earmarked for this purpose . A 1% tax on personal incomes was imposed ( although the poorest 33% of taxpayers was excluded ) , and a 1% solidarity contribution levied on civil servants towards the cost of unemployment insurance . In spite of austerity , however , the real value of social protection made modest increases . Within the",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "total , the greatest benefits was reserved for the poorest whilst income was raised in ways which saw a modest shift from traditional financing methods towards general community financing .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": " Failing to restrict the financing of private schools via the Savary Law , he resigned in 1984 .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": " In 1988 he became First Secretary of the PS against the will of Mitterrand , who supported Laurent Fabius . Until the end of his term , in 1992 , he tried to appease the relations between the factions which composed the PS , notably during the very strained 1990 Rennes Congress . He allied with the rocardien group and Lionel Jospins supporters , who came from the mitterrandist group .",
"title": "After Matignon"
},
{
"text": "President of the Socialist International from 1992 to 1999 , Senator since 1992 , he left the Lille mayoralty in 2001 . Considered a moral authority of the French Left , he supported the candidacy of Ségolène Royal during the 2007 primary election .",
"title": "After Matignon"
},
{
"text": " Member of the National Assembly of France for Nord ( French department ) ( 2nd , then 1st constituency from 1988 to 1992 ) : 1973–1981 ( Became Prime minister in 1981 ) / 1984–1992 ( Elected senator in 1992 ) . Elected in 1973 , reelected in 1978 , 1981 , 1984 , 1986 , 1988 .",
"title": "National Assembly of France"
},
{
"text": " Senator of Nord ( French department ) : 1992–2011 . Elected in 1992 , reelected in 2001 .",
"title": "Senate of France"
},
{
"text": " President of the Regional Council of Nord-Pas-de-Calais : 1974–1981 . Regional councillor of Nord-Pas-de-Calais : 1974–1981 / 1986–1988 ( Resignation ) .",
"title": "Regional Council"
},
{
"text": " Vice-president of the General Council of Nord ( French department ) : 1967–1973 . General councillor of Nord ( French department ) : 1967–1973 .",
"title": "General Council"
},
{
"text": " Mayor of Lille : 1973–2001 . Reelected in 1977 , 1983 , 1989 , 1995 . Deputy-mayor of Lille : 1971–1973 . Municipal councillor of Lille : 1971–2008 . Reelected in 1977 , 1983 , 1989 , 1995 , 2001 .",
"title": "Municipal Council"
},
{
"text": " President of the Urban Community of Lille Métropole : 1989–2008 . Reelected in 1995 , 2001 . Vice-president of the Urban Community of Lille Métropole : 1971–1989 . Reelected in 1977 , 1983 . Member of the Urban Community of Lille Métropole : 1971–2008 . Reelected in 1977 , 1983 , 1989 , 1995 , 2001 .",
"title": "Urban community Council"
},
{
"text": " First Secretary ( leader ) of the Socialist Party ( France ) : 1988–1992 . Elected in 1988 . Mauroys First Government , 22 May 1981 – 23 June 1981 . - Pierre Mauroy – Prime Minister - Claude Cheysson – Minister of External Relations - Charles Hernu – Minister of Defense - Gaston Defferre – Minister of the Interior and Decentralization - Jacques Delors – Minister of Economy - Pierre Joxe – Minister of Industry - Jean Auroux – Minister of Labour - Maurice Faure – Minister of Justice - Alain Savary – Minister of National Education",
"title": "Political function"
},
{
"text": "- Jean Laurain – Minister of Veterans",
"title": "Political function"
},
{
"text": " - Jack Lang – Minister of Culture - Édith Cresson – Minister of Agriculture - Michel Crépeau – Minister of Environment - André Henry – Minister of Free Time - Louis Mermaz – Minister of Transport and Equipment - Edmond Hervé – Minister of Health - Roger Quilliot – Minister of Housing - Georges Fillioud – Minister of Communication - Louis Mexandeau – Minister of Posts - Michel Rocard – Minister of Planning and Regional Planning - André Delelis – Minister of Commerce and Craft Industry - Michel Jobert – Minister of External Commerce",
"title": "Political function"
},
{
"text": "- Jean-Pierre Chevènement – Minister of Research and Technology",
"title": "Political function"
},
{
"text": " - Nicole Questiaux – Minister of National Solidarity - Louis Le Pensec – Minister of the Sea Mauroys Second Government , 23 June 1981 – 22 March 1983 . - Pierre Mauroy – Prime Minister - Claude Cheysson – Minister of External Relations - Charles Hernu – Minister of Defense - Gaston Defferre – Minister of the Interior and Decentralization - Jacques Delors – Minister of Economy - Catherine Lalumière – Minister of Consumption - Pierre Dreyfus – Minister of Industry - Jean Auroux – Minister of Labour - Marcel Rigout – Minister of Vocational Training",
"title": "Political function"
},
{
"text": "- Robert Badinter – Minister of Justice",
"title": "Political function"
},
{
"text": " - Alain Savary – Minister of National Education - Jean Laurain – Minister of Veterans - Jack Lang – Minister of Culture - Édith Cresson – Minister of Agriculture - Michel Crépeau – Minister of Environment - André Henry – Minister of Free Time - Charles Fiterman – Minister of Transport - Jack Ralite – Minister of Health - Roger Quilliot – Minister of Town Planning and Housing - Georges Fillioud – Minister of Communication - Louis Mexandeau – Minister of Posts - Michel Rocard – Minister of Planning and Regional Planning",
"title": "Political function"
},
{
"text": "- André Delelis – Minister of Commerce and Craft Industry",
"title": "Political function"
},
{
"text": " - Michel Jobert – Minister of External Commerce - Jean-Pierre Chevènement – Minister of Research and Technology - Nicole Questiaux – Minister of National Solidarity - Louis Le Pensec – Minister of the Sea",
"title": "Political function"
},
{
"text": " - 29 June 1982 – Jean-Pierre Chevènement succeeds Dreyfus as Minister of Industry . Pierre Bérégovoy succeeds Questiaux as Minister of National Solidarity , becoming also Minister of Social Affairs . Mauroys Third Government , 22 March 1983 – 17 July 1984 . - Pierre Mauroy – Prime Minister - Claude Cheysson – Minister of External Relations - Charles Hernu – Minister of Defense - Gaston Defferre – Minister of the Interior and Decentralization - Jacques Delors – Minister of Economy , Finance , and Budget - Laurent Fabius – Minister of Industry and Research",
"title": "Changes"
},
{
"text": "- Marcel Rigout – Minister of Vocational Training",
"title": "Changes"
},
{
"text": " - Robert Badinter – Minister of Justice - Alain Savary – Minister of National Education - Michel Rocard – Minister of Agriculture - Charles Fiterman – Minister of Transport - Roger Quilliot – Minister of Town Planning and Housing - Édith Cresson – Minister of Tourism and External Commerce - Michel Crépeau – Minister of Commerce and Craft Industry - Pierre Bérégovoy – Minister of Social Affairs and National Solidarity",
"title": "Changes"
},
{
"text": " - 4 October 1983 – Paul Quilès succeeds Quiliot as Minister of Town Planning and Housing . - 18 December 1983 – Roland Dumas enters the Cabinet as Minister of European Affairs .",
"title": "Changes"
},
{
"text": " - Pierre Mauroy at the French Senate",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Yulii_Khariton#P108#0
|
What was the name of the employer Yulii Khariton work for before Jul 1926?
|
Yulii Khariton Yulii Borisovich Khariton ( Russian : Юлий Борисович Харитон , 27 February 1904 – 19 December 1996 ) was a Russian physicist and a leading scientist in the Soviet Unions nuclear weapons program . Since the initiation of the atomic bomb project by Joseph Stalin in 1943 , Khariton was the chief Nuclear weapon designer and remained associated with the Soviet program for nearly four decades . In honour of the centennial of his birthday in 2004 , his image appeared on a Russian postal stamp by the Russian government . Biography . Family , early life and education . Yulii Borisovich Khariton was born in Saint Petersburg , Russian Empire to an ethnic middle class Russian Jewish family , on 27 February 1904 . His father , Boris Osipovich Khariton , was a political journalist , an editor , and a publisher , who had attained a law degree from Kiev University in Ukraine . His father worked for the newspaper Rech , the main organ of the Constitutional Democratic Party , and was a well known figure in the political circles of Russia . After the Russian revolution dismantled the Tsarist autocracy in 1917 , Boris Khariton had clashes with the Bolsheviks as he was at odds with Vladimir Lenins Soviet ideology . His father was exiled to Baltic states from Russia in 1922 at the age of forty six along with professors and journalists on one of the so-called Philosophers ships , subsequently working for an emigrant newspaper in Latvia . His father , Boris Khariton , remained there until Latvias annexation by the Soviet Union in 1940 and , at the age of sixty-four , was then arrested by the NKVD and sentenced to seven years of forced labour in a Gulag where he died . Yuliis mother , Mirra Yakovlevna Burovskaya , was a theatre actress who performed at the Moscow Art Theatre . She left Russia in 1910 due to an illness that had to be treated at the European resort . Yulii was six years old when his mother left him and was taken care by an Estonian woman , hired by his father while in exile in Latvia . Yuliis mother never returned to Russia and divorced his father , only to marry her psychiatrist , Dr . Max Eitingon . Having lived in Germany , Mirra moved to Tel Aviv in Palestine in 1933 , where she remained until her death . She is buried in Jerusalem . Yulii was forbidden to contact his parents after he had started classified work in the Soviet Union . His travels were highly restricted by the Soviet Union and later by Russia . Yulii was home schooled by his Estonian housekeeper , hired by his father , who taught him German language . At the age of eleven , he began attending regular school . In Saint Petersburg , he went to attend a trade school which he completed at the age of fifteen and found work at a local mechanical workshop where he learned how to operate various machinery as a machinist . In 1920 , he enrolled in the Leningrad Polytechnical Institute to study mechanical engineering but later chose to study physics , which he found to be more stimulating . He studied physics under Russian physicists , Abram Ioffe , Nikolay Semyonov , and Alexander Friedmann . Khariton was particularly fascinated with the work of Semenov whose research used the techniques of physics in chemistry , which Semenov called chemical physics. . Kharitons talent was recognised by Semenov who supported his research project in investigations of the light-emitting ability of phosphorus combined with oxygen , and reported the results in both German and Russian languages . In 1926 , Khariton completed his degree in physics from the Leningrad Polytechnical Institute and ended his research project as he prepared for his first foreign trip to England . Before departing , he was introduced to Pyotr Kapitsa by Semenov who asked the latter to help Yulii secure a fellowship at the Cavendish Laboratory in England . In England , Khariton attended the University of Cambridge to do his doctoral in physics under Ernest Rutherford in 1926 . At Cambridge , he worked with James Chadwick on investigating the sensitivity of the eye with respect to weak light impulses and alpha radiation . Khariton earned his PhD in 1928 from Cambridge University . Soviet atomic bomb project . In 1928 , Khariton decided to take up the residence in ( Germany ) to be near his mother , but was appalled and frightened by the political propaganda of the Nazi Party in Germany ; therefore returning to Soviet Union while his mother left for Palestine . In 1931 , he joined the Institute of Chemical Physics and eventually headed the explosion laboratory until 1946 , working closely with another Russian physicist Yakov Borisovich Zeldovich , on exothermic chemical chain reactions . In 1935 , he received his doctorate in physical and mathematical sciences . During this period , Khariton and Zeldovich conducted experiments on the chain reactions of uranium . In August 1939 , Zeldovich , Khariton and Aleksandr Leipunskii delivered papers on the theoretical process behind nuclear fission chain reactions at a conference in Kharkiv , Ukraine ; this was the last pre-war discussion of chain reactions in the USSR . During World War II , Kharitons knowledge of the physics of explosions was used in experimental studies on Soviet and foreign weaponry , while continuing his leadership of the Institute of Chemical Physics . Physicist Igor Kurchatov asked Khariton to become part of the Soviet atomic project in 1943 , in Laboratory No . 2 of the Russian Academy of Sciences . In May 1945 , as part of a team of physicists sent to Berlin to investigate Nazi atomic bomb research , Khariton found 100 tonnes of uranium oxide , which was transported back to Moscow ; this reduced development time for domestic plutonium production . After the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , a Special Committee was established including Kurchatov and Khariton . Khariton was made scientific director of KB-11 ( design bureau-11 ) also known as Arzamas-16 and colloquially as the Installation , located in the closed city of Sarov , Nizhny Novgorod Oblast to develop Soviet nuclear weapons ( the organisation is now known as the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Physics ( VNIIEF ) . Khariton remained as its scientific director for 46 years . Along with other senior scientists , he was regarded as too important to fly and had his own private train carriage . He was elected as a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1946 , and as a full member in 1953 . In 1949 , he and Kirill Shchelkin reported to the Special Committee on the progress of the first Soviet nuclear weapon , the RDS-1 , which was tested on 29 August that year . He was deferential to political superiors but supported the scientists under him in a politic and diplomatic way . Physicist and departmental head Andrei Sakharov referred to him as being zealous and unsparing of himself. ; he spoke for scientists when they changed their focus to a two-stage nuclear device with initial compression from 1954 ( the RDS-37 ) and supported requests not to detonate the RDS-220 ( the largest-ever bomb ) because of the calculated number of deaths due to radioactive fallout . He would not support similar requests to halt a duplicate test by a second Installation at Snezhinsk which he felt was divisive , and wouldnt intercede in certain politically-charged personal cases . His diplomacy meant absorbing criticism and put-downs from political leaders who came and went . KB-11 was sometimes sneered at for having a significant number of staff with Jewish backgrounds , Khariton included . The second Installation under Yevgeny Zababakhin had fewer , and there had been awkward professional relations ; it was comically referred to as Egypt by politicians , with obvious comparative implications with KB-11 : the dining room at KB-11 was termed the synagogue . Awards and legacy . - Hero of Socialist Labor ( 1949 , 1951 , 1954 ) - Stalin Prize ( 1949 , 1951 , 1953 ) - Order of Lenin ( 1949 , 1956 , 1962 , 1964 , 1974 , 1984 ) - Lenin Prize ( 1956 ) - Order of the October Revolution ( 1971 ) - Order of the Red Banner of Labor ( 1945 ) - Order of the Red Star ( 1944 ) - Gold Medal of I . V . Kurchatov ( 1974 ) - Great Gold Medal of M . V . Lomonosov ( 1982 ) In October 1997 in Sarov , Togliati Street was renamed Akademik Khariton Street in his honour . A bronze bust of him was installed on February 2004 next to the House of Scientists of VNIIEF . In 2004 , a Russian stamp was issued for the anniversary of his 100th birthday .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Yulii Borisovich Khariton ( Russian : Юлий Борисович Харитон , 27 February 1904 – 19 December 1996 ) was a Russian physicist and a leading scientist in the Soviet Unions nuclear weapons program . Since the initiation of the atomic bomb project by Joseph Stalin in 1943 , Khariton was the chief Nuclear weapon designer and remained associated with the Soviet program for nearly four decades . In honour of the centennial of his birthday in 2004 , his image appeared on a Russian postal stamp by the Russian government .",
"title": "Yulii Khariton"
},
{
"text": "Yulii Borisovich Khariton was born in Saint Petersburg , Russian Empire to an ethnic middle class Russian Jewish family , on 27 February 1904 . His father , Boris Osipovich Khariton , was a political journalist , an editor , and a publisher , who had attained a law degree from Kiev University in Ukraine . His father worked for the newspaper Rech , the main organ of the Constitutional Democratic Party , and was a well known figure in the political circles of Russia . After the Russian revolution dismantled the Tsarist autocracy in 1917 , Boris Khariton had",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "clashes with the Bolsheviks as he was at odds with Vladimir Lenins Soviet ideology . His father was exiled to Baltic states from Russia in 1922 at the age of forty six along with professors and journalists on one of the so-called Philosophers ships , subsequently working for an emigrant newspaper in Latvia .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " His father , Boris Khariton , remained there until Latvias annexation by the Soviet Union in 1940 and , at the age of sixty-four , was then arrested by the NKVD and sentenced to seven years of forced labour in a Gulag where he died .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Yuliis mother , Mirra Yakovlevna Burovskaya , was a theatre actress who performed at the Moscow Art Theatre . She left Russia in 1910 due to an illness that had to be treated at the European resort . Yulii was six years old when his mother left him and was taken care by an Estonian woman , hired by his father while in exile in Latvia . Yuliis mother never returned to Russia and divorced his father , only to marry her psychiatrist , Dr . Max Eitingon .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Having lived in Germany , Mirra moved to Tel Aviv in Palestine in 1933 , where she remained until her death . She is buried in Jerusalem . Yulii was forbidden to contact his parents after he had started classified work in the Soviet Union . His travels were highly restricted by the Soviet Union and later by Russia .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Yulii was home schooled by his Estonian housekeeper , hired by his father , who taught him German language . At the age of eleven , he began attending regular school . In Saint Petersburg , he went to attend a trade school which he completed at the age of fifteen and found work at a local mechanical workshop where he learned how to operate various machinery as a machinist .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In 1920 , he enrolled in the Leningrad Polytechnical Institute to study mechanical engineering but later chose to study physics , which he found to be more stimulating . He studied physics under Russian physicists , Abram Ioffe , Nikolay Semyonov , and Alexander Friedmann . Khariton was particularly fascinated with the work of Semenov whose research used the techniques of physics in chemistry , which Semenov called chemical physics. . Kharitons talent was recognised by Semenov who supported his research project in investigations of the light-emitting ability of phosphorus combined with oxygen , and reported the results in both",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "German and Russian languages . In 1926 , Khariton completed his degree in physics from the Leningrad Polytechnical Institute and ended his research project as he prepared for his first foreign trip to England .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Before departing , he was introduced to Pyotr Kapitsa by Semenov who asked the latter to help Yulii secure a fellowship at the Cavendish Laboratory in England . In England , Khariton attended the University of Cambridge to do his doctoral in physics under Ernest Rutherford in 1926 . At Cambridge , he worked with James Chadwick on investigating the sensitivity of the eye with respect to weak light impulses and alpha radiation . Khariton earned his PhD in 1928 from Cambridge University . Soviet atomic bomb project .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In 1928 , Khariton decided to take up the residence in ( Germany ) to be near his mother , but was appalled and frightened by the political propaganda of the Nazi Party in Germany ; therefore returning to Soviet Union while his mother left for Palestine .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " In 1931 , he joined the Institute of Chemical Physics and eventually headed the explosion laboratory until 1946 , working closely with another Russian physicist Yakov Borisovich Zeldovich , on exothermic chemical chain reactions .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In 1935 , he received his doctorate in physical and mathematical sciences . During this period , Khariton and Zeldovich conducted experiments on the chain reactions of uranium . In August 1939 , Zeldovich , Khariton and Aleksandr Leipunskii delivered papers on the theoretical process behind nuclear fission chain reactions at a conference in Kharkiv , Ukraine ; this was the last pre-war discussion of chain reactions in the USSR .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " During World War II , Kharitons knowledge of the physics of explosions was used in experimental studies on Soviet and foreign weaponry , while continuing his leadership of the Institute of Chemical Physics .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Physicist Igor Kurchatov asked Khariton to become part of the Soviet atomic project in 1943 , in Laboratory No . 2 of the Russian Academy of Sciences . In May 1945 , as part of a team of physicists sent to Berlin to investigate Nazi atomic bomb research , Khariton found 100 tonnes of uranium oxide , which was transported back to Moscow ; this reduced development time for domestic plutonium production . After the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , a Special Committee was established including Kurchatov and Khariton . Khariton was made scientific director of KB-11 ( design",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "bureau-11 ) also known as Arzamas-16 and colloquially as the Installation , located in the closed city of Sarov , Nizhny Novgorod Oblast to develop Soviet nuclear weapons ( the organisation is now known as the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Physics ( VNIIEF ) . Khariton remained as its scientific director for 46 years . Along with other senior scientists , he was regarded as too important to fly and had his own private train carriage . He was elected as a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1946 , and as a full member",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "in 1953 .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In 1949 , he and Kirill Shchelkin reported to the Special Committee on the progress of the first Soviet nuclear weapon , the RDS-1 , which was tested on 29 August that year . He was deferential to political superiors but supported the scientists under him in a politic and diplomatic way . Physicist and departmental head Andrei Sakharov referred to him as being zealous and unsparing of himself. ; he spoke for scientists when they changed their focus to a two-stage nuclear device with initial compression from 1954 ( the RDS-37 ) and supported requests not to detonate the",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "RDS-220 ( the largest-ever bomb ) because of the calculated number of deaths due to radioactive fallout . He would not support similar requests to halt a duplicate test by a second Installation at Snezhinsk which he felt was divisive , and wouldnt intercede in certain politically-charged personal cases .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " His diplomacy meant absorbing criticism and put-downs from political leaders who came and went . KB-11 was sometimes sneered at for having a significant number of staff with Jewish backgrounds , Khariton included . The second Installation under Yevgeny Zababakhin had fewer , and there had been awkward professional relations ; it was comically referred to as Egypt by politicians , with obvious comparative implications with KB-11 : the dining room at KB-11 was termed the synagogue .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " - Hero of Socialist Labor ( 1949 , 1951 , 1954 ) - Stalin Prize ( 1949 , 1951 , 1953 ) - Order of Lenin ( 1949 , 1956 , 1962 , 1964 , 1974 , 1984 ) - Lenin Prize ( 1956 ) - Order of the October Revolution ( 1971 ) - Order of the Red Banner of Labor ( 1945 ) - Order of the Red Star ( 1944 ) - Gold Medal of I . V . Kurchatov ( 1974 ) - Great Gold Medal of M . V . Lomonosov ( 1982 )",
"title": "Awards and legacy"
},
{
"text": "In October 1997 in Sarov , Togliati Street was renamed Akademik Khariton Street in his honour . A bronze bust of him was installed on February 2004 next to the House of Scientists of VNIIEF . In 2004 , a Russian stamp was issued for the anniversary of his 100th birthday .",
"title": "Awards and legacy"
}
] |
/wiki/Yulii_Khariton#P108#1
|
What was the name of the employer Yulii Khariton work for between Feb 1943 and Sep 1944?
|
Yulii Khariton Yulii Borisovich Khariton ( Russian : Юлий Борисович Харитон , 27 February 1904 – 19 December 1996 ) was a Russian physicist and a leading scientist in the Soviet Unions nuclear weapons program . Since the initiation of the atomic bomb project by Joseph Stalin in 1943 , Khariton was the chief Nuclear weapon designer and remained associated with the Soviet program for nearly four decades . In honour of the centennial of his birthday in 2004 , his image appeared on a Russian postal stamp by the Russian government . Biography . Family , early life and education . Yulii Borisovich Khariton was born in Saint Petersburg , Russian Empire to an ethnic middle class Russian Jewish family , on 27 February 1904 . His father , Boris Osipovich Khariton , was a political journalist , an editor , and a publisher , who had attained a law degree from Kiev University in Ukraine . His father worked for the newspaper Rech , the main organ of the Constitutional Democratic Party , and was a well known figure in the political circles of Russia . After the Russian revolution dismantled the Tsarist autocracy in 1917 , Boris Khariton had clashes with the Bolsheviks as he was at odds with Vladimir Lenins Soviet ideology . His father was exiled to Baltic states from Russia in 1922 at the age of forty six along with professors and journalists on one of the so-called Philosophers ships , subsequently working for an emigrant newspaper in Latvia . His father , Boris Khariton , remained there until Latvias annexation by the Soviet Union in 1940 and , at the age of sixty-four , was then arrested by the NKVD and sentenced to seven years of forced labour in a Gulag where he died . Yuliis mother , Mirra Yakovlevna Burovskaya , was a theatre actress who performed at the Moscow Art Theatre . She left Russia in 1910 due to an illness that had to be treated at the European resort . Yulii was six years old when his mother left him and was taken care by an Estonian woman , hired by his father while in exile in Latvia . Yuliis mother never returned to Russia and divorced his father , only to marry her psychiatrist , Dr . Max Eitingon . Having lived in Germany , Mirra moved to Tel Aviv in Palestine in 1933 , where she remained until her death . She is buried in Jerusalem . Yulii was forbidden to contact his parents after he had started classified work in the Soviet Union . His travels were highly restricted by the Soviet Union and later by Russia . Yulii was home schooled by his Estonian housekeeper , hired by his father , who taught him German language . At the age of eleven , he began attending regular school . In Saint Petersburg , he went to attend a trade school which he completed at the age of fifteen and found work at a local mechanical workshop where he learned how to operate various machinery as a machinist . In 1920 , he enrolled in the Leningrad Polytechnical Institute to study mechanical engineering but later chose to study physics , which he found to be more stimulating . He studied physics under Russian physicists , Abram Ioffe , Nikolay Semyonov , and Alexander Friedmann . Khariton was particularly fascinated with the work of Semenov whose research used the techniques of physics in chemistry , which Semenov called chemical physics. . Kharitons talent was recognised by Semenov who supported his research project in investigations of the light-emitting ability of phosphorus combined with oxygen , and reported the results in both German and Russian languages . In 1926 , Khariton completed his degree in physics from the Leningrad Polytechnical Institute and ended his research project as he prepared for his first foreign trip to England . Before departing , he was introduced to Pyotr Kapitsa by Semenov who asked the latter to help Yulii secure a fellowship at the Cavendish Laboratory in England . In England , Khariton attended the University of Cambridge to do his doctoral in physics under Ernest Rutherford in 1926 . At Cambridge , he worked with James Chadwick on investigating the sensitivity of the eye with respect to weak light impulses and alpha radiation . Khariton earned his PhD in 1928 from Cambridge University . Soviet atomic bomb project . In 1928 , Khariton decided to take up the residence in ( Germany ) to be near his mother , but was appalled and frightened by the political propaganda of the Nazi Party in Germany ; therefore returning to Soviet Union while his mother left for Palestine . In 1931 , he joined the Institute of Chemical Physics and eventually headed the explosion laboratory until 1946 , working closely with another Russian physicist Yakov Borisovich Zeldovich , on exothermic chemical chain reactions . In 1935 , he received his doctorate in physical and mathematical sciences . During this period , Khariton and Zeldovich conducted experiments on the chain reactions of uranium . In August 1939 , Zeldovich , Khariton and Aleksandr Leipunskii delivered papers on the theoretical process behind nuclear fission chain reactions at a conference in Kharkiv , Ukraine ; this was the last pre-war discussion of chain reactions in the USSR . During World War II , Kharitons knowledge of the physics of explosions was used in experimental studies on Soviet and foreign weaponry , while continuing his leadership of the Institute of Chemical Physics . Physicist Igor Kurchatov asked Khariton to become part of the Soviet atomic project in 1943 , in Laboratory No . 2 of the Russian Academy of Sciences . In May 1945 , as part of a team of physicists sent to Berlin to investigate Nazi atomic bomb research , Khariton found 100 tonnes of uranium oxide , which was transported back to Moscow ; this reduced development time for domestic plutonium production . After the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , a Special Committee was established including Kurchatov and Khariton . Khariton was made scientific director of KB-11 ( design bureau-11 ) also known as Arzamas-16 and colloquially as the Installation , located in the closed city of Sarov , Nizhny Novgorod Oblast to develop Soviet nuclear weapons ( the organisation is now known as the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Physics ( VNIIEF ) . Khariton remained as its scientific director for 46 years . Along with other senior scientists , he was regarded as too important to fly and had his own private train carriage . He was elected as a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1946 , and as a full member in 1953 . In 1949 , he and Kirill Shchelkin reported to the Special Committee on the progress of the first Soviet nuclear weapon , the RDS-1 , which was tested on 29 August that year . He was deferential to political superiors but supported the scientists under him in a politic and diplomatic way . Physicist and departmental head Andrei Sakharov referred to him as being zealous and unsparing of himself. ; he spoke for scientists when they changed their focus to a two-stage nuclear device with initial compression from 1954 ( the RDS-37 ) and supported requests not to detonate the RDS-220 ( the largest-ever bomb ) because of the calculated number of deaths due to radioactive fallout . He would not support similar requests to halt a duplicate test by a second Installation at Snezhinsk which he felt was divisive , and wouldnt intercede in certain politically-charged personal cases . His diplomacy meant absorbing criticism and put-downs from political leaders who came and went . KB-11 was sometimes sneered at for having a significant number of staff with Jewish backgrounds , Khariton included . The second Installation under Yevgeny Zababakhin had fewer , and there had been awkward professional relations ; it was comically referred to as Egypt by politicians , with obvious comparative implications with KB-11 : the dining room at KB-11 was termed the synagogue . Awards and legacy . - Hero of Socialist Labor ( 1949 , 1951 , 1954 ) - Stalin Prize ( 1949 , 1951 , 1953 ) - Order of Lenin ( 1949 , 1956 , 1962 , 1964 , 1974 , 1984 ) - Lenin Prize ( 1956 ) - Order of the October Revolution ( 1971 ) - Order of the Red Banner of Labor ( 1945 ) - Order of the Red Star ( 1944 ) - Gold Medal of I . V . Kurchatov ( 1974 ) - Great Gold Medal of M . V . Lomonosov ( 1982 ) In October 1997 in Sarov , Togliati Street was renamed Akademik Khariton Street in his honour . A bronze bust of him was installed on February 2004 next to the House of Scientists of VNIIEF . In 2004 , a Russian stamp was issued for the anniversary of his 100th birthday .
|
[
"Institute of Chemical Physics"
] |
[
{
"text": " Yulii Borisovich Khariton ( Russian : Юлий Борисович Харитон , 27 February 1904 – 19 December 1996 ) was a Russian physicist and a leading scientist in the Soviet Unions nuclear weapons program . Since the initiation of the atomic bomb project by Joseph Stalin in 1943 , Khariton was the chief Nuclear weapon designer and remained associated with the Soviet program for nearly four decades . In honour of the centennial of his birthday in 2004 , his image appeared on a Russian postal stamp by the Russian government .",
"title": "Yulii Khariton"
},
{
"text": "Yulii Borisovich Khariton was born in Saint Petersburg , Russian Empire to an ethnic middle class Russian Jewish family , on 27 February 1904 . His father , Boris Osipovich Khariton , was a political journalist , an editor , and a publisher , who had attained a law degree from Kiev University in Ukraine . His father worked for the newspaper Rech , the main organ of the Constitutional Democratic Party , and was a well known figure in the political circles of Russia . After the Russian revolution dismantled the Tsarist autocracy in 1917 , Boris Khariton had",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "clashes with the Bolsheviks as he was at odds with Vladimir Lenins Soviet ideology . His father was exiled to Baltic states from Russia in 1922 at the age of forty six along with professors and journalists on one of the so-called Philosophers ships , subsequently working for an emigrant newspaper in Latvia .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " His father , Boris Khariton , remained there until Latvias annexation by the Soviet Union in 1940 and , at the age of sixty-four , was then arrested by the NKVD and sentenced to seven years of forced labour in a Gulag where he died .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Yuliis mother , Mirra Yakovlevna Burovskaya , was a theatre actress who performed at the Moscow Art Theatre . She left Russia in 1910 due to an illness that had to be treated at the European resort . Yulii was six years old when his mother left him and was taken care by an Estonian woman , hired by his father while in exile in Latvia . Yuliis mother never returned to Russia and divorced his father , only to marry her psychiatrist , Dr . Max Eitingon .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Having lived in Germany , Mirra moved to Tel Aviv in Palestine in 1933 , where she remained until her death . She is buried in Jerusalem . Yulii was forbidden to contact his parents after he had started classified work in the Soviet Union . His travels were highly restricted by the Soviet Union and later by Russia .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Yulii was home schooled by his Estonian housekeeper , hired by his father , who taught him German language . At the age of eleven , he began attending regular school . In Saint Petersburg , he went to attend a trade school which he completed at the age of fifteen and found work at a local mechanical workshop where he learned how to operate various machinery as a machinist .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In 1920 , he enrolled in the Leningrad Polytechnical Institute to study mechanical engineering but later chose to study physics , which he found to be more stimulating . He studied physics under Russian physicists , Abram Ioffe , Nikolay Semyonov , and Alexander Friedmann . Khariton was particularly fascinated with the work of Semenov whose research used the techniques of physics in chemistry , which Semenov called chemical physics. . Kharitons talent was recognised by Semenov who supported his research project in investigations of the light-emitting ability of phosphorus combined with oxygen , and reported the results in both",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "German and Russian languages . In 1926 , Khariton completed his degree in physics from the Leningrad Polytechnical Institute and ended his research project as he prepared for his first foreign trip to England .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Before departing , he was introduced to Pyotr Kapitsa by Semenov who asked the latter to help Yulii secure a fellowship at the Cavendish Laboratory in England . In England , Khariton attended the University of Cambridge to do his doctoral in physics under Ernest Rutherford in 1926 . At Cambridge , he worked with James Chadwick on investigating the sensitivity of the eye with respect to weak light impulses and alpha radiation . Khariton earned his PhD in 1928 from Cambridge University . Soviet atomic bomb project .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In 1928 , Khariton decided to take up the residence in ( Germany ) to be near his mother , but was appalled and frightened by the political propaganda of the Nazi Party in Germany ; therefore returning to Soviet Union while his mother left for Palestine .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " In 1931 , he joined the Institute of Chemical Physics and eventually headed the explosion laboratory until 1946 , working closely with another Russian physicist Yakov Borisovich Zeldovich , on exothermic chemical chain reactions .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In 1935 , he received his doctorate in physical and mathematical sciences . During this period , Khariton and Zeldovich conducted experiments on the chain reactions of uranium . In August 1939 , Zeldovich , Khariton and Aleksandr Leipunskii delivered papers on the theoretical process behind nuclear fission chain reactions at a conference in Kharkiv , Ukraine ; this was the last pre-war discussion of chain reactions in the USSR .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " During World War II , Kharitons knowledge of the physics of explosions was used in experimental studies on Soviet and foreign weaponry , while continuing his leadership of the Institute of Chemical Physics .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Physicist Igor Kurchatov asked Khariton to become part of the Soviet atomic project in 1943 , in Laboratory No . 2 of the Russian Academy of Sciences . In May 1945 , as part of a team of physicists sent to Berlin to investigate Nazi atomic bomb research , Khariton found 100 tonnes of uranium oxide , which was transported back to Moscow ; this reduced development time for domestic plutonium production . After the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , a Special Committee was established including Kurchatov and Khariton . Khariton was made scientific director of KB-11 ( design",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "bureau-11 ) also known as Arzamas-16 and colloquially as the Installation , located in the closed city of Sarov , Nizhny Novgorod Oblast to develop Soviet nuclear weapons ( the organisation is now known as the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Physics ( VNIIEF ) . Khariton remained as its scientific director for 46 years . Along with other senior scientists , he was regarded as too important to fly and had his own private train carriage . He was elected as a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1946 , and as a full member",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "in 1953 .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In 1949 , he and Kirill Shchelkin reported to the Special Committee on the progress of the first Soviet nuclear weapon , the RDS-1 , which was tested on 29 August that year . He was deferential to political superiors but supported the scientists under him in a politic and diplomatic way . Physicist and departmental head Andrei Sakharov referred to him as being zealous and unsparing of himself. ; he spoke for scientists when they changed their focus to a two-stage nuclear device with initial compression from 1954 ( the RDS-37 ) and supported requests not to detonate the",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "RDS-220 ( the largest-ever bomb ) because of the calculated number of deaths due to radioactive fallout . He would not support similar requests to halt a duplicate test by a second Installation at Snezhinsk which he felt was divisive , and wouldnt intercede in certain politically-charged personal cases .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " His diplomacy meant absorbing criticism and put-downs from political leaders who came and went . KB-11 was sometimes sneered at for having a significant number of staff with Jewish backgrounds , Khariton included . The second Installation under Yevgeny Zababakhin had fewer , and there had been awkward professional relations ; it was comically referred to as Egypt by politicians , with obvious comparative implications with KB-11 : the dining room at KB-11 was termed the synagogue .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " - Hero of Socialist Labor ( 1949 , 1951 , 1954 ) - Stalin Prize ( 1949 , 1951 , 1953 ) - Order of Lenin ( 1949 , 1956 , 1962 , 1964 , 1974 , 1984 ) - Lenin Prize ( 1956 ) - Order of the October Revolution ( 1971 ) - Order of the Red Banner of Labor ( 1945 ) - Order of the Red Star ( 1944 ) - Gold Medal of I . V . Kurchatov ( 1974 ) - Great Gold Medal of M . V . Lomonosov ( 1982 )",
"title": "Awards and legacy"
},
{
"text": "In October 1997 in Sarov , Togliati Street was renamed Akademik Khariton Street in his honour . A bronze bust of him was installed on February 2004 next to the House of Scientists of VNIIEF . In 2004 , a Russian stamp was issued for the anniversary of his 100th birthday .",
"title": "Awards and legacy"
}
] |
/wiki/Yulii_Khariton#P108#2
|
What was the name of the employer Yulii Khariton work for after May 1985?
|
Yulii Khariton Yulii Borisovich Khariton ( Russian : Юлий Борисович Харитон , 27 February 1904 – 19 December 1996 ) was a Russian physicist and a leading scientist in the Soviet Unions nuclear weapons program . Since the initiation of the atomic bomb project by Joseph Stalin in 1943 , Khariton was the chief Nuclear weapon designer and remained associated with the Soviet program for nearly four decades . In honour of the centennial of his birthday in 2004 , his image appeared on a Russian postal stamp by the Russian government . Biography . Family , early life and education . Yulii Borisovich Khariton was born in Saint Petersburg , Russian Empire to an ethnic middle class Russian Jewish family , on 27 February 1904 . His father , Boris Osipovich Khariton , was a political journalist , an editor , and a publisher , who had attained a law degree from Kiev University in Ukraine . His father worked for the newspaper Rech , the main organ of the Constitutional Democratic Party , and was a well known figure in the political circles of Russia . After the Russian revolution dismantled the Tsarist autocracy in 1917 , Boris Khariton had clashes with the Bolsheviks as he was at odds with Vladimir Lenins Soviet ideology . His father was exiled to Baltic states from Russia in 1922 at the age of forty six along with professors and journalists on one of the so-called Philosophers ships , subsequently working for an emigrant newspaper in Latvia . His father , Boris Khariton , remained there until Latvias annexation by the Soviet Union in 1940 and , at the age of sixty-four , was then arrested by the NKVD and sentenced to seven years of forced labour in a Gulag where he died . Yuliis mother , Mirra Yakovlevna Burovskaya , was a theatre actress who performed at the Moscow Art Theatre . She left Russia in 1910 due to an illness that had to be treated at the European resort . Yulii was six years old when his mother left him and was taken care by an Estonian woman , hired by his father while in exile in Latvia . Yuliis mother never returned to Russia and divorced his father , only to marry her psychiatrist , Dr . Max Eitingon . Having lived in Germany , Mirra moved to Tel Aviv in Palestine in 1933 , where she remained until her death . She is buried in Jerusalem . Yulii was forbidden to contact his parents after he had started classified work in the Soviet Union . His travels were highly restricted by the Soviet Union and later by Russia . Yulii was home schooled by his Estonian housekeeper , hired by his father , who taught him German language . At the age of eleven , he began attending regular school . In Saint Petersburg , he went to attend a trade school which he completed at the age of fifteen and found work at a local mechanical workshop where he learned how to operate various machinery as a machinist . In 1920 , he enrolled in the Leningrad Polytechnical Institute to study mechanical engineering but later chose to study physics , which he found to be more stimulating . He studied physics under Russian physicists , Abram Ioffe , Nikolay Semyonov , and Alexander Friedmann . Khariton was particularly fascinated with the work of Semenov whose research used the techniques of physics in chemistry , which Semenov called chemical physics. . Kharitons talent was recognised by Semenov who supported his research project in investigations of the light-emitting ability of phosphorus combined with oxygen , and reported the results in both German and Russian languages . In 1926 , Khariton completed his degree in physics from the Leningrad Polytechnical Institute and ended his research project as he prepared for his first foreign trip to England . Before departing , he was introduced to Pyotr Kapitsa by Semenov who asked the latter to help Yulii secure a fellowship at the Cavendish Laboratory in England . In England , Khariton attended the University of Cambridge to do his doctoral in physics under Ernest Rutherford in 1926 . At Cambridge , he worked with James Chadwick on investigating the sensitivity of the eye with respect to weak light impulses and alpha radiation . Khariton earned his PhD in 1928 from Cambridge University . Soviet atomic bomb project . In 1928 , Khariton decided to take up the residence in ( Germany ) to be near his mother , but was appalled and frightened by the political propaganda of the Nazi Party in Germany ; therefore returning to Soviet Union while his mother left for Palestine . In 1931 , he joined the Institute of Chemical Physics and eventually headed the explosion laboratory until 1946 , working closely with another Russian physicist Yakov Borisovich Zeldovich , on exothermic chemical chain reactions . In 1935 , he received his doctorate in physical and mathematical sciences . During this period , Khariton and Zeldovich conducted experiments on the chain reactions of uranium . In August 1939 , Zeldovich , Khariton and Aleksandr Leipunskii delivered papers on the theoretical process behind nuclear fission chain reactions at a conference in Kharkiv , Ukraine ; this was the last pre-war discussion of chain reactions in the USSR . During World War II , Kharitons knowledge of the physics of explosions was used in experimental studies on Soviet and foreign weaponry , while continuing his leadership of the Institute of Chemical Physics . Physicist Igor Kurchatov asked Khariton to become part of the Soviet atomic project in 1943 , in Laboratory No . 2 of the Russian Academy of Sciences . In May 1945 , as part of a team of physicists sent to Berlin to investigate Nazi atomic bomb research , Khariton found 100 tonnes of uranium oxide , which was transported back to Moscow ; this reduced development time for domestic plutonium production . After the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , a Special Committee was established including Kurchatov and Khariton . Khariton was made scientific director of KB-11 ( design bureau-11 ) also known as Arzamas-16 and colloquially as the Installation , located in the closed city of Sarov , Nizhny Novgorod Oblast to develop Soviet nuclear weapons ( the organisation is now known as the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Physics ( VNIIEF ) . Khariton remained as its scientific director for 46 years . Along with other senior scientists , he was regarded as too important to fly and had his own private train carriage . He was elected as a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1946 , and as a full member in 1953 . In 1949 , he and Kirill Shchelkin reported to the Special Committee on the progress of the first Soviet nuclear weapon , the RDS-1 , which was tested on 29 August that year . He was deferential to political superiors but supported the scientists under him in a politic and diplomatic way . Physicist and departmental head Andrei Sakharov referred to him as being zealous and unsparing of himself. ; he spoke for scientists when they changed their focus to a two-stage nuclear device with initial compression from 1954 ( the RDS-37 ) and supported requests not to detonate the RDS-220 ( the largest-ever bomb ) because of the calculated number of deaths due to radioactive fallout . He would not support similar requests to halt a duplicate test by a second Installation at Snezhinsk which he felt was divisive , and wouldnt intercede in certain politically-charged personal cases . His diplomacy meant absorbing criticism and put-downs from political leaders who came and went . KB-11 was sometimes sneered at for having a significant number of staff with Jewish backgrounds , Khariton included . The second Installation under Yevgeny Zababakhin had fewer , and there had been awkward professional relations ; it was comically referred to as Egypt by politicians , with obvious comparative implications with KB-11 : the dining room at KB-11 was termed the synagogue . Awards and legacy . - Hero of Socialist Labor ( 1949 , 1951 , 1954 ) - Stalin Prize ( 1949 , 1951 , 1953 ) - Order of Lenin ( 1949 , 1956 , 1962 , 1964 , 1974 , 1984 ) - Lenin Prize ( 1956 ) - Order of the October Revolution ( 1971 ) - Order of the Red Banner of Labor ( 1945 ) - Order of the Red Star ( 1944 ) - Gold Medal of I . V . Kurchatov ( 1974 ) - Great Gold Medal of M . V . Lomonosov ( 1982 ) In October 1997 in Sarov , Togliati Street was renamed Akademik Khariton Street in his honour . A bronze bust of him was installed on February 2004 next to the House of Scientists of VNIIEF . In 2004 , a Russian stamp was issued for the anniversary of his 100th birthday .
|
[
"USSR Academy of Sciences"
] |
[
{
"text": " Yulii Borisovich Khariton ( Russian : Юлий Борисович Харитон , 27 February 1904 – 19 December 1996 ) was a Russian physicist and a leading scientist in the Soviet Unions nuclear weapons program . Since the initiation of the atomic bomb project by Joseph Stalin in 1943 , Khariton was the chief Nuclear weapon designer and remained associated with the Soviet program for nearly four decades . In honour of the centennial of his birthday in 2004 , his image appeared on a Russian postal stamp by the Russian government .",
"title": "Yulii Khariton"
},
{
"text": "Yulii Borisovich Khariton was born in Saint Petersburg , Russian Empire to an ethnic middle class Russian Jewish family , on 27 February 1904 . His father , Boris Osipovich Khariton , was a political journalist , an editor , and a publisher , who had attained a law degree from Kiev University in Ukraine . His father worked for the newspaper Rech , the main organ of the Constitutional Democratic Party , and was a well known figure in the political circles of Russia . After the Russian revolution dismantled the Tsarist autocracy in 1917 , Boris Khariton had",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "clashes with the Bolsheviks as he was at odds with Vladimir Lenins Soviet ideology . His father was exiled to Baltic states from Russia in 1922 at the age of forty six along with professors and journalists on one of the so-called Philosophers ships , subsequently working for an emigrant newspaper in Latvia .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " His father , Boris Khariton , remained there until Latvias annexation by the Soviet Union in 1940 and , at the age of sixty-four , was then arrested by the NKVD and sentenced to seven years of forced labour in a Gulag where he died .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Yuliis mother , Mirra Yakovlevna Burovskaya , was a theatre actress who performed at the Moscow Art Theatre . She left Russia in 1910 due to an illness that had to be treated at the European resort . Yulii was six years old when his mother left him and was taken care by an Estonian woman , hired by his father while in exile in Latvia . Yuliis mother never returned to Russia and divorced his father , only to marry her psychiatrist , Dr . Max Eitingon .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Having lived in Germany , Mirra moved to Tel Aviv in Palestine in 1933 , where she remained until her death . She is buried in Jerusalem . Yulii was forbidden to contact his parents after he had started classified work in the Soviet Union . His travels were highly restricted by the Soviet Union and later by Russia .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Yulii was home schooled by his Estonian housekeeper , hired by his father , who taught him German language . At the age of eleven , he began attending regular school . In Saint Petersburg , he went to attend a trade school which he completed at the age of fifteen and found work at a local mechanical workshop where he learned how to operate various machinery as a machinist .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In 1920 , he enrolled in the Leningrad Polytechnical Institute to study mechanical engineering but later chose to study physics , which he found to be more stimulating . He studied physics under Russian physicists , Abram Ioffe , Nikolay Semyonov , and Alexander Friedmann . Khariton was particularly fascinated with the work of Semenov whose research used the techniques of physics in chemistry , which Semenov called chemical physics. . Kharitons talent was recognised by Semenov who supported his research project in investigations of the light-emitting ability of phosphorus combined with oxygen , and reported the results in both",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "German and Russian languages . In 1926 , Khariton completed his degree in physics from the Leningrad Polytechnical Institute and ended his research project as he prepared for his first foreign trip to England .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Before departing , he was introduced to Pyotr Kapitsa by Semenov who asked the latter to help Yulii secure a fellowship at the Cavendish Laboratory in England . In England , Khariton attended the University of Cambridge to do his doctoral in physics under Ernest Rutherford in 1926 . At Cambridge , he worked with James Chadwick on investigating the sensitivity of the eye with respect to weak light impulses and alpha radiation . Khariton earned his PhD in 1928 from Cambridge University . Soviet atomic bomb project .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In 1928 , Khariton decided to take up the residence in ( Germany ) to be near his mother , but was appalled and frightened by the political propaganda of the Nazi Party in Germany ; therefore returning to Soviet Union while his mother left for Palestine .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " In 1931 , he joined the Institute of Chemical Physics and eventually headed the explosion laboratory until 1946 , working closely with another Russian physicist Yakov Borisovich Zeldovich , on exothermic chemical chain reactions .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In 1935 , he received his doctorate in physical and mathematical sciences . During this period , Khariton and Zeldovich conducted experiments on the chain reactions of uranium . In August 1939 , Zeldovich , Khariton and Aleksandr Leipunskii delivered papers on the theoretical process behind nuclear fission chain reactions at a conference in Kharkiv , Ukraine ; this was the last pre-war discussion of chain reactions in the USSR .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " During World War II , Kharitons knowledge of the physics of explosions was used in experimental studies on Soviet and foreign weaponry , while continuing his leadership of the Institute of Chemical Physics .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Physicist Igor Kurchatov asked Khariton to become part of the Soviet atomic project in 1943 , in Laboratory No . 2 of the Russian Academy of Sciences . In May 1945 , as part of a team of physicists sent to Berlin to investigate Nazi atomic bomb research , Khariton found 100 tonnes of uranium oxide , which was transported back to Moscow ; this reduced development time for domestic plutonium production . After the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , a Special Committee was established including Kurchatov and Khariton . Khariton was made scientific director of KB-11 ( design",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "bureau-11 ) also known as Arzamas-16 and colloquially as the Installation , located in the closed city of Sarov , Nizhny Novgorod Oblast to develop Soviet nuclear weapons ( the organisation is now known as the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Physics ( VNIIEF ) . Khariton remained as its scientific director for 46 years . Along with other senior scientists , he was regarded as too important to fly and had his own private train carriage . He was elected as a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1946 , and as a full member",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "in 1953 .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In 1949 , he and Kirill Shchelkin reported to the Special Committee on the progress of the first Soviet nuclear weapon , the RDS-1 , which was tested on 29 August that year . He was deferential to political superiors but supported the scientists under him in a politic and diplomatic way . Physicist and departmental head Andrei Sakharov referred to him as being zealous and unsparing of himself. ; he spoke for scientists when they changed their focus to a two-stage nuclear device with initial compression from 1954 ( the RDS-37 ) and supported requests not to detonate the",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "RDS-220 ( the largest-ever bomb ) because of the calculated number of deaths due to radioactive fallout . He would not support similar requests to halt a duplicate test by a second Installation at Snezhinsk which he felt was divisive , and wouldnt intercede in certain politically-charged personal cases .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " His diplomacy meant absorbing criticism and put-downs from political leaders who came and went . KB-11 was sometimes sneered at for having a significant number of staff with Jewish backgrounds , Khariton included . The second Installation under Yevgeny Zababakhin had fewer , and there had been awkward professional relations ; it was comically referred to as Egypt by politicians , with obvious comparative implications with KB-11 : the dining room at KB-11 was termed the synagogue .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " - Hero of Socialist Labor ( 1949 , 1951 , 1954 ) - Stalin Prize ( 1949 , 1951 , 1953 ) - Order of Lenin ( 1949 , 1956 , 1962 , 1964 , 1974 , 1984 ) - Lenin Prize ( 1956 ) - Order of the October Revolution ( 1971 ) - Order of the Red Banner of Labor ( 1945 ) - Order of the Red Star ( 1944 ) - Gold Medal of I . V . Kurchatov ( 1974 ) - Great Gold Medal of M . V . Lomonosov ( 1982 )",
"title": "Awards and legacy"
},
{
"text": "In October 1997 in Sarov , Togliati Street was renamed Akademik Khariton Street in his honour . A bronze bust of him was installed on February 2004 next to the House of Scientists of VNIIEF . In 2004 , a Russian stamp was issued for the anniversary of his 100th birthday .",
"title": "Awards and legacy"
}
] |
/wiki/Paulinho_(footballer,_born_June_1988)#P54#0
|
Paulinho (footballer, born June 1988) played for which team in Jul 2008?
|
Paulinho ( footballer , born June 1988 ) Paulo Luiz Beraldo Santos ( born 14 June 1988 ) , commonly known as Paulinho , is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Anápolis Futebol Clube . Mainly a forward , he can also appear as a winger or an attacking midfielder . Club career . Early career . Born in Guarulhos , São Paulo , Paulinho joined hometown club AA Flamengos youth setup in 2006 , after starting it out at amateurs Vasco da Gama de Vila Galvão . In 2008 , after impressing with the first team , he was linked to a move to São Paulo , but it did not materialize . In 2009 , after failed trials at Corinthians , Paulinho moved to XV de Piracicaba . With the club he experienced two promotions , and was also the top scorer of 2011 Copa Paulista . On 13 July 2012 , Paulinho was loaned to PFC Ludogorets Razgrad for six months . Four days later , however , he left the club after alleging personal reasons . Flamengo . On 7 May 2013 , after impressing in the years Campeonato Paulista , Paulinho signed for Série A side Flamengo along with XV teammate Diego Silva . He made his Série A debut on 26 May , coming on as a late substitute for Gabriel in a 0–0 away draw against Santos . Paulinho scored his first top flight goal on 14 July 2013 , netting the games only in an away success at fierce rivals Vasco da Gama . He finished the season with 33 appearances and four goals , overtaking Marcelo Moreno as a first-choice along with Hernane . On 7 April 2014 , Paulinho signed a new four-year deal with Fla , who paid R$1 million fee for 60% of his federative rights . He continued to appear regularly until September , when he suffered a knee injury which took him out of action for six months . On 13 September 2015 , during his 100th match for Flamengo , Paulinho scored the first goal through a spectacular volley in a 3–1 away success over Chapecoense . Santos ( loan ) . On 4 January 2016 Paulinho moved to Santos , in a one-year loan deal . He made his debut for the club late in the month , starting in a 1–1 home draw against São Bernardo . Paulinho scored his first goals for Peixe on 31 March 2016 , netting a brace in a 4–1 home routing of Ferroviária . However , after the arrivals of Jean Mota , Jonathan Copete and Emiliano Vecchio , he fell through the pecking order and only appeared rarely . Vitória ( loan ) . On 18 January 2017 Paulinho signed on loan with Vitória until the end of the season , but was released in July , after appearing rarely . Guarani ( loan ) . On 16 August 2017 Paulinho signed on loan with Guarani until the end of the season . Honours . Club . - Flamengo-SP - Campeonato Paulista Série A3 : 2008 - Flamengo - Copa do Brasil : 2013 - Campeonato Carioca : 2014 - Santos - Campeonato Paulista : 2016 - Vitória - Campeonato Baiano : 2017 Individual . - Copa Paulista Top Scorer : 2011 External links . - Flamengo official profile
|
[
"AA Flamengos"
] |
[
{
"text": " Paulo Luiz Beraldo Santos ( born 14 June 1988 ) , commonly known as Paulinho , is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Anápolis Futebol Clube . Mainly a forward , he can also appear as a winger or an attacking midfielder .",
"title": "Paulinho ( footballer , born June 1988 )"
},
{
"text": " Born in Guarulhos , São Paulo , Paulinho joined hometown club AA Flamengos youth setup in 2006 , after starting it out at amateurs Vasco da Gama de Vila Galvão . In 2008 , after impressing with the first team , he was linked to a move to São Paulo , but it did not materialize . In 2009 , after failed trials at Corinthians , Paulinho moved to XV de Piracicaba . With the club he experienced two promotions , and was also the top scorer of 2011 Copa Paulista .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "On 13 July 2012 , Paulinho was loaned to PFC Ludogorets Razgrad for six months . Four days later , however , he left the club after alleging personal reasons .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " On 7 May 2013 , after impressing in the years Campeonato Paulista , Paulinho signed for Série A side Flamengo along with XV teammate Diego Silva . He made his Série A debut on 26 May , coming on as a late substitute for Gabriel in a 0–0 away draw against Santos .",
"title": "Flamengo"
},
{
"text": "Paulinho scored his first top flight goal on 14 July 2013 , netting the games only in an away success at fierce rivals Vasco da Gama . He finished the season with 33 appearances and four goals , overtaking Marcelo Moreno as a first-choice along with Hernane .",
"title": "Flamengo"
},
{
"text": " On 7 April 2014 , Paulinho signed a new four-year deal with Fla , who paid R$1 million fee for 60% of his federative rights . He continued to appear regularly until September , when he suffered a knee injury which took him out of action for six months . On 13 September 2015 , during his 100th match for Flamengo , Paulinho scored the first goal through a spectacular volley in a 3–1 away success over Chapecoense . Santos ( loan ) .",
"title": "Flamengo"
},
{
"text": "On 4 January 2016 Paulinho moved to Santos , in a one-year loan deal . He made his debut for the club late in the month , starting in a 1–1 home draw against São Bernardo .",
"title": "Flamengo"
},
{
"text": " Paulinho scored his first goals for Peixe on 31 March 2016 , netting a brace in a 4–1 home routing of Ferroviária . However , after the arrivals of Jean Mota , Jonathan Copete and Emiliano Vecchio , he fell through the pecking order and only appeared rarely . Vitória ( loan ) . On 18 January 2017 Paulinho signed on loan with Vitória until the end of the season , but was released in July , after appearing rarely . Guarani ( loan ) .",
"title": "Flamengo"
},
{
"text": "On 16 August 2017 Paulinho signed on loan with Guarani until the end of the season .",
"title": "Flamengo"
},
{
"text": " - Flamengo-SP - Campeonato Paulista Série A3 : 2008 - Flamengo - Copa do Brasil : 2013 - Campeonato Carioca : 2014 - Santos - Campeonato Paulista : 2016 - Vitória - Campeonato Baiano : 2017",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": " - Flamengo official profile",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Paulinho_(footballer,_born_June_1988)#P54#1
|
Paulinho (footballer, born June 1988) played for which team between Jan 2010 and Aug 2012?
|
Paulinho ( footballer , born June 1988 ) Paulo Luiz Beraldo Santos ( born 14 June 1988 ) , commonly known as Paulinho , is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Anápolis Futebol Clube . Mainly a forward , he can also appear as a winger or an attacking midfielder . Club career . Early career . Born in Guarulhos , São Paulo , Paulinho joined hometown club AA Flamengos youth setup in 2006 , after starting it out at amateurs Vasco da Gama de Vila Galvão . In 2008 , after impressing with the first team , he was linked to a move to São Paulo , but it did not materialize . In 2009 , after failed trials at Corinthians , Paulinho moved to XV de Piracicaba . With the club he experienced two promotions , and was also the top scorer of 2011 Copa Paulista . On 13 July 2012 , Paulinho was loaned to PFC Ludogorets Razgrad for six months . Four days later , however , he left the club after alleging personal reasons . Flamengo . On 7 May 2013 , after impressing in the years Campeonato Paulista , Paulinho signed for Série A side Flamengo along with XV teammate Diego Silva . He made his Série A debut on 26 May , coming on as a late substitute for Gabriel in a 0–0 away draw against Santos . Paulinho scored his first top flight goal on 14 July 2013 , netting the games only in an away success at fierce rivals Vasco da Gama . He finished the season with 33 appearances and four goals , overtaking Marcelo Moreno as a first-choice along with Hernane . On 7 April 2014 , Paulinho signed a new four-year deal with Fla , who paid R$1 million fee for 60% of his federative rights . He continued to appear regularly until September , when he suffered a knee injury which took him out of action for six months . On 13 September 2015 , during his 100th match for Flamengo , Paulinho scored the first goal through a spectacular volley in a 3–1 away success over Chapecoense . Santos ( loan ) . On 4 January 2016 Paulinho moved to Santos , in a one-year loan deal . He made his debut for the club late in the month , starting in a 1–1 home draw against São Bernardo . Paulinho scored his first goals for Peixe on 31 March 2016 , netting a brace in a 4–1 home routing of Ferroviária . However , after the arrivals of Jean Mota , Jonathan Copete and Emiliano Vecchio , he fell through the pecking order and only appeared rarely . Vitória ( loan ) . On 18 January 2017 Paulinho signed on loan with Vitória until the end of the season , but was released in July , after appearing rarely . Guarani ( loan ) . On 16 August 2017 Paulinho signed on loan with Guarani until the end of the season . Honours . Club . - Flamengo-SP - Campeonato Paulista Série A3 : 2008 - Flamengo - Copa do Brasil : 2013 - Campeonato Carioca : 2014 - Santos - Campeonato Paulista : 2016 - Vitória - Campeonato Baiano : 2017 Individual . - Copa Paulista Top Scorer : 2011 External links . - Flamengo official profile
|
[
"XV de Piracicaba"
] |
[
{
"text": " Paulo Luiz Beraldo Santos ( born 14 June 1988 ) , commonly known as Paulinho , is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Anápolis Futebol Clube . Mainly a forward , he can also appear as a winger or an attacking midfielder .",
"title": "Paulinho ( footballer , born June 1988 )"
},
{
"text": " Born in Guarulhos , São Paulo , Paulinho joined hometown club AA Flamengos youth setup in 2006 , after starting it out at amateurs Vasco da Gama de Vila Galvão . In 2008 , after impressing with the first team , he was linked to a move to São Paulo , but it did not materialize . In 2009 , after failed trials at Corinthians , Paulinho moved to XV de Piracicaba . With the club he experienced two promotions , and was also the top scorer of 2011 Copa Paulista .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "On 13 July 2012 , Paulinho was loaned to PFC Ludogorets Razgrad for six months . Four days later , however , he left the club after alleging personal reasons .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " On 7 May 2013 , after impressing in the years Campeonato Paulista , Paulinho signed for Série A side Flamengo along with XV teammate Diego Silva . He made his Série A debut on 26 May , coming on as a late substitute for Gabriel in a 0–0 away draw against Santos .",
"title": "Flamengo"
},
{
"text": "Paulinho scored his first top flight goal on 14 July 2013 , netting the games only in an away success at fierce rivals Vasco da Gama . He finished the season with 33 appearances and four goals , overtaking Marcelo Moreno as a first-choice along with Hernane .",
"title": "Flamengo"
},
{
"text": " On 7 April 2014 , Paulinho signed a new four-year deal with Fla , who paid R$1 million fee for 60% of his federative rights . He continued to appear regularly until September , when he suffered a knee injury which took him out of action for six months . On 13 September 2015 , during his 100th match for Flamengo , Paulinho scored the first goal through a spectacular volley in a 3–1 away success over Chapecoense . Santos ( loan ) .",
"title": "Flamengo"
},
{
"text": "On 4 January 2016 Paulinho moved to Santos , in a one-year loan deal . He made his debut for the club late in the month , starting in a 1–1 home draw against São Bernardo .",
"title": "Flamengo"
},
{
"text": " Paulinho scored his first goals for Peixe on 31 March 2016 , netting a brace in a 4–1 home routing of Ferroviária . However , after the arrivals of Jean Mota , Jonathan Copete and Emiliano Vecchio , he fell through the pecking order and only appeared rarely . Vitória ( loan ) . On 18 January 2017 Paulinho signed on loan with Vitória until the end of the season , but was released in July , after appearing rarely . Guarani ( loan ) .",
"title": "Flamengo"
},
{
"text": "On 16 August 2017 Paulinho signed on loan with Guarani until the end of the season .",
"title": "Flamengo"
},
{
"text": " - Flamengo-SP - Campeonato Paulista Série A3 : 2008 - Flamengo - Copa do Brasil : 2013 - Campeonato Carioca : 2014 - Santos - Campeonato Paulista : 2016 - Vitória - Campeonato Baiano : 2017",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": " - Flamengo official profile",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Paulinho_(footballer,_born_June_1988)#P54#2
|
Paulinho (footballer, born June 1988) played for which team in May 2013?
|
Paulinho ( footballer , born June 1988 ) Paulo Luiz Beraldo Santos ( born 14 June 1988 ) , commonly known as Paulinho , is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Anápolis Futebol Clube . Mainly a forward , he can also appear as a winger or an attacking midfielder . Club career . Early career . Born in Guarulhos , São Paulo , Paulinho joined hometown club AA Flamengos youth setup in 2006 , after starting it out at amateurs Vasco da Gama de Vila Galvão . In 2008 , after impressing with the first team , he was linked to a move to São Paulo , but it did not materialize . In 2009 , after failed trials at Corinthians , Paulinho moved to XV de Piracicaba . With the club he experienced two promotions , and was also the top scorer of 2011 Copa Paulista . On 13 July 2012 , Paulinho was loaned to PFC Ludogorets Razgrad for six months . Four days later , however , he left the club after alleging personal reasons . Flamengo . On 7 May 2013 , after impressing in the years Campeonato Paulista , Paulinho signed for Série A side Flamengo along with XV teammate Diego Silva . He made his Série A debut on 26 May , coming on as a late substitute for Gabriel in a 0–0 away draw against Santos . Paulinho scored his first top flight goal on 14 July 2013 , netting the games only in an away success at fierce rivals Vasco da Gama . He finished the season with 33 appearances and four goals , overtaking Marcelo Moreno as a first-choice along with Hernane . On 7 April 2014 , Paulinho signed a new four-year deal with Fla , who paid R$1 million fee for 60% of his federative rights . He continued to appear regularly until September , when he suffered a knee injury which took him out of action for six months . On 13 September 2015 , during his 100th match for Flamengo , Paulinho scored the first goal through a spectacular volley in a 3–1 away success over Chapecoense . Santos ( loan ) . On 4 January 2016 Paulinho moved to Santos , in a one-year loan deal . He made his debut for the club late in the month , starting in a 1–1 home draw against São Bernardo . Paulinho scored his first goals for Peixe on 31 March 2016 , netting a brace in a 4–1 home routing of Ferroviária . However , after the arrivals of Jean Mota , Jonathan Copete and Emiliano Vecchio , he fell through the pecking order and only appeared rarely . Vitória ( loan ) . On 18 January 2017 Paulinho signed on loan with Vitória until the end of the season , but was released in July , after appearing rarely . Guarani ( loan ) . On 16 August 2017 Paulinho signed on loan with Guarani until the end of the season . Honours . Club . - Flamengo-SP - Campeonato Paulista Série A3 : 2008 - Flamengo - Copa do Brasil : 2013 - Campeonato Carioca : 2014 - Santos - Campeonato Paulista : 2016 - Vitória - Campeonato Baiano : 2017 Individual . - Copa Paulista Top Scorer : 2011 External links . - Flamengo official profile
|
[
"Flamengo"
] |
[
{
"text": " Paulo Luiz Beraldo Santos ( born 14 June 1988 ) , commonly known as Paulinho , is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Anápolis Futebol Clube . Mainly a forward , he can also appear as a winger or an attacking midfielder .",
"title": "Paulinho ( footballer , born June 1988 )"
},
{
"text": " Born in Guarulhos , São Paulo , Paulinho joined hometown club AA Flamengos youth setup in 2006 , after starting it out at amateurs Vasco da Gama de Vila Galvão . In 2008 , after impressing with the first team , he was linked to a move to São Paulo , but it did not materialize . In 2009 , after failed trials at Corinthians , Paulinho moved to XV de Piracicaba . With the club he experienced two promotions , and was also the top scorer of 2011 Copa Paulista .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "On 13 July 2012 , Paulinho was loaned to PFC Ludogorets Razgrad for six months . Four days later , however , he left the club after alleging personal reasons .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " On 7 May 2013 , after impressing in the years Campeonato Paulista , Paulinho signed for Série A side Flamengo along with XV teammate Diego Silva . He made his Série A debut on 26 May , coming on as a late substitute for Gabriel in a 0–0 away draw against Santos .",
"title": "Flamengo"
},
{
"text": "Paulinho scored his first top flight goal on 14 July 2013 , netting the games only in an away success at fierce rivals Vasco da Gama . He finished the season with 33 appearances and four goals , overtaking Marcelo Moreno as a first-choice along with Hernane .",
"title": "Flamengo"
},
{
"text": " On 7 April 2014 , Paulinho signed a new four-year deal with Fla , who paid R$1 million fee for 60% of his federative rights . He continued to appear regularly until September , when he suffered a knee injury which took him out of action for six months . On 13 September 2015 , during his 100th match for Flamengo , Paulinho scored the first goal through a spectacular volley in a 3–1 away success over Chapecoense . Santos ( loan ) .",
"title": "Flamengo"
},
{
"text": "On 4 January 2016 Paulinho moved to Santos , in a one-year loan deal . He made his debut for the club late in the month , starting in a 1–1 home draw against São Bernardo .",
"title": "Flamengo"
},
{
"text": " Paulinho scored his first goals for Peixe on 31 March 2016 , netting a brace in a 4–1 home routing of Ferroviária . However , after the arrivals of Jean Mota , Jonathan Copete and Emiliano Vecchio , he fell through the pecking order and only appeared rarely . Vitória ( loan ) . On 18 January 2017 Paulinho signed on loan with Vitória until the end of the season , but was released in July , after appearing rarely . Guarani ( loan ) .",
"title": "Flamengo"
},
{
"text": "On 16 August 2017 Paulinho signed on loan with Guarani until the end of the season .",
"title": "Flamengo"
},
{
"text": " - Flamengo-SP - Campeonato Paulista Série A3 : 2008 - Flamengo - Copa do Brasil : 2013 - Campeonato Carioca : 2014 - Santos - Campeonato Paulista : 2016 - Vitória - Campeonato Baiano : 2017",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": " - Flamengo official profile",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Paulinho_(footballer,_born_June_1988)#P54#3
|
Paulinho (footballer, born June 1988) played for which team in Jul 2015?
|
Paulinho ( footballer , born June 1988 ) Paulo Luiz Beraldo Santos ( born 14 June 1988 ) , commonly known as Paulinho , is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Anápolis Futebol Clube . Mainly a forward , he can also appear as a winger or an attacking midfielder . Club career . Early career . Born in Guarulhos , São Paulo , Paulinho joined hometown club AA Flamengos youth setup in 2006 , after starting it out at amateurs Vasco da Gama de Vila Galvão . In 2008 , after impressing with the first team , he was linked to a move to São Paulo , but it did not materialize . In 2009 , after failed trials at Corinthians , Paulinho moved to XV de Piracicaba . With the club he experienced two promotions , and was also the top scorer of 2011 Copa Paulista . On 13 July 2012 , Paulinho was loaned to PFC Ludogorets Razgrad for six months . Four days later , however , he left the club after alleging personal reasons . Flamengo . On 7 May 2013 , after impressing in the years Campeonato Paulista , Paulinho signed for Série A side Flamengo along with XV teammate Diego Silva . He made his Série A debut on 26 May , coming on as a late substitute for Gabriel in a 0–0 away draw against Santos . Paulinho scored his first top flight goal on 14 July 2013 , netting the games only in an away success at fierce rivals Vasco da Gama . He finished the season with 33 appearances and four goals , overtaking Marcelo Moreno as a first-choice along with Hernane . On 7 April 2014 , Paulinho signed a new four-year deal with Fla , who paid R$1 million fee for 60% of his federative rights . He continued to appear regularly until September , when he suffered a knee injury which took him out of action for six months . On 13 September 2015 , during his 100th match for Flamengo , Paulinho scored the first goal through a spectacular volley in a 3–1 away success over Chapecoense . Santos ( loan ) . On 4 January 2016 Paulinho moved to Santos , in a one-year loan deal . He made his debut for the club late in the month , starting in a 1–1 home draw against São Bernardo . Paulinho scored his first goals for Peixe on 31 March 2016 , netting a brace in a 4–1 home routing of Ferroviária . However , after the arrivals of Jean Mota , Jonathan Copete and Emiliano Vecchio , he fell through the pecking order and only appeared rarely . Vitória ( loan ) . On 18 January 2017 Paulinho signed on loan with Vitória until the end of the season , but was released in July , after appearing rarely . Guarani ( loan ) . On 16 August 2017 Paulinho signed on loan with Guarani until the end of the season . Honours . Club . - Flamengo-SP - Campeonato Paulista Série A3 : 2008 - Flamengo - Copa do Brasil : 2013 - Campeonato Carioca : 2014 - Santos - Campeonato Paulista : 2016 - Vitória - Campeonato Baiano : 2017 Individual . - Copa Paulista Top Scorer : 2011 External links . - Flamengo official profile
|
[
"Flamengo"
] |
[
{
"text": " Paulo Luiz Beraldo Santos ( born 14 June 1988 ) , commonly known as Paulinho , is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Anápolis Futebol Clube . Mainly a forward , he can also appear as a winger or an attacking midfielder .",
"title": "Paulinho ( footballer , born June 1988 )"
},
{
"text": " Born in Guarulhos , São Paulo , Paulinho joined hometown club AA Flamengos youth setup in 2006 , after starting it out at amateurs Vasco da Gama de Vila Galvão . In 2008 , after impressing with the first team , he was linked to a move to São Paulo , but it did not materialize . In 2009 , after failed trials at Corinthians , Paulinho moved to XV de Piracicaba . With the club he experienced two promotions , and was also the top scorer of 2011 Copa Paulista .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "On 13 July 2012 , Paulinho was loaned to PFC Ludogorets Razgrad for six months . Four days later , however , he left the club after alleging personal reasons .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " On 7 May 2013 , after impressing in the years Campeonato Paulista , Paulinho signed for Série A side Flamengo along with XV teammate Diego Silva . He made his Série A debut on 26 May , coming on as a late substitute for Gabriel in a 0–0 away draw against Santos .",
"title": "Flamengo"
},
{
"text": "Paulinho scored his first top flight goal on 14 July 2013 , netting the games only in an away success at fierce rivals Vasco da Gama . He finished the season with 33 appearances and four goals , overtaking Marcelo Moreno as a first-choice along with Hernane .",
"title": "Flamengo"
},
{
"text": " On 7 April 2014 , Paulinho signed a new four-year deal with Fla , who paid R$1 million fee for 60% of his federative rights . He continued to appear regularly until September , when he suffered a knee injury which took him out of action for six months . On 13 September 2015 , during his 100th match for Flamengo , Paulinho scored the first goal through a spectacular volley in a 3–1 away success over Chapecoense . Santos ( loan ) .",
"title": "Flamengo"
},
{
"text": "On 4 January 2016 Paulinho moved to Santos , in a one-year loan deal . He made his debut for the club late in the month , starting in a 1–1 home draw against São Bernardo .",
"title": "Flamengo"
},
{
"text": " Paulinho scored his first goals for Peixe on 31 March 2016 , netting a brace in a 4–1 home routing of Ferroviária . However , after the arrivals of Jean Mota , Jonathan Copete and Emiliano Vecchio , he fell through the pecking order and only appeared rarely . Vitória ( loan ) . On 18 January 2017 Paulinho signed on loan with Vitória until the end of the season , but was released in July , after appearing rarely . Guarani ( loan ) .",
"title": "Flamengo"
},
{
"text": "On 16 August 2017 Paulinho signed on loan with Guarani until the end of the season .",
"title": "Flamengo"
},
{
"text": " - Flamengo-SP - Campeonato Paulista Série A3 : 2008 - Flamengo - Copa do Brasil : 2013 - Campeonato Carioca : 2014 - Santos - Campeonato Paulista : 2016 - Vitória - Campeonato Baiano : 2017",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": " - Flamengo official profile",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Paulinho_(footballer,_born_June_1988)#P54#4
|
Paulinho (footballer, born June 1988) played for which team between Sep 2016 and Dec 2016?
|
Paulinho ( footballer , born June 1988 ) Paulo Luiz Beraldo Santos ( born 14 June 1988 ) , commonly known as Paulinho , is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Anápolis Futebol Clube . Mainly a forward , he can also appear as a winger or an attacking midfielder . Club career . Early career . Born in Guarulhos , São Paulo , Paulinho joined hometown club AA Flamengos youth setup in 2006 , after starting it out at amateurs Vasco da Gama de Vila Galvão . In 2008 , after impressing with the first team , he was linked to a move to São Paulo , but it did not materialize . In 2009 , after failed trials at Corinthians , Paulinho moved to XV de Piracicaba . With the club he experienced two promotions , and was also the top scorer of 2011 Copa Paulista . On 13 July 2012 , Paulinho was loaned to PFC Ludogorets Razgrad for six months . Four days later , however , he left the club after alleging personal reasons . Flamengo . On 7 May 2013 , after impressing in the years Campeonato Paulista , Paulinho signed for Série A side Flamengo along with XV teammate Diego Silva . He made his Série A debut on 26 May , coming on as a late substitute for Gabriel in a 0–0 away draw against Santos . Paulinho scored his first top flight goal on 14 July 2013 , netting the games only in an away success at fierce rivals Vasco da Gama . He finished the season with 33 appearances and four goals , overtaking Marcelo Moreno as a first-choice along with Hernane . On 7 April 2014 , Paulinho signed a new four-year deal with Fla , who paid R$1 million fee for 60% of his federative rights . He continued to appear regularly until September , when he suffered a knee injury which took him out of action for six months . On 13 September 2015 , during his 100th match for Flamengo , Paulinho scored the first goal through a spectacular volley in a 3–1 away success over Chapecoense . Santos ( loan ) . On 4 January 2016 Paulinho moved to Santos , in a one-year loan deal . He made his debut for the club late in the month , starting in a 1–1 home draw against São Bernardo . Paulinho scored his first goals for Peixe on 31 March 2016 , netting a brace in a 4–1 home routing of Ferroviária . However , after the arrivals of Jean Mota , Jonathan Copete and Emiliano Vecchio , he fell through the pecking order and only appeared rarely . Vitória ( loan ) . On 18 January 2017 Paulinho signed on loan with Vitória until the end of the season , but was released in July , after appearing rarely . Guarani ( loan ) . On 16 August 2017 Paulinho signed on loan with Guarani until the end of the season . Honours . Club . - Flamengo-SP - Campeonato Paulista Série A3 : 2008 - Flamengo - Copa do Brasil : 2013 - Campeonato Carioca : 2014 - Santos - Campeonato Paulista : 2016 - Vitória - Campeonato Baiano : 2017 Individual . - Copa Paulista Top Scorer : 2011 External links . - Flamengo official profile
|
[
"Santos",
"Vitória"
] |
[
{
"text": " Paulo Luiz Beraldo Santos ( born 14 June 1988 ) , commonly known as Paulinho , is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Anápolis Futebol Clube . Mainly a forward , he can also appear as a winger or an attacking midfielder .",
"title": "Paulinho ( footballer , born June 1988 )"
},
{
"text": " Born in Guarulhos , São Paulo , Paulinho joined hometown club AA Flamengos youth setup in 2006 , after starting it out at amateurs Vasco da Gama de Vila Galvão . In 2008 , after impressing with the first team , he was linked to a move to São Paulo , but it did not materialize . In 2009 , after failed trials at Corinthians , Paulinho moved to XV de Piracicaba . With the club he experienced two promotions , and was also the top scorer of 2011 Copa Paulista .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "On 13 July 2012 , Paulinho was loaned to PFC Ludogorets Razgrad for six months . Four days later , however , he left the club after alleging personal reasons .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " On 7 May 2013 , after impressing in the years Campeonato Paulista , Paulinho signed for Série A side Flamengo along with XV teammate Diego Silva . He made his Série A debut on 26 May , coming on as a late substitute for Gabriel in a 0–0 away draw against Santos .",
"title": "Flamengo"
},
{
"text": "Paulinho scored his first top flight goal on 14 July 2013 , netting the games only in an away success at fierce rivals Vasco da Gama . He finished the season with 33 appearances and four goals , overtaking Marcelo Moreno as a first-choice along with Hernane .",
"title": "Flamengo"
},
{
"text": " On 7 April 2014 , Paulinho signed a new four-year deal with Fla , who paid R$1 million fee for 60% of his federative rights . He continued to appear regularly until September , when he suffered a knee injury which took him out of action for six months . On 13 September 2015 , during his 100th match for Flamengo , Paulinho scored the first goal through a spectacular volley in a 3–1 away success over Chapecoense . Santos ( loan ) .",
"title": "Flamengo"
},
{
"text": "On 4 January 2016 Paulinho moved to Santos , in a one-year loan deal . He made his debut for the club late in the month , starting in a 1–1 home draw against São Bernardo .",
"title": "Flamengo"
},
{
"text": " Paulinho scored his first goals for Peixe on 31 March 2016 , netting a brace in a 4–1 home routing of Ferroviária . However , after the arrivals of Jean Mota , Jonathan Copete and Emiliano Vecchio , he fell through the pecking order and only appeared rarely . Vitória ( loan ) . On 18 January 2017 Paulinho signed on loan with Vitória until the end of the season , but was released in July , after appearing rarely . Guarani ( loan ) .",
"title": "Flamengo"
},
{
"text": "On 16 August 2017 Paulinho signed on loan with Guarani until the end of the season .",
"title": "Flamengo"
},
{
"text": " - Flamengo-SP - Campeonato Paulista Série A3 : 2008 - Flamengo - Copa do Brasil : 2013 - Campeonato Carioca : 2014 - Santos - Campeonato Paulista : 2016 - Vitória - Campeonato Baiano : 2017",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": " - Flamengo official profile",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Grant_Brown#P54#0
|
Which team did the player Grant Brown belong to in Apr 1988?
|
Grant Brown Grant Ashley Brown ( born 19 November 1969 ) is an English former professional footballer who is the FootballCV academy manager . As a player , he was a defender from 1988 to 2006 , notably making 407 league appearances for Lincoln City between 1989 and 2002 . He also played in the Football League for Leicester City prior to his move to Lincoln . After his departure from Sincil Bank he went on to spend the last four years of his career playing Non-league football for Telford United , Alfreton Town , Worksop Town and Grantham Town . He returned to Lincoln in 2005 as a part-time youth coach whilst still a player with Grantham and at the end of the season he rejoined the Imps on a full-time coaching basis . He has since held the position of both Head of Youth and Assistant manager , as well as being in caretaker charge of the first team on three separate occasions . Playing career . After beginning his professional career with Leicester City in 1988 , he made 14 appearances for the Foxes before then Lincoln City manager Colin Murphy persuaded him to join the team at Sincil Bank . Between 1989 and 2002 , Grant went on to make a club record 407 league appearances for The Imps , scoring 15 goals . With Lincoln heading into administration , cost-cutting measures saw Brown join four other experienced first-team players in being released at the culmination of the 2001–02 season . In July 2002 , Brown agreed a one-year contract to join Telford United . He spent a season with Telford before spending a further two seasons with Alfreton Town . Coaching career . In July 2005 , Grant agreed a deal to join Worksop Town for the 2005–06 season . However , in August 2005 he was appointed Youth Team Coach at Lincoln City , a role which was incompatible with the training requirements at Worksop and so Brown was allowed to cancel his agreement with Worksop and sign instead for Grantham Town . He would spend a season with Grantham before the increasing commitments at Lincoln bought his playing career to an end at the age of 36 . When John Schofield and John Deehan were sacked by Lincoln City on 15 October 2007 following a disappointing start to the 2007–08 season culminating in a 4–0 defeat away to Paul Inces league leaders , Milton Keynes Dons , Brown was appointed caretaker manager until the appointment of Peter Jackson . Following Jacksons appointment , Brown remained a presence on the bench at first team matches and , when Jackson underwent treatment for throat cancer , Brown assisted Lincolns temporary manager Iffy Onuora . In the 2008–09 season , Brown reverted to his role with the youth team with Simon Clark moving into a first team coaching role . In July 2009 , Brown was promoted to Assistant Head of Youth at the club and in June 2010 succeeded Tom Spall as the Head of Youth , agreeing a two-year contract with the club . He took over as caretaker manager for a second period on 10 October 2011 following the sacking of Steve Tilson . He remained in charge until 24 October when David Holdsworth was appointed . On 3 November 2014 he was once again appointed caretaker manager following the dismissal of Gary Simpson . Following the departure of manager Chris Moyses at the end of the 2015–16 season , Brown left the club on 25 June 2016 . He was appointed academy manager at FCV International Football Academy in July 2016 . External links . - Lincoln City F.C . profile - Grantham Town F.C . profile
|
[
"Sincil Bank"
] |
[
{
"text": " Grant Ashley Brown ( born 19 November 1969 ) is an English former professional footballer who is the FootballCV academy manager .",
"title": "Grant Brown"
},
{
"text": "As a player , he was a defender from 1988 to 2006 , notably making 407 league appearances for Lincoln City between 1989 and 2002 . He also played in the Football League for Leicester City prior to his move to Lincoln . After his departure from Sincil Bank he went on to spend the last four years of his career playing Non-league football for Telford United , Alfreton Town , Worksop Town and Grantham Town . He returned to Lincoln in 2005 as a part-time youth coach whilst still a player with Grantham and at the end of the",
"title": "Grant Brown"
},
{
"text": "season he rejoined the Imps on a full-time coaching basis . He has since held the position of both Head of Youth and Assistant manager , as well as being in caretaker charge of the first team on three separate occasions .",
"title": "Grant Brown"
},
{
"text": " After beginning his professional career with Leicester City in 1988 , he made 14 appearances for the Foxes before then Lincoln City manager Colin Murphy persuaded him to join the team at Sincil Bank .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "Between 1989 and 2002 , Grant went on to make a club record 407 league appearances for The Imps , scoring 15 goals . With Lincoln heading into administration , cost-cutting measures saw Brown join four other experienced first-team players in being released at the culmination of the 2001–02 season . In July 2002 , Brown agreed a one-year contract to join Telford United . He spent a season with Telford before spending a further two seasons with Alfreton Town .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " In July 2005 , Grant agreed a deal to join Worksop Town for the 2005–06 season . However , in August 2005 he was appointed Youth Team Coach at Lincoln City , a role which was incompatible with the training requirements at Worksop and so Brown was allowed to cancel his agreement with Worksop and sign instead for Grantham Town . He would spend a season with Grantham before the increasing commitments at Lincoln bought his playing career to an end at the age of 36 .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "When John Schofield and John Deehan were sacked by Lincoln City on 15 October 2007 following a disappointing start to the 2007–08 season culminating in a 4–0 defeat away to Paul Inces league leaders , Milton Keynes Dons , Brown was appointed caretaker manager until the appointment of Peter Jackson . Following Jacksons appointment , Brown remained a presence on the bench at first team matches and , when Jackson underwent treatment for throat cancer , Brown assisted Lincolns temporary manager Iffy Onuora . In the 2008–09 season , Brown reverted to his role with the youth team with Simon",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "Clark moving into a first team coaching role . In July 2009 , Brown was promoted to Assistant Head of Youth at the club and in June 2010 succeeded Tom Spall as the Head of Youth , agreeing a two-year contract with the club . He took over as caretaker manager for a second period on 10 October 2011 following the sacking of Steve Tilson . He remained in charge until 24 October when David Holdsworth was appointed . On 3 November 2014 he was once again appointed caretaker manager following the dismissal of Gary Simpson . Following the departure",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "of manager Chris Moyses at the end of the 2015–16 season , Brown left the club on 25 June 2016 .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " - Lincoln City F.C . profile - Grantham Town F.C . profile",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Grant_Brown#P54#1
|
Which team did the player Grant Brown belong to between Mar 2002 and Dec 2002?
|
Grant Brown Grant Ashley Brown ( born 19 November 1969 ) is an English former professional footballer who is the FootballCV academy manager . As a player , he was a defender from 1988 to 2006 , notably making 407 league appearances for Lincoln City between 1989 and 2002 . He also played in the Football League for Leicester City prior to his move to Lincoln . After his departure from Sincil Bank he went on to spend the last four years of his career playing Non-league football for Telford United , Alfreton Town , Worksop Town and Grantham Town . He returned to Lincoln in 2005 as a part-time youth coach whilst still a player with Grantham and at the end of the season he rejoined the Imps on a full-time coaching basis . He has since held the position of both Head of Youth and Assistant manager , as well as being in caretaker charge of the first team on three separate occasions . Playing career . After beginning his professional career with Leicester City in 1988 , he made 14 appearances for the Foxes before then Lincoln City manager Colin Murphy persuaded him to join the team at Sincil Bank . Between 1989 and 2002 , Grant went on to make a club record 407 league appearances for The Imps , scoring 15 goals . With Lincoln heading into administration , cost-cutting measures saw Brown join four other experienced first-team players in being released at the culmination of the 2001–02 season . In July 2002 , Brown agreed a one-year contract to join Telford United . He spent a season with Telford before spending a further two seasons with Alfreton Town . Coaching career . In July 2005 , Grant agreed a deal to join Worksop Town for the 2005–06 season . However , in August 2005 he was appointed Youth Team Coach at Lincoln City , a role which was incompatible with the training requirements at Worksop and so Brown was allowed to cancel his agreement with Worksop and sign instead for Grantham Town . He would spend a season with Grantham before the increasing commitments at Lincoln bought his playing career to an end at the age of 36 . When John Schofield and John Deehan were sacked by Lincoln City on 15 October 2007 following a disappointing start to the 2007–08 season culminating in a 4–0 defeat away to Paul Inces league leaders , Milton Keynes Dons , Brown was appointed caretaker manager until the appointment of Peter Jackson . Following Jacksons appointment , Brown remained a presence on the bench at first team matches and , when Jackson underwent treatment for throat cancer , Brown assisted Lincolns temporary manager Iffy Onuora . In the 2008–09 season , Brown reverted to his role with the youth team with Simon Clark moving into a first team coaching role . In July 2009 , Brown was promoted to Assistant Head of Youth at the club and in June 2010 succeeded Tom Spall as the Head of Youth , agreeing a two-year contract with the club . He took over as caretaker manager for a second period on 10 October 2011 following the sacking of Steve Tilson . He remained in charge until 24 October when David Holdsworth was appointed . On 3 November 2014 he was once again appointed caretaker manager following the dismissal of Gary Simpson . Following the departure of manager Chris Moyses at the end of the 2015–16 season , Brown left the club on 25 June 2016 . He was appointed academy manager at FCV International Football Academy in July 2016 . External links . - Lincoln City F.C . profile - Grantham Town F.C . profile
|
[
"Telford"
] |
[
{
"text": " Grant Ashley Brown ( born 19 November 1969 ) is an English former professional footballer who is the FootballCV academy manager .",
"title": "Grant Brown"
},
{
"text": "As a player , he was a defender from 1988 to 2006 , notably making 407 league appearances for Lincoln City between 1989 and 2002 . He also played in the Football League for Leicester City prior to his move to Lincoln . After his departure from Sincil Bank he went on to spend the last four years of his career playing Non-league football for Telford United , Alfreton Town , Worksop Town and Grantham Town . He returned to Lincoln in 2005 as a part-time youth coach whilst still a player with Grantham and at the end of the",
"title": "Grant Brown"
},
{
"text": "season he rejoined the Imps on a full-time coaching basis . He has since held the position of both Head of Youth and Assistant manager , as well as being in caretaker charge of the first team on three separate occasions .",
"title": "Grant Brown"
},
{
"text": " After beginning his professional career with Leicester City in 1988 , he made 14 appearances for the Foxes before then Lincoln City manager Colin Murphy persuaded him to join the team at Sincil Bank .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "Between 1989 and 2002 , Grant went on to make a club record 407 league appearances for The Imps , scoring 15 goals . With Lincoln heading into administration , cost-cutting measures saw Brown join four other experienced first-team players in being released at the culmination of the 2001–02 season . In July 2002 , Brown agreed a one-year contract to join Telford United . He spent a season with Telford before spending a further two seasons with Alfreton Town .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " In July 2005 , Grant agreed a deal to join Worksop Town for the 2005–06 season . However , in August 2005 he was appointed Youth Team Coach at Lincoln City , a role which was incompatible with the training requirements at Worksop and so Brown was allowed to cancel his agreement with Worksop and sign instead for Grantham Town . He would spend a season with Grantham before the increasing commitments at Lincoln bought his playing career to an end at the age of 36 .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "When John Schofield and John Deehan were sacked by Lincoln City on 15 October 2007 following a disappointing start to the 2007–08 season culminating in a 4–0 defeat away to Paul Inces league leaders , Milton Keynes Dons , Brown was appointed caretaker manager until the appointment of Peter Jackson . Following Jacksons appointment , Brown remained a presence on the bench at first team matches and , when Jackson underwent treatment for throat cancer , Brown assisted Lincolns temporary manager Iffy Onuora . In the 2008–09 season , Brown reverted to his role with the youth team with Simon",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "Clark moving into a first team coaching role . In July 2009 , Brown was promoted to Assistant Head of Youth at the club and in June 2010 succeeded Tom Spall as the Head of Youth , agreeing a two-year contract with the club . He took over as caretaker manager for a second period on 10 October 2011 following the sacking of Steve Tilson . He remained in charge until 24 October when David Holdsworth was appointed . On 3 November 2014 he was once again appointed caretaker manager following the dismissal of Gary Simpson . Following the departure",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "of manager Chris Moyses at the end of the 2015–16 season , Brown left the club on 25 June 2016 .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " - Lincoln City F.C . profile - Grantham Town F.C . profile",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Grant_Brown#P54#2
|
Which team did the player Grant Brown belong to in Dec 2003?
|
Grant Brown Grant Ashley Brown ( born 19 November 1969 ) is an English former professional footballer who is the FootballCV academy manager . As a player , he was a defender from 1988 to 2006 , notably making 407 league appearances for Lincoln City between 1989 and 2002 . He also played in the Football League for Leicester City prior to his move to Lincoln . After his departure from Sincil Bank he went on to spend the last four years of his career playing Non-league football for Telford United , Alfreton Town , Worksop Town and Grantham Town . He returned to Lincoln in 2005 as a part-time youth coach whilst still a player with Grantham and at the end of the season he rejoined the Imps on a full-time coaching basis . He has since held the position of both Head of Youth and Assistant manager , as well as being in caretaker charge of the first team on three separate occasions . Playing career . After beginning his professional career with Leicester City in 1988 , he made 14 appearances for the Foxes before then Lincoln City manager Colin Murphy persuaded him to join the team at Sincil Bank . Between 1989 and 2002 , Grant went on to make a club record 407 league appearances for The Imps , scoring 15 goals . With Lincoln heading into administration , cost-cutting measures saw Brown join four other experienced first-team players in being released at the culmination of the 2001–02 season . In July 2002 , Brown agreed a one-year contract to join Telford United . He spent a season with Telford before spending a further two seasons with Alfreton Town . Coaching career . In July 2005 , Grant agreed a deal to join Worksop Town for the 2005–06 season . However , in August 2005 he was appointed Youth Team Coach at Lincoln City , a role which was incompatible with the training requirements at Worksop and so Brown was allowed to cancel his agreement with Worksop and sign instead for Grantham Town . He would spend a season with Grantham before the increasing commitments at Lincoln bought his playing career to an end at the age of 36 . When John Schofield and John Deehan were sacked by Lincoln City on 15 October 2007 following a disappointing start to the 2007–08 season culminating in a 4–0 defeat away to Paul Inces league leaders , Milton Keynes Dons , Brown was appointed caretaker manager until the appointment of Peter Jackson . Following Jacksons appointment , Brown remained a presence on the bench at first team matches and , when Jackson underwent treatment for throat cancer , Brown assisted Lincolns temporary manager Iffy Onuora . In the 2008–09 season , Brown reverted to his role with the youth team with Simon Clark moving into a first team coaching role . In July 2009 , Brown was promoted to Assistant Head of Youth at the club and in June 2010 succeeded Tom Spall as the Head of Youth , agreeing a two-year contract with the club . He took over as caretaker manager for a second period on 10 October 2011 following the sacking of Steve Tilson . He remained in charge until 24 October when David Holdsworth was appointed . On 3 November 2014 he was once again appointed caretaker manager following the dismissal of Gary Simpson . Following the departure of manager Chris Moyses at the end of the 2015–16 season , Brown left the club on 25 June 2016 . He was appointed academy manager at FCV International Football Academy in July 2016 . External links . - Lincoln City F.C . profile - Grantham Town F.C . profile
|
[
"Alfreton"
] |
[
{
"text": " Grant Ashley Brown ( born 19 November 1969 ) is an English former professional footballer who is the FootballCV academy manager .",
"title": "Grant Brown"
},
{
"text": "As a player , he was a defender from 1988 to 2006 , notably making 407 league appearances for Lincoln City between 1989 and 2002 . He also played in the Football League for Leicester City prior to his move to Lincoln . After his departure from Sincil Bank he went on to spend the last four years of his career playing Non-league football for Telford United , Alfreton Town , Worksop Town and Grantham Town . He returned to Lincoln in 2005 as a part-time youth coach whilst still a player with Grantham and at the end of the",
"title": "Grant Brown"
},
{
"text": "season he rejoined the Imps on a full-time coaching basis . He has since held the position of both Head of Youth and Assistant manager , as well as being in caretaker charge of the first team on three separate occasions .",
"title": "Grant Brown"
},
{
"text": " After beginning his professional career with Leicester City in 1988 , he made 14 appearances for the Foxes before then Lincoln City manager Colin Murphy persuaded him to join the team at Sincil Bank .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "Between 1989 and 2002 , Grant went on to make a club record 407 league appearances for The Imps , scoring 15 goals . With Lincoln heading into administration , cost-cutting measures saw Brown join four other experienced first-team players in being released at the culmination of the 2001–02 season . In July 2002 , Brown agreed a one-year contract to join Telford United . He spent a season with Telford before spending a further two seasons with Alfreton Town .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " In July 2005 , Grant agreed a deal to join Worksop Town for the 2005–06 season . However , in August 2005 he was appointed Youth Team Coach at Lincoln City , a role which was incompatible with the training requirements at Worksop and so Brown was allowed to cancel his agreement with Worksop and sign instead for Grantham Town . He would spend a season with Grantham before the increasing commitments at Lincoln bought his playing career to an end at the age of 36 .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "When John Schofield and John Deehan were sacked by Lincoln City on 15 October 2007 following a disappointing start to the 2007–08 season culminating in a 4–0 defeat away to Paul Inces league leaders , Milton Keynes Dons , Brown was appointed caretaker manager until the appointment of Peter Jackson . Following Jacksons appointment , Brown remained a presence on the bench at first team matches and , when Jackson underwent treatment for throat cancer , Brown assisted Lincolns temporary manager Iffy Onuora . In the 2008–09 season , Brown reverted to his role with the youth team with Simon",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "Clark moving into a first team coaching role . In July 2009 , Brown was promoted to Assistant Head of Youth at the club and in June 2010 succeeded Tom Spall as the Head of Youth , agreeing a two-year contract with the club . He took over as caretaker manager for a second period on 10 October 2011 following the sacking of Steve Tilson . He remained in charge until 24 October when David Holdsworth was appointed . On 3 November 2014 he was once again appointed caretaker manager following the dismissal of Gary Simpson . Following the departure",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "of manager Chris Moyses at the end of the 2015–16 season , Brown left the club on 25 June 2016 .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " - Lincoln City F.C . profile - Grantham Town F.C . profile",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Grant_Brown#P54#3
|
Which team did the player Grant Brown belong to in Jan 2005?
|
Grant Brown Grant Ashley Brown ( born 19 November 1969 ) is an English former professional footballer who is the FootballCV academy manager . As a player , he was a defender from 1988 to 2006 , notably making 407 league appearances for Lincoln City between 1989 and 2002 . He also played in the Football League for Leicester City prior to his move to Lincoln . After his departure from Sincil Bank he went on to spend the last four years of his career playing Non-league football for Telford United , Alfreton Town , Worksop Town and Grantham Town . He returned to Lincoln in 2005 as a part-time youth coach whilst still a player with Grantham and at the end of the season he rejoined the Imps on a full-time coaching basis . He has since held the position of both Head of Youth and Assistant manager , as well as being in caretaker charge of the first team on three separate occasions . Playing career . After beginning his professional career with Leicester City in 1988 , he made 14 appearances for the Foxes before then Lincoln City manager Colin Murphy persuaded him to join the team at Sincil Bank . Between 1989 and 2002 , Grant went on to make a club record 407 league appearances for The Imps , scoring 15 goals . With Lincoln heading into administration , cost-cutting measures saw Brown join four other experienced first-team players in being released at the culmination of the 2001–02 season . In July 2002 , Brown agreed a one-year contract to join Telford United . He spent a season with Telford before spending a further two seasons with Alfreton Town . Coaching career . In July 2005 , Grant agreed a deal to join Worksop Town for the 2005–06 season . However , in August 2005 he was appointed Youth Team Coach at Lincoln City , a role which was incompatible with the training requirements at Worksop and so Brown was allowed to cancel his agreement with Worksop and sign instead for Grantham Town . He would spend a season with Grantham before the increasing commitments at Lincoln bought his playing career to an end at the age of 36 . When John Schofield and John Deehan were sacked by Lincoln City on 15 October 2007 following a disappointing start to the 2007–08 season culminating in a 4–0 defeat away to Paul Inces league leaders , Milton Keynes Dons , Brown was appointed caretaker manager until the appointment of Peter Jackson . Following Jacksons appointment , Brown remained a presence on the bench at first team matches and , when Jackson underwent treatment for throat cancer , Brown assisted Lincolns temporary manager Iffy Onuora . In the 2008–09 season , Brown reverted to his role with the youth team with Simon Clark moving into a first team coaching role . In July 2009 , Brown was promoted to Assistant Head of Youth at the club and in June 2010 succeeded Tom Spall as the Head of Youth , agreeing a two-year contract with the club . He took over as caretaker manager for a second period on 10 October 2011 following the sacking of Steve Tilson . He remained in charge until 24 October when David Holdsworth was appointed . On 3 November 2014 he was once again appointed caretaker manager following the dismissal of Gary Simpson . Following the departure of manager Chris Moyses at the end of the 2015–16 season , Brown left the club on 25 June 2016 . He was appointed academy manager at FCV International Football Academy in July 2016 . External links . - Lincoln City F.C . profile - Grantham Town F.C . profile
|
[
"Grantham"
] |
[
{
"text": " Grant Ashley Brown ( born 19 November 1969 ) is an English former professional footballer who is the FootballCV academy manager .",
"title": "Grant Brown"
},
{
"text": "As a player , he was a defender from 1988 to 2006 , notably making 407 league appearances for Lincoln City between 1989 and 2002 . He also played in the Football League for Leicester City prior to his move to Lincoln . After his departure from Sincil Bank he went on to spend the last four years of his career playing Non-league football for Telford United , Alfreton Town , Worksop Town and Grantham Town . He returned to Lincoln in 2005 as a part-time youth coach whilst still a player with Grantham and at the end of the",
"title": "Grant Brown"
},
{
"text": "season he rejoined the Imps on a full-time coaching basis . He has since held the position of both Head of Youth and Assistant manager , as well as being in caretaker charge of the first team on three separate occasions .",
"title": "Grant Brown"
},
{
"text": " After beginning his professional career with Leicester City in 1988 , he made 14 appearances for the Foxes before then Lincoln City manager Colin Murphy persuaded him to join the team at Sincil Bank .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "Between 1989 and 2002 , Grant went on to make a club record 407 league appearances for The Imps , scoring 15 goals . With Lincoln heading into administration , cost-cutting measures saw Brown join four other experienced first-team players in being released at the culmination of the 2001–02 season . In July 2002 , Brown agreed a one-year contract to join Telford United . He spent a season with Telford before spending a further two seasons with Alfreton Town .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " In July 2005 , Grant agreed a deal to join Worksop Town for the 2005–06 season . However , in August 2005 he was appointed Youth Team Coach at Lincoln City , a role which was incompatible with the training requirements at Worksop and so Brown was allowed to cancel his agreement with Worksop and sign instead for Grantham Town . He would spend a season with Grantham before the increasing commitments at Lincoln bought his playing career to an end at the age of 36 .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "When John Schofield and John Deehan were sacked by Lincoln City on 15 October 2007 following a disappointing start to the 2007–08 season culminating in a 4–0 defeat away to Paul Inces league leaders , Milton Keynes Dons , Brown was appointed caretaker manager until the appointment of Peter Jackson . Following Jacksons appointment , Brown remained a presence on the bench at first team matches and , when Jackson underwent treatment for throat cancer , Brown assisted Lincolns temporary manager Iffy Onuora . In the 2008–09 season , Brown reverted to his role with the youth team with Simon",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "Clark moving into a first team coaching role . In July 2009 , Brown was promoted to Assistant Head of Youth at the club and in June 2010 succeeded Tom Spall as the Head of Youth , agreeing a two-year contract with the club . He took over as caretaker manager for a second period on 10 October 2011 following the sacking of Steve Tilson . He remained in charge until 24 October when David Holdsworth was appointed . On 3 November 2014 he was once again appointed caretaker manager following the dismissal of Gary Simpson . Following the departure",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "of manager Chris Moyses at the end of the 2015–16 season , Brown left the club on 25 June 2016 .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " - Lincoln City F.C . profile - Grantham Town F.C . profile",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Mary_Mitchell_O'Connor#P39#0
|
Which position did Mary Mitchell O'Connor hold between Jul 2013 and Aug 2013?
|
Mary Mitchell OConnor Mary Mitchell OConnor ( born 10 June 1959 ) is a former Irish Fine Gael politician who served as Minister of State for Higher Education from 2017 to 2020 and Minister for Jobs , Enterprise and Innovation from 2016 to 2017 . She served as a Teachta Dála ( TD ) for the Dún Laoghaire constituency from 2011 and 2020 . Early and personal life . Born Mary OConnor in Milltown , County Galway . She graduated from Carysfort College and NUI , Maynooth , and worked as a teacher . She was appointed principal of Scoil Cholmcille , Skryne , County Meath . In 1999 , she became school principal at The Harold School , Glasthule , a position she held until her election to the Dáil . She lives in Cabinteely , Dublin . She is divorced and has two sons from her marriage . Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council : 2004–2011 . In 2004 , as a Progressive Democrats candidate , she was elected to Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council . As a Councillor , she campaigned against the reintroduction of university fees , against the budget-related increase in pupil-teacher ratios . She also took part in the Sandycove Tidy Towns campaign . In 2006 , when the Maritime Museum closed , she called on the council to financially support it . In December 2007 , she resigned from the Progressive Democrats and joined Fine Gael . Welcoming her to the party , Enda Kenny said that it was the first move by a Progressive Democrats public representative to join an alternative party since the general election . Mitchell OConnor said that she made a decision on how best to represent the people that elected me . In 2008–09 , she was Chairperson of Dún Laoghaire Area Committee for Transport , Economic Development and Planning . In June 2009 , she was re-elected to Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council . She was the Chairperson of Dún Laoghaire Area Committee for Environment , Housing , Culture , Community Development and Amenities . She has led campaigns to protect public amenities in Dún Laoghaire , including public access to the sea front , public transport , and she campaigned to prevent the acquisition of Dún Laoghaire baths by private companies . In 2010 , she led the Save the Sandycove Green Campaign against adding more parking spaces to Sandycove Green . Dáil Éireann : 2011–2020 . In December 2010 , she was selected as a Fine Gael candidate for the Dún Laoghaire constituency . Mitchell OConnor was elected as a TD for the Dún Laoghaire constituency at the 2011 general election . The newly elected Fine Gael TD surprised staff at Leinster House on 2 March 2011 , by driving her campaign car across the pedestrian plinth in the Dáil car park and down the steps . The plinth has a ramp at one side to facilitate wheelchair access , but steps at the other end . The incident was witnessed by several journalists and was reported on by the RTÉ evening news . On 8 June 2015 , Mitchell OConnor was selected by Dún Laoghaire Fine Gael as their candidate to contest the next general election at a selection convention . She defeated councillors Barry Ward and Maria Bailey , daughter of John Bailey , although Bailey was later added to the ticket and was also elected . She came through and , after a delay due to talks on government formation , was appointed Minister for Jobs , Enterprise and Innovation in May 2016 . After Leo Varadkar was appointed Taoiseach in June 2017 , she was not re-appointed to cabinet , but was instead given a junior ministerial role as Minister of State for Higher Education . This is a super junior role which allows her attend cabinet meetings , but does not have a vote . In the 2020 general election , OConnor stood for re-election but lost her seat . Campaigns and policies . Mitchell OConnor is an advocate for womens rights . In August 2010 , she called for a reform of Dáil Éireann , so that women can work efficiently there . She campaigned for the eviction of men who are perpetrators of domestic violence . In July 2011 , Mitchell OConnor turned Leinster House pink in aid of breast cancer . Mitchell OConnor is pro-choice and supported repealing the Eighth Amendment . In November 2018 , Mitchell OConnor announced female only academic posts to increase the proportion of senior female academics in universities and institutes of technology in Ireland .
|
[
"Teachta Dála"
] |
[
{
"text": " Mary Mitchell OConnor ( born 10 June 1959 ) is a former Irish Fine Gael politician who served as Minister of State for Higher Education from 2017 to 2020 and Minister for Jobs , Enterprise and Innovation from 2016 to 2017 . She served as a Teachta Dála ( TD ) for the Dún Laoghaire constituency from 2011 and 2020 . Early and personal life .",
"title": "Mary Mitchell OConnor"
},
{
"text": "Born Mary OConnor in Milltown , County Galway . She graduated from Carysfort College and NUI , Maynooth , and worked as a teacher . She was appointed principal of Scoil Cholmcille , Skryne , County Meath . In 1999 , she became school principal at The Harold School , Glasthule , a position she held until her election to the Dáil .",
"title": "Mary Mitchell OConnor"
},
{
"text": " She lives in Cabinteely , Dublin . She is divorced and has two sons from her marriage . Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council : 2004–2011 . In 2004 , as a Progressive Democrats candidate , she was elected to Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council . As a Councillor , she campaigned against the reintroduction of university fees , against the budget-related increase in pupil-teacher ratios . She also took part in the Sandycove Tidy Towns campaign . In 2006 , when the Maritime Museum closed , she called on the council to financially support it .",
"title": "Mary Mitchell OConnor"
},
{
"text": "In December 2007 , she resigned from the Progressive Democrats and joined Fine Gael . Welcoming her to the party , Enda Kenny said that it was the first move by a Progressive Democrats public representative to join an alternative party since the general election . Mitchell OConnor said that she made a decision on how best to represent the people that elected me . In 2008–09 , she was Chairperson of Dún Laoghaire Area Committee for Transport , Economic Development and Planning .",
"title": "Mary Mitchell OConnor"
},
{
"text": " In June 2009 , she was re-elected to Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council . She was the Chairperson of Dún Laoghaire Area Committee for Environment , Housing , Culture , Community Development and Amenities . She has led campaigns to protect public amenities in Dún Laoghaire , including public access to the sea front , public transport , and she campaigned to prevent the acquisition of Dún Laoghaire baths by private companies . In 2010 , she led the Save the Sandycove Green Campaign against adding more parking spaces to Sandycove Green . Dáil Éireann : 2011–2020 .",
"title": "Mary Mitchell OConnor"
},
{
"text": "In December 2010 , she was selected as a Fine Gael candidate for the Dún Laoghaire constituency .",
"title": "Mary Mitchell OConnor"
},
{
"text": " Mitchell OConnor was elected as a TD for the Dún Laoghaire constituency at the 2011 general election . The newly elected Fine Gael TD surprised staff at Leinster House on 2 March 2011 , by driving her campaign car across the pedestrian plinth in the Dáil car park and down the steps . The plinth has a ramp at one side to facilitate wheelchair access , but steps at the other end . The incident was witnessed by several journalists and was reported on by the RTÉ evening news .",
"title": "Mary Mitchell OConnor"
},
{
"text": "On 8 June 2015 , Mitchell OConnor was selected by Dún Laoghaire Fine Gael as their candidate to contest the next general election at a selection convention . She defeated councillors Barry Ward and Maria Bailey , daughter of John Bailey , although Bailey was later added to the ticket and was also elected . She came through and , after a delay due to talks on government formation , was appointed Minister for Jobs , Enterprise and Innovation in May 2016 .",
"title": "Mary Mitchell OConnor"
},
{
"text": " After Leo Varadkar was appointed Taoiseach in June 2017 , she was not re-appointed to cabinet , but was instead given a junior ministerial role as Minister of State for Higher Education . This is a super junior role which allows her attend cabinet meetings , but does not have a vote . In the 2020 general election , OConnor stood for re-election but lost her seat .",
"title": "Mary Mitchell OConnor"
},
{
"text": " Mitchell OConnor is an advocate for womens rights . In August 2010 , she called for a reform of Dáil Éireann , so that women can work efficiently there . She campaigned for the eviction of men who are perpetrators of domestic violence . In July 2011 , Mitchell OConnor turned Leinster House pink in aid of breast cancer . Mitchell OConnor is pro-choice and supported repealing the Eighth Amendment . In November 2018 , Mitchell OConnor announced female only academic posts to increase the proportion of senior female academics in universities and institutes of technology in Ireland .",
"title": "Campaigns and policies"
}
] |
/wiki/Mary_Mitchell_O'Connor#P39#1
|
Which position did Mary Mitchell O'Connor hold in Mar 2016?
|
Mary Mitchell OConnor Mary Mitchell OConnor ( born 10 June 1959 ) is a former Irish Fine Gael politician who served as Minister of State for Higher Education from 2017 to 2020 and Minister for Jobs , Enterprise and Innovation from 2016 to 2017 . She served as a Teachta Dála ( TD ) for the Dún Laoghaire constituency from 2011 and 2020 . Early and personal life . Born Mary OConnor in Milltown , County Galway . She graduated from Carysfort College and NUI , Maynooth , and worked as a teacher . She was appointed principal of Scoil Cholmcille , Skryne , County Meath . In 1999 , she became school principal at The Harold School , Glasthule , a position she held until her election to the Dáil . She lives in Cabinteely , Dublin . She is divorced and has two sons from her marriage . Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council : 2004–2011 . In 2004 , as a Progressive Democrats candidate , she was elected to Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council . As a Councillor , she campaigned against the reintroduction of university fees , against the budget-related increase in pupil-teacher ratios . She also took part in the Sandycove Tidy Towns campaign . In 2006 , when the Maritime Museum closed , she called on the council to financially support it . In December 2007 , she resigned from the Progressive Democrats and joined Fine Gael . Welcoming her to the party , Enda Kenny said that it was the first move by a Progressive Democrats public representative to join an alternative party since the general election . Mitchell OConnor said that she made a decision on how best to represent the people that elected me . In 2008–09 , she was Chairperson of Dún Laoghaire Area Committee for Transport , Economic Development and Planning . In June 2009 , she was re-elected to Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council . She was the Chairperson of Dún Laoghaire Area Committee for Environment , Housing , Culture , Community Development and Amenities . She has led campaigns to protect public amenities in Dún Laoghaire , including public access to the sea front , public transport , and she campaigned to prevent the acquisition of Dún Laoghaire baths by private companies . In 2010 , she led the Save the Sandycove Green Campaign against adding more parking spaces to Sandycove Green . Dáil Éireann : 2011–2020 . In December 2010 , she was selected as a Fine Gael candidate for the Dún Laoghaire constituency . Mitchell OConnor was elected as a TD for the Dún Laoghaire constituency at the 2011 general election . The newly elected Fine Gael TD surprised staff at Leinster House on 2 March 2011 , by driving her campaign car across the pedestrian plinth in the Dáil car park and down the steps . The plinth has a ramp at one side to facilitate wheelchair access , but steps at the other end . The incident was witnessed by several journalists and was reported on by the RTÉ evening news . On 8 June 2015 , Mitchell OConnor was selected by Dún Laoghaire Fine Gael as their candidate to contest the next general election at a selection convention . She defeated councillors Barry Ward and Maria Bailey , daughter of John Bailey , although Bailey was later added to the ticket and was also elected . She came through and , after a delay due to talks on government formation , was appointed Minister for Jobs , Enterprise and Innovation in May 2016 . After Leo Varadkar was appointed Taoiseach in June 2017 , she was not re-appointed to cabinet , but was instead given a junior ministerial role as Minister of State for Higher Education . This is a super junior role which allows her attend cabinet meetings , but does not have a vote . In the 2020 general election , OConnor stood for re-election but lost her seat . Campaigns and policies . Mitchell OConnor is an advocate for womens rights . In August 2010 , she called for a reform of Dáil Éireann , so that women can work efficiently there . She campaigned for the eviction of men who are perpetrators of domestic violence . In July 2011 , Mitchell OConnor turned Leinster House pink in aid of breast cancer . Mitchell OConnor is pro-choice and supported repealing the Eighth Amendment . In November 2018 , Mitchell OConnor announced female only academic posts to increase the proportion of senior female academics in universities and institutes of technology in Ireland .
|
[
"Teachta Dála"
] |
[
{
"text": " Mary Mitchell OConnor ( born 10 June 1959 ) is a former Irish Fine Gael politician who served as Minister of State for Higher Education from 2017 to 2020 and Minister for Jobs , Enterprise and Innovation from 2016 to 2017 . She served as a Teachta Dála ( TD ) for the Dún Laoghaire constituency from 2011 and 2020 . Early and personal life .",
"title": "Mary Mitchell OConnor"
},
{
"text": "Born Mary OConnor in Milltown , County Galway . She graduated from Carysfort College and NUI , Maynooth , and worked as a teacher . She was appointed principal of Scoil Cholmcille , Skryne , County Meath . In 1999 , she became school principal at The Harold School , Glasthule , a position she held until her election to the Dáil .",
"title": "Mary Mitchell OConnor"
},
{
"text": " She lives in Cabinteely , Dublin . She is divorced and has two sons from her marriage . Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council : 2004–2011 . In 2004 , as a Progressive Democrats candidate , she was elected to Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council . As a Councillor , she campaigned against the reintroduction of university fees , against the budget-related increase in pupil-teacher ratios . She also took part in the Sandycove Tidy Towns campaign . In 2006 , when the Maritime Museum closed , she called on the council to financially support it .",
"title": "Mary Mitchell OConnor"
},
{
"text": "In December 2007 , she resigned from the Progressive Democrats and joined Fine Gael . Welcoming her to the party , Enda Kenny said that it was the first move by a Progressive Democrats public representative to join an alternative party since the general election . Mitchell OConnor said that she made a decision on how best to represent the people that elected me . In 2008–09 , she was Chairperson of Dún Laoghaire Area Committee for Transport , Economic Development and Planning .",
"title": "Mary Mitchell OConnor"
},
{
"text": " In June 2009 , she was re-elected to Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council . She was the Chairperson of Dún Laoghaire Area Committee for Environment , Housing , Culture , Community Development and Amenities . She has led campaigns to protect public amenities in Dún Laoghaire , including public access to the sea front , public transport , and she campaigned to prevent the acquisition of Dún Laoghaire baths by private companies . In 2010 , she led the Save the Sandycove Green Campaign against adding more parking spaces to Sandycove Green . Dáil Éireann : 2011–2020 .",
"title": "Mary Mitchell OConnor"
},
{
"text": "In December 2010 , she was selected as a Fine Gael candidate for the Dún Laoghaire constituency .",
"title": "Mary Mitchell OConnor"
},
{
"text": " Mitchell OConnor was elected as a TD for the Dún Laoghaire constituency at the 2011 general election . The newly elected Fine Gael TD surprised staff at Leinster House on 2 March 2011 , by driving her campaign car across the pedestrian plinth in the Dáil car park and down the steps . The plinth has a ramp at one side to facilitate wheelchair access , but steps at the other end . The incident was witnessed by several journalists and was reported on by the RTÉ evening news .",
"title": "Mary Mitchell OConnor"
},
{
"text": "On 8 June 2015 , Mitchell OConnor was selected by Dún Laoghaire Fine Gael as their candidate to contest the next general election at a selection convention . She defeated councillors Barry Ward and Maria Bailey , daughter of John Bailey , although Bailey was later added to the ticket and was also elected . She came through and , after a delay due to talks on government formation , was appointed Minister for Jobs , Enterprise and Innovation in May 2016 .",
"title": "Mary Mitchell OConnor"
},
{
"text": " After Leo Varadkar was appointed Taoiseach in June 2017 , she was not re-appointed to cabinet , but was instead given a junior ministerial role as Minister of State for Higher Education . This is a super junior role which allows her attend cabinet meetings , but does not have a vote . In the 2020 general election , OConnor stood for re-election but lost her seat .",
"title": "Mary Mitchell OConnor"
},
{
"text": " Mitchell OConnor is an advocate for womens rights . In August 2010 , she called for a reform of Dáil Éireann , so that women can work efficiently there . She campaigned for the eviction of men who are perpetrators of domestic violence . In July 2011 , Mitchell OConnor turned Leinster House pink in aid of breast cancer . Mitchell OConnor is pro-choice and supported repealing the Eighth Amendment . In November 2018 , Mitchell OConnor announced female only academic posts to increase the proportion of senior female academics in universities and institutes of technology in Ireland .",
"title": "Campaigns and policies"
}
] |
/wiki/Mary_Mitchell_O'Connor#P39#2
|
Which position did Mary Mitchell O'Connor hold in Jan 2017?
|
Mary Mitchell OConnor Mary Mitchell OConnor ( born 10 June 1959 ) is a former Irish Fine Gael politician who served as Minister of State for Higher Education from 2017 to 2020 and Minister for Jobs , Enterprise and Innovation from 2016 to 2017 . She served as a Teachta Dála ( TD ) for the Dún Laoghaire constituency from 2011 and 2020 . Early and personal life . Born Mary OConnor in Milltown , County Galway . She graduated from Carysfort College and NUI , Maynooth , and worked as a teacher . She was appointed principal of Scoil Cholmcille , Skryne , County Meath . In 1999 , she became school principal at The Harold School , Glasthule , a position she held until her election to the Dáil . She lives in Cabinteely , Dublin . She is divorced and has two sons from her marriage . Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council : 2004–2011 . In 2004 , as a Progressive Democrats candidate , she was elected to Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council . As a Councillor , she campaigned against the reintroduction of university fees , against the budget-related increase in pupil-teacher ratios . She also took part in the Sandycove Tidy Towns campaign . In 2006 , when the Maritime Museum closed , she called on the council to financially support it . In December 2007 , she resigned from the Progressive Democrats and joined Fine Gael . Welcoming her to the party , Enda Kenny said that it was the first move by a Progressive Democrats public representative to join an alternative party since the general election . Mitchell OConnor said that she made a decision on how best to represent the people that elected me . In 2008–09 , she was Chairperson of Dún Laoghaire Area Committee for Transport , Economic Development and Planning . In June 2009 , she was re-elected to Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council . She was the Chairperson of Dún Laoghaire Area Committee for Environment , Housing , Culture , Community Development and Amenities . She has led campaigns to protect public amenities in Dún Laoghaire , including public access to the sea front , public transport , and she campaigned to prevent the acquisition of Dún Laoghaire baths by private companies . In 2010 , she led the Save the Sandycove Green Campaign against adding more parking spaces to Sandycove Green . Dáil Éireann : 2011–2020 . In December 2010 , she was selected as a Fine Gael candidate for the Dún Laoghaire constituency . Mitchell OConnor was elected as a TD for the Dún Laoghaire constituency at the 2011 general election . The newly elected Fine Gael TD surprised staff at Leinster House on 2 March 2011 , by driving her campaign car across the pedestrian plinth in the Dáil car park and down the steps . The plinth has a ramp at one side to facilitate wheelchair access , but steps at the other end . The incident was witnessed by several journalists and was reported on by the RTÉ evening news . On 8 June 2015 , Mitchell OConnor was selected by Dún Laoghaire Fine Gael as their candidate to contest the next general election at a selection convention . She defeated councillors Barry Ward and Maria Bailey , daughter of John Bailey , although Bailey was later added to the ticket and was also elected . She came through and , after a delay due to talks on government formation , was appointed Minister for Jobs , Enterprise and Innovation in May 2016 . After Leo Varadkar was appointed Taoiseach in June 2017 , she was not re-appointed to cabinet , but was instead given a junior ministerial role as Minister of State for Higher Education . This is a super junior role which allows her attend cabinet meetings , but does not have a vote . In the 2020 general election , OConnor stood for re-election but lost her seat . Campaigns and policies . Mitchell OConnor is an advocate for womens rights . In August 2010 , she called for a reform of Dáil Éireann , so that women can work efficiently there . She campaigned for the eviction of men who are perpetrators of domestic violence . In July 2011 , Mitchell OConnor turned Leinster House pink in aid of breast cancer . Mitchell OConnor is pro-choice and supported repealing the Eighth Amendment . In November 2018 , Mitchell OConnor announced female only academic posts to increase the proportion of senior female academics in universities and institutes of technology in Ireland .
|
[
"Minister for Jobs , Enterprise and Innovation",
"Teachta Dála"
] |
[
{
"text": " Mary Mitchell OConnor ( born 10 June 1959 ) is a former Irish Fine Gael politician who served as Minister of State for Higher Education from 2017 to 2020 and Minister for Jobs , Enterprise and Innovation from 2016 to 2017 . She served as a Teachta Dála ( TD ) for the Dún Laoghaire constituency from 2011 and 2020 . Early and personal life .",
"title": "Mary Mitchell OConnor"
},
{
"text": "Born Mary OConnor in Milltown , County Galway . She graduated from Carysfort College and NUI , Maynooth , and worked as a teacher . She was appointed principal of Scoil Cholmcille , Skryne , County Meath . In 1999 , she became school principal at The Harold School , Glasthule , a position she held until her election to the Dáil .",
"title": "Mary Mitchell OConnor"
},
{
"text": " She lives in Cabinteely , Dublin . She is divorced and has two sons from her marriage . Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council : 2004–2011 . In 2004 , as a Progressive Democrats candidate , she was elected to Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council . As a Councillor , she campaigned against the reintroduction of university fees , against the budget-related increase in pupil-teacher ratios . She also took part in the Sandycove Tidy Towns campaign . In 2006 , when the Maritime Museum closed , she called on the council to financially support it .",
"title": "Mary Mitchell OConnor"
},
{
"text": "In December 2007 , she resigned from the Progressive Democrats and joined Fine Gael . Welcoming her to the party , Enda Kenny said that it was the first move by a Progressive Democrats public representative to join an alternative party since the general election . Mitchell OConnor said that she made a decision on how best to represent the people that elected me . In 2008–09 , she was Chairperson of Dún Laoghaire Area Committee for Transport , Economic Development and Planning .",
"title": "Mary Mitchell OConnor"
},
{
"text": " In June 2009 , she was re-elected to Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council . She was the Chairperson of Dún Laoghaire Area Committee for Environment , Housing , Culture , Community Development and Amenities . She has led campaigns to protect public amenities in Dún Laoghaire , including public access to the sea front , public transport , and she campaigned to prevent the acquisition of Dún Laoghaire baths by private companies . In 2010 , she led the Save the Sandycove Green Campaign against adding more parking spaces to Sandycove Green . Dáil Éireann : 2011–2020 .",
"title": "Mary Mitchell OConnor"
},
{
"text": "In December 2010 , she was selected as a Fine Gael candidate for the Dún Laoghaire constituency .",
"title": "Mary Mitchell OConnor"
},
{
"text": " Mitchell OConnor was elected as a TD for the Dún Laoghaire constituency at the 2011 general election . The newly elected Fine Gael TD surprised staff at Leinster House on 2 March 2011 , by driving her campaign car across the pedestrian plinth in the Dáil car park and down the steps . The plinth has a ramp at one side to facilitate wheelchair access , but steps at the other end . The incident was witnessed by several journalists and was reported on by the RTÉ evening news .",
"title": "Mary Mitchell OConnor"
},
{
"text": "On 8 June 2015 , Mitchell OConnor was selected by Dún Laoghaire Fine Gael as their candidate to contest the next general election at a selection convention . She defeated councillors Barry Ward and Maria Bailey , daughter of John Bailey , although Bailey was later added to the ticket and was also elected . She came through and , after a delay due to talks on government formation , was appointed Minister for Jobs , Enterprise and Innovation in May 2016 .",
"title": "Mary Mitchell OConnor"
},
{
"text": " After Leo Varadkar was appointed Taoiseach in June 2017 , she was not re-appointed to cabinet , but was instead given a junior ministerial role as Minister of State for Higher Education . This is a super junior role which allows her attend cabinet meetings , but does not have a vote . In the 2020 general election , OConnor stood for re-election but lost her seat .",
"title": "Mary Mitchell OConnor"
},
{
"text": " Mitchell OConnor is an advocate for womens rights . In August 2010 , she called for a reform of Dáil Éireann , so that women can work efficiently there . She campaigned for the eviction of men who are perpetrators of domestic violence . In July 2011 , Mitchell OConnor turned Leinster House pink in aid of breast cancer . Mitchell OConnor is pro-choice and supported repealing the Eighth Amendment . In November 2018 , Mitchell OConnor announced female only academic posts to increase the proportion of senior female academics in universities and institutes of technology in Ireland .",
"title": "Campaigns and policies"
}
] |
/wiki/Mary_Mitchell_O'Connor#P39#3
|
Which position did Mary Mitchell O'Connor hold in late 2010s?
|
Mary Mitchell OConnor Mary Mitchell OConnor ( born 10 June 1959 ) is a former Irish Fine Gael politician who served as Minister of State for Higher Education from 2017 to 2020 and Minister for Jobs , Enterprise and Innovation from 2016 to 2017 . She served as a Teachta Dála ( TD ) for the Dún Laoghaire constituency from 2011 and 2020 . Early and personal life . Born Mary OConnor in Milltown , County Galway . She graduated from Carysfort College and NUI , Maynooth , and worked as a teacher . She was appointed principal of Scoil Cholmcille , Skryne , County Meath . In 1999 , she became school principal at The Harold School , Glasthule , a position she held until her election to the Dáil . She lives in Cabinteely , Dublin . She is divorced and has two sons from her marriage . Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council : 2004–2011 . In 2004 , as a Progressive Democrats candidate , she was elected to Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council . As a Councillor , she campaigned against the reintroduction of university fees , against the budget-related increase in pupil-teacher ratios . She also took part in the Sandycove Tidy Towns campaign . In 2006 , when the Maritime Museum closed , she called on the council to financially support it . In December 2007 , she resigned from the Progressive Democrats and joined Fine Gael . Welcoming her to the party , Enda Kenny said that it was the first move by a Progressive Democrats public representative to join an alternative party since the general election . Mitchell OConnor said that she made a decision on how best to represent the people that elected me . In 2008–09 , she was Chairperson of Dún Laoghaire Area Committee for Transport , Economic Development and Planning . In June 2009 , she was re-elected to Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council . She was the Chairperson of Dún Laoghaire Area Committee for Environment , Housing , Culture , Community Development and Amenities . She has led campaigns to protect public amenities in Dún Laoghaire , including public access to the sea front , public transport , and she campaigned to prevent the acquisition of Dún Laoghaire baths by private companies . In 2010 , she led the Save the Sandycove Green Campaign against adding more parking spaces to Sandycove Green . Dáil Éireann : 2011–2020 . In December 2010 , she was selected as a Fine Gael candidate for the Dún Laoghaire constituency . Mitchell OConnor was elected as a TD for the Dún Laoghaire constituency at the 2011 general election . The newly elected Fine Gael TD surprised staff at Leinster House on 2 March 2011 , by driving her campaign car across the pedestrian plinth in the Dáil car park and down the steps . The plinth has a ramp at one side to facilitate wheelchair access , but steps at the other end . The incident was witnessed by several journalists and was reported on by the RTÉ evening news . On 8 June 2015 , Mitchell OConnor was selected by Dún Laoghaire Fine Gael as their candidate to contest the next general election at a selection convention . She defeated councillors Barry Ward and Maria Bailey , daughter of John Bailey , although Bailey was later added to the ticket and was also elected . She came through and , after a delay due to talks on government formation , was appointed Minister for Jobs , Enterprise and Innovation in May 2016 . After Leo Varadkar was appointed Taoiseach in June 2017 , she was not re-appointed to cabinet , but was instead given a junior ministerial role as Minister of State for Higher Education . This is a super junior role which allows her attend cabinet meetings , but does not have a vote . In the 2020 general election , OConnor stood for re-election but lost her seat . Campaigns and policies . Mitchell OConnor is an advocate for womens rights . In August 2010 , she called for a reform of Dáil Éireann , so that women can work efficiently there . She campaigned for the eviction of men who are perpetrators of domestic violence . In July 2011 , Mitchell OConnor turned Leinster House pink in aid of breast cancer . Mitchell OConnor is pro-choice and supported repealing the Eighth Amendment . In November 2018 , Mitchell OConnor announced female only academic posts to increase the proportion of senior female academics in universities and institutes of technology in Ireland .
|
[
"Minister of State for Higher Education",
"Teachta Dála"
] |
[
{
"text": " Mary Mitchell OConnor ( born 10 June 1959 ) is a former Irish Fine Gael politician who served as Minister of State for Higher Education from 2017 to 2020 and Minister for Jobs , Enterprise and Innovation from 2016 to 2017 . She served as a Teachta Dála ( TD ) for the Dún Laoghaire constituency from 2011 and 2020 . Early and personal life .",
"title": "Mary Mitchell OConnor"
},
{
"text": "Born Mary OConnor in Milltown , County Galway . She graduated from Carysfort College and NUI , Maynooth , and worked as a teacher . She was appointed principal of Scoil Cholmcille , Skryne , County Meath . In 1999 , she became school principal at The Harold School , Glasthule , a position she held until her election to the Dáil .",
"title": "Mary Mitchell OConnor"
},
{
"text": " She lives in Cabinteely , Dublin . She is divorced and has two sons from her marriage . Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council : 2004–2011 . In 2004 , as a Progressive Democrats candidate , she was elected to Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council . As a Councillor , she campaigned against the reintroduction of university fees , against the budget-related increase in pupil-teacher ratios . She also took part in the Sandycove Tidy Towns campaign . In 2006 , when the Maritime Museum closed , she called on the council to financially support it .",
"title": "Mary Mitchell OConnor"
},
{
"text": "In December 2007 , she resigned from the Progressive Democrats and joined Fine Gael . Welcoming her to the party , Enda Kenny said that it was the first move by a Progressive Democrats public representative to join an alternative party since the general election . Mitchell OConnor said that she made a decision on how best to represent the people that elected me . In 2008–09 , she was Chairperson of Dún Laoghaire Area Committee for Transport , Economic Development and Planning .",
"title": "Mary Mitchell OConnor"
},
{
"text": " In June 2009 , she was re-elected to Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council . She was the Chairperson of Dún Laoghaire Area Committee for Environment , Housing , Culture , Community Development and Amenities . She has led campaigns to protect public amenities in Dún Laoghaire , including public access to the sea front , public transport , and she campaigned to prevent the acquisition of Dún Laoghaire baths by private companies . In 2010 , she led the Save the Sandycove Green Campaign against adding more parking spaces to Sandycove Green . Dáil Éireann : 2011–2020 .",
"title": "Mary Mitchell OConnor"
},
{
"text": "In December 2010 , she was selected as a Fine Gael candidate for the Dún Laoghaire constituency .",
"title": "Mary Mitchell OConnor"
},
{
"text": " Mitchell OConnor was elected as a TD for the Dún Laoghaire constituency at the 2011 general election . The newly elected Fine Gael TD surprised staff at Leinster House on 2 March 2011 , by driving her campaign car across the pedestrian plinth in the Dáil car park and down the steps . The plinth has a ramp at one side to facilitate wheelchair access , but steps at the other end . The incident was witnessed by several journalists and was reported on by the RTÉ evening news .",
"title": "Mary Mitchell OConnor"
},
{
"text": "On 8 June 2015 , Mitchell OConnor was selected by Dún Laoghaire Fine Gael as their candidate to contest the next general election at a selection convention . She defeated councillors Barry Ward and Maria Bailey , daughter of John Bailey , although Bailey was later added to the ticket and was also elected . She came through and , after a delay due to talks on government formation , was appointed Minister for Jobs , Enterprise and Innovation in May 2016 .",
"title": "Mary Mitchell OConnor"
},
{
"text": " After Leo Varadkar was appointed Taoiseach in June 2017 , she was not re-appointed to cabinet , but was instead given a junior ministerial role as Minister of State for Higher Education . This is a super junior role which allows her attend cabinet meetings , but does not have a vote . In the 2020 general election , OConnor stood for re-election but lost her seat .",
"title": "Mary Mitchell OConnor"
},
{
"text": " Mitchell OConnor is an advocate for womens rights . In August 2010 , she called for a reform of Dáil Éireann , so that women can work efficiently there . She campaigned for the eviction of men who are perpetrators of domestic violence . In July 2011 , Mitchell OConnor turned Leinster House pink in aid of breast cancer . Mitchell OConnor is pro-choice and supported repealing the Eighth Amendment . In November 2018 , Mitchell OConnor announced female only academic posts to increase the proportion of senior female academics in universities and institutes of technology in Ireland .",
"title": "Campaigns and policies"
}
] |
/wiki/German_Institute_for_Economic_Research#P1037#0
|
German Institute for Economic Research was managed or directed by whom between Aug 1944 and Oct 1944?
|
German Institute for Economic Research The German Institute for Economic Research ( ) or more commonly DIWBerlin is a economic research institute in Germany , involved in basic research and policy advice . It is a non-profit academic institution , financed with public grants from the Berlin Senate Department for Economics , Technology and Research and the Federal Department for Economics and Technology . DIW Berlin was founded in 1925 as the Institute for Business Cycle Research and was later renamed . DIW Berlin presents its research results in science journals , within the scope of national and international scientific events as well as at workshops , symposia and colloquia . Current economic and structural data , forecasts and advice as well as services in the area of quantitative economics are provided to decision makers in economics and policy and the broad public . Furthermore , the research results often meet with a major response in the news media . Leadership and organisation . The legal status of DIW Berlin is that of a registered association . The associations bodies are the Members , the Board of Trustees , the Executive Board and the Scientific Advisory Board . To date , there are 185 employees , 102 of them being researchers . Executive board . - Marcel Fratzscher - Angelica E . Röhr - Stefan Liebig Research departments . The institute is divided into ten research departments , which are : - The Department of Macroeconomics focuses on the empirical and theoretical analysis of aggregate economic developments as well as national and international economic policy . - The Department Forecasting and Economic Policy uses modern macroeconomic methods to analyze economic policy issues . Economic forecasting is a key component of the departments work . - The Department of International Economics focuses on monetary and financial issues affecting the global economy . It concentrates on two key activities : examining international financial markets in terms of their economic functionality and analyzing the contribution of financial development to the goal of shared growth in developing and emerging countries . - The Department of Energy , Transportation and Environment researches different strategies of sustainable development in energy , transportation and the environment in order to formulate sound policy recommendations . - The Department Climate Policy uses empirical and theoretical methods to explore Germany and Europes transition to sustainable energy—for example , by analyzing policies related to energy efficiency in buildings as well as the shift to sustainable , climate-friendly power production . - The Department of Competition and Consumers aims to produce robust evidence of how society and markets function . Its research combines approaches from industrial economics with behavioral and experimental economics , thus enabling a comprehensive analysis of strategic interactions , market allocations , and human behavior . - The Department of Firms and Markets analyzes firms’ strategic behavior and its impact on efficiency , productivity , and growth as well as the institutional and political environment in which firms operate . - The Department of Public Economics analyzes how financial , fiscal , and social policies influence economic decisions made by individuals , households , and companies . - The Department of Education and Family explores education and family-related issues primarily from a microeconomic perspective . One key question is the extent to which it is possible to fully develop the human potential of a countrys economy . - The Socio-Economic Panel Study ( SOEP ) is a research-based infrastructure facility at DIW Berlin funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research ( BMBF ) and state governments . The SOEP is one of the worlds largest and longest-running surveys of individuals and private households . Numerous studies based on SOEP data examine mechanisms behind the distribution of social resources . Service departments - Communications - Information Technology - Library - Management Services - Office Management - Legal Department and Human Resources Graduate Center . Since 2006 the Graduate Center ( GC ) of DIW Berlin offers about 15 scholarships per year for PhD positions in economics in cooperation with Berlins largest universities : Free University of Berlin , Humboldt University of Berlin , and Technical University of Berlin . The Graduate Center is located within the DIW building in the center of Berlin . The academic research of students focuses on applied topics . The four-year program is divided into two parts : while students receive academic training in economics and related social sciences during the first year , in years two to four on-the-job training in DIW research projects leads them to complete their doctoral theses . The application period is between January and March . Co-operations . A broad range of predominantly external Research Directors , Research Professors and Research Affiliates research along with the employees of DIW Berlin . They co-operate for a specific time , perform cross sectional tasks , care about scientific surveys ( such as diploma thesis , dissertations ) and release important pulses for the institute . The DIW is also part of the Leibniz Association , ( Leibniz-Gemeinschaft ) , a collection of non-university research institutes in Germany . Along with five other leading institutes , the DIW publishes a joint report on the state of the German economy , the Gemeinschaftsdiagnose ( Joint Economic Forecast ) . Financing . More than half of the Institutes budget is derived from public grants , which DIW Berlin receives as research funding from the State of Berlin and the Federal Government in equal parts . This sum is supplemented by income from projects , research contracts with third parties , trustee memberships and donations . Because of its financial structure DIW Berlin is member of the Leibniz Association ( WGL ) . Publications . Dissemination of information is fundamental to DIW Berlin . As a leading economic research institute , it seeks to supply the wider public with up-to-date economic and structural data , forecasts , research reports , and services in the field of quantitative economics . Research results are presented in the Institutes own publications and in publications edited in co-operation with the Institute . Economic situation forecasts . Forecasts about current and future trends in Germany , EU and world economy are published on a regular basis by DIW Berlin . Publications . Wochenbericht Readily available , condensed information on current economic policy issues . Published weekly in German ( Wochenbericht des DIW Berlin ) . DIW Economic Bulletin The DIW Economic Bulletin is a DIW Berlin online publication . At irregular intervals selected articles of the Wochenbericht are being published online in English. . Quarterly Journal of Economic Research Each issue concentrates on a topic relevant to the current economic policy debate . It includes detailed information on research findings and their methodological basis . Discussion papers The papers are presenting pre-publications of research results . DIW Berlin : Policy Advice Compact DIW Berlin furnishes opinions for the Federal Government of Germany , the Commission of the European Union , the Ministries of Federal and State Governments , political parties , interest groups and associations , and the social partners . In the series “DIW Berlin : Policy Advice Compact” these research reports will be published . Applied Economics Quarterly ( Konjunkturpolitik ) Applied Economics Quarterly is an international journal publishing empirical research on issues with relevance for all areas of economic policy . AEQ is published four times a year in English . Events . Industrial Conference The Industrial Conference is the traditional institutionalised forum for exchange between the DIW Berlin and the business sector . Since October 1960 , the forum has met twice a year - May and November . Approximately one hundred representatives of enterprises , business associations and economic sciences participate regularly . Since the Federal Government moved to Berlin , the conference has been attracting increasing numbers of participants from politics . The conference understands itself to be a platform for dialogs on different viewpoints and opinions . Lunchtime Meetings The Berlin Lunchtime Meetings are a joint series of monthly expert talks hosted by the Center of Economic Policy Research ( CEPR ) , the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) and the Institute for the Study of Labour ( IZA ) . The seminars serve as a platform for leading European and international researchers to address important policy issues , and as a forum for debate and discussion among researchers , policy makers and the private sector . History . 1925 In July 1925 Ernst Wagemann founds DIW Berlin , which is originally called Institute for Business Cycle Research , and becomes the first President . 1928 In the context of the Quarterly Journal of Economic Research , Arthur Hanau publishes his dissertation „The phenomenon of cyclical development” and becomes head of the agricultural market research in Germany . Using his concept of the „Pork Cycle“ is still a popular way of explaining students of economics the relationship between demand and supply . 1933–1945 During the Nazi Regime , Ernst Wagemann is removed from his office . He is questioned several times by the Gestapo and even arrested for a while in 1942 . By the end of 1943 , the Institute for Business Cycle Research , now renamed in German Institute for Economic Research , is partially relocated to Feldberg , Mecklenburg . 1945 Prof . Dr . Ferdinand Friedensburg takes on being the President of the German Institute for Economic Research until 1968 . Now , after the war , the main focus of economic research lies upon economic issues within the city of Berlin . 1950 The first Wochenbericht ( Weekly Report ) after the war is published , covering a detailed report about „Germany´ s economic situation at the end of 1945” . 1956 The German Institute for Economic Research moves into its new building in Koenigin-Luise-Straße . 1960 For the first time , the so-called “Grundlinien der Wirtschaftsentwicklung” , forecasts about current and future trends in Germany , EU and world economy , are published . They are referring to the year of 1961 . 1968 Dr . Klaus Dieter Arndt becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research . 1972 Newly established departments are the Department of Transportation , the Department of Public Finance and the Department of Money and Capital Markets . 1975 Dr . Karl Koenig takes on being new the President of the German Institute for Economic Research . 1979 The German Institute for Economic Research publishes the Wochenbericht „Eine mittelfristige Strategie zur Wiedergewinnung der Vollbeschaeftigung“ , proposing strategies for re-establishing full employment in Germany . Taking this report into account , the federal government derives a programme for future investment in year 1977-1980 , one of the very few programmes which consequence is a noticeable drop in German unemployment rates . Prof . Dr . Hans-Jürgen Krupp becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research . 1989 The Socio-Economic Panel Study ( SOEP ) is now part of the German Institute for Economic Research . The main focus of the service institution SOEP is on basic research and scientific services . The Socio-Economic Panel regularly surveys 10,000 private households in a representative longitudinal study . The data acquired is analysed within and outside the German Institute for Economic Research , the results are then used for the analysis of income and labour force developments . 1990 The German Institute for Economic Research clearly disapproves a monetary union with the former GDR . In the case of a monetary union , the only way for the GDR to compensate their difference in productivity would be a significant decrease of the wage level . A unification of wage levels would lead to mass dismissals and enormous business shutdowns . The GDR people would become welfare recipients of the Federal Republic of Germany . 1994 On behalf of Greenpeace , the German Institute for Economic Research analyses the economic consequences of an ecological fiscal reform . The model of ecotax , short for ecological taxation , has been enacted in Germany by means of three laws in the following years . 2000 Prof . Dr . Klaus F . Zimmermann becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) . From now on , there are seven Research Departments . Thus , DIW Berlin is able to react flexible to new respective current economic and social political topics . Main focus of economic research is now lying upon information society and competition , public economics and innovation . The Institute also aims at increasing its number of international cooperations and its participation in research networks worldwide . 2003 DIW Berlin publishes its first Konjunkturprognose ( Economic Barometer ) , an up-to-date indicator of Germanys economic trends . 2006 With the founding of the DIW Graduate Center , the Institute dedicates itself to furthering the careers of young scientists . 2007 DIW Berlin relocates from Berlin-Dahlem to Mohrenstraße in Berlin-Mitte , marking a return to the citys government district . 2013 Prof . Marcel Fratzscher becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) . 2016 The Berlin Economics Research Associates ( BERA ) , a postdoctoral program funded by the Leibniz Association to promote the careers of young scientists , is established at DIW Berlin . Presidents . - 1925–1945 Ernst Wagemann - 1945–1968 Ferdinand Friedensburg - 1968–1974 Klaus-Dieter Arndt - 1975–1979 Karl Koenig - 1979–1988 Hans-Jürgen Krupp - 1988–1999 Lutz Hoffmann - 2000–2011 Klaus Zimmermann - 2011–2013 Gert G . Wagner - 2013–present Marcel Fratzscher Literature . - Silke Anger . Overtime Work in Germany . The Investment Character of Unpaid Hours , Shaker 2006 . - Rainer Winkelmann , Klaus F . Zimmermann , Can Germany Stand up to International Locational Competition ? Duncker und Humblot 2005 . - Klaus F . Zimmermann , European Migration : What Do We Know ? Oxford University Press . Oxford/New York 2005 . - Marco Caliendo , Microeconometric Evaluation of Labour Market Policies , Springer , 2005 . - Brigitte Preissl , Harry Bouwman , and Charles Steinfield , E-Life after the Dot Com Bust , Physica-Verlag , 2004 . - Janet Zollinger Giele and Elke Holst : Changing Life Patterns in Western Industrial Societies ( Advances in Life Course Research ) . 2003 .
|
[
"Ernst Wagemann"
] |
[
{
"text": " The German Institute for Economic Research ( ) or more commonly DIWBerlin is a economic research institute in Germany , involved in basic research and policy advice . It is a non-profit academic institution , financed with public grants from the Berlin Senate Department for Economics , Technology and Research and the Federal Department for Economics and Technology . DIW Berlin was founded in 1925 as the Institute for Business Cycle Research and was later renamed .",
"title": "German Institute for Economic Research"
},
{
"text": "DIW Berlin presents its research results in science journals , within the scope of national and international scientific events as well as at workshops , symposia and colloquia . Current economic and structural data , forecasts and advice as well as services in the area of quantitative economics are provided to decision makers in economics and policy and the broad public . Furthermore , the research results often meet with a major response in the news media .",
"title": "German Institute for Economic Research"
},
{
"text": " The legal status of DIW Berlin is that of a registered association . The associations bodies are the Members , the Board of Trustees , the Executive Board and the Scientific Advisory Board . To date , there are 185 employees , 102 of them being researchers .",
"title": "Leadership and organisation"
},
{
"text": " The institute is divided into ten research departments , which are : - The Department of Macroeconomics focuses on the empirical and theoretical analysis of aggregate economic developments as well as national and international economic policy . - The Department Forecasting and Economic Policy uses modern macroeconomic methods to analyze economic policy issues . Economic forecasting is a key component of the departments work .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": "- The Department of International Economics focuses on monetary and financial issues affecting the global economy . It concentrates on two key activities : examining international financial markets in terms of their economic functionality and analyzing the contribution of financial development to the goal of shared growth in developing and emerging countries .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": " - The Department of Energy , Transportation and Environment researches different strategies of sustainable development in energy , transportation and the environment in order to formulate sound policy recommendations . - The Department Climate Policy uses empirical and theoretical methods to explore Germany and Europes transition to sustainable energy—for example , by analyzing policies related to energy efficiency in buildings as well as the shift to sustainable , climate-friendly power production .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": "- The Department of Competition and Consumers aims to produce robust evidence of how society and markets function . Its research combines approaches from industrial economics with behavioral and experimental economics , thus enabling a comprehensive analysis of strategic interactions , market allocations , and human behavior .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": " - The Department of Firms and Markets analyzes firms’ strategic behavior and its impact on efficiency , productivity , and growth as well as the institutional and political environment in which firms operate . - The Department of Public Economics analyzes how financial , fiscal , and social policies influence economic decisions made by individuals , households , and companies .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": "- The Department of Education and Family explores education and family-related issues primarily from a microeconomic perspective . One key question is the extent to which it is possible to fully develop the human potential of a countrys economy .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": " - The Socio-Economic Panel Study ( SOEP ) is a research-based infrastructure facility at DIW Berlin funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research ( BMBF ) and state governments . The SOEP is one of the worlds largest and longest-running surveys of individuals and private households . Numerous studies based on SOEP data examine mechanisms behind the distribution of social resources .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": " - Communications - Information Technology - Library - Management Services - Office Management - Legal Department and Human Resources",
"title": "Service departments"
},
{
"text": "Since 2006 the Graduate Center ( GC ) of DIW Berlin offers about 15 scholarships per year for PhD positions in economics in cooperation with Berlins largest universities : Free University of Berlin , Humboldt University of Berlin , and Technical University of Berlin . The Graduate Center is located within the DIW building in the center of Berlin . The academic research of students focuses on applied topics . The four-year program is divided into two parts : while students receive academic training in economics and related social sciences during the first year , in years two to four",
"title": "Graduate Center"
},
{
"text": "on-the-job training in DIW research projects leads them to complete their doctoral theses . The application period is between January and March .",
"title": "Graduate Center"
},
{
"text": " A broad range of predominantly external Research Directors , Research Professors and Research Affiliates research along with the employees of DIW Berlin . They co-operate for a specific time , perform cross sectional tasks , care about scientific surveys ( such as diploma thesis , dissertations ) and release important pulses for the institute .",
"title": "Co-operations"
},
{
"text": "The DIW is also part of the Leibniz Association , ( Leibniz-Gemeinschaft ) , a collection of non-university research institutes in Germany . Along with five other leading institutes , the DIW publishes a joint report on the state of the German economy , the Gemeinschaftsdiagnose ( Joint Economic Forecast ) .",
"title": "Co-operations"
},
{
"text": " More than half of the Institutes budget is derived from public grants , which DIW Berlin receives as research funding from the State of Berlin and the Federal Government in equal parts . This sum is supplemented by income from projects , research contracts with third parties , trustee memberships and donations . Because of its financial structure DIW Berlin is member of the Leibniz Association ( WGL ) .",
"title": "Financing"
},
{
"text": " Dissemination of information is fundamental to DIW Berlin . As a leading economic research institute , it seeks to supply the wider public with up-to-date economic and structural data , forecasts , research reports , and services in the field of quantitative economics . Research results are presented in the Institutes own publications and in publications edited in co-operation with the Institute .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " Forecasts about current and future trends in Germany , EU and world economy are published on a regular basis by DIW Berlin .",
"title": "Economic situation forecasts"
},
{
"text": " Readily available , condensed information on current economic policy issues . Published weekly in German ( Wochenbericht des DIW Berlin ) .",
"title": "Wochenbericht"
},
{
"text": " The DIW Economic Bulletin is a DIW Berlin online publication . At irregular intervals selected articles of the Wochenbericht are being published online in English. . Quarterly Journal of Economic Research Each issue concentrates on a topic relevant to the current economic policy debate . It includes detailed information on research findings and their methodological basis .",
"title": "DIW Economic Bulletin"
},
{
"text": " The papers are presenting pre-publications of research results . DIW Berlin : Policy Advice Compact DIW Berlin furnishes opinions for the Federal Government of Germany , the Commission of the European Union , the Ministries of Federal and State Governments , political parties , interest groups and associations , and the social partners . In the series “DIW Berlin : Policy Advice Compact” these research reports will be published . Applied Economics Quarterly ( Konjunkturpolitik )",
"title": "Discussion papers"
},
{
"text": "Applied Economics Quarterly is an international journal publishing empirical research on issues with relevance for all areas of economic policy . AEQ is published four times a year in English .",
"title": "Discussion papers"
},
{
"text": " The Industrial Conference is the traditional institutionalised forum for exchange between the DIW Berlin and the business sector . Since October 1960 , the forum has met twice a year - May and November . Approximately one hundred representatives of enterprises , business associations and economic sciences participate regularly . Since the Federal Government moved to Berlin , the conference has been attracting increasing numbers of participants from politics . The conference understands itself to be a platform for dialogs on different viewpoints and opinions .",
"title": "Industrial Conference"
},
{
"text": " The Berlin Lunchtime Meetings are a joint series of monthly expert talks hosted by the Center of Economic Policy Research ( CEPR ) , the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) and the Institute for the Study of Labour ( IZA ) . The seminars serve as a platform for leading European and international researchers to address important policy issues , and as a forum for debate and discussion among researchers , policy makers and the private sector .",
"title": "Lunchtime Meetings"
},
{
"text": " 1925 In July 1925 Ernst Wagemann founds DIW Berlin , which is originally called Institute for Business Cycle Research , and becomes the first President . 1928 In the context of the Quarterly Journal of Economic Research , Arthur Hanau publishes his dissertation „The phenomenon of cyclical development” and becomes head of the agricultural market research in Germany . Using his concept of the „Pork Cycle“ is still a popular way of explaining students of economics the relationship between demand and supply .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1933–1945 During the Nazi Regime , Ernst Wagemann is removed from his office . He is questioned several times by the Gestapo and even arrested for a while in 1942 . By the end of 1943 , the Institute for Business Cycle Research , now renamed in German Institute for Economic Research , is partially relocated to Feldberg , Mecklenburg .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 1945 Prof . Dr . Ferdinand Friedensburg takes on being the President of the German Institute for Economic Research until 1968 . Now , after the war , the main focus of economic research lies upon economic issues within the city of Berlin . 1950 The first Wochenbericht ( Weekly Report ) after the war is published , covering a detailed report about „Germany´ s economic situation at the end of 1945” . 1956 The German Institute for Economic Research moves into its new building in Koenigin-Luise-Straße .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1960 For the first time , the so-called “Grundlinien der Wirtschaftsentwicklung” , forecasts about current and future trends in Germany , EU and world economy , are published . They are referring to the year of 1961 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 1968 Dr . Klaus Dieter Arndt becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research . 1972 Newly established departments are the Department of Transportation , the Department of Public Finance and the Department of Money and Capital Markets . 1975 Dr . Karl Koenig takes on being new the President of the German Institute for Economic Research .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1979 The German Institute for Economic Research publishes the Wochenbericht „Eine mittelfristige Strategie zur Wiedergewinnung der Vollbeschaeftigung“ , proposing strategies for re-establishing full employment in Germany . Taking this report into account , the federal government derives a programme for future investment in year 1977-1980 , one of the very few programmes which consequence is a noticeable drop in German unemployment rates . Prof . Dr . Hans-Jürgen Krupp becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 1989 The Socio-Economic Panel Study ( SOEP ) is now part of the German Institute for Economic Research . The main focus of the service institution SOEP is on basic research and scientific services . The Socio-Economic Panel regularly surveys 10,000 private households in a representative longitudinal study . The data acquired is analysed within and outside the German Institute for Economic Research , the results are then used for the analysis of income and labour force developments .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1990 The German Institute for Economic Research clearly disapproves a monetary union with the former GDR . In the case of a monetary union , the only way for the GDR to compensate their difference in productivity would be a significant decrease of the wage level . A unification of wage levels would lead to mass dismissals and enormous business shutdowns . The GDR people would become welfare recipients of the Federal Republic of Germany .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 1994 On behalf of Greenpeace , the German Institute for Economic Research analyses the economic consequences of an ecological fiscal reform . The model of ecotax , short for ecological taxation , has been enacted in Germany by means of three laws in the following years .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "2000 Prof . Dr . Klaus F . Zimmermann becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) . From now on , there are seven Research Departments . Thus , DIW Berlin is able to react flexible to new respective current economic and social political topics . Main focus of economic research is now lying upon information society and competition , public economics and innovation . The Institute also aims at increasing its number of international cooperations and its participation in research networks worldwide .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 2003 DIW Berlin publishes its first Konjunkturprognose ( Economic Barometer ) , an up-to-date indicator of Germanys economic trends . 2006 With the founding of the DIW Graduate Center , the Institute dedicates itself to furthering the careers of young scientists . 2007 DIW Berlin relocates from Berlin-Dahlem to Mohrenstraße in Berlin-Mitte , marking a return to the citys government district . 2013 Prof . Marcel Fratzscher becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "2016 The Berlin Economics Research Associates ( BERA ) , a postdoctoral program funded by the Leibniz Association to promote the careers of young scientists , is established at DIW Berlin .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - 1925–1945 Ernst Wagemann - 1945–1968 Ferdinand Friedensburg - 1968–1974 Klaus-Dieter Arndt - 1975–1979 Karl Koenig - 1979–1988 Hans-Jürgen Krupp - 1988–1999 Lutz Hoffmann - 2000–2011 Klaus Zimmermann - 2011–2013 Gert G . Wagner - 2013–present Marcel Fratzscher",
"title": "Presidents"
},
{
"text": " - Silke Anger . Overtime Work in Germany . The Investment Character of Unpaid Hours , Shaker 2006 . - Rainer Winkelmann , Klaus F . Zimmermann , Can Germany Stand up to International Locational Competition ? Duncker und Humblot 2005 . - Klaus F . Zimmermann , European Migration : What Do We Know ? Oxford University Press . Oxford/New York 2005 . - Marco Caliendo , Microeconometric Evaluation of Labour Market Policies , Springer , 2005 .",
"title": "Literature"
},
{
"text": "- Brigitte Preissl , Harry Bouwman , and Charles Steinfield , E-Life after the Dot Com Bust , Physica-Verlag , 2004 .",
"title": "Literature"
},
{
"text": " - Janet Zollinger Giele and Elke Holst : Changing Life Patterns in Western Industrial Societies ( Advances in Life Course Research ) . 2003 .",
"title": "Literature"
}
] |
/wiki/German_Institute_for_Economic_Research#P1037#1
|
German Institute for Economic Research was managed or directed by whom in late 1940s?
|
German Institute for Economic Research The German Institute for Economic Research ( ) or more commonly DIWBerlin is a economic research institute in Germany , involved in basic research and policy advice . It is a non-profit academic institution , financed with public grants from the Berlin Senate Department for Economics , Technology and Research and the Federal Department for Economics and Technology . DIW Berlin was founded in 1925 as the Institute for Business Cycle Research and was later renamed . DIW Berlin presents its research results in science journals , within the scope of national and international scientific events as well as at workshops , symposia and colloquia . Current economic and structural data , forecasts and advice as well as services in the area of quantitative economics are provided to decision makers in economics and policy and the broad public . Furthermore , the research results often meet with a major response in the news media . Leadership and organisation . The legal status of DIW Berlin is that of a registered association . The associations bodies are the Members , the Board of Trustees , the Executive Board and the Scientific Advisory Board . To date , there are 185 employees , 102 of them being researchers . Executive board . - Marcel Fratzscher - Angelica E . Röhr - Stefan Liebig Research departments . The institute is divided into ten research departments , which are : - The Department of Macroeconomics focuses on the empirical and theoretical analysis of aggregate economic developments as well as national and international economic policy . - The Department Forecasting and Economic Policy uses modern macroeconomic methods to analyze economic policy issues . Economic forecasting is a key component of the departments work . - The Department of International Economics focuses on monetary and financial issues affecting the global economy . It concentrates on two key activities : examining international financial markets in terms of their economic functionality and analyzing the contribution of financial development to the goal of shared growth in developing and emerging countries . - The Department of Energy , Transportation and Environment researches different strategies of sustainable development in energy , transportation and the environment in order to formulate sound policy recommendations . - The Department Climate Policy uses empirical and theoretical methods to explore Germany and Europes transition to sustainable energy—for example , by analyzing policies related to energy efficiency in buildings as well as the shift to sustainable , climate-friendly power production . - The Department of Competition and Consumers aims to produce robust evidence of how society and markets function . Its research combines approaches from industrial economics with behavioral and experimental economics , thus enabling a comprehensive analysis of strategic interactions , market allocations , and human behavior . - The Department of Firms and Markets analyzes firms’ strategic behavior and its impact on efficiency , productivity , and growth as well as the institutional and political environment in which firms operate . - The Department of Public Economics analyzes how financial , fiscal , and social policies influence economic decisions made by individuals , households , and companies . - The Department of Education and Family explores education and family-related issues primarily from a microeconomic perspective . One key question is the extent to which it is possible to fully develop the human potential of a countrys economy . - The Socio-Economic Panel Study ( SOEP ) is a research-based infrastructure facility at DIW Berlin funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research ( BMBF ) and state governments . The SOEP is one of the worlds largest and longest-running surveys of individuals and private households . Numerous studies based on SOEP data examine mechanisms behind the distribution of social resources . Service departments - Communications - Information Technology - Library - Management Services - Office Management - Legal Department and Human Resources Graduate Center . Since 2006 the Graduate Center ( GC ) of DIW Berlin offers about 15 scholarships per year for PhD positions in economics in cooperation with Berlins largest universities : Free University of Berlin , Humboldt University of Berlin , and Technical University of Berlin . The Graduate Center is located within the DIW building in the center of Berlin . The academic research of students focuses on applied topics . The four-year program is divided into two parts : while students receive academic training in economics and related social sciences during the first year , in years two to four on-the-job training in DIW research projects leads them to complete their doctoral theses . The application period is between January and March . Co-operations . A broad range of predominantly external Research Directors , Research Professors and Research Affiliates research along with the employees of DIW Berlin . They co-operate for a specific time , perform cross sectional tasks , care about scientific surveys ( such as diploma thesis , dissertations ) and release important pulses for the institute . The DIW is also part of the Leibniz Association , ( Leibniz-Gemeinschaft ) , a collection of non-university research institutes in Germany . Along with five other leading institutes , the DIW publishes a joint report on the state of the German economy , the Gemeinschaftsdiagnose ( Joint Economic Forecast ) . Financing . More than half of the Institutes budget is derived from public grants , which DIW Berlin receives as research funding from the State of Berlin and the Federal Government in equal parts . This sum is supplemented by income from projects , research contracts with third parties , trustee memberships and donations . Because of its financial structure DIW Berlin is member of the Leibniz Association ( WGL ) . Publications . Dissemination of information is fundamental to DIW Berlin . As a leading economic research institute , it seeks to supply the wider public with up-to-date economic and structural data , forecasts , research reports , and services in the field of quantitative economics . Research results are presented in the Institutes own publications and in publications edited in co-operation with the Institute . Economic situation forecasts . Forecasts about current and future trends in Germany , EU and world economy are published on a regular basis by DIW Berlin . Publications . Wochenbericht Readily available , condensed information on current economic policy issues . Published weekly in German ( Wochenbericht des DIW Berlin ) . DIW Economic Bulletin The DIW Economic Bulletin is a DIW Berlin online publication . At irregular intervals selected articles of the Wochenbericht are being published online in English. . Quarterly Journal of Economic Research Each issue concentrates on a topic relevant to the current economic policy debate . It includes detailed information on research findings and their methodological basis . Discussion papers The papers are presenting pre-publications of research results . DIW Berlin : Policy Advice Compact DIW Berlin furnishes opinions for the Federal Government of Germany , the Commission of the European Union , the Ministries of Federal and State Governments , political parties , interest groups and associations , and the social partners . In the series “DIW Berlin : Policy Advice Compact” these research reports will be published . Applied Economics Quarterly ( Konjunkturpolitik ) Applied Economics Quarterly is an international journal publishing empirical research on issues with relevance for all areas of economic policy . AEQ is published four times a year in English . Events . Industrial Conference The Industrial Conference is the traditional institutionalised forum for exchange between the DIW Berlin and the business sector . Since October 1960 , the forum has met twice a year - May and November . Approximately one hundred representatives of enterprises , business associations and economic sciences participate regularly . Since the Federal Government moved to Berlin , the conference has been attracting increasing numbers of participants from politics . The conference understands itself to be a platform for dialogs on different viewpoints and opinions . Lunchtime Meetings The Berlin Lunchtime Meetings are a joint series of monthly expert talks hosted by the Center of Economic Policy Research ( CEPR ) , the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) and the Institute for the Study of Labour ( IZA ) . The seminars serve as a platform for leading European and international researchers to address important policy issues , and as a forum for debate and discussion among researchers , policy makers and the private sector . History . 1925 In July 1925 Ernst Wagemann founds DIW Berlin , which is originally called Institute for Business Cycle Research , and becomes the first President . 1928 In the context of the Quarterly Journal of Economic Research , Arthur Hanau publishes his dissertation „The phenomenon of cyclical development” and becomes head of the agricultural market research in Germany . Using his concept of the „Pork Cycle“ is still a popular way of explaining students of economics the relationship between demand and supply . 1933–1945 During the Nazi Regime , Ernst Wagemann is removed from his office . He is questioned several times by the Gestapo and even arrested for a while in 1942 . By the end of 1943 , the Institute for Business Cycle Research , now renamed in German Institute for Economic Research , is partially relocated to Feldberg , Mecklenburg . 1945 Prof . Dr . Ferdinand Friedensburg takes on being the President of the German Institute for Economic Research until 1968 . Now , after the war , the main focus of economic research lies upon economic issues within the city of Berlin . 1950 The first Wochenbericht ( Weekly Report ) after the war is published , covering a detailed report about „Germany´ s economic situation at the end of 1945” . 1956 The German Institute for Economic Research moves into its new building in Koenigin-Luise-Straße . 1960 For the first time , the so-called “Grundlinien der Wirtschaftsentwicklung” , forecasts about current and future trends in Germany , EU and world economy , are published . They are referring to the year of 1961 . 1968 Dr . Klaus Dieter Arndt becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research . 1972 Newly established departments are the Department of Transportation , the Department of Public Finance and the Department of Money and Capital Markets . 1975 Dr . Karl Koenig takes on being new the President of the German Institute for Economic Research . 1979 The German Institute for Economic Research publishes the Wochenbericht „Eine mittelfristige Strategie zur Wiedergewinnung der Vollbeschaeftigung“ , proposing strategies for re-establishing full employment in Germany . Taking this report into account , the federal government derives a programme for future investment in year 1977-1980 , one of the very few programmes which consequence is a noticeable drop in German unemployment rates . Prof . Dr . Hans-Jürgen Krupp becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research . 1989 The Socio-Economic Panel Study ( SOEP ) is now part of the German Institute for Economic Research . The main focus of the service institution SOEP is on basic research and scientific services . The Socio-Economic Panel regularly surveys 10,000 private households in a representative longitudinal study . The data acquired is analysed within and outside the German Institute for Economic Research , the results are then used for the analysis of income and labour force developments . 1990 The German Institute for Economic Research clearly disapproves a monetary union with the former GDR . In the case of a monetary union , the only way for the GDR to compensate their difference in productivity would be a significant decrease of the wage level . A unification of wage levels would lead to mass dismissals and enormous business shutdowns . The GDR people would become welfare recipients of the Federal Republic of Germany . 1994 On behalf of Greenpeace , the German Institute for Economic Research analyses the economic consequences of an ecological fiscal reform . The model of ecotax , short for ecological taxation , has been enacted in Germany by means of three laws in the following years . 2000 Prof . Dr . Klaus F . Zimmermann becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) . From now on , there are seven Research Departments . Thus , DIW Berlin is able to react flexible to new respective current economic and social political topics . Main focus of economic research is now lying upon information society and competition , public economics and innovation . The Institute also aims at increasing its number of international cooperations and its participation in research networks worldwide . 2003 DIW Berlin publishes its first Konjunkturprognose ( Economic Barometer ) , an up-to-date indicator of Germanys economic trends . 2006 With the founding of the DIW Graduate Center , the Institute dedicates itself to furthering the careers of young scientists . 2007 DIW Berlin relocates from Berlin-Dahlem to Mohrenstraße in Berlin-Mitte , marking a return to the citys government district . 2013 Prof . Marcel Fratzscher becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) . 2016 The Berlin Economics Research Associates ( BERA ) , a postdoctoral program funded by the Leibniz Association to promote the careers of young scientists , is established at DIW Berlin . Presidents . - 1925–1945 Ernst Wagemann - 1945–1968 Ferdinand Friedensburg - 1968–1974 Klaus-Dieter Arndt - 1975–1979 Karl Koenig - 1979–1988 Hans-Jürgen Krupp - 1988–1999 Lutz Hoffmann - 2000–2011 Klaus Zimmermann - 2011–2013 Gert G . Wagner - 2013–present Marcel Fratzscher Literature . - Silke Anger . Overtime Work in Germany . The Investment Character of Unpaid Hours , Shaker 2006 . - Rainer Winkelmann , Klaus F . Zimmermann , Can Germany Stand up to International Locational Competition ? Duncker und Humblot 2005 . - Klaus F . Zimmermann , European Migration : What Do We Know ? Oxford University Press . Oxford/New York 2005 . - Marco Caliendo , Microeconometric Evaluation of Labour Market Policies , Springer , 2005 . - Brigitte Preissl , Harry Bouwman , and Charles Steinfield , E-Life after the Dot Com Bust , Physica-Verlag , 2004 . - Janet Zollinger Giele and Elke Holst : Changing Life Patterns in Western Industrial Societies ( Advances in Life Course Research ) . 2003 .
|
[
"Ferdinand Friedensburg"
] |
[
{
"text": " The German Institute for Economic Research ( ) or more commonly DIWBerlin is a economic research institute in Germany , involved in basic research and policy advice . It is a non-profit academic institution , financed with public grants from the Berlin Senate Department for Economics , Technology and Research and the Federal Department for Economics and Technology . DIW Berlin was founded in 1925 as the Institute for Business Cycle Research and was later renamed .",
"title": "German Institute for Economic Research"
},
{
"text": "DIW Berlin presents its research results in science journals , within the scope of national and international scientific events as well as at workshops , symposia and colloquia . Current economic and structural data , forecasts and advice as well as services in the area of quantitative economics are provided to decision makers in economics and policy and the broad public . Furthermore , the research results often meet with a major response in the news media .",
"title": "German Institute for Economic Research"
},
{
"text": " The legal status of DIW Berlin is that of a registered association . The associations bodies are the Members , the Board of Trustees , the Executive Board and the Scientific Advisory Board . To date , there are 185 employees , 102 of them being researchers .",
"title": "Leadership and organisation"
},
{
"text": " The institute is divided into ten research departments , which are : - The Department of Macroeconomics focuses on the empirical and theoretical analysis of aggregate economic developments as well as national and international economic policy . - The Department Forecasting and Economic Policy uses modern macroeconomic methods to analyze economic policy issues . Economic forecasting is a key component of the departments work .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": "- The Department of International Economics focuses on monetary and financial issues affecting the global economy . It concentrates on two key activities : examining international financial markets in terms of their economic functionality and analyzing the contribution of financial development to the goal of shared growth in developing and emerging countries .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": " - The Department of Energy , Transportation and Environment researches different strategies of sustainable development in energy , transportation and the environment in order to formulate sound policy recommendations . - The Department Climate Policy uses empirical and theoretical methods to explore Germany and Europes transition to sustainable energy—for example , by analyzing policies related to energy efficiency in buildings as well as the shift to sustainable , climate-friendly power production .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": "- The Department of Competition and Consumers aims to produce robust evidence of how society and markets function . Its research combines approaches from industrial economics with behavioral and experimental economics , thus enabling a comprehensive analysis of strategic interactions , market allocations , and human behavior .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": " - The Department of Firms and Markets analyzes firms’ strategic behavior and its impact on efficiency , productivity , and growth as well as the institutional and political environment in which firms operate . - The Department of Public Economics analyzes how financial , fiscal , and social policies influence economic decisions made by individuals , households , and companies .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": "- The Department of Education and Family explores education and family-related issues primarily from a microeconomic perspective . One key question is the extent to which it is possible to fully develop the human potential of a countrys economy .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": " - The Socio-Economic Panel Study ( SOEP ) is a research-based infrastructure facility at DIW Berlin funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research ( BMBF ) and state governments . The SOEP is one of the worlds largest and longest-running surveys of individuals and private households . Numerous studies based on SOEP data examine mechanisms behind the distribution of social resources .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": " - Communications - Information Technology - Library - Management Services - Office Management - Legal Department and Human Resources",
"title": "Service departments"
},
{
"text": "Since 2006 the Graduate Center ( GC ) of DIW Berlin offers about 15 scholarships per year for PhD positions in economics in cooperation with Berlins largest universities : Free University of Berlin , Humboldt University of Berlin , and Technical University of Berlin . The Graduate Center is located within the DIW building in the center of Berlin . The academic research of students focuses on applied topics . The four-year program is divided into two parts : while students receive academic training in economics and related social sciences during the first year , in years two to four",
"title": "Graduate Center"
},
{
"text": "on-the-job training in DIW research projects leads them to complete their doctoral theses . The application period is between January and March .",
"title": "Graduate Center"
},
{
"text": " A broad range of predominantly external Research Directors , Research Professors and Research Affiliates research along with the employees of DIW Berlin . They co-operate for a specific time , perform cross sectional tasks , care about scientific surveys ( such as diploma thesis , dissertations ) and release important pulses for the institute .",
"title": "Co-operations"
},
{
"text": "The DIW is also part of the Leibniz Association , ( Leibniz-Gemeinschaft ) , a collection of non-university research institutes in Germany . Along with five other leading institutes , the DIW publishes a joint report on the state of the German economy , the Gemeinschaftsdiagnose ( Joint Economic Forecast ) .",
"title": "Co-operations"
},
{
"text": " More than half of the Institutes budget is derived from public grants , which DIW Berlin receives as research funding from the State of Berlin and the Federal Government in equal parts . This sum is supplemented by income from projects , research contracts with third parties , trustee memberships and donations . Because of its financial structure DIW Berlin is member of the Leibniz Association ( WGL ) .",
"title": "Financing"
},
{
"text": " Dissemination of information is fundamental to DIW Berlin . As a leading economic research institute , it seeks to supply the wider public with up-to-date economic and structural data , forecasts , research reports , and services in the field of quantitative economics . Research results are presented in the Institutes own publications and in publications edited in co-operation with the Institute .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " Forecasts about current and future trends in Germany , EU and world economy are published on a regular basis by DIW Berlin .",
"title": "Economic situation forecasts"
},
{
"text": " Readily available , condensed information on current economic policy issues . Published weekly in German ( Wochenbericht des DIW Berlin ) .",
"title": "Wochenbericht"
},
{
"text": " The DIW Economic Bulletin is a DIW Berlin online publication . At irregular intervals selected articles of the Wochenbericht are being published online in English. . Quarterly Journal of Economic Research Each issue concentrates on a topic relevant to the current economic policy debate . It includes detailed information on research findings and their methodological basis .",
"title": "DIW Economic Bulletin"
},
{
"text": " The papers are presenting pre-publications of research results . DIW Berlin : Policy Advice Compact DIW Berlin furnishes opinions for the Federal Government of Germany , the Commission of the European Union , the Ministries of Federal and State Governments , political parties , interest groups and associations , and the social partners . In the series “DIW Berlin : Policy Advice Compact” these research reports will be published . Applied Economics Quarterly ( Konjunkturpolitik )",
"title": "Discussion papers"
},
{
"text": "Applied Economics Quarterly is an international journal publishing empirical research on issues with relevance for all areas of economic policy . AEQ is published four times a year in English .",
"title": "Discussion papers"
},
{
"text": " The Industrial Conference is the traditional institutionalised forum for exchange between the DIW Berlin and the business sector . Since October 1960 , the forum has met twice a year - May and November . Approximately one hundred representatives of enterprises , business associations and economic sciences participate regularly . Since the Federal Government moved to Berlin , the conference has been attracting increasing numbers of participants from politics . The conference understands itself to be a platform for dialogs on different viewpoints and opinions .",
"title": "Industrial Conference"
},
{
"text": " The Berlin Lunchtime Meetings are a joint series of monthly expert talks hosted by the Center of Economic Policy Research ( CEPR ) , the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) and the Institute for the Study of Labour ( IZA ) . The seminars serve as a platform for leading European and international researchers to address important policy issues , and as a forum for debate and discussion among researchers , policy makers and the private sector .",
"title": "Lunchtime Meetings"
},
{
"text": " 1925 In July 1925 Ernst Wagemann founds DIW Berlin , which is originally called Institute for Business Cycle Research , and becomes the first President . 1928 In the context of the Quarterly Journal of Economic Research , Arthur Hanau publishes his dissertation „The phenomenon of cyclical development” and becomes head of the agricultural market research in Germany . Using his concept of the „Pork Cycle“ is still a popular way of explaining students of economics the relationship between demand and supply .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1933–1945 During the Nazi Regime , Ernst Wagemann is removed from his office . He is questioned several times by the Gestapo and even arrested for a while in 1942 . By the end of 1943 , the Institute for Business Cycle Research , now renamed in German Institute for Economic Research , is partially relocated to Feldberg , Mecklenburg .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 1945 Prof . Dr . Ferdinand Friedensburg takes on being the President of the German Institute for Economic Research until 1968 . Now , after the war , the main focus of economic research lies upon economic issues within the city of Berlin . 1950 The first Wochenbericht ( Weekly Report ) after the war is published , covering a detailed report about „Germany´ s economic situation at the end of 1945” . 1956 The German Institute for Economic Research moves into its new building in Koenigin-Luise-Straße .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1960 For the first time , the so-called “Grundlinien der Wirtschaftsentwicklung” , forecasts about current and future trends in Germany , EU and world economy , are published . They are referring to the year of 1961 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 1968 Dr . Klaus Dieter Arndt becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research . 1972 Newly established departments are the Department of Transportation , the Department of Public Finance and the Department of Money and Capital Markets . 1975 Dr . Karl Koenig takes on being new the President of the German Institute for Economic Research .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1979 The German Institute for Economic Research publishes the Wochenbericht „Eine mittelfristige Strategie zur Wiedergewinnung der Vollbeschaeftigung“ , proposing strategies for re-establishing full employment in Germany . Taking this report into account , the federal government derives a programme for future investment in year 1977-1980 , one of the very few programmes which consequence is a noticeable drop in German unemployment rates . Prof . Dr . Hans-Jürgen Krupp becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 1989 The Socio-Economic Panel Study ( SOEP ) is now part of the German Institute for Economic Research . The main focus of the service institution SOEP is on basic research and scientific services . The Socio-Economic Panel regularly surveys 10,000 private households in a representative longitudinal study . The data acquired is analysed within and outside the German Institute for Economic Research , the results are then used for the analysis of income and labour force developments .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1990 The German Institute for Economic Research clearly disapproves a monetary union with the former GDR . In the case of a monetary union , the only way for the GDR to compensate their difference in productivity would be a significant decrease of the wage level . A unification of wage levels would lead to mass dismissals and enormous business shutdowns . The GDR people would become welfare recipients of the Federal Republic of Germany .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 1994 On behalf of Greenpeace , the German Institute for Economic Research analyses the economic consequences of an ecological fiscal reform . The model of ecotax , short for ecological taxation , has been enacted in Germany by means of three laws in the following years .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "2000 Prof . Dr . Klaus F . Zimmermann becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) . From now on , there are seven Research Departments . Thus , DIW Berlin is able to react flexible to new respective current economic and social political topics . Main focus of economic research is now lying upon information society and competition , public economics and innovation . The Institute also aims at increasing its number of international cooperations and its participation in research networks worldwide .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 2003 DIW Berlin publishes its first Konjunkturprognose ( Economic Barometer ) , an up-to-date indicator of Germanys economic trends . 2006 With the founding of the DIW Graduate Center , the Institute dedicates itself to furthering the careers of young scientists . 2007 DIW Berlin relocates from Berlin-Dahlem to Mohrenstraße in Berlin-Mitte , marking a return to the citys government district . 2013 Prof . Marcel Fratzscher becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "2016 The Berlin Economics Research Associates ( BERA ) , a postdoctoral program funded by the Leibniz Association to promote the careers of young scientists , is established at DIW Berlin .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - 1925–1945 Ernst Wagemann - 1945–1968 Ferdinand Friedensburg - 1968–1974 Klaus-Dieter Arndt - 1975–1979 Karl Koenig - 1979–1988 Hans-Jürgen Krupp - 1988–1999 Lutz Hoffmann - 2000–2011 Klaus Zimmermann - 2011–2013 Gert G . Wagner - 2013–present Marcel Fratzscher",
"title": "Presidents"
},
{
"text": " - Silke Anger . Overtime Work in Germany . The Investment Character of Unpaid Hours , Shaker 2006 . - Rainer Winkelmann , Klaus F . Zimmermann , Can Germany Stand up to International Locational Competition ? Duncker und Humblot 2005 . - Klaus F . Zimmermann , European Migration : What Do We Know ? Oxford University Press . Oxford/New York 2005 . - Marco Caliendo , Microeconometric Evaluation of Labour Market Policies , Springer , 2005 .",
"title": "Literature"
},
{
"text": "- Brigitte Preissl , Harry Bouwman , and Charles Steinfield , E-Life after the Dot Com Bust , Physica-Verlag , 2004 .",
"title": "Literature"
},
{
"text": " - Janet Zollinger Giele and Elke Holst : Changing Life Patterns in Western Industrial Societies ( Advances in Life Course Research ) . 2003 .",
"title": "Literature"
}
] |
/wiki/German_Institute_for_Economic_Research#P1037#2
|
German Institute for Economic Research was managed or directed by whom between Dec 1972 and Feb 1973?
|
German Institute for Economic Research The German Institute for Economic Research ( ) or more commonly DIWBerlin is a economic research institute in Germany , involved in basic research and policy advice . It is a non-profit academic institution , financed with public grants from the Berlin Senate Department for Economics , Technology and Research and the Federal Department for Economics and Technology . DIW Berlin was founded in 1925 as the Institute for Business Cycle Research and was later renamed . DIW Berlin presents its research results in science journals , within the scope of national and international scientific events as well as at workshops , symposia and colloquia . Current economic and structural data , forecasts and advice as well as services in the area of quantitative economics are provided to decision makers in economics and policy and the broad public . Furthermore , the research results often meet with a major response in the news media . Leadership and organisation . The legal status of DIW Berlin is that of a registered association . The associations bodies are the Members , the Board of Trustees , the Executive Board and the Scientific Advisory Board . To date , there are 185 employees , 102 of them being researchers . Executive board . - Marcel Fratzscher - Angelica E . Röhr - Stefan Liebig Research departments . The institute is divided into ten research departments , which are : - The Department of Macroeconomics focuses on the empirical and theoretical analysis of aggregate economic developments as well as national and international economic policy . - The Department Forecasting and Economic Policy uses modern macroeconomic methods to analyze economic policy issues . Economic forecasting is a key component of the departments work . - The Department of International Economics focuses on monetary and financial issues affecting the global economy . It concentrates on two key activities : examining international financial markets in terms of their economic functionality and analyzing the contribution of financial development to the goal of shared growth in developing and emerging countries . - The Department of Energy , Transportation and Environment researches different strategies of sustainable development in energy , transportation and the environment in order to formulate sound policy recommendations . - The Department Climate Policy uses empirical and theoretical methods to explore Germany and Europes transition to sustainable energy—for example , by analyzing policies related to energy efficiency in buildings as well as the shift to sustainable , climate-friendly power production . - The Department of Competition and Consumers aims to produce robust evidence of how society and markets function . Its research combines approaches from industrial economics with behavioral and experimental economics , thus enabling a comprehensive analysis of strategic interactions , market allocations , and human behavior . - The Department of Firms and Markets analyzes firms’ strategic behavior and its impact on efficiency , productivity , and growth as well as the institutional and political environment in which firms operate . - The Department of Public Economics analyzes how financial , fiscal , and social policies influence economic decisions made by individuals , households , and companies . - The Department of Education and Family explores education and family-related issues primarily from a microeconomic perspective . One key question is the extent to which it is possible to fully develop the human potential of a countrys economy . - The Socio-Economic Panel Study ( SOEP ) is a research-based infrastructure facility at DIW Berlin funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research ( BMBF ) and state governments . The SOEP is one of the worlds largest and longest-running surveys of individuals and private households . Numerous studies based on SOEP data examine mechanisms behind the distribution of social resources . Service departments - Communications - Information Technology - Library - Management Services - Office Management - Legal Department and Human Resources Graduate Center . Since 2006 the Graduate Center ( GC ) of DIW Berlin offers about 15 scholarships per year for PhD positions in economics in cooperation with Berlins largest universities : Free University of Berlin , Humboldt University of Berlin , and Technical University of Berlin . The Graduate Center is located within the DIW building in the center of Berlin . The academic research of students focuses on applied topics . The four-year program is divided into two parts : while students receive academic training in economics and related social sciences during the first year , in years two to four on-the-job training in DIW research projects leads them to complete their doctoral theses . The application period is between January and March . Co-operations . A broad range of predominantly external Research Directors , Research Professors and Research Affiliates research along with the employees of DIW Berlin . They co-operate for a specific time , perform cross sectional tasks , care about scientific surveys ( such as diploma thesis , dissertations ) and release important pulses for the institute . The DIW is also part of the Leibniz Association , ( Leibniz-Gemeinschaft ) , a collection of non-university research institutes in Germany . Along with five other leading institutes , the DIW publishes a joint report on the state of the German economy , the Gemeinschaftsdiagnose ( Joint Economic Forecast ) . Financing . More than half of the Institutes budget is derived from public grants , which DIW Berlin receives as research funding from the State of Berlin and the Federal Government in equal parts . This sum is supplemented by income from projects , research contracts with third parties , trustee memberships and donations . Because of its financial structure DIW Berlin is member of the Leibniz Association ( WGL ) . Publications . Dissemination of information is fundamental to DIW Berlin . As a leading economic research institute , it seeks to supply the wider public with up-to-date economic and structural data , forecasts , research reports , and services in the field of quantitative economics . Research results are presented in the Institutes own publications and in publications edited in co-operation with the Institute . Economic situation forecasts . Forecasts about current and future trends in Germany , EU and world economy are published on a regular basis by DIW Berlin . Publications . Wochenbericht Readily available , condensed information on current economic policy issues . Published weekly in German ( Wochenbericht des DIW Berlin ) . DIW Economic Bulletin The DIW Economic Bulletin is a DIW Berlin online publication . At irregular intervals selected articles of the Wochenbericht are being published online in English. . Quarterly Journal of Economic Research Each issue concentrates on a topic relevant to the current economic policy debate . It includes detailed information on research findings and their methodological basis . Discussion papers The papers are presenting pre-publications of research results . DIW Berlin : Policy Advice Compact DIW Berlin furnishes opinions for the Federal Government of Germany , the Commission of the European Union , the Ministries of Federal and State Governments , political parties , interest groups and associations , and the social partners . In the series “DIW Berlin : Policy Advice Compact” these research reports will be published . Applied Economics Quarterly ( Konjunkturpolitik ) Applied Economics Quarterly is an international journal publishing empirical research on issues with relevance for all areas of economic policy . AEQ is published four times a year in English . Events . Industrial Conference The Industrial Conference is the traditional institutionalised forum for exchange between the DIW Berlin and the business sector . Since October 1960 , the forum has met twice a year - May and November . Approximately one hundred representatives of enterprises , business associations and economic sciences participate regularly . Since the Federal Government moved to Berlin , the conference has been attracting increasing numbers of participants from politics . The conference understands itself to be a platform for dialogs on different viewpoints and opinions . Lunchtime Meetings The Berlin Lunchtime Meetings are a joint series of monthly expert talks hosted by the Center of Economic Policy Research ( CEPR ) , the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) and the Institute for the Study of Labour ( IZA ) . The seminars serve as a platform for leading European and international researchers to address important policy issues , and as a forum for debate and discussion among researchers , policy makers and the private sector . History . 1925 In July 1925 Ernst Wagemann founds DIW Berlin , which is originally called Institute for Business Cycle Research , and becomes the first President . 1928 In the context of the Quarterly Journal of Economic Research , Arthur Hanau publishes his dissertation „The phenomenon of cyclical development” and becomes head of the agricultural market research in Germany . Using his concept of the „Pork Cycle“ is still a popular way of explaining students of economics the relationship between demand and supply . 1933–1945 During the Nazi Regime , Ernst Wagemann is removed from his office . He is questioned several times by the Gestapo and even arrested for a while in 1942 . By the end of 1943 , the Institute for Business Cycle Research , now renamed in German Institute for Economic Research , is partially relocated to Feldberg , Mecklenburg . 1945 Prof . Dr . Ferdinand Friedensburg takes on being the President of the German Institute for Economic Research until 1968 . Now , after the war , the main focus of economic research lies upon economic issues within the city of Berlin . 1950 The first Wochenbericht ( Weekly Report ) after the war is published , covering a detailed report about „Germany´ s economic situation at the end of 1945” . 1956 The German Institute for Economic Research moves into its new building in Koenigin-Luise-Straße . 1960 For the first time , the so-called “Grundlinien der Wirtschaftsentwicklung” , forecasts about current and future trends in Germany , EU and world economy , are published . They are referring to the year of 1961 . 1968 Dr . Klaus Dieter Arndt becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research . 1972 Newly established departments are the Department of Transportation , the Department of Public Finance and the Department of Money and Capital Markets . 1975 Dr . Karl Koenig takes on being new the President of the German Institute for Economic Research . 1979 The German Institute for Economic Research publishes the Wochenbericht „Eine mittelfristige Strategie zur Wiedergewinnung der Vollbeschaeftigung“ , proposing strategies for re-establishing full employment in Germany . Taking this report into account , the federal government derives a programme for future investment in year 1977-1980 , one of the very few programmes which consequence is a noticeable drop in German unemployment rates . Prof . Dr . Hans-Jürgen Krupp becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research . 1989 The Socio-Economic Panel Study ( SOEP ) is now part of the German Institute for Economic Research . The main focus of the service institution SOEP is on basic research and scientific services . The Socio-Economic Panel regularly surveys 10,000 private households in a representative longitudinal study . The data acquired is analysed within and outside the German Institute for Economic Research , the results are then used for the analysis of income and labour force developments . 1990 The German Institute for Economic Research clearly disapproves a monetary union with the former GDR . In the case of a monetary union , the only way for the GDR to compensate their difference in productivity would be a significant decrease of the wage level . A unification of wage levels would lead to mass dismissals and enormous business shutdowns . The GDR people would become welfare recipients of the Federal Republic of Germany . 1994 On behalf of Greenpeace , the German Institute for Economic Research analyses the economic consequences of an ecological fiscal reform . The model of ecotax , short for ecological taxation , has been enacted in Germany by means of three laws in the following years . 2000 Prof . Dr . Klaus F . Zimmermann becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) . From now on , there are seven Research Departments . Thus , DIW Berlin is able to react flexible to new respective current economic and social political topics . Main focus of economic research is now lying upon information society and competition , public economics and innovation . The Institute also aims at increasing its number of international cooperations and its participation in research networks worldwide . 2003 DIW Berlin publishes its first Konjunkturprognose ( Economic Barometer ) , an up-to-date indicator of Germanys economic trends . 2006 With the founding of the DIW Graduate Center , the Institute dedicates itself to furthering the careers of young scientists . 2007 DIW Berlin relocates from Berlin-Dahlem to Mohrenstraße in Berlin-Mitte , marking a return to the citys government district . 2013 Prof . Marcel Fratzscher becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) . 2016 The Berlin Economics Research Associates ( BERA ) , a postdoctoral program funded by the Leibniz Association to promote the careers of young scientists , is established at DIW Berlin . Presidents . - 1925–1945 Ernst Wagemann - 1945–1968 Ferdinand Friedensburg - 1968–1974 Klaus-Dieter Arndt - 1975–1979 Karl Koenig - 1979–1988 Hans-Jürgen Krupp - 1988–1999 Lutz Hoffmann - 2000–2011 Klaus Zimmermann - 2011–2013 Gert G . Wagner - 2013–present Marcel Fratzscher Literature . - Silke Anger . Overtime Work in Germany . The Investment Character of Unpaid Hours , Shaker 2006 . - Rainer Winkelmann , Klaus F . Zimmermann , Can Germany Stand up to International Locational Competition ? Duncker und Humblot 2005 . - Klaus F . Zimmermann , European Migration : What Do We Know ? Oxford University Press . Oxford/New York 2005 . - Marco Caliendo , Microeconometric Evaluation of Labour Market Policies , Springer , 2005 . - Brigitte Preissl , Harry Bouwman , and Charles Steinfield , E-Life after the Dot Com Bust , Physica-Verlag , 2004 . - Janet Zollinger Giele and Elke Holst : Changing Life Patterns in Western Industrial Societies ( Advances in Life Course Research ) . 2003 .
|
[
"Klaus Dieter Arndt"
] |
[
{
"text": " The German Institute for Economic Research ( ) or more commonly DIWBerlin is a economic research institute in Germany , involved in basic research and policy advice . It is a non-profit academic institution , financed with public grants from the Berlin Senate Department for Economics , Technology and Research and the Federal Department for Economics and Technology . DIW Berlin was founded in 1925 as the Institute for Business Cycle Research and was later renamed .",
"title": "German Institute for Economic Research"
},
{
"text": "DIW Berlin presents its research results in science journals , within the scope of national and international scientific events as well as at workshops , symposia and colloquia . Current economic and structural data , forecasts and advice as well as services in the area of quantitative economics are provided to decision makers in economics and policy and the broad public . Furthermore , the research results often meet with a major response in the news media .",
"title": "German Institute for Economic Research"
},
{
"text": " The legal status of DIW Berlin is that of a registered association . The associations bodies are the Members , the Board of Trustees , the Executive Board and the Scientific Advisory Board . To date , there are 185 employees , 102 of them being researchers .",
"title": "Leadership and organisation"
},
{
"text": " The institute is divided into ten research departments , which are : - The Department of Macroeconomics focuses on the empirical and theoretical analysis of aggregate economic developments as well as national and international economic policy . - The Department Forecasting and Economic Policy uses modern macroeconomic methods to analyze economic policy issues . Economic forecasting is a key component of the departments work .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": "- The Department of International Economics focuses on monetary and financial issues affecting the global economy . It concentrates on two key activities : examining international financial markets in terms of their economic functionality and analyzing the contribution of financial development to the goal of shared growth in developing and emerging countries .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": " - The Department of Energy , Transportation and Environment researches different strategies of sustainable development in energy , transportation and the environment in order to formulate sound policy recommendations . - The Department Climate Policy uses empirical and theoretical methods to explore Germany and Europes transition to sustainable energy—for example , by analyzing policies related to energy efficiency in buildings as well as the shift to sustainable , climate-friendly power production .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": "- The Department of Competition and Consumers aims to produce robust evidence of how society and markets function . Its research combines approaches from industrial economics with behavioral and experimental economics , thus enabling a comprehensive analysis of strategic interactions , market allocations , and human behavior .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": " - The Department of Firms and Markets analyzes firms’ strategic behavior and its impact on efficiency , productivity , and growth as well as the institutional and political environment in which firms operate . - The Department of Public Economics analyzes how financial , fiscal , and social policies influence economic decisions made by individuals , households , and companies .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": "- The Department of Education and Family explores education and family-related issues primarily from a microeconomic perspective . One key question is the extent to which it is possible to fully develop the human potential of a countrys economy .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": " - The Socio-Economic Panel Study ( SOEP ) is a research-based infrastructure facility at DIW Berlin funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research ( BMBF ) and state governments . The SOEP is one of the worlds largest and longest-running surveys of individuals and private households . Numerous studies based on SOEP data examine mechanisms behind the distribution of social resources .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": " - Communications - Information Technology - Library - Management Services - Office Management - Legal Department and Human Resources",
"title": "Service departments"
},
{
"text": "Since 2006 the Graduate Center ( GC ) of DIW Berlin offers about 15 scholarships per year for PhD positions in economics in cooperation with Berlins largest universities : Free University of Berlin , Humboldt University of Berlin , and Technical University of Berlin . The Graduate Center is located within the DIW building in the center of Berlin . The academic research of students focuses on applied topics . The four-year program is divided into two parts : while students receive academic training in economics and related social sciences during the first year , in years two to four",
"title": "Graduate Center"
},
{
"text": "on-the-job training in DIW research projects leads them to complete their doctoral theses . The application period is between January and March .",
"title": "Graduate Center"
},
{
"text": " A broad range of predominantly external Research Directors , Research Professors and Research Affiliates research along with the employees of DIW Berlin . They co-operate for a specific time , perform cross sectional tasks , care about scientific surveys ( such as diploma thesis , dissertations ) and release important pulses for the institute .",
"title": "Co-operations"
},
{
"text": "The DIW is also part of the Leibniz Association , ( Leibniz-Gemeinschaft ) , a collection of non-university research institutes in Germany . Along with five other leading institutes , the DIW publishes a joint report on the state of the German economy , the Gemeinschaftsdiagnose ( Joint Economic Forecast ) .",
"title": "Co-operations"
},
{
"text": " More than half of the Institutes budget is derived from public grants , which DIW Berlin receives as research funding from the State of Berlin and the Federal Government in equal parts . This sum is supplemented by income from projects , research contracts with third parties , trustee memberships and donations . Because of its financial structure DIW Berlin is member of the Leibniz Association ( WGL ) .",
"title": "Financing"
},
{
"text": " Dissemination of information is fundamental to DIW Berlin . As a leading economic research institute , it seeks to supply the wider public with up-to-date economic and structural data , forecasts , research reports , and services in the field of quantitative economics . Research results are presented in the Institutes own publications and in publications edited in co-operation with the Institute .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " Forecasts about current and future trends in Germany , EU and world economy are published on a regular basis by DIW Berlin .",
"title": "Economic situation forecasts"
},
{
"text": " Readily available , condensed information on current economic policy issues . Published weekly in German ( Wochenbericht des DIW Berlin ) .",
"title": "Wochenbericht"
},
{
"text": " The DIW Economic Bulletin is a DIW Berlin online publication . At irregular intervals selected articles of the Wochenbericht are being published online in English. . Quarterly Journal of Economic Research Each issue concentrates on a topic relevant to the current economic policy debate . It includes detailed information on research findings and their methodological basis .",
"title": "DIW Economic Bulletin"
},
{
"text": " The papers are presenting pre-publications of research results . DIW Berlin : Policy Advice Compact DIW Berlin furnishes opinions for the Federal Government of Germany , the Commission of the European Union , the Ministries of Federal and State Governments , political parties , interest groups and associations , and the social partners . In the series “DIW Berlin : Policy Advice Compact” these research reports will be published . Applied Economics Quarterly ( Konjunkturpolitik )",
"title": "Discussion papers"
},
{
"text": "Applied Economics Quarterly is an international journal publishing empirical research on issues with relevance for all areas of economic policy . AEQ is published four times a year in English .",
"title": "Discussion papers"
},
{
"text": " The Industrial Conference is the traditional institutionalised forum for exchange between the DIW Berlin and the business sector . Since October 1960 , the forum has met twice a year - May and November . Approximately one hundred representatives of enterprises , business associations and economic sciences participate regularly . Since the Federal Government moved to Berlin , the conference has been attracting increasing numbers of participants from politics . The conference understands itself to be a platform for dialogs on different viewpoints and opinions .",
"title": "Industrial Conference"
},
{
"text": " The Berlin Lunchtime Meetings are a joint series of monthly expert talks hosted by the Center of Economic Policy Research ( CEPR ) , the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) and the Institute for the Study of Labour ( IZA ) . The seminars serve as a platform for leading European and international researchers to address important policy issues , and as a forum for debate and discussion among researchers , policy makers and the private sector .",
"title": "Lunchtime Meetings"
},
{
"text": " 1925 In July 1925 Ernst Wagemann founds DIW Berlin , which is originally called Institute for Business Cycle Research , and becomes the first President . 1928 In the context of the Quarterly Journal of Economic Research , Arthur Hanau publishes his dissertation „The phenomenon of cyclical development” and becomes head of the agricultural market research in Germany . Using his concept of the „Pork Cycle“ is still a popular way of explaining students of economics the relationship between demand and supply .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1933–1945 During the Nazi Regime , Ernst Wagemann is removed from his office . He is questioned several times by the Gestapo and even arrested for a while in 1942 . By the end of 1943 , the Institute for Business Cycle Research , now renamed in German Institute for Economic Research , is partially relocated to Feldberg , Mecklenburg .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 1945 Prof . Dr . Ferdinand Friedensburg takes on being the President of the German Institute for Economic Research until 1968 . Now , after the war , the main focus of economic research lies upon economic issues within the city of Berlin . 1950 The first Wochenbericht ( Weekly Report ) after the war is published , covering a detailed report about „Germany´ s economic situation at the end of 1945” . 1956 The German Institute for Economic Research moves into its new building in Koenigin-Luise-Straße .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1960 For the first time , the so-called “Grundlinien der Wirtschaftsentwicklung” , forecasts about current and future trends in Germany , EU and world economy , are published . They are referring to the year of 1961 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 1968 Dr . Klaus Dieter Arndt becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research . 1972 Newly established departments are the Department of Transportation , the Department of Public Finance and the Department of Money and Capital Markets . 1975 Dr . Karl Koenig takes on being new the President of the German Institute for Economic Research .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1979 The German Institute for Economic Research publishes the Wochenbericht „Eine mittelfristige Strategie zur Wiedergewinnung der Vollbeschaeftigung“ , proposing strategies for re-establishing full employment in Germany . Taking this report into account , the federal government derives a programme for future investment in year 1977-1980 , one of the very few programmes which consequence is a noticeable drop in German unemployment rates . Prof . Dr . Hans-Jürgen Krupp becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 1989 The Socio-Economic Panel Study ( SOEP ) is now part of the German Institute for Economic Research . The main focus of the service institution SOEP is on basic research and scientific services . The Socio-Economic Panel regularly surveys 10,000 private households in a representative longitudinal study . The data acquired is analysed within and outside the German Institute for Economic Research , the results are then used for the analysis of income and labour force developments .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1990 The German Institute for Economic Research clearly disapproves a monetary union with the former GDR . In the case of a monetary union , the only way for the GDR to compensate their difference in productivity would be a significant decrease of the wage level . A unification of wage levels would lead to mass dismissals and enormous business shutdowns . The GDR people would become welfare recipients of the Federal Republic of Germany .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 1994 On behalf of Greenpeace , the German Institute for Economic Research analyses the economic consequences of an ecological fiscal reform . The model of ecotax , short for ecological taxation , has been enacted in Germany by means of three laws in the following years .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "2000 Prof . Dr . Klaus F . Zimmermann becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) . From now on , there are seven Research Departments . Thus , DIW Berlin is able to react flexible to new respective current economic and social political topics . Main focus of economic research is now lying upon information society and competition , public economics and innovation . The Institute also aims at increasing its number of international cooperations and its participation in research networks worldwide .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 2003 DIW Berlin publishes its first Konjunkturprognose ( Economic Barometer ) , an up-to-date indicator of Germanys economic trends . 2006 With the founding of the DIW Graduate Center , the Institute dedicates itself to furthering the careers of young scientists . 2007 DIW Berlin relocates from Berlin-Dahlem to Mohrenstraße in Berlin-Mitte , marking a return to the citys government district . 2013 Prof . Marcel Fratzscher becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "2016 The Berlin Economics Research Associates ( BERA ) , a postdoctoral program funded by the Leibniz Association to promote the careers of young scientists , is established at DIW Berlin .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - 1925–1945 Ernst Wagemann - 1945–1968 Ferdinand Friedensburg - 1968–1974 Klaus-Dieter Arndt - 1975–1979 Karl Koenig - 1979–1988 Hans-Jürgen Krupp - 1988–1999 Lutz Hoffmann - 2000–2011 Klaus Zimmermann - 2011–2013 Gert G . Wagner - 2013–present Marcel Fratzscher",
"title": "Presidents"
},
{
"text": " - Silke Anger . Overtime Work in Germany . The Investment Character of Unpaid Hours , Shaker 2006 . - Rainer Winkelmann , Klaus F . Zimmermann , Can Germany Stand up to International Locational Competition ? Duncker und Humblot 2005 . - Klaus F . Zimmermann , European Migration : What Do We Know ? Oxford University Press . Oxford/New York 2005 . - Marco Caliendo , Microeconometric Evaluation of Labour Market Policies , Springer , 2005 .",
"title": "Literature"
},
{
"text": "- Brigitte Preissl , Harry Bouwman , and Charles Steinfield , E-Life after the Dot Com Bust , Physica-Verlag , 2004 .",
"title": "Literature"
},
{
"text": " - Janet Zollinger Giele and Elke Holst : Changing Life Patterns in Western Industrial Societies ( Advances in Life Course Research ) . 2003 .",
"title": "Literature"
}
] |
/wiki/German_Institute_for_Economic_Research#P1037#3
|
German Institute for Economic Research was managed or directed by whom in Jul 1976?
|
German Institute for Economic Research The German Institute for Economic Research ( ) or more commonly DIWBerlin is a economic research institute in Germany , involved in basic research and policy advice . It is a non-profit academic institution , financed with public grants from the Berlin Senate Department for Economics , Technology and Research and the Federal Department for Economics and Technology . DIW Berlin was founded in 1925 as the Institute for Business Cycle Research and was later renamed . DIW Berlin presents its research results in science journals , within the scope of national and international scientific events as well as at workshops , symposia and colloquia . Current economic and structural data , forecasts and advice as well as services in the area of quantitative economics are provided to decision makers in economics and policy and the broad public . Furthermore , the research results often meet with a major response in the news media . Leadership and organisation . The legal status of DIW Berlin is that of a registered association . The associations bodies are the Members , the Board of Trustees , the Executive Board and the Scientific Advisory Board . To date , there are 185 employees , 102 of them being researchers . Executive board . - Marcel Fratzscher - Angelica E . Röhr - Stefan Liebig Research departments . The institute is divided into ten research departments , which are : - The Department of Macroeconomics focuses on the empirical and theoretical analysis of aggregate economic developments as well as national and international economic policy . - The Department Forecasting and Economic Policy uses modern macroeconomic methods to analyze economic policy issues . Economic forecasting is a key component of the departments work . - The Department of International Economics focuses on monetary and financial issues affecting the global economy . It concentrates on two key activities : examining international financial markets in terms of their economic functionality and analyzing the contribution of financial development to the goal of shared growth in developing and emerging countries . - The Department of Energy , Transportation and Environment researches different strategies of sustainable development in energy , transportation and the environment in order to formulate sound policy recommendations . - The Department Climate Policy uses empirical and theoretical methods to explore Germany and Europes transition to sustainable energy—for example , by analyzing policies related to energy efficiency in buildings as well as the shift to sustainable , climate-friendly power production . - The Department of Competition and Consumers aims to produce robust evidence of how society and markets function . Its research combines approaches from industrial economics with behavioral and experimental economics , thus enabling a comprehensive analysis of strategic interactions , market allocations , and human behavior . - The Department of Firms and Markets analyzes firms’ strategic behavior and its impact on efficiency , productivity , and growth as well as the institutional and political environment in which firms operate . - The Department of Public Economics analyzes how financial , fiscal , and social policies influence economic decisions made by individuals , households , and companies . - The Department of Education and Family explores education and family-related issues primarily from a microeconomic perspective . One key question is the extent to which it is possible to fully develop the human potential of a countrys economy . - The Socio-Economic Panel Study ( SOEP ) is a research-based infrastructure facility at DIW Berlin funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research ( BMBF ) and state governments . The SOEP is one of the worlds largest and longest-running surveys of individuals and private households . Numerous studies based on SOEP data examine mechanisms behind the distribution of social resources . Service departments - Communications - Information Technology - Library - Management Services - Office Management - Legal Department and Human Resources Graduate Center . Since 2006 the Graduate Center ( GC ) of DIW Berlin offers about 15 scholarships per year for PhD positions in economics in cooperation with Berlins largest universities : Free University of Berlin , Humboldt University of Berlin , and Technical University of Berlin . The Graduate Center is located within the DIW building in the center of Berlin . The academic research of students focuses on applied topics . The four-year program is divided into two parts : while students receive academic training in economics and related social sciences during the first year , in years two to four on-the-job training in DIW research projects leads them to complete their doctoral theses . The application period is between January and March . Co-operations . A broad range of predominantly external Research Directors , Research Professors and Research Affiliates research along with the employees of DIW Berlin . They co-operate for a specific time , perform cross sectional tasks , care about scientific surveys ( such as diploma thesis , dissertations ) and release important pulses for the institute . The DIW is also part of the Leibniz Association , ( Leibniz-Gemeinschaft ) , a collection of non-university research institutes in Germany . Along with five other leading institutes , the DIW publishes a joint report on the state of the German economy , the Gemeinschaftsdiagnose ( Joint Economic Forecast ) . Financing . More than half of the Institutes budget is derived from public grants , which DIW Berlin receives as research funding from the State of Berlin and the Federal Government in equal parts . This sum is supplemented by income from projects , research contracts with third parties , trustee memberships and donations . Because of its financial structure DIW Berlin is member of the Leibniz Association ( WGL ) . Publications . Dissemination of information is fundamental to DIW Berlin . As a leading economic research institute , it seeks to supply the wider public with up-to-date economic and structural data , forecasts , research reports , and services in the field of quantitative economics . Research results are presented in the Institutes own publications and in publications edited in co-operation with the Institute . Economic situation forecasts . Forecasts about current and future trends in Germany , EU and world economy are published on a regular basis by DIW Berlin . Publications . Wochenbericht Readily available , condensed information on current economic policy issues . Published weekly in German ( Wochenbericht des DIW Berlin ) . DIW Economic Bulletin The DIW Economic Bulletin is a DIW Berlin online publication . At irregular intervals selected articles of the Wochenbericht are being published online in English. . Quarterly Journal of Economic Research Each issue concentrates on a topic relevant to the current economic policy debate . It includes detailed information on research findings and their methodological basis . Discussion papers The papers are presenting pre-publications of research results . DIW Berlin : Policy Advice Compact DIW Berlin furnishes opinions for the Federal Government of Germany , the Commission of the European Union , the Ministries of Federal and State Governments , political parties , interest groups and associations , and the social partners . In the series “DIW Berlin : Policy Advice Compact” these research reports will be published . Applied Economics Quarterly ( Konjunkturpolitik ) Applied Economics Quarterly is an international journal publishing empirical research on issues with relevance for all areas of economic policy . AEQ is published four times a year in English . Events . Industrial Conference The Industrial Conference is the traditional institutionalised forum for exchange between the DIW Berlin and the business sector . Since October 1960 , the forum has met twice a year - May and November . Approximately one hundred representatives of enterprises , business associations and economic sciences participate regularly . Since the Federal Government moved to Berlin , the conference has been attracting increasing numbers of participants from politics . The conference understands itself to be a platform for dialogs on different viewpoints and opinions . Lunchtime Meetings The Berlin Lunchtime Meetings are a joint series of monthly expert talks hosted by the Center of Economic Policy Research ( CEPR ) , the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) and the Institute for the Study of Labour ( IZA ) . The seminars serve as a platform for leading European and international researchers to address important policy issues , and as a forum for debate and discussion among researchers , policy makers and the private sector . History . 1925 In July 1925 Ernst Wagemann founds DIW Berlin , which is originally called Institute for Business Cycle Research , and becomes the first President . 1928 In the context of the Quarterly Journal of Economic Research , Arthur Hanau publishes his dissertation „The phenomenon of cyclical development” and becomes head of the agricultural market research in Germany . Using his concept of the „Pork Cycle“ is still a popular way of explaining students of economics the relationship between demand and supply . 1933–1945 During the Nazi Regime , Ernst Wagemann is removed from his office . He is questioned several times by the Gestapo and even arrested for a while in 1942 . By the end of 1943 , the Institute for Business Cycle Research , now renamed in German Institute for Economic Research , is partially relocated to Feldberg , Mecklenburg . 1945 Prof . Dr . Ferdinand Friedensburg takes on being the President of the German Institute for Economic Research until 1968 . Now , after the war , the main focus of economic research lies upon economic issues within the city of Berlin . 1950 The first Wochenbericht ( Weekly Report ) after the war is published , covering a detailed report about „Germany´ s economic situation at the end of 1945” . 1956 The German Institute for Economic Research moves into its new building in Koenigin-Luise-Straße . 1960 For the first time , the so-called “Grundlinien der Wirtschaftsentwicklung” , forecasts about current and future trends in Germany , EU and world economy , are published . They are referring to the year of 1961 . 1968 Dr . Klaus Dieter Arndt becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research . 1972 Newly established departments are the Department of Transportation , the Department of Public Finance and the Department of Money and Capital Markets . 1975 Dr . Karl Koenig takes on being new the President of the German Institute for Economic Research . 1979 The German Institute for Economic Research publishes the Wochenbericht „Eine mittelfristige Strategie zur Wiedergewinnung der Vollbeschaeftigung“ , proposing strategies for re-establishing full employment in Germany . Taking this report into account , the federal government derives a programme for future investment in year 1977-1980 , one of the very few programmes which consequence is a noticeable drop in German unemployment rates . Prof . Dr . Hans-Jürgen Krupp becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research . 1989 The Socio-Economic Panel Study ( SOEP ) is now part of the German Institute for Economic Research . The main focus of the service institution SOEP is on basic research and scientific services . The Socio-Economic Panel regularly surveys 10,000 private households in a representative longitudinal study . The data acquired is analysed within and outside the German Institute for Economic Research , the results are then used for the analysis of income and labour force developments . 1990 The German Institute for Economic Research clearly disapproves a monetary union with the former GDR . In the case of a monetary union , the only way for the GDR to compensate their difference in productivity would be a significant decrease of the wage level . A unification of wage levels would lead to mass dismissals and enormous business shutdowns . The GDR people would become welfare recipients of the Federal Republic of Germany . 1994 On behalf of Greenpeace , the German Institute for Economic Research analyses the economic consequences of an ecological fiscal reform . The model of ecotax , short for ecological taxation , has been enacted in Germany by means of three laws in the following years . 2000 Prof . Dr . Klaus F . Zimmermann becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) . From now on , there are seven Research Departments . Thus , DIW Berlin is able to react flexible to new respective current economic and social political topics . Main focus of economic research is now lying upon information society and competition , public economics and innovation . The Institute also aims at increasing its number of international cooperations and its participation in research networks worldwide . 2003 DIW Berlin publishes its first Konjunkturprognose ( Economic Barometer ) , an up-to-date indicator of Germanys economic trends . 2006 With the founding of the DIW Graduate Center , the Institute dedicates itself to furthering the careers of young scientists . 2007 DIW Berlin relocates from Berlin-Dahlem to Mohrenstraße in Berlin-Mitte , marking a return to the citys government district . 2013 Prof . Marcel Fratzscher becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) . 2016 The Berlin Economics Research Associates ( BERA ) , a postdoctoral program funded by the Leibniz Association to promote the careers of young scientists , is established at DIW Berlin . Presidents . - 1925–1945 Ernst Wagemann - 1945–1968 Ferdinand Friedensburg - 1968–1974 Klaus-Dieter Arndt - 1975–1979 Karl Koenig - 1979–1988 Hans-Jürgen Krupp - 1988–1999 Lutz Hoffmann - 2000–2011 Klaus Zimmermann - 2011–2013 Gert G . Wagner - 2013–present Marcel Fratzscher Literature . - Silke Anger . Overtime Work in Germany . The Investment Character of Unpaid Hours , Shaker 2006 . - Rainer Winkelmann , Klaus F . Zimmermann , Can Germany Stand up to International Locational Competition ? Duncker und Humblot 2005 . - Klaus F . Zimmermann , European Migration : What Do We Know ? Oxford University Press . Oxford/New York 2005 . - Marco Caliendo , Microeconometric Evaluation of Labour Market Policies , Springer , 2005 . - Brigitte Preissl , Harry Bouwman , and Charles Steinfield , E-Life after the Dot Com Bust , Physica-Verlag , 2004 . - Janet Zollinger Giele and Elke Holst : Changing Life Patterns in Western Industrial Societies ( Advances in Life Course Research ) . 2003 .
|
[
"Dr . Karl Koenig"
] |
[
{
"text": " The German Institute for Economic Research ( ) or more commonly DIWBerlin is a economic research institute in Germany , involved in basic research and policy advice . It is a non-profit academic institution , financed with public grants from the Berlin Senate Department for Economics , Technology and Research and the Federal Department for Economics and Technology . DIW Berlin was founded in 1925 as the Institute for Business Cycle Research and was later renamed .",
"title": "German Institute for Economic Research"
},
{
"text": "DIW Berlin presents its research results in science journals , within the scope of national and international scientific events as well as at workshops , symposia and colloquia . Current economic and structural data , forecasts and advice as well as services in the area of quantitative economics are provided to decision makers in economics and policy and the broad public . Furthermore , the research results often meet with a major response in the news media .",
"title": "German Institute for Economic Research"
},
{
"text": " The legal status of DIW Berlin is that of a registered association . The associations bodies are the Members , the Board of Trustees , the Executive Board and the Scientific Advisory Board . To date , there are 185 employees , 102 of them being researchers .",
"title": "Leadership and organisation"
},
{
"text": " The institute is divided into ten research departments , which are : - The Department of Macroeconomics focuses on the empirical and theoretical analysis of aggregate economic developments as well as national and international economic policy . - The Department Forecasting and Economic Policy uses modern macroeconomic methods to analyze economic policy issues . Economic forecasting is a key component of the departments work .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": "- The Department of International Economics focuses on monetary and financial issues affecting the global economy . It concentrates on two key activities : examining international financial markets in terms of their economic functionality and analyzing the contribution of financial development to the goal of shared growth in developing and emerging countries .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": " - The Department of Energy , Transportation and Environment researches different strategies of sustainable development in energy , transportation and the environment in order to formulate sound policy recommendations . - The Department Climate Policy uses empirical and theoretical methods to explore Germany and Europes transition to sustainable energy—for example , by analyzing policies related to energy efficiency in buildings as well as the shift to sustainable , climate-friendly power production .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": "- The Department of Competition and Consumers aims to produce robust evidence of how society and markets function . Its research combines approaches from industrial economics with behavioral and experimental economics , thus enabling a comprehensive analysis of strategic interactions , market allocations , and human behavior .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": " - The Department of Firms and Markets analyzes firms’ strategic behavior and its impact on efficiency , productivity , and growth as well as the institutional and political environment in which firms operate . - The Department of Public Economics analyzes how financial , fiscal , and social policies influence economic decisions made by individuals , households , and companies .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": "- The Department of Education and Family explores education and family-related issues primarily from a microeconomic perspective . One key question is the extent to which it is possible to fully develop the human potential of a countrys economy .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": " - The Socio-Economic Panel Study ( SOEP ) is a research-based infrastructure facility at DIW Berlin funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research ( BMBF ) and state governments . The SOEP is one of the worlds largest and longest-running surveys of individuals and private households . Numerous studies based on SOEP data examine mechanisms behind the distribution of social resources .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": " - Communications - Information Technology - Library - Management Services - Office Management - Legal Department and Human Resources",
"title": "Service departments"
},
{
"text": "Since 2006 the Graduate Center ( GC ) of DIW Berlin offers about 15 scholarships per year for PhD positions in economics in cooperation with Berlins largest universities : Free University of Berlin , Humboldt University of Berlin , and Technical University of Berlin . The Graduate Center is located within the DIW building in the center of Berlin . The academic research of students focuses on applied topics . The four-year program is divided into two parts : while students receive academic training in economics and related social sciences during the first year , in years two to four",
"title": "Graduate Center"
},
{
"text": "on-the-job training in DIW research projects leads them to complete their doctoral theses . The application period is between January and March .",
"title": "Graduate Center"
},
{
"text": " A broad range of predominantly external Research Directors , Research Professors and Research Affiliates research along with the employees of DIW Berlin . They co-operate for a specific time , perform cross sectional tasks , care about scientific surveys ( such as diploma thesis , dissertations ) and release important pulses for the institute .",
"title": "Co-operations"
},
{
"text": "The DIW is also part of the Leibniz Association , ( Leibniz-Gemeinschaft ) , a collection of non-university research institutes in Germany . Along with five other leading institutes , the DIW publishes a joint report on the state of the German economy , the Gemeinschaftsdiagnose ( Joint Economic Forecast ) .",
"title": "Co-operations"
},
{
"text": " More than half of the Institutes budget is derived from public grants , which DIW Berlin receives as research funding from the State of Berlin and the Federal Government in equal parts . This sum is supplemented by income from projects , research contracts with third parties , trustee memberships and donations . Because of its financial structure DIW Berlin is member of the Leibniz Association ( WGL ) .",
"title": "Financing"
},
{
"text": " Dissemination of information is fundamental to DIW Berlin . As a leading economic research institute , it seeks to supply the wider public with up-to-date economic and structural data , forecasts , research reports , and services in the field of quantitative economics . Research results are presented in the Institutes own publications and in publications edited in co-operation with the Institute .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " Forecasts about current and future trends in Germany , EU and world economy are published on a regular basis by DIW Berlin .",
"title": "Economic situation forecasts"
},
{
"text": " Readily available , condensed information on current economic policy issues . Published weekly in German ( Wochenbericht des DIW Berlin ) .",
"title": "Wochenbericht"
},
{
"text": " The DIW Economic Bulletin is a DIW Berlin online publication . At irregular intervals selected articles of the Wochenbericht are being published online in English. . Quarterly Journal of Economic Research Each issue concentrates on a topic relevant to the current economic policy debate . It includes detailed information on research findings and their methodological basis .",
"title": "DIW Economic Bulletin"
},
{
"text": " The papers are presenting pre-publications of research results . DIW Berlin : Policy Advice Compact DIW Berlin furnishes opinions for the Federal Government of Germany , the Commission of the European Union , the Ministries of Federal and State Governments , political parties , interest groups and associations , and the social partners . In the series “DIW Berlin : Policy Advice Compact” these research reports will be published . Applied Economics Quarterly ( Konjunkturpolitik )",
"title": "Discussion papers"
},
{
"text": "Applied Economics Quarterly is an international journal publishing empirical research on issues with relevance for all areas of economic policy . AEQ is published four times a year in English .",
"title": "Discussion papers"
},
{
"text": " The Industrial Conference is the traditional institutionalised forum for exchange between the DIW Berlin and the business sector . Since October 1960 , the forum has met twice a year - May and November . Approximately one hundred representatives of enterprises , business associations and economic sciences participate regularly . Since the Federal Government moved to Berlin , the conference has been attracting increasing numbers of participants from politics . The conference understands itself to be a platform for dialogs on different viewpoints and opinions .",
"title": "Industrial Conference"
},
{
"text": " The Berlin Lunchtime Meetings are a joint series of monthly expert talks hosted by the Center of Economic Policy Research ( CEPR ) , the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) and the Institute for the Study of Labour ( IZA ) . The seminars serve as a platform for leading European and international researchers to address important policy issues , and as a forum for debate and discussion among researchers , policy makers and the private sector .",
"title": "Lunchtime Meetings"
},
{
"text": " 1925 In July 1925 Ernst Wagemann founds DIW Berlin , which is originally called Institute for Business Cycle Research , and becomes the first President . 1928 In the context of the Quarterly Journal of Economic Research , Arthur Hanau publishes his dissertation „The phenomenon of cyclical development” and becomes head of the agricultural market research in Germany . Using his concept of the „Pork Cycle“ is still a popular way of explaining students of economics the relationship between demand and supply .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1933–1945 During the Nazi Regime , Ernst Wagemann is removed from his office . He is questioned several times by the Gestapo and even arrested for a while in 1942 . By the end of 1943 , the Institute for Business Cycle Research , now renamed in German Institute for Economic Research , is partially relocated to Feldberg , Mecklenburg .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 1945 Prof . Dr . Ferdinand Friedensburg takes on being the President of the German Institute for Economic Research until 1968 . Now , after the war , the main focus of economic research lies upon economic issues within the city of Berlin . 1950 The first Wochenbericht ( Weekly Report ) after the war is published , covering a detailed report about „Germany´ s economic situation at the end of 1945” . 1956 The German Institute for Economic Research moves into its new building in Koenigin-Luise-Straße .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1960 For the first time , the so-called “Grundlinien der Wirtschaftsentwicklung” , forecasts about current and future trends in Germany , EU and world economy , are published . They are referring to the year of 1961 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 1968 Dr . Klaus Dieter Arndt becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research . 1972 Newly established departments are the Department of Transportation , the Department of Public Finance and the Department of Money and Capital Markets . 1975 Dr . Karl Koenig takes on being new the President of the German Institute for Economic Research .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1979 The German Institute for Economic Research publishes the Wochenbericht „Eine mittelfristige Strategie zur Wiedergewinnung der Vollbeschaeftigung“ , proposing strategies for re-establishing full employment in Germany . Taking this report into account , the federal government derives a programme for future investment in year 1977-1980 , one of the very few programmes which consequence is a noticeable drop in German unemployment rates . Prof . Dr . Hans-Jürgen Krupp becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 1989 The Socio-Economic Panel Study ( SOEP ) is now part of the German Institute for Economic Research . The main focus of the service institution SOEP is on basic research and scientific services . The Socio-Economic Panel regularly surveys 10,000 private households in a representative longitudinal study . The data acquired is analysed within and outside the German Institute for Economic Research , the results are then used for the analysis of income and labour force developments .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1990 The German Institute for Economic Research clearly disapproves a monetary union with the former GDR . In the case of a monetary union , the only way for the GDR to compensate their difference in productivity would be a significant decrease of the wage level . A unification of wage levels would lead to mass dismissals and enormous business shutdowns . The GDR people would become welfare recipients of the Federal Republic of Germany .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 1994 On behalf of Greenpeace , the German Institute for Economic Research analyses the economic consequences of an ecological fiscal reform . The model of ecotax , short for ecological taxation , has been enacted in Germany by means of three laws in the following years .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "2000 Prof . Dr . Klaus F . Zimmermann becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) . From now on , there are seven Research Departments . Thus , DIW Berlin is able to react flexible to new respective current economic and social political topics . Main focus of economic research is now lying upon information society and competition , public economics and innovation . The Institute also aims at increasing its number of international cooperations and its participation in research networks worldwide .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 2003 DIW Berlin publishes its first Konjunkturprognose ( Economic Barometer ) , an up-to-date indicator of Germanys economic trends . 2006 With the founding of the DIW Graduate Center , the Institute dedicates itself to furthering the careers of young scientists . 2007 DIW Berlin relocates from Berlin-Dahlem to Mohrenstraße in Berlin-Mitte , marking a return to the citys government district . 2013 Prof . Marcel Fratzscher becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "2016 The Berlin Economics Research Associates ( BERA ) , a postdoctoral program funded by the Leibniz Association to promote the careers of young scientists , is established at DIW Berlin .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - 1925–1945 Ernst Wagemann - 1945–1968 Ferdinand Friedensburg - 1968–1974 Klaus-Dieter Arndt - 1975–1979 Karl Koenig - 1979–1988 Hans-Jürgen Krupp - 1988–1999 Lutz Hoffmann - 2000–2011 Klaus Zimmermann - 2011–2013 Gert G . Wagner - 2013–present Marcel Fratzscher",
"title": "Presidents"
},
{
"text": " - Silke Anger . Overtime Work in Germany . The Investment Character of Unpaid Hours , Shaker 2006 . - Rainer Winkelmann , Klaus F . Zimmermann , Can Germany Stand up to International Locational Competition ? Duncker und Humblot 2005 . - Klaus F . Zimmermann , European Migration : What Do We Know ? Oxford University Press . Oxford/New York 2005 . - Marco Caliendo , Microeconometric Evaluation of Labour Market Policies , Springer , 2005 .",
"title": "Literature"
},
{
"text": "- Brigitte Preissl , Harry Bouwman , and Charles Steinfield , E-Life after the Dot Com Bust , Physica-Verlag , 2004 .",
"title": "Literature"
},
{
"text": " - Janet Zollinger Giele and Elke Holst : Changing Life Patterns in Western Industrial Societies ( Advances in Life Course Research ) . 2003 .",
"title": "Literature"
}
] |
/wiki/German_Institute_for_Economic_Research#P1037#4
|
German Institute for Economic Research was managed or directed by whom in early 1980s?
|
German Institute for Economic Research The German Institute for Economic Research ( ) or more commonly DIWBerlin is a economic research institute in Germany , involved in basic research and policy advice . It is a non-profit academic institution , financed with public grants from the Berlin Senate Department for Economics , Technology and Research and the Federal Department for Economics and Technology . DIW Berlin was founded in 1925 as the Institute for Business Cycle Research and was later renamed . DIW Berlin presents its research results in science journals , within the scope of national and international scientific events as well as at workshops , symposia and colloquia . Current economic and structural data , forecasts and advice as well as services in the area of quantitative economics are provided to decision makers in economics and policy and the broad public . Furthermore , the research results often meet with a major response in the news media . Leadership and organisation . The legal status of DIW Berlin is that of a registered association . The associations bodies are the Members , the Board of Trustees , the Executive Board and the Scientific Advisory Board . To date , there are 185 employees , 102 of them being researchers . Executive board . - Marcel Fratzscher - Angelica E . Röhr - Stefan Liebig Research departments . The institute is divided into ten research departments , which are : - The Department of Macroeconomics focuses on the empirical and theoretical analysis of aggregate economic developments as well as national and international economic policy . - The Department Forecasting and Economic Policy uses modern macroeconomic methods to analyze economic policy issues . Economic forecasting is a key component of the departments work . - The Department of International Economics focuses on monetary and financial issues affecting the global economy . It concentrates on two key activities : examining international financial markets in terms of their economic functionality and analyzing the contribution of financial development to the goal of shared growth in developing and emerging countries . - The Department of Energy , Transportation and Environment researches different strategies of sustainable development in energy , transportation and the environment in order to formulate sound policy recommendations . - The Department Climate Policy uses empirical and theoretical methods to explore Germany and Europes transition to sustainable energy—for example , by analyzing policies related to energy efficiency in buildings as well as the shift to sustainable , climate-friendly power production . - The Department of Competition and Consumers aims to produce robust evidence of how society and markets function . Its research combines approaches from industrial economics with behavioral and experimental economics , thus enabling a comprehensive analysis of strategic interactions , market allocations , and human behavior . - The Department of Firms and Markets analyzes firms’ strategic behavior and its impact on efficiency , productivity , and growth as well as the institutional and political environment in which firms operate . - The Department of Public Economics analyzes how financial , fiscal , and social policies influence economic decisions made by individuals , households , and companies . - The Department of Education and Family explores education and family-related issues primarily from a microeconomic perspective . One key question is the extent to which it is possible to fully develop the human potential of a countrys economy . - The Socio-Economic Panel Study ( SOEP ) is a research-based infrastructure facility at DIW Berlin funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research ( BMBF ) and state governments . The SOEP is one of the worlds largest and longest-running surveys of individuals and private households . Numerous studies based on SOEP data examine mechanisms behind the distribution of social resources . Service departments - Communications - Information Technology - Library - Management Services - Office Management - Legal Department and Human Resources Graduate Center . Since 2006 the Graduate Center ( GC ) of DIW Berlin offers about 15 scholarships per year for PhD positions in economics in cooperation with Berlins largest universities : Free University of Berlin , Humboldt University of Berlin , and Technical University of Berlin . The Graduate Center is located within the DIW building in the center of Berlin . The academic research of students focuses on applied topics . The four-year program is divided into two parts : while students receive academic training in economics and related social sciences during the first year , in years two to four on-the-job training in DIW research projects leads them to complete their doctoral theses . The application period is between January and March . Co-operations . A broad range of predominantly external Research Directors , Research Professors and Research Affiliates research along with the employees of DIW Berlin . They co-operate for a specific time , perform cross sectional tasks , care about scientific surveys ( such as diploma thesis , dissertations ) and release important pulses for the institute . The DIW is also part of the Leibniz Association , ( Leibniz-Gemeinschaft ) , a collection of non-university research institutes in Germany . Along with five other leading institutes , the DIW publishes a joint report on the state of the German economy , the Gemeinschaftsdiagnose ( Joint Economic Forecast ) . Financing . More than half of the Institutes budget is derived from public grants , which DIW Berlin receives as research funding from the State of Berlin and the Federal Government in equal parts . This sum is supplemented by income from projects , research contracts with third parties , trustee memberships and donations . Because of its financial structure DIW Berlin is member of the Leibniz Association ( WGL ) . Publications . Dissemination of information is fundamental to DIW Berlin . As a leading economic research institute , it seeks to supply the wider public with up-to-date economic and structural data , forecasts , research reports , and services in the field of quantitative economics . Research results are presented in the Institutes own publications and in publications edited in co-operation with the Institute . Economic situation forecasts . Forecasts about current and future trends in Germany , EU and world economy are published on a regular basis by DIW Berlin . Publications . Wochenbericht Readily available , condensed information on current economic policy issues . Published weekly in German ( Wochenbericht des DIW Berlin ) . DIW Economic Bulletin The DIW Economic Bulletin is a DIW Berlin online publication . At irregular intervals selected articles of the Wochenbericht are being published online in English. . Quarterly Journal of Economic Research Each issue concentrates on a topic relevant to the current economic policy debate . It includes detailed information on research findings and their methodological basis . Discussion papers The papers are presenting pre-publications of research results . DIW Berlin : Policy Advice Compact DIW Berlin furnishes opinions for the Federal Government of Germany , the Commission of the European Union , the Ministries of Federal and State Governments , political parties , interest groups and associations , and the social partners . In the series “DIW Berlin : Policy Advice Compact” these research reports will be published . Applied Economics Quarterly ( Konjunkturpolitik ) Applied Economics Quarterly is an international journal publishing empirical research on issues with relevance for all areas of economic policy . AEQ is published four times a year in English . Events . Industrial Conference The Industrial Conference is the traditional institutionalised forum for exchange between the DIW Berlin and the business sector . Since October 1960 , the forum has met twice a year - May and November . Approximately one hundred representatives of enterprises , business associations and economic sciences participate regularly . Since the Federal Government moved to Berlin , the conference has been attracting increasing numbers of participants from politics . The conference understands itself to be a platform for dialogs on different viewpoints and opinions . Lunchtime Meetings The Berlin Lunchtime Meetings are a joint series of monthly expert talks hosted by the Center of Economic Policy Research ( CEPR ) , the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) and the Institute for the Study of Labour ( IZA ) . The seminars serve as a platform for leading European and international researchers to address important policy issues , and as a forum for debate and discussion among researchers , policy makers and the private sector . History . 1925 In July 1925 Ernst Wagemann founds DIW Berlin , which is originally called Institute for Business Cycle Research , and becomes the first President . 1928 In the context of the Quarterly Journal of Economic Research , Arthur Hanau publishes his dissertation „The phenomenon of cyclical development” and becomes head of the agricultural market research in Germany . Using his concept of the „Pork Cycle“ is still a popular way of explaining students of economics the relationship between demand and supply . 1933–1945 During the Nazi Regime , Ernst Wagemann is removed from his office . He is questioned several times by the Gestapo and even arrested for a while in 1942 . By the end of 1943 , the Institute for Business Cycle Research , now renamed in German Institute for Economic Research , is partially relocated to Feldberg , Mecklenburg . 1945 Prof . Dr . Ferdinand Friedensburg takes on being the President of the German Institute for Economic Research until 1968 . Now , after the war , the main focus of economic research lies upon economic issues within the city of Berlin . 1950 The first Wochenbericht ( Weekly Report ) after the war is published , covering a detailed report about „Germany´ s economic situation at the end of 1945” . 1956 The German Institute for Economic Research moves into its new building in Koenigin-Luise-Straße . 1960 For the first time , the so-called “Grundlinien der Wirtschaftsentwicklung” , forecasts about current and future trends in Germany , EU and world economy , are published . They are referring to the year of 1961 . 1968 Dr . Klaus Dieter Arndt becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research . 1972 Newly established departments are the Department of Transportation , the Department of Public Finance and the Department of Money and Capital Markets . 1975 Dr . Karl Koenig takes on being new the President of the German Institute for Economic Research . 1979 The German Institute for Economic Research publishes the Wochenbericht „Eine mittelfristige Strategie zur Wiedergewinnung der Vollbeschaeftigung“ , proposing strategies for re-establishing full employment in Germany . Taking this report into account , the federal government derives a programme for future investment in year 1977-1980 , one of the very few programmes which consequence is a noticeable drop in German unemployment rates . Prof . Dr . Hans-Jürgen Krupp becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research . 1989 The Socio-Economic Panel Study ( SOEP ) is now part of the German Institute for Economic Research . The main focus of the service institution SOEP is on basic research and scientific services . The Socio-Economic Panel regularly surveys 10,000 private households in a representative longitudinal study . The data acquired is analysed within and outside the German Institute for Economic Research , the results are then used for the analysis of income and labour force developments . 1990 The German Institute for Economic Research clearly disapproves a monetary union with the former GDR . In the case of a monetary union , the only way for the GDR to compensate their difference in productivity would be a significant decrease of the wage level . A unification of wage levels would lead to mass dismissals and enormous business shutdowns . The GDR people would become welfare recipients of the Federal Republic of Germany . 1994 On behalf of Greenpeace , the German Institute for Economic Research analyses the economic consequences of an ecological fiscal reform . The model of ecotax , short for ecological taxation , has been enacted in Germany by means of three laws in the following years . 2000 Prof . Dr . Klaus F . Zimmermann becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) . From now on , there are seven Research Departments . Thus , DIW Berlin is able to react flexible to new respective current economic and social political topics . Main focus of economic research is now lying upon information society and competition , public economics and innovation . The Institute also aims at increasing its number of international cooperations and its participation in research networks worldwide . 2003 DIW Berlin publishes its first Konjunkturprognose ( Economic Barometer ) , an up-to-date indicator of Germanys economic trends . 2006 With the founding of the DIW Graduate Center , the Institute dedicates itself to furthering the careers of young scientists . 2007 DIW Berlin relocates from Berlin-Dahlem to Mohrenstraße in Berlin-Mitte , marking a return to the citys government district . 2013 Prof . Marcel Fratzscher becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) . 2016 The Berlin Economics Research Associates ( BERA ) , a postdoctoral program funded by the Leibniz Association to promote the careers of young scientists , is established at DIW Berlin . Presidents . - 1925–1945 Ernst Wagemann - 1945–1968 Ferdinand Friedensburg - 1968–1974 Klaus-Dieter Arndt - 1975–1979 Karl Koenig - 1979–1988 Hans-Jürgen Krupp - 1988–1999 Lutz Hoffmann - 2000–2011 Klaus Zimmermann - 2011–2013 Gert G . Wagner - 2013–present Marcel Fratzscher Literature . - Silke Anger . Overtime Work in Germany . The Investment Character of Unpaid Hours , Shaker 2006 . - Rainer Winkelmann , Klaus F . Zimmermann , Can Germany Stand up to International Locational Competition ? Duncker und Humblot 2005 . - Klaus F . Zimmermann , European Migration : What Do We Know ? Oxford University Press . Oxford/New York 2005 . - Marco Caliendo , Microeconometric Evaluation of Labour Market Policies , Springer , 2005 . - Brigitte Preissl , Harry Bouwman , and Charles Steinfield , E-Life after the Dot Com Bust , Physica-Verlag , 2004 . - Janet Zollinger Giele and Elke Holst : Changing Life Patterns in Western Industrial Societies ( Advances in Life Course Research ) . 2003 .
|
[
"Hans-Jürgen Krupp"
] |
[
{
"text": " The German Institute for Economic Research ( ) or more commonly DIWBerlin is a economic research institute in Germany , involved in basic research and policy advice . It is a non-profit academic institution , financed with public grants from the Berlin Senate Department for Economics , Technology and Research and the Federal Department for Economics and Technology . DIW Berlin was founded in 1925 as the Institute for Business Cycle Research and was later renamed .",
"title": "German Institute for Economic Research"
},
{
"text": "DIW Berlin presents its research results in science journals , within the scope of national and international scientific events as well as at workshops , symposia and colloquia . Current economic and structural data , forecasts and advice as well as services in the area of quantitative economics are provided to decision makers in economics and policy and the broad public . Furthermore , the research results often meet with a major response in the news media .",
"title": "German Institute for Economic Research"
},
{
"text": " The legal status of DIW Berlin is that of a registered association . The associations bodies are the Members , the Board of Trustees , the Executive Board and the Scientific Advisory Board . To date , there are 185 employees , 102 of them being researchers .",
"title": "Leadership and organisation"
},
{
"text": " The institute is divided into ten research departments , which are : - The Department of Macroeconomics focuses on the empirical and theoretical analysis of aggregate economic developments as well as national and international economic policy . - The Department Forecasting and Economic Policy uses modern macroeconomic methods to analyze economic policy issues . Economic forecasting is a key component of the departments work .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": "- The Department of International Economics focuses on monetary and financial issues affecting the global economy . It concentrates on two key activities : examining international financial markets in terms of their economic functionality and analyzing the contribution of financial development to the goal of shared growth in developing and emerging countries .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": " - The Department of Energy , Transportation and Environment researches different strategies of sustainable development in energy , transportation and the environment in order to formulate sound policy recommendations . - The Department Climate Policy uses empirical and theoretical methods to explore Germany and Europes transition to sustainable energy—for example , by analyzing policies related to energy efficiency in buildings as well as the shift to sustainable , climate-friendly power production .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": "- The Department of Competition and Consumers aims to produce robust evidence of how society and markets function . Its research combines approaches from industrial economics with behavioral and experimental economics , thus enabling a comprehensive analysis of strategic interactions , market allocations , and human behavior .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": " - The Department of Firms and Markets analyzes firms’ strategic behavior and its impact on efficiency , productivity , and growth as well as the institutional and political environment in which firms operate . - The Department of Public Economics analyzes how financial , fiscal , and social policies influence economic decisions made by individuals , households , and companies .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": "- The Department of Education and Family explores education and family-related issues primarily from a microeconomic perspective . One key question is the extent to which it is possible to fully develop the human potential of a countrys economy .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": " - The Socio-Economic Panel Study ( SOEP ) is a research-based infrastructure facility at DIW Berlin funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research ( BMBF ) and state governments . The SOEP is one of the worlds largest and longest-running surveys of individuals and private households . Numerous studies based on SOEP data examine mechanisms behind the distribution of social resources .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": " - Communications - Information Technology - Library - Management Services - Office Management - Legal Department and Human Resources",
"title": "Service departments"
},
{
"text": "Since 2006 the Graduate Center ( GC ) of DIW Berlin offers about 15 scholarships per year for PhD positions in economics in cooperation with Berlins largest universities : Free University of Berlin , Humboldt University of Berlin , and Technical University of Berlin . The Graduate Center is located within the DIW building in the center of Berlin . The academic research of students focuses on applied topics . The four-year program is divided into two parts : while students receive academic training in economics and related social sciences during the first year , in years two to four",
"title": "Graduate Center"
},
{
"text": "on-the-job training in DIW research projects leads them to complete their doctoral theses . The application period is between January and March .",
"title": "Graduate Center"
},
{
"text": " A broad range of predominantly external Research Directors , Research Professors and Research Affiliates research along with the employees of DIW Berlin . They co-operate for a specific time , perform cross sectional tasks , care about scientific surveys ( such as diploma thesis , dissertations ) and release important pulses for the institute .",
"title": "Co-operations"
},
{
"text": "The DIW is also part of the Leibniz Association , ( Leibniz-Gemeinschaft ) , a collection of non-university research institutes in Germany . Along with five other leading institutes , the DIW publishes a joint report on the state of the German economy , the Gemeinschaftsdiagnose ( Joint Economic Forecast ) .",
"title": "Co-operations"
},
{
"text": " More than half of the Institutes budget is derived from public grants , which DIW Berlin receives as research funding from the State of Berlin and the Federal Government in equal parts . This sum is supplemented by income from projects , research contracts with third parties , trustee memberships and donations . Because of its financial structure DIW Berlin is member of the Leibniz Association ( WGL ) .",
"title": "Financing"
},
{
"text": " Dissemination of information is fundamental to DIW Berlin . As a leading economic research institute , it seeks to supply the wider public with up-to-date economic and structural data , forecasts , research reports , and services in the field of quantitative economics . Research results are presented in the Institutes own publications and in publications edited in co-operation with the Institute .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " Forecasts about current and future trends in Germany , EU and world economy are published on a regular basis by DIW Berlin .",
"title": "Economic situation forecasts"
},
{
"text": " Readily available , condensed information on current economic policy issues . Published weekly in German ( Wochenbericht des DIW Berlin ) .",
"title": "Wochenbericht"
},
{
"text": " The DIW Economic Bulletin is a DIW Berlin online publication . At irregular intervals selected articles of the Wochenbericht are being published online in English. . Quarterly Journal of Economic Research Each issue concentrates on a topic relevant to the current economic policy debate . It includes detailed information on research findings and their methodological basis .",
"title": "DIW Economic Bulletin"
},
{
"text": " The papers are presenting pre-publications of research results . DIW Berlin : Policy Advice Compact DIW Berlin furnishes opinions for the Federal Government of Germany , the Commission of the European Union , the Ministries of Federal and State Governments , political parties , interest groups and associations , and the social partners . In the series “DIW Berlin : Policy Advice Compact” these research reports will be published . Applied Economics Quarterly ( Konjunkturpolitik )",
"title": "Discussion papers"
},
{
"text": "Applied Economics Quarterly is an international journal publishing empirical research on issues with relevance for all areas of economic policy . AEQ is published four times a year in English .",
"title": "Discussion papers"
},
{
"text": " The Industrial Conference is the traditional institutionalised forum for exchange between the DIW Berlin and the business sector . Since October 1960 , the forum has met twice a year - May and November . Approximately one hundred representatives of enterprises , business associations and economic sciences participate regularly . Since the Federal Government moved to Berlin , the conference has been attracting increasing numbers of participants from politics . The conference understands itself to be a platform for dialogs on different viewpoints and opinions .",
"title": "Industrial Conference"
},
{
"text": " The Berlin Lunchtime Meetings are a joint series of monthly expert talks hosted by the Center of Economic Policy Research ( CEPR ) , the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) and the Institute for the Study of Labour ( IZA ) . The seminars serve as a platform for leading European and international researchers to address important policy issues , and as a forum for debate and discussion among researchers , policy makers and the private sector .",
"title": "Lunchtime Meetings"
},
{
"text": " 1925 In July 1925 Ernst Wagemann founds DIW Berlin , which is originally called Institute for Business Cycle Research , and becomes the first President . 1928 In the context of the Quarterly Journal of Economic Research , Arthur Hanau publishes his dissertation „The phenomenon of cyclical development” and becomes head of the agricultural market research in Germany . Using his concept of the „Pork Cycle“ is still a popular way of explaining students of economics the relationship between demand and supply .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1933–1945 During the Nazi Regime , Ernst Wagemann is removed from his office . He is questioned several times by the Gestapo and even arrested for a while in 1942 . By the end of 1943 , the Institute for Business Cycle Research , now renamed in German Institute for Economic Research , is partially relocated to Feldberg , Mecklenburg .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 1945 Prof . Dr . Ferdinand Friedensburg takes on being the President of the German Institute for Economic Research until 1968 . Now , after the war , the main focus of economic research lies upon economic issues within the city of Berlin . 1950 The first Wochenbericht ( Weekly Report ) after the war is published , covering a detailed report about „Germany´ s economic situation at the end of 1945” . 1956 The German Institute for Economic Research moves into its new building in Koenigin-Luise-Straße .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1960 For the first time , the so-called “Grundlinien der Wirtschaftsentwicklung” , forecasts about current and future trends in Germany , EU and world economy , are published . They are referring to the year of 1961 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 1968 Dr . Klaus Dieter Arndt becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research . 1972 Newly established departments are the Department of Transportation , the Department of Public Finance and the Department of Money and Capital Markets . 1975 Dr . Karl Koenig takes on being new the President of the German Institute for Economic Research .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1979 The German Institute for Economic Research publishes the Wochenbericht „Eine mittelfristige Strategie zur Wiedergewinnung der Vollbeschaeftigung“ , proposing strategies for re-establishing full employment in Germany . Taking this report into account , the federal government derives a programme for future investment in year 1977-1980 , one of the very few programmes which consequence is a noticeable drop in German unemployment rates . Prof . Dr . Hans-Jürgen Krupp becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 1989 The Socio-Economic Panel Study ( SOEP ) is now part of the German Institute for Economic Research . The main focus of the service institution SOEP is on basic research and scientific services . The Socio-Economic Panel regularly surveys 10,000 private households in a representative longitudinal study . The data acquired is analysed within and outside the German Institute for Economic Research , the results are then used for the analysis of income and labour force developments .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1990 The German Institute for Economic Research clearly disapproves a monetary union with the former GDR . In the case of a monetary union , the only way for the GDR to compensate their difference in productivity would be a significant decrease of the wage level . A unification of wage levels would lead to mass dismissals and enormous business shutdowns . The GDR people would become welfare recipients of the Federal Republic of Germany .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 1994 On behalf of Greenpeace , the German Institute for Economic Research analyses the economic consequences of an ecological fiscal reform . The model of ecotax , short for ecological taxation , has been enacted in Germany by means of three laws in the following years .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "2000 Prof . Dr . Klaus F . Zimmermann becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) . From now on , there are seven Research Departments . Thus , DIW Berlin is able to react flexible to new respective current economic and social political topics . Main focus of economic research is now lying upon information society and competition , public economics and innovation . The Institute also aims at increasing its number of international cooperations and its participation in research networks worldwide .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 2003 DIW Berlin publishes its first Konjunkturprognose ( Economic Barometer ) , an up-to-date indicator of Germanys economic trends . 2006 With the founding of the DIW Graduate Center , the Institute dedicates itself to furthering the careers of young scientists . 2007 DIW Berlin relocates from Berlin-Dahlem to Mohrenstraße in Berlin-Mitte , marking a return to the citys government district . 2013 Prof . Marcel Fratzscher becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "2016 The Berlin Economics Research Associates ( BERA ) , a postdoctoral program funded by the Leibniz Association to promote the careers of young scientists , is established at DIW Berlin .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - 1925–1945 Ernst Wagemann - 1945–1968 Ferdinand Friedensburg - 1968–1974 Klaus-Dieter Arndt - 1975–1979 Karl Koenig - 1979–1988 Hans-Jürgen Krupp - 1988–1999 Lutz Hoffmann - 2000–2011 Klaus Zimmermann - 2011–2013 Gert G . Wagner - 2013–present Marcel Fratzscher",
"title": "Presidents"
},
{
"text": " - Silke Anger . Overtime Work in Germany . The Investment Character of Unpaid Hours , Shaker 2006 . - Rainer Winkelmann , Klaus F . Zimmermann , Can Germany Stand up to International Locational Competition ? Duncker und Humblot 2005 . - Klaus F . Zimmermann , European Migration : What Do We Know ? Oxford University Press . Oxford/New York 2005 . - Marco Caliendo , Microeconometric Evaluation of Labour Market Policies , Springer , 2005 .",
"title": "Literature"
},
{
"text": "- Brigitte Preissl , Harry Bouwman , and Charles Steinfield , E-Life after the Dot Com Bust , Physica-Verlag , 2004 .",
"title": "Literature"
},
{
"text": " - Janet Zollinger Giele and Elke Holst : Changing Life Patterns in Western Industrial Societies ( Advances in Life Course Research ) . 2003 .",
"title": "Literature"
}
] |
/wiki/German_Institute_for_Economic_Research#P1037#5
|
German Institute for Economic Research was managed or directed by whom between Oct 2005 and Apr 2009?
|
German Institute for Economic Research The German Institute for Economic Research ( ) or more commonly DIWBerlin is a economic research institute in Germany , involved in basic research and policy advice . It is a non-profit academic institution , financed with public grants from the Berlin Senate Department for Economics , Technology and Research and the Federal Department for Economics and Technology . DIW Berlin was founded in 1925 as the Institute for Business Cycle Research and was later renamed . DIW Berlin presents its research results in science journals , within the scope of national and international scientific events as well as at workshops , symposia and colloquia . Current economic and structural data , forecasts and advice as well as services in the area of quantitative economics are provided to decision makers in economics and policy and the broad public . Furthermore , the research results often meet with a major response in the news media . Leadership and organisation . The legal status of DIW Berlin is that of a registered association . The associations bodies are the Members , the Board of Trustees , the Executive Board and the Scientific Advisory Board . To date , there are 185 employees , 102 of them being researchers . Executive board . - Marcel Fratzscher - Angelica E . Röhr - Stefan Liebig Research departments . The institute is divided into ten research departments , which are : - The Department of Macroeconomics focuses on the empirical and theoretical analysis of aggregate economic developments as well as national and international economic policy . - The Department Forecasting and Economic Policy uses modern macroeconomic methods to analyze economic policy issues . Economic forecasting is a key component of the departments work . - The Department of International Economics focuses on monetary and financial issues affecting the global economy . It concentrates on two key activities : examining international financial markets in terms of their economic functionality and analyzing the contribution of financial development to the goal of shared growth in developing and emerging countries . - The Department of Energy , Transportation and Environment researches different strategies of sustainable development in energy , transportation and the environment in order to formulate sound policy recommendations . - The Department Climate Policy uses empirical and theoretical methods to explore Germany and Europes transition to sustainable energy—for example , by analyzing policies related to energy efficiency in buildings as well as the shift to sustainable , climate-friendly power production . - The Department of Competition and Consumers aims to produce robust evidence of how society and markets function . Its research combines approaches from industrial economics with behavioral and experimental economics , thus enabling a comprehensive analysis of strategic interactions , market allocations , and human behavior . - The Department of Firms and Markets analyzes firms’ strategic behavior and its impact on efficiency , productivity , and growth as well as the institutional and political environment in which firms operate . - The Department of Public Economics analyzes how financial , fiscal , and social policies influence economic decisions made by individuals , households , and companies . - The Department of Education and Family explores education and family-related issues primarily from a microeconomic perspective . One key question is the extent to which it is possible to fully develop the human potential of a countrys economy . - The Socio-Economic Panel Study ( SOEP ) is a research-based infrastructure facility at DIW Berlin funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research ( BMBF ) and state governments . The SOEP is one of the worlds largest and longest-running surveys of individuals and private households . Numerous studies based on SOEP data examine mechanisms behind the distribution of social resources . Service departments - Communications - Information Technology - Library - Management Services - Office Management - Legal Department and Human Resources Graduate Center . Since 2006 the Graduate Center ( GC ) of DIW Berlin offers about 15 scholarships per year for PhD positions in economics in cooperation with Berlins largest universities : Free University of Berlin , Humboldt University of Berlin , and Technical University of Berlin . The Graduate Center is located within the DIW building in the center of Berlin . The academic research of students focuses on applied topics . The four-year program is divided into two parts : while students receive academic training in economics and related social sciences during the first year , in years two to four on-the-job training in DIW research projects leads them to complete their doctoral theses . The application period is between January and March . Co-operations . A broad range of predominantly external Research Directors , Research Professors and Research Affiliates research along with the employees of DIW Berlin . They co-operate for a specific time , perform cross sectional tasks , care about scientific surveys ( such as diploma thesis , dissertations ) and release important pulses for the institute . The DIW is also part of the Leibniz Association , ( Leibniz-Gemeinschaft ) , a collection of non-university research institutes in Germany . Along with five other leading institutes , the DIW publishes a joint report on the state of the German economy , the Gemeinschaftsdiagnose ( Joint Economic Forecast ) . Financing . More than half of the Institutes budget is derived from public grants , which DIW Berlin receives as research funding from the State of Berlin and the Federal Government in equal parts . This sum is supplemented by income from projects , research contracts with third parties , trustee memberships and donations . Because of its financial structure DIW Berlin is member of the Leibniz Association ( WGL ) . Publications . Dissemination of information is fundamental to DIW Berlin . As a leading economic research institute , it seeks to supply the wider public with up-to-date economic and structural data , forecasts , research reports , and services in the field of quantitative economics . Research results are presented in the Institutes own publications and in publications edited in co-operation with the Institute . Economic situation forecasts . Forecasts about current and future trends in Germany , EU and world economy are published on a regular basis by DIW Berlin . Publications . Wochenbericht Readily available , condensed information on current economic policy issues . Published weekly in German ( Wochenbericht des DIW Berlin ) . DIW Economic Bulletin The DIW Economic Bulletin is a DIW Berlin online publication . At irregular intervals selected articles of the Wochenbericht are being published online in English. . Quarterly Journal of Economic Research Each issue concentrates on a topic relevant to the current economic policy debate . It includes detailed information on research findings and their methodological basis . Discussion papers The papers are presenting pre-publications of research results . DIW Berlin : Policy Advice Compact DIW Berlin furnishes opinions for the Federal Government of Germany , the Commission of the European Union , the Ministries of Federal and State Governments , political parties , interest groups and associations , and the social partners . In the series “DIW Berlin : Policy Advice Compact” these research reports will be published . Applied Economics Quarterly ( Konjunkturpolitik ) Applied Economics Quarterly is an international journal publishing empirical research on issues with relevance for all areas of economic policy . AEQ is published four times a year in English . Events . Industrial Conference The Industrial Conference is the traditional institutionalised forum for exchange between the DIW Berlin and the business sector . Since October 1960 , the forum has met twice a year - May and November . Approximately one hundred representatives of enterprises , business associations and economic sciences participate regularly . Since the Federal Government moved to Berlin , the conference has been attracting increasing numbers of participants from politics . The conference understands itself to be a platform for dialogs on different viewpoints and opinions . Lunchtime Meetings The Berlin Lunchtime Meetings are a joint series of monthly expert talks hosted by the Center of Economic Policy Research ( CEPR ) , the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) and the Institute for the Study of Labour ( IZA ) . The seminars serve as a platform for leading European and international researchers to address important policy issues , and as a forum for debate and discussion among researchers , policy makers and the private sector . History . 1925 In July 1925 Ernst Wagemann founds DIW Berlin , which is originally called Institute for Business Cycle Research , and becomes the first President . 1928 In the context of the Quarterly Journal of Economic Research , Arthur Hanau publishes his dissertation „The phenomenon of cyclical development” and becomes head of the agricultural market research in Germany . Using his concept of the „Pork Cycle“ is still a popular way of explaining students of economics the relationship between demand and supply . 1933–1945 During the Nazi Regime , Ernst Wagemann is removed from his office . He is questioned several times by the Gestapo and even arrested for a while in 1942 . By the end of 1943 , the Institute for Business Cycle Research , now renamed in German Institute for Economic Research , is partially relocated to Feldberg , Mecklenburg . 1945 Prof . Dr . Ferdinand Friedensburg takes on being the President of the German Institute for Economic Research until 1968 . Now , after the war , the main focus of economic research lies upon economic issues within the city of Berlin . 1950 The first Wochenbericht ( Weekly Report ) after the war is published , covering a detailed report about „Germany´ s economic situation at the end of 1945” . 1956 The German Institute for Economic Research moves into its new building in Koenigin-Luise-Straße . 1960 For the first time , the so-called “Grundlinien der Wirtschaftsentwicklung” , forecasts about current and future trends in Germany , EU and world economy , are published . They are referring to the year of 1961 . 1968 Dr . Klaus Dieter Arndt becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research . 1972 Newly established departments are the Department of Transportation , the Department of Public Finance and the Department of Money and Capital Markets . 1975 Dr . Karl Koenig takes on being new the President of the German Institute for Economic Research . 1979 The German Institute for Economic Research publishes the Wochenbericht „Eine mittelfristige Strategie zur Wiedergewinnung der Vollbeschaeftigung“ , proposing strategies for re-establishing full employment in Germany . Taking this report into account , the federal government derives a programme for future investment in year 1977-1980 , one of the very few programmes which consequence is a noticeable drop in German unemployment rates . Prof . Dr . Hans-Jürgen Krupp becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research . 1989 The Socio-Economic Panel Study ( SOEP ) is now part of the German Institute for Economic Research . The main focus of the service institution SOEP is on basic research and scientific services . The Socio-Economic Panel regularly surveys 10,000 private households in a representative longitudinal study . The data acquired is analysed within and outside the German Institute for Economic Research , the results are then used for the analysis of income and labour force developments . 1990 The German Institute for Economic Research clearly disapproves a monetary union with the former GDR . In the case of a monetary union , the only way for the GDR to compensate their difference in productivity would be a significant decrease of the wage level . A unification of wage levels would lead to mass dismissals and enormous business shutdowns . The GDR people would become welfare recipients of the Federal Republic of Germany . 1994 On behalf of Greenpeace , the German Institute for Economic Research analyses the economic consequences of an ecological fiscal reform . The model of ecotax , short for ecological taxation , has been enacted in Germany by means of three laws in the following years . 2000 Prof . Dr . Klaus F . Zimmermann becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) . From now on , there are seven Research Departments . Thus , DIW Berlin is able to react flexible to new respective current economic and social political topics . Main focus of economic research is now lying upon information society and competition , public economics and innovation . The Institute also aims at increasing its number of international cooperations and its participation in research networks worldwide . 2003 DIW Berlin publishes its first Konjunkturprognose ( Economic Barometer ) , an up-to-date indicator of Germanys economic trends . 2006 With the founding of the DIW Graduate Center , the Institute dedicates itself to furthering the careers of young scientists . 2007 DIW Berlin relocates from Berlin-Dahlem to Mohrenstraße in Berlin-Mitte , marking a return to the citys government district . 2013 Prof . Marcel Fratzscher becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) . 2016 The Berlin Economics Research Associates ( BERA ) , a postdoctoral program funded by the Leibniz Association to promote the careers of young scientists , is established at DIW Berlin . Presidents . - 1925–1945 Ernst Wagemann - 1945–1968 Ferdinand Friedensburg - 1968–1974 Klaus-Dieter Arndt - 1975–1979 Karl Koenig - 1979–1988 Hans-Jürgen Krupp - 1988–1999 Lutz Hoffmann - 2000–2011 Klaus Zimmermann - 2011–2013 Gert G . Wagner - 2013–present Marcel Fratzscher Literature . - Silke Anger . Overtime Work in Germany . The Investment Character of Unpaid Hours , Shaker 2006 . - Rainer Winkelmann , Klaus F . Zimmermann , Can Germany Stand up to International Locational Competition ? Duncker und Humblot 2005 . - Klaus F . Zimmermann , European Migration : What Do We Know ? Oxford University Press . Oxford/New York 2005 . - Marco Caliendo , Microeconometric Evaluation of Labour Market Policies , Springer , 2005 . - Brigitte Preissl , Harry Bouwman , and Charles Steinfield , E-Life after the Dot Com Bust , Physica-Verlag , 2004 . - Janet Zollinger Giele and Elke Holst : Changing Life Patterns in Western Industrial Societies ( Advances in Life Course Research ) . 2003 .
|
[
"Klaus Zimmermann"
] |
[
{
"text": " The German Institute for Economic Research ( ) or more commonly DIWBerlin is a economic research institute in Germany , involved in basic research and policy advice . It is a non-profit academic institution , financed with public grants from the Berlin Senate Department for Economics , Technology and Research and the Federal Department for Economics and Technology . DIW Berlin was founded in 1925 as the Institute for Business Cycle Research and was later renamed .",
"title": "German Institute for Economic Research"
},
{
"text": "DIW Berlin presents its research results in science journals , within the scope of national and international scientific events as well as at workshops , symposia and colloquia . Current economic and structural data , forecasts and advice as well as services in the area of quantitative economics are provided to decision makers in economics and policy and the broad public . Furthermore , the research results often meet with a major response in the news media .",
"title": "German Institute for Economic Research"
},
{
"text": " The legal status of DIW Berlin is that of a registered association . The associations bodies are the Members , the Board of Trustees , the Executive Board and the Scientific Advisory Board . To date , there are 185 employees , 102 of them being researchers .",
"title": "Leadership and organisation"
},
{
"text": " The institute is divided into ten research departments , which are : - The Department of Macroeconomics focuses on the empirical and theoretical analysis of aggregate economic developments as well as national and international economic policy . - The Department Forecasting and Economic Policy uses modern macroeconomic methods to analyze economic policy issues . Economic forecasting is a key component of the departments work .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": "- The Department of International Economics focuses on monetary and financial issues affecting the global economy . It concentrates on two key activities : examining international financial markets in terms of their economic functionality and analyzing the contribution of financial development to the goal of shared growth in developing and emerging countries .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": " - The Department of Energy , Transportation and Environment researches different strategies of sustainable development in energy , transportation and the environment in order to formulate sound policy recommendations . - The Department Climate Policy uses empirical and theoretical methods to explore Germany and Europes transition to sustainable energy—for example , by analyzing policies related to energy efficiency in buildings as well as the shift to sustainable , climate-friendly power production .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": "- The Department of Competition and Consumers aims to produce robust evidence of how society and markets function . Its research combines approaches from industrial economics with behavioral and experimental economics , thus enabling a comprehensive analysis of strategic interactions , market allocations , and human behavior .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": " - The Department of Firms and Markets analyzes firms’ strategic behavior and its impact on efficiency , productivity , and growth as well as the institutional and political environment in which firms operate . - The Department of Public Economics analyzes how financial , fiscal , and social policies influence economic decisions made by individuals , households , and companies .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": "- The Department of Education and Family explores education and family-related issues primarily from a microeconomic perspective . One key question is the extent to which it is possible to fully develop the human potential of a countrys economy .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": " - The Socio-Economic Panel Study ( SOEP ) is a research-based infrastructure facility at DIW Berlin funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research ( BMBF ) and state governments . The SOEP is one of the worlds largest and longest-running surveys of individuals and private households . Numerous studies based on SOEP data examine mechanisms behind the distribution of social resources .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": " - Communications - Information Technology - Library - Management Services - Office Management - Legal Department and Human Resources",
"title": "Service departments"
},
{
"text": "Since 2006 the Graduate Center ( GC ) of DIW Berlin offers about 15 scholarships per year for PhD positions in economics in cooperation with Berlins largest universities : Free University of Berlin , Humboldt University of Berlin , and Technical University of Berlin . The Graduate Center is located within the DIW building in the center of Berlin . The academic research of students focuses on applied topics . The four-year program is divided into two parts : while students receive academic training in economics and related social sciences during the first year , in years two to four",
"title": "Graduate Center"
},
{
"text": "on-the-job training in DIW research projects leads them to complete their doctoral theses . The application period is between January and March .",
"title": "Graduate Center"
},
{
"text": " A broad range of predominantly external Research Directors , Research Professors and Research Affiliates research along with the employees of DIW Berlin . They co-operate for a specific time , perform cross sectional tasks , care about scientific surveys ( such as diploma thesis , dissertations ) and release important pulses for the institute .",
"title": "Co-operations"
},
{
"text": "The DIW is also part of the Leibniz Association , ( Leibniz-Gemeinschaft ) , a collection of non-university research institutes in Germany . Along with five other leading institutes , the DIW publishes a joint report on the state of the German economy , the Gemeinschaftsdiagnose ( Joint Economic Forecast ) .",
"title": "Co-operations"
},
{
"text": " More than half of the Institutes budget is derived from public grants , which DIW Berlin receives as research funding from the State of Berlin and the Federal Government in equal parts . This sum is supplemented by income from projects , research contracts with third parties , trustee memberships and donations . Because of its financial structure DIW Berlin is member of the Leibniz Association ( WGL ) .",
"title": "Financing"
},
{
"text": " Dissemination of information is fundamental to DIW Berlin . As a leading economic research institute , it seeks to supply the wider public with up-to-date economic and structural data , forecasts , research reports , and services in the field of quantitative economics . Research results are presented in the Institutes own publications and in publications edited in co-operation with the Institute .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " Forecasts about current and future trends in Germany , EU and world economy are published on a regular basis by DIW Berlin .",
"title": "Economic situation forecasts"
},
{
"text": " Readily available , condensed information on current economic policy issues . Published weekly in German ( Wochenbericht des DIW Berlin ) .",
"title": "Wochenbericht"
},
{
"text": " The DIW Economic Bulletin is a DIW Berlin online publication . At irregular intervals selected articles of the Wochenbericht are being published online in English. . Quarterly Journal of Economic Research Each issue concentrates on a topic relevant to the current economic policy debate . It includes detailed information on research findings and their methodological basis .",
"title": "DIW Economic Bulletin"
},
{
"text": " The papers are presenting pre-publications of research results . DIW Berlin : Policy Advice Compact DIW Berlin furnishes opinions for the Federal Government of Germany , the Commission of the European Union , the Ministries of Federal and State Governments , political parties , interest groups and associations , and the social partners . In the series “DIW Berlin : Policy Advice Compact” these research reports will be published . Applied Economics Quarterly ( Konjunkturpolitik )",
"title": "Discussion papers"
},
{
"text": "Applied Economics Quarterly is an international journal publishing empirical research on issues with relevance for all areas of economic policy . AEQ is published four times a year in English .",
"title": "Discussion papers"
},
{
"text": " The Industrial Conference is the traditional institutionalised forum for exchange between the DIW Berlin and the business sector . Since October 1960 , the forum has met twice a year - May and November . Approximately one hundred representatives of enterprises , business associations and economic sciences participate regularly . Since the Federal Government moved to Berlin , the conference has been attracting increasing numbers of participants from politics . The conference understands itself to be a platform for dialogs on different viewpoints and opinions .",
"title": "Industrial Conference"
},
{
"text": " The Berlin Lunchtime Meetings are a joint series of monthly expert talks hosted by the Center of Economic Policy Research ( CEPR ) , the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) and the Institute for the Study of Labour ( IZA ) . The seminars serve as a platform for leading European and international researchers to address important policy issues , and as a forum for debate and discussion among researchers , policy makers and the private sector .",
"title": "Lunchtime Meetings"
},
{
"text": " 1925 In July 1925 Ernst Wagemann founds DIW Berlin , which is originally called Institute for Business Cycle Research , and becomes the first President . 1928 In the context of the Quarterly Journal of Economic Research , Arthur Hanau publishes his dissertation „The phenomenon of cyclical development” and becomes head of the agricultural market research in Germany . Using his concept of the „Pork Cycle“ is still a popular way of explaining students of economics the relationship between demand and supply .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1933–1945 During the Nazi Regime , Ernst Wagemann is removed from his office . He is questioned several times by the Gestapo and even arrested for a while in 1942 . By the end of 1943 , the Institute for Business Cycle Research , now renamed in German Institute for Economic Research , is partially relocated to Feldberg , Mecklenburg .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 1945 Prof . Dr . Ferdinand Friedensburg takes on being the President of the German Institute for Economic Research until 1968 . Now , after the war , the main focus of economic research lies upon economic issues within the city of Berlin . 1950 The first Wochenbericht ( Weekly Report ) after the war is published , covering a detailed report about „Germany´ s economic situation at the end of 1945” . 1956 The German Institute for Economic Research moves into its new building in Koenigin-Luise-Straße .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1960 For the first time , the so-called “Grundlinien der Wirtschaftsentwicklung” , forecasts about current and future trends in Germany , EU and world economy , are published . They are referring to the year of 1961 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 1968 Dr . Klaus Dieter Arndt becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research . 1972 Newly established departments are the Department of Transportation , the Department of Public Finance and the Department of Money and Capital Markets . 1975 Dr . Karl Koenig takes on being new the President of the German Institute for Economic Research .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1979 The German Institute for Economic Research publishes the Wochenbericht „Eine mittelfristige Strategie zur Wiedergewinnung der Vollbeschaeftigung“ , proposing strategies for re-establishing full employment in Germany . Taking this report into account , the federal government derives a programme for future investment in year 1977-1980 , one of the very few programmes which consequence is a noticeable drop in German unemployment rates . Prof . Dr . Hans-Jürgen Krupp becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 1989 The Socio-Economic Panel Study ( SOEP ) is now part of the German Institute for Economic Research . The main focus of the service institution SOEP is on basic research and scientific services . The Socio-Economic Panel regularly surveys 10,000 private households in a representative longitudinal study . The data acquired is analysed within and outside the German Institute for Economic Research , the results are then used for the analysis of income and labour force developments .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1990 The German Institute for Economic Research clearly disapproves a monetary union with the former GDR . In the case of a monetary union , the only way for the GDR to compensate their difference in productivity would be a significant decrease of the wage level . A unification of wage levels would lead to mass dismissals and enormous business shutdowns . The GDR people would become welfare recipients of the Federal Republic of Germany .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 1994 On behalf of Greenpeace , the German Institute for Economic Research analyses the economic consequences of an ecological fiscal reform . The model of ecotax , short for ecological taxation , has been enacted in Germany by means of three laws in the following years .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "2000 Prof . Dr . Klaus F . Zimmermann becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) . From now on , there are seven Research Departments . Thus , DIW Berlin is able to react flexible to new respective current economic and social political topics . Main focus of economic research is now lying upon information society and competition , public economics and innovation . The Institute also aims at increasing its number of international cooperations and its participation in research networks worldwide .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 2003 DIW Berlin publishes its first Konjunkturprognose ( Economic Barometer ) , an up-to-date indicator of Germanys economic trends . 2006 With the founding of the DIW Graduate Center , the Institute dedicates itself to furthering the careers of young scientists . 2007 DIW Berlin relocates from Berlin-Dahlem to Mohrenstraße in Berlin-Mitte , marking a return to the citys government district . 2013 Prof . Marcel Fratzscher becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "2016 The Berlin Economics Research Associates ( BERA ) , a postdoctoral program funded by the Leibniz Association to promote the careers of young scientists , is established at DIW Berlin .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - 1925–1945 Ernst Wagemann - 1945–1968 Ferdinand Friedensburg - 1968–1974 Klaus-Dieter Arndt - 1975–1979 Karl Koenig - 1979–1988 Hans-Jürgen Krupp - 1988–1999 Lutz Hoffmann - 2000–2011 Klaus Zimmermann - 2011–2013 Gert G . Wagner - 2013–present Marcel Fratzscher",
"title": "Presidents"
},
{
"text": " - Silke Anger . Overtime Work in Germany . The Investment Character of Unpaid Hours , Shaker 2006 . - Rainer Winkelmann , Klaus F . Zimmermann , Can Germany Stand up to International Locational Competition ? Duncker und Humblot 2005 . - Klaus F . Zimmermann , European Migration : What Do We Know ? Oxford University Press . Oxford/New York 2005 . - Marco Caliendo , Microeconometric Evaluation of Labour Market Policies , Springer , 2005 .",
"title": "Literature"
},
{
"text": "- Brigitte Preissl , Harry Bouwman , and Charles Steinfield , E-Life after the Dot Com Bust , Physica-Verlag , 2004 .",
"title": "Literature"
},
{
"text": " - Janet Zollinger Giele and Elke Holst : Changing Life Patterns in Western Industrial Societies ( Advances in Life Course Research ) . 2003 .",
"title": "Literature"
}
] |
/wiki/German_Institute_for_Economic_Research#P1037#6
|
German Institute for Economic Research was managed or directed by whom between Jan 2011 and Oct 2012?
|
German Institute for Economic Research The German Institute for Economic Research ( ) or more commonly DIWBerlin is a economic research institute in Germany , involved in basic research and policy advice . It is a non-profit academic institution , financed with public grants from the Berlin Senate Department for Economics , Technology and Research and the Federal Department for Economics and Technology . DIW Berlin was founded in 1925 as the Institute for Business Cycle Research and was later renamed . DIW Berlin presents its research results in science journals , within the scope of national and international scientific events as well as at workshops , symposia and colloquia . Current economic and structural data , forecasts and advice as well as services in the area of quantitative economics are provided to decision makers in economics and policy and the broad public . Furthermore , the research results often meet with a major response in the news media . Leadership and organisation . The legal status of DIW Berlin is that of a registered association . The associations bodies are the Members , the Board of Trustees , the Executive Board and the Scientific Advisory Board . To date , there are 185 employees , 102 of them being researchers . Executive board . - Marcel Fratzscher - Angelica E . Röhr - Stefan Liebig Research departments . The institute is divided into ten research departments , which are : - The Department of Macroeconomics focuses on the empirical and theoretical analysis of aggregate economic developments as well as national and international economic policy . - The Department Forecasting and Economic Policy uses modern macroeconomic methods to analyze economic policy issues . Economic forecasting is a key component of the departments work . - The Department of International Economics focuses on monetary and financial issues affecting the global economy . It concentrates on two key activities : examining international financial markets in terms of their economic functionality and analyzing the contribution of financial development to the goal of shared growth in developing and emerging countries . - The Department of Energy , Transportation and Environment researches different strategies of sustainable development in energy , transportation and the environment in order to formulate sound policy recommendations . - The Department Climate Policy uses empirical and theoretical methods to explore Germany and Europes transition to sustainable energy—for example , by analyzing policies related to energy efficiency in buildings as well as the shift to sustainable , climate-friendly power production . - The Department of Competition and Consumers aims to produce robust evidence of how society and markets function . Its research combines approaches from industrial economics with behavioral and experimental economics , thus enabling a comprehensive analysis of strategic interactions , market allocations , and human behavior . - The Department of Firms and Markets analyzes firms’ strategic behavior and its impact on efficiency , productivity , and growth as well as the institutional and political environment in which firms operate . - The Department of Public Economics analyzes how financial , fiscal , and social policies influence economic decisions made by individuals , households , and companies . - The Department of Education and Family explores education and family-related issues primarily from a microeconomic perspective . One key question is the extent to which it is possible to fully develop the human potential of a countrys economy . - The Socio-Economic Panel Study ( SOEP ) is a research-based infrastructure facility at DIW Berlin funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research ( BMBF ) and state governments . The SOEP is one of the worlds largest and longest-running surveys of individuals and private households . Numerous studies based on SOEP data examine mechanisms behind the distribution of social resources . Service departments - Communications - Information Technology - Library - Management Services - Office Management - Legal Department and Human Resources Graduate Center . Since 2006 the Graduate Center ( GC ) of DIW Berlin offers about 15 scholarships per year for PhD positions in economics in cooperation with Berlins largest universities : Free University of Berlin , Humboldt University of Berlin , and Technical University of Berlin . The Graduate Center is located within the DIW building in the center of Berlin . The academic research of students focuses on applied topics . The four-year program is divided into two parts : while students receive academic training in economics and related social sciences during the first year , in years two to four on-the-job training in DIW research projects leads them to complete their doctoral theses . The application period is between January and March . Co-operations . A broad range of predominantly external Research Directors , Research Professors and Research Affiliates research along with the employees of DIW Berlin . They co-operate for a specific time , perform cross sectional tasks , care about scientific surveys ( such as diploma thesis , dissertations ) and release important pulses for the institute . The DIW is also part of the Leibniz Association , ( Leibniz-Gemeinschaft ) , a collection of non-university research institutes in Germany . Along with five other leading institutes , the DIW publishes a joint report on the state of the German economy , the Gemeinschaftsdiagnose ( Joint Economic Forecast ) . Financing . More than half of the Institutes budget is derived from public grants , which DIW Berlin receives as research funding from the State of Berlin and the Federal Government in equal parts . This sum is supplemented by income from projects , research contracts with third parties , trustee memberships and donations . Because of its financial structure DIW Berlin is member of the Leibniz Association ( WGL ) . Publications . Dissemination of information is fundamental to DIW Berlin . As a leading economic research institute , it seeks to supply the wider public with up-to-date economic and structural data , forecasts , research reports , and services in the field of quantitative economics . Research results are presented in the Institutes own publications and in publications edited in co-operation with the Institute . Economic situation forecasts . Forecasts about current and future trends in Germany , EU and world economy are published on a regular basis by DIW Berlin . Publications . Wochenbericht Readily available , condensed information on current economic policy issues . Published weekly in German ( Wochenbericht des DIW Berlin ) . DIW Economic Bulletin The DIW Economic Bulletin is a DIW Berlin online publication . At irregular intervals selected articles of the Wochenbericht are being published online in English. . Quarterly Journal of Economic Research Each issue concentrates on a topic relevant to the current economic policy debate . It includes detailed information on research findings and their methodological basis . Discussion papers The papers are presenting pre-publications of research results . DIW Berlin : Policy Advice Compact DIW Berlin furnishes opinions for the Federal Government of Germany , the Commission of the European Union , the Ministries of Federal and State Governments , political parties , interest groups and associations , and the social partners . In the series “DIW Berlin : Policy Advice Compact” these research reports will be published . Applied Economics Quarterly ( Konjunkturpolitik ) Applied Economics Quarterly is an international journal publishing empirical research on issues with relevance for all areas of economic policy . AEQ is published four times a year in English . Events . Industrial Conference The Industrial Conference is the traditional institutionalised forum for exchange between the DIW Berlin and the business sector . Since October 1960 , the forum has met twice a year - May and November . Approximately one hundred representatives of enterprises , business associations and economic sciences participate regularly . Since the Federal Government moved to Berlin , the conference has been attracting increasing numbers of participants from politics . The conference understands itself to be a platform for dialogs on different viewpoints and opinions . Lunchtime Meetings The Berlin Lunchtime Meetings are a joint series of monthly expert talks hosted by the Center of Economic Policy Research ( CEPR ) , the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) and the Institute for the Study of Labour ( IZA ) . The seminars serve as a platform for leading European and international researchers to address important policy issues , and as a forum for debate and discussion among researchers , policy makers and the private sector . History . 1925 In July 1925 Ernst Wagemann founds DIW Berlin , which is originally called Institute for Business Cycle Research , and becomes the first President . 1928 In the context of the Quarterly Journal of Economic Research , Arthur Hanau publishes his dissertation „The phenomenon of cyclical development” and becomes head of the agricultural market research in Germany . Using his concept of the „Pork Cycle“ is still a popular way of explaining students of economics the relationship between demand and supply . 1933–1945 During the Nazi Regime , Ernst Wagemann is removed from his office . He is questioned several times by the Gestapo and even arrested for a while in 1942 . By the end of 1943 , the Institute for Business Cycle Research , now renamed in German Institute for Economic Research , is partially relocated to Feldberg , Mecklenburg . 1945 Prof . Dr . Ferdinand Friedensburg takes on being the President of the German Institute for Economic Research until 1968 . Now , after the war , the main focus of economic research lies upon economic issues within the city of Berlin . 1950 The first Wochenbericht ( Weekly Report ) after the war is published , covering a detailed report about „Germany´ s economic situation at the end of 1945” . 1956 The German Institute for Economic Research moves into its new building in Koenigin-Luise-Straße . 1960 For the first time , the so-called “Grundlinien der Wirtschaftsentwicklung” , forecasts about current and future trends in Germany , EU and world economy , are published . They are referring to the year of 1961 . 1968 Dr . Klaus Dieter Arndt becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research . 1972 Newly established departments are the Department of Transportation , the Department of Public Finance and the Department of Money and Capital Markets . 1975 Dr . Karl Koenig takes on being new the President of the German Institute for Economic Research . 1979 The German Institute for Economic Research publishes the Wochenbericht „Eine mittelfristige Strategie zur Wiedergewinnung der Vollbeschaeftigung“ , proposing strategies for re-establishing full employment in Germany . Taking this report into account , the federal government derives a programme for future investment in year 1977-1980 , one of the very few programmes which consequence is a noticeable drop in German unemployment rates . Prof . Dr . Hans-Jürgen Krupp becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research . 1989 The Socio-Economic Panel Study ( SOEP ) is now part of the German Institute for Economic Research . The main focus of the service institution SOEP is on basic research and scientific services . The Socio-Economic Panel regularly surveys 10,000 private households in a representative longitudinal study . The data acquired is analysed within and outside the German Institute for Economic Research , the results are then used for the analysis of income and labour force developments . 1990 The German Institute for Economic Research clearly disapproves a monetary union with the former GDR . In the case of a monetary union , the only way for the GDR to compensate their difference in productivity would be a significant decrease of the wage level . A unification of wage levels would lead to mass dismissals and enormous business shutdowns . The GDR people would become welfare recipients of the Federal Republic of Germany . 1994 On behalf of Greenpeace , the German Institute for Economic Research analyses the economic consequences of an ecological fiscal reform . The model of ecotax , short for ecological taxation , has been enacted in Germany by means of three laws in the following years . 2000 Prof . Dr . Klaus F . Zimmermann becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) . From now on , there are seven Research Departments . Thus , DIW Berlin is able to react flexible to new respective current economic and social political topics . Main focus of economic research is now lying upon information society and competition , public economics and innovation . The Institute also aims at increasing its number of international cooperations and its participation in research networks worldwide . 2003 DIW Berlin publishes its first Konjunkturprognose ( Economic Barometer ) , an up-to-date indicator of Germanys economic trends . 2006 With the founding of the DIW Graduate Center , the Institute dedicates itself to furthering the careers of young scientists . 2007 DIW Berlin relocates from Berlin-Dahlem to Mohrenstraße in Berlin-Mitte , marking a return to the citys government district . 2013 Prof . Marcel Fratzscher becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) . 2016 The Berlin Economics Research Associates ( BERA ) , a postdoctoral program funded by the Leibniz Association to promote the careers of young scientists , is established at DIW Berlin . Presidents . - 1925–1945 Ernst Wagemann - 1945–1968 Ferdinand Friedensburg - 1968–1974 Klaus-Dieter Arndt - 1975–1979 Karl Koenig - 1979–1988 Hans-Jürgen Krupp - 1988–1999 Lutz Hoffmann - 2000–2011 Klaus Zimmermann - 2011–2013 Gert G . Wagner - 2013–present Marcel Fratzscher Literature . - Silke Anger . Overtime Work in Germany . The Investment Character of Unpaid Hours , Shaker 2006 . - Rainer Winkelmann , Klaus F . Zimmermann , Can Germany Stand up to International Locational Competition ? Duncker und Humblot 2005 . - Klaus F . Zimmermann , European Migration : What Do We Know ? Oxford University Press . Oxford/New York 2005 . - Marco Caliendo , Microeconometric Evaluation of Labour Market Policies , Springer , 2005 . - Brigitte Preissl , Harry Bouwman , and Charles Steinfield , E-Life after the Dot Com Bust , Physica-Verlag , 2004 . - Janet Zollinger Giele and Elke Holst : Changing Life Patterns in Western Industrial Societies ( Advances in Life Course Research ) . 2003 .
|
[
"Gert G . Wagner"
] |
[
{
"text": " The German Institute for Economic Research ( ) or more commonly DIWBerlin is a economic research institute in Germany , involved in basic research and policy advice . It is a non-profit academic institution , financed with public grants from the Berlin Senate Department for Economics , Technology and Research and the Federal Department for Economics and Technology . DIW Berlin was founded in 1925 as the Institute for Business Cycle Research and was later renamed .",
"title": "German Institute for Economic Research"
},
{
"text": "DIW Berlin presents its research results in science journals , within the scope of national and international scientific events as well as at workshops , symposia and colloquia . Current economic and structural data , forecasts and advice as well as services in the area of quantitative economics are provided to decision makers in economics and policy and the broad public . Furthermore , the research results often meet with a major response in the news media .",
"title": "German Institute for Economic Research"
},
{
"text": " The legal status of DIW Berlin is that of a registered association . The associations bodies are the Members , the Board of Trustees , the Executive Board and the Scientific Advisory Board . To date , there are 185 employees , 102 of them being researchers .",
"title": "Leadership and organisation"
},
{
"text": " The institute is divided into ten research departments , which are : - The Department of Macroeconomics focuses on the empirical and theoretical analysis of aggregate economic developments as well as national and international economic policy . - The Department Forecasting and Economic Policy uses modern macroeconomic methods to analyze economic policy issues . Economic forecasting is a key component of the departments work .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": "- The Department of International Economics focuses on monetary and financial issues affecting the global economy . It concentrates on two key activities : examining international financial markets in terms of their economic functionality and analyzing the contribution of financial development to the goal of shared growth in developing and emerging countries .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": " - The Department of Energy , Transportation and Environment researches different strategies of sustainable development in energy , transportation and the environment in order to formulate sound policy recommendations . - The Department Climate Policy uses empirical and theoretical methods to explore Germany and Europes transition to sustainable energy—for example , by analyzing policies related to energy efficiency in buildings as well as the shift to sustainable , climate-friendly power production .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": "- The Department of Competition and Consumers aims to produce robust evidence of how society and markets function . Its research combines approaches from industrial economics with behavioral and experimental economics , thus enabling a comprehensive analysis of strategic interactions , market allocations , and human behavior .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": " - The Department of Firms and Markets analyzes firms’ strategic behavior and its impact on efficiency , productivity , and growth as well as the institutional and political environment in which firms operate . - The Department of Public Economics analyzes how financial , fiscal , and social policies influence economic decisions made by individuals , households , and companies .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": "- The Department of Education and Family explores education and family-related issues primarily from a microeconomic perspective . One key question is the extent to which it is possible to fully develop the human potential of a countrys economy .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": " - The Socio-Economic Panel Study ( SOEP ) is a research-based infrastructure facility at DIW Berlin funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research ( BMBF ) and state governments . The SOEP is one of the worlds largest and longest-running surveys of individuals and private households . Numerous studies based on SOEP data examine mechanisms behind the distribution of social resources .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": " - Communications - Information Technology - Library - Management Services - Office Management - Legal Department and Human Resources",
"title": "Service departments"
},
{
"text": "Since 2006 the Graduate Center ( GC ) of DIW Berlin offers about 15 scholarships per year for PhD positions in economics in cooperation with Berlins largest universities : Free University of Berlin , Humboldt University of Berlin , and Technical University of Berlin . The Graduate Center is located within the DIW building in the center of Berlin . The academic research of students focuses on applied topics . The four-year program is divided into two parts : while students receive academic training in economics and related social sciences during the first year , in years two to four",
"title": "Graduate Center"
},
{
"text": "on-the-job training in DIW research projects leads them to complete their doctoral theses . The application period is between January and March .",
"title": "Graduate Center"
},
{
"text": " A broad range of predominantly external Research Directors , Research Professors and Research Affiliates research along with the employees of DIW Berlin . They co-operate for a specific time , perform cross sectional tasks , care about scientific surveys ( such as diploma thesis , dissertations ) and release important pulses for the institute .",
"title": "Co-operations"
},
{
"text": "The DIW is also part of the Leibniz Association , ( Leibniz-Gemeinschaft ) , a collection of non-university research institutes in Germany . Along with five other leading institutes , the DIW publishes a joint report on the state of the German economy , the Gemeinschaftsdiagnose ( Joint Economic Forecast ) .",
"title": "Co-operations"
},
{
"text": " More than half of the Institutes budget is derived from public grants , which DIW Berlin receives as research funding from the State of Berlin and the Federal Government in equal parts . This sum is supplemented by income from projects , research contracts with third parties , trustee memberships and donations . Because of its financial structure DIW Berlin is member of the Leibniz Association ( WGL ) .",
"title": "Financing"
},
{
"text": " Dissemination of information is fundamental to DIW Berlin . As a leading economic research institute , it seeks to supply the wider public with up-to-date economic and structural data , forecasts , research reports , and services in the field of quantitative economics . Research results are presented in the Institutes own publications and in publications edited in co-operation with the Institute .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " Forecasts about current and future trends in Germany , EU and world economy are published on a regular basis by DIW Berlin .",
"title": "Economic situation forecasts"
},
{
"text": " Readily available , condensed information on current economic policy issues . Published weekly in German ( Wochenbericht des DIW Berlin ) .",
"title": "Wochenbericht"
},
{
"text": " The DIW Economic Bulletin is a DIW Berlin online publication . At irregular intervals selected articles of the Wochenbericht are being published online in English. . Quarterly Journal of Economic Research Each issue concentrates on a topic relevant to the current economic policy debate . It includes detailed information on research findings and their methodological basis .",
"title": "DIW Economic Bulletin"
},
{
"text": " The papers are presenting pre-publications of research results . DIW Berlin : Policy Advice Compact DIW Berlin furnishes opinions for the Federal Government of Germany , the Commission of the European Union , the Ministries of Federal and State Governments , political parties , interest groups and associations , and the social partners . In the series “DIW Berlin : Policy Advice Compact” these research reports will be published . Applied Economics Quarterly ( Konjunkturpolitik )",
"title": "Discussion papers"
},
{
"text": "Applied Economics Quarterly is an international journal publishing empirical research on issues with relevance for all areas of economic policy . AEQ is published four times a year in English .",
"title": "Discussion papers"
},
{
"text": " The Industrial Conference is the traditional institutionalised forum for exchange between the DIW Berlin and the business sector . Since October 1960 , the forum has met twice a year - May and November . Approximately one hundred representatives of enterprises , business associations and economic sciences participate regularly . Since the Federal Government moved to Berlin , the conference has been attracting increasing numbers of participants from politics . The conference understands itself to be a platform for dialogs on different viewpoints and opinions .",
"title": "Industrial Conference"
},
{
"text": " The Berlin Lunchtime Meetings are a joint series of monthly expert talks hosted by the Center of Economic Policy Research ( CEPR ) , the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) and the Institute for the Study of Labour ( IZA ) . The seminars serve as a platform for leading European and international researchers to address important policy issues , and as a forum for debate and discussion among researchers , policy makers and the private sector .",
"title": "Lunchtime Meetings"
},
{
"text": " 1925 In July 1925 Ernst Wagemann founds DIW Berlin , which is originally called Institute for Business Cycle Research , and becomes the first President . 1928 In the context of the Quarterly Journal of Economic Research , Arthur Hanau publishes his dissertation „The phenomenon of cyclical development” and becomes head of the agricultural market research in Germany . Using his concept of the „Pork Cycle“ is still a popular way of explaining students of economics the relationship between demand and supply .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1933–1945 During the Nazi Regime , Ernst Wagemann is removed from his office . He is questioned several times by the Gestapo and even arrested for a while in 1942 . By the end of 1943 , the Institute for Business Cycle Research , now renamed in German Institute for Economic Research , is partially relocated to Feldberg , Mecklenburg .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 1945 Prof . Dr . Ferdinand Friedensburg takes on being the President of the German Institute for Economic Research until 1968 . Now , after the war , the main focus of economic research lies upon economic issues within the city of Berlin . 1950 The first Wochenbericht ( Weekly Report ) after the war is published , covering a detailed report about „Germany´ s economic situation at the end of 1945” . 1956 The German Institute for Economic Research moves into its new building in Koenigin-Luise-Straße .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1960 For the first time , the so-called “Grundlinien der Wirtschaftsentwicklung” , forecasts about current and future trends in Germany , EU and world economy , are published . They are referring to the year of 1961 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 1968 Dr . Klaus Dieter Arndt becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research . 1972 Newly established departments are the Department of Transportation , the Department of Public Finance and the Department of Money and Capital Markets . 1975 Dr . Karl Koenig takes on being new the President of the German Institute for Economic Research .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1979 The German Institute for Economic Research publishes the Wochenbericht „Eine mittelfristige Strategie zur Wiedergewinnung der Vollbeschaeftigung“ , proposing strategies for re-establishing full employment in Germany . Taking this report into account , the federal government derives a programme for future investment in year 1977-1980 , one of the very few programmes which consequence is a noticeable drop in German unemployment rates . Prof . Dr . Hans-Jürgen Krupp becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 1989 The Socio-Economic Panel Study ( SOEP ) is now part of the German Institute for Economic Research . The main focus of the service institution SOEP is on basic research and scientific services . The Socio-Economic Panel regularly surveys 10,000 private households in a representative longitudinal study . The data acquired is analysed within and outside the German Institute for Economic Research , the results are then used for the analysis of income and labour force developments .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1990 The German Institute for Economic Research clearly disapproves a monetary union with the former GDR . In the case of a monetary union , the only way for the GDR to compensate their difference in productivity would be a significant decrease of the wage level . A unification of wage levels would lead to mass dismissals and enormous business shutdowns . The GDR people would become welfare recipients of the Federal Republic of Germany .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 1994 On behalf of Greenpeace , the German Institute for Economic Research analyses the economic consequences of an ecological fiscal reform . The model of ecotax , short for ecological taxation , has been enacted in Germany by means of three laws in the following years .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "2000 Prof . Dr . Klaus F . Zimmermann becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) . From now on , there are seven Research Departments . Thus , DIW Berlin is able to react flexible to new respective current economic and social political topics . Main focus of economic research is now lying upon information society and competition , public economics and innovation . The Institute also aims at increasing its number of international cooperations and its participation in research networks worldwide .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 2003 DIW Berlin publishes its first Konjunkturprognose ( Economic Barometer ) , an up-to-date indicator of Germanys economic trends . 2006 With the founding of the DIW Graduate Center , the Institute dedicates itself to furthering the careers of young scientists . 2007 DIW Berlin relocates from Berlin-Dahlem to Mohrenstraße in Berlin-Mitte , marking a return to the citys government district . 2013 Prof . Marcel Fratzscher becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "2016 The Berlin Economics Research Associates ( BERA ) , a postdoctoral program funded by the Leibniz Association to promote the careers of young scientists , is established at DIW Berlin .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - 1925–1945 Ernst Wagemann - 1945–1968 Ferdinand Friedensburg - 1968–1974 Klaus-Dieter Arndt - 1975–1979 Karl Koenig - 1979–1988 Hans-Jürgen Krupp - 1988–1999 Lutz Hoffmann - 2000–2011 Klaus Zimmermann - 2011–2013 Gert G . Wagner - 2013–present Marcel Fratzscher",
"title": "Presidents"
},
{
"text": " - Silke Anger . Overtime Work in Germany . The Investment Character of Unpaid Hours , Shaker 2006 . - Rainer Winkelmann , Klaus F . Zimmermann , Can Germany Stand up to International Locational Competition ? Duncker und Humblot 2005 . - Klaus F . Zimmermann , European Migration : What Do We Know ? Oxford University Press . Oxford/New York 2005 . - Marco Caliendo , Microeconometric Evaluation of Labour Market Policies , Springer , 2005 .",
"title": "Literature"
},
{
"text": "- Brigitte Preissl , Harry Bouwman , and Charles Steinfield , E-Life after the Dot Com Bust , Physica-Verlag , 2004 .",
"title": "Literature"
},
{
"text": " - Janet Zollinger Giele and Elke Holst : Changing Life Patterns in Western Industrial Societies ( Advances in Life Course Research ) . 2003 .",
"title": "Literature"
}
] |
/wiki/German_Institute_for_Economic_Research#P1037#7
|
German Institute for Economic Research was managed or directed by whom between Jun 2013 and Jan 2014?
|
German Institute for Economic Research The German Institute for Economic Research ( ) or more commonly DIWBerlin is a economic research institute in Germany , involved in basic research and policy advice . It is a non-profit academic institution , financed with public grants from the Berlin Senate Department for Economics , Technology and Research and the Federal Department for Economics and Technology . DIW Berlin was founded in 1925 as the Institute for Business Cycle Research and was later renamed . DIW Berlin presents its research results in science journals , within the scope of national and international scientific events as well as at workshops , symposia and colloquia . Current economic and structural data , forecasts and advice as well as services in the area of quantitative economics are provided to decision makers in economics and policy and the broad public . Furthermore , the research results often meet with a major response in the news media . Leadership and organisation . The legal status of DIW Berlin is that of a registered association . The associations bodies are the Members , the Board of Trustees , the Executive Board and the Scientific Advisory Board . To date , there are 185 employees , 102 of them being researchers . Executive board . - Marcel Fratzscher - Angelica E . Röhr - Stefan Liebig Research departments . The institute is divided into ten research departments , which are : - The Department of Macroeconomics focuses on the empirical and theoretical analysis of aggregate economic developments as well as national and international economic policy . - The Department Forecasting and Economic Policy uses modern macroeconomic methods to analyze economic policy issues . Economic forecasting is a key component of the departments work . - The Department of International Economics focuses on monetary and financial issues affecting the global economy . It concentrates on two key activities : examining international financial markets in terms of their economic functionality and analyzing the contribution of financial development to the goal of shared growth in developing and emerging countries . - The Department of Energy , Transportation and Environment researches different strategies of sustainable development in energy , transportation and the environment in order to formulate sound policy recommendations . - The Department Climate Policy uses empirical and theoretical methods to explore Germany and Europes transition to sustainable energy—for example , by analyzing policies related to energy efficiency in buildings as well as the shift to sustainable , climate-friendly power production . - The Department of Competition and Consumers aims to produce robust evidence of how society and markets function . Its research combines approaches from industrial economics with behavioral and experimental economics , thus enabling a comprehensive analysis of strategic interactions , market allocations , and human behavior . - The Department of Firms and Markets analyzes firms’ strategic behavior and its impact on efficiency , productivity , and growth as well as the institutional and political environment in which firms operate . - The Department of Public Economics analyzes how financial , fiscal , and social policies influence economic decisions made by individuals , households , and companies . - The Department of Education and Family explores education and family-related issues primarily from a microeconomic perspective . One key question is the extent to which it is possible to fully develop the human potential of a countrys economy . - The Socio-Economic Panel Study ( SOEP ) is a research-based infrastructure facility at DIW Berlin funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research ( BMBF ) and state governments . The SOEP is one of the worlds largest and longest-running surveys of individuals and private households . Numerous studies based on SOEP data examine mechanisms behind the distribution of social resources . Service departments - Communications - Information Technology - Library - Management Services - Office Management - Legal Department and Human Resources Graduate Center . Since 2006 the Graduate Center ( GC ) of DIW Berlin offers about 15 scholarships per year for PhD positions in economics in cooperation with Berlins largest universities : Free University of Berlin , Humboldt University of Berlin , and Technical University of Berlin . The Graduate Center is located within the DIW building in the center of Berlin . The academic research of students focuses on applied topics . The four-year program is divided into two parts : while students receive academic training in economics and related social sciences during the first year , in years two to four on-the-job training in DIW research projects leads them to complete their doctoral theses . The application period is between January and March . Co-operations . A broad range of predominantly external Research Directors , Research Professors and Research Affiliates research along with the employees of DIW Berlin . They co-operate for a specific time , perform cross sectional tasks , care about scientific surveys ( such as diploma thesis , dissertations ) and release important pulses for the institute . The DIW is also part of the Leibniz Association , ( Leibniz-Gemeinschaft ) , a collection of non-university research institutes in Germany . Along with five other leading institutes , the DIW publishes a joint report on the state of the German economy , the Gemeinschaftsdiagnose ( Joint Economic Forecast ) . Financing . More than half of the Institutes budget is derived from public grants , which DIW Berlin receives as research funding from the State of Berlin and the Federal Government in equal parts . This sum is supplemented by income from projects , research contracts with third parties , trustee memberships and donations . Because of its financial structure DIW Berlin is member of the Leibniz Association ( WGL ) . Publications . Dissemination of information is fundamental to DIW Berlin . As a leading economic research institute , it seeks to supply the wider public with up-to-date economic and structural data , forecasts , research reports , and services in the field of quantitative economics . Research results are presented in the Institutes own publications and in publications edited in co-operation with the Institute . Economic situation forecasts . Forecasts about current and future trends in Germany , EU and world economy are published on a regular basis by DIW Berlin . Publications . Wochenbericht Readily available , condensed information on current economic policy issues . Published weekly in German ( Wochenbericht des DIW Berlin ) . DIW Economic Bulletin The DIW Economic Bulletin is a DIW Berlin online publication . At irregular intervals selected articles of the Wochenbericht are being published online in English. . Quarterly Journal of Economic Research Each issue concentrates on a topic relevant to the current economic policy debate . It includes detailed information on research findings and their methodological basis . Discussion papers The papers are presenting pre-publications of research results . DIW Berlin : Policy Advice Compact DIW Berlin furnishes opinions for the Federal Government of Germany , the Commission of the European Union , the Ministries of Federal and State Governments , political parties , interest groups and associations , and the social partners . In the series “DIW Berlin : Policy Advice Compact” these research reports will be published . Applied Economics Quarterly ( Konjunkturpolitik ) Applied Economics Quarterly is an international journal publishing empirical research on issues with relevance for all areas of economic policy . AEQ is published four times a year in English . Events . Industrial Conference The Industrial Conference is the traditional institutionalised forum for exchange between the DIW Berlin and the business sector . Since October 1960 , the forum has met twice a year - May and November . Approximately one hundred representatives of enterprises , business associations and economic sciences participate regularly . Since the Federal Government moved to Berlin , the conference has been attracting increasing numbers of participants from politics . The conference understands itself to be a platform for dialogs on different viewpoints and opinions . Lunchtime Meetings The Berlin Lunchtime Meetings are a joint series of monthly expert talks hosted by the Center of Economic Policy Research ( CEPR ) , the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) and the Institute for the Study of Labour ( IZA ) . The seminars serve as a platform for leading European and international researchers to address important policy issues , and as a forum for debate and discussion among researchers , policy makers and the private sector . History . 1925 In July 1925 Ernst Wagemann founds DIW Berlin , which is originally called Institute for Business Cycle Research , and becomes the first President . 1928 In the context of the Quarterly Journal of Economic Research , Arthur Hanau publishes his dissertation „The phenomenon of cyclical development” and becomes head of the agricultural market research in Germany . Using his concept of the „Pork Cycle“ is still a popular way of explaining students of economics the relationship between demand and supply . 1933–1945 During the Nazi Regime , Ernst Wagemann is removed from his office . He is questioned several times by the Gestapo and even arrested for a while in 1942 . By the end of 1943 , the Institute for Business Cycle Research , now renamed in German Institute for Economic Research , is partially relocated to Feldberg , Mecklenburg . 1945 Prof . Dr . Ferdinand Friedensburg takes on being the President of the German Institute for Economic Research until 1968 . Now , after the war , the main focus of economic research lies upon economic issues within the city of Berlin . 1950 The first Wochenbericht ( Weekly Report ) after the war is published , covering a detailed report about „Germany´ s economic situation at the end of 1945” . 1956 The German Institute for Economic Research moves into its new building in Koenigin-Luise-Straße . 1960 For the first time , the so-called “Grundlinien der Wirtschaftsentwicklung” , forecasts about current and future trends in Germany , EU and world economy , are published . They are referring to the year of 1961 . 1968 Dr . Klaus Dieter Arndt becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research . 1972 Newly established departments are the Department of Transportation , the Department of Public Finance and the Department of Money and Capital Markets . 1975 Dr . Karl Koenig takes on being new the President of the German Institute for Economic Research . 1979 The German Institute for Economic Research publishes the Wochenbericht „Eine mittelfristige Strategie zur Wiedergewinnung der Vollbeschaeftigung“ , proposing strategies for re-establishing full employment in Germany . Taking this report into account , the federal government derives a programme for future investment in year 1977-1980 , one of the very few programmes which consequence is a noticeable drop in German unemployment rates . Prof . Dr . Hans-Jürgen Krupp becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research . 1989 The Socio-Economic Panel Study ( SOEP ) is now part of the German Institute for Economic Research . The main focus of the service institution SOEP is on basic research and scientific services . The Socio-Economic Panel regularly surveys 10,000 private households in a representative longitudinal study . The data acquired is analysed within and outside the German Institute for Economic Research , the results are then used for the analysis of income and labour force developments . 1990 The German Institute for Economic Research clearly disapproves a monetary union with the former GDR . In the case of a monetary union , the only way for the GDR to compensate their difference in productivity would be a significant decrease of the wage level . A unification of wage levels would lead to mass dismissals and enormous business shutdowns . The GDR people would become welfare recipients of the Federal Republic of Germany . 1994 On behalf of Greenpeace , the German Institute for Economic Research analyses the economic consequences of an ecological fiscal reform . The model of ecotax , short for ecological taxation , has been enacted in Germany by means of three laws in the following years . 2000 Prof . Dr . Klaus F . Zimmermann becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) . From now on , there are seven Research Departments . Thus , DIW Berlin is able to react flexible to new respective current economic and social political topics . Main focus of economic research is now lying upon information society and competition , public economics and innovation . The Institute also aims at increasing its number of international cooperations and its participation in research networks worldwide . 2003 DIW Berlin publishes its first Konjunkturprognose ( Economic Barometer ) , an up-to-date indicator of Germanys economic trends . 2006 With the founding of the DIW Graduate Center , the Institute dedicates itself to furthering the careers of young scientists . 2007 DIW Berlin relocates from Berlin-Dahlem to Mohrenstraße in Berlin-Mitte , marking a return to the citys government district . 2013 Prof . Marcel Fratzscher becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) . 2016 The Berlin Economics Research Associates ( BERA ) , a postdoctoral program funded by the Leibniz Association to promote the careers of young scientists , is established at DIW Berlin . Presidents . - 1925–1945 Ernst Wagemann - 1945–1968 Ferdinand Friedensburg - 1968–1974 Klaus-Dieter Arndt - 1975–1979 Karl Koenig - 1979–1988 Hans-Jürgen Krupp - 1988–1999 Lutz Hoffmann - 2000–2011 Klaus Zimmermann - 2011–2013 Gert G . Wagner - 2013–present Marcel Fratzscher Literature . - Silke Anger . Overtime Work in Germany . The Investment Character of Unpaid Hours , Shaker 2006 . - Rainer Winkelmann , Klaus F . Zimmermann , Can Germany Stand up to International Locational Competition ? Duncker und Humblot 2005 . - Klaus F . Zimmermann , European Migration : What Do We Know ? Oxford University Press . Oxford/New York 2005 . - Marco Caliendo , Microeconometric Evaluation of Labour Market Policies , Springer , 2005 . - Brigitte Preissl , Harry Bouwman , and Charles Steinfield , E-Life after the Dot Com Bust , Physica-Verlag , 2004 . - Janet Zollinger Giele and Elke Holst : Changing Life Patterns in Western Industrial Societies ( Advances in Life Course Research ) . 2003 .
|
[
"Marcel Fratzscher"
] |
[
{
"text": " The German Institute for Economic Research ( ) or more commonly DIWBerlin is a economic research institute in Germany , involved in basic research and policy advice . It is a non-profit academic institution , financed with public grants from the Berlin Senate Department for Economics , Technology and Research and the Federal Department for Economics and Technology . DIW Berlin was founded in 1925 as the Institute for Business Cycle Research and was later renamed .",
"title": "German Institute for Economic Research"
},
{
"text": "DIW Berlin presents its research results in science journals , within the scope of national and international scientific events as well as at workshops , symposia and colloquia . Current economic and structural data , forecasts and advice as well as services in the area of quantitative economics are provided to decision makers in economics and policy and the broad public . Furthermore , the research results often meet with a major response in the news media .",
"title": "German Institute for Economic Research"
},
{
"text": " The legal status of DIW Berlin is that of a registered association . The associations bodies are the Members , the Board of Trustees , the Executive Board and the Scientific Advisory Board . To date , there are 185 employees , 102 of them being researchers .",
"title": "Leadership and organisation"
},
{
"text": " The institute is divided into ten research departments , which are : - The Department of Macroeconomics focuses on the empirical and theoretical analysis of aggregate economic developments as well as national and international economic policy . - The Department Forecasting and Economic Policy uses modern macroeconomic methods to analyze economic policy issues . Economic forecasting is a key component of the departments work .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": "- The Department of International Economics focuses on monetary and financial issues affecting the global economy . It concentrates on two key activities : examining international financial markets in terms of their economic functionality and analyzing the contribution of financial development to the goal of shared growth in developing and emerging countries .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": " - The Department of Energy , Transportation and Environment researches different strategies of sustainable development in energy , transportation and the environment in order to formulate sound policy recommendations . - The Department Climate Policy uses empirical and theoretical methods to explore Germany and Europes transition to sustainable energy—for example , by analyzing policies related to energy efficiency in buildings as well as the shift to sustainable , climate-friendly power production .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": "- The Department of Competition and Consumers aims to produce robust evidence of how society and markets function . Its research combines approaches from industrial economics with behavioral and experimental economics , thus enabling a comprehensive analysis of strategic interactions , market allocations , and human behavior .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": " - The Department of Firms and Markets analyzes firms’ strategic behavior and its impact on efficiency , productivity , and growth as well as the institutional and political environment in which firms operate . - The Department of Public Economics analyzes how financial , fiscal , and social policies influence economic decisions made by individuals , households , and companies .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": "- The Department of Education and Family explores education and family-related issues primarily from a microeconomic perspective . One key question is the extent to which it is possible to fully develop the human potential of a countrys economy .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": " - The Socio-Economic Panel Study ( SOEP ) is a research-based infrastructure facility at DIW Berlin funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research ( BMBF ) and state governments . The SOEP is one of the worlds largest and longest-running surveys of individuals and private households . Numerous studies based on SOEP data examine mechanisms behind the distribution of social resources .",
"title": "Research departments"
},
{
"text": " - Communications - Information Technology - Library - Management Services - Office Management - Legal Department and Human Resources",
"title": "Service departments"
},
{
"text": "Since 2006 the Graduate Center ( GC ) of DIW Berlin offers about 15 scholarships per year for PhD positions in economics in cooperation with Berlins largest universities : Free University of Berlin , Humboldt University of Berlin , and Technical University of Berlin . The Graduate Center is located within the DIW building in the center of Berlin . The academic research of students focuses on applied topics . The four-year program is divided into two parts : while students receive academic training in economics and related social sciences during the first year , in years two to four",
"title": "Graduate Center"
},
{
"text": "on-the-job training in DIW research projects leads them to complete their doctoral theses . The application period is between January and March .",
"title": "Graduate Center"
},
{
"text": " A broad range of predominantly external Research Directors , Research Professors and Research Affiliates research along with the employees of DIW Berlin . They co-operate for a specific time , perform cross sectional tasks , care about scientific surveys ( such as diploma thesis , dissertations ) and release important pulses for the institute .",
"title": "Co-operations"
},
{
"text": "The DIW is also part of the Leibniz Association , ( Leibniz-Gemeinschaft ) , a collection of non-university research institutes in Germany . Along with five other leading institutes , the DIW publishes a joint report on the state of the German economy , the Gemeinschaftsdiagnose ( Joint Economic Forecast ) .",
"title": "Co-operations"
},
{
"text": " More than half of the Institutes budget is derived from public grants , which DIW Berlin receives as research funding from the State of Berlin and the Federal Government in equal parts . This sum is supplemented by income from projects , research contracts with third parties , trustee memberships and donations . Because of its financial structure DIW Berlin is member of the Leibniz Association ( WGL ) .",
"title": "Financing"
},
{
"text": " Dissemination of information is fundamental to DIW Berlin . As a leading economic research institute , it seeks to supply the wider public with up-to-date economic and structural data , forecasts , research reports , and services in the field of quantitative economics . Research results are presented in the Institutes own publications and in publications edited in co-operation with the Institute .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " Forecasts about current and future trends in Germany , EU and world economy are published on a regular basis by DIW Berlin .",
"title": "Economic situation forecasts"
},
{
"text": " Readily available , condensed information on current economic policy issues . Published weekly in German ( Wochenbericht des DIW Berlin ) .",
"title": "Wochenbericht"
},
{
"text": " The DIW Economic Bulletin is a DIW Berlin online publication . At irregular intervals selected articles of the Wochenbericht are being published online in English. . Quarterly Journal of Economic Research Each issue concentrates on a topic relevant to the current economic policy debate . It includes detailed information on research findings and their methodological basis .",
"title": "DIW Economic Bulletin"
},
{
"text": " The papers are presenting pre-publications of research results . DIW Berlin : Policy Advice Compact DIW Berlin furnishes opinions for the Federal Government of Germany , the Commission of the European Union , the Ministries of Federal and State Governments , political parties , interest groups and associations , and the social partners . In the series “DIW Berlin : Policy Advice Compact” these research reports will be published . Applied Economics Quarterly ( Konjunkturpolitik )",
"title": "Discussion papers"
},
{
"text": "Applied Economics Quarterly is an international journal publishing empirical research on issues with relevance for all areas of economic policy . AEQ is published four times a year in English .",
"title": "Discussion papers"
},
{
"text": " The Industrial Conference is the traditional institutionalised forum for exchange between the DIW Berlin and the business sector . Since October 1960 , the forum has met twice a year - May and November . Approximately one hundred representatives of enterprises , business associations and economic sciences participate regularly . Since the Federal Government moved to Berlin , the conference has been attracting increasing numbers of participants from politics . The conference understands itself to be a platform for dialogs on different viewpoints and opinions .",
"title": "Industrial Conference"
},
{
"text": " The Berlin Lunchtime Meetings are a joint series of monthly expert talks hosted by the Center of Economic Policy Research ( CEPR ) , the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) and the Institute for the Study of Labour ( IZA ) . The seminars serve as a platform for leading European and international researchers to address important policy issues , and as a forum for debate and discussion among researchers , policy makers and the private sector .",
"title": "Lunchtime Meetings"
},
{
"text": " 1925 In July 1925 Ernst Wagemann founds DIW Berlin , which is originally called Institute for Business Cycle Research , and becomes the first President . 1928 In the context of the Quarterly Journal of Economic Research , Arthur Hanau publishes his dissertation „The phenomenon of cyclical development” and becomes head of the agricultural market research in Germany . Using his concept of the „Pork Cycle“ is still a popular way of explaining students of economics the relationship between demand and supply .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1933–1945 During the Nazi Regime , Ernst Wagemann is removed from his office . He is questioned several times by the Gestapo and even arrested for a while in 1942 . By the end of 1943 , the Institute for Business Cycle Research , now renamed in German Institute for Economic Research , is partially relocated to Feldberg , Mecklenburg .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 1945 Prof . Dr . Ferdinand Friedensburg takes on being the President of the German Institute for Economic Research until 1968 . Now , after the war , the main focus of economic research lies upon economic issues within the city of Berlin . 1950 The first Wochenbericht ( Weekly Report ) after the war is published , covering a detailed report about „Germany´ s economic situation at the end of 1945” . 1956 The German Institute for Economic Research moves into its new building in Koenigin-Luise-Straße .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1960 For the first time , the so-called “Grundlinien der Wirtschaftsentwicklung” , forecasts about current and future trends in Germany , EU and world economy , are published . They are referring to the year of 1961 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 1968 Dr . Klaus Dieter Arndt becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research . 1972 Newly established departments are the Department of Transportation , the Department of Public Finance and the Department of Money and Capital Markets . 1975 Dr . Karl Koenig takes on being new the President of the German Institute for Economic Research .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1979 The German Institute for Economic Research publishes the Wochenbericht „Eine mittelfristige Strategie zur Wiedergewinnung der Vollbeschaeftigung“ , proposing strategies for re-establishing full employment in Germany . Taking this report into account , the federal government derives a programme for future investment in year 1977-1980 , one of the very few programmes which consequence is a noticeable drop in German unemployment rates . Prof . Dr . Hans-Jürgen Krupp becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 1989 The Socio-Economic Panel Study ( SOEP ) is now part of the German Institute for Economic Research . The main focus of the service institution SOEP is on basic research and scientific services . The Socio-Economic Panel regularly surveys 10,000 private households in a representative longitudinal study . The data acquired is analysed within and outside the German Institute for Economic Research , the results are then used for the analysis of income and labour force developments .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1990 The German Institute for Economic Research clearly disapproves a monetary union with the former GDR . In the case of a monetary union , the only way for the GDR to compensate their difference in productivity would be a significant decrease of the wage level . A unification of wage levels would lead to mass dismissals and enormous business shutdowns . The GDR people would become welfare recipients of the Federal Republic of Germany .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 1994 On behalf of Greenpeace , the German Institute for Economic Research analyses the economic consequences of an ecological fiscal reform . The model of ecotax , short for ecological taxation , has been enacted in Germany by means of three laws in the following years .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "2000 Prof . Dr . Klaus F . Zimmermann becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) . From now on , there are seven Research Departments . Thus , DIW Berlin is able to react flexible to new respective current economic and social political topics . Main focus of economic research is now lying upon information society and competition , public economics and innovation . The Institute also aims at increasing its number of international cooperations and its participation in research networks worldwide .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 2003 DIW Berlin publishes its first Konjunkturprognose ( Economic Barometer ) , an up-to-date indicator of Germanys economic trends . 2006 With the founding of the DIW Graduate Center , the Institute dedicates itself to furthering the careers of young scientists . 2007 DIW Berlin relocates from Berlin-Dahlem to Mohrenstraße in Berlin-Mitte , marking a return to the citys government district . 2013 Prof . Marcel Fratzscher becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research ( DIW Berlin ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "2016 The Berlin Economics Research Associates ( BERA ) , a postdoctoral program funded by the Leibniz Association to promote the careers of young scientists , is established at DIW Berlin .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - 1925–1945 Ernst Wagemann - 1945–1968 Ferdinand Friedensburg - 1968–1974 Klaus-Dieter Arndt - 1975–1979 Karl Koenig - 1979–1988 Hans-Jürgen Krupp - 1988–1999 Lutz Hoffmann - 2000–2011 Klaus Zimmermann - 2011–2013 Gert G . Wagner - 2013–present Marcel Fratzscher",
"title": "Presidents"
},
{
"text": " - Silke Anger . Overtime Work in Germany . The Investment Character of Unpaid Hours , Shaker 2006 . - Rainer Winkelmann , Klaus F . Zimmermann , Can Germany Stand up to International Locational Competition ? Duncker und Humblot 2005 . - Klaus F . Zimmermann , European Migration : What Do We Know ? Oxford University Press . Oxford/New York 2005 . - Marco Caliendo , Microeconometric Evaluation of Labour Market Policies , Springer , 2005 .",
"title": "Literature"
},
{
"text": "- Brigitte Preissl , Harry Bouwman , and Charles Steinfield , E-Life after the Dot Com Bust , Physica-Verlag , 2004 .",
"title": "Literature"
},
{
"text": " - Janet Zollinger Giele and Elke Holst : Changing Life Patterns in Western Industrial Societies ( Advances in Life Course Research ) . 2003 .",
"title": "Literature"
}
] |
/wiki/D._R._Shackleton_Bailey#P108#0
|
Which employer did D. R. Shackleton Bailey work for in May 1947?
|
D . R . Shackleton Bailey David Roy Shackleton Bailey FBA ( 10 December 1917 – 28 November 2005 ) was a British scholar of Latin literature ( particularly in the field of textual criticism ) who spent his academic life teaching at the University of Cambridge , the University of Michigan , and Harvard . He is best known for his work on Horace ( editing his complete works for the Teubner series ) , and Cicero , especially his commentaries and translations of Ciceros letters . Academic career . Shackleton Bailey was the youngest of four children born to John Henry Shackleton Bailey and Rosmund Maud ( née Giles ) . After being educated at Lancaster Royal Grammar School , where his mathematician father was headmaster , Shackleton Bailey read first Classics and then Oriental Studies at Gonville & Caius College , Cambridge , before spending the years of the Second World War at Bletchley Park , the home of the British code-breaking efforts . He returned to Caius as a fellow in 1944 , and in 1948 obtained a lectureship in Tibetan at Cambridge University . In 1955 he migrated to Jesus College , Cambridge , where , as Director of Studies in Classics , he began publishing the long series of books and articles on Latin authors that would occupy the rest of his life . He spent four more years at Caius from 1964 to 1968 , this time serving as Bursar and Senior Bursar . This time , his move was reputedly because Sir Denys Page , Master of Jesus , refused to allow Shack ( as he was commonly known ) to have a cat-flap installed in his ancient oak door . In 1968 he crossed the Atlantic , specifically to the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor ; and in 1976 he moved to Harvard University ( whose Classics department he had visited in 1963 ) , first as Professor of Greek and Latin , then ( from 1982 ) as Pope Professor of the Latin Language and Literature . He twice served as the editor of Harvard Studies in Classical Philology ( 1980-1981 and 1983-1985 ) . In 1988 he retired from Harvard and became an Adjunct Professor at the University of Michigan . In 1967 he married Hilary Ann Bardwell ( who was later married to Alastair Boyd ) , the former wife of the British author Kingsley Amis ; this marriage was dissolved in 1975 . In 1994 he married Kristine Zvirbulis . He was extremely fond of cats ( the first volume of his seven-volume Cambridge University Press edition of the Letters of Cicero is dedicated to Donum , a feline present from Frances Lloyd-Jones ) and of classical music . In 1958 he earned the double honour of a fellowship of the British Academy ( whose Kenyon Medal he would be awarded in 1985 ) and a Litt.D . degree from Cambridge ; he also held an honorary Litt.D . from Dublin University , awarded in 1984 . He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1975 . He was a member of the American Philological Association , which awarded him the Goodwin Award for Merit in 1978 ; a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters ; an honorary member of the Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies ; and an honorary fellow of Gonville and Caius College , Cambridge . The bulk of his scholarly work focused on Latin philology and Roman history and prosopography . In retirement he prepared many editions for the Loeb Classical Library published by Harvard University Press , including those of Martial , Valerius Maximus , Statius , and the correspondence of Cicero . He died of Alzheimers disease in Ann Arbor , Michigan . Publications ( selected ) . - The Śatapañcāśatka of Mātṛceṭa . Sanskrit text , Tibetan translation & commentary and Chinese translation [ by I-Ching ] . Edited by D.R . Shackleton Bailey . With an introduction , English translation and notes . ( 1951 ) - Propertiana ( Cambridge , 1958 ) . - co-ed . W.S . Watt . Cicero , Marcus Tullius . Epistulae . 4 v . ( Oxford , OCT , 1958-1982 : v . 2.ii : Ep . ad Atticum , libri ix-xvi , rec . D.R.Sh.-B. , 1961 ) - ed . Cicero : Letters to Atticus 7 v . ( Cambridge , 1965–70 ) . - ed . Cicero : Epistulae ad familiares 2 v . ( Cambridge , 1977 ) . - trans . Cicero’s letters to his friends ( Atlanta , 1978 ) . - Cicero’s Letters to Atticus 2 v . ( Penguin , 1978 ) . - Profile of Horace ( Harvard , 1982 ) . - ed . Anthologia Latina I fasc . 1 : Libri Salmasiani aliorumque carmina ( Stuttgart , 1982 ) . - ed . Q . Horati Flacci Opera ( Stuttgart , 1985 ) . - ed . and trans . Cicero : Philippics ( Chapel Hill , 1986 ) . - ed . M . Tulli Ciceronis Epistulae ad Atticum 2 v. ( Stuttgart , 1987 ) . - ed . M . Tulli Ciceronis Epistulae ad Familiares ( Stuttgart , 1988 ) . - ed . M . Tulli Ciceronis Epistulae ad Q . Fratrem , ad M . Brutum , Commentariolum petitionis , fragmenta epistularum ( Stuttgart , 1988 ) . - ed . M . Fabii Quintiliani Declamationes minores ( Stuttgart , 1989 ) . - Onomasticon to Cicero’s speeches ( Stuttgart , 1988 , 1991² ) . - trans . Cicero . Back from Exile : Six Speeches upon his Return ( Atlanta , 1991 ) . - ed . M . Annaei Lucani De bello civili libri X ( Stuttgart , 1988 ; 1997² ) . - ed . M . Valerii Martialis epigrammata ( 1990 ) . - Homoeoteleuton in Latin dactylic verse ( Stuttgart , 1994 ) . - Onomasticon to Cicero’s letters ( Stuttgart , 1995 ) . - Onomasticon to Cicero’s treatises ( Stuttgart , 1996 ) . - Selected classical papers ( Ann Arbor , 1997 ) . - ed . and trans . Valerius Maximus : Memorable doings and sayings 2 v . ( Loeb Classical Library #s 492 , 493 , Harvard UP , 2000 ) . - ed . and trans . Cicero : Letters to friends 3 v . ( Loeb Classical Library #s 205 , 216 , 230 , Harvard UP , 2001 ) . - ed . and trans . Statius : Silvae ( Loeb Classical Library #206 , Harvard UP , 2003 ; corrected ed . 2015 ) . - ed . and trans . Statius : Thebaid Books 1-7 ( Loeb Classical Library #207 , Harvard UP , 2003 ) . - ed . and trans . Statius : Thebaid Books 8-12 ; Achilleid ( Loeb Classical Library #498 , Harvard UP , 2003 ) . - ed . and trans . Quintilian : The Lesser Declamations 2 v . ( Loeb Classical Library #s 500 , 501 , Harvard UP , 2006 ) . References . - Obituaries - Michigan Daily - Independent.co.uk - Professor D . R . Shackleton Bailey - The Times - American Philosophical Society
|
[
"Gonville and Caius College , Cambridge"
] |
[
{
"text": " David Roy Shackleton Bailey FBA ( 10 December 1917 – 28 November 2005 ) was a British scholar of Latin literature ( particularly in the field of textual criticism ) who spent his academic life teaching at the University of Cambridge , the University of Michigan , and Harvard . He is best known for his work on Horace ( editing his complete works for the Teubner series ) , and Cicero , especially his commentaries and translations of Ciceros letters .",
"title": "D . R . Shackleton Bailey"
},
{
"text": "Shackleton Bailey was the youngest of four children born to John Henry Shackleton Bailey and Rosmund Maud ( née Giles ) . After being educated at Lancaster Royal Grammar School , where his mathematician father was headmaster , Shackleton Bailey read first Classics and then Oriental Studies at Gonville & Caius College , Cambridge , before spending the years of the Second World War at Bletchley Park , the home of the British code-breaking efforts . He returned to Caius as a fellow in 1944 , and in 1948 obtained a lectureship in Tibetan at Cambridge University . In 1955",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "he migrated to Jesus College , Cambridge , where , as Director of Studies in Classics , he began publishing the long series of books and articles on Latin authors that would occupy the rest of his life . He spent four more years at Caius from 1964 to 1968 , this time serving as Bursar and Senior Bursar . This time , his move was reputedly because Sir Denys Page , Master of Jesus , refused to allow Shack ( as he was commonly known ) to have a cat-flap installed in his ancient oak door . In 1968",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "he crossed the Atlantic , specifically to the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor ; and in 1976 he moved to Harvard University ( whose Classics department he had visited in 1963 ) , first as Professor of Greek and Latin , then ( from 1982 ) as Pope Professor of the Latin Language and Literature . He twice served as the editor of Harvard Studies in Classical Philology ( 1980-1981 and 1983-1985 ) . In 1988 he retired from Harvard and became an Adjunct Professor at the University of Michigan .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " In 1967 he married Hilary Ann Bardwell ( who was later married to Alastair Boyd ) , the former wife of the British author Kingsley Amis ; this marriage was dissolved in 1975 . In 1994 he married Kristine Zvirbulis . He was extremely fond of cats ( the first volume of his seven-volume Cambridge University Press edition of the Letters of Cicero is dedicated to Donum , a feline present from Frances Lloyd-Jones ) and of classical music .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "In 1958 he earned the double honour of a fellowship of the British Academy ( whose Kenyon Medal he would be awarded in 1985 ) and a Litt.D . degree from Cambridge ; he also held an honorary Litt.D . from Dublin University , awarded in 1984 . He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1975 . He was a member of the American Philological Association , which awarded him the Goodwin Award for Merit in 1978 ; a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters ; an honorary member of",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "the Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies ; and an honorary fellow of Gonville and Caius College , Cambridge .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " The bulk of his scholarly work focused on Latin philology and Roman history and prosopography . In retirement he prepared many editions for the Loeb Classical Library published by Harvard University Press , including those of Martial , Valerius Maximus , Statius , and the correspondence of Cicero . He died of Alzheimers disease in Ann Arbor , Michigan . Publications ( selected ) .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "- The Śatapañcāśatka of Mātṛceṭa . Sanskrit text , Tibetan translation & commentary and Chinese translation [ by I-Ching ] . Edited by D.R . Shackleton Bailey . With an introduction , English translation and notes . ( 1951 )",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " - Propertiana ( Cambridge , 1958 ) . - co-ed . W.S . Watt . Cicero , Marcus Tullius . Epistulae . 4 v . ( Oxford , OCT , 1958-1982 : v . 2.ii : Ep . ad Atticum , libri ix-xvi , rec . D.R.Sh.-B. , 1961 ) - ed . Cicero : Letters to Atticus 7 v . ( Cambridge , 1965–70 ) . - ed . Cicero : Epistulae ad familiares 2 v . ( Cambridge , 1977 ) . - trans . Cicero’s letters to his friends ( Atlanta , 1978 ) .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "- Cicero’s Letters to Atticus 2 v . ( Penguin , 1978 ) .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " - Profile of Horace ( Harvard , 1982 ) . - ed . Anthologia Latina I fasc . 1 : Libri Salmasiani aliorumque carmina ( Stuttgart , 1982 ) . - ed . Q . Horati Flacci Opera ( Stuttgart , 1985 ) . - ed . and trans . Cicero : Philippics ( Chapel Hill , 1986 ) . - ed . M . Tulli Ciceronis Epistulae ad Atticum 2 v. ( Stuttgart , 1987 ) . - ed . M . Tulli Ciceronis Epistulae ad Familiares ( Stuttgart , 1988 ) .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "- ed . M . Tulli Ciceronis Epistulae ad Q . Fratrem , ad M . Brutum , Commentariolum petitionis , fragmenta epistularum ( Stuttgart , 1988 ) .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " - ed . M . Fabii Quintiliani Declamationes minores ( Stuttgart , 1989 ) . - Onomasticon to Cicero’s speeches ( Stuttgart , 1988 , 1991² ) . - trans . Cicero . Back from Exile : Six Speeches upon his Return ( Atlanta , 1991 ) . - ed . M . Annaei Lucani De bello civili libri X ( Stuttgart , 1988 ; 1997² ) . - ed . M . Valerii Martialis epigrammata ( 1990 ) . - Homoeoteleuton in Latin dactylic verse ( Stuttgart , 1994 ) .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "- Onomasticon to Cicero’s letters ( Stuttgart , 1995 ) .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " - Onomasticon to Cicero’s treatises ( Stuttgart , 1996 ) . - Selected classical papers ( Ann Arbor , 1997 ) . - ed . and trans . Valerius Maximus : Memorable doings and sayings 2 v . ( Loeb Classical Library #s 492 , 493 , Harvard UP , 2000 ) . - ed . and trans . Cicero : Letters to friends 3 v . ( Loeb Classical Library #s 205 , 216 , 230 , Harvard UP , 2001 ) .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "- ed . and trans . Statius : Silvae ( Loeb Classical Library #206 , Harvard UP , 2003 ; corrected ed . 2015 ) .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " - ed . and trans . Statius : Thebaid Books 1-7 ( Loeb Classical Library #207 , Harvard UP , 2003 ) . - ed . and trans . Statius : Thebaid Books 8-12 ; Achilleid ( Loeb Classical Library #498 , Harvard UP , 2003 ) . - ed . and trans . Quintilian : The Lesser Declamations 2 v . ( Loeb Classical Library #s 500 , 501 , Harvard UP , 2006 ) .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " - Obituaries - Michigan Daily - Independent.co.uk - Professor D . R . Shackleton Bailey - The Times - American Philosophical Society",
"title": "References"
}
] |
/wiki/D._R._Shackleton_Bailey#P108#1
|
Which employer did D. R. Shackleton Bailey work for between Mar 1955 and Apr 1961?
|
D . R . Shackleton Bailey David Roy Shackleton Bailey FBA ( 10 December 1917 – 28 November 2005 ) was a British scholar of Latin literature ( particularly in the field of textual criticism ) who spent his academic life teaching at the University of Cambridge , the University of Michigan , and Harvard . He is best known for his work on Horace ( editing his complete works for the Teubner series ) , and Cicero , especially his commentaries and translations of Ciceros letters . Academic career . Shackleton Bailey was the youngest of four children born to John Henry Shackleton Bailey and Rosmund Maud ( née Giles ) . After being educated at Lancaster Royal Grammar School , where his mathematician father was headmaster , Shackleton Bailey read first Classics and then Oriental Studies at Gonville & Caius College , Cambridge , before spending the years of the Second World War at Bletchley Park , the home of the British code-breaking efforts . He returned to Caius as a fellow in 1944 , and in 1948 obtained a lectureship in Tibetan at Cambridge University . In 1955 he migrated to Jesus College , Cambridge , where , as Director of Studies in Classics , he began publishing the long series of books and articles on Latin authors that would occupy the rest of his life . He spent four more years at Caius from 1964 to 1968 , this time serving as Bursar and Senior Bursar . This time , his move was reputedly because Sir Denys Page , Master of Jesus , refused to allow Shack ( as he was commonly known ) to have a cat-flap installed in his ancient oak door . In 1968 he crossed the Atlantic , specifically to the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor ; and in 1976 he moved to Harvard University ( whose Classics department he had visited in 1963 ) , first as Professor of Greek and Latin , then ( from 1982 ) as Pope Professor of the Latin Language and Literature . He twice served as the editor of Harvard Studies in Classical Philology ( 1980-1981 and 1983-1985 ) . In 1988 he retired from Harvard and became an Adjunct Professor at the University of Michigan . In 1967 he married Hilary Ann Bardwell ( who was later married to Alastair Boyd ) , the former wife of the British author Kingsley Amis ; this marriage was dissolved in 1975 . In 1994 he married Kristine Zvirbulis . He was extremely fond of cats ( the first volume of his seven-volume Cambridge University Press edition of the Letters of Cicero is dedicated to Donum , a feline present from Frances Lloyd-Jones ) and of classical music . In 1958 he earned the double honour of a fellowship of the British Academy ( whose Kenyon Medal he would be awarded in 1985 ) and a Litt.D . degree from Cambridge ; he also held an honorary Litt.D . from Dublin University , awarded in 1984 . He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1975 . He was a member of the American Philological Association , which awarded him the Goodwin Award for Merit in 1978 ; a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters ; an honorary member of the Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies ; and an honorary fellow of Gonville and Caius College , Cambridge . The bulk of his scholarly work focused on Latin philology and Roman history and prosopography . In retirement he prepared many editions for the Loeb Classical Library published by Harvard University Press , including those of Martial , Valerius Maximus , Statius , and the correspondence of Cicero . He died of Alzheimers disease in Ann Arbor , Michigan . Publications ( selected ) . - The Śatapañcāśatka of Mātṛceṭa . Sanskrit text , Tibetan translation & commentary and Chinese translation [ by I-Ching ] . Edited by D.R . Shackleton Bailey . With an introduction , English translation and notes . ( 1951 ) - Propertiana ( Cambridge , 1958 ) . - co-ed . W.S . Watt . Cicero , Marcus Tullius . Epistulae . 4 v . ( Oxford , OCT , 1958-1982 : v . 2.ii : Ep . ad Atticum , libri ix-xvi , rec . D.R.Sh.-B. , 1961 ) - ed . Cicero : Letters to Atticus 7 v . ( Cambridge , 1965–70 ) . - ed . Cicero : Epistulae ad familiares 2 v . ( Cambridge , 1977 ) . - trans . Cicero’s letters to his friends ( Atlanta , 1978 ) . - Cicero’s Letters to Atticus 2 v . ( Penguin , 1978 ) . - Profile of Horace ( Harvard , 1982 ) . - ed . Anthologia Latina I fasc . 1 : Libri Salmasiani aliorumque carmina ( Stuttgart , 1982 ) . - ed . Q . Horati Flacci Opera ( Stuttgart , 1985 ) . - ed . and trans . Cicero : Philippics ( Chapel Hill , 1986 ) . - ed . M . Tulli Ciceronis Epistulae ad Atticum 2 v. ( Stuttgart , 1987 ) . - ed . M . Tulli Ciceronis Epistulae ad Familiares ( Stuttgart , 1988 ) . - ed . M . Tulli Ciceronis Epistulae ad Q . Fratrem , ad M . Brutum , Commentariolum petitionis , fragmenta epistularum ( Stuttgart , 1988 ) . - ed . M . Fabii Quintiliani Declamationes minores ( Stuttgart , 1989 ) . - Onomasticon to Cicero’s speeches ( Stuttgart , 1988 , 1991² ) . - trans . Cicero . Back from Exile : Six Speeches upon his Return ( Atlanta , 1991 ) . - ed . M . Annaei Lucani De bello civili libri X ( Stuttgart , 1988 ; 1997² ) . - ed . M . Valerii Martialis epigrammata ( 1990 ) . - Homoeoteleuton in Latin dactylic verse ( Stuttgart , 1994 ) . - Onomasticon to Cicero’s letters ( Stuttgart , 1995 ) . - Onomasticon to Cicero’s treatises ( Stuttgart , 1996 ) . - Selected classical papers ( Ann Arbor , 1997 ) . - ed . and trans . Valerius Maximus : Memorable doings and sayings 2 v . ( Loeb Classical Library #s 492 , 493 , Harvard UP , 2000 ) . - ed . and trans . Cicero : Letters to friends 3 v . ( Loeb Classical Library #s 205 , 216 , 230 , Harvard UP , 2001 ) . - ed . and trans . Statius : Silvae ( Loeb Classical Library #206 , Harvard UP , 2003 ; corrected ed . 2015 ) . - ed . and trans . Statius : Thebaid Books 1-7 ( Loeb Classical Library #207 , Harvard UP , 2003 ) . - ed . and trans . Statius : Thebaid Books 8-12 ; Achilleid ( Loeb Classical Library #498 , Harvard UP , 2003 ) . - ed . and trans . Quintilian : The Lesser Declamations 2 v . ( Loeb Classical Library #s 500 , 501 , Harvard UP , 2006 ) . References . - Obituaries - Michigan Daily - Independent.co.uk - Professor D . R . Shackleton Bailey - The Times - American Philosophical Society
|
[
"Jesus College , Cambridge"
] |
[
{
"text": " David Roy Shackleton Bailey FBA ( 10 December 1917 – 28 November 2005 ) was a British scholar of Latin literature ( particularly in the field of textual criticism ) who spent his academic life teaching at the University of Cambridge , the University of Michigan , and Harvard . He is best known for his work on Horace ( editing his complete works for the Teubner series ) , and Cicero , especially his commentaries and translations of Ciceros letters .",
"title": "D . R . Shackleton Bailey"
},
{
"text": "Shackleton Bailey was the youngest of four children born to John Henry Shackleton Bailey and Rosmund Maud ( née Giles ) . After being educated at Lancaster Royal Grammar School , where his mathematician father was headmaster , Shackleton Bailey read first Classics and then Oriental Studies at Gonville & Caius College , Cambridge , before spending the years of the Second World War at Bletchley Park , the home of the British code-breaking efforts . He returned to Caius as a fellow in 1944 , and in 1948 obtained a lectureship in Tibetan at Cambridge University . In 1955",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "he migrated to Jesus College , Cambridge , where , as Director of Studies in Classics , he began publishing the long series of books and articles on Latin authors that would occupy the rest of his life . He spent four more years at Caius from 1964 to 1968 , this time serving as Bursar and Senior Bursar . This time , his move was reputedly because Sir Denys Page , Master of Jesus , refused to allow Shack ( as he was commonly known ) to have a cat-flap installed in his ancient oak door . In 1968",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "he crossed the Atlantic , specifically to the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor ; and in 1976 he moved to Harvard University ( whose Classics department he had visited in 1963 ) , first as Professor of Greek and Latin , then ( from 1982 ) as Pope Professor of the Latin Language and Literature . He twice served as the editor of Harvard Studies in Classical Philology ( 1980-1981 and 1983-1985 ) . In 1988 he retired from Harvard and became an Adjunct Professor at the University of Michigan .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " In 1967 he married Hilary Ann Bardwell ( who was later married to Alastair Boyd ) , the former wife of the British author Kingsley Amis ; this marriage was dissolved in 1975 . In 1994 he married Kristine Zvirbulis . He was extremely fond of cats ( the first volume of his seven-volume Cambridge University Press edition of the Letters of Cicero is dedicated to Donum , a feline present from Frances Lloyd-Jones ) and of classical music .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "In 1958 he earned the double honour of a fellowship of the British Academy ( whose Kenyon Medal he would be awarded in 1985 ) and a Litt.D . degree from Cambridge ; he also held an honorary Litt.D . from Dublin University , awarded in 1984 . He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1975 . He was a member of the American Philological Association , which awarded him the Goodwin Award for Merit in 1978 ; a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters ; an honorary member of",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "the Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies ; and an honorary fellow of Gonville and Caius College , Cambridge .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " The bulk of his scholarly work focused on Latin philology and Roman history and prosopography . In retirement he prepared many editions for the Loeb Classical Library published by Harvard University Press , including those of Martial , Valerius Maximus , Statius , and the correspondence of Cicero . He died of Alzheimers disease in Ann Arbor , Michigan . Publications ( selected ) .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "- The Śatapañcāśatka of Mātṛceṭa . Sanskrit text , Tibetan translation & commentary and Chinese translation [ by I-Ching ] . Edited by D.R . Shackleton Bailey . With an introduction , English translation and notes . ( 1951 )",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " - Propertiana ( Cambridge , 1958 ) . - co-ed . W.S . Watt . Cicero , Marcus Tullius . Epistulae . 4 v . ( Oxford , OCT , 1958-1982 : v . 2.ii : Ep . ad Atticum , libri ix-xvi , rec . D.R.Sh.-B. , 1961 ) - ed . Cicero : Letters to Atticus 7 v . ( Cambridge , 1965–70 ) . - ed . Cicero : Epistulae ad familiares 2 v . ( Cambridge , 1977 ) . - trans . Cicero’s letters to his friends ( Atlanta , 1978 ) .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "- Cicero’s Letters to Atticus 2 v . ( Penguin , 1978 ) .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " - Profile of Horace ( Harvard , 1982 ) . - ed . Anthologia Latina I fasc . 1 : Libri Salmasiani aliorumque carmina ( Stuttgart , 1982 ) . - ed . Q . Horati Flacci Opera ( Stuttgart , 1985 ) . - ed . and trans . Cicero : Philippics ( Chapel Hill , 1986 ) . - ed . M . Tulli Ciceronis Epistulae ad Atticum 2 v. ( Stuttgart , 1987 ) . - ed . M . Tulli Ciceronis Epistulae ad Familiares ( Stuttgart , 1988 ) .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "- ed . M . Tulli Ciceronis Epistulae ad Q . Fratrem , ad M . Brutum , Commentariolum petitionis , fragmenta epistularum ( Stuttgart , 1988 ) .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " - ed . M . Fabii Quintiliani Declamationes minores ( Stuttgart , 1989 ) . - Onomasticon to Cicero’s speeches ( Stuttgart , 1988 , 1991² ) . - trans . Cicero . Back from Exile : Six Speeches upon his Return ( Atlanta , 1991 ) . - ed . M . Annaei Lucani De bello civili libri X ( Stuttgart , 1988 ; 1997² ) . - ed . M . Valerii Martialis epigrammata ( 1990 ) . - Homoeoteleuton in Latin dactylic verse ( Stuttgart , 1994 ) .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "- Onomasticon to Cicero’s letters ( Stuttgart , 1995 ) .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " - Onomasticon to Cicero’s treatises ( Stuttgart , 1996 ) . - Selected classical papers ( Ann Arbor , 1997 ) . - ed . and trans . Valerius Maximus : Memorable doings and sayings 2 v . ( Loeb Classical Library #s 492 , 493 , Harvard UP , 2000 ) . - ed . and trans . Cicero : Letters to friends 3 v . ( Loeb Classical Library #s 205 , 216 , 230 , Harvard UP , 2001 ) .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "- ed . and trans . Statius : Silvae ( Loeb Classical Library #206 , Harvard UP , 2003 ; corrected ed . 2015 ) .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " - ed . and trans . Statius : Thebaid Books 1-7 ( Loeb Classical Library #207 , Harvard UP , 2003 ) . - ed . and trans . Statius : Thebaid Books 8-12 ; Achilleid ( Loeb Classical Library #498 , Harvard UP , 2003 ) . - ed . and trans . Quintilian : The Lesser Declamations 2 v . ( Loeb Classical Library #s 500 , 501 , Harvard UP , 2006 ) .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " - Obituaries - Michigan Daily - Independent.co.uk - Professor D . R . Shackleton Bailey - The Times - American Philosophical Society",
"title": "References"
}
] |
/wiki/D._R._Shackleton_Bailey#P108#2
|
Which employer did D. R. Shackleton Bailey work for between May 1965 and Sep 1967?
|
D . R . Shackleton Bailey David Roy Shackleton Bailey FBA ( 10 December 1917 – 28 November 2005 ) was a British scholar of Latin literature ( particularly in the field of textual criticism ) who spent his academic life teaching at the University of Cambridge , the University of Michigan , and Harvard . He is best known for his work on Horace ( editing his complete works for the Teubner series ) , and Cicero , especially his commentaries and translations of Ciceros letters . Academic career . Shackleton Bailey was the youngest of four children born to John Henry Shackleton Bailey and Rosmund Maud ( née Giles ) . After being educated at Lancaster Royal Grammar School , where his mathematician father was headmaster , Shackleton Bailey read first Classics and then Oriental Studies at Gonville & Caius College , Cambridge , before spending the years of the Second World War at Bletchley Park , the home of the British code-breaking efforts . He returned to Caius as a fellow in 1944 , and in 1948 obtained a lectureship in Tibetan at Cambridge University . In 1955 he migrated to Jesus College , Cambridge , where , as Director of Studies in Classics , he began publishing the long series of books and articles on Latin authors that would occupy the rest of his life . He spent four more years at Caius from 1964 to 1968 , this time serving as Bursar and Senior Bursar . This time , his move was reputedly because Sir Denys Page , Master of Jesus , refused to allow Shack ( as he was commonly known ) to have a cat-flap installed in his ancient oak door . In 1968 he crossed the Atlantic , specifically to the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor ; and in 1976 he moved to Harvard University ( whose Classics department he had visited in 1963 ) , first as Professor of Greek and Latin , then ( from 1982 ) as Pope Professor of the Latin Language and Literature . He twice served as the editor of Harvard Studies in Classical Philology ( 1980-1981 and 1983-1985 ) . In 1988 he retired from Harvard and became an Adjunct Professor at the University of Michigan . In 1967 he married Hilary Ann Bardwell ( who was later married to Alastair Boyd ) , the former wife of the British author Kingsley Amis ; this marriage was dissolved in 1975 . In 1994 he married Kristine Zvirbulis . He was extremely fond of cats ( the first volume of his seven-volume Cambridge University Press edition of the Letters of Cicero is dedicated to Donum , a feline present from Frances Lloyd-Jones ) and of classical music . In 1958 he earned the double honour of a fellowship of the British Academy ( whose Kenyon Medal he would be awarded in 1985 ) and a Litt.D . degree from Cambridge ; he also held an honorary Litt.D . from Dublin University , awarded in 1984 . He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1975 . He was a member of the American Philological Association , which awarded him the Goodwin Award for Merit in 1978 ; a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters ; an honorary member of the Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies ; and an honorary fellow of Gonville and Caius College , Cambridge . The bulk of his scholarly work focused on Latin philology and Roman history and prosopography . In retirement he prepared many editions for the Loeb Classical Library published by Harvard University Press , including those of Martial , Valerius Maximus , Statius , and the correspondence of Cicero . He died of Alzheimers disease in Ann Arbor , Michigan . Publications ( selected ) . - The Śatapañcāśatka of Mātṛceṭa . Sanskrit text , Tibetan translation & commentary and Chinese translation [ by I-Ching ] . Edited by D.R . Shackleton Bailey . With an introduction , English translation and notes . ( 1951 ) - Propertiana ( Cambridge , 1958 ) . - co-ed . W.S . Watt . Cicero , Marcus Tullius . Epistulae . 4 v . ( Oxford , OCT , 1958-1982 : v . 2.ii : Ep . ad Atticum , libri ix-xvi , rec . D.R.Sh.-B. , 1961 ) - ed . Cicero : Letters to Atticus 7 v . ( Cambridge , 1965–70 ) . - ed . Cicero : Epistulae ad familiares 2 v . ( Cambridge , 1977 ) . - trans . Cicero’s letters to his friends ( Atlanta , 1978 ) . - Cicero’s Letters to Atticus 2 v . ( Penguin , 1978 ) . - Profile of Horace ( Harvard , 1982 ) . - ed . Anthologia Latina I fasc . 1 : Libri Salmasiani aliorumque carmina ( Stuttgart , 1982 ) . - ed . Q . Horati Flacci Opera ( Stuttgart , 1985 ) . - ed . and trans . Cicero : Philippics ( Chapel Hill , 1986 ) . - ed . M . Tulli Ciceronis Epistulae ad Atticum 2 v. ( Stuttgart , 1987 ) . - ed . M . Tulli Ciceronis Epistulae ad Familiares ( Stuttgart , 1988 ) . - ed . M . Tulli Ciceronis Epistulae ad Q . Fratrem , ad M . Brutum , Commentariolum petitionis , fragmenta epistularum ( Stuttgart , 1988 ) . - ed . M . Fabii Quintiliani Declamationes minores ( Stuttgart , 1989 ) . - Onomasticon to Cicero’s speeches ( Stuttgart , 1988 , 1991² ) . - trans . Cicero . Back from Exile : Six Speeches upon his Return ( Atlanta , 1991 ) . - ed . M . Annaei Lucani De bello civili libri X ( Stuttgart , 1988 ; 1997² ) . - ed . M . Valerii Martialis epigrammata ( 1990 ) . - Homoeoteleuton in Latin dactylic verse ( Stuttgart , 1994 ) . - Onomasticon to Cicero’s letters ( Stuttgart , 1995 ) . - Onomasticon to Cicero’s treatises ( Stuttgart , 1996 ) . - Selected classical papers ( Ann Arbor , 1997 ) . - ed . and trans . Valerius Maximus : Memorable doings and sayings 2 v . ( Loeb Classical Library #s 492 , 493 , Harvard UP , 2000 ) . - ed . and trans . Cicero : Letters to friends 3 v . ( Loeb Classical Library #s 205 , 216 , 230 , Harvard UP , 2001 ) . - ed . and trans . Statius : Silvae ( Loeb Classical Library #206 , Harvard UP , 2003 ; corrected ed . 2015 ) . - ed . and trans . Statius : Thebaid Books 1-7 ( Loeb Classical Library #207 , Harvard UP , 2003 ) . - ed . and trans . Statius : Thebaid Books 8-12 ; Achilleid ( Loeb Classical Library #498 , Harvard UP , 2003 ) . - ed . and trans . Quintilian : The Lesser Declamations 2 v . ( Loeb Classical Library #s 500 , 501 , Harvard UP , 2006 ) . References . - Obituaries - Michigan Daily - Independent.co.uk - Professor D . R . Shackleton Bailey - The Times - American Philosophical Society
|
[
"Gonville and Caius College , Cambridge"
] |
[
{
"text": " David Roy Shackleton Bailey FBA ( 10 December 1917 – 28 November 2005 ) was a British scholar of Latin literature ( particularly in the field of textual criticism ) who spent his academic life teaching at the University of Cambridge , the University of Michigan , and Harvard . He is best known for his work on Horace ( editing his complete works for the Teubner series ) , and Cicero , especially his commentaries and translations of Ciceros letters .",
"title": "D . R . Shackleton Bailey"
},
{
"text": "Shackleton Bailey was the youngest of four children born to John Henry Shackleton Bailey and Rosmund Maud ( née Giles ) . After being educated at Lancaster Royal Grammar School , where his mathematician father was headmaster , Shackleton Bailey read first Classics and then Oriental Studies at Gonville & Caius College , Cambridge , before spending the years of the Second World War at Bletchley Park , the home of the British code-breaking efforts . He returned to Caius as a fellow in 1944 , and in 1948 obtained a lectureship in Tibetan at Cambridge University . In 1955",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "he migrated to Jesus College , Cambridge , where , as Director of Studies in Classics , he began publishing the long series of books and articles on Latin authors that would occupy the rest of his life . He spent four more years at Caius from 1964 to 1968 , this time serving as Bursar and Senior Bursar . This time , his move was reputedly because Sir Denys Page , Master of Jesus , refused to allow Shack ( as he was commonly known ) to have a cat-flap installed in his ancient oak door . In 1968",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "he crossed the Atlantic , specifically to the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor ; and in 1976 he moved to Harvard University ( whose Classics department he had visited in 1963 ) , first as Professor of Greek and Latin , then ( from 1982 ) as Pope Professor of the Latin Language and Literature . He twice served as the editor of Harvard Studies in Classical Philology ( 1980-1981 and 1983-1985 ) . In 1988 he retired from Harvard and became an Adjunct Professor at the University of Michigan .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " In 1967 he married Hilary Ann Bardwell ( who was later married to Alastair Boyd ) , the former wife of the British author Kingsley Amis ; this marriage was dissolved in 1975 . In 1994 he married Kristine Zvirbulis . He was extremely fond of cats ( the first volume of his seven-volume Cambridge University Press edition of the Letters of Cicero is dedicated to Donum , a feline present from Frances Lloyd-Jones ) and of classical music .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "In 1958 he earned the double honour of a fellowship of the British Academy ( whose Kenyon Medal he would be awarded in 1985 ) and a Litt.D . degree from Cambridge ; he also held an honorary Litt.D . from Dublin University , awarded in 1984 . He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1975 . He was a member of the American Philological Association , which awarded him the Goodwin Award for Merit in 1978 ; a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters ; an honorary member of",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "the Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies ; and an honorary fellow of Gonville and Caius College , Cambridge .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " The bulk of his scholarly work focused on Latin philology and Roman history and prosopography . In retirement he prepared many editions for the Loeb Classical Library published by Harvard University Press , including those of Martial , Valerius Maximus , Statius , and the correspondence of Cicero . He died of Alzheimers disease in Ann Arbor , Michigan . Publications ( selected ) .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "- The Śatapañcāśatka of Mātṛceṭa . Sanskrit text , Tibetan translation & commentary and Chinese translation [ by I-Ching ] . Edited by D.R . Shackleton Bailey . With an introduction , English translation and notes . ( 1951 )",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " - Propertiana ( Cambridge , 1958 ) . - co-ed . W.S . Watt . Cicero , Marcus Tullius . Epistulae . 4 v . ( Oxford , OCT , 1958-1982 : v . 2.ii : Ep . ad Atticum , libri ix-xvi , rec . D.R.Sh.-B. , 1961 ) - ed . Cicero : Letters to Atticus 7 v . ( Cambridge , 1965–70 ) . - ed . Cicero : Epistulae ad familiares 2 v . ( Cambridge , 1977 ) . - trans . Cicero’s letters to his friends ( Atlanta , 1978 ) .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "- Cicero’s Letters to Atticus 2 v . ( Penguin , 1978 ) .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " - Profile of Horace ( Harvard , 1982 ) . - ed . Anthologia Latina I fasc . 1 : Libri Salmasiani aliorumque carmina ( Stuttgart , 1982 ) . - ed . Q . Horati Flacci Opera ( Stuttgart , 1985 ) . - ed . and trans . Cicero : Philippics ( Chapel Hill , 1986 ) . - ed . M . Tulli Ciceronis Epistulae ad Atticum 2 v. ( Stuttgart , 1987 ) . - ed . M . Tulli Ciceronis Epistulae ad Familiares ( Stuttgart , 1988 ) .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "- ed . M . Tulli Ciceronis Epistulae ad Q . Fratrem , ad M . Brutum , Commentariolum petitionis , fragmenta epistularum ( Stuttgart , 1988 ) .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " - ed . M . Fabii Quintiliani Declamationes minores ( Stuttgart , 1989 ) . - Onomasticon to Cicero’s speeches ( Stuttgart , 1988 , 1991² ) . - trans . Cicero . Back from Exile : Six Speeches upon his Return ( Atlanta , 1991 ) . - ed . M . Annaei Lucani De bello civili libri X ( Stuttgart , 1988 ; 1997² ) . - ed . M . Valerii Martialis epigrammata ( 1990 ) . - Homoeoteleuton in Latin dactylic verse ( Stuttgart , 1994 ) .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "- Onomasticon to Cicero’s letters ( Stuttgart , 1995 ) .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " - Onomasticon to Cicero’s treatises ( Stuttgart , 1996 ) . - Selected classical papers ( Ann Arbor , 1997 ) . - ed . and trans . Valerius Maximus : Memorable doings and sayings 2 v . ( Loeb Classical Library #s 492 , 493 , Harvard UP , 2000 ) . - ed . and trans . Cicero : Letters to friends 3 v . ( Loeb Classical Library #s 205 , 216 , 230 , Harvard UP , 2001 ) .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "- ed . and trans . Statius : Silvae ( Loeb Classical Library #206 , Harvard UP , 2003 ; corrected ed . 2015 ) .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " - ed . and trans . Statius : Thebaid Books 1-7 ( Loeb Classical Library #207 , Harvard UP , 2003 ) . - ed . and trans . Statius : Thebaid Books 8-12 ; Achilleid ( Loeb Classical Library #498 , Harvard UP , 2003 ) . - ed . and trans . Quintilian : The Lesser Declamations 2 v . ( Loeb Classical Library #s 500 , 501 , Harvard UP , 2006 ) .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " - Obituaries - Michigan Daily - Independent.co.uk - Professor D . R . Shackleton Bailey - The Times - American Philosophical Society",
"title": "References"
}
] |
/wiki/D._R._Shackleton_Bailey#P108#3
|
Which employer did D. R. Shackleton Bailey work for between Jun 1977 and Sep 1978?
|
D . R . Shackleton Bailey David Roy Shackleton Bailey FBA ( 10 December 1917 – 28 November 2005 ) was a British scholar of Latin literature ( particularly in the field of textual criticism ) who spent his academic life teaching at the University of Cambridge , the University of Michigan , and Harvard . He is best known for his work on Horace ( editing his complete works for the Teubner series ) , and Cicero , especially his commentaries and translations of Ciceros letters . Academic career . Shackleton Bailey was the youngest of four children born to John Henry Shackleton Bailey and Rosmund Maud ( née Giles ) . After being educated at Lancaster Royal Grammar School , where his mathematician father was headmaster , Shackleton Bailey read first Classics and then Oriental Studies at Gonville & Caius College , Cambridge , before spending the years of the Second World War at Bletchley Park , the home of the British code-breaking efforts . He returned to Caius as a fellow in 1944 , and in 1948 obtained a lectureship in Tibetan at Cambridge University . In 1955 he migrated to Jesus College , Cambridge , where , as Director of Studies in Classics , he began publishing the long series of books and articles on Latin authors that would occupy the rest of his life . He spent four more years at Caius from 1964 to 1968 , this time serving as Bursar and Senior Bursar . This time , his move was reputedly because Sir Denys Page , Master of Jesus , refused to allow Shack ( as he was commonly known ) to have a cat-flap installed in his ancient oak door . In 1968 he crossed the Atlantic , specifically to the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor ; and in 1976 he moved to Harvard University ( whose Classics department he had visited in 1963 ) , first as Professor of Greek and Latin , then ( from 1982 ) as Pope Professor of the Latin Language and Literature . He twice served as the editor of Harvard Studies in Classical Philology ( 1980-1981 and 1983-1985 ) . In 1988 he retired from Harvard and became an Adjunct Professor at the University of Michigan . In 1967 he married Hilary Ann Bardwell ( who was later married to Alastair Boyd ) , the former wife of the British author Kingsley Amis ; this marriage was dissolved in 1975 . In 1994 he married Kristine Zvirbulis . He was extremely fond of cats ( the first volume of his seven-volume Cambridge University Press edition of the Letters of Cicero is dedicated to Donum , a feline present from Frances Lloyd-Jones ) and of classical music . In 1958 he earned the double honour of a fellowship of the British Academy ( whose Kenyon Medal he would be awarded in 1985 ) and a Litt.D . degree from Cambridge ; he also held an honorary Litt.D . from Dublin University , awarded in 1984 . He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1975 . He was a member of the American Philological Association , which awarded him the Goodwin Award for Merit in 1978 ; a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters ; an honorary member of the Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies ; and an honorary fellow of Gonville and Caius College , Cambridge . The bulk of his scholarly work focused on Latin philology and Roman history and prosopography . In retirement he prepared many editions for the Loeb Classical Library published by Harvard University Press , including those of Martial , Valerius Maximus , Statius , and the correspondence of Cicero . He died of Alzheimers disease in Ann Arbor , Michigan . Publications ( selected ) . - The Śatapañcāśatka of Mātṛceṭa . Sanskrit text , Tibetan translation & commentary and Chinese translation [ by I-Ching ] . Edited by D.R . Shackleton Bailey . With an introduction , English translation and notes . ( 1951 ) - Propertiana ( Cambridge , 1958 ) . - co-ed . W.S . Watt . Cicero , Marcus Tullius . Epistulae . 4 v . ( Oxford , OCT , 1958-1982 : v . 2.ii : Ep . ad Atticum , libri ix-xvi , rec . D.R.Sh.-B. , 1961 ) - ed . Cicero : Letters to Atticus 7 v . ( Cambridge , 1965–70 ) . - ed . Cicero : Epistulae ad familiares 2 v . ( Cambridge , 1977 ) . - trans . Cicero’s letters to his friends ( Atlanta , 1978 ) . - Cicero’s Letters to Atticus 2 v . ( Penguin , 1978 ) . - Profile of Horace ( Harvard , 1982 ) . - ed . Anthologia Latina I fasc . 1 : Libri Salmasiani aliorumque carmina ( Stuttgart , 1982 ) . - ed . Q . Horati Flacci Opera ( Stuttgart , 1985 ) . - ed . and trans . Cicero : Philippics ( Chapel Hill , 1986 ) . - ed . M . Tulli Ciceronis Epistulae ad Atticum 2 v. ( Stuttgart , 1987 ) . - ed . M . Tulli Ciceronis Epistulae ad Familiares ( Stuttgart , 1988 ) . - ed . M . Tulli Ciceronis Epistulae ad Q . Fratrem , ad M . Brutum , Commentariolum petitionis , fragmenta epistularum ( Stuttgart , 1988 ) . - ed . M . Fabii Quintiliani Declamationes minores ( Stuttgart , 1989 ) . - Onomasticon to Cicero’s speeches ( Stuttgart , 1988 , 1991² ) . - trans . Cicero . Back from Exile : Six Speeches upon his Return ( Atlanta , 1991 ) . - ed . M . Annaei Lucani De bello civili libri X ( Stuttgart , 1988 ; 1997² ) . - ed . M . Valerii Martialis epigrammata ( 1990 ) . - Homoeoteleuton in Latin dactylic verse ( Stuttgart , 1994 ) . - Onomasticon to Cicero’s letters ( Stuttgart , 1995 ) . - Onomasticon to Cicero’s treatises ( Stuttgart , 1996 ) . - Selected classical papers ( Ann Arbor , 1997 ) . - ed . and trans . Valerius Maximus : Memorable doings and sayings 2 v . ( Loeb Classical Library #s 492 , 493 , Harvard UP , 2000 ) . - ed . and trans . Cicero : Letters to friends 3 v . ( Loeb Classical Library #s 205 , 216 , 230 , Harvard UP , 2001 ) . - ed . and trans . Statius : Silvae ( Loeb Classical Library #206 , Harvard UP , 2003 ; corrected ed . 2015 ) . - ed . and trans . Statius : Thebaid Books 1-7 ( Loeb Classical Library #207 , Harvard UP , 2003 ) . - ed . and trans . Statius : Thebaid Books 8-12 ; Achilleid ( Loeb Classical Library #498 , Harvard UP , 2003 ) . - ed . and trans . Quintilian : The Lesser Declamations 2 v . ( Loeb Classical Library #s 500 , 501 , Harvard UP , 2006 ) . References . - Obituaries - Michigan Daily - Independent.co.uk - Professor D . R . Shackleton Bailey - The Times - American Philosophical Society
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " David Roy Shackleton Bailey FBA ( 10 December 1917 – 28 November 2005 ) was a British scholar of Latin literature ( particularly in the field of textual criticism ) who spent his academic life teaching at the University of Cambridge , the University of Michigan , and Harvard . He is best known for his work on Horace ( editing his complete works for the Teubner series ) , and Cicero , especially his commentaries and translations of Ciceros letters .",
"title": "D . R . Shackleton Bailey"
},
{
"text": "Shackleton Bailey was the youngest of four children born to John Henry Shackleton Bailey and Rosmund Maud ( née Giles ) . After being educated at Lancaster Royal Grammar School , where his mathematician father was headmaster , Shackleton Bailey read first Classics and then Oriental Studies at Gonville & Caius College , Cambridge , before spending the years of the Second World War at Bletchley Park , the home of the British code-breaking efforts . He returned to Caius as a fellow in 1944 , and in 1948 obtained a lectureship in Tibetan at Cambridge University . In 1955",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "he migrated to Jesus College , Cambridge , where , as Director of Studies in Classics , he began publishing the long series of books and articles on Latin authors that would occupy the rest of his life . He spent four more years at Caius from 1964 to 1968 , this time serving as Bursar and Senior Bursar . This time , his move was reputedly because Sir Denys Page , Master of Jesus , refused to allow Shack ( as he was commonly known ) to have a cat-flap installed in his ancient oak door . In 1968",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "he crossed the Atlantic , specifically to the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor ; and in 1976 he moved to Harvard University ( whose Classics department he had visited in 1963 ) , first as Professor of Greek and Latin , then ( from 1982 ) as Pope Professor of the Latin Language and Literature . He twice served as the editor of Harvard Studies in Classical Philology ( 1980-1981 and 1983-1985 ) . In 1988 he retired from Harvard and became an Adjunct Professor at the University of Michigan .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " In 1967 he married Hilary Ann Bardwell ( who was later married to Alastair Boyd ) , the former wife of the British author Kingsley Amis ; this marriage was dissolved in 1975 . In 1994 he married Kristine Zvirbulis . He was extremely fond of cats ( the first volume of his seven-volume Cambridge University Press edition of the Letters of Cicero is dedicated to Donum , a feline present from Frances Lloyd-Jones ) and of classical music .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "In 1958 he earned the double honour of a fellowship of the British Academy ( whose Kenyon Medal he would be awarded in 1985 ) and a Litt.D . degree from Cambridge ; he also held an honorary Litt.D . from Dublin University , awarded in 1984 . He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1975 . He was a member of the American Philological Association , which awarded him the Goodwin Award for Merit in 1978 ; a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters ; an honorary member of",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "the Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies ; and an honorary fellow of Gonville and Caius College , Cambridge .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " The bulk of his scholarly work focused on Latin philology and Roman history and prosopography . In retirement he prepared many editions for the Loeb Classical Library published by Harvard University Press , including those of Martial , Valerius Maximus , Statius , and the correspondence of Cicero . He died of Alzheimers disease in Ann Arbor , Michigan . Publications ( selected ) .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "- The Śatapañcāśatka of Mātṛceṭa . Sanskrit text , Tibetan translation & commentary and Chinese translation [ by I-Ching ] . Edited by D.R . Shackleton Bailey . With an introduction , English translation and notes . ( 1951 )",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " - Propertiana ( Cambridge , 1958 ) . - co-ed . W.S . Watt . Cicero , Marcus Tullius . Epistulae . 4 v . ( Oxford , OCT , 1958-1982 : v . 2.ii : Ep . ad Atticum , libri ix-xvi , rec . D.R.Sh.-B. , 1961 ) - ed . Cicero : Letters to Atticus 7 v . ( Cambridge , 1965–70 ) . - ed . Cicero : Epistulae ad familiares 2 v . ( Cambridge , 1977 ) . - trans . Cicero’s letters to his friends ( Atlanta , 1978 ) .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "- Cicero’s Letters to Atticus 2 v . ( Penguin , 1978 ) .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " - Profile of Horace ( Harvard , 1982 ) . - ed . Anthologia Latina I fasc . 1 : Libri Salmasiani aliorumque carmina ( Stuttgart , 1982 ) . - ed . Q . Horati Flacci Opera ( Stuttgart , 1985 ) . - ed . and trans . Cicero : Philippics ( Chapel Hill , 1986 ) . - ed . M . Tulli Ciceronis Epistulae ad Atticum 2 v. ( Stuttgart , 1987 ) . - ed . M . Tulli Ciceronis Epistulae ad Familiares ( Stuttgart , 1988 ) .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "- ed . M . Tulli Ciceronis Epistulae ad Q . Fratrem , ad M . Brutum , Commentariolum petitionis , fragmenta epistularum ( Stuttgart , 1988 ) .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " - ed . M . Fabii Quintiliani Declamationes minores ( Stuttgart , 1989 ) . - Onomasticon to Cicero’s speeches ( Stuttgart , 1988 , 1991² ) . - trans . Cicero . Back from Exile : Six Speeches upon his Return ( Atlanta , 1991 ) . - ed . M . Annaei Lucani De bello civili libri X ( Stuttgart , 1988 ; 1997² ) . - ed . M . Valerii Martialis epigrammata ( 1990 ) . - Homoeoteleuton in Latin dactylic verse ( Stuttgart , 1994 ) .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "- Onomasticon to Cicero’s letters ( Stuttgart , 1995 ) .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " - Onomasticon to Cicero’s treatises ( Stuttgart , 1996 ) . - Selected classical papers ( Ann Arbor , 1997 ) . - ed . and trans . Valerius Maximus : Memorable doings and sayings 2 v . ( Loeb Classical Library #s 492 , 493 , Harvard UP , 2000 ) . - ed . and trans . Cicero : Letters to friends 3 v . ( Loeb Classical Library #s 205 , 216 , 230 , Harvard UP , 2001 ) .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "- ed . and trans . Statius : Silvae ( Loeb Classical Library #206 , Harvard UP , 2003 ; corrected ed . 2015 ) .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " - ed . and trans . Statius : Thebaid Books 1-7 ( Loeb Classical Library #207 , Harvard UP , 2003 ) . - ed . and trans . Statius : Thebaid Books 8-12 ; Achilleid ( Loeb Classical Library #498 , Harvard UP , 2003 ) . - ed . and trans . Quintilian : The Lesser Declamations 2 v . ( Loeb Classical Library #s 500 , 501 , Harvard UP , 2006 ) .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " - Obituaries - Michigan Daily - Independent.co.uk - Professor D . R . Shackleton Bailey - The Times - American Philosophical Society",
"title": "References"
}
] |
/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall#P39#0
|
Which position did Leverett Saltonstall hold in Oct 1920?
|
Leverett Saltonstall Leverett A . Saltonstall ( September 1 , 1892June 17 , 1979 ) was an American lawyer and politician from Massachusetts . He served three two-year terms as the 55th Governor of Massachusetts , and for more than twenty years as a United States Senator ( 1945–1967 ) . Saltonstall was internationalist in foreign policy and moderate on domestic policy , serving as a well-liked mediating force in the Republican Party . He was the only member of the Republican Senate leadership to vote for the censure of Joseph McCarthy . Early years . Leverett Saltonstall was born in Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts , to Richard Middlecott Saltonstall and Eleanor Brooks Saltonstall . The Saltonstall family , a wealthy Boston Brahmin family , had deep colonial roots , as did that of his mother . Saltonstall was able to trace his ancestral roots to the Mayflower ; his grandfather and great-grandfather , both also named Leverett Saltonstall . His father was a lawyer ; his mother was the daughter of Peter C . Brooks III , a beneficiary of the large fortune of his same-named grandfather . He was educated at the private Noble and Greenough School , and then attended the Evans School for Boys in Mesa , Arizona , an upper-crust ranch school , along with Nicholas Roosevelt , nephew to family friend Theodore Roosevelt . He then entered Harvard , graduating in 1914 , and graduated from Harvard Law School in 1917 . He was active in varsity sports at Harvard , notably serving as captain of the Junior Varsity crew team that won the prestigious Grand Challenge Cup at the Henley Royal Regatta in 1914 – the first American crew ever to do so . He also played football and hockey , scoring a dramatic overtime goal in a 1914 win over the legendary Hobey Bakers Princeton team . Saltonstall married Alice Wesselhoeft ( 1893–1981 ) of Jaffrey , New Hampshire , in 1916 , while still in law school . Together they had six children , including Emily ( 1920–2006 ) , at one time the daughter-in-law of Richard Byrd and a former WAVE ; Peter Brooks Saltonstall , killed in action on Guam in 1944 ; William L . Saltonstall ( 1927–2009 ) , a member of the Massachusetts Senate ; and Susan ( 1930–1994 ) , a horse breeder . Military service and entry into politics . After graduation , Saltonstall entered the United States Army . He served as a first lieutenant in the 301st Field Artillery Regiment in the 76th Division in World War I , spending six months in France . He was discharged in 1919 , and then entered the law firm of his uncle . Saltonstall , a socially progressive Republican , entered politics as an alderman in Newton , Massachusetts , serving from 1920 to 1922 , while simultaneously serving as second assistant district attorney of Middlesex County under his uncle , Endicott Peabody Saltonstall , from 1921 to 1922 . He was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives that same year ; there he rose to the position of Speaker of the House , which he held from 1929 to 1937 . In 1930 Saltonstall became a compatriot of the Massachusetts Society of the Sons of the American Revolution . Governor of Massachusetts . In 1936 , Saltonstall decided to seek the Republican nomination for Governor of Massachusetts . In the party convention , conservative forces prevailed in securing the nomination for John W . Haigis . Saltonstalls friends were able to engineer his nomination for lieutenant governor . Both Haigis and Saltonstall were defeated by their Democratic rivals , although Saltonstalls margin of defeat , just over 7,000 votes , was small enough to merit a recount ; he demurred . He ran again for governor two years later , and won a decisive victory over former Boston Mayor James Michael Curley , who had been involved in a bruising Democratic primary fight against the incumbent Charles F . Hurley . He was reelected in 1940 and 1942 ; the 1940 election win was by an extremely narrow margin . During his tenure , Saltonstall mediated a Teamsters strike , reduced taxes , and retired 90 percent of the states debt . He served as President of the National Governors Association from 1943 to 1944 . In 1944 , he also served as the fifth President of the Council of State Governments . U.S . Senator . In 1944 , Saltonstall was elected to the United States Senate in a special election to fill the unexpired term created by the resignation of U.S . Senator Henry Cabot Lodge , Jr . He was re-elected three times , serving from 1945 to 1967 . Early in his first term , in April 1945 he was one of a dozen Senators and Congressmen who toured the Buchenwald Concentration Camp at the invitation of Gen . Dwight Eisenhower to attest to the reality of Nazi atrocities . Those he defeated included John H . Corcoran in 1944 , John I . Fitzgerald in 1948 , Foster Furcolo in 1954 , and Thomas J . OConnor in 1960 . During his tenure in the Senate , he served as the Senate Republican Whip and on five influential Senate committees . He also served as the chair of the Senate Republican Conference , 1957–1966 . He was viewed as a political moderate , and served as a mediating force between the partys conservative and progressive wings . He was an unspectacular but effective legislator , good at drafting legislation and finding compromise language . When he left office , after more than thirty years in politics , he had few political enemies . Saltonstall voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 , 1960 , and 1964 , as well as the 24th Amendment to the U.S . Constitution and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 . Death and legacy . Saltonstall opted not to run for reelection in 1966 , in part to provide an opportunity for his seat to Edward Brooke , a rising star in Massachusetts Republican circles . He retired to his farm in Dover , where he spent his remaining years as a gentleman farmer . Leverett Saltonstall died of congestive heart failure in 1979 aged 86 , and is buried in Harmony Grove Cemetery in Salem , Massachusetts . The Saltonstall Building in downtown Boston is named for him .
|
[
"alderman"
] |
[
{
"text": " Leverett A . Saltonstall ( September 1 , 1892June 17 , 1979 ) was an American lawyer and politician from Massachusetts . He served three two-year terms as the 55th Governor of Massachusetts , and for more than twenty years as a United States Senator ( 1945–1967 ) . Saltonstall was internationalist in foreign policy and moderate on domestic policy , serving as a well-liked mediating force in the Republican Party . He was the only member of the Republican Senate leadership to vote for the censure of Joseph McCarthy .",
"title": "Leverett Saltonstall"
},
{
"text": " Leverett Saltonstall was born in Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts , to Richard Middlecott Saltonstall and Eleanor Brooks Saltonstall . The Saltonstall family , a wealthy Boston Brahmin family , had deep colonial roots , as did that of his mother . Saltonstall was able to trace his ancestral roots to the Mayflower ; his grandfather and great-grandfather , both also named Leverett Saltonstall . His father was a lawyer ; his mother was the daughter of Peter C . Brooks III , a beneficiary of the large fortune of his same-named grandfather .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "He was educated at the private Noble and Greenough School , and then attended the Evans School for Boys in Mesa , Arizona , an upper-crust ranch school , along with Nicholas Roosevelt , nephew to family friend Theodore Roosevelt . He then entered Harvard , graduating in 1914 , and graduated from Harvard Law School in 1917 . He was active in varsity sports at Harvard , notably serving as captain of the Junior Varsity crew team that won the prestigious Grand Challenge Cup at the Henley Royal Regatta in 1914 – the first American crew ever to do",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "so . He also played football and hockey , scoring a dramatic overtime goal in a 1914 win over the legendary Hobey Bakers Princeton team .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Saltonstall married Alice Wesselhoeft ( 1893–1981 ) of Jaffrey , New Hampshire , in 1916 , while still in law school . Together they had six children , including Emily ( 1920–2006 ) , at one time the daughter-in-law of Richard Byrd and a former WAVE ; Peter Brooks Saltonstall , killed in action on Guam in 1944 ; William L . Saltonstall ( 1927–2009 ) , a member of the Massachusetts Senate ; and Susan ( 1930–1994 ) , a horse breeder . Military service and entry into politics .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "After graduation , Saltonstall entered the United States Army . He served as a first lieutenant in the 301st Field Artillery Regiment in the 76th Division in World War I , spending six months in France . He was discharged in 1919 , and then entered the law firm of his uncle .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Saltonstall , a socially progressive Republican , entered politics as an alderman in Newton , Massachusetts , serving from 1920 to 1922 , while simultaneously serving as second assistant district attorney of Middlesex County under his uncle , Endicott Peabody Saltonstall , from 1921 to 1922 . He was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives that same year ; there he rose to the position of Speaker of the House , which he held from 1929 to 1937 . In 1930 Saltonstall became a compatriot of the Massachusetts Society of the Sons of the American Revolution .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In 1936 , Saltonstall decided to seek the Republican nomination for Governor of Massachusetts . In the party convention , conservative forces prevailed in securing the nomination for John W . Haigis . Saltonstalls friends were able to engineer his nomination for lieutenant governor . Both Haigis and Saltonstall were defeated by their Democratic rivals , although Saltonstalls margin of defeat , just over 7,000 votes , was small enough to merit a recount ; he demurred . He ran again for governor two years later , and won a decisive victory over former Boston Mayor James Michael Curley ,",
"title": "Governor of Massachusetts"
},
{
"text": "who had been involved in a bruising Democratic primary fight against the incumbent Charles F . Hurley .",
"title": "Governor of Massachusetts"
},
{
"text": " He was reelected in 1940 and 1942 ; the 1940 election win was by an extremely narrow margin . During his tenure , Saltonstall mediated a Teamsters strike , reduced taxes , and retired 90 percent of the states debt . He served as President of the National Governors Association from 1943 to 1944 . In 1944 , he also served as the fifth President of the Council of State Governments .",
"title": "Governor of Massachusetts"
},
{
"text": "In 1944 , Saltonstall was elected to the United States Senate in a special election to fill the unexpired term created by the resignation of U.S . Senator Henry Cabot Lodge , Jr . He was re-elected three times , serving from 1945 to 1967 . Early in his first term , in April 1945 he was one of a dozen Senators and Congressmen who toured the Buchenwald Concentration Camp at the invitation of Gen . Dwight Eisenhower to attest to the reality of Nazi atrocities . Those he defeated included John H . Corcoran in 1944 , John I",
"title": "U.S . Senator"
},
{
"text": ". Fitzgerald in 1948 , Foster Furcolo in 1954 , and Thomas J . OConnor in 1960 . During his tenure in the Senate , he served as the Senate Republican Whip and on five influential Senate committees . He also served as the chair of the Senate Republican Conference , 1957–1966 . He was viewed as a political moderate , and served as a mediating force between the partys conservative and progressive wings . He was an unspectacular but effective legislator , good at drafting legislation and finding compromise language . When he left office , after more than",
"title": "U.S . Senator"
},
{
"text": "thirty years in politics , he had few political enemies . Saltonstall voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 , 1960 , and 1964 , as well as the 24th Amendment to the U.S . Constitution and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 .",
"title": "U.S . Senator"
},
{
"text": " Saltonstall opted not to run for reelection in 1966 , in part to provide an opportunity for his seat to Edward Brooke , a rising star in Massachusetts Republican circles . He retired to his farm in Dover , where he spent his remaining years as a gentleman farmer . Leverett Saltonstall died of congestive heart failure in 1979 aged 86 , and is buried in Harmony Grove Cemetery in Salem , Massachusetts . The Saltonstall Building in downtown Boston is named for him .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
}
] |
/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall#P39#1
|
Which position did Leverett Saltonstall hold between Jun 1921 and Nov 1921?
|
Leverett Saltonstall Leverett A . Saltonstall ( September 1 , 1892June 17 , 1979 ) was an American lawyer and politician from Massachusetts . He served three two-year terms as the 55th Governor of Massachusetts , and for more than twenty years as a United States Senator ( 1945–1967 ) . Saltonstall was internationalist in foreign policy and moderate on domestic policy , serving as a well-liked mediating force in the Republican Party . He was the only member of the Republican Senate leadership to vote for the censure of Joseph McCarthy . Early years . Leverett Saltonstall was born in Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts , to Richard Middlecott Saltonstall and Eleanor Brooks Saltonstall . The Saltonstall family , a wealthy Boston Brahmin family , had deep colonial roots , as did that of his mother . Saltonstall was able to trace his ancestral roots to the Mayflower ; his grandfather and great-grandfather , both also named Leverett Saltonstall . His father was a lawyer ; his mother was the daughter of Peter C . Brooks III , a beneficiary of the large fortune of his same-named grandfather . He was educated at the private Noble and Greenough School , and then attended the Evans School for Boys in Mesa , Arizona , an upper-crust ranch school , along with Nicholas Roosevelt , nephew to family friend Theodore Roosevelt . He then entered Harvard , graduating in 1914 , and graduated from Harvard Law School in 1917 . He was active in varsity sports at Harvard , notably serving as captain of the Junior Varsity crew team that won the prestigious Grand Challenge Cup at the Henley Royal Regatta in 1914 – the first American crew ever to do so . He also played football and hockey , scoring a dramatic overtime goal in a 1914 win over the legendary Hobey Bakers Princeton team . Saltonstall married Alice Wesselhoeft ( 1893–1981 ) of Jaffrey , New Hampshire , in 1916 , while still in law school . Together they had six children , including Emily ( 1920–2006 ) , at one time the daughter-in-law of Richard Byrd and a former WAVE ; Peter Brooks Saltonstall , killed in action on Guam in 1944 ; William L . Saltonstall ( 1927–2009 ) , a member of the Massachusetts Senate ; and Susan ( 1930–1994 ) , a horse breeder . Military service and entry into politics . After graduation , Saltonstall entered the United States Army . He served as a first lieutenant in the 301st Field Artillery Regiment in the 76th Division in World War I , spending six months in France . He was discharged in 1919 , and then entered the law firm of his uncle . Saltonstall , a socially progressive Republican , entered politics as an alderman in Newton , Massachusetts , serving from 1920 to 1922 , while simultaneously serving as second assistant district attorney of Middlesex County under his uncle , Endicott Peabody Saltonstall , from 1921 to 1922 . He was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives that same year ; there he rose to the position of Speaker of the House , which he held from 1929 to 1937 . In 1930 Saltonstall became a compatriot of the Massachusetts Society of the Sons of the American Revolution . Governor of Massachusetts . In 1936 , Saltonstall decided to seek the Republican nomination for Governor of Massachusetts . In the party convention , conservative forces prevailed in securing the nomination for John W . Haigis . Saltonstalls friends were able to engineer his nomination for lieutenant governor . Both Haigis and Saltonstall were defeated by their Democratic rivals , although Saltonstalls margin of defeat , just over 7,000 votes , was small enough to merit a recount ; he demurred . He ran again for governor two years later , and won a decisive victory over former Boston Mayor James Michael Curley , who had been involved in a bruising Democratic primary fight against the incumbent Charles F . Hurley . He was reelected in 1940 and 1942 ; the 1940 election win was by an extremely narrow margin . During his tenure , Saltonstall mediated a Teamsters strike , reduced taxes , and retired 90 percent of the states debt . He served as President of the National Governors Association from 1943 to 1944 . In 1944 , he also served as the fifth President of the Council of State Governments . U.S . Senator . In 1944 , Saltonstall was elected to the United States Senate in a special election to fill the unexpired term created by the resignation of U.S . Senator Henry Cabot Lodge , Jr . He was re-elected three times , serving from 1945 to 1967 . Early in his first term , in April 1945 he was one of a dozen Senators and Congressmen who toured the Buchenwald Concentration Camp at the invitation of Gen . Dwight Eisenhower to attest to the reality of Nazi atrocities . Those he defeated included John H . Corcoran in 1944 , John I . Fitzgerald in 1948 , Foster Furcolo in 1954 , and Thomas J . OConnor in 1960 . During his tenure in the Senate , he served as the Senate Republican Whip and on five influential Senate committees . He also served as the chair of the Senate Republican Conference , 1957–1966 . He was viewed as a political moderate , and served as a mediating force between the partys conservative and progressive wings . He was an unspectacular but effective legislator , good at drafting legislation and finding compromise language . When he left office , after more than thirty years in politics , he had few political enemies . Saltonstall voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 , 1960 , and 1964 , as well as the 24th Amendment to the U.S . Constitution and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 . Death and legacy . Saltonstall opted not to run for reelection in 1966 , in part to provide an opportunity for his seat to Edward Brooke , a rising star in Massachusetts Republican circles . He retired to his farm in Dover , where he spent his remaining years as a gentleman farmer . Leverett Saltonstall died of congestive heart failure in 1979 aged 86 , and is buried in Harmony Grove Cemetery in Salem , Massachusetts . The Saltonstall Building in downtown Boston is named for him .
|
[
"district attorney"
] |
[
{
"text": " Leverett A . Saltonstall ( September 1 , 1892June 17 , 1979 ) was an American lawyer and politician from Massachusetts . He served three two-year terms as the 55th Governor of Massachusetts , and for more than twenty years as a United States Senator ( 1945–1967 ) . Saltonstall was internationalist in foreign policy and moderate on domestic policy , serving as a well-liked mediating force in the Republican Party . He was the only member of the Republican Senate leadership to vote for the censure of Joseph McCarthy .",
"title": "Leverett Saltonstall"
},
{
"text": " Leverett Saltonstall was born in Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts , to Richard Middlecott Saltonstall and Eleanor Brooks Saltonstall . The Saltonstall family , a wealthy Boston Brahmin family , had deep colonial roots , as did that of his mother . Saltonstall was able to trace his ancestral roots to the Mayflower ; his grandfather and great-grandfather , both also named Leverett Saltonstall . His father was a lawyer ; his mother was the daughter of Peter C . Brooks III , a beneficiary of the large fortune of his same-named grandfather .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "He was educated at the private Noble and Greenough School , and then attended the Evans School for Boys in Mesa , Arizona , an upper-crust ranch school , along with Nicholas Roosevelt , nephew to family friend Theodore Roosevelt . He then entered Harvard , graduating in 1914 , and graduated from Harvard Law School in 1917 . He was active in varsity sports at Harvard , notably serving as captain of the Junior Varsity crew team that won the prestigious Grand Challenge Cup at the Henley Royal Regatta in 1914 – the first American crew ever to do",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "so . He also played football and hockey , scoring a dramatic overtime goal in a 1914 win over the legendary Hobey Bakers Princeton team .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Saltonstall married Alice Wesselhoeft ( 1893–1981 ) of Jaffrey , New Hampshire , in 1916 , while still in law school . Together they had six children , including Emily ( 1920–2006 ) , at one time the daughter-in-law of Richard Byrd and a former WAVE ; Peter Brooks Saltonstall , killed in action on Guam in 1944 ; William L . Saltonstall ( 1927–2009 ) , a member of the Massachusetts Senate ; and Susan ( 1930–1994 ) , a horse breeder . Military service and entry into politics .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "After graduation , Saltonstall entered the United States Army . He served as a first lieutenant in the 301st Field Artillery Regiment in the 76th Division in World War I , spending six months in France . He was discharged in 1919 , and then entered the law firm of his uncle .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Saltonstall , a socially progressive Republican , entered politics as an alderman in Newton , Massachusetts , serving from 1920 to 1922 , while simultaneously serving as second assistant district attorney of Middlesex County under his uncle , Endicott Peabody Saltonstall , from 1921 to 1922 . He was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives that same year ; there he rose to the position of Speaker of the House , which he held from 1929 to 1937 . In 1930 Saltonstall became a compatriot of the Massachusetts Society of the Sons of the American Revolution .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In 1936 , Saltonstall decided to seek the Republican nomination for Governor of Massachusetts . In the party convention , conservative forces prevailed in securing the nomination for John W . Haigis . Saltonstalls friends were able to engineer his nomination for lieutenant governor . Both Haigis and Saltonstall were defeated by their Democratic rivals , although Saltonstalls margin of defeat , just over 7,000 votes , was small enough to merit a recount ; he demurred . He ran again for governor two years later , and won a decisive victory over former Boston Mayor James Michael Curley ,",
"title": "Governor of Massachusetts"
},
{
"text": "who had been involved in a bruising Democratic primary fight against the incumbent Charles F . Hurley .",
"title": "Governor of Massachusetts"
},
{
"text": " He was reelected in 1940 and 1942 ; the 1940 election win was by an extremely narrow margin . During his tenure , Saltonstall mediated a Teamsters strike , reduced taxes , and retired 90 percent of the states debt . He served as President of the National Governors Association from 1943 to 1944 . In 1944 , he also served as the fifth President of the Council of State Governments .",
"title": "Governor of Massachusetts"
},
{
"text": "In 1944 , Saltonstall was elected to the United States Senate in a special election to fill the unexpired term created by the resignation of U.S . Senator Henry Cabot Lodge , Jr . He was re-elected three times , serving from 1945 to 1967 . Early in his first term , in April 1945 he was one of a dozen Senators and Congressmen who toured the Buchenwald Concentration Camp at the invitation of Gen . Dwight Eisenhower to attest to the reality of Nazi atrocities . Those he defeated included John H . Corcoran in 1944 , John I",
"title": "U.S . Senator"
},
{
"text": ". Fitzgerald in 1948 , Foster Furcolo in 1954 , and Thomas J . OConnor in 1960 . During his tenure in the Senate , he served as the Senate Republican Whip and on five influential Senate committees . He also served as the chair of the Senate Republican Conference , 1957–1966 . He was viewed as a political moderate , and served as a mediating force between the partys conservative and progressive wings . He was an unspectacular but effective legislator , good at drafting legislation and finding compromise language . When he left office , after more than",
"title": "U.S . Senator"
},
{
"text": "thirty years in politics , he had few political enemies . Saltonstall voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 , 1960 , and 1964 , as well as the 24th Amendment to the U.S . Constitution and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 .",
"title": "U.S . Senator"
},
{
"text": " Saltonstall opted not to run for reelection in 1966 , in part to provide an opportunity for his seat to Edward Brooke , a rising star in Massachusetts Republican circles . He retired to his farm in Dover , where he spent his remaining years as a gentleman farmer . Leverett Saltonstall died of congestive heart failure in 1979 aged 86 , and is buried in Harmony Grove Cemetery in Salem , Massachusetts . The Saltonstall Building in downtown Boston is named for him .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
}
] |
/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall#P39#2
|
Which position did Leverett Saltonstall hold between Dec 1925 and Dec 1926?
|
Leverett Saltonstall Leverett A . Saltonstall ( September 1 , 1892June 17 , 1979 ) was an American lawyer and politician from Massachusetts . He served three two-year terms as the 55th Governor of Massachusetts , and for more than twenty years as a United States Senator ( 1945–1967 ) . Saltonstall was internationalist in foreign policy and moderate on domestic policy , serving as a well-liked mediating force in the Republican Party . He was the only member of the Republican Senate leadership to vote for the censure of Joseph McCarthy . Early years . Leverett Saltonstall was born in Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts , to Richard Middlecott Saltonstall and Eleanor Brooks Saltonstall . The Saltonstall family , a wealthy Boston Brahmin family , had deep colonial roots , as did that of his mother . Saltonstall was able to trace his ancestral roots to the Mayflower ; his grandfather and great-grandfather , both also named Leverett Saltonstall . His father was a lawyer ; his mother was the daughter of Peter C . Brooks III , a beneficiary of the large fortune of his same-named grandfather . He was educated at the private Noble and Greenough School , and then attended the Evans School for Boys in Mesa , Arizona , an upper-crust ranch school , along with Nicholas Roosevelt , nephew to family friend Theodore Roosevelt . He then entered Harvard , graduating in 1914 , and graduated from Harvard Law School in 1917 . He was active in varsity sports at Harvard , notably serving as captain of the Junior Varsity crew team that won the prestigious Grand Challenge Cup at the Henley Royal Regatta in 1914 – the first American crew ever to do so . He also played football and hockey , scoring a dramatic overtime goal in a 1914 win over the legendary Hobey Bakers Princeton team . Saltonstall married Alice Wesselhoeft ( 1893–1981 ) of Jaffrey , New Hampshire , in 1916 , while still in law school . Together they had six children , including Emily ( 1920–2006 ) , at one time the daughter-in-law of Richard Byrd and a former WAVE ; Peter Brooks Saltonstall , killed in action on Guam in 1944 ; William L . Saltonstall ( 1927–2009 ) , a member of the Massachusetts Senate ; and Susan ( 1930–1994 ) , a horse breeder . Military service and entry into politics . After graduation , Saltonstall entered the United States Army . He served as a first lieutenant in the 301st Field Artillery Regiment in the 76th Division in World War I , spending six months in France . He was discharged in 1919 , and then entered the law firm of his uncle . Saltonstall , a socially progressive Republican , entered politics as an alderman in Newton , Massachusetts , serving from 1920 to 1922 , while simultaneously serving as second assistant district attorney of Middlesex County under his uncle , Endicott Peabody Saltonstall , from 1921 to 1922 . He was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives that same year ; there he rose to the position of Speaker of the House , which he held from 1929 to 1937 . In 1930 Saltonstall became a compatriot of the Massachusetts Society of the Sons of the American Revolution . Governor of Massachusetts . In 1936 , Saltonstall decided to seek the Republican nomination for Governor of Massachusetts . In the party convention , conservative forces prevailed in securing the nomination for John W . Haigis . Saltonstalls friends were able to engineer his nomination for lieutenant governor . Both Haigis and Saltonstall were defeated by their Democratic rivals , although Saltonstalls margin of defeat , just over 7,000 votes , was small enough to merit a recount ; he demurred . He ran again for governor two years later , and won a decisive victory over former Boston Mayor James Michael Curley , who had been involved in a bruising Democratic primary fight against the incumbent Charles F . Hurley . He was reelected in 1940 and 1942 ; the 1940 election win was by an extremely narrow margin . During his tenure , Saltonstall mediated a Teamsters strike , reduced taxes , and retired 90 percent of the states debt . He served as President of the National Governors Association from 1943 to 1944 . In 1944 , he also served as the fifth President of the Council of State Governments . U.S . Senator . In 1944 , Saltonstall was elected to the United States Senate in a special election to fill the unexpired term created by the resignation of U.S . Senator Henry Cabot Lodge , Jr . He was re-elected three times , serving from 1945 to 1967 . Early in his first term , in April 1945 he was one of a dozen Senators and Congressmen who toured the Buchenwald Concentration Camp at the invitation of Gen . Dwight Eisenhower to attest to the reality of Nazi atrocities . Those he defeated included John H . Corcoran in 1944 , John I . Fitzgerald in 1948 , Foster Furcolo in 1954 , and Thomas J . OConnor in 1960 . During his tenure in the Senate , he served as the Senate Republican Whip and on five influential Senate committees . He also served as the chair of the Senate Republican Conference , 1957–1966 . He was viewed as a political moderate , and served as a mediating force between the partys conservative and progressive wings . He was an unspectacular but effective legislator , good at drafting legislation and finding compromise language . When he left office , after more than thirty years in politics , he had few political enemies . Saltonstall voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 , 1960 , and 1964 , as well as the 24th Amendment to the U.S . Constitution and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 . Death and legacy . Saltonstall opted not to run for reelection in 1966 , in part to provide an opportunity for his seat to Edward Brooke , a rising star in Massachusetts Republican circles . He retired to his farm in Dover , where he spent his remaining years as a gentleman farmer . Leverett Saltonstall died of congestive heart failure in 1979 aged 86 , and is buried in Harmony Grove Cemetery in Salem , Massachusetts . The Saltonstall Building in downtown Boston is named for him .
|
[
"Massachusetts House of Representatives"
] |
[
{
"text": " Leverett A . Saltonstall ( September 1 , 1892June 17 , 1979 ) was an American lawyer and politician from Massachusetts . He served three two-year terms as the 55th Governor of Massachusetts , and for more than twenty years as a United States Senator ( 1945–1967 ) . Saltonstall was internationalist in foreign policy and moderate on domestic policy , serving as a well-liked mediating force in the Republican Party . He was the only member of the Republican Senate leadership to vote for the censure of Joseph McCarthy .",
"title": "Leverett Saltonstall"
},
{
"text": " Leverett Saltonstall was born in Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts , to Richard Middlecott Saltonstall and Eleanor Brooks Saltonstall . The Saltonstall family , a wealthy Boston Brahmin family , had deep colonial roots , as did that of his mother . Saltonstall was able to trace his ancestral roots to the Mayflower ; his grandfather and great-grandfather , both also named Leverett Saltonstall . His father was a lawyer ; his mother was the daughter of Peter C . Brooks III , a beneficiary of the large fortune of his same-named grandfather .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "He was educated at the private Noble and Greenough School , and then attended the Evans School for Boys in Mesa , Arizona , an upper-crust ranch school , along with Nicholas Roosevelt , nephew to family friend Theodore Roosevelt . He then entered Harvard , graduating in 1914 , and graduated from Harvard Law School in 1917 . He was active in varsity sports at Harvard , notably serving as captain of the Junior Varsity crew team that won the prestigious Grand Challenge Cup at the Henley Royal Regatta in 1914 – the first American crew ever to do",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "so . He also played football and hockey , scoring a dramatic overtime goal in a 1914 win over the legendary Hobey Bakers Princeton team .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Saltonstall married Alice Wesselhoeft ( 1893–1981 ) of Jaffrey , New Hampshire , in 1916 , while still in law school . Together they had six children , including Emily ( 1920–2006 ) , at one time the daughter-in-law of Richard Byrd and a former WAVE ; Peter Brooks Saltonstall , killed in action on Guam in 1944 ; William L . Saltonstall ( 1927–2009 ) , a member of the Massachusetts Senate ; and Susan ( 1930–1994 ) , a horse breeder . Military service and entry into politics .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "After graduation , Saltonstall entered the United States Army . He served as a first lieutenant in the 301st Field Artillery Regiment in the 76th Division in World War I , spending six months in France . He was discharged in 1919 , and then entered the law firm of his uncle .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Saltonstall , a socially progressive Republican , entered politics as an alderman in Newton , Massachusetts , serving from 1920 to 1922 , while simultaneously serving as second assistant district attorney of Middlesex County under his uncle , Endicott Peabody Saltonstall , from 1921 to 1922 . He was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives that same year ; there he rose to the position of Speaker of the House , which he held from 1929 to 1937 . In 1930 Saltonstall became a compatriot of the Massachusetts Society of the Sons of the American Revolution .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In 1936 , Saltonstall decided to seek the Republican nomination for Governor of Massachusetts . In the party convention , conservative forces prevailed in securing the nomination for John W . Haigis . Saltonstalls friends were able to engineer his nomination for lieutenant governor . Both Haigis and Saltonstall were defeated by their Democratic rivals , although Saltonstalls margin of defeat , just over 7,000 votes , was small enough to merit a recount ; he demurred . He ran again for governor two years later , and won a decisive victory over former Boston Mayor James Michael Curley ,",
"title": "Governor of Massachusetts"
},
{
"text": "who had been involved in a bruising Democratic primary fight against the incumbent Charles F . Hurley .",
"title": "Governor of Massachusetts"
},
{
"text": " He was reelected in 1940 and 1942 ; the 1940 election win was by an extremely narrow margin . During his tenure , Saltonstall mediated a Teamsters strike , reduced taxes , and retired 90 percent of the states debt . He served as President of the National Governors Association from 1943 to 1944 . In 1944 , he also served as the fifth President of the Council of State Governments .",
"title": "Governor of Massachusetts"
},
{
"text": "In 1944 , Saltonstall was elected to the United States Senate in a special election to fill the unexpired term created by the resignation of U.S . Senator Henry Cabot Lodge , Jr . He was re-elected three times , serving from 1945 to 1967 . Early in his first term , in April 1945 he was one of a dozen Senators and Congressmen who toured the Buchenwald Concentration Camp at the invitation of Gen . Dwight Eisenhower to attest to the reality of Nazi atrocities . Those he defeated included John H . Corcoran in 1944 , John I",
"title": "U.S . Senator"
},
{
"text": ". Fitzgerald in 1948 , Foster Furcolo in 1954 , and Thomas J . OConnor in 1960 . During his tenure in the Senate , he served as the Senate Republican Whip and on five influential Senate committees . He also served as the chair of the Senate Republican Conference , 1957–1966 . He was viewed as a political moderate , and served as a mediating force between the partys conservative and progressive wings . He was an unspectacular but effective legislator , good at drafting legislation and finding compromise language . When he left office , after more than",
"title": "U.S . Senator"
},
{
"text": "thirty years in politics , he had few political enemies . Saltonstall voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 , 1960 , and 1964 , as well as the 24th Amendment to the U.S . Constitution and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 .",
"title": "U.S . Senator"
},
{
"text": " Saltonstall opted not to run for reelection in 1966 , in part to provide an opportunity for his seat to Edward Brooke , a rising star in Massachusetts Republican circles . He retired to his farm in Dover , where he spent his remaining years as a gentleman farmer . Leverett Saltonstall died of congestive heart failure in 1979 aged 86 , and is buried in Harmony Grove Cemetery in Salem , Massachusetts . The Saltonstall Building in downtown Boston is named for him .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
}
] |
/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall#P39#3
|
Which position did Leverett Saltonstall hold between Jul 1933 and Mar 1935?
|
Leverett Saltonstall Leverett A . Saltonstall ( September 1 , 1892June 17 , 1979 ) was an American lawyer and politician from Massachusetts . He served three two-year terms as the 55th Governor of Massachusetts , and for more than twenty years as a United States Senator ( 1945–1967 ) . Saltonstall was internationalist in foreign policy and moderate on domestic policy , serving as a well-liked mediating force in the Republican Party . He was the only member of the Republican Senate leadership to vote for the censure of Joseph McCarthy . Early years . Leverett Saltonstall was born in Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts , to Richard Middlecott Saltonstall and Eleanor Brooks Saltonstall . The Saltonstall family , a wealthy Boston Brahmin family , had deep colonial roots , as did that of his mother . Saltonstall was able to trace his ancestral roots to the Mayflower ; his grandfather and great-grandfather , both also named Leverett Saltonstall . His father was a lawyer ; his mother was the daughter of Peter C . Brooks III , a beneficiary of the large fortune of his same-named grandfather . He was educated at the private Noble and Greenough School , and then attended the Evans School for Boys in Mesa , Arizona , an upper-crust ranch school , along with Nicholas Roosevelt , nephew to family friend Theodore Roosevelt . He then entered Harvard , graduating in 1914 , and graduated from Harvard Law School in 1917 . He was active in varsity sports at Harvard , notably serving as captain of the Junior Varsity crew team that won the prestigious Grand Challenge Cup at the Henley Royal Regatta in 1914 – the first American crew ever to do so . He also played football and hockey , scoring a dramatic overtime goal in a 1914 win over the legendary Hobey Bakers Princeton team . Saltonstall married Alice Wesselhoeft ( 1893–1981 ) of Jaffrey , New Hampshire , in 1916 , while still in law school . Together they had six children , including Emily ( 1920–2006 ) , at one time the daughter-in-law of Richard Byrd and a former WAVE ; Peter Brooks Saltonstall , killed in action on Guam in 1944 ; William L . Saltonstall ( 1927–2009 ) , a member of the Massachusetts Senate ; and Susan ( 1930–1994 ) , a horse breeder . Military service and entry into politics . After graduation , Saltonstall entered the United States Army . He served as a first lieutenant in the 301st Field Artillery Regiment in the 76th Division in World War I , spending six months in France . He was discharged in 1919 , and then entered the law firm of his uncle . Saltonstall , a socially progressive Republican , entered politics as an alderman in Newton , Massachusetts , serving from 1920 to 1922 , while simultaneously serving as second assistant district attorney of Middlesex County under his uncle , Endicott Peabody Saltonstall , from 1921 to 1922 . He was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives that same year ; there he rose to the position of Speaker of the House , which he held from 1929 to 1937 . In 1930 Saltonstall became a compatriot of the Massachusetts Society of the Sons of the American Revolution . Governor of Massachusetts . In 1936 , Saltonstall decided to seek the Republican nomination for Governor of Massachusetts . In the party convention , conservative forces prevailed in securing the nomination for John W . Haigis . Saltonstalls friends were able to engineer his nomination for lieutenant governor . Both Haigis and Saltonstall were defeated by their Democratic rivals , although Saltonstalls margin of defeat , just over 7,000 votes , was small enough to merit a recount ; he demurred . He ran again for governor two years later , and won a decisive victory over former Boston Mayor James Michael Curley , who had been involved in a bruising Democratic primary fight against the incumbent Charles F . Hurley . He was reelected in 1940 and 1942 ; the 1940 election win was by an extremely narrow margin . During his tenure , Saltonstall mediated a Teamsters strike , reduced taxes , and retired 90 percent of the states debt . He served as President of the National Governors Association from 1943 to 1944 . In 1944 , he also served as the fifth President of the Council of State Governments . U.S . Senator . In 1944 , Saltonstall was elected to the United States Senate in a special election to fill the unexpired term created by the resignation of U.S . Senator Henry Cabot Lodge , Jr . He was re-elected three times , serving from 1945 to 1967 . Early in his first term , in April 1945 he was one of a dozen Senators and Congressmen who toured the Buchenwald Concentration Camp at the invitation of Gen . Dwight Eisenhower to attest to the reality of Nazi atrocities . Those he defeated included John H . Corcoran in 1944 , John I . Fitzgerald in 1948 , Foster Furcolo in 1954 , and Thomas J . OConnor in 1960 . During his tenure in the Senate , he served as the Senate Republican Whip and on five influential Senate committees . He also served as the chair of the Senate Republican Conference , 1957–1966 . He was viewed as a political moderate , and served as a mediating force between the partys conservative and progressive wings . He was an unspectacular but effective legislator , good at drafting legislation and finding compromise language . When he left office , after more than thirty years in politics , he had few political enemies . Saltonstall voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 , 1960 , and 1964 , as well as the 24th Amendment to the U.S . Constitution and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 . Death and legacy . Saltonstall opted not to run for reelection in 1966 , in part to provide an opportunity for his seat to Edward Brooke , a rising star in Massachusetts Republican circles . He retired to his farm in Dover , where he spent his remaining years as a gentleman farmer . Leverett Saltonstall died of congestive heart failure in 1979 aged 86 , and is buried in Harmony Grove Cemetery in Salem , Massachusetts . The Saltonstall Building in downtown Boston is named for him .
|
[
"Speaker of the House"
] |
[
{
"text": " Leverett A . Saltonstall ( September 1 , 1892June 17 , 1979 ) was an American lawyer and politician from Massachusetts . He served three two-year terms as the 55th Governor of Massachusetts , and for more than twenty years as a United States Senator ( 1945–1967 ) . Saltonstall was internationalist in foreign policy and moderate on domestic policy , serving as a well-liked mediating force in the Republican Party . He was the only member of the Republican Senate leadership to vote for the censure of Joseph McCarthy .",
"title": "Leverett Saltonstall"
},
{
"text": " Leverett Saltonstall was born in Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts , to Richard Middlecott Saltonstall and Eleanor Brooks Saltonstall . The Saltonstall family , a wealthy Boston Brahmin family , had deep colonial roots , as did that of his mother . Saltonstall was able to trace his ancestral roots to the Mayflower ; his grandfather and great-grandfather , both also named Leverett Saltonstall . His father was a lawyer ; his mother was the daughter of Peter C . Brooks III , a beneficiary of the large fortune of his same-named grandfather .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "He was educated at the private Noble and Greenough School , and then attended the Evans School for Boys in Mesa , Arizona , an upper-crust ranch school , along with Nicholas Roosevelt , nephew to family friend Theodore Roosevelt . He then entered Harvard , graduating in 1914 , and graduated from Harvard Law School in 1917 . He was active in varsity sports at Harvard , notably serving as captain of the Junior Varsity crew team that won the prestigious Grand Challenge Cup at the Henley Royal Regatta in 1914 – the first American crew ever to do",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "so . He also played football and hockey , scoring a dramatic overtime goal in a 1914 win over the legendary Hobey Bakers Princeton team .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Saltonstall married Alice Wesselhoeft ( 1893–1981 ) of Jaffrey , New Hampshire , in 1916 , while still in law school . Together they had six children , including Emily ( 1920–2006 ) , at one time the daughter-in-law of Richard Byrd and a former WAVE ; Peter Brooks Saltonstall , killed in action on Guam in 1944 ; William L . Saltonstall ( 1927–2009 ) , a member of the Massachusetts Senate ; and Susan ( 1930–1994 ) , a horse breeder . Military service and entry into politics .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "After graduation , Saltonstall entered the United States Army . He served as a first lieutenant in the 301st Field Artillery Regiment in the 76th Division in World War I , spending six months in France . He was discharged in 1919 , and then entered the law firm of his uncle .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Saltonstall , a socially progressive Republican , entered politics as an alderman in Newton , Massachusetts , serving from 1920 to 1922 , while simultaneously serving as second assistant district attorney of Middlesex County under his uncle , Endicott Peabody Saltonstall , from 1921 to 1922 . He was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives that same year ; there he rose to the position of Speaker of the House , which he held from 1929 to 1937 . In 1930 Saltonstall became a compatriot of the Massachusetts Society of the Sons of the American Revolution .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In 1936 , Saltonstall decided to seek the Republican nomination for Governor of Massachusetts . In the party convention , conservative forces prevailed in securing the nomination for John W . Haigis . Saltonstalls friends were able to engineer his nomination for lieutenant governor . Both Haigis and Saltonstall were defeated by their Democratic rivals , although Saltonstalls margin of defeat , just over 7,000 votes , was small enough to merit a recount ; he demurred . He ran again for governor two years later , and won a decisive victory over former Boston Mayor James Michael Curley ,",
"title": "Governor of Massachusetts"
},
{
"text": "who had been involved in a bruising Democratic primary fight against the incumbent Charles F . Hurley .",
"title": "Governor of Massachusetts"
},
{
"text": " He was reelected in 1940 and 1942 ; the 1940 election win was by an extremely narrow margin . During his tenure , Saltonstall mediated a Teamsters strike , reduced taxes , and retired 90 percent of the states debt . He served as President of the National Governors Association from 1943 to 1944 . In 1944 , he also served as the fifth President of the Council of State Governments .",
"title": "Governor of Massachusetts"
},
{
"text": "In 1944 , Saltonstall was elected to the United States Senate in a special election to fill the unexpired term created by the resignation of U.S . Senator Henry Cabot Lodge , Jr . He was re-elected three times , serving from 1945 to 1967 . Early in his first term , in April 1945 he was one of a dozen Senators and Congressmen who toured the Buchenwald Concentration Camp at the invitation of Gen . Dwight Eisenhower to attest to the reality of Nazi atrocities . Those he defeated included John H . Corcoran in 1944 , John I",
"title": "U.S . Senator"
},
{
"text": ". Fitzgerald in 1948 , Foster Furcolo in 1954 , and Thomas J . OConnor in 1960 . During his tenure in the Senate , he served as the Senate Republican Whip and on five influential Senate committees . He also served as the chair of the Senate Republican Conference , 1957–1966 . He was viewed as a political moderate , and served as a mediating force between the partys conservative and progressive wings . He was an unspectacular but effective legislator , good at drafting legislation and finding compromise language . When he left office , after more than",
"title": "U.S . Senator"
},
{
"text": "thirty years in politics , he had few political enemies . Saltonstall voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 , 1960 , and 1964 , as well as the 24th Amendment to the U.S . Constitution and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 .",
"title": "U.S . Senator"
},
{
"text": " Saltonstall opted not to run for reelection in 1966 , in part to provide an opportunity for his seat to Edward Brooke , a rising star in Massachusetts Republican circles . He retired to his farm in Dover , where he spent his remaining years as a gentleman farmer . Leverett Saltonstall died of congestive heart failure in 1979 aged 86 , and is buried in Harmony Grove Cemetery in Salem , Massachusetts . The Saltonstall Building in downtown Boston is named for him .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
}
] |
/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall#P39#4
|
Which position did Leverett Saltonstall hold between Oct 1940 and Jul 1941?
|
Leverett Saltonstall Leverett A . Saltonstall ( September 1 , 1892June 17 , 1979 ) was an American lawyer and politician from Massachusetts . He served three two-year terms as the 55th Governor of Massachusetts , and for more than twenty years as a United States Senator ( 1945–1967 ) . Saltonstall was internationalist in foreign policy and moderate on domestic policy , serving as a well-liked mediating force in the Republican Party . He was the only member of the Republican Senate leadership to vote for the censure of Joseph McCarthy . Early years . Leverett Saltonstall was born in Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts , to Richard Middlecott Saltonstall and Eleanor Brooks Saltonstall . The Saltonstall family , a wealthy Boston Brahmin family , had deep colonial roots , as did that of his mother . Saltonstall was able to trace his ancestral roots to the Mayflower ; his grandfather and great-grandfather , both also named Leverett Saltonstall . His father was a lawyer ; his mother was the daughter of Peter C . Brooks III , a beneficiary of the large fortune of his same-named grandfather . He was educated at the private Noble and Greenough School , and then attended the Evans School for Boys in Mesa , Arizona , an upper-crust ranch school , along with Nicholas Roosevelt , nephew to family friend Theodore Roosevelt . He then entered Harvard , graduating in 1914 , and graduated from Harvard Law School in 1917 . He was active in varsity sports at Harvard , notably serving as captain of the Junior Varsity crew team that won the prestigious Grand Challenge Cup at the Henley Royal Regatta in 1914 – the first American crew ever to do so . He also played football and hockey , scoring a dramatic overtime goal in a 1914 win over the legendary Hobey Bakers Princeton team . Saltonstall married Alice Wesselhoeft ( 1893–1981 ) of Jaffrey , New Hampshire , in 1916 , while still in law school . Together they had six children , including Emily ( 1920–2006 ) , at one time the daughter-in-law of Richard Byrd and a former WAVE ; Peter Brooks Saltonstall , killed in action on Guam in 1944 ; William L . Saltonstall ( 1927–2009 ) , a member of the Massachusetts Senate ; and Susan ( 1930–1994 ) , a horse breeder . Military service and entry into politics . After graduation , Saltonstall entered the United States Army . He served as a first lieutenant in the 301st Field Artillery Regiment in the 76th Division in World War I , spending six months in France . He was discharged in 1919 , and then entered the law firm of his uncle . Saltonstall , a socially progressive Republican , entered politics as an alderman in Newton , Massachusetts , serving from 1920 to 1922 , while simultaneously serving as second assistant district attorney of Middlesex County under his uncle , Endicott Peabody Saltonstall , from 1921 to 1922 . He was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives that same year ; there he rose to the position of Speaker of the House , which he held from 1929 to 1937 . In 1930 Saltonstall became a compatriot of the Massachusetts Society of the Sons of the American Revolution . Governor of Massachusetts . In 1936 , Saltonstall decided to seek the Republican nomination for Governor of Massachusetts . In the party convention , conservative forces prevailed in securing the nomination for John W . Haigis . Saltonstalls friends were able to engineer his nomination for lieutenant governor . Both Haigis and Saltonstall were defeated by their Democratic rivals , although Saltonstalls margin of defeat , just over 7,000 votes , was small enough to merit a recount ; he demurred . He ran again for governor two years later , and won a decisive victory over former Boston Mayor James Michael Curley , who had been involved in a bruising Democratic primary fight against the incumbent Charles F . Hurley . He was reelected in 1940 and 1942 ; the 1940 election win was by an extremely narrow margin . During his tenure , Saltonstall mediated a Teamsters strike , reduced taxes , and retired 90 percent of the states debt . He served as President of the National Governors Association from 1943 to 1944 . In 1944 , he also served as the fifth President of the Council of State Governments . U.S . Senator . In 1944 , Saltonstall was elected to the United States Senate in a special election to fill the unexpired term created by the resignation of U.S . Senator Henry Cabot Lodge , Jr . He was re-elected three times , serving from 1945 to 1967 . Early in his first term , in April 1945 he was one of a dozen Senators and Congressmen who toured the Buchenwald Concentration Camp at the invitation of Gen . Dwight Eisenhower to attest to the reality of Nazi atrocities . Those he defeated included John H . Corcoran in 1944 , John I . Fitzgerald in 1948 , Foster Furcolo in 1954 , and Thomas J . OConnor in 1960 . During his tenure in the Senate , he served as the Senate Republican Whip and on five influential Senate committees . He also served as the chair of the Senate Republican Conference , 1957–1966 . He was viewed as a political moderate , and served as a mediating force between the partys conservative and progressive wings . He was an unspectacular but effective legislator , good at drafting legislation and finding compromise language . When he left office , after more than thirty years in politics , he had few political enemies . Saltonstall voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 , 1960 , and 1964 , as well as the 24th Amendment to the U.S . Constitution and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 . Death and legacy . Saltonstall opted not to run for reelection in 1966 , in part to provide an opportunity for his seat to Edward Brooke , a rising star in Massachusetts Republican circles . He retired to his farm in Dover , where he spent his remaining years as a gentleman farmer . Leverett Saltonstall died of congestive heart failure in 1979 aged 86 , and is buried in Harmony Grove Cemetery in Salem , Massachusetts . The Saltonstall Building in downtown Boston is named for him .
|
[
"governor"
] |
[
{
"text": " Leverett A . Saltonstall ( September 1 , 1892June 17 , 1979 ) was an American lawyer and politician from Massachusetts . He served three two-year terms as the 55th Governor of Massachusetts , and for more than twenty years as a United States Senator ( 1945–1967 ) . Saltonstall was internationalist in foreign policy and moderate on domestic policy , serving as a well-liked mediating force in the Republican Party . He was the only member of the Republican Senate leadership to vote for the censure of Joseph McCarthy .",
"title": "Leverett Saltonstall"
},
{
"text": " Leverett Saltonstall was born in Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts , to Richard Middlecott Saltonstall and Eleanor Brooks Saltonstall . The Saltonstall family , a wealthy Boston Brahmin family , had deep colonial roots , as did that of his mother . Saltonstall was able to trace his ancestral roots to the Mayflower ; his grandfather and great-grandfather , both also named Leverett Saltonstall . His father was a lawyer ; his mother was the daughter of Peter C . Brooks III , a beneficiary of the large fortune of his same-named grandfather .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "He was educated at the private Noble and Greenough School , and then attended the Evans School for Boys in Mesa , Arizona , an upper-crust ranch school , along with Nicholas Roosevelt , nephew to family friend Theodore Roosevelt . He then entered Harvard , graduating in 1914 , and graduated from Harvard Law School in 1917 . He was active in varsity sports at Harvard , notably serving as captain of the Junior Varsity crew team that won the prestigious Grand Challenge Cup at the Henley Royal Regatta in 1914 – the first American crew ever to do",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "so . He also played football and hockey , scoring a dramatic overtime goal in a 1914 win over the legendary Hobey Bakers Princeton team .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Saltonstall married Alice Wesselhoeft ( 1893–1981 ) of Jaffrey , New Hampshire , in 1916 , while still in law school . Together they had six children , including Emily ( 1920–2006 ) , at one time the daughter-in-law of Richard Byrd and a former WAVE ; Peter Brooks Saltonstall , killed in action on Guam in 1944 ; William L . Saltonstall ( 1927–2009 ) , a member of the Massachusetts Senate ; and Susan ( 1930–1994 ) , a horse breeder . Military service and entry into politics .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "After graduation , Saltonstall entered the United States Army . He served as a first lieutenant in the 301st Field Artillery Regiment in the 76th Division in World War I , spending six months in France . He was discharged in 1919 , and then entered the law firm of his uncle .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Saltonstall , a socially progressive Republican , entered politics as an alderman in Newton , Massachusetts , serving from 1920 to 1922 , while simultaneously serving as second assistant district attorney of Middlesex County under his uncle , Endicott Peabody Saltonstall , from 1921 to 1922 . He was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives that same year ; there he rose to the position of Speaker of the House , which he held from 1929 to 1937 . In 1930 Saltonstall became a compatriot of the Massachusetts Society of the Sons of the American Revolution .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In 1936 , Saltonstall decided to seek the Republican nomination for Governor of Massachusetts . In the party convention , conservative forces prevailed in securing the nomination for John W . Haigis . Saltonstalls friends were able to engineer his nomination for lieutenant governor . Both Haigis and Saltonstall were defeated by their Democratic rivals , although Saltonstalls margin of defeat , just over 7,000 votes , was small enough to merit a recount ; he demurred . He ran again for governor two years later , and won a decisive victory over former Boston Mayor James Michael Curley ,",
"title": "Governor of Massachusetts"
},
{
"text": "who had been involved in a bruising Democratic primary fight against the incumbent Charles F . Hurley .",
"title": "Governor of Massachusetts"
},
{
"text": " He was reelected in 1940 and 1942 ; the 1940 election win was by an extremely narrow margin . During his tenure , Saltonstall mediated a Teamsters strike , reduced taxes , and retired 90 percent of the states debt . He served as President of the National Governors Association from 1943 to 1944 . In 1944 , he also served as the fifth President of the Council of State Governments .",
"title": "Governor of Massachusetts"
},
{
"text": "In 1944 , Saltonstall was elected to the United States Senate in a special election to fill the unexpired term created by the resignation of U.S . Senator Henry Cabot Lodge , Jr . He was re-elected three times , serving from 1945 to 1967 . Early in his first term , in April 1945 he was one of a dozen Senators and Congressmen who toured the Buchenwald Concentration Camp at the invitation of Gen . Dwight Eisenhower to attest to the reality of Nazi atrocities . Those he defeated included John H . Corcoran in 1944 , John I",
"title": "U.S . Senator"
},
{
"text": ". Fitzgerald in 1948 , Foster Furcolo in 1954 , and Thomas J . OConnor in 1960 . During his tenure in the Senate , he served as the Senate Republican Whip and on five influential Senate committees . He also served as the chair of the Senate Republican Conference , 1957–1966 . He was viewed as a political moderate , and served as a mediating force between the partys conservative and progressive wings . He was an unspectacular but effective legislator , good at drafting legislation and finding compromise language . When he left office , after more than",
"title": "U.S . Senator"
},
{
"text": "thirty years in politics , he had few political enemies . Saltonstall voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 , 1960 , and 1964 , as well as the 24th Amendment to the U.S . Constitution and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 .",
"title": "U.S . Senator"
},
{
"text": " Saltonstall opted not to run for reelection in 1966 , in part to provide an opportunity for his seat to Edward Brooke , a rising star in Massachusetts Republican circles . He retired to his farm in Dover , where he spent his remaining years as a gentleman farmer . Leverett Saltonstall died of congestive heart failure in 1979 aged 86 , and is buried in Harmony Grove Cemetery in Salem , Massachusetts . The Saltonstall Building in downtown Boston is named for him .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
}
] |
/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall#P39#5
|
Which position did Leverett Saltonstall hold between Dec 1943 and Dec 1943?
|
Leverett Saltonstall Leverett A . Saltonstall ( September 1 , 1892June 17 , 1979 ) was an American lawyer and politician from Massachusetts . He served three two-year terms as the 55th Governor of Massachusetts , and for more than twenty years as a United States Senator ( 1945–1967 ) . Saltonstall was internationalist in foreign policy and moderate on domestic policy , serving as a well-liked mediating force in the Republican Party . He was the only member of the Republican Senate leadership to vote for the censure of Joseph McCarthy . Early years . Leverett Saltonstall was born in Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts , to Richard Middlecott Saltonstall and Eleanor Brooks Saltonstall . The Saltonstall family , a wealthy Boston Brahmin family , had deep colonial roots , as did that of his mother . Saltonstall was able to trace his ancestral roots to the Mayflower ; his grandfather and great-grandfather , both also named Leverett Saltonstall . His father was a lawyer ; his mother was the daughter of Peter C . Brooks III , a beneficiary of the large fortune of his same-named grandfather . He was educated at the private Noble and Greenough School , and then attended the Evans School for Boys in Mesa , Arizona , an upper-crust ranch school , along with Nicholas Roosevelt , nephew to family friend Theodore Roosevelt . He then entered Harvard , graduating in 1914 , and graduated from Harvard Law School in 1917 . He was active in varsity sports at Harvard , notably serving as captain of the Junior Varsity crew team that won the prestigious Grand Challenge Cup at the Henley Royal Regatta in 1914 – the first American crew ever to do so . He also played football and hockey , scoring a dramatic overtime goal in a 1914 win over the legendary Hobey Bakers Princeton team . Saltonstall married Alice Wesselhoeft ( 1893–1981 ) of Jaffrey , New Hampshire , in 1916 , while still in law school . Together they had six children , including Emily ( 1920–2006 ) , at one time the daughter-in-law of Richard Byrd and a former WAVE ; Peter Brooks Saltonstall , killed in action on Guam in 1944 ; William L . Saltonstall ( 1927–2009 ) , a member of the Massachusetts Senate ; and Susan ( 1930–1994 ) , a horse breeder . Military service and entry into politics . After graduation , Saltonstall entered the United States Army . He served as a first lieutenant in the 301st Field Artillery Regiment in the 76th Division in World War I , spending six months in France . He was discharged in 1919 , and then entered the law firm of his uncle . Saltonstall , a socially progressive Republican , entered politics as an alderman in Newton , Massachusetts , serving from 1920 to 1922 , while simultaneously serving as second assistant district attorney of Middlesex County under his uncle , Endicott Peabody Saltonstall , from 1921 to 1922 . He was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives that same year ; there he rose to the position of Speaker of the House , which he held from 1929 to 1937 . In 1930 Saltonstall became a compatriot of the Massachusetts Society of the Sons of the American Revolution . Governor of Massachusetts . In 1936 , Saltonstall decided to seek the Republican nomination for Governor of Massachusetts . In the party convention , conservative forces prevailed in securing the nomination for John W . Haigis . Saltonstalls friends were able to engineer his nomination for lieutenant governor . Both Haigis and Saltonstall were defeated by their Democratic rivals , although Saltonstalls margin of defeat , just over 7,000 votes , was small enough to merit a recount ; he demurred . He ran again for governor two years later , and won a decisive victory over former Boston Mayor James Michael Curley , who had been involved in a bruising Democratic primary fight against the incumbent Charles F . Hurley . He was reelected in 1940 and 1942 ; the 1940 election win was by an extremely narrow margin . During his tenure , Saltonstall mediated a Teamsters strike , reduced taxes , and retired 90 percent of the states debt . He served as President of the National Governors Association from 1943 to 1944 . In 1944 , he also served as the fifth President of the Council of State Governments . U.S . Senator . In 1944 , Saltonstall was elected to the United States Senate in a special election to fill the unexpired term created by the resignation of U.S . Senator Henry Cabot Lodge , Jr . He was re-elected three times , serving from 1945 to 1967 . Early in his first term , in April 1945 he was one of a dozen Senators and Congressmen who toured the Buchenwald Concentration Camp at the invitation of Gen . Dwight Eisenhower to attest to the reality of Nazi atrocities . Those he defeated included John H . Corcoran in 1944 , John I . Fitzgerald in 1948 , Foster Furcolo in 1954 , and Thomas J . OConnor in 1960 . During his tenure in the Senate , he served as the Senate Republican Whip and on five influential Senate committees . He also served as the chair of the Senate Republican Conference , 1957–1966 . He was viewed as a political moderate , and served as a mediating force between the partys conservative and progressive wings . He was an unspectacular but effective legislator , good at drafting legislation and finding compromise language . When he left office , after more than thirty years in politics , he had few political enemies . Saltonstall voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 , 1960 , and 1964 , as well as the 24th Amendment to the U.S . Constitution and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 . Death and legacy . Saltonstall opted not to run for reelection in 1966 , in part to provide an opportunity for his seat to Edward Brooke , a rising star in Massachusetts Republican circles . He retired to his farm in Dover , where he spent his remaining years as a gentleman farmer . Leverett Saltonstall died of congestive heart failure in 1979 aged 86 , and is buried in Harmony Grove Cemetery in Salem , Massachusetts . The Saltonstall Building in downtown Boston is named for him .
|
[
"President of the National Governors Association"
] |
[
{
"text": " Leverett A . Saltonstall ( September 1 , 1892June 17 , 1979 ) was an American lawyer and politician from Massachusetts . He served three two-year terms as the 55th Governor of Massachusetts , and for more than twenty years as a United States Senator ( 1945–1967 ) . Saltonstall was internationalist in foreign policy and moderate on domestic policy , serving as a well-liked mediating force in the Republican Party . He was the only member of the Republican Senate leadership to vote for the censure of Joseph McCarthy .",
"title": "Leverett Saltonstall"
},
{
"text": " Leverett Saltonstall was born in Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts , to Richard Middlecott Saltonstall and Eleanor Brooks Saltonstall . The Saltonstall family , a wealthy Boston Brahmin family , had deep colonial roots , as did that of his mother . Saltonstall was able to trace his ancestral roots to the Mayflower ; his grandfather and great-grandfather , both also named Leverett Saltonstall . His father was a lawyer ; his mother was the daughter of Peter C . Brooks III , a beneficiary of the large fortune of his same-named grandfather .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "He was educated at the private Noble and Greenough School , and then attended the Evans School for Boys in Mesa , Arizona , an upper-crust ranch school , along with Nicholas Roosevelt , nephew to family friend Theodore Roosevelt . He then entered Harvard , graduating in 1914 , and graduated from Harvard Law School in 1917 . He was active in varsity sports at Harvard , notably serving as captain of the Junior Varsity crew team that won the prestigious Grand Challenge Cup at the Henley Royal Regatta in 1914 – the first American crew ever to do",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "so . He also played football and hockey , scoring a dramatic overtime goal in a 1914 win over the legendary Hobey Bakers Princeton team .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Saltonstall married Alice Wesselhoeft ( 1893–1981 ) of Jaffrey , New Hampshire , in 1916 , while still in law school . Together they had six children , including Emily ( 1920–2006 ) , at one time the daughter-in-law of Richard Byrd and a former WAVE ; Peter Brooks Saltonstall , killed in action on Guam in 1944 ; William L . Saltonstall ( 1927–2009 ) , a member of the Massachusetts Senate ; and Susan ( 1930–1994 ) , a horse breeder . Military service and entry into politics .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "After graduation , Saltonstall entered the United States Army . He served as a first lieutenant in the 301st Field Artillery Regiment in the 76th Division in World War I , spending six months in France . He was discharged in 1919 , and then entered the law firm of his uncle .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Saltonstall , a socially progressive Republican , entered politics as an alderman in Newton , Massachusetts , serving from 1920 to 1922 , while simultaneously serving as second assistant district attorney of Middlesex County under his uncle , Endicott Peabody Saltonstall , from 1921 to 1922 . He was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives that same year ; there he rose to the position of Speaker of the House , which he held from 1929 to 1937 . In 1930 Saltonstall became a compatriot of the Massachusetts Society of the Sons of the American Revolution .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In 1936 , Saltonstall decided to seek the Republican nomination for Governor of Massachusetts . In the party convention , conservative forces prevailed in securing the nomination for John W . Haigis . Saltonstalls friends were able to engineer his nomination for lieutenant governor . Both Haigis and Saltonstall were defeated by their Democratic rivals , although Saltonstalls margin of defeat , just over 7,000 votes , was small enough to merit a recount ; he demurred . He ran again for governor two years later , and won a decisive victory over former Boston Mayor James Michael Curley ,",
"title": "Governor of Massachusetts"
},
{
"text": "who had been involved in a bruising Democratic primary fight against the incumbent Charles F . Hurley .",
"title": "Governor of Massachusetts"
},
{
"text": " He was reelected in 1940 and 1942 ; the 1940 election win was by an extremely narrow margin . During his tenure , Saltonstall mediated a Teamsters strike , reduced taxes , and retired 90 percent of the states debt . He served as President of the National Governors Association from 1943 to 1944 . In 1944 , he also served as the fifth President of the Council of State Governments .",
"title": "Governor of Massachusetts"
},
{
"text": "In 1944 , Saltonstall was elected to the United States Senate in a special election to fill the unexpired term created by the resignation of U.S . Senator Henry Cabot Lodge , Jr . He was re-elected three times , serving from 1945 to 1967 . Early in his first term , in April 1945 he was one of a dozen Senators and Congressmen who toured the Buchenwald Concentration Camp at the invitation of Gen . Dwight Eisenhower to attest to the reality of Nazi atrocities . Those he defeated included John H . Corcoran in 1944 , John I",
"title": "U.S . Senator"
},
{
"text": ". Fitzgerald in 1948 , Foster Furcolo in 1954 , and Thomas J . OConnor in 1960 . During his tenure in the Senate , he served as the Senate Republican Whip and on five influential Senate committees . He also served as the chair of the Senate Republican Conference , 1957–1966 . He was viewed as a political moderate , and served as a mediating force between the partys conservative and progressive wings . He was an unspectacular but effective legislator , good at drafting legislation and finding compromise language . When he left office , after more than",
"title": "U.S . Senator"
},
{
"text": "thirty years in politics , he had few political enemies . Saltonstall voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 , 1960 , and 1964 , as well as the 24th Amendment to the U.S . Constitution and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 .",
"title": "U.S . Senator"
},
{
"text": " Saltonstall opted not to run for reelection in 1966 , in part to provide an opportunity for his seat to Edward Brooke , a rising star in Massachusetts Republican circles . He retired to his farm in Dover , where he spent his remaining years as a gentleman farmer . Leverett Saltonstall died of congestive heart failure in 1979 aged 86 , and is buried in Harmony Grove Cemetery in Salem , Massachusetts . The Saltonstall Building in downtown Boston is named for him .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
}
] |
/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall#P39#6
|
Which position did Leverett Saltonstall hold between Feb 1951 and Jun 1951?
|
Leverett Saltonstall Leverett A . Saltonstall ( September 1 , 1892June 17 , 1979 ) was an American lawyer and politician from Massachusetts . He served three two-year terms as the 55th Governor of Massachusetts , and for more than twenty years as a United States Senator ( 1945–1967 ) . Saltonstall was internationalist in foreign policy and moderate on domestic policy , serving as a well-liked mediating force in the Republican Party . He was the only member of the Republican Senate leadership to vote for the censure of Joseph McCarthy . Early years . Leverett Saltonstall was born in Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts , to Richard Middlecott Saltonstall and Eleanor Brooks Saltonstall . The Saltonstall family , a wealthy Boston Brahmin family , had deep colonial roots , as did that of his mother . Saltonstall was able to trace his ancestral roots to the Mayflower ; his grandfather and great-grandfather , both also named Leverett Saltonstall . His father was a lawyer ; his mother was the daughter of Peter C . Brooks III , a beneficiary of the large fortune of his same-named grandfather . He was educated at the private Noble and Greenough School , and then attended the Evans School for Boys in Mesa , Arizona , an upper-crust ranch school , along with Nicholas Roosevelt , nephew to family friend Theodore Roosevelt . He then entered Harvard , graduating in 1914 , and graduated from Harvard Law School in 1917 . He was active in varsity sports at Harvard , notably serving as captain of the Junior Varsity crew team that won the prestigious Grand Challenge Cup at the Henley Royal Regatta in 1914 – the first American crew ever to do so . He also played football and hockey , scoring a dramatic overtime goal in a 1914 win over the legendary Hobey Bakers Princeton team . Saltonstall married Alice Wesselhoeft ( 1893–1981 ) of Jaffrey , New Hampshire , in 1916 , while still in law school . Together they had six children , including Emily ( 1920–2006 ) , at one time the daughter-in-law of Richard Byrd and a former WAVE ; Peter Brooks Saltonstall , killed in action on Guam in 1944 ; William L . Saltonstall ( 1927–2009 ) , a member of the Massachusetts Senate ; and Susan ( 1930–1994 ) , a horse breeder . Military service and entry into politics . After graduation , Saltonstall entered the United States Army . He served as a first lieutenant in the 301st Field Artillery Regiment in the 76th Division in World War I , spending six months in France . He was discharged in 1919 , and then entered the law firm of his uncle . Saltonstall , a socially progressive Republican , entered politics as an alderman in Newton , Massachusetts , serving from 1920 to 1922 , while simultaneously serving as second assistant district attorney of Middlesex County under his uncle , Endicott Peabody Saltonstall , from 1921 to 1922 . He was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives that same year ; there he rose to the position of Speaker of the House , which he held from 1929 to 1937 . In 1930 Saltonstall became a compatriot of the Massachusetts Society of the Sons of the American Revolution . Governor of Massachusetts . In 1936 , Saltonstall decided to seek the Republican nomination for Governor of Massachusetts . In the party convention , conservative forces prevailed in securing the nomination for John W . Haigis . Saltonstalls friends were able to engineer his nomination for lieutenant governor . Both Haigis and Saltonstall were defeated by their Democratic rivals , although Saltonstalls margin of defeat , just over 7,000 votes , was small enough to merit a recount ; he demurred . He ran again for governor two years later , and won a decisive victory over former Boston Mayor James Michael Curley , who had been involved in a bruising Democratic primary fight against the incumbent Charles F . Hurley . He was reelected in 1940 and 1942 ; the 1940 election win was by an extremely narrow margin . During his tenure , Saltonstall mediated a Teamsters strike , reduced taxes , and retired 90 percent of the states debt . He served as President of the National Governors Association from 1943 to 1944 . In 1944 , he also served as the fifth President of the Council of State Governments . U.S . Senator . In 1944 , Saltonstall was elected to the United States Senate in a special election to fill the unexpired term created by the resignation of U.S . Senator Henry Cabot Lodge , Jr . He was re-elected three times , serving from 1945 to 1967 . Early in his first term , in April 1945 he was one of a dozen Senators and Congressmen who toured the Buchenwald Concentration Camp at the invitation of Gen . Dwight Eisenhower to attest to the reality of Nazi atrocities . Those he defeated included John H . Corcoran in 1944 , John I . Fitzgerald in 1948 , Foster Furcolo in 1954 , and Thomas J . OConnor in 1960 . During his tenure in the Senate , he served as the Senate Republican Whip and on five influential Senate committees . He also served as the chair of the Senate Republican Conference , 1957–1966 . He was viewed as a political moderate , and served as a mediating force between the partys conservative and progressive wings . He was an unspectacular but effective legislator , good at drafting legislation and finding compromise language . When he left office , after more than thirty years in politics , he had few political enemies . Saltonstall voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 , 1960 , and 1964 , as well as the 24th Amendment to the U.S . Constitution and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 . Death and legacy . Saltonstall opted not to run for reelection in 1966 , in part to provide an opportunity for his seat to Edward Brooke , a rising star in Massachusetts Republican circles . He retired to his farm in Dover , where he spent his remaining years as a gentleman farmer . Leverett Saltonstall died of congestive heart failure in 1979 aged 86 , and is buried in Harmony Grove Cemetery in Salem , Massachusetts . The Saltonstall Building in downtown Boston is named for him .
|
[
"United States Senate"
] |
[
{
"text": " Leverett A . Saltonstall ( September 1 , 1892June 17 , 1979 ) was an American lawyer and politician from Massachusetts . He served three two-year terms as the 55th Governor of Massachusetts , and for more than twenty years as a United States Senator ( 1945–1967 ) . Saltonstall was internationalist in foreign policy and moderate on domestic policy , serving as a well-liked mediating force in the Republican Party . He was the only member of the Republican Senate leadership to vote for the censure of Joseph McCarthy .",
"title": "Leverett Saltonstall"
},
{
"text": " Leverett Saltonstall was born in Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts , to Richard Middlecott Saltonstall and Eleanor Brooks Saltonstall . The Saltonstall family , a wealthy Boston Brahmin family , had deep colonial roots , as did that of his mother . Saltonstall was able to trace his ancestral roots to the Mayflower ; his grandfather and great-grandfather , both also named Leverett Saltonstall . His father was a lawyer ; his mother was the daughter of Peter C . Brooks III , a beneficiary of the large fortune of his same-named grandfather .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "He was educated at the private Noble and Greenough School , and then attended the Evans School for Boys in Mesa , Arizona , an upper-crust ranch school , along with Nicholas Roosevelt , nephew to family friend Theodore Roosevelt . He then entered Harvard , graduating in 1914 , and graduated from Harvard Law School in 1917 . He was active in varsity sports at Harvard , notably serving as captain of the Junior Varsity crew team that won the prestigious Grand Challenge Cup at the Henley Royal Regatta in 1914 – the first American crew ever to do",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "so . He also played football and hockey , scoring a dramatic overtime goal in a 1914 win over the legendary Hobey Bakers Princeton team .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Saltonstall married Alice Wesselhoeft ( 1893–1981 ) of Jaffrey , New Hampshire , in 1916 , while still in law school . Together they had six children , including Emily ( 1920–2006 ) , at one time the daughter-in-law of Richard Byrd and a former WAVE ; Peter Brooks Saltonstall , killed in action on Guam in 1944 ; William L . Saltonstall ( 1927–2009 ) , a member of the Massachusetts Senate ; and Susan ( 1930–1994 ) , a horse breeder . Military service and entry into politics .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "After graduation , Saltonstall entered the United States Army . He served as a first lieutenant in the 301st Field Artillery Regiment in the 76th Division in World War I , spending six months in France . He was discharged in 1919 , and then entered the law firm of his uncle .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Saltonstall , a socially progressive Republican , entered politics as an alderman in Newton , Massachusetts , serving from 1920 to 1922 , while simultaneously serving as second assistant district attorney of Middlesex County under his uncle , Endicott Peabody Saltonstall , from 1921 to 1922 . He was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives that same year ; there he rose to the position of Speaker of the House , which he held from 1929 to 1937 . In 1930 Saltonstall became a compatriot of the Massachusetts Society of the Sons of the American Revolution .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In 1936 , Saltonstall decided to seek the Republican nomination for Governor of Massachusetts . In the party convention , conservative forces prevailed in securing the nomination for John W . Haigis . Saltonstalls friends were able to engineer his nomination for lieutenant governor . Both Haigis and Saltonstall were defeated by their Democratic rivals , although Saltonstalls margin of defeat , just over 7,000 votes , was small enough to merit a recount ; he demurred . He ran again for governor two years later , and won a decisive victory over former Boston Mayor James Michael Curley ,",
"title": "Governor of Massachusetts"
},
{
"text": "who had been involved in a bruising Democratic primary fight against the incumbent Charles F . Hurley .",
"title": "Governor of Massachusetts"
},
{
"text": " He was reelected in 1940 and 1942 ; the 1940 election win was by an extremely narrow margin . During his tenure , Saltonstall mediated a Teamsters strike , reduced taxes , and retired 90 percent of the states debt . He served as President of the National Governors Association from 1943 to 1944 . In 1944 , he also served as the fifth President of the Council of State Governments .",
"title": "Governor of Massachusetts"
},
{
"text": "In 1944 , Saltonstall was elected to the United States Senate in a special election to fill the unexpired term created by the resignation of U.S . Senator Henry Cabot Lodge , Jr . He was re-elected three times , serving from 1945 to 1967 . Early in his first term , in April 1945 he was one of a dozen Senators and Congressmen who toured the Buchenwald Concentration Camp at the invitation of Gen . Dwight Eisenhower to attest to the reality of Nazi atrocities . Those he defeated included John H . Corcoran in 1944 , John I",
"title": "U.S . Senator"
},
{
"text": ". Fitzgerald in 1948 , Foster Furcolo in 1954 , and Thomas J . OConnor in 1960 . During his tenure in the Senate , he served as the Senate Republican Whip and on five influential Senate committees . He also served as the chair of the Senate Republican Conference , 1957–1966 . He was viewed as a political moderate , and served as a mediating force between the partys conservative and progressive wings . He was an unspectacular but effective legislator , good at drafting legislation and finding compromise language . When he left office , after more than",
"title": "U.S . Senator"
},
{
"text": "thirty years in politics , he had few political enemies . Saltonstall voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 , 1960 , and 1964 , as well as the 24th Amendment to the U.S . Constitution and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 .",
"title": "U.S . Senator"
},
{
"text": " Saltonstall opted not to run for reelection in 1966 , in part to provide an opportunity for his seat to Edward Brooke , a rising star in Massachusetts Republican circles . He retired to his farm in Dover , where he spent his remaining years as a gentleman farmer . Leverett Saltonstall died of congestive heart failure in 1979 aged 86 , and is buried in Harmony Grove Cemetery in Salem , Massachusetts . The Saltonstall Building in downtown Boston is named for him .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
}
] |
/wiki/Kobina_Tahir_Hammond#P39#0
|
Which position did Kobina Tahir Hammond hold before May 2010?
|
Kobina Tahir Hammond Kobina Tahir Hammond ( born June 16 , 1960 ) is a lawyer and Ghanaian politician of the Republic of Ghana . He is the Member of Parliament representing Adansi-Asokwa constituency of the Ashanti Region of Ghana in the 3rd , 4th,5th,6th , 7th and the 8th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana . He is a member of the New Patriotic Party . Early life and Education . Hammond was born on June 16 , 1960 . He hails from Asokwa , a town in the Ashanti Region of Ghana . He is a product of the University of Ghana ( UG ) . He holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in Law and Political Science from the university . He acquired the degree in 1986 . He is also a product of Grays Inn , Holborn Law School , London , UK . From there , he acquired a Bachelor of Law in 1991 . He is also a graduate of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology where he studied Political Science . Career . Hammond was a partner at the Chancery Chambers in London . Political career . Hammond is a member of the New Patriotic Party . He became a member of parliament from January 2001 after emerging winner in the General Election in December 2000 . He has since then had a run of five consecutive terms in office . He is the MP for Adansi-Asokwa constituency . He has been elected as the member of parliament for this constituency in the third , fourth , fifth , sixth and seventh parliament of the fourth Republic of Ghana . He was re-elected in the 2020 General election to represent in the 8th Parliament of the Fourth Republic of Ghana . Kobina was a member of the Finance Committee , and Mines and Energy Committee in the 7th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana . Elections . In the year 2000 , Hammond won the general elections as the member of parliament for the Adansi-Asokwa constituency of the Ashanti Region of Ghana . He won on the ticket of the New Patriotic Party . His constituency was a part of the 31 parliamentary seats out of 33 seats won by the New Patriotic Party in that election for the Ashanti Region . The New Patriotic Party won a majority total of 99 parliamentary seats out of 200 seats . He was elected with 10,306 votes out of 19,407 total valid votes cast . This was equivalent to 54.4% of the total valid votes cast . He was elected over Theresa Mensah of the National Democratic Congress , Nana Yaw Frimpong of the People’s National Convention , Kwame Amoh of the Convention People’s Party , Peter Kofi Essilfie of the National Reformed Party and Prince Lawrence of the United Ghana Movement . These won 7,230 , 1,001 , 241 , 92 and 61 votes out of the total valid votes cast respectively . These were equivalent to 38.2% , 5.3% , 1.3% , 0.5% and 0.3% respectively of total valid votes cast . Hammond was elected as the member of parliament for the Adansi-Asokwa constituency of the Ashanti Region of Ghana for the second time in the 2004 Ghanaian general elections . He won on the ticket of the New Patriotic Party . His constituency was a part of the 36 parliamentary seats out of 39 seats won by the New Patriotic Party in that election for the Ashanti Region . The New Patriotic Party won a majority total of 128 parliamentary seats out of 230 seats . He was elected with 15,176 votes out of 24 , 112 total valid votes cast equivalent to 62.9% of total valid votes cast . He was elected over Seidu S . Adams of the Peoples’ National Convention and Reverend Evans Amankwa of the National Democratic Congress . These obtained 0.7% and 36.3% respectively of total valid votes cast . In 2008 , he won the general elections on the ticket of the New Patriotic Party for the same constituency . His constituency was part of the 34 parliamentary seats out of 39 seats won by the New Patriotic Party in that election for the Ashanti Region . The New Patriotic Party won a minority total of 109 parliamentary seats out of 230 seats . He was elected with 13,659 votes out of 24,524 total valid votes cast equivalent to 55.7% of total valid votes cast . He was elected over Alhaji Abdul-Lateef Madjoub of the National Democratic Congress , Amoako Anaafi of Democratic Freedom Party and Owusu-Boamah Francis of the Convention People’s Party . These obtained 37.59% , 5.43% and 1.28% respectively of the total votes cast . Personal life . Hammond is a Muslim . He belongs to the Ahmadiya faction . He is married .
|
[
"member of parliament"
] |
[
{
"text": " Kobina Tahir Hammond ( born June 16 , 1960 ) is a lawyer and Ghanaian politician of the Republic of Ghana . He is the Member of Parliament representing Adansi-Asokwa constituency of the Ashanti Region of Ghana in the 3rd , 4th,5th,6th , 7th and the 8th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana . He is a member of the New Patriotic Party . Early life and Education .",
"title": "Kobina Tahir Hammond"
},
{
"text": "Hammond was born on June 16 , 1960 . He hails from Asokwa , a town in the Ashanti Region of Ghana . He is a product of the University of Ghana ( UG ) . He holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in Law and Political Science from the university . He acquired the degree in 1986 . He is also a product of Grays Inn , Holborn Law School , London , UK . From there , he acquired a Bachelor of Law in 1991 . He is also a graduate of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and",
"title": "Kobina Tahir Hammond"
},
{
"text": "Technology where he studied Political Science .",
"title": "Kobina Tahir Hammond"
},
{
"text": "Hammond is a member of the New Patriotic Party . He became a member of parliament from January 2001 after emerging winner in the General Election in December 2000 . He has since then had a run of five consecutive terms in office . He is the MP for Adansi-Asokwa constituency . He has been elected as the member of parliament for this constituency in the third , fourth , fifth , sixth and seventh parliament of the fourth Republic of Ghana . He was re-elected in the 2020 General election to represent in the 8th Parliament of the Fourth",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Republic of Ghana . Kobina was a member of the Finance Committee , and Mines and Energy Committee in the 7th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "In the year 2000 , Hammond won the general elections as the member of parliament for the Adansi-Asokwa constituency of the Ashanti Region of Ghana . He won on the ticket of the New Patriotic Party . His constituency was a part of the 31 parliamentary seats out of 33 seats won by the New Patriotic Party in that election for the Ashanti Region . The New Patriotic Party won a majority total of 99 parliamentary seats out of 200 seats . He was elected with 10,306 votes out of 19,407 total valid votes cast . This was equivalent to",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "54.4% of the total valid votes cast . He was elected over Theresa Mensah of the National Democratic Congress , Nana Yaw Frimpong of the People’s National Convention , Kwame Amoh of the Convention People’s Party , Peter Kofi Essilfie of the National Reformed Party and Prince Lawrence of the United Ghana Movement . These won 7,230 , 1,001 , 241 , 92 and 61 votes out of the total valid votes cast respectively . These were equivalent to 38.2% , 5.3% , 1.3% , 0.5% and 0.3% respectively of total valid votes cast .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "Hammond was elected as the member of parliament for the Adansi-Asokwa constituency of the Ashanti Region of Ghana for the second time in the 2004 Ghanaian general elections . He won on the ticket of the New Patriotic Party . His constituency was a part of the 36 parliamentary seats out of 39 seats won by the New Patriotic Party in that election for the Ashanti Region . The New Patriotic Party won a majority total of 128 parliamentary seats out of 230 seats . He was elected with 15,176 votes out of 24 , 112 total valid votes cast",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "equivalent to 62.9% of total valid votes cast . He was elected over Seidu S . Adams of the Peoples’ National Convention and Reverend Evans Amankwa of the National Democratic Congress . These obtained 0.7% and 36.3% respectively of total valid votes cast .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "In 2008 , he won the general elections on the ticket of the New Patriotic Party for the same constituency . His constituency was part of the 34 parliamentary seats out of 39 seats won by the New Patriotic Party in that election for the Ashanti Region . The New Patriotic Party won a minority total of 109 parliamentary seats out of 230 seats . He was elected with 13,659 votes out of 24,524 total valid votes cast equivalent to 55.7% of total valid votes cast . He was elected over Alhaji Abdul-Lateef Madjoub of the National Democratic Congress ,",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "Amoako Anaafi of Democratic Freedom Party and Owusu-Boamah Francis of the Convention People’s Party . These obtained 37.59% , 5.43% and 1.28% respectively of the total votes cast .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": " Hammond is a Muslim . He belongs to the Ahmadiya faction . He is married .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Kobina_Tahir_Hammond#P39#1
|
Which position did Kobina Tahir Hammond hold between Feb 2012 and Nov 2014?
|
Kobina Tahir Hammond Kobina Tahir Hammond ( born June 16 , 1960 ) is a lawyer and Ghanaian politician of the Republic of Ghana . He is the Member of Parliament representing Adansi-Asokwa constituency of the Ashanti Region of Ghana in the 3rd , 4th,5th,6th , 7th and the 8th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana . He is a member of the New Patriotic Party . Early life and Education . Hammond was born on June 16 , 1960 . He hails from Asokwa , a town in the Ashanti Region of Ghana . He is a product of the University of Ghana ( UG ) . He holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in Law and Political Science from the university . He acquired the degree in 1986 . He is also a product of Grays Inn , Holborn Law School , London , UK . From there , he acquired a Bachelor of Law in 1991 . He is also a graduate of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology where he studied Political Science . Career . Hammond was a partner at the Chancery Chambers in London . Political career . Hammond is a member of the New Patriotic Party . He became a member of parliament from January 2001 after emerging winner in the General Election in December 2000 . He has since then had a run of five consecutive terms in office . He is the MP for Adansi-Asokwa constituency . He has been elected as the member of parliament for this constituency in the third , fourth , fifth , sixth and seventh parliament of the fourth Republic of Ghana . He was re-elected in the 2020 General election to represent in the 8th Parliament of the Fourth Republic of Ghana . Kobina was a member of the Finance Committee , and Mines and Energy Committee in the 7th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana . Elections . In the year 2000 , Hammond won the general elections as the member of parliament for the Adansi-Asokwa constituency of the Ashanti Region of Ghana . He won on the ticket of the New Patriotic Party . His constituency was a part of the 31 parliamentary seats out of 33 seats won by the New Patriotic Party in that election for the Ashanti Region . The New Patriotic Party won a majority total of 99 parliamentary seats out of 200 seats . He was elected with 10,306 votes out of 19,407 total valid votes cast . This was equivalent to 54.4% of the total valid votes cast . He was elected over Theresa Mensah of the National Democratic Congress , Nana Yaw Frimpong of the People’s National Convention , Kwame Amoh of the Convention People’s Party , Peter Kofi Essilfie of the National Reformed Party and Prince Lawrence of the United Ghana Movement . These won 7,230 , 1,001 , 241 , 92 and 61 votes out of the total valid votes cast respectively . These were equivalent to 38.2% , 5.3% , 1.3% , 0.5% and 0.3% respectively of total valid votes cast . Hammond was elected as the member of parliament for the Adansi-Asokwa constituency of the Ashanti Region of Ghana for the second time in the 2004 Ghanaian general elections . He won on the ticket of the New Patriotic Party . His constituency was a part of the 36 parliamentary seats out of 39 seats won by the New Patriotic Party in that election for the Ashanti Region . The New Patriotic Party won a majority total of 128 parliamentary seats out of 230 seats . He was elected with 15,176 votes out of 24 , 112 total valid votes cast equivalent to 62.9% of total valid votes cast . He was elected over Seidu S . Adams of the Peoples’ National Convention and Reverend Evans Amankwa of the National Democratic Congress . These obtained 0.7% and 36.3% respectively of total valid votes cast . In 2008 , he won the general elections on the ticket of the New Patriotic Party for the same constituency . His constituency was part of the 34 parliamentary seats out of 39 seats won by the New Patriotic Party in that election for the Ashanti Region . The New Patriotic Party won a minority total of 109 parliamentary seats out of 230 seats . He was elected with 13,659 votes out of 24,524 total valid votes cast equivalent to 55.7% of total valid votes cast . He was elected over Alhaji Abdul-Lateef Madjoub of the National Democratic Congress , Amoako Anaafi of Democratic Freedom Party and Owusu-Boamah Francis of the Convention People’s Party . These obtained 37.59% , 5.43% and 1.28% respectively of the total votes cast . Personal life . Hammond is a Muslim . He belongs to the Ahmadiya faction . He is married .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Kobina Tahir Hammond ( born June 16 , 1960 ) is a lawyer and Ghanaian politician of the Republic of Ghana . He is the Member of Parliament representing Adansi-Asokwa constituency of the Ashanti Region of Ghana in the 3rd , 4th,5th,6th , 7th and the 8th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana . He is a member of the New Patriotic Party . Early life and Education .",
"title": "Kobina Tahir Hammond"
},
{
"text": "Hammond was born on June 16 , 1960 . He hails from Asokwa , a town in the Ashanti Region of Ghana . He is a product of the University of Ghana ( UG ) . He holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in Law and Political Science from the university . He acquired the degree in 1986 . He is also a product of Grays Inn , Holborn Law School , London , UK . From there , he acquired a Bachelor of Law in 1991 . He is also a graduate of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and",
"title": "Kobina Tahir Hammond"
},
{
"text": "Technology where he studied Political Science .",
"title": "Kobina Tahir Hammond"
},
{
"text": "Hammond is a member of the New Patriotic Party . He became a member of parliament from January 2001 after emerging winner in the General Election in December 2000 . He has since then had a run of five consecutive terms in office . He is the MP for Adansi-Asokwa constituency . He has been elected as the member of parliament for this constituency in the third , fourth , fifth , sixth and seventh parliament of the fourth Republic of Ghana . He was re-elected in the 2020 General election to represent in the 8th Parliament of the Fourth",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Republic of Ghana . Kobina was a member of the Finance Committee , and Mines and Energy Committee in the 7th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "In the year 2000 , Hammond won the general elections as the member of parliament for the Adansi-Asokwa constituency of the Ashanti Region of Ghana . He won on the ticket of the New Patriotic Party . His constituency was a part of the 31 parliamentary seats out of 33 seats won by the New Patriotic Party in that election for the Ashanti Region . The New Patriotic Party won a majority total of 99 parliamentary seats out of 200 seats . He was elected with 10,306 votes out of 19,407 total valid votes cast . This was equivalent to",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "54.4% of the total valid votes cast . He was elected over Theresa Mensah of the National Democratic Congress , Nana Yaw Frimpong of the People’s National Convention , Kwame Amoh of the Convention People’s Party , Peter Kofi Essilfie of the National Reformed Party and Prince Lawrence of the United Ghana Movement . These won 7,230 , 1,001 , 241 , 92 and 61 votes out of the total valid votes cast respectively . These were equivalent to 38.2% , 5.3% , 1.3% , 0.5% and 0.3% respectively of total valid votes cast .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "Hammond was elected as the member of parliament for the Adansi-Asokwa constituency of the Ashanti Region of Ghana for the second time in the 2004 Ghanaian general elections . He won on the ticket of the New Patriotic Party . His constituency was a part of the 36 parliamentary seats out of 39 seats won by the New Patriotic Party in that election for the Ashanti Region . The New Patriotic Party won a majority total of 128 parliamentary seats out of 230 seats . He was elected with 15,176 votes out of 24 , 112 total valid votes cast",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "equivalent to 62.9% of total valid votes cast . He was elected over Seidu S . Adams of the Peoples’ National Convention and Reverend Evans Amankwa of the National Democratic Congress . These obtained 0.7% and 36.3% respectively of total valid votes cast .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "In 2008 , he won the general elections on the ticket of the New Patriotic Party for the same constituency . His constituency was part of the 34 parliamentary seats out of 39 seats won by the New Patriotic Party in that election for the Ashanti Region . The New Patriotic Party won a minority total of 109 parliamentary seats out of 230 seats . He was elected with 13,659 votes out of 24,524 total valid votes cast equivalent to 55.7% of total valid votes cast . He was elected over Alhaji Abdul-Lateef Madjoub of the National Democratic Congress ,",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "Amoako Anaafi of Democratic Freedom Party and Owusu-Boamah Francis of the Convention People’s Party . These obtained 37.59% , 5.43% and 1.28% respectively of the total votes cast .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": " Hammond is a Muslim . He belongs to the Ahmadiya faction . He is married .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Kobina_Tahir_Hammond#P39#2
|
Which position did Kobina Tahir Hammond hold in Apr 2017?
|
Kobina Tahir Hammond Kobina Tahir Hammond ( born June 16 , 1960 ) is a lawyer and Ghanaian politician of the Republic of Ghana . He is the Member of Parliament representing Adansi-Asokwa constituency of the Ashanti Region of Ghana in the 3rd , 4th,5th,6th , 7th and the 8th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana . He is a member of the New Patriotic Party . Early life and Education . Hammond was born on June 16 , 1960 . He hails from Asokwa , a town in the Ashanti Region of Ghana . He is a product of the University of Ghana ( UG ) . He holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in Law and Political Science from the university . He acquired the degree in 1986 . He is also a product of Grays Inn , Holborn Law School , London , UK . From there , he acquired a Bachelor of Law in 1991 . He is also a graduate of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology where he studied Political Science . Career . Hammond was a partner at the Chancery Chambers in London . Political career . Hammond is a member of the New Patriotic Party . He became a member of parliament from January 2001 after emerging winner in the General Election in December 2000 . He has since then had a run of five consecutive terms in office . He is the MP for Adansi-Asokwa constituency . He has been elected as the member of parliament for this constituency in the third , fourth , fifth , sixth and seventh parliament of the fourth Republic of Ghana . He was re-elected in the 2020 General election to represent in the 8th Parliament of the Fourth Republic of Ghana . Kobina was a member of the Finance Committee , and Mines and Energy Committee in the 7th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana . Elections . In the year 2000 , Hammond won the general elections as the member of parliament for the Adansi-Asokwa constituency of the Ashanti Region of Ghana . He won on the ticket of the New Patriotic Party . His constituency was a part of the 31 parliamentary seats out of 33 seats won by the New Patriotic Party in that election for the Ashanti Region . The New Patriotic Party won a majority total of 99 parliamentary seats out of 200 seats . He was elected with 10,306 votes out of 19,407 total valid votes cast . This was equivalent to 54.4% of the total valid votes cast . He was elected over Theresa Mensah of the National Democratic Congress , Nana Yaw Frimpong of the People’s National Convention , Kwame Amoh of the Convention People’s Party , Peter Kofi Essilfie of the National Reformed Party and Prince Lawrence of the United Ghana Movement . These won 7,230 , 1,001 , 241 , 92 and 61 votes out of the total valid votes cast respectively . These were equivalent to 38.2% , 5.3% , 1.3% , 0.5% and 0.3% respectively of total valid votes cast . Hammond was elected as the member of parliament for the Adansi-Asokwa constituency of the Ashanti Region of Ghana for the second time in the 2004 Ghanaian general elections . He won on the ticket of the New Patriotic Party . His constituency was a part of the 36 parliamentary seats out of 39 seats won by the New Patriotic Party in that election for the Ashanti Region . The New Patriotic Party won a majority total of 128 parliamentary seats out of 230 seats . He was elected with 15,176 votes out of 24 , 112 total valid votes cast equivalent to 62.9% of total valid votes cast . He was elected over Seidu S . Adams of the Peoples’ National Convention and Reverend Evans Amankwa of the National Democratic Congress . These obtained 0.7% and 36.3% respectively of total valid votes cast . In 2008 , he won the general elections on the ticket of the New Patriotic Party for the same constituency . His constituency was part of the 34 parliamentary seats out of 39 seats won by the New Patriotic Party in that election for the Ashanti Region . The New Patriotic Party won a minority total of 109 parliamentary seats out of 230 seats . He was elected with 13,659 votes out of 24,524 total valid votes cast equivalent to 55.7% of total valid votes cast . He was elected over Alhaji Abdul-Lateef Madjoub of the National Democratic Congress , Amoako Anaafi of Democratic Freedom Party and Owusu-Boamah Francis of the Convention People’s Party . These obtained 37.59% , 5.43% and 1.28% respectively of the total votes cast . Personal life . Hammond is a Muslim . He belongs to the Ahmadiya faction . He is married .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Kobina Tahir Hammond ( born June 16 , 1960 ) is a lawyer and Ghanaian politician of the Republic of Ghana . He is the Member of Parliament representing Adansi-Asokwa constituency of the Ashanti Region of Ghana in the 3rd , 4th,5th,6th , 7th and the 8th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana . He is a member of the New Patriotic Party . Early life and Education .",
"title": "Kobina Tahir Hammond"
},
{
"text": "Hammond was born on June 16 , 1960 . He hails from Asokwa , a town in the Ashanti Region of Ghana . He is a product of the University of Ghana ( UG ) . He holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in Law and Political Science from the university . He acquired the degree in 1986 . He is also a product of Grays Inn , Holborn Law School , London , UK . From there , he acquired a Bachelor of Law in 1991 . He is also a graduate of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and",
"title": "Kobina Tahir Hammond"
},
{
"text": "Technology where he studied Political Science .",
"title": "Kobina Tahir Hammond"
},
{
"text": "Hammond is a member of the New Patriotic Party . He became a member of parliament from January 2001 after emerging winner in the General Election in December 2000 . He has since then had a run of five consecutive terms in office . He is the MP for Adansi-Asokwa constituency . He has been elected as the member of parliament for this constituency in the third , fourth , fifth , sixth and seventh parliament of the fourth Republic of Ghana . He was re-elected in the 2020 General election to represent in the 8th Parliament of the Fourth",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Republic of Ghana . Kobina was a member of the Finance Committee , and Mines and Energy Committee in the 7th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "In the year 2000 , Hammond won the general elections as the member of parliament for the Adansi-Asokwa constituency of the Ashanti Region of Ghana . He won on the ticket of the New Patriotic Party . His constituency was a part of the 31 parliamentary seats out of 33 seats won by the New Patriotic Party in that election for the Ashanti Region . The New Patriotic Party won a majority total of 99 parliamentary seats out of 200 seats . He was elected with 10,306 votes out of 19,407 total valid votes cast . This was equivalent to",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "54.4% of the total valid votes cast . He was elected over Theresa Mensah of the National Democratic Congress , Nana Yaw Frimpong of the People’s National Convention , Kwame Amoh of the Convention People’s Party , Peter Kofi Essilfie of the National Reformed Party and Prince Lawrence of the United Ghana Movement . These won 7,230 , 1,001 , 241 , 92 and 61 votes out of the total valid votes cast respectively . These were equivalent to 38.2% , 5.3% , 1.3% , 0.5% and 0.3% respectively of total valid votes cast .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "Hammond was elected as the member of parliament for the Adansi-Asokwa constituency of the Ashanti Region of Ghana for the second time in the 2004 Ghanaian general elections . He won on the ticket of the New Patriotic Party . His constituency was a part of the 36 parliamentary seats out of 39 seats won by the New Patriotic Party in that election for the Ashanti Region . The New Patriotic Party won a majority total of 128 parliamentary seats out of 230 seats . He was elected with 15,176 votes out of 24 , 112 total valid votes cast",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "equivalent to 62.9% of total valid votes cast . He was elected over Seidu S . Adams of the Peoples’ National Convention and Reverend Evans Amankwa of the National Democratic Congress . These obtained 0.7% and 36.3% respectively of total valid votes cast .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "In 2008 , he won the general elections on the ticket of the New Patriotic Party for the same constituency . His constituency was part of the 34 parliamentary seats out of 39 seats won by the New Patriotic Party in that election for the Ashanti Region . The New Patriotic Party won a minority total of 109 parliamentary seats out of 230 seats . He was elected with 13,659 votes out of 24,524 total valid votes cast equivalent to 55.7% of total valid votes cast . He was elected over Alhaji Abdul-Lateef Madjoub of the National Democratic Congress ,",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "Amoako Anaafi of Democratic Freedom Party and Owusu-Boamah Francis of the Convention People’s Party . These obtained 37.59% , 5.43% and 1.28% respectively of the total votes cast .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": " Hammond is a Muslim . He belongs to the Ahmadiya faction . He is married .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Özlem_Cekic#P108#0
|
Which employer did Özlem Cekic work for in Apr 2001?
|
Özlem Cekic Özlem Sara Cekic ( born 7 May 1976 ) is a Danish-Kurdish former politician and member of parliament for the Socialist Peoples Party ( SF ) . She is now General-Secretary of the organisation Brobyggerne ( The Bridge-builders ) - Center for Dialog Coffee . She is also a well renowned author , speaker , advisor and active in the public debate , especially around humanitarian issues . A nurse by training she was first elected to the central committee of the Socialist Peoples Party in 2004 . In the 2007 elections , she became a member of the Danish parliament , the first female MP with a Muslim immigrant background . She was her partys spokesperson for health related issues . She left the party in 2016 due to disagreements around refugee policy and is today not a member of any party . In 2018 she was only the second Dane to be invited to give TED talk in New York about her invention of Dialogue Coffee , a new way of meeting and communicating even with the people with whom you might disagree . Early life . Born in Ankara , Turkey , from a Kurdish background she arrived in Denmark via several other countries including Finland as a 10- year old young child and grew up in Copenhagens Vesterbro neighborhood . Cekic was the first in her family to seek an education , graduated from High School in 1996 and finished her Nursing Education in 2000 . She then worked at various hospitals including at the neopaediatric ward at Rigshospitalet , and several psychiatric positions working with traumatised refugees and immigrants at Sankt Hans Hospital and abusers at street level at the child and youth ward at Bispebjerg Hospital . During this period she became the first Board Member from a minority background of Danish Nursing Faculty ( sygeplejeraad ) and she also set up the Diversity Network which worked to highlight the discrimination that Danes with a different ethnic background received in the Danish Health Service . At 20 she entered a marriage arranged by her parents , but at age 26 she decided to divorce and raise her child alone . She was encouraged by her maternal grandmother who told her that she should strive never to be dependent on anybody , least of all on men . She remarried in 2006 with a Kurdish man and has a further 2 children . Cekic is a muslim but believes religion and politic should be separated . Political career . Cekic joined SF after the election in 2001 . She stood for the first time in 2005 and got 168 personal votes . In 2007 she was elected as the first Muslim woman and the first immigrant with 4533 personal votes which increased in 2011 to 5383 and 2015 to 6542 personal votes . However even if she was the second highest vote taker in her party , she lost her seat in 2015 due to the bad performance overall by the party . During her time in Parliament Cekic was the partys lead spokesman on many different issues including health , culture , social issues and equality . As such she participated in select committees in these areas as well as Foreign Affairs . She chaired the Parliament Social Select Committee for 2 years . She was also a member of the Danish delegation to the European Parliament from 2013-2015 In 2012 Cekic decided to vote against the tax reform proposed by her own party in collaboration with the Social Democrats . Cekic argued that the reform was socially lopsided , reallocating funds from the socially marginalized to the upper and middle class , saying that I oppose the part of the agreement that takes money from people on disability pensions , social security and early pensions to give tax reductions to the rich . The party leadership requested that she vote with the party line , but she refused and consequently lost her posts as spokeswoman for Social Policy , gender equality and housing although she remained a member of the party . After Annette Vilhelmsen became the new party leader in September 2012 , Cekic was given the post as spokesperson on health related issues . In August 2013 , she also became spokeswoman for gender equality again . In 2015 during a public debate Cekic was told by the Chairman of the Danish Party , Poul Madsen that it was time she got sent back to Turkey ! After losing her seat in 2015 she started looking into how she could convert the huge personal support she had to better use outside parliament and despite being offered a safe seat to return to parliament by the party , she decided that her new work building bridges between people and various groups of people was more important and rewarding , so she declined the offer and left party politics for good . In March 2017 she also left SF as a member after the party decided to support a proposal closing the door completely for unaccompanied refugee children . This was simply one step too far for Cekic to continue to be associated with that party . In 2009 she published the autobiographical book Fra Føtex til Folketinget ( Gyldendal ) [ English : From Føtex to Parliament ] , in which she recounted her experiences as a politically progressive Muslim woman from a working-class background . Among her experiences of discrimination in Danish society she recounts how her teacher told children with immigrant backgrounds that it is incredible to see how much you struggle , while knowing that youll never achieve anything , and how the Danish midwife who refused to address Cekic by name even once during her 23-hour labor , because it was too hard to pronounce . Cekic also tells how she got in trouble during her years in the Nurses Union , when she criticized the fact that the union leaders salary was higher than that of the Danish prime Minister . In the 2015 Danish general elections the Socialist Peoples Party ( SF ) lost 9 of its 16 seats in parliament and Cekic was not re-elected . External links . - ozlem.dk - Personal Website
|
[
"Bispebjerg Hospital"
] |
[
{
"text": " Özlem Sara Cekic ( born 7 May 1976 ) is a Danish-Kurdish former politician and member of parliament for the Socialist Peoples Party ( SF ) . She is now General-Secretary of the organisation Brobyggerne ( The Bridge-builders ) - Center for Dialog Coffee . She is also a well renowned author , speaker , advisor and active in the public debate , especially around humanitarian issues .",
"title": "Özlem Cekic"
},
{
"text": "A nurse by training she was first elected to the central committee of the Socialist Peoples Party in 2004 . In the 2007 elections , she became a member of the Danish parliament , the first female MP with a Muslim immigrant background . She was her partys spokesperson for health related issues . She left the party in 2016 due to disagreements around refugee policy and is today not a member of any party .",
"title": "Özlem Cekic"
},
{
"text": " In 2018 she was only the second Dane to be invited to give TED talk in New York about her invention of Dialogue Coffee , a new way of meeting and communicating even with the people with whom you might disagree .",
"title": "Özlem Cekic"
},
{
"text": " Born in Ankara , Turkey , from a Kurdish background she arrived in Denmark via several other countries including Finland as a 10- year old young child and grew up in Copenhagens Vesterbro neighborhood .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Cekic was the first in her family to seek an education , graduated from High School in 1996 and finished her Nursing Education in 2000 . She then worked at various hospitals including at the neopaediatric ward at Rigshospitalet , and several psychiatric positions working with traumatised refugees and immigrants at Sankt Hans Hospital and abusers at street level at the child and youth ward at Bispebjerg Hospital .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " During this period she became the first Board Member from a minority background of Danish Nursing Faculty ( sygeplejeraad ) and she also set up the Diversity Network which worked to highlight the discrimination that Danes with a different ethnic background received in the Danish Health Service .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "At 20 she entered a marriage arranged by her parents , but at age 26 she decided to divorce and raise her child alone . She was encouraged by her maternal grandmother who told her that she should strive never to be dependent on anybody , least of all on men . She remarried in 2006 with a Kurdish man and has a further 2 children .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Cekic joined SF after the election in 2001 . She stood for the first time in 2005 and got 168 personal votes . In 2007 she was elected as the first Muslim woman and the first immigrant with 4533 personal votes which increased in 2011 to 5383 and 2015 to 6542 personal votes . However even if she was the second highest vote taker in her party , she lost her seat in 2015 due to the bad performance overall by the party .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "During her time in Parliament Cekic was the partys lead spokesman on many different issues including health , culture , social issues and equality . As such she participated in select committees in these areas as well as Foreign Affairs . She chaired the Parliament Social Select Committee for 2 years . She was also a member of the Danish delegation to the European Parliament from 2013-2015",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "In 2012 Cekic decided to vote against the tax reform proposed by her own party in collaboration with the Social Democrats . Cekic argued that the reform was socially lopsided , reallocating funds from the socially marginalized to the upper and middle class , saying that I oppose the part of the agreement that takes money from people on disability pensions , social security and early pensions to give tax reductions to the rich . The party leadership requested that she vote with the party line , but she refused and consequently lost her posts as spokeswoman for Social Policy",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": ", gender equality and housing although she remained a member of the party . After Annette Vilhelmsen became the new party leader in September 2012 , Cekic was given the post as spokesperson on health related issues . In August 2013 , she also became spokeswoman for gender equality again .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In 2015 during a public debate Cekic was told by the Chairman of the Danish Party , Poul Madsen that it was time she got sent back to Turkey !",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "After losing her seat in 2015 she started looking into how she could convert the huge personal support she had to better use outside parliament and despite being offered a safe seat to return to parliament by the party , she decided that her new work building bridges between people and various groups of people was more important and rewarding , so she declined the offer and left party politics for good . In March 2017 she also left SF as a member after the party decided to support a proposal closing the door completely for unaccompanied refugee children .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "This was simply one step too far for Cekic to continue to be associated with that party .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "In 2009 she published the autobiographical book Fra Føtex til Folketinget ( Gyldendal ) [ English : From Føtex to Parliament ] , in which she recounted her experiences as a politically progressive Muslim woman from a working-class background . Among her experiences of discrimination in Danish society she recounts how her teacher told children with immigrant backgrounds that it is incredible to see how much you struggle , while knowing that youll never achieve anything , and how the Danish midwife who refused to address Cekic by name even once during her 23-hour labor , because it was too",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "hard to pronounce . Cekic also tells how she got in trouble during her years in the Nurses Union , when she criticized the fact that the union leaders salary was higher than that of the Danish prime Minister .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In the 2015 Danish general elections the Socialist Peoples Party ( SF ) lost 9 of its 16 seats in parliament and Cekic was not re-elected .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " - ozlem.dk - Personal Website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Özlem_Cekic#P108#1
|
Which employer did Özlem Cekic work for in Feb 2004?
|
Özlem Cekic Özlem Sara Cekic ( born 7 May 1976 ) is a Danish-Kurdish former politician and member of parliament for the Socialist Peoples Party ( SF ) . She is now General-Secretary of the organisation Brobyggerne ( The Bridge-builders ) - Center for Dialog Coffee . She is also a well renowned author , speaker , advisor and active in the public debate , especially around humanitarian issues . A nurse by training she was first elected to the central committee of the Socialist Peoples Party in 2004 . In the 2007 elections , she became a member of the Danish parliament , the first female MP with a Muslim immigrant background . She was her partys spokesperson for health related issues . She left the party in 2016 due to disagreements around refugee policy and is today not a member of any party . In 2018 she was only the second Dane to be invited to give TED talk in New York about her invention of Dialogue Coffee , a new way of meeting and communicating even with the people with whom you might disagree . Early life . Born in Ankara , Turkey , from a Kurdish background she arrived in Denmark via several other countries including Finland as a 10- year old young child and grew up in Copenhagens Vesterbro neighborhood . Cekic was the first in her family to seek an education , graduated from High School in 1996 and finished her Nursing Education in 2000 . She then worked at various hospitals including at the neopaediatric ward at Rigshospitalet , and several psychiatric positions working with traumatised refugees and immigrants at Sankt Hans Hospital and abusers at street level at the child and youth ward at Bispebjerg Hospital . During this period she became the first Board Member from a minority background of Danish Nursing Faculty ( sygeplejeraad ) and she also set up the Diversity Network which worked to highlight the discrimination that Danes with a different ethnic background received in the Danish Health Service . At 20 she entered a marriage arranged by her parents , but at age 26 she decided to divorce and raise her child alone . She was encouraged by her maternal grandmother who told her that she should strive never to be dependent on anybody , least of all on men . She remarried in 2006 with a Kurdish man and has a further 2 children . Cekic is a muslim but believes religion and politic should be separated . Political career . Cekic joined SF after the election in 2001 . She stood for the first time in 2005 and got 168 personal votes . In 2007 she was elected as the first Muslim woman and the first immigrant with 4533 personal votes which increased in 2011 to 5383 and 2015 to 6542 personal votes . However even if she was the second highest vote taker in her party , she lost her seat in 2015 due to the bad performance overall by the party . During her time in Parliament Cekic was the partys lead spokesman on many different issues including health , culture , social issues and equality . As such she participated in select committees in these areas as well as Foreign Affairs . She chaired the Parliament Social Select Committee for 2 years . She was also a member of the Danish delegation to the European Parliament from 2013-2015 In 2012 Cekic decided to vote against the tax reform proposed by her own party in collaboration with the Social Democrats . Cekic argued that the reform was socially lopsided , reallocating funds from the socially marginalized to the upper and middle class , saying that I oppose the part of the agreement that takes money from people on disability pensions , social security and early pensions to give tax reductions to the rich . The party leadership requested that she vote with the party line , but she refused and consequently lost her posts as spokeswoman for Social Policy , gender equality and housing although she remained a member of the party . After Annette Vilhelmsen became the new party leader in September 2012 , Cekic was given the post as spokesperson on health related issues . In August 2013 , she also became spokeswoman for gender equality again . In 2015 during a public debate Cekic was told by the Chairman of the Danish Party , Poul Madsen that it was time she got sent back to Turkey ! After losing her seat in 2015 she started looking into how she could convert the huge personal support she had to better use outside parliament and despite being offered a safe seat to return to parliament by the party , she decided that her new work building bridges between people and various groups of people was more important and rewarding , so she declined the offer and left party politics for good . In March 2017 she also left SF as a member after the party decided to support a proposal closing the door completely for unaccompanied refugee children . This was simply one step too far for Cekic to continue to be associated with that party . In 2009 she published the autobiographical book Fra Føtex til Folketinget ( Gyldendal ) [ English : From Føtex to Parliament ] , in which she recounted her experiences as a politically progressive Muslim woman from a working-class background . Among her experiences of discrimination in Danish society she recounts how her teacher told children with immigrant backgrounds that it is incredible to see how much you struggle , while knowing that youll never achieve anything , and how the Danish midwife who refused to address Cekic by name even once during her 23-hour labor , because it was too hard to pronounce . Cekic also tells how she got in trouble during her years in the Nurses Union , when she criticized the fact that the union leaders salary was higher than that of the Danish prime Minister . In the 2015 Danish general elections the Socialist Peoples Party ( SF ) lost 9 of its 16 seats in parliament and Cekic was not re-elected . External links . - ozlem.dk - Personal Website
|
[
"Rigshospitalet"
] |
[
{
"text": " Özlem Sara Cekic ( born 7 May 1976 ) is a Danish-Kurdish former politician and member of parliament for the Socialist Peoples Party ( SF ) . She is now General-Secretary of the organisation Brobyggerne ( The Bridge-builders ) - Center for Dialog Coffee . She is also a well renowned author , speaker , advisor and active in the public debate , especially around humanitarian issues .",
"title": "Özlem Cekic"
},
{
"text": "A nurse by training she was first elected to the central committee of the Socialist Peoples Party in 2004 . In the 2007 elections , she became a member of the Danish parliament , the first female MP with a Muslim immigrant background . She was her partys spokesperson for health related issues . She left the party in 2016 due to disagreements around refugee policy and is today not a member of any party .",
"title": "Özlem Cekic"
},
{
"text": " In 2018 she was only the second Dane to be invited to give TED talk in New York about her invention of Dialogue Coffee , a new way of meeting and communicating even with the people with whom you might disagree .",
"title": "Özlem Cekic"
},
{
"text": " Born in Ankara , Turkey , from a Kurdish background she arrived in Denmark via several other countries including Finland as a 10- year old young child and grew up in Copenhagens Vesterbro neighborhood .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Cekic was the first in her family to seek an education , graduated from High School in 1996 and finished her Nursing Education in 2000 . She then worked at various hospitals including at the neopaediatric ward at Rigshospitalet , and several psychiatric positions working with traumatised refugees and immigrants at Sankt Hans Hospital and abusers at street level at the child and youth ward at Bispebjerg Hospital .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " During this period she became the first Board Member from a minority background of Danish Nursing Faculty ( sygeplejeraad ) and she also set up the Diversity Network which worked to highlight the discrimination that Danes with a different ethnic background received in the Danish Health Service .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "At 20 she entered a marriage arranged by her parents , but at age 26 she decided to divorce and raise her child alone . She was encouraged by her maternal grandmother who told her that she should strive never to be dependent on anybody , least of all on men . She remarried in 2006 with a Kurdish man and has a further 2 children .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Cekic joined SF after the election in 2001 . She stood for the first time in 2005 and got 168 personal votes . In 2007 she was elected as the first Muslim woman and the first immigrant with 4533 personal votes which increased in 2011 to 5383 and 2015 to 6542 personal votes . However even if she was the second highest vote taker in her party , she lost her seat in 2015 due to the bad performance overall by the party .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "During her time in Parliament Cekic was the partys lead spokesman on many different issues including health , culture , social issues and equality . As such she participated in select committees in these areas as well as Foreign Affairs . She chaired the Parliament Social Select Committee for 2 years . She was also a member of the Danish delegation to the European Parliament from 2013-2015",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "In 2012 Cekic decided to vote against the tax reform proposed by her own party in collaboration with the Social Democrats . Cekic argued that the reform was socially lopsided , reallocating funds from the socially marginalized to the upper and middle class , saying that I oppose the part of the agreement that takes money from people on disability pensions , social security and early pensions to give tax reductions to the rich . The party leadership requested that she vote with the party line , but she refused and consequently lost her posts as spokeswoman for Social Policy",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": ", gender equality and housing although she remained a member of the party . After Annette Vilhelmsen became the new party leader in September 2012 , Cekic was given the post as spokesperson on health related issues . In August 2013 , she also became spokeswoman for gender equality again .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In 2015 during a public debate Cekic was told by the Chairman of the Danish Party , Poul Madsen that it was time she got sent back to Turkey !",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "After losing her seat in 2015 she started looking into how she could convert the huge personal support she had to better use outside parliament and despite being offered a safe seat to return to parliament by the party , she decided that her new work building bridges between people and various groups of people was more important and rewarding , so she declined the offer and left party politics for good . In March 2017 she also left SF as a member after the party decided to support a proposal closing the door completely for unaccompanied refugee children .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "This was simply one step too far for Cekic to continue to be associated with that party .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "In 2009 she published the autobiographical book Fra Føtex til Folketinget ( Gyldendal ) [ English : From Føtex to Parliament ] , in which she recounted her experiences as a politically progressive Muslim woman from a working-class background . Among her experiences of discrimination in Danish society she recounts how her teacher told children with immigrant backgrounds that it is incredible to see how much you struggle , while knowing that youll never achieve anything , and how the Danish midwife who refused to address Cekic by name even once during her 23-hour labor , because it was too",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "hard to pronounce . Cekic also tells how she got in trouble during her years in the Nurses Union , when she criticized the fact that the union leaders salary was higher than that of the Danish prime Minister .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In the 2015 Danish general elections the Socialist Peoples Party ( SF ) lost 9 of its 16 seats in parliament and Cekic was not re-elected .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " - ozlem.dk - Personal Website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Özlem_Cekic#P108#2
|
Which employer did Özlem Cekic work for between Nov 2006 and Dec 2006?
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Özlem Cekic Özlem Sara Cekic ( born 7 May 1976 ) is a Danish-Kurdish former politician and member of parliament for the Socialist Peoples Party ( SF ) . She is now General-Secretary of the organisation Brobyggerne ( The Bridge-builders ) - Center for Dialog Coffee . She is also a well renowned author , speaker , advisor and active in the public debate , especially around humanitarian issues . A nurse by training she was first elected to the central committee of the Socialist Peoples Party in 2004 . In the 2007 elections , she became a member of the Danish parliament , the first female MP with a Muslim immigrant background . She was her partys spokesperson for health related issues . She left the party in 2016 due to disagreements around refugee policy and is today not a member of any party . In 2018 she was only the second Dane to be invited to give TED talk in New York about her invention of Dialogue Coffee , a new way of meeting and communicating even with the people with whom you might disagree . Early life . Born in Ankara , Turkey , from a Kurdish background she arrived in Denmark via several other countries including Finland as a 10- year old young child and grew up in Copenhagens Vesterbro neighborhood . Cekic was the first in her family to seek an education , graduated from High School in 1996 and finished her Nursing Education in 2000 . She then worked at various hospitals including at the neopaediatric ward at Rigshospitalet , and several psychiatric positions working with traumatised refugees and immigrants at Sankt Hans Hospital and abusers at street level at the child and youth ward at Bispebjerg Hospital . During this period she became the first Board Member from a minority background of Danish Nursing Faculty ( sygeplejeraad ) and she also set up the Diversity Network which worked to highlight the discrimination that Danes with a different ethnic background received in the Danish Health Service . At 20 she entered a marriage arranged by her parents , but at age 26 she decided to divorce and raise her child alone . She was encouraged by her maternal grandmother who told her that she should strive never to be dependent on anybody , least of all on men . She remarried in 2006 with a Kurdish man and has a further 2 children . Cekic is a muslim but believes religion and politic should be separated . Political career . Cekic joined SF after the election in 2001 . She stood for the first time in 2005 and got 168 personal votes . In 2007 she was elected as the first Muslim woman and the first immigrant with 4533 personal votes which increased in 2011 to 5383 and 2015 to 6542 personal votes . However even if she was the second highest vote taker in her party , she lost her seat in 2015 due to the bad performance overall by the party . During her time in Parliament Cekic was the partys lead spokesman on many different issues including health , culture , social issues and equality . As such she participated in select committees in these areas as well as Foreign Affairs . She chaired the Parliament Social Select Committee for 2 years . She was also a member of the Danish delegation to the European Parliament from 2013-2015 In 2012 Cekic decided to vote against the tax reform proposed by her own party in collaboration with the Social Democrats . Cekic argued that the reform was socially lopsided , reallocating funds from the socially marginalized to the upper and middle class , saying that I oppose the part of the agreement that takes money from people on disability pensions , social security and early pensions to give tax reductions to the rich . The party leadership requested that she vote with the party line , but she refused and consequently lost her posts as spokeswoman for Social Policy , gender equality and housing although she remained a member of the party . After Annette Vilhelmsen became the new party leader in September 2012 , Cekic was given the post as spokesperson on health related issues . In August 2013 , she also became spokeswoman for gender equality again . In 2015 during a public debate Cekic was told by the Chairman of the Danish Party , Poul Madsen that it was time she got sent back to Turkey ! After losing her seat in 2015 she started looking into how she could convert the huge personal support she had to better use outside parliament and despite being offered a safe seat to return to parliament by the party , she decided that her new work building bridges between people and various groups of people was more important and rewarding , so she declined the offer and left party politics for good . In March 2017 she also left SF as a member after the party decided to support a proposal closing the door completely for unaccompanied refugee children . This was simply one step too far for Cekic to continue to be associated with that party . In 2009 she published the autobiographical book Fra Føtex til Folketinget ( Gyldendal ) [ English : From Føtex to Parliament ] , in which she recounted her experiences as a politically progressive Muslim woman from a working-class background . Among her experiences of discrimination in Danish society she recounts how her teacher told children with immigrant backgrounds that it is incredible to see how much you struggle , while knowing that youll never achieve anything , and how the Danish midwife who refused to address Cekic by name even once during her 23-hour labor , because it was too hard to pronounce . Cekic also tells how she got in trouble during her years in the Nurses Union , when she criticized the fact that the union leaders salary was higher than that of the Danish prime Minister . In the 2015 Danish general elections the Socialist Peoples Party ( SF ) lost 9 of its 16 seats in parliament and Cekic was not re-elected . External links . - ozlem.dk - Personal Website
|
[
"Sankt Hans Hospital"
] |
[
{
"text": " Özlem Sara Cekic ( born 7 May 1976 ) is a Danish-Kurdish former politician and member of parliament for the Socialist Peoples Party ( SF ) . She is now General-Secretary of the organisation Brobyggerne ( The Bridge-builders ) - Center for Dialog Coffee . She is also a well renowned author , speaker , advisor and active in the public debate , especially around humanitarian issues .",
"title": "Özlem Cekic"
},
{
"text": "A nurse by training she was first elected to the central committee of the Socialist Peoples Party in 2004 . In the 2007 elections , she became a member of the Danish parliament , the first female MP with a Muslim immigrant background . She was her partys spokesperson for health related issues . She left the party in 2016 due to disagreements around refugee policy and is today not a member of any party .",
"title": "Özlem Cekic"
},
{
"text": " In 2018 she was only the second Dane to be invited to give TED talk in New York about her invention of Dialogue Coffee , a new way of meeting and communicating even with the people with whom you might disagree .",
"title": "Özlem Cekic"
},
{
"text": " Born in Ankara , Turkey , from a Kurdish background she arrived in Denmark via several other countries including Finland as a 10- year old young child and grew up in Copenhagens Vesterbro neighborhood .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Cekic was the first in her family to seek an education , graduated from High School in 1996 and finished her Nursing Education in 2000 . She then worked at various hospitals including at the neopaediatric ward at Rigshospitalet , and several psychiatric positions working with traumatised refugees and immigrants at Sankt Hans Hospital and abusers at street level at the child and youth ward at Bispebjerg Hospital .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " During this period she became the first Board Member from a minority background of Danish Nursing Faculty ( sygeplejeraad ) and she also set up the Diversity Network which worked to highlight the discrimination that Danes with a different ethnic background received in the Danish Health Service .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "At 20 she entered a marriage arranged by her parents , but at age 26 she decided to divorce and raise her child alone . She was encouraged by her maternal grandmother who told her that she should strive never to be dependent on anybody , least of all on men . She remarried in 2006 with a Kurdish man and has a further 2 children .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Cekic joined SF after the election in 2001 . She stood for the first time in 2005 and got 168 personal votes . In 2007 she was elected as the first Muslim woman and the first immigrant with 4533 personal votes which increased in 2011 to 5383 and 2015 to 6542 personal votes . However even if she was the second highest vote taker in her party , she lost her seat in 2015 due to the bad performance overall by the party .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "During her time in Parliament Cekic was the partys lead spokesman on many different issues including health , culture , social issues and equality . As such she participated in select committees in these areas as well as Foreign Affairs . She chaired the Parliament Social Select Committee for 2 years . She was also a member of the Danish delegation to the European Parliament from 2013-2015",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "In 2012 Cekic decided to vote against the tax reform proposed by her own party in collaboration with the Social Democrats . Cekic argued that the reform was socially lopsided , reallocating funds from the socially marginalized to the upper and middle class , saying that I oppose the part of the agreement that takes money from people on disability pensions , social security and early pensions to give tax reductions to the rich . The party leadership requested that she vote with the party line , but she refused and consequently lost her posts as spokeswoman for Social Policy",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": ", gender equality and housing although she remained a member of the party . After Annette Vilhelmsen became the new party leader in September 2012 , Cekic was given the post as spokesperson on health related issues . In August 2013 , she also became spokeswoman for gender equality again .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In 2015 during a public debate Cekic was told by the Chairman of the Danish Party , Poul Madsen that it was time she got sent back to Turkey !",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "After losing her seat in 2015 she started looking into how she could convert the huge personal support she had to better use outside parliament and despite being offered a safe seat to return to parliament by the party , she decided that her new work building bridges between people and various groups of people was more important and rewarding , so she declined the offer and left party politics for good . In March 2017 she also left SF as a member after the party decided to support a proposal closing the door completely for unaccompanied refugee children .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "This was simply one step too far for Cekic to continue to be associated with that party .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "In 2009 she published the autobiographical book Fra Føtex til Folketinget ( Gyldendal ) [ English : From Føtex to Parliament ] , in which she recounted her experiences as a politically progressive Muslim woman from a working-class background . Among her experiences of discrimination in Danish society she recounts how her teacher told children with immigrant backgrounds that it is incredible to see how much you struggle , while knowing that youll never achieve anything , and how the Danish midwife who refused to address Cekic by name even once during her 23-hour labor , because it was too",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "hard to pronounce . Cekic also tells how she got in trouble during her years in the Nurses Union , when she criticized the fact that the union leaders salary was higher than that of the Danish prime Minister .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In the 2015 Danish general elections the Socialist Peoples Party ( SF ) lost 9 of its 16 seats in parliament and Cekic was not re-elected .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " - ozlem.dk - Personal Website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman#P26#0
|
Who was the spouse of Ingmar Bergman between Apr 1943 and Mar 1944?
|
Ingmar Bergman Ernst Ingmar Bergman ( 14 July 1918 – 30 July 2007 ) was a Swedish film director , screenwriter , and producer . Considered to be among the most accomplished and influential filmmakers of all time , Bergmans films include Smiles of a Summer Night ( 1955 ) , The Seventh Seal ( 1957 ) , The Silence ( 1963 ) , Wild Strawberries ( 1957 ) , Persona ( 1966 ) , Cries and Whispers ( 1972 ) , Scenes from a Marriage ( 1973 ) , and Fanny and Alexander ( 1982 ) ; the last two exist in extended television versions . Bergman directed over sixty films and documentaries for cinematic release and for television screenings , most of which he also wrote . His theatrical career continued in parallel and included periods as Leading Director of the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm and of the Residenztheater in Munich . He also directed over 170 plays . He eventually forged a creative partnership with his cinematographers Gunnar Fischer and Sven Nykvist . Among his company of actors were Harriet Andersson , Bibi Andersson , Liv Ullmann , Gunnar Björnstrand , Erland Josephson , Ingrid Thulin , and Max von Sydow . Most of his films were set in Sweden , and many films from Through a Glass Darkly ( 1961 ) onward were filmed on the island of Fårö . Philip French referred to Bergman as one of the greatest artists of the 20th century .. . he found in literature and the performing arts a way of both recreating and questioning the human condition . Director Martin Scorsese commented : If you were alive in the 50s and the 60s and of a certain age , a teenager on your way to becoming an adult , and you wanted to make movies , I dont see how you couldnt be influenced by Bergman ...Its impossible to overestimate the effect that those films had on people . Bergman was ranked 7th in directors poll on Sight & Sounds 2002 list of The Greatest Directors of All Time . Biography . Early life . Ernst Ingmar Bergman was born on 14 July 1918 in Uppsala , Sweden , the son of Erik Bergman , a Lutheran minister and later chaplain to the King of Sweden , and Karin ( née Åkerblom ) , a nurse who also had Walloon ancestors . He grew up with his older brother Dag and sister Margareta surrounded by religious imagery and discussion . His father was a conservative parish minister with strict ideas of parenting . Ingmar was locked up in dark closets for infractions such as wetting himself . While father preached away in the pulpit and the congregation prayed , sang , or listened , Ingmar wrote in his autobiography Laterna Magica , I devoted my interest to the churchs mysterious world of low arches , thick walls , the smell of eternity , the coloured sunlight quivering above the strangest vegetation of medieval paintings and carved figures on ceilings and walls . There was everything that ones imagination could desire—angels , saints , dragons , prophets , devils , humans .. . Although raised in a devout Lutheran household , Bergman later stated that he lost his faith when aged eight , and only came to terms with this fact while making Winter Light in 1962 . His interest in theatre and film began early : At the age of nine , he traded a set of tin soldiers for a magic lantern , a possession that altered the course of his life . Within a year , he had created , by playing with this toy , a private world in which he felt completely at home , he recalled . He fashioned his own scenery , marionettes , and lighting effects and gave puppet productions of Strindberg plays in which he spoke all the parts . Bergman attended Palmgrens School as a teenager . His school years were unhappy , and he remembered them unfavourably in later years . In a 1944 letter concerning the film Torment ( sometimes known as Frenzy ) , which sparked debate on the condition of Swedish high schools ( and which Bergman had written ) , the schools principal Henning Håkanson wrote , among other things , that Bergman had been a problem child . Bergman wrote in a response that he had strongly disliked the emphasis on homework and testing in his formal schooling . In 1934 , aged 16 , he was sent to Germany to spend the summer holidays with family friends . He attended a Nazi rally in Weimar at which he saw Adolf Hitler . He later wrote in Laterna Magica ( The Magic Lantern ) about the visit to Germany , describing how the German family had put a portrait of Hitler on the wall by his bed , and that for many years , I was on Hitlers side , delighted by his success and saddened by his defeats . Bergman commented that Hitler was unbelievably charismatic . He electrified the crowd . .. . The Nazism I had seen seemed fun and youthful . Bergman did two five-month stretches in Sweden of mandatory military service . Bergman enrolled at Stockholm University College ( later renamed Stockholm University ) in 1937 , to study art and literature . He spent most of his time involved in student theatre and became a genuine movie addict . At the same time , a romantic involvement led to a physical confrontation with his father which resulted in a break in their relationship which lasted for many years . Although he did not graduate from the university , he wrote a number of plays and an opera , and became an assistant director at a local theatre . In 1942 , he was given the opportunity to direct one of his own scripts , Caspars Death . The play was seen by members of Svensk Filmindustri , which then offered Bergman a position working on scripts . He married Else Fisher in 1943 . Film career until 1975 . Bergmans film career began in 1941 with his work rewriting scripts , but his first major accomplishment was in 1944 when he wrote the screenplay for Torment ( a.k.a . Frenzy ) ( Hets ) , a film directed by Alf Sjöberg . Along with writing the screenplay , he was also appointed assistant director of the film . In his second autobiographical book , Images : My Life in Film , Bergman describes the filming of the exteriors as his actual film directorial debut . The film sparked debate on Swedish formal education . When Henning Håkanson ( the principal of the high school Bergman had attended ) wrote a letter following the films release , Bergman , according to scholar Frank Gado , disparaged in a response what he viewed as Håkansons implication that students who did not fit some arbitrary prescription of worthiness deserved the systems cruel neglect . Bergman also stated in the letter that he hated school as a principle , as a system and as an institution . And as such I have definitely not wanted to criticize my own school , but all schools . The international success of this film led to Bergmans first opportunity to direct a year later . During the next ten years he wrote and directed more than a dozen films , including Prison ( Fängelse ) in 1949 , as well as Sawdust and Tinsel ( Gycklarnas afton ) and Summer with Monika ( Sommaren med Monika ) , both released in 1953 . Bergman first achieved worldwide success with Smiles of a Summer Night ( Sommarnattens leende , 1955 ) , which won for Best poetic humour and was nominated for the Palme dOr at Cannes the following year . This was followed by The Seventh Seal ( Det sjunde inseglet ) and Wild Strawberries ( Smultronstället ) , released in Sweden ten months apart in 1957 . The Seventh Seal won a special jury prize and was nominated for the Palme dOr at Cannes , and Wild Strawberries won numerous awards for Bergman and its star , Victor Sjöström . Bergman continued to be productive for the next two decades . From the early 1960s , he spent much of his life on the island of Fårö , where he made several films . In the early 1960s he directed three films that explored the theme of faith and doubt in God , Through a Glass Darkly ( Såsom i en Spegel , 1961 ) , Winter Light ( Nattvardsgästerna , 1962 ) , and The Silence ( Tystnaden , 1963 ) . Critics created the notion that the common themes in these three films made them a trilogy or cinematic triptych . Bergman initially responded that he did not plan these three films as a trilogy and that he could not see any common motifs in them , but he later seemed to adopt the notion , with some equivocation . His parody of the films of Federico Fellini , All These Women ( För att inte tala om alla dessa kvinnor ) was released in 1964 . Largely a two-hander with Bibi Andersson and Liv Ullmann , Persona ( 1966 ) is a film that Bergman himself considered one of his most important works . While the highly experimental film won few awards , it has been considered his masterpiece . Other films of the period include The Virgin Spring ( Jungfrukällan , 1960 ) , Hour of the Wolf ( Vargtimmen , 1968 ) , Shame ( Skammen , 1968 ) and The Passion of Anna ( En Passion , 1969 ) . With his cinematographer Sven Nykvist , Bergman made use of a crimson color scheme for Cries and Whispers ( 1972 ) , which received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Picture . He also produced extensively for Swedish television at this time . Two works of note were Scenes from a Marriage ( Scener ur ett äktenskap , 1973 ) and The Magic Flute ( Trollflöjten , 1975 ) . Tax evasion charges in 1976 . On 30 January 1976 , while rehearsing August Strindbergs The Dance of Death at the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm , he was arrested by two plainclothes police officers and charged with income tax evasion . The impact of the event on Bergman was devastating . He suffered a nervous breakdown as a result of the humiliation , and was hospitalised in a state of deep depression . The investigation was focused on an alleged 1970 transaction of 500,000 Swedish kronor ( SEK ) between Bergmans Swedish company Cinematograf and its Swiss subsidiary Persona , an entity that was mainly used for the paying of salaries to foreign actors . Bergman dissolved Persona in 1974 after having been notified by the Swedish Central Bank and subsequently reported the income . On 23 March 1976 , the special prosecutor Anders Nordenadler dropped the charges against Bergman , saying that the alleged crime had no legal basis , saying it would be like bringing charges against a person who has stolen his own car , thinking it was someone elses . Director General Gösta Ekman , chief of the Swedish Internal Revenue Service , defended the failed investigation , saying that the investigation was dealing with important legal material and that Bergman was treated just like any other suspect . He expressed regret that Bergman had left the country , hoping that Bergman was a stronger person now when the investigation had shown that he had not done any wrong . Although the charges were dropped , Bergman became disconsolate , fearing he would never again return to directing . Despite pleas by the Swedish prime minister Olof Palme , high public figures , and leaders of the film industry , he vowed never to work in Sweden again . He closed down his studio on the island of Fårö , suspended two announced film projects , and went into self-imposed exile in Munich , Germany . Harry Schein , director of the Swedish Film Institute , estimated the immediate damage as ten million SEK ( kronor ) and hundreds of jobs lost . Aftermath following arrest . Bergman then briefly considered the possibility of working in America ; his next film , The Serpents Egg ( 1977 ) was a German-U.S . production and his second English-language film ( the first being The Touch , 1971 ) . This was followed by a British-Norwegian co-production , Autumn Sonata ( Höstsonaten , 1978 ) starring Ingrid Bergman ( no relation ) , and From the Life of the Marionettes ( Aus dem Leben der Marionetten , 1980 ) which was a British-German co-production . He temporarily returned to his homeland to direct Fanny and Alexander ( Fanny och Alexander , 1982 ) . Bergman stated that the film would be his last , and that afterwards he would focus on directing theatre . After that he wrote several film scripts and directed a number of television specials . As with previous work for television , some of these productions were later theatrically released . The last such work was Saraband ( 2003 ) , a sequel to Scenes from a Marriage and directed by Bergman when he was 84 years old . Although he continued to operate from Munich , by mid-1978 Bergman had overcome some of his bitterness toward the Swedish government . In July of that year he visited Sweden , celebrating his sixtieth birthday on the island of Fårö , and partly resumed his work as a director at Royal Dramatic Theatre . To honour his return , the Swedish Film Institute launched a new Ingmar Bergman Prize to be awarded annually for excellence in filmmaking . Still , he remained in Munich until 1984 . In one of the last major interviews with Bergman , conducted in 2005 on the island of Fårö , Bergman said that despite being active during the exile , he had effectively lost eight years of his professional life . Retirement and death . Bergman retired from filmmaking in December 2003 . He had hip surgery in October 2006 and was making a difficult recovery . He died in his sleep at age 89 ; his body was found at his home on the island of Fårö , on 30 July 2007 , sixteen days after his 89th birthday . ( It was the same day another renowned existentialist film director , Michelangelo Antonioni , died. ) The interment was private , at the Fårö Church on 18 August 2007 . A place in the Fårö churchyard was prepared for him under heavy secrecy . Although he was buried on the island of Fårö , his name and date of birth were inscribed under his wifes name on a tomb at Roslagsbro churchyard , Norrtälje Municipality , several years before his death . Filmography . Selected work : Style of working . Repertory company . Bergman developed a personal repertory company of Swedish actors whom he repeatedly cast in his films , including Max von Sydow , Bibi Andersson , Harriet Andersson , Erland Josephson , Ingrid Thulin , Gunnel Lindblom , and Gunnar Björnstrand , each of whom appeared in at least five Bergman features . Norwegian actress Liv Ullmann , who appeared in nine of Bergmans films and one televisual film ( Saraband ) , was the last to join this group ( in the film Persona ) , and ultimately became the most closely associated with Bergman , both artistically and personally . They had a daughter together , Linn Ullmann ( born 1966 ) . In Bergmans working arrangement with Sven Nykvist , his best-known cinematographer , the two men developed sufficient rapport to allow Bergman not to worry about the composition of a shot until the day before it was filmed . On the morning of the shoot , he would briefly speak to Nykvist about the mood and composition he hoped for , and then leave Nykvist to work , lacking interruption or comment until post-production discussion of the next days work . Financing . By Bergmans own account , he never had a problem with funding . He cited two reasons for this : one , that he did not live in the United States , which he viewed as obsessed with box-office earnings ; and two , that his films tended to be low-budget affairs . ( Cries and Whispers , for instance , was finished for about $450,000 , while Scenes from a Marriage , a six-episode television feature , cost only $200,000. ) Technique . Bergman usually wrote his films screenplays , thinking about them for months or years before starting the actual process of writing , which he viewed as somewhat tedious . His earlier films are carefully constructed and are either based on his plays or written in collaboration with other authors . Bergman stated that in his later works , when on occasion his actors would want to do things differently from his own intention , he would let them , noting that the results were often disastrous when he did not do so . As his career progressed , Bergman increasingly let his actors improvise their dialogue . In his later films , he wrote just the ideas informing the scene and allowed his actors to determine the exact dialogue . When viewing daily rushes , Bergman stressed the importance of being critical but unemotive , claiming that he asked himself not if the work was great or terrible , but rather if it was sufficient or needed to be reshot . Subjects . Bergmans films usually deal with existential questions of mortality , loneliness , and religious faith . In addition to these cerebral topics , however , sexual desire features in the foreground of most of his films , whether the central event is medieval plague ( The Seventh Seal ) , upper-class family activity in early twentieth century Uppsala ( Fanny and Alexander ) , or contemporary alienation ( The Silence ) . His female characters are usually more in touch with their sexuality than their male equivalents , and unafraid to proclaim it , sometimes with breathtaking overtness ( as in Cries and Whispers ) as would define the work of the conjurer , as Bergman called himself in a 1960 TIME cover story . In an interview with Playboy in 1964 , he said : The manifestation of sex is very important , and particularly to me , for above all , I dont want to make merely intellectual films . I want audiences to feel , to sense my films . This to me is much more important than their understanding them . Film , Bergman said , was his demanding mistress . While he was a social democrat as an adult , Bergman stated that as an artist Im not politically involved .. . I dont make propaganda for either one attitude or the other . Bergmans views on his career . When asked in the series of interviews later titled Ingmar Bergman – 3 dokumentärer om film , teater , Fårö och livet conducted by Marie Nyreröd for Swedish TV and released in 2004 , Bergman said that of his works , he held Winter Light , Persona , and Cries and Whispers in the highest regard . There he also states that he managed to push the envelope of film making in the films Persona and Cries and Whispers . Bergman stated on numerous occasions ( for example in the interview book Bergman on Bergman ) that The Silence meant the end of the era in which religious questions were a major concern of his films . Bergman said that he would get depressed by his own films : jittery and ready to cry.. . and miserable . In the same interview he also stated : If there is one thing I miss about working with films , it is working with Sven ( Nykvist ) , the third cinematographer with whom he had collaborated . Theatrical work . Although Bergman was universally famous for his contribution to cinema , he was also an active and productive stage director all his life . During his studies at what was then Stockholm University College , he became active in its student theatre , where he made a name for himself early on . His first work after graduation was as a trainee-director at a Stockholm theatre . At twenty-six years , he became the youngest theatrical manager in Europe at the Helsingborg City Theatre . He stayed at Helsingborg for three years and then became the director at Gothenburg city theatre from 1946 to 1949 . He became director of the Malmö City Theatre in 1953 , and remained for seven years . Many of his star actors were people with whom he began working on stage . He was the director of the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm from 1960 to 1966 , and manager from 1963 to 1966 , where he began a long-time collaboration with choreographer Donya Feuer . After Bergman left Sweden because of the tax evasion incident , he became director of the Residenz Theatre of Munich , Germany ( 1977–1984 ) . He remained active in theatre throughout the 1990s and made his final production on stage with Henrik Ibsens The Wild Duck at the Royal Dramatic Theatre in 2002 . Personal life . Marriages and children . Bergman was married five times : - 25 March 1943 – 1945 , to Else Fisher ( 1 March 1918 – 3 March 2006 ) , choreographer and dancer ( divorced ) . Offspring : - Lena Bergman , actress , born 1943 . - 22 July 1945 – 1950 , to Ellen Lundström ( 23 April 1919 – 6 March 2007 ) , choreographer and film director ( divorced ) . Children : - Eva Bergman , film director , born 1945 - Jan Bergman , film director ( 1946–2000 ) - the twins Mats and Anna Bergman , both actors and film directors , born in 1948 . - 1951 – 1959 , to Gun Grut ( 1916–1971 ) , journalist ( divorced ) . Offspring : - Ingmar Bergman Jr. , retired airline captain , born 1951 . - 1959 – 1969 , to Käbi Laretei ( 14 July 1922 – 31 October 2014 ) , concert pianist ( divorced ) . Offspring : - Daniel Bergman , film director , born 1962 . - 11 November 1971 – 20 May 1995 , to Ingrid von Rosen ( maiden name Karlebo ) . Offspring : - Maria von Rosen , author , born 1959 . The first four marriages ended in divorce , while the last ended when his wife Ingrid died of stomach cancer in 1995 , aged 65 . Aside from his marriages , Bergman had romantic relationships with actresses Harriet Andersson ( 1952–1955 ) , Bibi Andersson ( 1955–1959 ) , and Liv Ullmann ( 1965–1970 ) . He was the father of writer Linn Ullmann with Ullmann . In all , Bergman had nine children , one of whom predeceased him . Bergman eventually married all the mothers of his children , with the exception of Liv Ullmann . His daughter with his last wife , Ingrid von Rosen , was born twelve years before their marriage . He had dozens of mistresses throughout his life and would justify the affairs to his various wives by telling them : “I have so many lives.” Although Bergman once described himself as one who had lost his faith in an afterlife , Max von Sydow stated in an interview that he had had many discussions with him about religion , and indicated that Bergmans belief in the afterlife was restored . Awards and nominations . In 1958 , he won the Best Director award for Brink of Life at the Cannes Film Festival , and won the Golden Bear for Wild Strawberries at the Berlin International Film Festival . In 1960 Bergman was featured in the cover of TIME , the first foreign-language filmmaker to do so since Leni Riefenstahl in 1936 . In 1971 , Bergman received the Irving G . Thalberg Memorial Award at the Academy Awards ceremony . Three of his films ( Through a Glass Darkly , The Virgin Spring , and Fanny and Alexander ) won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film . In 1997 , he was awarded the Palme des Palmes ( Palm of the Palms ) at the 50th anniversary of the Cannes Film Festival . He won many other awards and has been nominated for numerous other awards . Academy Awards Legacy . Bergmans work was a point of reference and inspiration for director Woody Allen . He described Bergman as “probably the greatest film artist , all things considered , since the invention of the motion picture camera” . Bergmans films are mentioned and praised in Annie Hall and others of Allens films . Allen also admired Bergmans longtime director of photography Sven Nykvist and invited him to be his DP on Crimes and Misdemeanors . In 2002 , Bergman was listed at number nine on the British Film Institutes Sight & Sound list of the top ten film directors of modern times . In 2017 New York magazine ranked Bergman at number 55 on their list of The 100 Best Screenwriters of All Time . After Bergman died , a large archive of notes was donated to the Swedish Film Institute . Among the notes are several unpublished and unfinished scripts both for stage and films , and many more ideas for works in different stages of development . A never-performed play has the title Kärlek utan älskare ( Love without lovers ) , and has the note Complete disaster ! written on the envelope ; the play is about a director who disappears and an editor who tries to complete a work he has left unfinished . Other canceled projects include the script for a pornographic film which Bergman abandoned since he did not think it was alive enough , a play about a cannibal , some loose scenes set inside a womb , a film about the life of Jesus , a film about The Merry Widow , and a play with the title Från sperm till spöke ( From sperm to spook ) . The Swedish director Marcus Lindeen went through the material , and inspired by Kärlek utan älskare he took samples from many of the works and turned them into a play , titled Arkivet för orealiserbara drömmar och visioner ( The archive for unrealisable dreams and visions ) . Lindeens play premiered on 28 May 2012 at the Stockholm City Theatre . Terrence Rafferty of The New York Times wrote that throughout the 1960s , when Bergman was considered pretty much the last word in cinematic profundity , his every tic was scrupulously pored over , analyzed , elaborated in ingenious arguments about identity , the nature of film , the fate of the artist in the modern world and so on . Danish Director Thomas Vinterberg has cited Bergman as one of his major influences , Bergman is always in my head . He is part of my upbringing and I was fortunate to meet him and get advice from him . In 1996 , Entertainment Weekly ranked Bergman at No . 8 in its 50 Greatest Directors list . Bergman was ranked at No . 36 on Empire magazines Top 40 Greatest Directors of All-Time list in 2005 . In 2007 , Total Film magazine ranked Bergman at No . 7 on its 100 Greatest Film Directors Ever list . Writer and director Richard Ayoade counts Bergman as one of his inspirations . In 2017 , the British Film Institute ( BFI ) hosted an Ingmar Bergman season and Ayoade said in a Guardian interview that he saw everything in it , which was one of the best two months ever . The BFIs programme included a discussion with Ayoade on Bergmans 1966 film , Persona , before a screening .
|
[
"Else Fisher"
] |
[
{
"text": "Ernst Ingmar Bergman ( 14 July 1918 – 30 July 2007 ) was a Swedish film director , screenwriter , and producer . Considered to be among the most accomplished and influential filmmakers of all time , Bergmans films include Smiles of a Summer Night ( 1955 ) , The Seventh Seal ( 1957 ) , The Silence ( 1963 ) , Wild Strawberries ( 1957 ) , Persona ( 1966 ) , Cries and Whispers ( 1972 ) , Scenes from a Marriage ( 1973 ) , and Fanny and Alexander ( 1982 ) ; the last two exist",
"title": "Ingmar Bergman"
},
{
"text": "in extended television versions .",
"title": "Ingmar Bergman"
},
{
"text": "Bergman directed over sixty films and documentaries for cinematic release and for television screenings , most of which he also wrote . His theatrical career continued in parallel and included periods as Leading Director of the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm and of the Residenztheater in Munich . He also directed over 170 plays . He eventually forged a creative partnership with his cinematographers Gunnar Fischer and Sven Nykvist . Among his company of actors were Harriet Andersson , Bibi Andersson , Liv Ullmann , Gunnar Björnstrand , Erland Josephson , Ingrid Thulin , and Max von Sydow . Most",
"title": "Ingmar Bergman"
},
{
"text": "of his films were set in Sweden , and many films from Through a Glass Darkly ( 1961 ) onward were filmed on the island of Fårö .",
"title": "Ingmar Bergman"
},
{
"text": "Philip French referred to Bergman as one of the greatest artists of the 20th century .. . he found in literature and the performing arts a way of both recreating and questioning the human condition . Director Martin Scorsese commented : If you were alive in the 50s and the 60s and of a certain age , a teenager on your way to becoming an adult , and you wanted to make movies , I dont see how you couldnt be influenced by Bergman ...Its impossible to overestimate the effect that those films had on people . Bergman was ranked",
"title": "Ingmar Bergman"
},
{
"text": "7th in directors poll on Sight & Sounds 2002 list of The Greatest Directors of All Time .",
"title": "Ingmar Bergman"
},
{
"text": "Ernst Ingmar Bergman was born on 14 July 1918 in Uppsala , Sweden , the son of Erik Bergman , a Lutheran minister and later chaplain to the King of Sweden , and Karin ( née Åkerblom ) , a nurse who also had Walloon ancestors . He grew up with his older brother Dag and sister Margareta surrounded by religious imagery and discussion . His father was a conservative parish minister with strict ideas of parenting . Ingmar was locked up in dark closets for infractions such as wetting himself . While father preached away in the pulpit and",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "the congregation prayed , sang , or listened , Ingmar wrote in his autobiography Laterna Magica ,",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " I devoted my interest to the churchs mysterious world of low arches , thick walls , the smell of eternity , the coloured sunlight quivering above the strangest vegetation of medieval paintings and carved figures on ceilings and walls . There was everything that ones imagination could desire—angels , saints , dragons , prophets , devils , humans .. .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Although raised in a devout Lutheran household , Bergman later stated that he lost his faith when aged eight , and only came to terms with this fact while making Winter Light in 1962 . His interest in theatre and film began early : At the age of nine , he traded a set of tin soldiers for a magic lantern , a possession that altered the course of his life . Within a year , he had created , by playing with this toy , a private world in which he felt completely at home , he recalled .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "He fashioned his own scenery , marionettes , and lighting effects and gave puppet productions of Strindberg plays in which he spoke all the parts .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Bergman attended Palmgrens School as a teenager . His school years were unhappy , and he remembered them unfavourably in later years . In a 1944 letter concerning the film Torment ( sometimes known as Frenzy ) , which sparked debate on the condition of Swedish high schools ( and which Bergman had written ) , the schools principal Henning Håkanson wrote , among other things , that Bergman had been a problem child . Bergman wrote in a response that he had strongly disliked the emphasis on homework and testing in his formal schooling .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In 1934 , aged 16 , he was sent to Germany to spend the summer holidays with family friends . He attended a Nazi rally in Weimar at which he saw Adolf Hitler . He later wrote in Laterna Magica ( The Magic Lantern ) about the visit to Germany , describing how the German family had put a portrait of Hitler on the wall by his bed , and that for many years , I was on Hitlers side , delighted by his success and saddened by his defeats . Bergman commented that Hitler was unbelievably charismatic . He",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "electrified the crowd . .. . The Nazism I had seen seemed fun and youthful . Bergman did two five-month stretches in Sweden of mandatory military service .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Bergman enrolled at Stockholm University College ( later renamed Stockholm University ) in 1937 , to study art and literature . He spent most of his time involved in student theatre and became a genuine movie addict . At the same time , a romantic involvement led to a physical confrontation with his father which resulted in a break in their relationship which lasted for many years . Although he did not graduate from the university , he wrote a number of plays and an opera , and became an assistant director at a local theatre . In 1942 ,",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "he was given the opportunity to direct one of his own scripts , Caspars Death . The play was seen by members of Svensk Filmindustri , which then offered Bergman a position working on scripts . He married Else Fisher in 1943 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Bergmans film career began in 1941 with his work rewriting scripts , but his first major accomplishment was in 1944 when he wrote the screenplay for Torment ( a.k.a . Frenzy ) ( Hets ) , a film directed by Alf Sjöberg . Along with writing the screenplay , he was also appointed assistant director of the film . In his second autobiographical book , Images : My Life in Film , Bergman describes the filming of the exteriors as his actual film directorial debut . The film sparked debate on Swedish formal education . When Henning Håkanson ( the",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "principal of the high school Bergman had attended ) wrote a letter following the films release , Bergman , according to scholar Frank Gado , disparaged in a response what he viewed as Håkansons implication that students who did not fit some arbitrary prescription of worthiness deserved the systems cruel neglect . Bergman also stated in the letter that he hated school as a principle , as a system and as an institution . And as such I have definitely not wanted to criticize my own school , but all schools . The international success of this film led to",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Bergmans first opportunity to direct a year later . During the next ten years he wrote and directed more than a dozen films , including Prison ( Fängelse ) in 1949 , as well as Sawdust and Tinsel ( Gycklarnas afton ) and Summer with Monika ( Sommaren med Monika ) , both released in 1953 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Bergman first achieved worldwide success with Smiles of a Summer Night ( Sommarnattens leende , 1955 ) , which won for Best poetic humour and was nominated for the Palme dOr at Cannes the following year . This was followed by The Seventh Seal ( Det sjunde inseglet ) and Wild Strawberries ( Smultronstället ) , released in Sweden ten months apart in 1957 . The Seventh Seal won a special jury prize and was nominated for the Palme dOr at Cannes , and Wild Strawberries won numerous awards for Bergman and its star , Victor Sjöström . Bergman continued",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "to be productive for the next two decades . From the early 1960s , he spent much of his life on the island of Fårö , where he made several films .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In the early 1960s he directed three films that explored the theme of faith and doubt in God , Through a Glass Darkly ( Såsom i en Spegel , 1961 ) , Winter Light ( Nattvardsgästerna , 1962 ) , and The Silence ( Tystnaden , 1963 ) . Critics created the notion that the common themes in these three films made them a trilogy or cinematic triptych . Bergman initially responded that he did not plan these three films as a trilogy and that he could not see any common motifs in them , but he later seemed to",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "adopt the notion , with some equivocation . His parody of the films of Federico Fellini , All These Women ( För att inte tala om alla dessa kvinnor ) was released in 1964 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Largely a two-hander with Bibi Andersson and Liv Ullmann , Persona ( 1966 ) is a film that Bergman himself considered one of his most important works . While the highly experimental film won few awards , it has been considered his masterpiece . Other films of the period include The Virgin Spring ( Jungfrukällan , 1960 ) , Hour of the Wolf ( Vargtimmen , 1968 ) , Shame ( Skammen , 1968 ) and The Passion of Anna ( En Passion , 1969 ) . With his cinematographer Sven Nykvist , Bergman made use of a crimson color",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "scheme for Cries and Whispers ( 1972 ) , which received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Picture . He also produced extensively for Swedish television at this time . Two works of note were Scenes from a Marriage ( Scener ur ett äktenskap , 1973 ) and The Magic Flute ( Trollflöjten , 1975 ) .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Tax evasion charges in 1976 . On 30 January 1976 , while rehearsing August Strindbergs The Dance of Death at the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm , he was arrested by two plainclothes police officers and charged with income tax evasion . The impact of the event on Bergman was devastating . He suffered a nervous breakdown as a result of the humiliation , and was hospitalised in a state of deep depression .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "The investigation was focused on an alleged 1970 transaction of 500,000 Swedish kronor ( SEK ) between Bergmans Swedish company Cinematograf and its Swiss subsidiary Persona , an entity that was mainly used for the paying of salaries to foreign actors . Bergman dissolved Persona in 1974 after having been notified by the Swedish Central Bank and subsequently reported the income . On 23 March 1976 , the special prosecutor Anders Nordenadler dropped the charges against Bergman , saying that the alleged crime had no legal basis , saying it would be like bringing charges against a person who has",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "stolen his own car , thinking it was someone elses . Director General Gösta Ekman , chief of the Swedish Internal Revenue Service , defended the failed investigation , saying that the investigation was dealing with important legal material and that Bergman was treated just like any other suspect . He expressed regret that Bergman had left the country , hoping that Bergman was a stronger person now when the investigation had shown that he had not done any wrong .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Although the charges were dropped , Bergman became disconsolate , fearing he would never again return to directing . Despite pleas by the Swedish prime minister Olof Palme , high public figures , and leaders of the film industry , he vowed never to work in Sweden again . He closed down his studio on the island of Fårö , suspended two announced film projects , and went into self-imposed exile in Munich , Germany . Harry Schein , director of the Swedish Film Institute , estimated the immediate damage as ten million SEK ( kronor ) and hundreds of",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "jobs lost .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Bergman then briefly considered the possibility of working in America ; his next film , The Serpents Egg ( 1977 ) was a German-U.S . production and his second English-language film ( the first being The Touch , 1971 ) . This was followed by a British-Norwegian co-production , Autumn Sonata ( Höstsonaten , 1978 ) starring Ingrid Bergman ( no relation ) , and From the Life of the Marionettes ( Aus dem Leben der Marionetten , 1980 ) which was a British-German co-production .",
"title": "Aftermath following arrest"
},
{
"text": "He temporarily returned to his homeland to direct Fanny and Alexander ( Fanny och Alexander , 1982 ) . Bergman stated that the film would be his last , and that afterwards he would focus on directing theatre . After that he wrote several film scripts and directed a number of television specials . As with previous work for television , some of these productions were later theatrically released . The last such work was Saraband ( 2003 ) , a sequel to Scenes from a Marriage and directed by Bergman when he was 84 years old .",
"title": "Aftermath following arrest"
},
{
"text": "Although he continued to operate from Munich , by mid-1978 Bergman had overcome some of his bitterness toward the Swedish government . In July of that year he visited Sweden , celebrating his sixtieth birthday on the island of Fårö , and partly resumed his work as a director at Royal Dramatic Theatre . To honour his return , the Swedish Film Institute launched a new Ingmar Bergman Prize to be awarded annually for excellence in filmmaking . Still , he remained in Munich until 1984 . In one of the last major interviews with Bergman , conducted in 2005",
"title": "Aftermath following arrest"
},
{
"text": "on the island of Fårö , Bergman said that despite being active during the exile , he had effectively lost eight years of his professional life .",
"title": "Aftermath following arrest"
},
{
"text": "Bergman retired from filmmaking in December 2003 . He had hip surgery in October 2006 and was making a difficult recovery . He died in his sleep at age 89 ; his body was found at his home on the island of Fårö , on 30 July 2007 , sixteen days after his 89th birthday . ( It was the same day another renowned existentialist film director , Michelangelo Antonioni , died. ) The interment was private , at the Fårö Church on 18 August 2007 . A place in the Fårö churchyard was prepared for him under heavy secrecy",
"title": "Retirement and death"
},
{
"text": ". Although he was buried on the island of Fårö , his name and date of birth were inscribed under his wifes name on a tomb at Roslagsbro churchyard , Norrtälje Municipality , several years before his death .",
"title": "Retirement and death"
},
{
"text": "Bergman developed a personal repertory company of Swedish actors whom he repeatedly cast in his films , including Max von Sydow , Bibi Andersson , Harriet Andersson , Erland Josephson , Ingrid Thulin , Gunnel Lindblom , and Gunnar Björnstrand , each of whom appeared in at least five Bergman features . Norwegian actress Liv Ullmann , who appeared in nine of Bergmans films and one televisual film ( Saraband ) , was the last to join this group ( in the film Persona ) , and ultimately became the most closely associated with Bergman , both artistically and personally",
"title": "Repertory company"
},
{
"text": ". They had a daughter together , Linn Ullmann ( born 1966 ) .",
"title": "Repertory company"
},
{
"text": " In Bergmans working arrangement with Sven Nykvist , his best-known cinematographer , the two men developed sufficient rapport to allow Bergman not to worry about the composition of a shot until the day before it was filmed . On the morning of the shoot , he would briefly speak to Nykvist about the mood and composition he hoped for , and then leave Nykvist to work , lacking interruption or comment until post-production discussion of the next days work .",
"title": "Repertory company"
},
{
"text": " By Bergmans own account , he never had a problem with funding . He cited two reasons for this : one , that he did not live in the United States , which he viewed as obsessed with box-office earnings ; and two , that his films tended to be low-budget affairs . ( Cries and Whispers , for instance , was finished for about $450,000 , while Scenes from a Marriage , a six-episode television feature , cost only $200,000. )",
"title": "Financing"
},
{
"text": "Bergman usually wrote his films screenplays , thinking about them for months or years before starting the actual process of writing , which he viewed as somewhat tedious . His earlier films are carefully constructed and are either based on his plays or written in collaboration with other authors . Bergman stated that in his later works , when on occasion his actors would want to do things differently from his own intention , he would let them , noting that the results were often disastrous when he did not do so . As his career progressed , Bergman increasingly",
"title": "Technique"
},
{
"text": "let his actors improvise their dialogue . In his later films , he wrote just the ideas informing the scene and allowed his actors to determine the exact dialogue . When viewing daily rushes , Bergman stressed the importance of being critical but unemotive , claiming that he asked himself not if the work was great or terrible , but rather if it was sufficient or needed to be reshot .",
"title": "Technique"
},
{
"text": "Bergmans films usually deal with existential questions of mortality , loneliness , and religious faith . In addition to these cerebral topics , however , sexual desire features in the foreground of most of his films , whether the central event is medieval plague ( The Seventh Seal ) , upper-class family activity in early twentieth century Uppsala ( Fanny and Alexander ) , or contemporary alienation ( The Silence ) . His female characters are usually more in touch with their sexuality than their male equivalents , and unafraid to proclaim it , sometimes with breathtaking overtness ( as",
"title": "Subjects"
},
{
"text": "in Cries and Whispers ) as would define the work of the conjurer , as Bergman called himself in a 1960 TIME cover story . In an interview with Playboy in 1964 , he said : The manifestation of sex is very important , and particularly to me , for above all , I dont want to make merely intellectual films . I want audiences to feel , to sense my films . This to me is much more important than their understanding them . Film , Bergman said , was his demanding mistress . While he was a social",
"title": "Subjects"
},
{
"text": "democrat as an adult , Bergman stated that as an artist Im not politically involved .. . I dont make propaganda for either one attitude or the other .",
"title": "Subjects"
},
{
"text": "When asked in the series of interviews later titled Ingmar Bergman – 3 dokumentärer om film , teater , Fårö och livet conducted by Marie Nyreröd for Swedish TV and released in 2004 , Bergman said that of his works , he held Winter Light , Persona , and Cries and Whispers in the highest regard . There he also states that he managed to push the envelope of film making in the films Persona and Cries and Whispers . Bergman stated on numerous occasions ( for example in the interview book Bergman on Bergman ) that The Silence meant",
"title": "Subjects"
},
{
"text": "the end of the era in which religious questions were a major concern of his films . Bergman said that he would get depressed by his own films : jittery and ready to cry.. . and miserable . In the same interview he also stated : If there is one thing I miss about working with films , it is working with Sven ( Nykvist ) , the third cinematographer with whom he had collaborated .",
"title": "Subjects"
},
{
"text": "Although Bergman was universally famous for his contribution to cinema , he was also an active and productive stage director all his life . During his studies at what was then Stockholm University College , he became active in its student theatre , where he made a name for himself early on . His first work after graduation was as a trainee-director at a Stockholm theatre . At twenty-six years , he became the youngest theatrical manager in Europe at the Helsingborg City Theatre . He stayed at Helsingborg for three years and then became the director at Gothenburg city",
"title": "Theatrical work"
},
{
"text": "theatre from 1946 to 1949 .",
"title": "Theatrical work"
},
{
"text": " He became director of the Malmö City Theatre in 1953 , and remained for seven years . Many of his star actors were people with whom he began working on stage . He was the director of the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm from 1960 to 1966 , and manager from 1963 to 1966 , where he began a long-time collaboration with choreographer Donya Feuer .",
"title": "Theatrical work"
},
{
"text": "After Bergman left Sweden because of the tax evasion incident , he became director of the Residenz Theatre of Munich , Germany ( 1977–1984 ) . He remained active in theatre throughout the 1990s and made his final production on stage with Henrik Ibsens The Wild Duck at the Royal Dramatic Theatre in 2002 .",
"title": "Theatrical work"
},
{
"text": " Bergman was married five times : - 25 March 1943 – 1945 , to Else Fisher ( 1 March 1918 – 3 March 2006 ) , choreographer and dancer ( divorced ) . Offspring : - Lena Bergman , actress , born 1943 . - 22 July 1945 – 1950 , to Ellen Lundström ( 23 April 1919 – 6 March 2007 ) , choreographer and film director ( divorced ) . Children : - Eva Bergman , film director , born 1945 - Jan Bergman , film director ( 1946–2000 )",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": "- the twins Mats and Anna Bergman , both actors and film directors , born in 1948 .",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": " - 1951 – 1959 , to Gun Grut ( 1916–1971 ) , journalist ( divorced ) . Offspring : - Ingmar Bergman Jr. , retired airline captain , born 1951 . - 1959 – 1969 , to Käbi Laretei ( 14 July 1922 – 31 October 2014 ) , concert pianist ( divorced ) . Offspring : - Daniel Bergman , film director , born 1962 . - 11 November 1971 – 20 May 1995 , to Ingrid von Rosen ( maiden name Karlebo ) . Offspring : - Maria von Rosen , author , born 1959 .",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": "The first four marriages ended in divorce , while the last ended when his wife Ingrid died of stomach cancer in 1995 , aged 65 . Aside from his marriages , Bergman had romantic relationships with actresses Harriet Andersson ( 1952–1955 ) , Bibi Andersson ( 1955–1959 ) , and Liv Ullmann ( 1965–1970 ) . He was the father of writer Linn Ullmann with Ullmann . In all , Bergman had nine children , one of whom predeceased him . Bergman eventually married all the mothers of his children , with the exception of Liv Ullmann . His daughter",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": "with his last wife , Ingrid von Rosen , was born twelve years before their marriage . He had dozens of mistresses throughout his life and would justify the affairs to his various wives by telling them : “I have so many lives.”",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": " Although Bergman once described himself as one who had lost his faith in an afterlife , Max von Sydow stated in an interview that he had had many discussions with him about religion , and indicated that Bergmans belief in the afterlife was restored .",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": "In 1958 , he won the Best Director award for Brink of Life at the Cannes Film Festival , and won the Golden Bear for Wild Strawberries at the Berlin International Film Festival . In 1960 Bergman was featured in the cover of TIME , the first foreign-language filmmaker to do so since Leni Riefenstahl in 1936 . In 1971 , Bergman received the Irving G . Thalberg Memorial Award at the Academy Awards ceremony . Three of his films ( Through a Glass Darkly , The Virgin Spring , and Fanny and Alexander ) won the Academy Award for",
"title": "Awards and nominations"
},
{
"text": "Best Foreign Language Film . In 1997 , he was awarded the Palme des Palmes ( Palm of the Palms ) at the 50th anniversary of the Cannes Film Festival . He won many other awards and has been nominated for numerous other awards .",
"title": "Awards and nominations"
},
{
"text": "Bergmans work was a point of reference and inspiration for director Woody Allen . He described Bergman as “probably the greatest film artist , all things considered , since the invention of the motion picture camera” . Bergmans films are mentioned and praised in Annie Hall and others of Allens films . Allen also admired Bergmans longtime director of photography Sven Nykvist and invited him to be his DP on Crimes and Misdemeanors . In 2002 , Bergman was listed at number nine on the British Film Institutes Sight & Sound list of the top ten film directors of modern",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "times . In 2017 New York magazine ranked Bergman at number 55 on their list of The 100 Best Screenwriters of All Time .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "After Bergman died , a large archive of notes was donated to the Swedish Film Institute . Among the notes are several unpublished and unfinished scripts both for stage and films , and many more ideas for works in different stages of development . A never-performed play has the title Kärlek utan älskare ( Love without lovers ) , and has the note Complete disaster ! written on the envelope ; the play is about a director who disappears and an editor who tries to complete a work he has left unfinished . Other canceled projects include the script for",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "a pornographic film which Bergman abandoned since he did not think it was alive enough , a play about a cannibal , some loose scenes set inside a womb , a film about the life of Jesus , a film about The Merry Widow , and a play with the title Från sperm till spöke ( From sperm to spook ) . The Swedish director Marcus Lindeen went through the material , and inspired by Kärlek utan älskare he took samples from many of the works and turned them into a play , titled Arkivet för orealiserbara drömmar och visioner",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "( The archive for unrealisable dreams and visions ) . Lindeens play premiered on 28 May 2012 at the Stockholm City Theatre .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " Terrence Rafferty of The New York Times wrote that throughout the 1960s , when Bergman was considered pretty much the last word in cinematic profundity , his every tic was scrupulously pored over , analyzed , elaborated in ingenious arguments about identity , the nature of film , the fate of the artist in the modern world and so on .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "Danish Director Thomas Vinterberg has cited Bergman as one of his major influences , Bergman is always in my head . He is part of my upbringing and I was fortunate to meet him and get advice from him . In 1996 , Entertainment Weekly ranked Bergman at No . 8 in its 50 Greatest Directors list . Bergman was ranked at No . 36 on Empire magazines Top 40 Greatest Directors of All-Time list in 2005 . In 2007 , Total Film magazine ranked Bergman at No . 7 on its 100 Greatest Film Directors Ever list .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " Writer and director Richard Ayoade counts Bergman as one of his inspirations . In 2017 , the British Film Institute ( BFI ) hosted an Ingmar Bergman season and Ayoade said in a Guardian interview that he saw everything in it , which was one of the best two months ever . The BFIs programme included a discussion with Ayoade on Bergmans 1966 film , Persona , before a screening .",
"title": "Legacy"
}
] |
/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman#P26#1
|
Who was the spouse of Ingmar Bergman between Nov 1946 and Jan 1949?
|
Ingmar Bergman Ernst Ingmar Bergman ( 14 July 1918 – 30 July 2007 ) was a Swedish film director , screenwriter , and producer . Considered to be among the most accomplished and influential filmmakers of all time , Bergmans films include Smiles of a Summer Night ( 1955 ) , The Seventh Seal ( 1957 ) , The Silence ( 1963 ) , Wild Strawberries ( 1957 ) , Persona ( 1966 ) , Cries and Whispers ( 1972 ) , Scenes from a Marriage ( 1973 ) , and Fanny and Alexander ( 1982 ) ; the last two exist in extended television versions . Bergman directed over sixty films and documentaries for cinematic release and for television screenings , most of which he also wrote . His theatrical career continued in parallel and included periods as Leading Director of the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm and of the Residenztheater in Munich . He also directed over 170 plays . He eventually forged a creative partnership with his cinematographers Gunnar Fischer and Sven Nykvist . Among his company of actors were Harriet Andersson , Bibi Andersson , Liv Ullmann , Gunnar Björnstrand , Erland Josephson , Ingrid Thulin , and Max von Sydow . Most of his films were set in Sweden , and many films from Through a Glass Darkly ( 1961 ) onward were filmed on the island of Fårö . Philip French referred to Bergman as one of the greatest artists of the 20th century .. . he found in literature and the performing arts a way of both recreating and questioning the human condition . Director Martin Scorsese commented : If you were alive in the 50s and the 60s and of a certain age , a teenager on your way to becoming an adult , and you wanted to make movies , I dont see how you couldnt be influenced by Bergman ...Its impossible to overestimate the effect that those films had on people . Bergman was ranked 7th in directors poll on Sight & Sounds 2002 list of The Greatest Directors of All Time . Biography . Early life . Ernst Ingmar Bergman was born on 14 July 1918 in Uppsala , Sweden , the son of Erik Bergman , a Lutheran minister and later chaplain to the King of Sweden , and Karin ( née Åkerblom ) , a nurse who also had Walloon ancestors . He grew up with his older brother Dag and sister Margareta surrounded by religious imagery and discussion . His father was a conservative parish minister with strict ideas of parenting . Ingmar was locked up in dark closets for infractions such as wetting himself . While father preached away in the pulpit and the congregation prayed , sang , or listened , Ingmar wrote in his autobiography Laterna Magica , I devoted my interest to the churchs mysterious world of low arches , thick walls , the smell of eternity , the coloured sunlight quivering above the strangest vegetation of medieval paintings and carved figures on ceilings and walls . There was everything that ones imagination could desire—angels , saints , dragons , prophets , devils , humans .. . Although raised in a devout Lutheran household , Bergman later stated that he lost his faith when aged eight , and only came to terms with this fact while making Winter Light in 1962 . His interest in theatre and film began early : At the age of nine , he traded a set of tin soldiers for a magic lantern , a possession that altered the course of his life . Within a year , he had created , by playing with this toy , a private world in which he felt completely at home , he recalled . He fashioned his own scenery , marionettes , and lighting effects and gave puppet productions of Strindberg plays in which he spoke all the parts . Bergman attended Palmgrens School as a teenager . His school years were unhappy , and he remembered them unfavourably in later years . In a 1944 letter concerning the film Torment ( sometimes known as Frenzy ) , which sparked debate on the condition of Swedish high schools ( and which Bergman had written ) , the schools principal Henning Håkanson wrote , among other things , that Bergman had been a problem child . Bergman wrote in a response that he had strongly disliked the emphasis on homework and testing in his formal schooling . In 1934 , aged 16 , he was sent to Germany to spend the summer holidays with family friends . He attended a Nazi rally in Weimar at which he saw Adolf Hitler . He later wrote in Laterna Magica ( The Magic Lantern ) about the visit to Germany , describing how the German family had put a portrait of Hitler on the wall by his bed , and that for many years , I was on Hitlers side , delighted by his success and saddened by his defeats . Bergman commented that Hitler was unbelievably charismatic . He electrified the crowd . .. . The Nazism I had seen seemed fun and youthful . Bergman did two five-month stretches in Sweden of mandatory military service . Bergman enrolled at Stockholm University College ( later renamed Stockholm University ) in 1937 , to study art and literature . He spent most of his time involved in student theatre and became a genuine movie addict . At the same time , a romantic involvement led to a physical confrontation with his father which resulted in a break in their relationship which lasted for many years . Although he did not graduate from the university , he wrote a number of plays and an opera , and became an assistant director at a local theatre . In 1942 , he was given the opportunity to direct one of his own scripts , Caspars Death . The play was seen by members of Svensk Filmindustri , which then offered Bergman a position working on scripts . He married Else Fisher in 1943 . Film career until 1975 . Bergmans film career began in 1941 with his work rewriting scripts , but his first major accomplishment was in 1944 when he wrote the screenplay for Torment ( a.k.a . Frenzy ) ( Hets ) , a film directed by Alf Sjöberg . Along with writing the screenplay , he was also appointed assistant director of the film . In his second autobiographical book , Images : My Life in Film , Bergman describes the filming of the exteriors as his actual film directorial debut . The film sparked debate on Swedish formal education . When Henning Håkanson ( the principal of the high school Bergman had attended ) wrote a letter following the films release , Bergman , according to scholar Frank Gado , disparaged in a response what he viewed as Håkansons implication that students who did not fit some arbitrary prescription of worthiness deserved the systems cruel neglect . Bergman also stated in the letter that he hated school as a principle , as a system and as an institution . And as such I have definitely not wanted to criticize my own school , but all schools . The international success of this film led to Bergmans first opportunity to direct a year later . During the next ten years he wrote and directed more than a dozen films , including Prison ( Fängelse ) in 1949 , as well as Sawdust and Tinsel ( Gycklarnas afton ) and Summer with Monika ( Sommaren med Monika ) , both released in 1953 . Bergman first achieved worldwide success with Smiles of a Summer Night ( Sommarnattens leende , 1955 ) , which won for Best poetic humour and was nominated for the Palme dOr at Cannes the following year . This was followed by The Seventh Seal ( Det sjunde inseglet ) and Wild Strawberries ( Smultronstället ) , released in Sweden ten months apart in 1957 . The Seventh Seal won a special jury prize and was nominated for the Palme dOr at Cannes , and Wild Strawberries won numerous awards for Bergman and its star , Victor Sjöström . Bergman continued to be productive for the next two decades . From the early 1960s , he spent much of his life on the island of Fårö , where he made several films . In the early 1960s he directed three films that explored the theme of faith and doubt in God , Through a Glass Darkly ( Såsom i en Spegel , 1961 ) , Winter Light ( Nattvardsgästerna , 1962 ) , and The Silence ( Tystnaden , 1963 ) . Critics created the notion that the common themes in these three films made them a trilogy or cinematic triptych . Bergman initially responded that he did not plan these three films as a trilogy and that he could not see any common motifs in them , but he later seemed to adopt the notion , with some equivocation . His parody of the films of Federico Fellini , All These Women ( För att inte tala om alla dessa kvinnor ) was released in 1964 . Largely a two-hander with Bibi Andersson and Liv Ullmann , Persona ( 1966 ) is a film that Bergman himself considered one of his most important works . While the highly experimental film won few awards , it has been considered his masterpiece . Other films of the period include The Virgin Spring ( Jungfrukällan , 1960 ) , Hour of the Wolf ( Vargtimmen , 1968 ) , Shame ( Skammen , 1968 ) and The Passion of Anna ( En Passion , 1969 ) . With his cinematographer Sven Nykvist , Bergman made use of a crimson color scheme for Cries and Whispers ( 1972 ) , which received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Picture . He also produced extensively for Swedish television at this time . Two works of note were Scenes from a Marriage ( Scener ur ett äktenskap , 1973 ) and The Magic Flute ( Trollflöjten , 1975 ) . Tax evasion charges in 1976 . On 30 January 1976 , while rehearsing August Strindbergs The Dance of Death at the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm , he was arrested by two plainclothes police officers and charged with income tax evasion . The impact of the event on Bergman was devastating . He suffered a nervous breakdown as a result of the humiliation , and was hospitalised in a state of deep depression . The investigation was focused on an alleged 1970 transaction of 500,000 Swedish kronor ( SEK ) between Bergmans Swedish company Cinematograf and its Swiss subsidiary Persona , an entity that was mainly used for the paying of salaries to foreign actors . Bergman dissolved Persona in 1974 after having been notified by the Swedish Central Bank and subsequently reported the income . On 23 March 1976 , the special prosecutor Anders Nordenadler dropped the charges against Bergman , saying that the alleged crime had no legal basis , saying it would be like bringing charges against a person who has stolen his own car , thinking it was someone elses . Director General Gösta Ekman , chief of the Swedish Internal Revenue Service , defended the failed investigation , saying that the investigation was dealing with important legal material and that Bergman was treated just like any other suspect . He expressed regret that Bergman had left the country , hoping that Bergman was a stronger person now when the investigation had shown that he had not done any wrong . Although the charges were dropped , Bergman became disconsolate , fearing he would never again return to directing . Despite pleas by the Swedish prime minister Olof Palme , high public figures , and leaders of the film industry , he vowed never to work in Sweden again . He closed down his studio on the island of Fårö , suspended two announced film projects , and went into self-imposed exile in Munich , Germany . Harry Schein , director of the Swedish Film Institute , estimated the immediate damage as ten million SEK ( kronor ) and hundreds of jobs lost . Aftermath following arrest . Bergman then briefly considered the possibility of working in America ; his next film , The Serpents Egg ( 1977 ) was a German-U.S . production and his second English-language film ( the first being The Touch , 1971 ) . This was followed by a British-Norwegian co-production , Autumn Sonata ( Höstsonaten , 1978 ) starring Ingrid Bergman ( no relation ) , and From the Life of the Marionettes ( Aus dem Leben der Marionetten , 1980 ) which was a British-German co-production . He temporarily returned to his homeland to direct Fanny and Alexander ( Fanny och Alexander , 1982 ) . Bergman stated that the film would be his last , and that afterwards he would focus on directing theatre . After that he wrote several film scripts and directed a number of television specials . As with previous work for television , some of these productions were later theatrically released . The last such work was Saraband ( 2003 ) , a sequel to Scenes from a Marriage and directed by Bergman when he was 84 years old . Although he continued to operate from Munich , by mid-1978 Bergman had overcome some of his bitterness toward the Swedish government . In July of that year he visited Sweden , celebrating his sixtieth birthday on the island of Fårö , and partly resumed his work as a director at Royal Dramatic Theatre . To honour his return , the Swedish Film Institute launched a new Ingmar Bergman Prize to be awarded annually for excellence in filmmaking . Still , he remained in Munich until 1984 . In one of the last major interviews with Bergman , conducted in 2005 on the island of Fårö , Bergman said that despite being active during the exile , he had effectively lost eight years of his professional life . Retirement and death . Bergman retired from filmmaking in December 2003 . He had hip surgery in October 2006 and was making a difficult recovery . He died in his sleep at age 89 ; his body was found at his home on the island of Fårö , on 30 July 2007 , sixteen days after his 89th birthday . ( It was the same day another renowned existentialist film director , Michelangelo Antonioni , died. ) The interment was private , at the Fårö Church on 18 August 2007 . A place in the Fårö churchyard was prepared for him under heavy secrecy . Although he was buried on the island of Fårö , his name and date of birth were inscribed under his wifes name on a tomb at Roslagsbro churchyard , Norrtälje Municipality , several years before his death . Filmography . Selected work : Style of working . Repertory company . Bergman developed a personal repertory company of Swedish actors whom he repeatedly cast in his films , including Max von Sydow , Bibi Andersson , Harriet Andersson , Erland Josephson , Ingrid Thulin , Gunnel Lindblom , and Gunnar Björnstrand , each of whom appeared in at least five Bergman features . Norwegian actress Liv Ullmann , who appeared in nine of Bergmans films and one televisual film ( Saraband ) , was the last to join this group ( in the film Persona ) , and ultimately became the most closely associated with Bergman , both artistically and personally . They had a daughter together , Linn Ullmann ( born 1966 ) . In Bergmans working arrangement with Sven Nykvist , his best-known cinematographer , the two men developed sufficient rapport to allow Bergman not to worry about the composition of a shot until the day before it was filmed . On the morning of the shoot , he would briefly speak to Nykvist about the mood and composition he hoped for , and then leave Nykvist to work , lacking interruption or comment until post-production discussion of the next days work . Financing . By Bergmans own account , he never had a problem with funding . He cited two reasons for this : one , that he did not live in the United States , which he viewed as obsessed with box-office earnings ; and two , that his films tended to be low-budget affairs . ( Cries and Whispers , for instance , was finished for about $450,000 , while Scenes from a Marriage , a six-episode television feature , cost only $200,000. ) Technique . Bergman usually wrote his films screenplays , thinking about them for months or years before starting the actual process of writing , which he viewed as somewhat tedious . His earlier films are carefully constructed and are either based on his plays or written in collaboration with other authors . Bergman stated that in his later works , when on occasion his actors would want to do things differently from his own intention , he would let them , noting that the results were often disastrous when he did not do so . As his career progressed , Bergman increasingly let his actors improvise their dialogue . In his later films , he wrote just the ideas informing the scene and allowed his actors to determine the exact dialogue . When viewing daily rushes , Bergman stressed the importance of being critical but unemotive , claiming that he asked himself not if the work was great or terrible , but rather if it was sufficient or needed to be reshot . Subjects . Bergmans films usually deal with existential questions of mortality , loneliness , and religious faith . In addition to these cerebral topics , however , sexual desire features in the foreground of most of his films , whether the central event is medieval plague ( The Seventh Seal ) , upper-class family activity in early twentieth century Uppsala ( Fanny and Alexander ) , or contemporary alienation ( The Silence ) . His female characters are usually more in touch with their sexuality than their male equivalents , and unafraid to proclaim it , sometimes with breathtaking overtness ( as in Cries and Whispers ) as would define the work of the conjurer , as Bergman called himself in a 1960 TIME cover story . In an interview with Playboy in 1964 , he said : The manifestation of sex is very important , and particularly to me , for above all , I dont want to make merely intellectual films . I want audiences to feel , to sense my films . This to me is much more important than their understanding them . Film , Bergman said , was his demanding mistress . While he was a social democrat as an adult , Bergman stated that as an artist Im not politically involved .. . I dont make propaganda for either one attitude or the other . Bergmans views on his career . When asked in the series of interviews later titled Ingmar Bergman – 3 dokumentärer om film , teater , Fårö och livet conducted by Marie Nyreröd for Swedish TV and released in 2004 , Bergman said that of his works , he held Winter Light , Persona , and Cries and Whispers in the highest regard . There he also states that he managed to push the envelope of film making in the films Persona and Cries and Whispers . Bergman stated on numerous occasions ( for example in the interview book Bergman on Bergman ) that The Silence meant the end of the era in which religious questions were a major concern of his films . Bergman said that he would get depressed by his own films : jittery and ready to cry.. . and miserable . In the same interview he also stated : If there is one thing I miss about working with films , it is working with Sven ( Nykvist ) , the third cinematographer with whom he had collaborated . Theatrical work . Although Bergman was universally famous for his contribution to cinema , he was also an active and productive stage director all his life . During his studies at what was then Stockholm University College , he became active in its student theatre , where he made a name for himself early on . His first work after graduation was as a trainee-director at a Stockholm theatre . At twenty-six years , he became the youngest theatrical manager in Europe at the Helsingborg City Theatre . He stayed at Helsingborg for three years and then became the director at Gothenburg city theatre from 1946 to 1949 . He became director of the Malmö City Theatre in 1953 , and remained for seven years . Many of his star actors were people with whom he began working on stage . He was the director of the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm from 1960 to 1966 , and manager from 1963 to 1966 , where he began a long-time collaboration with choreographer Donya Feuer . After Bergman left Sweden because of the tax evasion incident , he became director of the Residenz Theatre of Munich , Germany ( 1977–1984 ) . He remained active in theatre throughout the 1990s and made his final production on stage with Henrik Ibsens The Wild Duck at the Royal Dramatic Theatre in 2002 . Personal life . Marriages and children . Bergman was married five times : - 25 March 1943 – 1945 , to Else Fisher ( 1 March 1918 – 3 March 2006 ) , choreographer and dancer ( divorced ) . Offspring : - Lena Bergman , actress , born 1943 . - 22 July 1945 – 1950 , to Ellen Lundström ( 23 April 1919 – 6 March 2007 ) , choreographer and film director ( divorced ) . Children : - Eva Bergman , film director , born 1945 - Jan Bergman , film director ( 1946–2000 ) - the twins Mats and Anna Bergman , both actors and film directors , born in 1948 . - 1951 – 1959 , to Gun Grut ( 1916–1971 ) , journalist ( divorced ) . Offspring : - Ingmar Bergman Jr. , retired airline captain , born 1951 . - 1959 – 1969 , to Käbi Laretei ( 14 July 1922 – 31 October 2014 ) , concert pianist ( divorced ) . Offspring : - Daniel Bergman , film director , born 1962 . - 11 November 1971 – 20 May 1995 , to Ingrid von Rosen ( maiden name Karlebo ) . Offspring : - Maria von Rosen , author , born 1959 . The first four marriages ended in divorce , while the last ended when his wife Ingrid died of stomach cancer in 1995 , aged 65 . Aside from his marriages , Bergman had romantic relationships with actresses Harriet Andersson ( 1952–1955 ) , Bibi Andersson ( 1955–1959 ) , and Liv Ullmann ( 1965–1970 ) . He was the father of writer Linn Ullmann with Ullmann . In all , Bergman had nine children , one of whom predeceased him . Bergman eventually married all the mothers of his children , with the exception of Liv Ullmann . His daughter with his last wife , Ingrid von Rosen , was born twelve years before their marriage . He had dozens of mistresses throughout his life and would justify the affairs to his various wives by telling them : “I have so many lives.” Although Bergman once described himself as one who had lost his faith in an afterlife , Max von Sydow stated in an interview that he had had many discussions with him about religion , and indicated that Bergmans belief in the afterlife was restored . Awards and nominations . In 1958 , he won the Best Director award for Brink of Life at the Cannes Film Festival , and won the Golden Bear for Wild Strawberries at the Berlin International Film Festival . In 1960 Bergman was featured in the cover of TIME , the first foreign-language filmmaker to do so since Leni Riefenstahl in 1936 . In 1971 , Bergman received the Irving G . Thalberg Memorial Award at the Academy Awards ceremony . Three of his films ( Through a Glass Darkly , The Virgin Spring , and Fanny and Alexander ) won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film . In 1997 , he was awarded the Palme des Palmes ( Palm of the Palms ) at the 50th anniversary of the Cannes Film Festival . He won many other awards and has been nominated for numerous other awards . Academy Awards Legacy . Bergmans work was a point of reference and inspiration for director Woody Allen . He described Bergman as “probably the greatest film artist , all things considered , since the invention of the motion picture camera” . Bergmans films are mentioned and praised in Annie Hall and others of Allens films . Allen also admired Bergmans longtime director of photography Sven Nykvist and invited him to be his DP on Crimes and Misdemeanors . In 2002 , Bergman was listed at number nine on the British Film Institutes Sight & Sound list of the top ten film directors of modern times . In 2017 New York magazine ranked Bergman at number 55 on their list of The 100 Best Screenwriters of All Time . After Bergman died , a large archive of notes was donated to the Swedish Film Institute . Among the notes are several unpublished and unfinished scripts both for stage and films , and many more ideas for works in different stages of development . A never-performed play has the title Kärlek utan älskare ( Love without lovers ) , and has the note Complete disaster ! written on the envelope ; the play is about a director who disappears and an editor who tries to complete a work he has left unfinished . Other canceled projects include the script for a pornographic film which Bergman abandoned since he did not think it was alive enough , a play about a cannibal , some loose scenes set inside a womb , a film about the life of Jesus , a film about The Merry Widow , and a play with the title Från sperm till spöke ( From sperm to spook ) . The Swedish director Marcus Lindeen went through the material , and inspired by Kärlek utan älskare he took samples from many of the works and turned them into a play , titled Arkivet för orealiserbara drömmar och visioner ( The archive for unrealisable dreams and visions ) . Lindeens play premiered on 28 May 2012 at the Stockholm City Theatre . Terrence Rafferty of The New York Times wrote that throughout the 1960s , when Bergman was considered pretty much the last word in cinematic profundity , his every tic was scrupulously pored over , analyzed , elaborated in ingenious arguments about identity , the nature of film , the fate of the artist in the modern world and so on . Danish Director Thomas Vinterberg has cited Bergman as one of his major influences , Bergman is always in my head . He is part of my upbringing and I was fortunate to meet him and get advice from him . In 1996 , Entertainment Weekly ranked Bergman at No . 8 in its 50 Greatest Directors list . Bergman was ranked at No . 36 on Empire magazines Top 40 Greatest Directors of All-Time list in 2005 . In 2007 , Total Film magazine ranked Bergman at No . 7 on its 100 Greatest Film Directors Ever list . Writer and director Richard Ayoade counts Bergman as one of his inspirations . In 2017 , the British Film Institute ( BFI ) hosted an Ingmar Bergman season and Ayoade said in a Guardian interview that he saw everything in it , which was one of the best two months ever . The BFIs programme included a discussion with Ayoade on Bergmans 1966 film , Persona , before a screening .
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[
"Ellen Lundström"
] |
[
{
"text": "Ernst Ingmar Bergman ( 14 July 1918 – 30 July 2007 ) was a Swedish film director , screenwriter , and producer . Considered to be among the most accomplished and influential filmmakers of all time , Bergmans films include Smiles of a Summer Night ( 1955 ) , The Seventh Seal ( 1957 ) , The Silence ( 1963 ) , Wild Strawberries ( 1957 ) , Persona ( 1966 ) , Cries and Whispers ( 1972 ) , Scenes from a Marriage ( 1973 ) , and Fanny and Alexander ( 1982 ) ; the last two exist",
"title": "Ingmar Bergman"
},
{
"text": "in extended television versions .",
"title": "Ingmar Bergman"
},
{
"text": "Bergman directed over sixty films and documentaries for cinematic release and for television screenings , most of which he also wrote . His theatrical career continued in parallel and included periods as Leading Director of the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm and of the Residenztheater in Munich . He also directed over 170 plays . He eventually forged a creative partnership with his cinematographers Gunnar Fischer and Sven Nykvist . Among his company of actors were Harriet Andersson , Bibi Andersson , Liv Ullmann , Gunnar Björnstrand , Erland Josephson , Ingrid Thulin , and Max von Sydow . Most",
"title": "Ingmar Bergman"
},
{
"text": "of his films were set in Sweden , and many films from Through a Glass Darkly ( 1961 ) onward were filmed on the island of Fårö .",
"title": "Ingmar Bergman"
},
{
"text": "Philip French referred to Bergman as one of the greatest artists of the 20th century .. . he found in literature and the performing arts a way of both recreating and questioning the human condition . Director Martin Scorsese commented : If you were alive in the 50s and the 60s and of a certain age , a teenager on your way to becoming an adult , and you wanted to make movies , I dont see how you couldnt be influenced by Bergman ...Its impossible to overestimate the effect that those films had on people . Bergman was ranked",
"title": "Ingmar Bergman"
},
{
"text": "7th in directors poll on Sight & Sounds 2002 list of The Greatest Directors of All Time .",
"title": "Ingmar Bergman"
},
{
"text": "Ernst Ingmar Bergman was born on 14 July 1918 in Uppsala , Sweden , the son of Erik Bergman , a Lutheran minister and later chaplain to the King of Sweden , and Karin ( née Åkerblom ) , a nurse who also had Walloon ancestors . He grew up with his older brother Dag and sister Margareta surrounded by religious imagery and discussion . His father was a conservative parish minister with strict ideas of parenting . Ingmar was locked up in dark closets for infractions such as wetting himself . While father preached away in the pulpit and",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "the congregation prayed , sang , or listened , Ingmar wrote in his autobiography Laterna Magica ,",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " I devoted my interest to the churchs mysterious world of low arches , thick walls , the smell of eternity , the coloured sunlight quivering above the strangest vegetation of medieval paintings and carved figures on ceilings and walls . There was everything that ones imagination could desire—angels , saints , dragons , prophets , devils , humans .. .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Although raised in a devout Lutheran household , Bergman later stated that he lost his faith when aged eight , and only came to terms with this fact while making Winter Light in 1962 . His interest in theatre and film began early : At the age of nine , he traded a set of tin soldiers for a magic lantern , a possession that altered the course of his life . Within a year , he had created , by playing with this toy , a private world in which he felt completely at home , he recalled .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "He fashioned his own scenery , marionettes , and lighting effects and gave puppet productions of Strindberg plays in which he spoke all the parts .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Bergman attended Palmgrens School as a teenager . His school years were unhappy , and he remembered them unfavourably in later years . In a 1944 letter concerning the film Torment ( sometimes known as Frenzy ) , which sparked debate on the condition of Swedish high schools ( and which Bergman had written ) , the schools principal Henning Håkanson wrote , among other things , that Bergman had been a problem child . Bergman wrote in a response that he had strongly disliked the emphasis on homework and testing in his formal schooling .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In 1934 , aged 16 , he was sent to Germany to spend the summer holidays with family friends . He attended a Nazi rally in Weimar at which he saw Adolf Hitler . He later wrote in Laterna Magica ( The Magic Lantern ) about the visit to Germany , describing how the German family had put a portrait of Hitler on the wall by his bed , and that for many years , I was on Hitlers side , delighted by his success and saddened by his defeats . Bergman commented that Hitler was unbelievably charismatic . He",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "electrified the crowd . .. . The Nazism I had seen seemed fun and youthful . Bergman did two five-month stretches in Sweden of mandatory military service .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Bergman enrolled at Stockholm University College ( later renamed Stockholm University ) in 1937 , to study art and literature . He spent most of his time involved in student theatre and became a genuine movie addict . At the same time , a romantic involvement led to a physical confrontation with his father which resulted in a break in their relationship which lasted for many years . Although he did not graduate from the university , he wrote a number of plays and an opera , and became an assistant director at a local theatre . In 1942 ,",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "he was given the opportunity to direct one of his own scripts , Caspars Death . The play was seen by members of Svensk Filmindustri , which then offered Bergman a position working on scripts . He married Else Fisher in 1943 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Bergmans film career began in 1941 with his work rewriting scripts , but his first major accomplishment was in 1944 when he wrote the screenplay for Torment ( a.k.a . Frenzy ) ( Hets ) , a film directed by Alf Sjöberg . Along with writing the screenplay , he was also appointed assistant director of the film . In his second autobiographical book , Images : My Life in Film , Bergman describes the filming of the exteriors as his actual film directorial debut . The film sparked debate on Swedish formal education . When Henning Håkanson ( the",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "principal of the high school Bergman had attended ) wrote a letter following the films release , Bergman , according to scholar Frank Gado , disparaged in a response what he viewed as Håkansons implication that students who did not fit some arbitrary prescription of worthiness deserved the systems cruel neglect . Bergman also stated in the letter that he hated school as a principle , as a system and as an institution . And as such I have definitely not wanted to criticize my own school , but all schools . The international success of this film led to",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Bergmans first opportunity to direct a year later . During the next ten years he wrote and directed more than a dozen films , including Prison ( Fängelse ) in 1949 , as well as Sawdust and Tinsel ( Gycklarnas afton ) and Summer with Monika ( Sommaren med Monika ) , both released in 1953 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Bergman first achieved worldwide success with Smiles of a Summer Night ( Sommarnattens leende , 1955 ) , which won for Best poetic humour and was nominated for the Palme dOr at Cannes the following year . This was followed by The Seventh Seal ( Det sjunde inseglet ) and Wild Strawberries ( Smultronstället ) , released in Sweden ten months apart in 1957 . The Seventh Seal won a special jury prize and was nominated for the Palme dOr at Cannes , and Wild Strawberries won numerous awards for Bergman and its star , Victor Sjöström . Bergman continued",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "to be productive for the next two decades . From the early 1960s , he spent much of his life on the island of Fårö , where he made several films .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In the early 1960s he directed three films that explored the theme of faith and doubt in God , Through a Glass Darkly ( Såsom i en Spegel , 1961 ) , Winter Light ( Nattvardsgästerna , 1962 ) , and The Silence ( Tystnaden , 1963 ) . Critics created the notion that the common themes in these three films made them a trilogy or cinematic triptych . Bergman initially responded that he did not plan these three films as a trilogy and that he could not see any common motifs in them , but he later seemed to",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "adopt the notion , with some equivocation . His parody of the films of Federico Fellini , All These Women ( För att inte tala om alla dessa kvinnor ) was released in 1964 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Largely a two-hander with Bibi Andersson and Liv Ullmann , Persona ( 1966 ) is a film that Bergman himself considered one of his most important works . While the highly experimental film won few awards , it has been considered his masterpiece . Other films of the period include The Virgin Spring ( Jungfrukällan , 1960 ) , Hour of the Wolf ( Vargtimmen , 1968 ) , Shame ( Skammen , 1968 ) and The Passion of Anna ( En Passion , 1969 ) . With his cinematographer Sven Nykvist , Bergman made use of a crimson color",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "scheme for Cries and Whispers ( 1972 ) , which received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Picture . He also produced extensively for Swedish television at this time . Two works of note were Scenes from a Marriage ( Scener ur ett äktenskap , 1973 ) and The Magic Flute ( Trollflöjten , 1975 ) .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Tax evasion charges in 1976 . On 30 January 1976 , while rehearsing August Strindbergs The Dance of Death at the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm , he was arrested by two plainclothes police officers and charged with income tax evasion . The impact of the event on Bergman was devastating . He suffered a nervous breakdown as a result of the humiliation , and was hospitalised in a state of deep depression .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "The investigation was focused on an alleged 1970 transaction of 500,000 Swedish kronor ( SEK ) between Bergmans Swedish company Cinematograf and its Swiss subsidiary Persona , an entity that was mainly used for the paying of salaries to foreign actors . Bergman dissolved Persona in 1974 after having been notified by the Swedish Central Bank and subsequently reported the income . On 23 March 1976 , the special prosecutor Anders Nordenadler dropped the charges against Bergman , saying that the alleged crime had no legal basis , saying it would be like bringing charges against a person who has",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "stolen his own car , thinking it was someone elses . Director General Gösta Ekman , chief of the Swedish Internal Revenue Service , defended the failed investigation , saying that the investigation was dealing with important legal material and that Bergman was treated just like any other suspect . He expressed regret that Bergman had left the country , hoping that Bergman was a stronger person now when the investigation had shown that he had not done any wrong .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Although the charges were dropped , Bergman became disconsolate , fearing he would never again return to directing . Despite pleas by the Swedish prime minister Olof Palme , high public figures , and leaders of the film industry , he vowed never to work in Sweden again . He closed down his studio on the island of Fårö , suspended two announced film projects , and went into self-imposed exile in Munich , Germany . Harry Schein , director of the Swedish Film Institute , estimated the immediate damage as ten million SEK ( kronor ) and hundreds of",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "jobs lost .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Bergman then briefly considered the possibility of working in America ; his next film , The Serpents Egg ( 1977 ) was a German-U.S . production and his second English-language film ( the first being The Touch , 1971 ) . This was followed by a British-Norwegian co-production , Autumn Sonata ( Höstsonaten , 1978 ) starring Ingrid Bergman ( no relation ) , and From the Life of the Marionettes ( Aus dem Leben der Marionetten , 1980 ) which was a British-German co-production .",
"title": "Aftermath following arrest"
},
{
"text": "He temporarily returned to his homeland to direct Fanny and Alexander ( Fanny och Alexander , 1982 ) . Bergman stated that the film would be his last , and that afterwards he would focus on directing theatre . After that he wrote several film scripts and directed a number of television specials . As with previous work for television , some of these productions were later theatrically released . The last such work was Saraband ( 2003 ) , a sequel to Scenes from a Marriage and directed by Bergman when he was 84 years old .",
"title": "Aftermath following arrest"
},
{
"text": "Although he continued to operate from Munich , by mid-1978 Bergman had overcome some of his bitterness toward the Swedish government . In July of that year he visited Sweden , celebrating his sixtieth birthday on the island of Fårö , and partly resumed his work as a director at Royal Dramatic Theatre . To honour his return , the Swedish Film Institute launched a new Ingmar Bergman Prize to be awarded annually for excellence in filmmaking . Still , he remained in Munich until 1984 . In one of the last major interviews with Bergman , conducted in 2005",
"title": "Aftermath following arrest"
},
{
"text": "on the island of Fårö , Bergman said that despite being active during the exile , he had effectively lost eight years of his professional life .",
"title": "Aftermath following arrest"
},
{
"text": "Bergman retired from filmmaking in December 2003 . He had hip surgery in October 2006 and was making a difficult recovery . He died in his sleep at age 89 ; his body was found at his home on the island of Fårö , on 30 July 2007 , sixteen days after his 89th birthday . ( It was the same day another renowned existentialist film director , Michelangelo Antonioni , died. ) The interment was private , at the Fårö Church on 18 August 2007 . A place in the Fårö churchyard was prepared for him under heavy secrecy",
"title": "Retirement and death"
},
{
"text": ". Although he was buried on the island of Fårö , his name and date of birth were inscribed under his wifes name on a tomb at Roslagsbro churchyard , Norrtälje Municipality , several years before his death .",
"title": "Retirement and death"
},
{
"text": "Bergman developed a personal repertory company of Swedish actors whom he repeatedly cast in his films , including Max von Sydow , Bibi Andersson , Harriet Andersson , Erland Josephson , Ingrid Thulin , Gunnel Lindblom , and Gunnar Björnstrand , each of whom appeared in at least five Bergman features . Norwegian actress Liv Ullmann , who appeared in nine of Bergmans films and one televisual film ( Saraband ) , was the last to join this group ( in the film Persona ) , and ultimately became the most closely associated with Bergman , both artistically and personally",
"title": "Repertory company"
},
{
"text": ". They had a daughter together , Linn Ullmann ( born 1966 ) .",
"title": "Repertory company"
},
{
"text": " In Bergmans working arrangement with Sven Nykvist , his best-known cinematographer , the two men developed sufficient rapport to allow Bergman not to worry about the composition of a shot until the day before it was filmed . On the morning of the shoot , he would briefly speak to Nykvist about the mood and composition he hoped for , and then leave Nykvist to work , lacking interruption or comment until post-production discussion of the next days work .",
"title": "Repertory company"
},
{
"text": " By Bergmans own account , he never had a problem with funding . He cited two reasons for this : one , that he did not live in the United States , which he viewed as obsessed with box-office earnings ; and two , that his films tended to be low-budget affairs . ( Cries and Whispers , for instance , was finished for about $450,000 , while Scenes from a Marriage , a six-episode television feature , cost only $200,000. )",
"title": "Financing"
},
{
"text": "Bergman usually wrote his films screenplays , thinking about them for months or years before starting the actual process of writing , which he viewed as somewhat tedious . His earlier films are carefully constructed and are either based on his plays or written in collaboration with other authors . Bergman stated that in his later works , when on occasion his actors would want to do things differently from his own intention , he would let them , noting that the results were often disastrous when he did not do so . As his career progressed , Bergman increasingly",
"title": "Technique"
},
{
"text": "let his actors improvise their dialogue . In his later films , he wrote just the ideas informing the scene and allowed his actors to determine the exact dialogue . When viewing daily rushes , Bergman stressed the importance of being critical but unemotive , claiming that he asked himself not if the work was great or terrible , but rather if it was sufficient or needed to be reshot .",
"title": "Technique"
},
{
"text": "Bergmans films usually deal with existential questions of mortality , loneliness , and religious faith . In addition to these cerebral topics , however , sexual desire features in the foreground of most of his films , whether the central event is medieval plague ( The Seventh Seal ) , upper-class family activity in early twentieth century Uppsala ( Fanny and Alexander ) , or contemporary alienation ( The Silence ) . His female characters are usually more in touch with their sexuality than their male equivalents , and unafraid to proclaim it , sometimes with breathtaking overtness ( as",
"title": "Subjects"
},
{
"text": "in Cries and Whispers ) as would define the work of the conjurer , as Bergman called himself in a 1960 TIME cover story . In an interview with Playboy in 1964 , he said : The manifestation of sex is very important , and particularly to me , for above all , I dont want to make merely intellectual films . I want audiences to feel , to sense my films . This to me is much more important than their understanding them . Film , Bergman said , was his demanding mistress . While he was a social",
"title": "Subjects"
},
{
"text": "democrat as an adult , Bergman stated that as an artist Im not politically involved .. . I dont make propaganda for either one attitude or the other .",
"title": "Subjects"
},
{
"text": "When asked in the series of interviews later titled Ingmar Bergman – 3 dokumentärer om film , teater , Fårö och livet conducted by Marie Nyreröd for Swedish TV and released in 2004 , Bergman said that of his works , he held Winter Light , Persona , and Cries and Whispers in the highest regard . There he also states that he managed to push the envelope of film making in the films Persona and Cries and Whispers . Bergman stated on numerous occasions ( for example in the interview book Bergman on Bergman ) that The Silence meant",
"title": "Subjects"
},
{
"text": "the end of the era in which religious questions were a major concern of his films . Bergman said that he would get depressed by his own films : jittery and ready to cry.. . and miserable . In the same interview he also stated : If there is one thing I miss about working with films , it is working with Sven ( Nykvist ) , the third cinematographer with whom he had collaborated .",
"title": "Subjects"
},
{
"text": "Although Bergman was universally famous for his contribution to cinema , he was also an active and productive stage director all his life . During his studies at what was then Stockholm University College , he became active in its student theatre , where he made a name for himself early on . His first work after graduation was as a trainee-director at a Stockholm theatre . At twenty-six years , he became the youngest theatrical manager in Europe at the Helsingborg City Theatre . He stayed at Helsingborg for three years and then became the director at Gothenburg city",
"title": "Theatrical work"
},
{
"text": "theatre from 1946 to 1949 .",
"title": "Theatrical work"
},
{
"text": " He became director of the Malmö City Theatre in 1953 , and remained for seven years . Many of his star actors were people with whom he began working on stage . He was the director of the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm from 1960 to 1966 , and manager from 1963 to 1966 , where he began a long-time collaboration with choreographer Donya Feuer .",
"title": "Theatrical work"
},
{
"text": "After Bergman left Sweden because of the tax evasion incident , he became director of the Residenz Theatre of Munich , Germany ( 1977–1984 ) . He remained active in theatre throughout the 1990s and made his final production on stage with Henrik Ibsens The Wild Duck at the Royal Dramatic Theatre in 2002 .",
"title": "Theatrical work"
},
{
"text": " Bergman was married five times : - 25 March 1943 – 1945 , to Else Fisher ( 1 March 1918 – 3 March 2006 ) , choreographer and dancer ( divorced ) . Offspring : - Lena Bergman , actress , born 1943 . - 22 July 1945 – 1950 , to Ellen Lundström ( 23 April 1919 – 6 March 2007 ) , choreographer and film director ( divorced ) . Children : - Eva Bergman , film director , born 1945 - Jan Bergman , film director ( 1946–2000 )",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": "- the twins Mats and Anna Bergman , both actors and film directors , born in 1948 .",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": " - 1951 – 1959 , to Gun Grut ( 1916–1971 ) , journalist ( divorced ) . Offspring : - Ingmar Bergman Jr. , retired airline captain , born 1951 . - 1959 – 1969 , to Käbi Laretei ( 14 July 1922 – 31 October 2014 ) , concert pianist ( divorced ) . Offspring : - Daniel Bergman , film director , born 1962 . - 11 November 1971 – 20 May 1995 , to Ingrid von Rosen ( maiden name Karlebo ) . Offspring : - Maria von Rosen , author , born 1959 .",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": "The first four marriages ended in divorce , while the last ended when his wife Ingrid died of stomach cancer in 1995 , aged 65 . Aside from his marriages , Bergman had romantic relationships with actresses Harriet Andersson ( 1952–1955 ) , Bibi Andersson ( 1955–1959 ) , and Liv Ullmann ( 1965–1970 ) . He was the father of writer Linn Ullmann with Ullmann . In all , Bergman had nine children , one of whom predeceased him . Bergman eventually married all the mothers of his children , with the exception of Liv Ullmann . His daughter",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": "with his last wife , Ingrid von Rosen , was born twelve years before their marriage . He had dozens of mistresses throughout his life and would justify the affairs to his various wives by telling them : “I have so many lives.”",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": " Although Bergman once described himself as one who had lost his faith in an afterlife , Max von Sydow stated in an interview that he had had many discussions with him about religion , and indicated that Bergmans belief in the afterlife was restored .",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": "In 1958 , he won the Best Director award for Brink of Life at the Cannes Film Festival , and won the Golden Bear for Wild Strawberries at the Berlin International Film Festival . In 1960 Bergman was featured in the cover of TIME , the first foreign-language filmmaker to do so since Leni Riefenstahl in 1936 . In 1971 , Bergman received the Irving G . Thalberg Memorial Award at the Academy Awards ceremony . Three of his films ( Through a Glass Darkly , The Virgin Spring , and Fanny and Alexander ) won the Academy Award for",
"title": "Awards and nominations"
},
{
"text": "Best Foreign Language Film . In 1997 , he was awarded the Palme des Palmes ( Palm of the Palms ) at the 50th anniversary of the Cannes Film Festival . He won many other awards and has been nominated for numerous other awards .",
"title": "Awards and nominations"
},
{
"text": "Bergmans work was a point of reference and inspiration for director Woody Allen . He described Bergman as “probably the greatest film artist , all things considered , since the invention of the motion picture camera” . Bergmans films are mentioned and praised in Annie Hall and others of Allens films . Allen also admired Bergmans longtime director of photography Sven Nykvist and invited him to be his DP on Crimes and Misdemeanors . In 2002 , Bergman was listed at number nine on the British Film Institutes Sight & Sound list of the top ten film directors of modern",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "times . In 2017 New York magazine ranked Bergman at number 55 on their list of The 100 Best Screenwriters of All Time .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "After Bergman died , a large archive of notes was donated to the Swedish Film Institute . Among the notes are several unpublished and unfinished scripts both for stage and films , and many more ideas for works in different stages of development . A never-performed play has the title Kärlek utan älskare ( Love without lovers ) , and has the note Complete disaster ! written on the envelope ; the play is about a director who disappears and an editor who tries to complete a work he has left unfinished . Other canceled projects include the script for",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "a pornographic film which Bergman abandoned since he did not think it was alive enough , a play about a cannibal , some loose scenes set inside a womb , a film about the life of Jesus , a film about The Merry Widow , and a play with the title Från sperm till spöke ( From sperm to spook ) . The Swedish director Marcus Lindeen went through the material , and inspired by Kärlek utan älskare he took samples from many of the works and turned them into a play , titled Arkivet för orealiserbara drömmar och visioner",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "( The archive for unrealisable dreams and visions ) . Lindeens play premiered on 28 May 2012 at the Stockholm City Theatre .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " Terrence Rafferty of The New York Times wrote that throughout the 1960s , when Bergman was considered pretty much the last word in cinematic profundity , his every tic was scrupulously pored over , analyzed , elaborated in ingenious arguments about identity , the nature of film , the fate of the artist in the modern world and so on .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "Danish Director Thomas Vinterberg has cited Bergman as one of his major influences , Bergman is always in my head . He is part of my upbringing and I was fortunate to meet him and get advice from him . In 1996 , Entertainment Weekly ranked Bergman at No . 8 in its 50 Greatest Directors list . Bergman was ranked at No . 36 on Empire magazines Top 40 Greatest Directors of All-Time list in 2005 . In 2007 , Total Film magazine ranked Bergman at No . 7 on its 100 Greatest Film Directors Ever list .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " Writer and director Richard Ayoade counts Bergman as one of his inspirations . In 2017 , the British Film Institute ( BFI ) hosted an Ingmar Bergman season and Ayoade said in a Guardian interview that he saw everything in it , which was one of the best two months ever . The BFIs programme included a discussion with Ayoade on Bergmans 1966 film , Persona , before a screening .",
"title": "Legacy"
}
] |
/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman#P26#2
|
Who was the spouse of Ingmar Bergman between Nov 1958 and Dec 1958?
|
Ingmar Bergman Ernst Ingmar Bergman ( 14 July 1918 – 30 July 2007 ) was a Swedish film director , screenwriter , and producer . Considered to be among the most accomplished and influential filmmakers of all time , Bergmans films include Smiles of a Summer Night ( 1955 ) , The Seventh Seal ( 1957 ) , The Silence ( 1963 ) , Wild Strawberries ( 1957 ) , Persona ( 1966 ) , Cries and Whispers ( 1972 ) , Scenes from a Marriage ( 1973 ) , and Fanny and Alexander ( 1982 ) ; the last two exist in extended television versions . Bergman directed over sixty films and documentaries for cinematic release and for television screenings , most of which he also wrote . His theatrical career continued in parallel and included periods as Leading Director of the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm and of the Residenztheater in Munich . He also directed over 170 plays . He eventually forged a creative partnership with his cinematographers Gunnar Fischer and Sven Nykvist . Among his company of actors were Harriet Andersson , Bibi Andersson , Liv Ullmann , Gunnar Björnstrand , Erland Josephson , Ingrid Thulin , and Max von Sydow . Most of his films were set in Sweden , and many films from Through a Glass Darkly ( 1961 ) onward were filmed on the island of Fårö . Philip French referred to Bergman as one of the greatest artists of the 20th century .. . he found in literature and the performing arts a way of both recreating and questioning the human condition . Director Martin Scorsese commented : If you were alive in the 50s and the 60s and of a certain age , a teenager on your way to becoming an adult , and you wanted to make movies , I dont see how you couldnt be influenced by Bergman ...Its impossible to overestimate the effect that those films had on people . Bergman was ranked 7th in directors poll on Sight & Sounds 2002 list of The Greatest Directors of All Time . Biography . Early life . Ernst Ingmar Bergman was born on 14 July 1918 in Uppsala , Sweden , the son of Erik Bergman , a Lutheran minister and later chaplain to the King of Sweden , and Karin ( née Åkerblom ) , a nurse who also had Walloon ancestors . He grew up with his older brother Dag and sister Margareta surrounded by religious imagery and discussion . His father was a conservative parish minister with strict ideas of parenting . Ingmar was locked up in dark closets for infractions such as wetting himself . While father preached away in the pulpit and the congregation prayed , sang , or listened , Ingmar wrote in his autobiography Laterna Magica , I devoted my interest to the churchs mysterious world of low arches , thick walls , the smell of eternity , the coloured sunlight quivering above the strangest vegetation of medieval paintings and carved figures on ceilings and walls . There was everything that ones imagination could desire—angels , saints , dragons , prophets , devils , humans .. . Although raised in a devout Lutheran household , Bergman later stated that he lost his faith when aged eight , and only came to terms with this fact while making Winter Light in 1962 . His interest in theatre and film began early : At the age of nine , he traded a set of tin soldiers for a magic lantern , a possession that altered the course of his life . Within a year , he had created , by playing with this toy , a private world in which he felt completely at home , he recalled . He fashioned his own scenery , marionettes , and lighting effects and gave puppet productions of Strindberg plays in which he spoke all the parts . Bergman attended Palmgrens School as a teenager . His school years were unhappy , and he remembered them unfavourably in later years . In a 1944 letter concerning the film Torment ( sometimes known as Frenzy ) , which sparked debate on the condition of Swedish high schools ( and which Bergman had written ) , the schools principal Henning Håkanson wrote , among other things , that Bergman had been a problem child . Bergman wrote in a response that he had strongly disliked the emphasis on homework and testing in his formal schooling . In 1934 , aged 16 , he was sent to Germany to spend the summer holidays with family friends . He attended a Nazi rally in Weimar at which he saw Adolf Hitler . He later wrote in Laterna Magica ( The Magic Lantern ) about the visit to Germany , describing how the German family had put a portrait of Hitler on the wall by his bed , and that for many years , I was on Hitlers side , delighted by his success and saddened by his defeats . Bergman commented that Hitler was unbelievably charismatic . He electrified the crowd . .. . The Nazism I had seen seemed fun and youthful . Bergman did two five-month stretches in Sweden of mandatory military service . Bergman enrolled at Stockholm University College ( later renamed Stockholm University ) in 1937 , to study art and literature . He spent most of his time involved in student theatre and became a genuine movie addict . At the same time , a romantic involvement led to a physical confrontation with his father which resulted in a break in their relationship which lasted for many years . Although he did not graduate from the university , he wrote a number of plays and an opera , and became an assistant director at a local theatre . In 1942 , he was given the opportunity to direct one of his own scripts , Caspars Death . The play was seen by members of Svensk Filmindustri , which then offered Bergman a position working on scripts . He married Else Fisher in 1943 . Film career until 1975 . Bergmans film career began in 1941 with his work rewriting scripts , but his first major accomplishment was in 1944 when he wrote the screenplay for Torment ( a.k.a . Frenzy ) ( Hets ) , a film directed by Alf Sjöberg . Along with writing the screenplay , he was also appointed assistant director of the film . In his second autobiographical book , Images : My Life in Film , Bergman describes the filming of the exteriors as his actual film directorial debut . The film sparked debate on Swedish formal education . When Henning Håkanson ( the principal of the high school Bergman had attended ) wrote a letter following the films release , Bergman , according to scholar Frank Gado , disparaged in a response what he viewed as Håkansons implication that students who did not fit some arbitrary prescription of worthiness deserved the systems cruel neglect . Bergman also stated in the letter that he hated school as a principle , as a system and as an institution . And as such I have definitely not wanted to criticize my own school , but all schools . The international success of this film led to Bergmans first opportunity to direct a year later . During the next ten years he wrote and directed more than a dozen films , including Prison ( Fängelse ) in 1949 , as well as Sawdust and Tinsel ( Gycklarnas afton ) and Summer with Monika ( Sommaren med Monika ) , both released in 1953 . Bergman first achieved worldwide success with Smiles of a Summer Night ( Sommarnattens leende , 1955 ) , which won for Best poetic humour and was nominated for the Palme dOr at Cannes the following year . This was followed by The Seventh Seal ( Det sjunde inseglet ) and Wild Strawberries ( Smultronstället ) , released in Sweden ten months apart in 1957 . The Seventh Seal won a special jury prize and was nominated for the Palme dOr at Cannes , and Wild Strawberries won numerous awards for Bergman and its star , Victor Sjöström . Bergman continued to be productive for the next two decades . From the early 1960s , he spent much of his life on the island of Fårö , where he made several films . In the early 1960s he directed three films that explored the theme of faith and doubt in God , Through a Glass Darkly ( Såsom i en Spegel , 1961 ) , Winter Light ( Nattvardsgästerna , 1962 ) , and The Silence ( Tystnaden , 1963 ) . Critics created the notion that the common themes in these three films made them a trilogy or cinematic triptych . Bergman initially responded that he did not plan these three films as a trilogy and that he could not see any common motifs in them , but he later seemed to adopt the notion , with some equivocation . His parody of the films of Federico Fellini , All These Women ( För att inte tala om alla dessa kvinnor ) was released in 1964 . Largely a two-hander with Bibi Andersson and Liv Ullmann , Persona ( 1966 ) is a film that Bergman himself considered one of his most important works . While the highly experimental film won few awards , it has been considered his masterpiece . Other films of the period include The Virgin Spring ( Jungfrukällan , 1960 ) , Hour of the Wolf ( Vargtimmen , 1968 ) , Shame ( Skammen , 1968 ) and The Passion of Anna ( En Passion , 1969 ) . With his cinematographer Sven Nykvist , Bergman made use of a crimson color scheme for Cries and Whispers ( 1972 ) , which received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Picture . He also produced extensively for Swedish television at this time . Two works of note were Scenes from a Marriage ( Scener ur ett äktenskap , 1973 ) and The Magic Flute ( Trollflöjten , 1975 ) . Tax evasion charges in 1976 . On 30 January 1976 , while rehearsing August Strindbergs The Dance of Death at the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm , he was arrested by two plainclothes police officers and charged with income tax evasion . The impact of the event on Bergman was devastating . He suffered a nervous breakdown as a result of the humiliation , and was hospitalised in a state of deep depression . The investigation was focused on an alleged 1970 transaction of 500,000 Swedish kronor ( SEK ) between Bergmans Swedish company Cinematograf and its Swiss subsidiary Persona , an entity that was mainly used for the paying of salaries to foreign actors . Bergman dissolved Persona in 1974 after having been notified by the Swedish Central Bank and subsequently reported the income . On 23 March 1976 , the special prosecutor Anders Nordenadler dropped the charges against Bergman , saying that the alleged crime had no legal basis , saying it would be like bringing charges against a person who has stolen his own car , thinking it was someone elses . Director General Gösta Ekman , chief of the Swedish Internal Revenue Service , defended the failed investigation , saying that the investigation was dealing with important legal material and that Bergman was treated just like any other suspect . He expressed regret that Bergman had left the country , hoping that Bergman was a stronger person now when the investigation had shown that he had not done any wrong . Although the charges were dropped , Bergman became disconsolate , fearing he would never again return to directing . Despite pleas by the Swedish prime minister Olof Palme , high public figures , and leaders of the film industry , he vowed never to work in Sweden again . He closed down his studio on the island of Fårö , suspended two announced film projects , and went into self-imposed exile in Munich , Germany . Harry Schein , director of the Swedish Film Institute , estimated the immediate damage as ten million SEK ( kronor ) and hundreds of jobs lost . Aftermath following arrest . Bergman then briefly considered the possibility of working in America ; his next film , The Serpents Egg ( 1977 ) was a German-U.S . production and his second English-language film ( the first being The Touch , 1971 ) . This was followed by a British-Norwegian co-production , Autumn Sonata ( Höstsonaten , 1978 ) starring Ingrid Bergman ( no relation ) , and From the Life of the Marionettes ( Aus dem Leben der Marionetten , 1980 ) which was a British-German co-production . He temporarily returned to his homeland to direct Fanny and Alexander ( Fanny och Alexander , 1982 ) . Bergman stated that the film would be his last , and that afterwards he would focus on directing theatre . After that he wrote several film scripts and directed a number of television specials . As with previous work for television , some of these productions were later theatrically released . The last such work was Saraband ( 2003 ) , a sequel to Scenes from a Marriage and directed by Bergman when he was 84 years old . Although he continued to operate from Munich , by mid-1978 Bergman had overcome some of his bitterness toward the Swedish government . In July of that year he visited Sweden , celebrating his sixtieth birthday on the island of Fårö , and partly resumed his work as a director at Royal Dramatic Theatre . To honour his return , the Swedish Film Institute launched a new Ingmar Bergman Prize to be awarded annually for excellence in filmmaking . Still , he remained in Munich until 1984 . In one of the last major interviews with Bergman , conducted in 2005 on the island of Fårö , Bergman said that despite being active during the exile , he had effectively lost eight years of his professional life . Retirement and death . Bergman retired from filmmaking in December 2003 . He had hip surgery in October 2006 and was making a difficult recovery . He died in his sleep at age 89 ; his body was found at his home on the island of Fårö , on 30 July 2007 , sixteen days after his 89th birthday . ( It was the same day another renowned existentialist film director , Michelangelo Antonioni , died. ) The interment was private , at the Fårö Church on 18 August 2007 . A place in the Fårö churchyard was prepared for him under heavy secrecy . Although he was buried on the island of Fårö , his name and date of birth were inscribed under his wifes name on a tomb at Roslagsbro churchyard , Norrtälje Municipality , several years before his death . Filmography . Selected work : Style of working . Repertory company . Bergman developed a personal repertory company of Swedish actors whom he repeatedly cast in his films , including Max von Sydow , Bibi Andersson , Harriet Andersson , Erland Josephson , Ingrid Thulin , Gunnel Lindblom , and Gunnar Björnstrand , each of whom appeared in at least five Bergman features . Norwegian actress Liv Ullmann , who appeared in nine of Bergmans films and one televisual film ( Saraband ) , was the last to join this group ( in the film Persona ) , and ultimately became the most closely associated with Bergman , both artistically and personally . They had a daughter together , Linn Ullmann ( born 1966 ) . In Bergmans working arrangement with Sven Nykvist , his best-known cinematographer , the two men developed sufficient rapport to allow Bergman not to worry about the composition of a shot until the day before it was filmed . On the morning of the shoot , he would briefly speak to Nykvist about the mood and composition he hoped for , and then leave Nykvist to work , lacking interruption or comment until post-production discussion of the next days work . Financing . By Bergmans own account , he never had a problem with funding . He cited two reasons for this : one , that he did not live in the United States , which he viewed as obsessed with box-office earnings ; and two , that his films tended to be low-budget affairs . ( Cries and Whispers , for instance , was finished for about $450,000 , while Scenes from a Marriage , a six-episode television feature , cost only $200,000. ) Technique . Bergman usually wrote his films screenplays , thinking about them for months or years before starting the actual process of writing , which he viewed as somewhat tedious . His earlier films are carefully constructed and are either based on his plays or written in collaboration with other authors . Bergman stated that in his later works , when on occasion his actors would want to do things differently from his own intention , he would let them , noting that the results were often disastrous when he did not do so . As his career progressed , Bergman increasingly let his actors improvise their dialogue . In his later films , he wrote just the ideas informing the scene and allowed his actors to determine the exact dialogue . When viewing daily rushes , Bergman stressed the importance of being critical but unemotive , claiming that he asked himself not if the work was great or terrible , but rather if it was sufficient or needed to be reshot . Subjects . Bergmans films usually deal with existential questions of mortality , loneliness , and religious faith . In addition to these cerebral topics , however , sexual desire features in the foreground of most of his films , whether the central event is medieval plague ( The Seventh Seal ) , upper-class family activity in early twentieth century Uppsala ( Fanny and Alexander ) , or contemporary alienation ( The Silence ) . His female characters are usually more in touch with their sexuality than their male equivalents , and unafraid to proclaim it , sometimes with breathtaking overtness ( as in Cries and Whispers ) as would define the work of the conjurer , as Bergman called himself in a 1960 TIME cover story . In an interview with Playboy in 1964 , he said : The manifestation of sex is very important , and particularly to me , for above all , I dont want to make merely intellectual films . I want audiences to feel , to sense my films . This to me is much more important than their understanding them . Film , Bergman said , was his demanding mistress . While he was a social democrat as an adult , Bergman stated that as an artist Im not politically involved .. . I dont make propaganda for either one attitude or the other . Bergmans views on his career . When asked in the series of interviews later titled Ingmar Bergman – 3 dokumentärer om film , teater , Fårö och livet conducted by Marie Nyreröd for Swedish TV and released in 2004 , Bergman said that of his works , he held Winter Light , Persona , and Cries and Whispers in the highest regard . There he also states that he managed to push the envelope of film making in the films Persona and Cries and Whispers . Bergman stated on numerous occasions ( for example in the interview book Bergman on Bergman ) that The Silence meant the end of the era in which religious questions were a major concern of his films . Bergman said that he would get depressed by his own films : jittery and ready to cry.. . and miserable . In the same interview he also stated : If there is one thing I miss about working with films , it is working with Sven ( Nykvist ) , the third cinematographer with whom he had collaborated . Theatrical work . Although Bergman was universally famous for his contribution to cinema , he was also an active and productive stage director all his life . During his studies at what was then Stockholm University College , he became active in its student theatre , where he made a name for himself early on . His first work after graduation was as a trainee-director at a Stockholm theatre . At twenty-six years , he became the youngest theatrical manager in Europe at the Helsingborg City Theatre . He stayed at Helsingborg for three years and then became the director at Gothenburg city theatre from 1946 to 1949 . He became director of the Malmö City Theatre in 1953 , and remained for seven years . Many of his star actors were people with whom he began working on stage . He was the director of the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm from 1960 to 1966 , and manager from 1963 to 1966 , where he began a long-time collaboration with choreographer Donya Feuer . After Bergman left Sweden because of the tax evasion incident , he became director of the Residenz Theatre of Munich , Germany ( 1977–1984 ) . He remained active in theatre throughout the 1990s and made his final production on stage with Henrik Ibsens The Wild Duck at the Royal Dramatic Theatre in 2002 . Personal life . Marriages and children . Bergman was married five times : - 25 March 1943 – 1945 , to Else Fisher ( 1 March 1918 – 3 March 2006 ) , choreographer and dancer ( divorced ) . Offspring : - Lena Bergman , actress , born 1943 . - 22 July 1945 – 1950 , to Ellen Lundström ( 23 April 1919 – 6 March 2007 ) , choreographer and film director ( divorced ) . Children : - Eva Bergman , film director , born 1945 - Jan Bergman , film director ( 1946–2000 ) - the twins Mats and Anna Bergman , both actors and film directors , born in 1948 . - 1951 – 1959 , to Gun Grut ( 1916–1971 ) , journalist ( divorced ) . Offspring : - Ingmar Bergman Jr. , retired airline captain , born 1951 . - 1959 – 1969 , to Käbi Laretei ( 14 July 1922 – 31 October 2014 ) , concert pianist ( divorced ) . Offspring : - Daniel Bergman , film director , born 1962 . - 11 November 1971 – 20 May 1995 , to Ingrid von Rosen ( maiden name Karlebo ) . Offspring : - Maria von Rosen , author , born 1959 . The first four marriages ended in divorce , while the last ended when his wife Ingrid died of stomach cancer in 1995 , aged 65 . Aside from his marriages , Bergman had romantic relationships with actresses Harriet Andersson ( 1952–1955 ) , Bibi Andersson ( 1955–1959 ) , and Liv Ullmann ( 1965–1970 ) . He was the father of writer Linn Ullmann with Ullmann . In all , Bergman had nine children , one of whom predeceased him . Bergman eventually married all the mothers of his children , with the exception of Liv Ullmann . His daughter with his last wife , Ingrid von Rosen , was born twelve years before their marriage . He had dozens of mistresses throughout his life and would justify the affairs to his various wives by telling them : “I have so many lives.” Although Bergman once described himself as one who had lost his faith in an afterlife , Max von Sydow stated in an interview that he had had many discussions with him about religion , and indicated that Bergmans belief in the afterlife was restored . Awards and nominations . In 1958 , he won the Best Director award for Brink of Life at the Cannes Film Festival , and won the Golden Bear for Wild Strawberries at the Berlin International Film Festival . In 1960 Bergman was featured in the cover of TIME , the first foreign-language filmmaker to do so since Leni Riefenstahl in 1936 . In 1971 , Bergman received the Irving G . Thalberg Memorial Award at the Academy Awards ceremony . Three of his films ( Through a Glass Darkly , The Virgin Spring , and Fanny and Alexander ) won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film . In 1997 , he was awarded the Palme des Palmes ( Palm of the Palms ) at the 50th anniversary of the Cannes Film Festival . He won many other awards and has been nominated for numerous other awards . Academy Awards Legacy . Bergmans work was a point of reference and inspiration for director Woody Allen . He described Bergman as “probably the greatest film artist , all things considered , since the invention of the motion picture camera” . Bergmans films are mentioned and praised in Annie Hall and others of Allens films . Allen also admired Bergmans longtime director of photography Sven Nykvist and invited him to be his DP on Crimes and Misdemeanors . In 2002 , Bergman was listed at number nine on the British Film Institutes Sight & Sound list of the top ten film directors of modern times . In 2017 New York magazine ranked Bergman at number 55 on their list of The 100 Best Screenwriters of All Time . After Bergman died , a large archive of notes was donated to the Swedish Film Institute . Among the notes are several unpublished and unfinished scripts both for stage and films , and many more ideas for works in different stages of development . A never-performed play has the title Kärlek utan älskare ( Love without lovers ) , and has the note Complete disaster ! written on the envelope ; the play is about a director who disappears and an editor who tries to complete a work he has left unfinished . Other canceled projects include the script for a pornographic film which Bergman abandoned since he did not think it was alive enough , a play about a cannibal , some loose scenes set inside a womb , a film about the life of Jesus , a film about The Merry Widow , and a play with the title Från sperm till spöke ( From sperm to spook ) . The Swedish director Marcus Lindeen went through the material , and inspired by Kärlek utan älskare he took samples from many of the works and turned them into a play , titled Arkivet för orealiserbara drömmar och visioner ( The archive for unrealisable dreams and visions ) . Lindeens play premiered on 28 May 2012 at the Stockholm City Theatre . Terrence Rafferty of The New York Times wrote that throughout the 1960s , when Bergman was considered pretty much the last word in cinematic profundity , his every tic was scrupulously pored over , analyzed , elaborated in ingenious arguments about identity , the nature of film , the fate of the artist in the modern world and so on . Danish Director Thomas Vinterberg has cited Bergman as one of his major influences , Bergman is always in my head . He is part of my upbringing and I was fortunate to meet him and get advice from him . In 1996 , Entertainment Weekly ranked Bergman at No . 8 in its 50 Greatest Directors list . Bergman was ranked at No . 36 on Empire magazines Top 40 Greatest Directors of All-Time list in 2005 . In 2007 , Total Film magazine ranked Bergman at No . 7 on its 100 Greatest Film Directors Ever list . Writer and director Richard Ayoade counts Bergman as one of his inspirations . In 2017 , the British Film Institute ( BFI ) hosted an Ingmar Bergman season and Ayoade said in a Guardian interview that he saw everything in it , which was one of the best two months ever . The BFIs programme included a discussion with Ayoade on Bergmans 1966 film , Persona , before a screening .
|
[
"Gun Grut"
] |
[
{
"text": "Ernst Ingmar Bergman ( 14 July 1918 – 30 July 2007 ) was a Swedish film director , screenwriter , and producer . Considered to be among the most accomplished and influential filmmakers of all time , Bergmans films include Smiles of a Summer Night ( 1955 ) , The Seventh Seal ( 1957 ) , The Silence ( 1963 ) , Wild Strawberries ( 1957 ) , Persona ( 1966 ) , Cries and Whispers ( 1972 ) , Scenes from a Marriage ( 1973 ) , and Fanny and Alexander ( 1982 ) ; the last two exist",
"title": "Ingmar Bergman"
},
{
"text": "in extended television versions .",
"title": "Ingmar Bergman"
},
{
"text": "Bergman directed over sixty films and documentaries for cinematic release and for television screenings , most of which he also wrote . His theatrical career continued in parallel and included periods as Leading Director of the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm and of the Residenztheater in Munich . He also directed over 170 plays . He eventually forged a creative partnership with his cinematographers Gunnar Fischer and Sven Nykvist . Among his company of actors were Harriet Andersson , Bibi Andersson , Liv Ullmann , Gunnar Björnstrand , Erland Josephson , Ingrid Thulin , and Max von Sydow . Most",
"title": "Ingmar Bergman"
},
{
"text": "of his films were set in Sweden , and many films from Through a Glass Darkly ( 1961 ) onward were filmed on the island of Fårö .",
"title": "Ingmar Bergman"
},
{
"text": "Philip French referred to Bergman as one of the greatest artists of the 20th century .. . he found in literature and the performing arts a way of both recreating and questioning the human condition . Director Martin Scorsese commented : If you were alive in the 50s and the 60s and of a certain age , a teenager on your way to becoming an adult , and you wanted to make movies , I dont see how you couldnt be influenced by Bergman ...Its impossible to overestimate the effect that those films had on people . Bergman was ranked",
"title": "Ingmar Bergman"
},
{
"text": "7th in directors poll on Sight & Sounds 2002 list of The Greatest Directors of All Time .",
"title": "Ingmar Bergman"
},
{
"text": "Ernst Ingmar Bergman was born on 14 July 1918 in Uppsala , Sweden , the son of Erik Bergman , a Lutheran minister and later chaplain to the King of Sweden , and Karin ( née Åkerblom ) , a nurse who also had Walloon ancestors . He grew up with his older brother Dag and sister Margareta surrounded by religious imagery and discussion . His father was a conservative parish minister with strict ideas of parenting . Ingmar was locked up in dark closets for infractions such as wetting himself . While father preached away in the pulpit and",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "the congregation prayed , sang , or listened , Ingmar wrote in his autobiography Laterna Magica ,",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " I devoted my interest to the churchs mysterious world of low arches , thick walls , the smell of eternity , the coloured sunlight quivering above the strangest vegetation of medieval paintings and carved figures on ceilings and walls . There was everything that ones imagination could desire—angels , saints , dragons , prophets , devils , humans .. .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Although raised in a devout Lutheran household , Bergman later stated that he lost his faith when aged eight , and only came to terms with this fact while making Winter Light in 1962 . His interest in theatre and film began early : At the age of nine , he traded a set of tin soldiers for a magic lantern , a possession that altered the course of his life . Within a year , he had created , by playing with this toy , a private world in which he felt completely at home , he recalled .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "He fashioned his own scenery , marionettes , and lighting effects and gave puppet productions of Strindberg plays in which he spoke all the parts .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Bergman attended Palmgrens School as a teenager . His school years were unhappy , and he remembered them unfavourably in later years . In a 1944 letter concerning the film Torment ( sometimes known as Frenzy ) , which sparked debate on the condition of Swedish high schools ( and which Bergman had written ) , the schools principal Henning Håkanson wrote , among other things , that Bergman had been a problem child . Bergman wrote in a response that he had strongly disliked the emphasis on homework and testing in his formal schooling .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In 1934 , aged 16 , he was sent to Germany to spend the summer holidays with family friends . He attended a Nazi rally in Weimar at which he saw Adolf Hitler . He later wrote in Laterna Magica ( The Magic Lantern ) about the visit to Germany , describing how the German family had put a portrait of Hitler on the wall by his bed , and that for many years , I was on Hitlers side , delighted by his success and saddened by his defeats . Bergman commented that Hitler was unbelievably charismatic . He",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "electrified the crowd . .. . The Nazism I had seen seemed fun and youthful . Bergman did two five-month stretches in Sweden of mandatory military service .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Bergman enrolled at Stockholm University College ( later renamed Stockholm University ) in 1937 , to study art and literature . He spent most of his time involved in student theatre and became a genuine movie addict . At the same time , a romantic involvement led to a physical confrontation with his father which resulted in a break in their relationship which lasted for many years . Although he did not graduate from the university , he wrote a number of plays and an opera , and became an assistant director at a local theatre . In 1942 ,",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "he was given the opportunity to direct one of his own scripts , Caspars Death . The play was seen by members of Svensk Filmindustri , which then offered Bergman a position working on scripts . He married Else Fisher in 1943 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Bergmans film career began in 1941 with his work rewriting scripts , but his first major accomplishment was in 1944 when he wrote the screenplay for Torment ( a.k.a . Frenzy ) ( Hets ) , a film directed by Alf Sjöberg . Along with writing the screenplay , he was also appointed assistant director of the film . In his second autobiographical book , Images : My Life in Film , Bergman describes the filming of the exteriors as his actual film directorial debut . The film sparked debate on Swedish formal education . When Henning Håkanson ( the",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "principal of the high school Bergman had attended ) wrote a letter following the films release , Bergman , according to scholar Frank Gado , disparaged in a response what he viewed as Håkansons implication that students who did not fit some arbitrary prescription of worthiness deserved the systems cruel neglect . Bergman also stated in the letter that he hated school as a principle , as a system and as an institution . And as such I have definitely not wanted to criticize my own school , but all schools . The international success of this film led to",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Bergmans first opportunity to direct a year later . During the next ten years he wrote and directed more than a dozen films , including Prison ( Fängelse ) in 1949 , as well as Sawdust and Tinsel ( Gycklarnas afton ) and Summer with Monika ( Sommaren med Monika ) , both released in 1953 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Bergman first achieved worldwide success with Smiles of a Summer Night ( Sommarnattens leende , 1955 ) , which won for Best poetic humour and was nominated for the Palme dOr at Cannes the following year . This was followed by The Seventh Seal ( Det sjunde inseglet ) and Wild Strawberries ( Smultronstället ) , released in Sweden ten months apart in 1957 . The Seventh Seal won a special jury prize and was nominated for the Palme dOr at Cannes , and Wild Strawberries won numerous awards for Bergman and its star , Victor Sjöström . Bergman continued",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "to be productive for the next two decades . From the early 1960s , he spent much of his life on the island of Fårö , where he made several films .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In the early 1960s he directed three films that explored the theme of faith and doubt in God , Through a Glass Darkly ( Såsom i en Spegel , 1961 ) , Winter Light ( Nattvardsgästerna , 1962 ) , and The Silence ( Tystnaden , 1963 ) . Critics created the notion that the common themes in these three films made them a trilogy or cinematic triptych . Bergman initially responded that he did not plan these three films as a trilogy and that he could not see any common motifs in them , but he later seemed to",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "adopt the notion , with some equivocation . His parody of the films of Federico Fellini , All These Women ( För att inte tala om alla dessa kvinnor ) was released in 1964 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Largely a two-hander with Bibi Andersson and Liv Ullmann , Persona ( 1966 ) is a film that Bergman himself considered one of his most important works . While the highly experimental film won few awards , it has been considered his masterpiece . Other films of the period include The Virgin Spring ( Jungfrukällan , 1960 ) , Hour of the Wolf ( Vargtimmen , 1968 ) , Shame ( Skammen , 1968 ) and The Passion of Anna ( En Passion , 1969 ) . With his cinematographer Sven Nykvist , Bergman made use of a crimson color",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "scheme for Cries and Whispers ( 1972 ) , which received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Picture . He also produced extensively for Swedish television at this time . Two works of note were Scenes from a Marriage ( Scener ur ett äktenskap , 1973 ) and The Magic Flute ( Trollflöjten , 1975 ) .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Tax evasion charges in 1976 . On 30 January 1976 , while rehearsing August Strindbergs The Dance of Death at the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm , he was arrested by two plainclothes police officers and charged with income tax evasion . The impact of the event on Bergman was devastating . He suffered a nervous breakdown as a result of the humiliation , and was hospitalised in a state of deep depression .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "The investigation was focused on an alleged 1970 transaction of 500,000 Swedish kronor ( SEK ) between Bergmans Swedish company Cinematograf and its Swiss subsidiary Persona , an entity that was mainly used for the paying of salaries to foreign actors . Bergman dissolved Persona in 1974 after having been notified by the Swedish Central Bank and subsequently reported the income . On 23 March 1976 , the special prosecutor Anders Nordenadler dropped the charges against Bergman , saying that the alleged crime had no legal basis , saying it would be like bringing charges against a person who has",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "stolen his own car , thinking it was someone elses . Director General Gösta Ekman , chief of the Swedish Internal Revenue Service , defended the failed investigation , saying that the investigation was dealing with important legal material and that Bergman was treated just like any other suspect . He expressed regret that Bergman had left the country , hoping that Bergman was a stronger person now when the investigation had shown that he had not done any wrong .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Although the charges were dropped , Bergman became disconsolate , fearing he would never again return to directing . Despite pleas by the Swedish prime minister Olof Palme , high public figures , and leaders of the film industry , he vowed never to work in Sweden again . He closed down his studio on the island of Fårö , suspended two announced film projects , and went into self-imposed exile in Munich , Germany . Harry Schein , director of the Swedish Film Institute , estimated the immediate damage as ten million SEK ( kronor ) and hundreds of",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "jobs lost .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Bergman then briefly considered the possibility of working in America ; his next film , The Serpents Egg ( 1977 ) was a German-U.S . production and his second English-language film ( the first being The Touch , 1971 ) . This was followed by a British-Norwegian co-production , Autumn Sonata ( Höstsonaten , 1978 ) starring Ingrid Bergman ( no relation ) , and From the Life of the Marionettes ( Aus dem Leben der Marionetten , 1980 ) which was a British-German co-production .",
"title": "Aftermath following arrest"
},
{
"text": "He temporarily returned to his homeland to direct Fanny and Alexander ( Fanny och Alexander , 1982 ) . Bergman stated that the film would be his last , and that afterwards he would focus on directing theatre . After that he wrote several film scripts and directed a number of television specials . As with previous work for television , some of these productions were later theatrically released . The last such work was Saraband ( 2003 ) , a sequel to Scenes from a Marriage and directed by Bergman when he was 84 years old .",
"title": "Aftermath following arrest"
},
{
"text": "Although he continued to operate from Munich , by mid-1978 Bergman had overcome some of his bitterness toward the Swedish government . In July of that year he visited Sweden , celebrating his sixtieth birthday on the island of Fårö , and partly resumed his work as a director at Royal Dramatic Theatre . To honour his return , the Swedish Film Institute launched a new Ingmar Bergman Prize to be awarded annually for excellence in filmmaking . Still , he remained in Munich until 1984 . In one of the last major interviews with Bergman , conducted in 2005",
"title": "Aftermath following arrest"
},
{
"text": "on the island of Fårö , Bergman said that despite being active during the exile , he had effectively lost eight years of his professional life .",
"title": "Aftermath following arrest"
},
{
"text": "Bergman retired from filmmaking in December 2003 . He had hip surgery in October 2006 and was making a difficult recovery . He died in his sleep at age 89 ; his body was found at his home on the island of Fårö , on 30 July 2007 , sixteen days after his 89th birthday . ( It was the same day another renowned existentialist film director , Michelangelo Antonioni , died. ) The interment was private , at the Fårö Church on 18 August 2007 . A place in the Fårö churchyard was prepared for him under heavy secrecy",
"title": "Retirement and death"
},
{
"text": ". Although he was buried on the island of Fårö , his name and date of birth were inscribed under his wifes name on a tomb at Roslagsbro churchyard , Norrtälje Municipality , several years before his death .",
"title": "Retirement and death"
},
{
"text": "Bergman developed a personal repertory company of Swedish actors whom he repeatedly cast in his films , including Max von Sydow , Bibi Andersson , Harriet Andersson , Erland Josephson , Ingrid Thulin , Gunnel Lindblom , and Gunnar Björnstrand , each of whom appeared in at least five Bergman features . Norwegian actress Liv Ullmann , who appeared in nine of Bergmans films and one televisual film ( Saraband ) , was the last to join this group ( in the film Persona ) , and ultimately became the most closely associated with Bergman , both artistically and personally",
"title": "Repertory company"
},
{
"text": ". They had a daughter together , Linn Ullmann ( born 1966 ) .",
"title": "Repertory company"
},
{
"text": " In Bergmans working arrangement with Sven Nykvist , his best-known cinematographer , the two men developed sufficient rapport to allow Bergman not to worry about the composition of a shot until the day before it was filmed . On the morning of the shoot , he would briefly speak to Nykvist about the mood and composition he hoped for , and then leave Nykvist to work , lacking interruption or comment until post-production discussion of the next days work .",
"title": "Repertory company"
},
{
"text": " By Bergmans own account , he never had a problem with funding . He cited two reasons for this : one , that he did not live in the United States , which he viewed as obsessed with box-office earnings ; and two , that his films tended to be low-budget affairs . ( Cries and Whispers , for instance , was finished for about $450,000 , while Scenes from a Marriage , a six-episode television feature , cost only $200,000. )",
"title": "Financing"
},
{
"text": "Bergman usually wrote his films screenplays , thinking about them for months or years before starting the actual process of writing , which he viewed as somewhat tedious . His earlier films are carefully constructed and are either based on his plays or written in collaboration with other authors . Bergman stated that in his later works , when on occasion his actors would want to do things differently from his own intention , he would let them , noting that the results were often disastrous when he did not do so . As his career progressed , Bergman increasingly",
"title": "Technique"
},
{
"text": "let his actors improvise their dialogue . In his later films , he wrote just the ideas informing the scene and allowed his actors to determine the exact dialogue . When viewing daily rushes , Bergman stressed the importance of being critical but unemotive , claiming that he asked himself not if the work was great or terrible , but rather if it was sufficient or needed to be reshot .",
"title": "Technique"
},
{
"text": "Bergmans films usually deal with existential questions of mortality , loneliness , and religious faith . In addition to these cerebral topics , however , sexual desire features in the foreground of most of his films , whether the central event is medieval plague ( The Seventh Seal ) , upper-class family activity in early twentieth century Uppsala ( Fanny and Alexander ) , or contemporary alienation ( The Silence ) . His female characters are usually more in touch with their sexuality than their male equivalents , and unafraid to proclaim it , sometimes with breathtaking overtness ( as",
"title": "Subjects"
},
{
"text": "in Cries and Whispers ) as would define the work of the conjurer , as Bergman called himself in a 1960 TIME cover story . In an interview with Playboy in 1964 , he said : The manifestation of sex is very important , and particularly to me , for above all , I dont want to make merely intellectual films . I want audiences to feel , to sense my films . This to me is much more important than their understanding them . Film , Bergman said , was his demanding mistress . While he was a social",
"title": "Subjects"
},
{
"text": "democrat as an adult , Bergman stated that as an artist Im not politically involved .. . I dont make propaganda for either one attitude or the other .",
"title": "Subjects"
},
{
"text": "When asked in the series of interviews later titled Ingmar Bergman – 3 dokumentärer om film , teater , Fårö och livet conducted by Marie Nyreröd for Swedish TV and released in 2004 , Bergman said that of his works , he held Winter Light , Persona , and Cries and Whispers in the highest regard . There he also states that he managed to push the envelope of film making in the films Persona and Cries and Whispers . Bergman stated on numerous occasions ( for example in the interview book Bergman on Bergman ) that The Silence meant",
"title": "Subjects"
},
{
"text": "the end of the era in which religious questions were a major concern of his films . Bergman said that he would get depressed by his own films : jittery and ready to cry.. . and miserable . In the same interview he also stated : If there is one thing I miss about working with films , it is working with Sven ( Nykvist ) , the third cinematographer with whom he had collaborated .",
"title": "Subjects"
},
{
"text": "Although Bergman was universally famous for his contribution to cinema , he was also an active and productive stage director all his life . During his studies at what was then Stockholm University College , he became active in its student theatre , where he made a name for himself early on . His first work after graduation was as a trainee-director at a Stockholm theatre . At twenty-six years , he became the youngest theatrical manager in Europe at the Helsingborg City Theatre . He stayed at Helsingborg for three years and then became the director at Gothenburg city",
"title": "Theatrical work"
},
{
"text": "theatre from 1946 to 1949 .",
"title": "Theatrical work"
},
{
"text": " He became director of the Malmö City Theatre in 1953 , and remained for seven years . Many of his star actors were people with whom he began working on stage . He was the director of the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm from 1960 to 1966 , and manager from 1963 to 1966 , where he began a long-time collaboration with choreographer Donya Feuer .",
"title": "Theatrical work"
},
{
"text": "After Bergman left Sweden because of the tax evasion incident , he became director of the Residenz Theatre of Munich , Germany ( 1977–1984 ) . He remained active in theatre throughout the 1990s and made his final production on stage with Henrik Ibsens The Wild Duck at the Royal Dramatic Theatre in 2002 .",
"title": "Theatrical work"
},
{
"text": " Bergman was married five times : - 25 March 1943 – 1945 , to Else Fisher ( 1 March 1918 – 3 March 2006 ) , choreographer and dancer ( divorced ) . Offspring : - Lena Bergman , actress , born 1943 . - 22 July 1945 – 1950 , to Ellen Lundström ( 23 April 1919 – 6 March 2007 ) , choreographer and film director ( divorced ) . Children : - Eva Bergman , film director , born 1945 - Jan Bergman , film director ( 1946–2000 )",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": "- the twins Mats and Anna Bergman , both actors and film directors , born in 1948 .",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": " - 1951 – 1959 , to Gun Grut ( 1916–1971 ) , journalist ( divorced ) . Offspring : - Ingmar Bergman Jr. , retired airline captain , born 1951 . - 1959 – 1969 , to Käbi Laretei ( 14 July 1922 – 31 October 2014 ) , concert pianist ( divorced ) . Offspring : - Daniel Bergman , film director , born 1962 . - 11 November 1971 – 20 May 1995 , to Ingrid von Rosen ( maiden name Karlebo ) . Offspring : - Maria von Rosen , author , born 1959 .",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": "The first four marriages ended in divorce , while the last ended when his wife Ingrid died of stomach cancer in 1995 , aged 65 . Aside from his marriages , Bergman had romantic relationships with actresses Harriet Andersson ( 1952–1955 ) , Bibi Andersson ( 1955–1959 ) , and Liv Ullmann ( 1965–1970 ) . He was the father of writer Linn Ullmann with Ullmann . In all , Bergman had nine children , one of whom predeceased him . Bergman eventually married all the mothers of his children , with the exception of Liv Ullmann . His daughter",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": "with his last wife , Ingrid von Rosen , was born twelve years before their marriage . He had dozens of mistresses throughout his life and would justify the affairs to his various wives by telling them : “I have so many lives.”",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": " Although Bergman once described himself as one who had lost his faith in an afterlife , Max von Sydow stated in an interview that he had had many discussions with him about religion , and indicated that Bergmans belief in the afterlife was restored .",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": "In 1958 , he won the Best Director award for Brink of Life at the Cannes Film Festival , and won the Golden Bear for Wild Strawberries at the Berlin International Film Festival . In 1960 Bergman was featured in the cover of TIME , the first foreign-language filmmaker to do so since Leni Riefenstahl in 1936 . In 1971 , Bergman received the Irving G . Thalberg Memorial Award at the Academy Awards ceremony . Three of his films ( Through a Glass Darkly , The Virgin Spring , and Fanny and Alexander ) won the Academy Award for",
"title": "Awards and nominations"
},
{
"text": "Best Foreign Language Film . In 1997 , he was awarded the Palme des Palmes ( Palm of the Palms ) at the 50th anniversary of the Cannes Film Festival . He won many other awards and has been nominated for numerous other awards .",
"title": "Awards and nominations"
},
{
"text": "Bergmans work was a point of reference and inspiration for director Woody Allen . He described Bergman as “probably the greatest film artist , all things considered , since the invention of the motion picture camera” . Bergmans films are mentioned and praised in Annie Hall and others of Allens films . Allen also admired Bergmans longtime director of photography Sven Nykvist and invited him to be his DP on Crimes and Misdemeanors . In 2002 , Bergman was listed at number nine on the British Film Institutes Sight & Sound list of the top ten film directors of modern",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "times . In 2017 New York magazine ranked Bergman at number 55 on their list of The 100 Best Screenwriters of All Time .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "After Bergman died , a large archive of notes was donated to the Swedish Film Institute . Among the notes are several unpublished and unfinished scripts both for stage and films , and many more ideas for works in different stages of development . A never-performed play has the title Kärlek utan älskare ( Love without lovers ) , and has the note Complete disaster ! written on the envelope ; the play is about a director who disappears and an editor who tries to complete a work he has left unfinished . Other canceled projects include the script for",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "a pornographic film which Bergman abandoned since he did not think it was alive enough , a play about a cannibal , some loose scenes set inside a womb , a film about the life of Jesus , a film about The Merry Widow , and a play with the title Från sperm till spöke ( From sperm to spook ) . The Swedish director Marcus Lindeen went through the material , and inspired by Kärlek utan älskare he took samples from many of the works and turned them into a play , titled Arkivet för orealiserbara drömmar och visioner",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "( The archive for unrealisable dreams and visions ) . Lindeens play premiered on 28 May 2012 at the Stockholm City Theatre .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " Terrence Rafferty of The New York Times wrote that throughout the 1960s , when Bergman was considered pretty much the last word in cinematic profundity , his every tic was scrupulously pored over , analyzed , elaborated in ingenious arguments about identity , the nature of film , the fate of the artist in the modern world and so on .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "Danish Director Thomas Vinterberg has cited Bergman as one of his major influences , Bergman is always in my head . He is part of my upbringing and I was fortunate to meet him and get advice from him . In 1996 , Entertainment Weekly ranked Bergman at No . 8 in its 50 Greatest Directors list . Bergman was ranked at No . 36 on Empire magazines Top 40 Greatest Directors of All-Time list in 2005 . In 2007 , Total Film magazine ranked Bergman at No . 7 on its 100 Greatest Film Directors Ever list .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " Writer and director Richard Ayoade counts Bergman as one of his inspirations . In 2017 , the British Film Institute ( BFI ) hosted an Ingmar Bergman season and Ayoade said in a Guardian interview that he saw everything in it , which was one of the best two months ever . The BFIs programme included a discussion with Ayoade on Bergmans 1966 film , Persona , before a screening .",
"title": "Legacy"
}
] |
/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman#P26#3
|
Who was the spouse of Ingmar Bergman in early 1960s?
|
Ingmar Bergman Ernst Ingmar Bergman ( 14 July 1918 – 30 July 2007 ) was a Swedish film director , screenwriter , and producer . Considered to be among the most accomplished and influential filmmakers of all time , Bergmans films include Smiles of a Summer Night ( 1955 ) , The Seventh Seal ( 1957 ) , The Silence ( 1963 ) , Wild Strawberries ( 1957 ) , Persona ( 1966 ) , Cries and Whispers ( 1972 ) , Scenes from a Marriage ( 1973 ) , and Fanny and Alexander ( 1982 ) ; the last two exist in extended television versions . Bergman directed over sixty films and documentaries for cinematic release and for television screenings , most of which he also wrote . His theatrical career continued in parallel and included periods as Leading Director of the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm and of the Residenztheater in Munich . He also directed over 170 plays . He eventually forged a creative partnership with his cinematographers Gunnar Fischer and Sven Nykvist . Among his company of actors were Harriet Andersson , Bibi Andersson , Liv Ullmann , Gunnar Björnstrand , Erland Josephson , Ingrid Thulin , and Max von Sydow . Most of his films were set in Sweden , and many films from Through a Glass Darkly ( 1961 ) onward were filmed on the island of Fårö . Philip French referred to Bergman as one of the greatest artists of the 20th century .. . he found in literature and the performing arts a way of both recreating and questioning the human condition . Director Martin Scorsese commented : If you were alive in the 50s and the 60s and of a certain age , a teenager on your way to becoming an adult , and you wanted to make movies , I dont see how you couldnt be influenced by Bergman ...Its impossible to overestimate the effect that those films had on people . Bergman was ranked 7th in directors poll on Sight & Sounds 2002 list of The Greatest Directors of All Time . Biography . Early life . Ernst Ingmar Bergman was born on 14 July 1918 in Uppsala , Sweden , the son of Erik Bergman , a Lutheran minister and later chaplain to the King of Sweden , and Karin ( née Åkerblom ) , a nurse who also had Walloon ancestors . He grew up with his older brother Dag and sister Margareta surrounded by religious imagery and discussion . His father was a conservative parish minister with strict ideas of parenting . Ingmar was locked up in dark closets for infractions such as wetting himself . While father preached away in the pulpit and the congregation prayed , sang , or listened , Ingmar wrote in his autobiography Laterna Magica , I devoted my interest to the churchs mysterious world of low arches , thick walls , the smell of eternity , the coloured sunlight quivering above the strangest vegetation of medieval paintings and carved figures on ceilings and walls . There was everything that ones imagination could desire—angels , saints , dragons , prophets , devils , humans .. . Although raised in a devout Lutheran household , Bergman later stated that he lost his faith when aged eight , and only came to terms with this fact while making Winter Light in 1962 . His interest in theatre and film began early : At the age of nine , he traded a set of tin soldiers for a magic lantern , a possession that altered the course of his life . Within a year , he had created , by playing with this toy , a private world in which he felt completely at home , he recalled . He fashioned his own scenery , marionettes , and lighting effects and gave puppet productions of Strindberg plays in which he spoke all the parts . Bergman attended Palmgrens School as a teenager . His school years were unhappy , and he remembered them unfavourably in later years . In a 1944 letter concerning the film Torment ( sometimes known as Frenzy ) , which sparked debate on the condition of Swedish high schools ( and which Bergman had written ) , the schools principal Henning Håkanson wrote , among other things , that Bergman had been a problem child . Bergman wrote in a response that he had strongly disliked the emphasis on homework and testing in his formal schooling . In 1934 , aged 16 , he was sent to Germany to spend the summer holidays with family friends . He attended a Nazi rally in Weimar at which he saw Adolf Hitler . He later wrote in Laterna Magica ( The Magic Lantern ) about the visit to Germany , describing how the German family had put a portrait of Hitler on the wall by his bed , and that for many years , I was on Hitlers side , delighted by his success and saddened by his defeats . Bergman commented that Hitler was unbelievably charismatic . He electrified the crowd . .. . The Nazism I had seen seemed fun and youthful . Bergman did two five-month stretches in Sweden of mandatory military service . Bergman enrolled at Stockholm University College ( later renamed Stockholm University ) in 1937 , to study art and literature . He spent most of his time involved in student theatre and became a genuine movie addict . At the same time , a romantic involvement led to a physical confrontation with his father which resulted in a break in their relationship which lasted for many years . Although he did not graduate from the university , he wrote a number of plays and an opera , and became an assistant director at a local theatre . In 1942 , he was given the opportunity to direct one of his own scripts , Caspars Death . The play was seen by members of Svensk Filmindustri , which then offered Bergman a position working on scripts . He married Else Fisher in 1943 . Film career until 1975 . Bergmans film career began in 1941 with his work rewriting scripts , but his first major accomplishment was in 1944 when he wrote the screenplay for Torment ( a.k.a . Frenzy ) ( Hets ) , a film directed by Alf Sjöberg . Along with writing the screenplay , he was also appointed assistant director of the film . In his second autobiographical book , Images : My Life in Film , Bergman describes the filming of the exteriors as his actual film directorial debut . The film sparked debate on Swedish formal education . When Henning Håkanson ( the principal of the high school Bergman had attended ) wrote a letter following the films release , Bergman , according to scholar Frank Gado , disparaged in a response what he viewed as Håkansons implication that students who did not fit some arbitrary prescription of worthiness deserved the systems cruel neglect . Bergman also stated in the letter that he hated school as a principle , as a system and as an institution . And as such I have definitely not wanted to criticize my own school , but all schools . The international success of this film led to Bergmans first opportunity to direct a year later . During the next ten years he wrote and directed more than a dozen films , including Prison ( Fängelse ) in 1949 , as well as Sawdust and Tinsel ( Gycklarnas afton ) and Summer with Monika ( Sommaren med Monika ) , both released in 1953 . Bergman first achieved worldwide success with Smiles of a Summer Night ( Sommarnattens leende , 1955 ) , which won for Best poetic humour and was nominated for the Palme dOr at Cannes the following year . This was followed by The Seventh Seal ( Det sjunde inseglet ) and Wild Strawberries ( Smultronstället ) , released in Sweden ten months apart in 1957 . The Seventh Seal won a special jury prize and was nominated for the Palme dOr at Cannes , and Wild Strawberries won numerous awards for Bergman and its star , Victor Sjöström . Bergman continued to be productive for the next two decades . From the early 1960s , he spent much of his life on the island of Fårö , where he made several films . In the early 1960s he directed three films that explored the theme of faith and doubt in God , Through a Glass Darkly ( Såsom i en Spegel , 1961 ) , Winter Light ( Nattvardsgästerna , 1962 ) , and The Silence ( Tystnaden , 1963 ) . Critics created the notion that the common themes in these three films made them a trilogy or cinematic triptych . Bergman initially responded that he did not plan these three films as a trilogy and that he could not see any common motifs in them , but he later seemed to adopt the notion , with some equivocation . His parody of the films of Federico Fellini , All These Women ( För att inte tala om alla dessa kvinnor ) was released in 1964 . Largely a two-hander with Bibi Andersson and Liv Ullmann , Persona ( 1966 ) is a film that Bergman himself considered one of his most important works . While the highly experimental film won few awards , it has been considered his masterpiece . Other films of the period include The Virgin Spring ( Jungfrukällan , 1960 ) , Hour of the Wolf ( Vargtimmen , 1968 ) , Shame ( Skammen , 1968 ) and The Passion of Anna ( En Passion , 1969 ) . With his cinematographer Sven Nykvist , Bergman made use of a crimson color scheme for Cries and Whispers ( 1972 ) , which received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Picture . He also produced extensively for Swedish television at this time . Two works of note were Scenes from a Marriage ( Scener ur ett äktenskap , 1973 ) and The Magic Flute ( Trollflöjten , 1975 ) . Tax evasion charges in 1976 . On 30 January 1976 , while rehearsing August Strindbergs The Dance of Death at the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm , he was arrested by two plainclothes police officers and charged with income tax evasion . The impact of the event on Bergman was devastating . He suffered a nervous breakdown as a result of the humiliation , and was hospitalised in a state of deep depression . The investigation was focused on an alleged 1970 transaction of 500,000 Swedish kronor ( SEK ) between Bergmans Swedish company Cinematograf and its Swiss subsidiary Persona , an entity that was mainly used for the paying of salaries to foreign actors . Bergman dissolved Persona in 1974 after having been notified by the Swedish Central Bank and subsequently reported the income . On 23 March 1976 , the special prosecutor Anders Nordenadler dropped the charges against Bergman , saying that the alleged crime had no legal basis , saying it would be like bringing charges against a person who has stolen his own car , thinking it was someone elses . Director General Gösta Ekman , chief of the Swedish Internal Revenue Service , defended the failed investigation , saying that the investigation was dealing with important legal material and that Bergman was treated just like any other suspect . He expressed regret that Bergman had left the country , hoping that Bergman was a stronger person now when the investigation had shown that he had not done any wrong . Although the charges were dropped , Bergman became disconsolate , fearing he would never again return to directing . Despite pleas by the Swedish prime minister Olof Palme , high public figures , and leaders of the film industry , he vowed never to work in Sweden again . He closed down his studio on the island of Fårö , suspended two announced film projects , and went into self-imposed exile in Munich , Germany . Harry Schein , director of the Swedish Film Institute , estimated the immediate damage as ten million SEK ( kronor ) and hundreds of jobs lost . Aftermath following arrest . Bergman then briefly considered the possibility of working in America ; his next film , The Serpents Egg ( 1977 ) was a German-U.S . production and his second English-language film ( the first being The Touch , 1971 ) . This was followed by a British-Norwegian co-production , Autumn Sonata ( Höstsonaten , 1978 ) starring Ingrid Bergman ( no relation ) , and From the Life of the Marionettes ( Aus dem Leben der Marionetten , 1980 ) which was a British-German co-production . He temporarily returned to his homeland to direct Fanny and Alexander ( Fanny och Alexander , 1982 ) . Bergman stated that the film would be his last , and that afterwards he would focus on directing theatre . After that he wrote several film scripts and directed a number of television specials . As with previous work for television , some of these productions were later theatrically released . The last such work was Saraband ( 2003 ) , a sequel to Scenes from a Marriage and directed by Bergman when he was 84 years old . Although he continued to operate from Munich , by mid-1978 Bergman had overcome some of his bitterness toward the Swedish government . In July of that year he visited Sweden , celebrating his sixtieth birthday on the island of Fårö , and partly resumed his work as a director at Royal Dramatic Theatre . To honour his return , the Swedish Film Institute launched a new Ingmar Bergman Prize to be awarded annually for excellence in filmmaking . Still , he remained in Munich until 1984 . In one of the last major interviews with Bergman , conducted in 2005 on the island of Fårö , Bergman said that despite being active during the exile , he had effectively lost eight years of his professional life . Retirement and death . Bergman retired from filmmaking in December 2003 . He had hip surgery in October 2006 and was making a difficult recovery . He died in his sleep at age 89 ; his body was found at his home on the island of Fårö , on 30 July 2007 , sixteen days after his 89th birthday . ( It was the same day another renowned existentialist film director , Michelangelo Antonioni , died. ) The interment was private , at the Fårö Church on 18 August 2007 . A place in the Fårö churchyard was prepared for him under heavy secrecy . Although he was buried on the island of Fårö , his name and date of birth were inscribed under his wifes name on a tomb at Roslagsbro churchyard , Norrtälje Municipality , several years before his death . Filmography . Selected work : Style of working . Repertory company . Bergman developed a personal repertory company of Swedish actors whom he repeatedly cast in his films , including Max von Sydow , Bibi Andersson , Harriet Andersson , Erland Josephson , Ingrid Thulin , Gunnel Lindblom , and Gunnar Björnstrand , each of whom appeared in at least five Bergman features . Norwegian actress Liv Ullmann , who appeared in nine of Bergmans films and one televisual film ( Saraband ) , was the last to join this group ( in the film Persona ) , and ultimately became the most closely associated with Bergman , both artistically and personally . They had a daughter together , Linn Ullmann ( born 1966 ) . In Bergmans working arrangement with Sven Nykvist , his best-known cinematographer , the two men developed sufficient rapport to allow Bergman not to worry about the composition of a shot until the day before it was filmed . On the morning of the shoot , he would briefly speak to Nykvist about the mood and composition he hoped for , and then leave Nykvist to work , lacking interruption or comment until post-production discussion of the next days work . Financing . By Bergmans own account , he never had a problem with funding . He cited two reasons for this : one , that he did not live in the United States , which he viewed as obsessed with box-office earnings ; and two , that his films tended to be low-budget affairs . ( Cries and Whispers , for instance , was finished for about $450,000 , while Scenes from a Marriage , a six-episode television feature , cost only $200,000. ) Technique . Bergman usually wrote his films screenplays , thinking about them for months or years before starting the actual process of writing , which he viewed as somewhat tedious . His earlier films are carefully constructed and are either based on his plays or written in collaboration with other authors . Bergman stated that in his later works , when on occasion his actors would want to do things differently from his own intention , he would let them , noting that the results were often disastrous when he did not do so . As his career progressed , Bergman increasingly let his actors improvise their dialogue . In his later films , he wrote just the ideas informing the scene and allowed his actors to determine the exact dialogue . When viewing daily rushes , Bergman stressed the importance of being critical but unemotive , claiming that he asked himself not if the work was great or terrible , but rather if it was sufficient or needed to be reshot . Subjects . Bergmans films usually deal with existential questions of mortality , loneliness , and religious faith . In addition to these cerebral topics , however , sexual desire features in the foreground of most of his films , whether the central event is medieval plague ( The Seventh Seal ) , upper-class family activity in early twentieth century Uppsala ( Fanny and Alexander ) , or contemporary alienation ( The Silence ) . His female characters are usually more in touch with their sexuality than their male equivalents , and unafraid to proclaim it , sometimes with breathtaking overtness ( as in Cries and Whispers ) as would define the work of the conjurer , as Bergman called himself in a 1960 TIME cover story . In an interview with Playboy in 1964 , he said : The manifestation of sex is very important , and particularly to me , for above all , I dont want to make merely intellectual films . I want audiences to feel , to sense my films . This to me is much more important than their understanding them . Film , Bergman said , was his demanding mistress . While he was a social democrat as an adult , Bergman stated that as an artist Im not politically involved .. . I dont make propaganda for either one attitude or the other . Bergmans views on his career . When asked in the series of interviews later titled Ingmar Bergman – 3 dokumentärer om film , teater , Fårö och livet conducted by Marie Nyreröd for Swedish TV and released in 2004 , Bergman said that of his works , he held Winter Light , Persona , and Cries and Whispers in the highest regard . There he also states that he managed to push the envelope of film making in the films Persona and Cries and Whispers . Bergman stated on numerous occasions ( for example in the interview book Bergman on Bergman ) that The Silence meant the end of the era in which religious questions were a major concern of his films . Bergman said that he would get depressed by his own films : jittery and ready to cry.. . and miserable . In the same interview he also stated : If there is one thing I miss about working with films , it is working with Sven ( Nykvist ) , the third cinematographer with whom he had collaborated . Theatrical work . Although Bergman was universally famous for his contribution to cinema , he was also an active and productive stage director all his life . During his studies at what was then Stockholm University College , he became active in its student theatre , where he made a name for himself early on . His first work after graduation was as a trainee-director at a Stockholm theatre . At twenty-six years , he became the youngest theatrical manager in Europe at the Helsingborg City Theatre . He stayed at Helsingborg for three years and then became the director at Gothenburg city theatre from 1946 to 1949 . He became director of the Malmö City Theatre in 1953 , and remained for seven years . Many of his star actors were people with whom he began working on stage . He was the director of the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm from 1960 to 1966 , and manager from 1963 to 1966 , where he began a long-time collaboration with choreographer Donya Feuer . After Bergman left Sweden because of the tax evasion incident , he became director of the Residenz Theatre of Munich , Germany ( 1977–1984 ) . He remained active in theatre throughout the 1990s and made his final production on stage with Henrik Ibsens The Wild Duck at the Royal Dramatic Theatre in 2002 . Personal life . Marriages and children . Bergman was married five times : - 25 March 1943 – 1945 , to Else Fisher ( 1 March 1918 – 3 March 2006 ) , choreographer and dancer ( divorced ) . Offspring : - Lena Bergman , actress , born 1943 . - 22 July 1945 – 1950 , to Ellen Lundström ( 23 April 1919 – 6 March 2007 ) , choreographer and film director ( divorced ) . Children : - Eva Bergman , film director , born 1945 - Jan Bergman , film director ( 1946–2000 ) - the twins Mats and Anna Bergman , both actors and film directors , born in 1948 . - 1951 – 1959 , to Gun Grut ( 1916–1971 ) , journalist ( divorced ) . Offspring : - Ingmar Bergman Jr. , retired airline captain , born 1951 . - 1959 – 1969 , to Käbi Laretei ( 14 July 1922 – 31 October 2014 ) , concert pianist ( divorced ) . Offspring : - Daniel Bergman , film director , born 1962 . - 11 November 1971 – 20 May 1995 , to Ingrid von Rosen ( maiden name Karlebo ) . Offspring : - Maria von Rosen , author , born 1959 . The first four marriages ended in divorce , while the last ended when his wife Ingrid died of stomach cancer in 1995 , aged 65 . Aside from his marriages , Bergman had romantic relationships with actresses Harriet Andersson ( 1952–1955 ) , Bibi Andersson ( 1955–1959 ) , and Liv Ullmann ( 1965–1970 ) . He was the father of writer Linn Ullmann with Ullmann . In all , Bergman had nine children , one of whom predeceased him . Bergman eventually married all the mothers of his children , with the exception of Liv Ullmann . His daughter with his last wife , Ingrid von Rosen , was born twelve years before their marriage . He had dozens of mistresses throughout his life and would justify the affairs to his various wives by telling them : “I have so many lives.” Although Bergman once described himself as one who had lost his faith in an afterlife , Max von Sydow stated in an interview that he had had many discussions with him about religion , and indicated that Bergmans belief in the afterlife was restored . Awards and nominations . In 1958 , he won the Best Director award for Brink of Life at the Cannes Film Festival , and won the Golden Bear for Wild Strawberries at the Berlin International Film Festival . In 1960 Bergman was featured in the cover of TIME , the first foreign-language filmmaker to do so since Leni Riefenstahl in 1936 . In 1971 , Bergman received the Irving G . Thalberg Memorial Award at the Academy Awards ceremony . Three of his films ( Through a Glass Darkly , The Virgin Spring , and Fanny and Alexander ) won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film . In 1997 , he was awarded the Palme des Palmes ( Palm of the Palms ) at the 50th anniversary of the Cannes Film Festival . He won many other awards and has been nominated for numerous other awards . Academy Awards Legacy . Bergmans work was a point of reference and inspiration for director Woody Allen . He described Bergman as “probably the greatest film artist , all things considered , since the invention of the motion picture camera” . Bergmans films are mentioned and praised in Annie Hall and others of Allens films . Allen also admired Bergmans longtime director of photography Sven Nykvist and invited him to be his DP on Crimes and Misdemeanors . In 2002 , Bergman was listed at number nine on the British Film Institutes Sight & Sound list of the top ten film directors of modern times . In 2017 New York magazine ranked Bergman at number 55 on their list of The 100 Best Screenwriters of All Time . After Bergman died , a large archive of notes was donated to the Swedish Film Institute . Among the notes are several unpublished and unfinished scripts both for stage and films , and many more ideas for works in different stages of development . A never-performed play has the title Kärlek utan älskare ( Love without lovers ) , and has the note Complete disaster ! written on the envelope ; the play is about a director who disappears and an editor who tries to complete a work he has left unfinished . Other canceled projects include the script for a pornographic film which Bergman abandoned since he did not think it was alive enough , a play about a cannibal , some loose scenes set inside a womb , a film about the life of Jesus , a film about The Merry Widow , and a play with the title Från sperm till spöke ( From sperm to spook ) . The Swedish director Marcus Lindeen went through the material , and inspired by Kärlek utan älskare he took samples from many of the works and turned them into a play , titled Arkivet för orealiserbara drömmar och visioner ( The archive for unrealisable dreams and visions ) . Lindeens play premiered on 28 May 2012 at the Stockholm City Theatre . Terrence Rafferty of The New York Times wrote that throughout the 1960s , when Bergman was considered pretty much the last word in cinematic profundity , his every tic was scrupulously pored over , analyzed , elaborated in ingenious arguments about identity , the nature of film , the fate of the artist in the modern world and so on . Danish Director Thomas Vinterberg has cited Bergman as one of his major influences , Bergman is always in my head . He is part of my upbringing and I was fortunate to meet him and get advice from him . In 1996 , Entertainment Weekly ranked Bergman at No . 8 in its 50 Greatest Directors list . Bergman was ranked at No . 36 on Empire magazines Top 40 Greatest Directors of All-Time list in 2005 . In 2007 , Total Film magazine ranked Bergman at No . 7 on its 100 Greatest Film Directors Ever list . Writer and director Richard Ayoade counts Bergman as one of his inspirations . In 2017 , the British Film Institute ( BFI ) hosted an Ingmar Bergman season and Ayoade said in a Guardian interview that he saw everything in it , which was one of the best two months ever . The BFIs programme included a discussion with Ayoade on Bergmans 1966 film , Persona , before a screening .
|
[
"Käbi Laretei"
] |
[
{
"text": "Ernst Ingmar Bergman ( 14 July 1918 – 30 July 2007 ) was a Swedish film director , screenwriter , and producer . Considered to be among the most accomplished and influential filmmakers of all time , Bergmans films include Smiles of a Summer Night ( 1955 ) , The Seventh Seal ( 1957 ) , The Silence ( 1963 ) , Wild Strawberries ( 1957 ) , Persona ( 1966 ) , Cries and Whispers ( 1972 ) , Scenes from a Marriage ( 1973 ) , and Fanny and Alexander ( 1982 ) ; the last two exist",
"title": "Ingmar Bergman"
},
{
"text": "in extended television versions .",
"title": "Ingmar Bergman"
},
{
"text": "Bergman directed over sixty films and documentaries for cinematic release and for television screenings , most of which he also wrote . His theatrical career continued in parallel and included periods as Leading Director of the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm and of the Residenztheater in Munich . He also directed over 170 plays . He eventually forged a creative partnership with his cinematographers Gunnar Fischer and Sven Nykvist . Among his company of actors were Harriet Andersson , Bibi Andersson , Liv Ullmann , Gunnar Björnstrand , Erland Josephson , Ingrid Thulin , and Max von Sydow . Most",
"title": "Ingmar Bergman"
},
{
"text": "of his films were set in Sweden , and many films from Through a Glass Darkly ( 1961 ) onward were filmed on the island of Fårö .",
"title": "Ingmar Bergman"
},
{
"text": "Philip French referred to Bergman as one of the greatest artists of the 20th century .. . he found in literature and the performing arts a way of both recreating and questioning the human condition . Director Martin Scorsese commented : If you were alive in the 50s and the 60s and of a certain age , a teenager on your way to becoming an adult , and you wanted to make movies , I dont see how you couldnt be influenced by Bergman ...Its impossible to overestimate the effect that those films had on people . Bergman was ranked",
"title": "Ingmar Bergman"
},
{
"text": "7th in directors poll on Sight & Sounds 2002 list of The Greatest Directors of All Time .",
"title": "Ingmar Bergman"
},
{
"text": "Ernst Ingmar Bergman was born on 14 July 1918 in Uppsala , Sweden , the son of Erik Bergman , a Lutheran minister and later chaplain to the King of Sweden , and Karin ( née Åkerblom ) , a nurse who also had Walloon ancestors . He grew up with his older brother Dag and sister Margareta surrounded by religious imagery and discussion . His father was a conservative parish minister with strict ideas of parenting . Ingmar was locked up in dark closets for infractions such as wetting himself . While father preached away in the pulpit and",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "the congregation prayed , sang , or listened , Ingmar wrote in his autobiography Laterna Magica ,",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " I devoted my interest to the churchs mysterious world of low arches , thick walls , the smell of eternity , the coloured sunlight quivering above the strangest vegetation of medieval paintings and carved figures on ceilings and walls . There was everything that ones imagination could desire—angels , saints , dragons , prophets , devils , humans .. .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Although raised in a devout Lutheran household , Bergman later stated that he lost his faith when aged eight , and only came to terms with this fact while making Winter Light in 1962 . His interest in theatre and film began early : At the age of nine , he traded a set of tin soldiers for a magic lantern , a possession that altered the course of his life . Within a year , he had created , by playing with this toy , a private world in which he felt completely at home , he recalled .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "He fashioned his own scenery , marionettes , and lighting effects and gave puppet productions of Strindberg plays in which he spoke all the parts .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Bergman attended Palmgrens School as a teenager . His school years were unhappy , and he remembered them unfavourably in later years . In a 1944 letter concerning the film Torment ( sometimes known as Frenzy ) , which sparked debate on the condition of Swedish high schools ( and which Bergman had written ) , the schools principal Henning Håkanson wrote , among other things , that Bergman had been a problem child . Bergman wrote in a response that he had strongly disliked the emphasis on homework and testing in his formal schooling .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In 1934 , aged 16 , he was sent to Germany to spend the summer holidays with family friends . He attended a Nazi rally in Weimar at which he saw Adolf Hitler . He later wrote in Laterna Magica ( The Magic Lantern ) about the visit to Germany , describing how the German family had put a portrait of Hitler on the wall by his bed , and that for many years , I was on Hitlers side , delighted by his success and saddened by his defeats . Bergman commented that Hitler was unbelievably charismatic . He",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "electrified the crowd . .. . The Nazism I had seen seemed fun and youthful . Bergman did two five-month stretches in Sweden of mandatory military service .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Bergman enrolled at Stockholm University College ( later renamed Stockholm University ) in 1937 , to study art and literature . He spent most of his time involved in student theatre and became a genuine movie addict . At the same time , a romantic involvement led to a physical confrontation with his father which resulted in a break in their relationship which lasted for many years . Although he did not graduate from the university , he wrote a number of plays and an opera , and became an assistant director at a local theatre . In 1942 ,",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "he was given the opportunity to direct one of his own scripts , Caspars Death . The play was seen by members of Svensk Filmindustri , which then offered Bergman a position working on scripts . He married Else Fisher in 1943 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Bergmans film career began in 1941 with his work rewriting scripts , but his first major accomplishment was in 1944 when he wrote the screenplay for Torment ( a.k.a . Frenzy ) ( Hets ) , a film directed by Alf Sjöberg . Along with writing the screenplay , he was also appointed assistant director of the film . In his second autobiographical book , Images : My Life in Film , Bergman describes the filming of the exteriors as his actual film directorial debut . The film sparked debate on Swedish formal education . When Henning Håkanson ( the",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "principal of the high school Bergman had attended ) wrote a letter following the films release , Bergman , according to scholar Frank Gado , disparaged in a response what he viewed as Håkansons implication that students who did not fit some arbitrary prescription of worthiness deserved the systems cruel neglect . Bergman also stated in the letter that he hated school as a principle , as a system and as an institution . And as such I have definitely not wanted to criticize my own school , but all schools . The international success of this film led to",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Bergmans first opportunity to direct a year later . During the next ten years he wrote and directed more than a dozen films , including Prison ( Fängelse ) in 1949 , as well as Sawdust and Tinsel ( Gycklarnas afton ) and Summer with Monika ( Sommaren med Monika ) , both released in 1953 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Bergman first achieved worldwide success with Smiles of a Summer Night ( Sommarnattens leende , 1955 ) , which won for Best poetic humour and was nominated for the Palme dOr at Cannes the following year . This was followed by The Seventh Seal ( Det sjunde inseglet ) and Wild Strawberries ( Smultronstället ) , released in Sweden ten months apart in 1957 . The Seventh Seal won a special jury prize and was nominated for the Palme dOr at Cannes , and Wild Strawberries won numerous awards for Bergman and its star , Victor Sjöström . Bergman continued",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "to be productive for the next two decades . From the early 1960s , he spent much of his life on the island of Fårö , where he made several films .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In the early 1960s he directed three films that explored the theme of faith and doubt in God , Through a Glass Darkly ( Såsom i en Spegel , 1961 ) , Winter Light ( Nattvardsgästerna , 1962 ) , and The Silence ( Tystnaden , 1963 ) . Critics created the notion that the common themes in these three films made them a trilogy or cinematic triptych . Bergman initially responded that he did not plan these three films as a trilogy and that he could not see any common motifs in them , but he later seemed to",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "adopt the notion , with some equivocation . His parody of the films of Federico Fellini , All These Women ( För att inte tala om alla dessa kvinnor ) was released in 1964 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Largely a two-hander with Bibi Andersson and Liv Ullmann , Persona ( 1966 ) is a film that Bergman himself considered one of his most important works . While the highly experimental film won few awards , it has been considered his masterpiece . Other films of the period include The Virgin Spring ( Jungfrukällan , 1960 ) , Hour of the Wolf ( Vargtimmen , 1968 ) , Shame ( Skammen , 1968 ) and The Passion of Anna ( En Passion , 1969 ) . With his cinematographer Sven Nykvist , Bergman made use of a crimson color",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "scheme for Cries and Whispers ( 1972 ) , which received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Picture . He also produced extensively for Swedish television at this time . Two works of note were Scenes from a Marriage ( Scener ur ett äktenskap , 1973 ) and The Magic Flute ( Trollflöjten , 1975 ) .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Tax evasion charges in 1976 . On 30 January 1976 , while rehearsing August Strindbergs The Dance of Death at the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm , he was arrested by two plainclothes police officers and charged with income tax evasion . The impact of the event on Bergman was devastating . He suffered a nervous breakdown as a result of the humiliation , and was hospitalised in a state of deep depression .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "The investigation was focused on an alleged 1970 transaction of 500,000 Swedish kronor ( SEK ) between Bergmans Swedish company Cinematograf and its Swiss subsidiary Persona , an entity that was mainly used for the paying of salaries to foreign actors . Bergman dissolved Persona in 1974 after having been notified by the Swedish Central Bank and subsequently reported the income . On 23 March 1976 , the special prosecutor Anders Nordenadler dropped the charges against Bergman , saying that the alleged crime had no legal basis , saying it would be like bringing charges against a person who has",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "stolen his own car , thinking it was someone elses . Director General Gösta Ekman , chief of the Swedish Internal Revenue Service , defended the failed investigation , saying that the investigation was dealing with important legal material and that Bergman was treated just like any other suspect . He expressed regret that Bergman had left the country , hoping that Bergman was a stronger person now when the investigation had shown that he had not done any wrong .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Although the charges were dropped , Bergman became disconsolate , fearing he would never again return to directing . Despite pleas by the Swedish prime minister Olof Palme , high public figures , and leaders of the film industry , he vowed never to work in Sweden again . He closed down his studio on the island of Fårö , suspended two announced film projects , and went into self-imposed exile in Munich , Germany . Harry Schein , director of the Swedish Film Institute , estimated the immediate damage as ten million SEK ( kronor ) and hundreds of",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "jobs lost .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Bergman then briefly considered the possibility of working in America ; his next film , The Serpents Egg ( 1977 ) was a German-U.S . production and his second English-language film ( the first being The Touch , 1971 ) . This was followed by a British-Norwegian co-production , Autumn Sonata ( Höstsonaten , 1978 ) starring Ingrid Bergman ( no relation ) , and From the Life of the Marionettes ( Aus dem Leben der Marionetten , 1980 ) which was a British-German co-production .",
"title": "Aftermath following arrest"
},
{
"text": "He temporarily returned to his homeland to direct Fanny and Alexander ( Fanny och Alexander , 1982 ) . Bergman stated that the film would be his last , and that afterwards he would focus on directing theatre . After that he wrote several film scripts and directed a number of television specials . As with previous work for television , some of these productions were later theatrically released . The last such work was Saraband ( 2003 ) , a sequel to Scenes from a Marriage and directed by Bergman when he was 84 years old .",
"title": "Aftermath following arrest"
},
{
"text": "Although he continued to operate from Munich , by mid-1978 Bergman had overcome some of his bitterness toward the Swedish government . In July of that year he visited Sweden , celebrating his sixtieth birthday on the island of Fårö , and partly resumed his work as a director at Royal Dramatic Theatre . To honour his return , the Swedish Film Institute launched a new Ingmar Bergman Prize to be awarded annually for excellence in filmmaking . Still , he remained in Munich until 1984 . In one of the last major interviews with Bergman , conducted in 2005",
"title": "Aftermath following arrest"
},
{
"text": "on the island of Fårö , Bergman said that despite being active during the exile , he had effectively lost eight years of his professional life .",
"title": "Aftermath following arrest"
},
{
"text": "Bergman retired from filmmaking in December 2003 . He had hip surgery in October 2006 and was making a difficult recovery . He died in his sleep at age 89 ; his body was found at his home on the island of Fårö , on 30 July 2007 , sixteen days after his 89th birthday . ( It was the same day another renowned existentialist film director , Michelangelo Antonioni , died. ) The interment was private , at the Fårö Church on 18 August 2007 . A place in the Fårö churchyard was prepared for him under heavy secrecy",
"title": "Retirement and death"
},
{
"text": ". Although he was buried on the island of Fårö , his name and date of birth were inscribed under his wifes name on a tomb at Roslagsbro churchyard , Norrtälje Municipality , several years before his death .",
"title": "Retirement and death"
},
{
"text": "Bergman developed a personal repertory company of Swedish actors whom he repeatedly cast in his films , including Max von Sydow , Bibi Andersson , Harriet Andersson , Erland Josephson , Ingrid Thulin , Gunnel Lindblom , and Gunnar Björnstrand , each of whom appeared in at least five Bergman features . Norwegian actress Liv Ullmann , who appeared in nine of Bergmans films and one televisual film ( Saraband ) , was the last to join this group ( in the film Persona ) , and ultimately became the most closely associated with Bergman , both artistically and personally",
"title": "Repertory company"
},
{
"text": ". They had a daughter together , Linn Ullmann ( born 1966 ) .",
"title": "Repertory company"
},
{
"text": " In Bergmans working arrangement with Sven Nykvist , his best-known cinematographer , the two men developed sufficient rapport to allow Bergman not to worry about the composition of a shot until the day before it was filmed . On the morning of the shoot , he would briefly speak to Nykvist about the mood and composition he hoped for , and then leave Nykvist to work , lacking interruption or comment until post-production discussion of the next days work .",
"title": "Repertory company"
},
{
"text": " By Bergmans own account , he never had a problem with funding . He cited two reasons for this : one , that he did not live in the United States , which he viewed as obsessed with box-office earnings ; and two , that his films tended to be low-budget affairs . ( Cries and Whispers , for instance , was finished for about $450,000 , while Scenes from a Marriage , a six-episode television feature , cost only $200,000. )",
"title": "Financing"
},
{
"text": "Bergman usually wrote his films screenplays , thinking about them for months or years before starting the actual process of writing , which he viewed as somewhat tedious . His earlier films are carefully constructed and are either based on his plays or written in collaboration with other authors . Bergman stated that in his later works , when on occasion his actors would want to do things differently from his own intention , he would let them , noting that the results were often disastrous when he did not do so . As his career progressed , Bergman increasingly",
"title": "Technique"
},
{
"text": "let his actors improvise their dialogue . In his later films , he wrote just the ideas informing the scene and allowed his actors to determine the exact dialogue . When viewing daily rushes , Bergman stressed the importance of being critical but unemotive , claiming that he asked himself not if the work was great or terrible , but rather if it was sufficient or needed to be reshot .",
"title": "Technique"
},
{
"text": "Bergmans films usually deal with existential questions of mortality , loneliness , and religious faith . In addition to these cerebral topics , however , sexual desire features in the foreground of most of his films , whether the central event is medieval plague ( The Seventh Seal ) , upper-class family activity in early twentieth century Uppsala ( Fanny and Alexander ) , or contemporary alienation ( The Silence ) . His female characters are usually more in touch with their sexuality than their male equivalents , and unafraid to proclaim it , sometimes with breathtaking overtness ( as",
"title": "Subjects"
},
{
"text": "in Cries and Whispers ) as would define the work of the conjurer , as Bergman called himself in a 1960 TIME cover story . In an interview with Playboy in 1964 , he said : The manifestation of sex is very important , and particularly to me , for above all , I dont want to make merely intellectual films . I want audiences to feel , to sense my films . This to me is much more important than their understanding them . Film , Bergman said , was his demanding mistress . While he was a social",
"title": "Subjects"
},
{
"text": "democrat as an adult , Bergman stated that as an artist Im not politically involved .. . I dont make propaganda for either one attitude or the other .",
"title": "Subjects"
},
{
"text": "When asked in the series of interviews later titled Ingmar Bergman – 3 dokumentärer om film , teater , Fårö och livet conducted by Marie Nyreröd for Swedish TV and released in 2004 , Bergman said that of his works , he held Winter Light , Persona , and Cries and Whispers in the highest regard . There he also states that he managed to push the envelope of film making in the films Persona and Cries and Whispers . Bergman stated on numerous occasions ( for example in the interview book Bergman on Bergman ) that The Silence meant",
"title": "Subjects"
},
{
"text": "the end of the era in which religious questions were a major concern of his films . Bergman said that he would get depressed by his own films : jittery and ready to cry.. . and miserable . In the same interview he also stated : If there is one thing I miss about working with films , it is working with Sven ( Nykvist ) , the third cinematographer with whom he had collaborated .",
"title": "Subjects"
},
{
"text": "Although Bergman was universally famous for his contribution to cinema , he was also an active and productive stage director all his life . During his studies at what was then Stockholm University College , he became active in its student theatre , where he made a name for himself early on . His first work after graduation was as a trainee-director at a Stockholm theatre . At twenty-six years , he became the youngest theatrical manager in Europe at the Helsingborg City Theatre . He stayed at Helsingborg for three years and then became the director at Gothenburg city",
"title": "Theatrical work"
},
{
"text": "theatre from 1946 to 1949 .",
"title": "Theatrical work"
},
{
"text": " He became director of the Malmö City Theatre in 1953 , and remained for seven years . Many of his star actors were people with whom he began working on stage . He was the director of the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm from 1960 to 1966 , and manager from 1963 to 1966 , where he began a long-time collaboration with choreographer Donya Feuer .",
"title": "Theatrical work"
},
{
"text": "After Bergman left Sweden because of the tax evasion incident , he became director of the Residenz Theatre of Munich , Germany ( 1977–1984 ) . He remained active in theatre throughout the 1990s and made his final production on stage with Henrik Ibsens The Wild Duck at the Royal Dramatic Theatre in 2002 .",
"title": "Theatrical work"
},
{
"text": " Bergman was married five times : - 25 March 1943 – 1945 , to Else Fisher ( 1 March 1918 – 3 March 2006 ) , choreographer and dancer ( divorced ) . Offspring : - Lena Bergman , actress , born 1943 . - 22 July 1945 – 1950 , to Ellen Lundström ( 23 April 1919 – 6 March 2007 ) , choreographer and film director ( divorced ) . Children : - Eva Bergman , film director , born 1945 - Jan Bergman , film director ( 1946–2000 )",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": "- the twins Mats and Anna Bergman , both actors and film directors , born in 1948 .",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": " - 1951 – 1959 , to Gun Grut ( 1916–1971 ) , journalist ( divorced ) . Offspring : - Ingmar Bergman Jr. , retired airline captain , born 1951 . - 1959 – 1969 , to Käbi Laretei ( 14 July 1922 – 31 October 2014 ) , concert pianist ( divorced ) . Offspring : - Daniel Bergman , film director , born 1962 . - 11 November 1971 – 20 May 1995 , to Ingrid von Rosen ( maiden name Karlebo ) . Offspring : - Maria von Rosen , author , born 1959 .",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": "The first four marriages ended in divorce , while the last ended when his wife Ingrid died of stomach cancer in 1995 , aged 65 . Aside from his marriages , Bergman had romantic relationships with actresses Harriet Andersson ( 1952–1955 ) , Bibi Andersson ( 1955–1959 ) , and Liv Ullmann ( 1965–1970 ) . He was the father of writer Linn Ullmann with Ullmann . In all , Bergman had nine children , one of whom predeceased him . Bergman eventually married all the mothers of his children , with the exception of Liv Ullmann . His daughter",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": "with his last wife , Ingrid von Rosen , was born twelve years before their marriage . He had dozens of mistresses throughout his life and would justify the affairs to his various wives by telling them : “I have so many lives.”",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": " Although Bergman once described himself as one who had lost his faith in an afterlife , Max von Sydow stated in an interview that he had had many discussions with him about religion , and indicated that Bergmans belief in the afterlife was restored .",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": "In 1958 , he won the Best Director award for Brink of Life at the Cannes Film Festival , and won the Golden Bear for Wild Strawberries at the Berlin International Film Festival . In 1960 Bergman was featured in the cover of TIME , the first foreign-language filmmaker to do so since Leni Riefenstahl in 1936 . In 1971 , Bergman received the Irving G . Thalberg Memorial Award at the Academy Awards ceremony . Three of his films ( Through a Glass Darkly , The Virgin Spring , and Fanny and Alexander ) won the Academy Award for",
"title": "Awards and nominations"
},
{
"text": "Best Foreign Language Film . In 1997 , he was awarded the Palme des Palmes ( Palm of the Palms ) at the 50th anniversary of the Cannes Film Festival . He won many other awards and has been nominated for numerous other awards .",
"title": "Awards and nominations"
},
{
"text": "Bergmans work was a point of reference and inspiration for director Woody Allen . He described Bergman as “probably the greatest film artist , all things considered , since the invention of the motion picture camera” . Bergmans films are mentioned and praised in Annie Hall and others of Allens films . Allen also admired Bergmans longtime director of photography Sven Nykvist and invited him to be his DP on Crimes and Misdemeanors . In 2002 , Bergman was listed at number nine on the British Film Institutes Sight & Sound list of the top ten film directors of modern",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "times . In 2017 New York magazine ranked Bergman at number 55 on their list of The 100 Best Screenwriters of All Time .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "After Bergman died , a large archive of notes was donated to the Swedish Film Institute . Among the notes are several unpublished and unfinished scripts both for stage and films , and many more ideas for works in different stages of development . A never-performed play has the title Kärlek utan älskare ( Love without lovers ) , and has the note Complete disaster ! written on the envelope ; the play is about a director who disappears and an editor who tries to complete a work he has left unfinished . Other canceled projects include the script for",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "a pornographic film which Bergman abandoned since he did not think it was alive enough , a play about a cannibal , some loose scenes set inside a womb , a film about the life of Jesus , a film about The Merry Widow , and a play with the title Från sperm till spöke ( From sperm to spook ) . The Swedish director Marcus Lindeen went through the material , and inspired by Kärlek utan älskare he took samples from many of the works and turned them into a play , titled Arkivet för orealiserbara drömmar och visioner",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "( The archive for unrealisable dreams and visions ) . Lindeens play premiered on 28 May 2012 at the Stockholm City Theatre .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " Terrence Rafferty of The New York Times wrote that throughout the 1960s , when Bergman was considered pretty much the last word in cinematic profundity , his every tic was scrupulously pored over , analyzed , elaborated in ingenious arguments about identity , the nature of film , the fate of the artist in the modern world and so on .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "Danish Director Thomas Vinterberg has cited Bergman as one of his major influences , Bergman is always in my head . He is part of my upbringing and I was fortunate to meet him and get advice from him . In 1996 , Entertainment Weekly ranked Bergman at No . 8 in its 50 Greatest Directors list . Bergman was ranked at No . 36 on Empire magazines Top 40 Greatest Directors of All-Time list in 2005 . In 2007 , Total Film magazine ranked Bergman at No . 7 on its 100 Greatest Film Directors Ever list .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " Writer and director Richard Ayoade counts Bergman as one of his inspirations . In 2017 , the British Film Institute ( BFI ) hosted an Ingmar Bergman season and Ayoade said in a Guardian interview that he saw everything in it , which was one of the best two months ever . The BFIs programme included a discussion with Ayoade on Bergmans 1966 film , Persona , before a screening .",
"title": "Legacy"
}
] |
/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman#P26#4
|
Who was the spouse of Ingmar Bergman between Feb 1991 and Apr 1995?
|
Ingmar Bergman Ernst Ingmar Bergman ( 14 July 1918 – 30 July 2007 ) was a Swedish film director , screenwriter , and producer . Considered to be among the most accomplished and influential filmmakers of all time , Bergmans films include Smiles of a Summer Night ( 1955 ) , The Seventh Seal ( 1957 ) , The Silence ( 1963 ) , Wild Strawberries ( 1957 ) , Persona ( 1966 ) , Cries and Whispers ( 1972 ) , Scenes from a Marriage ( 1973 ) , and Fanny and Alexander ( 1982 ) ; the last two exist in extended television versions . Bergman directed over sixty films and documentaries for cinematic release and for television screenings , most of which he also wrote . His theatrical career continued in parallel and included periods as Leading Director of the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm and of the Residenztheater in Munich . He also directed over 170 plays . He eventually forged a creative partnership with his cinematographers Gunnar Fischer and Sven Nykvist . Among his company of actors were Harriet Andersson , Bibi Andersson , Liv Ullmann , Gunnar Björnstrand , Erland Josephson , Ingrid Thulin , and Max von Sydow . Most of his films were set in Sweden , and many films from Through a Glass Darkly ( 1961 ) onward were filmed on the island of Fårö . Philip French referred to Bergman as one of the greatest artists of the 20th century .. . he found in literature and the performing arts a way of both recreating and questioning the human condition . Director Martin Scorsese commented : If you were alive in the 50s and the 60s and of a certain age , a teenager on your way to becoming an adult , and you wanted to make movies , I dont see how you couldnt be influenced by Bergman ...Its impossible to overestimate the effect that those films had on people . Bergman was ranked 7th in directors poll on Sight & Sounds 2002 list of The Greatest Directors of All Time . Biography . Early life . Ernst Ingmar Bergman was born on 14 July 1918 in Uppsala , Sweden , the son of Erik Bergman , a Lutheran minister and later chaplain to the King of Sweden , and Karin ( née Åkerblom ) , a nurse who also had Walloon ancestors . He grew up with his older brother Dag and sister Margareta surrounded by religious imagery and discussion . His father was a conservative parish minister with strict ideas of parenting . Ingmar was locked up in dark closets for infractions such as wetting himself . While father preached away in the pulpit and the congregation prayed , sang , or listened , Ingmar wrote in his autobiography Laterna Magica , I devoted my interest to the churchs mysterious world of low arches , thick walls , the smell of eternity , the coloured sunlight quivering above the strangest vegetation of medieval paintings and carved figures on ceilings and walls . There was everything that ones imagination could desire—angels , saints , dragons , prophets , devils , humans .. . Although raised in a devout Lutheran household , Bergman later stated that he lost his faith when aged eight , and only came to terms with this fact while making Winter Light in 1962 . His interest in theatre and film began early : At the age of nine , he traded a set of tin soldiers for a magic lantern , a possession that altered the course of his life . Within a year , he had created , by playing with this toy , a private world in which he felt completely at home , he recalled . He fashioned his own scenery , marionettes , and lighting effects and gave puppet productions of Strindberg plays in which he spoke all the parts . Bergman attended Palmgrens School as a teenager . His school years were unhappy , and he remembered them unfavourably in later years . In a 1944 letter concerning the film Torment ( sometimes known as Frenzy ) , which sparked debate on the condition of Swedish high schools ( and which Bergman had written ) , the schools principal Henning Håkanson wrote , among other things , that Bergman had been a problem child . Bergman wrote in a response that he had strongly disliked the emphasis on homework and testing in his formal schooling . In 1934 , aged 16 , he was sent to Germany to spend the summer holidays with family friends . He attended a Nazi rally in Weimar at which he saw Adolf Hitler . He later wrote in Laterna Magica ( The Magic Lantern ) about the visit to Germany , describing how the German family had put a portrait of Hitler on the wall by his bed , and that for many years , I was on Hitlers side , delighted by his success and saddened by his defeats . Bergman commented that Hitler was unbelievably charismatic . He electrified the crowd . .. . The Nazism I had seen seemed fun and youthful . Bergman did two five-month stretches in Sweden of mandatory military service . Bergman enrolled at Stockholm University College ( later renamed Stockholm University ) in 1937 , to study art and literature . He spent most of his time involved in student theatre and became a genuine movie addict . At the same time , a romantic involvement led to a physical confrontation with his father which resulted in a break in their relationship which lasted for many years . Although he did not graduate from the university , he wrote a number of plays and an opera , and became an assistant director at a local theatre . In 1942 , he was given the opportunity to direct one of his own scripts , Caspars Death . The play was seen by members of Svensk Filmindustri , which then offered Bergman a position working on scripts . He married Else Fisher in 1943 . Film career until 1975 . Bergmans film career began in 1941 with his work rewriting scripts , but his first major accomplishment was in 1944 when he wrote the screenplay for Torment ( a.k.a . Frenzy ) ( Hets ) , a film directed by Alf Sjöberg . Along with writing the screenplay , he was also appointed assistant director of the film . In his second autobiographical book , Images : My Life in Film , Bergman describes the filming of the exteriors as his actual film directorial debut . The film sparked debate on Swedish formal education . When Henning Håkanson ( the principal of the high school Bergman had attended ) wrote a letter following the films release , Bergman , according to scholar Frank Gado , disparaged in a response what he viewed as Håkansons implication that students who did not fit some arbitrary prescription of worthiness deserved the systems cruel neglect . Bergman also stated in the letter that he hated school as a principle , as a system and as an institution . And as such I have definitely not wanted to criticize my own school , but all schools . The international success of this film led to Bergmans first opportunity to direct a year later . During the next ten years he wrote and directed more than a dozen films , including Prison ( Fängelse ) in 1949 , as well as Sawdust and Tinsel ( Gycklarnas afton ) and Summer with Monika ( Sommaren med Monika ) , both released in 1953 . Bergman first achieved worldwide success with Smiles of a Summer Night ( Sommarnattens leende , 1955 ) , which won for Best poetic humour and was nominated for the Palme dOr at Cannes the following year . This was followed by The Seventh Seal ( Det sjunde inseglet ) and Wild Strawberries ( Smultronstället ) , released in Sweden ten months apart in 1957 . The Seventh Seal won a special jury prize and was nominated for the Palme dOr at Cannes , and Wild Strawberries won numerous awards for Bergman and its star , Victor Sjöström . Bergman continued to be productive for the next two decades . From the early 1960s , he spent much of his life on the island of Fårö , where he made several films . In the early 1960s he directed three films that explored the theme of faith and doubt in God , Through a Glass Darkly ( Såsom i en Spegel , 1961 ) , Winter Light ( Nattvardsgästerna , 1962 ) , and The Silence ( Tystnaden , 1963 ) . Critics created the notion that the common themes in these three films made them a trilogy or cinematic triptych . Bergman initially responded that he did not plan these three films as a trilogy and that he could not see any common motifs in them , but he later seemed to adopt the notion , with some equivocation . His parody of the films of Federico Fellini , All These Women ( För att inte tala om alla dessa kvinnor ) was released in 1964 . Largely a two-hander with Bibi Andersson and Liv Ullmann , Persona ( 1966 ) is a film that Bergman himself considered one of his most important works . While the highly experimental film won few awards , it has been considered his masterpiece . Other films of the period include The Virgin Spring ( Jungfrukällan , 1960 ) , Hour of the Wolf ( Vargtimmen , 1968 ) , Shame ( Skammen , 1968 ) and The Passion of Anna ( En Passion , 1969 ) . With his cinematographer Sven Nykvist , Bergman made use of a crimson color scheme for Cries and Whispers ( 1972 ) , which received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Picture . He also produced extensively for Swedish television at this time . Two works of note were Scenes from a Marriage ( Scener ur ett äktenskap , 1973 ) and The Magic Flute ( Trollflöjten , 1975 ) . Tax evasion charges in 1976 . On 30 January 1976 , while rehearsing August Strindbergs The Dance of Death at the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm , he was arrested by two plainclothes police officers and charged with income tax evasion . The impact of the event on Bergman was devastating . He suffered a nervous breakdown as a result of the humiliation , and was hospitalised in a state of deep depression . The investigation was focused on an alleged 1970 transaction of 500,000 Swedish kronor ( SEK ) between Bergmans Swedish company Cinematograf and its Swiss subsidiary Persona , an entity that was mainly used for the paying of salaries to foreign actors . Bergman dissolved Persona in 1974 after having been notified by the Swedish Central Bank and subsequently reported the income . On 23 March 1976 , the special prosecutor Anders Nordenadler dropped the charges against Bergman , saying that the alleged crime had no legal basis , saying it would be like bringing charges against a person who has stolen his own car , thinking it was someone elses . Director General Gösta Ekman , chief of the Swedish Internal Revenue Service , defended the failed investigation , saying that the investigation was dealing with important legal material and that Bergman was treated just like any other suspect . He expressed regret that Bergman had left the country , hoping that Bergman was a stronger person now when the investigation had shown that he had not done any wrong . Although the charges were dropped , Bergman became disconsolate , fearing he would never again return to directing . Despite pleas by the Swedish prime minister Olof Palme , high public figures , and leaders of the film industry , he vowed never to work in Sweden again . He closed down his studio on the island of Fårö , suspended two announced film projects , and went into self-imposed exile in Munich , Germany . Harry Schein , director of the Swedish Film Institute , estimated the immediate damage as ten million SEK ( kronor ) and hundreds of jobs lost . Aftermath following arrest . Bergman then briefly considered the possibility of working in America ; his next film , The Serpents Egg ( 1977 ) was a German-U.S . production and his second English-language film ( the first being The Touch , 1971 ) . This was followed by a British-Norwegian co-production , Autumn Sonata ( Höstsonaten , 1978 ) starring Ingrid Bergman ( no relation ) , and From the Life of the Marionettes ( Aus dem Leben der Marionetten , 1980 ) which was a British-German co-production . He temporarily returned to his homeland to direct Fanny and Alexander ( Fanny och Alexander , 1982 ) . Bergman stated that the film would be his last , and that afterwards he would focus on directing theatre . After that he wrote several film scripts and directed a number of television specials . As with previous work for television , some of these productions were later theatrically released . The last such work was Saraband ( 2003 ) , a sequel to Scenes from a Marriage and directed by Bergman when he was 84 years old . Although he continued to operate from Munich , by mid-1978 Bergman had overcome some of his bitterness toward the Swedish government . In July of that year he visited Sweden , celebrating his sixtieth birthday on the island of Fårö , and partly resumed his work as a director at Royal Dramatic Theatre . To honour his return , the Swedish Film Institute launched a new Ingmar Bergman Prize to be awarded annually for excellence in filmmaking . Still , he remained in Munich until 1984 . In one of the last major interviews with Bergman , conducted in 2005 on the island of Fårö , Bergman said that despite being active during the exile , he had effectively lost eight years of his professional life . Retirement and death . Bergman retired from filmmaking in December 2003 . He had hip surgery in October 2006 and was making a difficult recovery . He died in his sleep at age 89 ; his body was found at his home on the island of Fårö , on 30 July 2007 , sixteen days after his 89th birthday . ( It was the same day another renowned existentialist film director , Michelangelo Antonioni , died. ) The interment was private , at the Fårö Church on 18 August 2007 . A place in the Fårö churchyard was prepared for him under heavy secrecy . Although he was buried on the island of Fårö , his name and date of birth were inscribed under his wifes name on a tomb at Roslagsbro churchyard , Norrtälje Municipality , several years before his death . Filmography . Selected work : Style of working . Repertory company . Bergman developed a personal repertory company of Swedish actors whom he repeatedly cast in his films , including Max von Sydow , Bibi Andersson , Harriet Andersson , Erland Josephson , Ingrid Thulin , Gunnel Lindblom , and Gunnar Björnstrand , each of whom appeared in at least five Bergman features . Norwegian actress Liv Ullmann , who appeared in nine of Bergmans films and one televisual film ( Saraband ) , was the last to join this group ( in the film Persona ) , and ultimately became the most closely associated with Bergman , both artistically and personally . They had a daughter together , Linn Ullmann ( born 1966 ) . In Bergmans working arrangement with Sven Nykvist , his best-known cinematographer , the two men developed sufficient rapport to allow Bergman not to worry about the composition of a shot until the day before it was filmed . On the morning of the shoot , he would briefly speak to Nykvist about the mood and composition he hoped for , and then leave Nykvist to work , lacking interruption or comment until post-production discussion of the next days work . Financing . By Bergmans own account , he never had a problem with funding . He cited two reasons for this : one , that he did not live in the United States , which he viewed as obsessed with box-office earnings ; and two , that his films tended to be low-budget affairs . ( Cries and Whispers , for instance , was finished for about $450,000 , while Scenes from a Marriage , a six-episode television feature , cost only $200,000. ) Technique . Bergman usually wrote his films screenplays , thinking about them for months or years before starting the actual process of writing , which he viewed as somewhat tedious . His earlier films are carefully constructed and are either based on his plays or written in collaboration with other authors . Bergman stated that in his later works , when on occasion his actors would want to do things differently from his own intention , he would let them , noting that the results were often disastrous when he did not do so . As his career progressed , Bergman increasingly let his actors improvise their dialogue . In his later films , he wrote just the ideas informing the scene and allowed his actors to determine the exact dialogue . When viewing daily rushes , Bergman stressed the importance of being critical but unemotive , claiming that he asked himself not if the work was great or terrible , but rather if it was sufficient or needed to be reshot . Subjects . Bergmans films usually deal with existential questions of mortality , loneliness , and religious faith . In addition to these cerebral topics , however , sexual desire features in the foreground of most of his films , whether the central event is medieval plague ( The Seventh Seal ) , upper-class family activity in early twentieth century Uppsala ( Fanny and Alexander ) , or contemporary alienation ( The Silence ) . His female characters are usually more in touch with their sexuality than their male equivalents , and unafraid to proclaim it , sometimes with breathtaking overtness ( as in Cries and Whispers ) as would define the work of the conjurer , as Bergman called himself in a 1960 TIME cover story . In an interview with Playboy in 1964 , he said : The manifestation of sex is very important , and particularly to me , for above all , I dont want to make merely intellectual films . I want audiences to feel , to sense my films . This to me is much more important than their understanding them . Film , Bergman said , was his demanding mistress . While he was a social democrat as an adult , Bergman stated that as an artist Im not politically involved .. . I dont make propaganda for either one attitude or the other . Bergmans views on his career . When asked in the series of interviews later titled Ingmar Bergman – 3 dokumentärer om film , teater , Fårö och livet conducted by Marie Nyreröd for Swedish TV and released in 2004 , Bergman said that of his works , he held Winter Light , Persona , and Cries and Whispers in the highest regard . There he also states that he managed to push the envelope of film making in the films Persona and Cries and Whispers . Bergman stated on numerous occasions ( for example in the interview book Bergman on Bergman ) that The Silence meant the end of the era in which religious questions were a major concern of his films . Bergman said that he would get depressed by his own films : jittery and ready to cry.. . and miserable . In the same interview he also stated : If there is one thing I miss about working with films , it is working with Sven ( Nykvist ) , the third cinematographer with whom he had collaborated . Theatrical work . Although Bergman was universally famous for his contribution to cinema , he was also an active and productive stage director all his life . During his studies at what was then Stockholm University College , he became active in its student theatre , where he made a name for himself early on . His first work after graduation was as a trainee-director at a Stockholm theatre . At twenty-six years , he became the youngest theatrical manager in Europe at the Helsingborg City Theatre . He stayed at Helsingborg for three years and then became the director at Gothenburg city theatre from 1946 to 1949 . He became director of the Malmö City Theatre in 1953 , and remained for seven years . Many of his star actors were people with whom he began working on stage . He was the director of the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm from 1960 to 1966 , and manager from 1963 to 1966 , where he began a long-time collaboration with choreographer Donya Feuer . After Bergman left Sweden because of the tax evasion incident , he became director of the Residenz Theatre of Munich , Germany ( 1977–1984 ) . He remained active in theatre throughout the 1990s and made his final production on stage with Henrik Ibsens The Wild Duck at the Royal Dramatic Theatre in 2002 . Personal life . Marriages and children . Bergman was married five times : - 25 March 1943 – 1945 , to Else Fisher ( 1 March 1918 – 3 March 2006 ) , choreographer and dancer ( divorced ) . Offspring : - Lena Bergman , actress , born 1943 . - 22 July 1945 – 1950 , to Ellen Lundström ( 23 April 1919 – 6 March 2007 ) , choreographer and film director ( divorced ) . Children : - Eva Bergman , film director , born 1945 - Jan Bergman , film director ( 1946–2000 ) - the twins Mats and Anna Bergman , both actors and film directors , born in 1948 . - 1951 – 1959 , to Gun Grut ( 1916–1971 ) , journalist ( divorced ) . Offspring : - Ingmar Bergman Jr. , retired airline captain , born 1951 . - 1959 – 1969 , to Käbi Laretei ( 14 July 1922 – 31 October 2014 ) , concert pianist ( divorced ) . Offspring : - Daniel Bergman , film director , born 1962 . - 11 November 1971 – 20 May 1995 , to Ingrid von Rosen ( maiden name Karlebo ) . Offspring : - Maria von Rosen , author , born 1959 . The first four marriages ended in divorce , while the last ended when his wife Ingrid died of stomach cancer in 1995 , aged 65 . Aside from his marriages , Bergman had romantic relationships with actresses Harriet Andersson ( 1952–1955 ) , Bibi Andersson ( 1955–1959 ) , and Liv Ullmann ( 1965–1970 ) . He was the father of writer Linn Ullmann with Ullmann . In all , Bergman had nine children , one of whom predeceased him . Bergman eventually married all the mothers of his children , with the exception of Liv Ullmann . His daughter with his last wife , Ingrid von Rosen , was born twelve years before their marriage . He had dozens of mistresses throughout his life and would justify the affairs to his various wives by telling them : “I have so many lives.” Although Bergman once described himself as one who had lost his faith in an afterlife , Max von Sydow stated in an interview that he had had many discussions with him about religion , and indicated that Bergmans belief in the afterlife was restored . Awards and nominations . In 1958 , he won the Best Director award for Brink of Life at the Cannes Film Festival , and won the Golden Bear for Wild Strawberries at the Berlin International Film Festival . In 1960 Bergman was featured in the cover of TIME , the first foreign-language filmmaker to do so since Leni Riefenstahl in 1936 . In 1971 , Bergman received the Irving G . Thalberg Memorial Award at the Academy Awards ceremony . Three of his films ( Through a Glass Darkly , The Virgin Spring , and Fanny and Alexander ) won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film . In 1997 , he was awarded the Palme des Palmes ( Palm of the Palms ) at the 50th anniversary of the Cannes Film Festival . He won many other awards and has been nominated for numerous other awards . Academy Awards Legacy . Bergmans work was a point of reference and inspiration for director Woody Allen . He described Bergman as “probably the greatest film artist , all things considered , since the invention of the motion picture camera” . Bergmans films are mentioned and praised in Annie Hall and others of Allens films . Allen also admired Bergmans longtime director of photography Sven Nykvist and invited him to be his DP on Crimes and Misdemeanors . In 2002 , Bergman was listed at number nine on the British Film Institutes Sight & Sound list of the top ten film directors of modern times . In 2017 New York magazine ranked Bergman at number 55 on their list of The 100 Best Screenwriters of All Time . After Bergman died , a large archive of notes was donated to the Swedish Film Institute . Among the notes are several unpublished and unfinished scripts both for stage and films , and many more ideas for works in different stages of development . A never-performed play has the title Kärlek utan älskare ( Love without lovers ) , and has the note Complete disaster ! written on the envelope ; the play is about a director who disappears and an editor who tries to complete a work he has left unfinished . Other canceled projects include the script for a pornographic film which Bergman abandoned since he did not think it was alive enough , a play about a cannibal , some loose scenes set inside a womb , a film about the life of Jesus , a film about The Merry Widow , and a play with the title Från sperm till spöke ( From sperm to spook ) . The Swedish director Marcus Lindeen went through the material , and inspired by Kärlek utan älskare he took samples from many of the works and turned them into a play , titled Arkivet för orealiserbara drömmar och visioner ( The archive for unrealisable dreams and visions ) . Lindeens play premiered on 28 May 2012 at the Stockholm City Theatre . Terrence Rafferty of The New York Times wrote that throughout the 1960s , when Bergman was considered pretty much the last word in cinematic profundity , his every tic was scrupulously pored over , analyzed , elaborated in ingenious arguments about identity , the nature of film , the fate of the artist in the modern world and so on . Danish Director Thomas Vinterberg has cited Bergman as one of his major influences , Bergman is always in my head . He is part of my upbringing and I was fortunate to meet him and get advice from him . In 1996 , Entertainment Weekly ranked Bergman at No . 8 in its 50 Greatest Directors list . Bergman was ranked at No . 36 on Empire magazines Top 40 Greatest Directors of All-Time list in 2005 . In 2007 , Total Film magazine ranked Bergman at No . 7 on its 100 Greatest Film Directors Ever list . Writer and director Richard Ayoade counts Bergman as one of his inspirations . In 2017 , the British Film Institute ( BFI ) hosted an Ingmar Bergman season and Ayoade said in a Guardian interview that he saw everything in it , which was one of the best two months ever . The BFIs programme included a discussion with Ayoade on Bergmans 1966 film , Persona , before a screening .
|
[
"Ingrid von Rosen"
] |
[
{
"text": "Ernst Ingmar Bergman ( 14 July 1918 – 30 July 2007 ) was a Swedish film director , screenwriter , and producer . Considered to be among the most accomplished and influential filmmakers of all time , Bergmans films include Smiles of a Summer Night ( 1955 ) , The Seventh Seal ( 1957 ) , The Silence ( 1963 ) , Wild Strawberries ( 1957 ) , Persona ( 1966 ) , Cries and Whispers ( 1972 ) , Scenes from a Marriage ( 1973 ) , and Fanny and Alexander ( 1982 ) ; the last two exist",
"title": "Ingmar Bergman"
},
{
"text": "in extended television versions .",
"title": "Ingmar Bergman"
},
{
"text": "Bergman directed over sixty films and documentaries for cinematic release and for television screenings , most of which he also wrote . His theatrical career continued in parallel and included periods as Leading Director of the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm and of the Residenztheater in Munich . He also directed over 170 plays . He eventually forged a creative partnership with his cinematographers Gunnar Fischer and Sven Nykvist . Among his company of actors were Harriet Andersson , Bibi Andersson , Liv Ullmann , Gunnar Björnstrand , Erland Josephson , Ingrid Thulin , and Max von Sydow . Most",
"title": "Ingmar Bergman"
},
{
"text": "of his films were set in Sweden , and many films from Through a Glass Darkly ( 1961 ) onward were filmed on the island of Fårö .",
"title": "Ingmar Bergman"
},
{
"text": "Philip French referred to Bergman as one of the greatest artists of the 20th century .. . he found in literature and the performing arts a way of both recreating and questioning the human condition . Director Martin Scorsese commented : If you were alive in the 50s and the 60s and of a certain age , a teenager on your way to becoming an adult , and you wanted to make movies , I dont see how you couldnt be influenced by Bergman ...Its impossible to overestimate the effect that those films had on people . Bergman was ranked",
"title": "Ingmar Bergman"
},
{
"text": "7th in directors poll on Sight & Sounds 2002 list of The Greatest Directors of All Time .",
"title": "Ingmar Bergman"
},
{
"text": "Ernst Ingmar Bergman was born on 14 July 1918 in Uppsala , Sweden , the son of Erik Bergman , a Lutheran minister and later chaplain to the King of Sweden , and Karin ( née Åkerblom ) , a nurse who also had Walloon ancestors . He grew up with his older brother Dag and sister Margareta surrounded by religious imagery and discussion . His father was a conservative parish minister with strict ideas of parenting . Ingmar was locked up in dark closets for infractions such as wetting himself . While father preached away in the pulpit and",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "the congregation prayed , sang , or listened , Ingmar wrote in his autobiography Laterna Magica ,",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " I devoted my interest to the churchs mysterious world of low arches , thick walls , the smell of eternity , the coloured sunlight quivering above the strangest vegetation of medieval paintings and carved figures on ceilings and walls . There was everything that ones imagination could desire—angels , saints , dragons , prophets , devils , humans .. .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Although raised in a devout Lutheran household , Bergman later stated that he lost his faith when aged eight , and only came to terms with this fact while making Winter Light in 1962 . His interest in theatre and film began early : At the age of nine , he traded a set of tin soldiers for a magic lantern , a possession that altered the course of his life . Within a year , he had created , by playing with this toy , a private world in which he felt completely at home , he recalled .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "He fashioned his own scenery , marionettes , and lighting effects and gave puppet productions of Strindberg plays in which he spoke all the parts .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Bergman attended Palmgrens School as a teenager . His school years were unhappy , and he remembered them unfavourably in later years . In a 1944 letter concerning the film Torment ( sometimes known as Frenzy ) , which sparked debate on the condition of Swedish high schools ( and which Bergman had written ) , the schools principal Henning Håkanson wrote , among other things , that Bergman had been a problem child . Bergman wrote in a response that he had strongly disliked the emphasis on homework and testing in his formal schooling .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In 1934 , aged 16 , he was sent to Germany to spend the summer holidays with family friends . He attended a Nazi rally in Weimar at which he saw Adolf Hitler . He later wrote in Laterna Magica ( The Magic Lantern ) about the visit to Germany , describing how the German family had put a portrait of Hitler on the wall by his bed , and that for many years , I was on Hitlers side , delighted by his success and saddened by his defeats . Bergman commented that Hitler was unbelievably charismatic . He",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "electrified the crowd . .. . The Nazism I had seen seemed fun and youthful . Bergman did two five-month stretches in Sweden of mandatory military service .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Bergman enrolled at Stockholm University College ( later renamed Stockholm University ) in 1937 , to study art and literature . He spent most of his time involved in student theatre and became a genuine movie addict . At the same time , a romantic involvement led to a physical confrontation with his father which resulted in a break in their relationship which lasted for many years . Although he did not graduate from the university , he wrote a number of plays and an opera , and became an assistant director at a local theatre . In 1942 ,",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "he was given the opportunity to direct one of his own scripts , Caspars Death . The play was seen by members of Svensk Filmindustri , which then offered Bergman a position working on scripts . He married Else Fisher in 1943 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Bergmans film career began in 1941 with his work rewriting scripts , but his first major accomplishment was in 1944 when he wrote the screenplay for Torment ( a.k.a . Frenzy ) ( Hets ) , a film directed by Alf Sjöberg . Along with writing the screenplay , he was also appointed assistant director of the film . In his second autobiographical book , Images : My Life in Film , Bergman describes the filming of the exteriors as his actual film directorial debut . The film sparked debate on Swedish formal education . When Henning Håkanson ( the",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "principal of the high school Bergman had attended ) wrote a letter following the films release , Bergman , according to scholar Frank Gado , disparaged in a response what he viewed as Håkansons implication that students who did not fit some arbitrary prescription of worthiness deserved the systems cruel neglect . Bergman also stated in the letter that he hated school as a principle , as a system and as an institution . And as such I have definitely not wanted to criticize my own school , but all schools . The international success of this film led to",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Bergmans first opportunity to direct a year later . During the next ten years he wrote and directed more than a dozen films , including Prison ( Fängelse ) in 1949 , as well as Sawdust and Tinsel ( Gycklarnas afton ) and Summer with Monika ( Sommaren med Monika ) , both released in 1953 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Bergman first achieved worldwide success with Smiles of a Summer Night ( Sommarnattens leende , 1955 ) , which won for Best poetic humour and was nominated for the Palme dOr at Cannes the following year . This was followed by The Seventh Seal ( Det sjunde inseglet ) and Wild Strawberries ( Smultronstället ) , released in Sweden ten months apart in 1957 . The Seventh Seal won a special jury prize and was nominated for the Palme dOr at Cannes , and Wild Strawberries won numerous awards for Bergman and its star , Victor Sjöström . Bergman continued",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "to be productive for the next two decades . From the early 1960s , he spent much of his life on the island of Fårö , where he made several films .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In the early 1960s he directed three films that explored the theme of faith and doubt in God , Through a Glass Darkly ( Såsom i en Spegel , 1961 ) , Winter Light ( Nattvardsgästerna , 1962 ) , and The Silence ( Tystnaden , 1963 ) . Critics created the notion that the common themes in these three films made them a trilogy or cinematic triptych . Bergman initially responded that he did not plan these three films as a trilogy and that he could not see any common motifs in them , but he later seemed to",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "adopt the notion , with some equivocation . His parody of the films of Federico Fellini , All These Women ( För att inte tala om alla dessa kvinnor ) was released in 1964 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Largely a two-hander with Bibi Andersson and Liv Ullmann , Persona ( 1966 ) is a film that Bergman himself considered one of his most important works . While the highly experimental film won few awards , it has been considered his masterpiece . Other films of the period include The Virgin Spring ( Jungfrukällan , 1960 ) , Hour of the Wolf ( Vargtimmen , 1968 ) , Shame ( Skammen , 1968 ) and The Passion of Anna ( En Passion , 1969 ) . With his cinematographer Sven Nykvist , Bergman made use of a crimson color",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "scheme for Cries and Whispers ( 1972 ) , which received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Picture . He also produced extensively for Swedish television at this time . Two works of note were Scenes from a Marriage ( Scener ur ett äktenskap , 1973 ) and The Magic Flute ( Trollflöjten , 1975 ) .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Tax evasion charges in 1976 . On 30 January 1976 , while rehearsing August Strindbergs The Dance of Death at the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm , he was arrested by two plainclothes police officers and charged with income tax evasion . The impact of the event on Bergman was devastating . He suffered a nervous breakdown as a result of the humiliation , and was hospitalised in a state of deep depression .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "The investigation was focused on an alleged 1970 transaction of 500,000 Swedish kronor ( SEK ) between Bergmans Swedish company Cinematograf and its Swiss subsidiary Persona , an entity that was mainly used for the paying of salaries to foreign actors . Bergman dissolved Persona in 1974 after having been notified by the Swedish Central Bank and subsequently reported the income . On 23 March 1976 , the special prosecutor Anders Nordenadler dropped the charges against Bergman , saying that the alleged crime had no legal basis , saying it would be like bringing charges against a person who has",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "stolen his own car , thinking it was someone elses . Director General Gösta Ekman , chief of the Swedish Internal Revenue Service , defended the failed investigation , saying that the investigation was dealing with important legal material and that Bergman was treated just like any other suspect . He expressed regret that Bergman had left the country , hoping that Bergman was a stronger person now when the investigation had shown that he had not done any wrong .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Although the charges were dropped , Bergman became disconsolate , fearing he would never again return to directing . Despite pleas by the Swedish prime minister Olof Palme , high public figures , and leaders of the film industry , he vowed never to work in Sweden again . He closed down his studio on the island of Fårö , suspended two announced film projects , and went into self-imposed exile in Munich , Germany . Harry Schein , director of the Swedish Film Institute , estimated the immediate damage as ten million SEK ( kronor ) and hundreds of",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "jobs lost .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Bergman then briefly considered the possibility of working in America ; his next film , The Serpents Egg ( 1977 ) was a German-U.S . production and his second English-language film ( the first being The Touch , 1971 ) . This was followed by a British-Norwegian co-production , Autumn Sonata ( Höstsonaten , 1978 ) starring Ingrid Bergman ( no relation ) , and From the Life of the Marionettes ( Aus dem Leben der Marionetten , 1980 ) which was a British-German co-production .",
"title": "Aftermath following arrest"
},
{
"text": "He temporarily returned to his homeland to direct Fanny and Alexander ( Fanny och Alexander , 1982 ) . Bergman stated that the film would be his last , and that afterwards he would focus on directing theatre . After that he wrote several film scripts and directed a number of television specials . As with previous work for television , some of these productions were later theatrically released . The last such work was Saraband ( 2003 ) , a sequel to Scenes from a Marriage and directed by Bergman when he was 84 years old .",
"title": "Aftermath following arrest"
},
{
"text": "Although he continued to operate from Munich , by mid-1978 Bergman had overcome some of his bitterness toward the Swedish government . In July of that year he visited Sweden , celebrating his sixtieth birthday on the island of Fårö , and partly resumed his work as a director at Royal Dramatic Theatre . To honour his return , the Swedish Film Institute launched a new Ingmar Bergman Prize to be awarded annually for excellence in filmmaking . Still , he remained in Munich until 1984 . In one of the last major interviews with Bergman , conducted in 2005",
"title": "Aftermath following arrest"
},
{
"text": "on the island of Fårö , Bergman said that despite being active during the exile , he had effectively lost eight years of his professional life .",
"title": "Aftermath following arrest"
},
{
"text": "Bergman retired from filmmaking in December 2003 . He had hip surgery in October 2006 and was making a difficult recovery . He died in his sleep at age 89 ; his body was found at his home on the island of Fårö , on 30 July 2007 , sixteen days after his 89th birthday . ( It was the same day another renowned existentialist film director , Michelangelo Antonioni , died. ) The interment was private , at the Fårö Church on 18 August 2007 . A place in the Fårö churchyard was prepared for him under heavy secrecy",
"title": "Retirement and death"
},
{
"text": ". Although he was buried on the island of Fårö , his name and date of birth were inscribed under his wifes name on a tomb at Roslagsbro churchyard , Norrtälje Municipality , several years before his death .",
"title": "Retirement and death"
},
{
"text": "Bergman developed a personal repertory company of Swedish actors whom he repeatedly cast in his films , including Max von Sydow , Bibi Andersson , Harriet Andersson , Erland Josephson , Ingrid Thulin , Gunnel Lindblom , and Gunnar Björnstrand , each of whom appeared in at least five Bergman features . Norwegian actress Liv Ullmann , who appeared in nine of Bergmans films and one televisual film ( Saraband ) , was the last to join this group ( in the film Persona ) , and ultimately became the most closely associated with Bergman , both artistically and personally",
"title": "Repertory company"
},
{
"text": ". They had a daughter together , Linn Ullmann ( born 1966 ) .",
"title": "Repertory company"
},
{
"text": " In Bergmans working arrangement with Sven Nykvist , his best-known cinematographer , the two men developed sufficient rapport to allow Bergman not to worry about the composition of a shot until the day before it was filmed . On the morning of the shoot , he would briefly speak to Nykvist about the mood and composition he hoped for , and then leave Nykvist to work , lacking interruption or comment until post-production discussion of the next days work .",
"title": "Repertory company"
},
{
"text": " By Bergmans own account , he never had a problem with funding . He cited two reasons for this : one , that he did not live in the United States , which he viewed as obsessed with box-office earnings ; and two , that his films tended to be low-budget affairs . ( Cries and Whispers , for instance , was finished for about $450,000 , while Scenes from a Marriage , a six-episode television feature , cost only $200,000. )",
"title": "Financing"
},
{
"text": "Bergman usually wrote his films screenplays , thinking about them for months or years before starting the actual process of writing , which he viewed as somewhat tedious . His earlier films are carefully constructed and are either based on his plays or written in collaboration with other authors . Bergman stated that in his later works , when on occasion his actors would want to do things differently from his own intention , he would let them , noting that the results were often disastrous when he did not do so . As his career progressed , Bergman increasingly",
"title": "Technique"
},
{
"text": "let his actors improvise their dialogue . In his later films , he wrote just the ideas informing the scene and allowed his actors to determine the exact dialogue . When viewing daily rushes , Bergman stressed the importance of being critical but unemotive , claiming that he asked himself not if the work was great or terrible , but rather if it was sufficient or needed to be reshot .",
"title": "Technique"
},
{
"text": "Bergmans films usually deal with existential questions of mortality , loneliness , and religious faith . In addition to these cerebral topics , however , sexual desire features in the foreground of most of his films , whether the central event is medieval plague ( The Seventh Seal ) , upper-class family activity in early twentieth century Uppsala ( Fanny and Alexander ) , or contemporary alienation ( The Silence ) . His female characters are usually more in touch with their sexuality than their male equivalents , and unafraid to proclaim it , sometimes with breathtaking overtness ( as",
"title": "Subjects"
},
{
"text": "in Cries and Whispers ) as would define the work of the conjurer , as Bergman called himself in a 1960 TIME cover story . In an interview with Playboy in 1964 , he said : The manifestation of sex is very important , and particularly to me , for above all , I dont want to make merely intellectual films . I want audiences to feel , to sense my films . This to me is much more important than their understanding them . Film , Bergman said , was his demanding mistress . While he was a social",
"title": "Subjects"
},
{
"text": "democrat as an adult , Bergman stated that as an artist Im not politically involved .. . I dont make propaganda for either one attitude or the other .",
"title": "Subjects"
},
{
"text": "When asked in the series of interviews later titled Ingmar Bergman – 3 dokumentärer om film , teater , Fårö och livet conducted by Marie Nyreröd for Swedish TV and released in 2004 , Bergman said that of his works , he held Winter Light , Persona , and Cries and Whispers in the highest regard . There he also states that he managed to push the envelope of film making in the films Persona and Cries and Whispers . Bergman stated on numerous occasions ( for example in the interview book Bergman on Bergman ) that The Silence meant",
"title": "Subjects"
},
{
"text": "the end of the era in which religious questions were a major concern of his films . Bergman said that he would get depressed by his own films : jittery and ready to cry.. . and miserable . In the same interview he also stated : If there is one thing I miss about working with films , it is working with Sven ( Nykvist ) , the third cinematographer with whom he had collaborated .",
"title": "Subjects"
},
{
"text": "Although Bergman was universally famous for his contribution to cinema , he was also an active and productive stage director all his life . During his studies at what was then Stockholm University College , he became active in its student theatre , where he made a name for himself early on . His first work after graduation was as a trainee-director at a Stockholm theatre . At twenty-six years , he became the youngest theatrical manager in Europe at the Helsingborg City Theatre . He stayed at Helsingborg for three years and then became the director at Gothenburg city",
"title": "Theatrical work"
},
{
"text": "theatre from 1946 to 1949 .",
"title": "Theatrical work"
},
{
"text": " He became director of the Malmö City Theatre in 1953 , and remained for seven years . Many of his star actors were people with whom he began working on stage . He was the director of the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm from 1960 to 1966 , and manager from 1963 to 1966 , where he began a long-time collaboration with choreographer Donya Feuer .",
"title": "Theatrical work"
},
{
"text": "After Bergman left Sweden because of the tax evasion incident , he became director of the Residenz Theatre of Munich , Germany ( 1977–1984 ) . He remained active in theatre throughout the 1990s and made his final production on stage with Henrik Ibsens The Wild Duck at the Royal Dramatic Theatre in 2002 .",
"title": "Theatrical work"
},
{
"text": " Bergman was married five times : - 25 March 1943 – 1945 , to Else Fisher ( 1 March 1918 – 3 March 2006 ) , choreographer and dancer ( divorced ) . Offspring : - Lena Bergman , actress , born 1943 . - 22 July 1945 – 1950 , to Ellen Lundström ( 23 April 1919 – 6 March 2007 ) , choreographer and film director ( divorced ) . Children : - Eva Bergman , film director , born 1945 - Jan Bergman , film director ( 1946–2000 )",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": "- the twins Mats and Anna Bergman , both actors and film directors , born in 1948 .",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": " - 1951 – 1959 , to Gun Grut ( 1916–1971 ) , journalist ( divorced ) . Offspring : - Ingmar Bergman Jr. , retired airline captain , born 1951 . - 1959 – 1969 , to Käbi Laretei ( 14 July 1922 – 31 October 2014 ) , concert pianist ( divorced ) . Offspring : - Daniel Bergman , film director , born 1962 . - 11 November 1971 – 20 May 1995 , to Ingrid von Rosen ( maiden name Karlebo ) . Offspring : - Maria von Rosen , author , born 1959 .",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": "The first four marriages ended in divorce , while the last ended when his wife Ingrid died of stomach cancer in 1995 , aged 65 . Aside from his marriages , Bergman had romantic relationships with actresses Harriet Andersson ( 1952–1955 ) , Bibi Andersson ( 1955–1959 ) , and Liv Ullmann ( 1965–1970 ) . He was the father of writer Linn Ullmann with Ullmann . In all , Bergman had nine children , one of whom predeceased him . Bergman eventually married all the mothers of his children , with the exception of Liv Ullmann . His daughter",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": "with his last wife , Ingrid von Rosen , was born twelve years before their marriage . He had dozens of mistresses throughout his life and would justify the affairs to his various wives by telling them : “I have so many lives.”",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": " Although Bergman once described himself as one who had lost his faith in an afterlife , Max von Sydow stated in an interview that he had had many discussions with him about religion , and indicated that Bergmans belief in the afterlife was restored .",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": "In 1958 , he won the Best Director award for Brink of Life at the Cannes Film Festival , and won the Golden Bear for Wild Strawberries at the Berlin International Film Festival . In 1960 Bergman was featured in the cover of TIME , the first foreign-language filmmaker to do so since Leni Riefenstahl in 1936 . In 1971 , Bergman received the Irving G . Thalberg Memorial Award at the Academy Awards ceremony . Three of his films ( Through a Glass Darkly , The Virgin Spring , and Fanny and Alexander ) won the Academy Award for",
"title": "Awards and nominations"
},
{
"text": "Best Foreign Language Film . In 1997 , he was awarded the Palme des Palmes ( Palm of the Palms ) at the 50th anniversary of the Cannes Film Festival . He won many other awards and has been nominated for numerous other awards .",
"title": "Awards and nominations"
},
{
"text": "Bergmans work was a point of reference and inspiration for director Woody Allen . He described Bergman as “probably the greatest film artist , all things considered , since the invention of the motion picture camera” . Bergmans films are mentioned and praised in Annie Hall and others of Allens films . Allen also admired Bergmans longtime director of photography Sven Nykvist and invited him to be his DP on Crimes and Misdemeanors . In 2002 , Bergman was listed at number nine on the British Film Institutes Sight & Sound list of the top ten film directors of modern",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "times . In 2017 New York magazine ranked Bergman at number 55 on their list of The 100 Best Screenwriters of All Time .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "After Bergman died , a large archive of notes was donated to the Swedish Film Institute . Among the notes are several unpublished and unfinished scripts both for stage and films , and many more ideas for works in different stages of development . A never-performed play has the title Kärlek utan älskare ( Love without lovers ) , and has the note Complete disaster ! written on the envelope ; the play is about a director who disappears and an editor who tries to complete a work he has left unfinished . Other canceled projects include the script for",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "a pornographic film which Bergman abandoned since he did not think it was alive enough , a play about a cannibal , some loose scenes set inside a womb , a film about the life of Jesus , a film about The Merry Widow , and a play with the title Från sperm till spöke ( From sperm to spook ) . The Swedish director Marcus Lindeen went through the material , and inspired by Kärlek utan älskare he took samples from many of the works and turned them into a play , titled Arkivet för orealiserbara drömmar och visioner",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "( The archive for unrealisable dreams and visions ) . Lindeens play premiered on 28 May 2012 at the Stockholm City Theatre .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " Terrence Rafferty of The New York Times wrote that throughout the 1960s , when Bergman was considered pretty much the last word in cinematic profundity , his every tic was scrupulously pored over , analyzed , elaborated in ingenious arguments about identity , the nature of film , the fate of the artist in the modern world and so on .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "Danish Director Thomas Vinterberg has cited Bergman as one of his major influences , Bergman is always in my head . He is part of my upbringing and I was fortunate to meet him and get advice from him . In 1996 , Entertainment Weekly ranked Bergman at No . 8 in its 50 Greatest Directors list . Bergman was ranked at No . 36 on Empire magazines Top 40 Greatest Directors of All-Time list in 2005 . In 2007 , Total Film magazine ranked Bergman at No . 7 on its 100 Greatest Film Directors Ever list .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " Writer and director Richard Ayoade counts Bergman as one of his inspirations . In 2017 , the British Film Institute ( BFI ) hosted an Ingmar Bergman season and Ayoade said in a Guardian interview that he saw everything in it , which was one of the best two months ever . The BFIs programme included a discussion with Ayoade on Bergmans 1966 film , Persona , before a screening .",
"title": "Legacy"
}
] |
/wiki/Kurgan,_Kurgan_Oblast#P1376#0
|
Kurgan, Kurgan Oblast was the capital of what between Jun 1816 and Nov 1817?
|
Kurgan , Kurgan Oblast The city of Kurgan ( ) functions as the administrative center of Kurgan Oblast in the south of the Urals Federal District of Russia . Population : . Until 1782 Kurgan bore the name Tsaryovo Gorodishche . History . An urban settlement was established here between 1659 and 1662 as Tsaryovo Gorodishche ( ) by Timofey Nevezhin , a farmer from Tyumen . In the ensuing years it was developed as a fortress town . It served as a frontier post and its fortified position enabled it to defend other Russian settlements from nomad attacks . Nevertheless , it was itself not always able to withstand such attacks , and was sometimes plundered and burnt down . The city was granted city privileges by the Empress Catherine the Great in 1782 , which is when it acquired its present name and became the seat of an uyezd . The present name is taken from a large kurgan ( burial mound ) close to the original settlement . Its coat of arms was granted on 17 March 1785 , and it became the administrative center of Kurgan Oblast in 1943 . Kurgan was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour in 1982 . Administrative and municipal status . Kurgan is the administrative center of the oblast . Within the framework of administrative divisions , it is incorporated as Kurgan City Under Oblast Jurisdiction—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , Kurgan City Under Oblast Jurisdiction is incorporated as Kurgan Urban Okrug . Economy and military . Kurgan stands on the Trans-Siberian Railway line , between Yekaterinburg and Omsk . It is served by two railway stations and the Kurgan Airport , and it was home to the Kurgan West air base during the Cold War . It is also home to Russian Ilizarov Scientific Center for Restorative Traumatology and Orthopaedics , KAvZ autobus plant , and the machine building company Kurganmashzavod which produces the widely known BMP-1 , BMP-2 and BMP-3 infantry fighting vehicles . Climate . Kurgan has a humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfb ) . Influenced by the Siberian High , it is a relatively dry climate . Winters are cold , although not severe by Siberian standards . Summers are variable but relatively moderate , even though heat waves can bring temperatures well above the average July highs . Educational facilities . - Agricultural academy - Kurgan State University - Kurgan International University - Military Academy - Railroad Academy - Various theaters - Academy of Labor and Social Relations Notable people . - Oleg Bogomolov ( born 1950 ) , governor of Kurgan Oblast - Dmitri Bushmanov ( born 1978 ) , association football player - Maxim Fadeev ( born 1968 ) , singer-songwriter , composer and producer - Sergej Marulin ( born 1971 ) , composer and guitar player - Gavriil Ilizarov ( 1921–1992 ) , physician - Vyacheslav Kamoltsev ( born 1971 ) , association football player - Larisa Korobeynikova ( born 1987 ) , fencer - Evgeni Krasilnikov ( 1965–2014 ) , volleyball player - Leonid Krasin ( 1870–1926 ) , politician and diplomat - Ivan Kurpishev ( born 1969 ) , powerlifter - Dmitri Loskov ( born 1974 ) , association football player - Aleksey Markovsky ( born 1957 ) , swimmer - Yana Romanova ( born 1983 ) , biathlete - Sergei Rublevsky ( born 1974 ) , chess grandmaster - Yulia Savicheva ( born 1987 ) , singer - Alexander Solonik ( 1960–1997 ) , hitman - Elena Temnikova ( born 1985 ) , singer - Sergei Teryayev ( born 1994 ) , professional ice hockey defenceman - Alexander Vinogradov ( 1930–2011 ) , journalist and writer - Sergey Vinogradov ( 1958–2010 ) , journalist , translator , and writer - Gavriil Abramovich Ilizarov ( Russian : Гавриил Абрамович Илизаров ; 15 June 1921 – 24 July 1992 ) was a Soviet physician , known for inventing the Ilizarov apparatus for lengthening limb bones and for the method of surgery named after him , the Ilizarov surgery . International relations . Twin towns and sister cities . Kurgan is twinned with : - Appleton , United States - Rufina , Italy External links . - Official website of Kurgan - Kurgan news portal - Cultural heritage of Kurgan
|
[
"Urals Federal District of Russia"
] |
[
{
"text": " The city of Kurgan ( ) functions as the administrative center of Kurgan Oblast in the south of the Urals Federal District of Russia . Population : . Until 1782 Kurgan bore the name Tsaryovo Gorodishche .",
"title": "Kurgan , Kurgan Oblast"
},
{
"text": " An urban settlement was established here between 1659 and 1662 as Tsaryovo Gorodishche ( ) by Timofey Nevezhin , a farmer from Tyumen . In the ensuing years it was developed as a fortress town . It served as a frontier post and its fortified position enabled it to defend other Russian settlements from nomad attacks . Nevertheless , it was itself not always able to withstand such attacks , and was sometimes plundered and burnt down .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The city was granted city privileges by the Empress Catherine the Great in 1782 , which is when it acquired its present name and became the seat of an uyezd . The present name is taken from a large kurgan ( burial mound ) close to the original settlement .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Its coat of arms was granted on 17 March 1785 , and it became the administrative center of Kurgan Oblast in 1943 . Kurgan was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour in 1982 . Administrative and municipal status . Kurgan is the administrative center of the oblast . Within the framework of administrative divisions , it is incorporated as Kurgan City Under Oblast Jurisdiction—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , Kurgan City Under Oblast Jurisdiction is incorporated as Kurgan Urban Okrug .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Kurgan stands on the Trans-Siberian Railway line , between Yekaterinburg and Omsk . It is served by two railway stations and the Kurgan Airport , and it was home to the Kurgan West air base during the Cold War . It is also home to Russian Ilizarov Scientific Center for Restorative Traumatology and Orthopaedics , KAvZ autobus plant , and the machine building company Kurganmashzavod which produces the widely known BMP-1 , BMP-2 and BMP-3 infantry fighting vehicles .",
"title": "Economy and military"
},
{
"text": " Kurgan has a humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfb ) . Influenced by the Siberian High , it is a relatively dry climate . Winters are cold , although not severe by Siberian standards . Summers are variable but relatively moderate , even though heat waves can bring temperatures well above the average July highs .",
"title": "Climate"
},
{
"text": " - Agricultural academy - Kurgan State University - Kurgan International University - Military Academy - Railroad Academy - Various theaters - Academy of Labor and Social Relations",
"title": "Educational facilities"
},
{
"text": " - Oleg Bogomolov ( born 1950 ) , governor of Kurgan Oblast - Dmitri Bushmanov ( born 1978 ) , association football player - Maxim Fadeev ( born 1968 ) , singer-songwriter , composer and producer - Sergej Marulin ( born 1971 ) , composer and guitar player - Gavriil Ilizarov ( 1921–1992 ) , physician - Vyacheslav Kamoltsev ( born 1971 ) , association football player - Larisa Korobeynikova ( born 1987 ) , fencer - Evgeni Krasilnikov ( 1965–2014 ) , volleyball player - Leonid Krasin ( 1870–1926 ) , politician and diplomat",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Ivan Kurpishev ( born 1969 ) , powerlifter",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Dmitri Loskov ( born 1974 ) , association football player - Aleksey Markovsky ( born 1957 ) , swimmer - Yana Romanova ( born 1983 ) , biathlete - Sergei Rublevsky ( born 1974 ) , chess grandmaster - Yulia Savicheva ( born 1987 ) , singer - Alexander Solonik ( 1960–1997 ) , hitman - Elena Temnikova ( born 1985 ) , singer - Sergei Teryayev ( born 1994 ) , professional ice hockey defenceman - Alexander Vinogradov ( 1930–2011 ) , journalist and writer",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Sergey Vinogradov ( 1958–2010 ) , journalist , translator , and writer",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Gavriil Abramovich Ilizarov ( Russian : Гавриил Абрамович Илизаров ; 15 June 1921 – 24 July 1992 ) was a Soviet physician , known for inventing the Ilizarov apparatus for lengthening limb bones and for the method of surgery named after him , the Ilizarov surgery .",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " Twin towns and sister cities . Kurgan is twinned with : - Appleton , United States - Rufina , Italy",
"title": "International relations"
},
{
"text": " - Official website of Kurgan - Kurgan news portal - Cultural heritage of Kurgan",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Kurgan,_Kurgan_Oblast#P1376#1
|
Kurgan, Kurgan Oblast was the capital of what between Jul 1962 and Jun 1986?
|
Kurgan , Kurgan Oblast The city of Kurgan ( ) functions as the administrative center of Kurgan Oblast in the south of the Urals Federal District of Russia . Population : . Until 1782 Kurgan bore the name Tsaryovo Gorodishche . History . An urban settlement was established here between 1659 and 1662 as Tsaryovo Gorodishche ( ) by Timofey Nevezhin , a farmer from Tyumen . In the ensuing years it was developed as a fortress town . It served as a frontier post and its fortified position enabled it to defend other Russian settlements from nomad attacks . Nevertheless , it was itself not always able to withstand such attacks , and was sometimes plundered and burnt down . The city was granted city privileges by the Empress Catherine the Great in 1782 , which is when it acquired its present name and became the seat of an uyezd . The present name is taken from a large kurgan ( burial mound ) close to the original settlement . Its coat of arms was granted on 17 March 1785 , and it became the administrative center of Kurgan Oblast in 1943 . Kurgan was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour in 1982 . Administrative and municipal status . Kurgan is the administrative center of the oblast . Within the framework of administrative divisions , it is incorporated as Kurgan City Under Oblast Jurisdiction—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , Kurgan City Under Oblast Jurisdiction is incorporated as Kurgan Urban Okrug . Economy and military . Kurgan stands on the Trans-Siberian Railway line , between Yekaterinburg and Omsk . It is served by two railway stations and the Kurgan Airport , and it was home to the Kurgan West air base during the Cold War . It is also home to Russian Ilizarov Scientific Center for Restorative Traumatology and Orthopaedics , KAvZ autobus plant , and the machine building company Kurganmashzavod which produces the widely known BMP-1 , BMP-2 and BMP-3 infantry fighting vehicles . Climate . Kurgan has a humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfb ) . Influenced by the Siberian High , it is a relatively dry climate . Winters are cold , although not severe by Siberian standards . Summers are variable but relatively moderate , even though heat waves can bring temperatures well above the average July highs . Educational facilities . - Agricultural academy - Kurgan State University - Kurgan International University - Military Academy - Railroad Academy - Various theaters - Academy of Labor and Social Relations Notable people . - Oleg Bogomolov ( born 1950 ) , governor of Kurgan Oblast - Dmitri Bushmanov ( born 1978 ) , association football player - Maxim Fadeev ( born 1968 ) , singer-songwriter , composer and producer - Sergej Marulin ( born 1971 ) , composer and guitar player - Gavriil Ilizarov ( 1921–1992 ) , physician - Vyacheslav Kamoltsev ( born 1971 ) , association football player - Larisa Korobeynikova ( born 1987 ) , fencer - Evgeni Krasilnikov ( 1965–2014 ) , volleyball player - Leonid Krasin ( 1870–1926 ) , politician and diplomat - Ivan Kurpishev ( born 1969 ) , powerlifter - Dmitri Loskov ( born 1974 ) , association football player - Aleksey Markovsky ( born 1957 ) , swimmer - Yana Romanova ( born 1983 ) , biathlete - Sergei Rublevsky ( born 1974 ) , chess grandmaster - Yulia Savicheva ( born 1987 ) , singer - Alexander Solonik ( 1960–1997 ) , hitman - Elena Temnikova ( born 1985 ) , singer - Sergei Teryayev ( born 1994 ) , professional ice hockey defenceman - Alexander Vinogradov ( 1930–2011 ) , journalist and writer - Sergey Vinogradov ( 1958–2010 ) , journalist , translator , and writer - Gavriil Abramovich Ilizarov ( Russian : Гавриил Абрамович Илизаров ; 15 June 1921 – 24 July 1992 ) was a Soviet physician , known for inventing the Ilizarov apparatus for lengthening limb bones and for the method of surgery named after him , the Ilizarov surgery . International relations . Twin towns and sister cities . Kurgan is twinned with : - Appleton , United States - Rufina , Italy External links . - Official website of Kurgan - Kurgan news portal - Cultural heritage of Kurgan
|
[
"Kurgan Oblast"
] |
[
{
"text": " The city of Kurgan ( ) functions as the administrative center of Kurgan Oblast in the south of the Urals Federal District of Russia . Population : . Until 1782 Kurgan bore the name Tsaryovo Gorodishche .",
"title": "Kurgan , Kurgan Oblast"
},
{
"text": " An urban settlement was established here between 1659 and 1662 as Tsaryovo Gorodishche ( ) by Timofey Nevezhin , a farmer from Tyumen . In the ensuing years it was developed as a fortress town . It served as a frontier post and its fortified position enabled it to defend other Russian settlements from nomad attacks . Nevertheless , it was itself not always able to withstand such attacks , and was sometimes plundered and burnt down .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The city was granted city privileges by the Empress Catherine the Great in 1782 , which is when it acquired its present name and became the seat of an uyezd . The present name is taken from a large kurgan ( burial mound ) close to the original settlement .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Its coat of arms was granted on 17 March 1785 , and it became the administrative center of Kurgan Oblast in 1943 . Kurgan was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour in 1982 . Administrative and municipal status . Kurgan is the administrative center of the oblast . Within the framework of administrative divisions , it is incorporated as Kurgan City Under Oblast Jurisdiction—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , Kurgan City Under Oblast Jurisdiction is incorporated as Kurgan Urban Okrug .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Kurgan stands on the Trans-Siberian Railway line , between Yekaterinburg and Omsk . It is served by two railway stations and the Kurgan Airport , and it was home to the Kurgan West air base during the Cold War . It is also home to Russian Ilizarov Scientific Center for Restorative Traumatology and Orthopaedics , KAvZ autobus plant , and the machine building company Kurganmashzavod which produces the widely known BMP-1 , BMP-2 and BMP-3 infantry fighting vehicles .",
"title": "Economy and military"
},
{
"text": " Kurgan has a humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfb ) . Influenced by the Siberian High , it is a relatively dry climate . Winters are cold , although not severe by Siberian standards . Summers are variable but relatively moderate , even though heat waves can bring temperatures well above the average July highs .",
"title": "Climate"
},
{
"text": " - Agricultural academy - Kurgan State University - Kurgan International University - Military Academy - Railroad Academy - Various theaters - Academy of Labor and Social Relations",
"title": "Educational facilities"
},
{
"text": " - Oleg Bogomolov ( born 1950 ) , governor of Kurgan Oblast - Dmitri Bushmanov ( born 1978 ) , association football player - Maxim Fadeev ( born 1968 ) , singer-songwriter , composer and producer - Sergej Marulin ( born 1971 ) , composer and guitar player - Gavriil Ilizarov ( 1921–1992 ) , physician - Vyacheslav Kamoltsev ( born 1971 ) , association football player - Larisa Korobeynikova ( born 1987 ) , fencer - Evgeni Krasilnikov ( 1965–2014 ) , volleyball player - Leonid Krasin ( 1870–1926 ) , politician and diplomat",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Ivan Kurpishev ( born 1969 ) , powerlifter",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Dmitri Loskov ( born 1974 ) , association football player - Aleksey Markovsky ( born 1957 ) , swimmer - Yana Romanova ( born 1983 ) , biathlete - Sergei Rublevsky ( born 1974 ) , chess grandmaster - Yulia Savicheva ( born 1987 ) , singer - Alexander Solonik ( 1960–1997 ) , hitman - Elena Temnikova ( born 1985 ) , singer - Sergei Teryayev ( born 1994 ) , professional ice hockey defenceman - Alexander Vinogradov ( 1930–2011 ) , journalist and writer",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Sergey Vinogradov ( 1958–2010 ) , journalist , translator , and writer",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Gavriil Abramovich Ilizarov ( Russian : Гавриил Абрамович Илизаров ; 15 June 1921 – 24 July 1992 ) was a Soviet physician , known for inventing the Ilizarov apparatus for lengthening limb bones and for the method of surgery named after him , the Ilizarov surgery .",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " Twin towns and sister cities . Kurgan is twinned with : - Appleton , United States - Rufina , Italy",
"title": "International relations"
},
{
"text": " - Official website of Kurgan - Kurgan news portal - Cultural heritage of Kurgan",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Kurgan,_Kurgan_Oblast#P1376#2
|
Kurgan, Kurgan Oblast was the capital of what after Aug 2004?
|
Kurgan , Kurgan Oblast The city of Kurgan ( ) functions as the administrative center of Kurgan Oblast in the south of the Urals Federal District of Russia . Population : . Until 1782 Kurgan bore the name Tsaryovo Gorodishche . History . An urban settlement was established here between 1659 and 1662 as Tsaryovo Gorodishche ( ) by Timofey Nevezhin , a farmer from Tyumen . In the ensuing years it was developed as a fortress town . It served as a frontier post and its fortified position enabled it to defend other Russian settlements from nomad attacks . Nevertheless , it was itself not always able to withstand such attacks , and was sometimes plundered and burnt down . The city was granted city privileges by the Empress Catherine the Great in 1782 , which is when it acquired its present name and became the seat of an uyezd . The present name is taken from a large kurgan ( burial mound ) close to the original settlement . Its coat of arms was granted on 17 March 1785 , and it became the administrative center of Kurgan Oblast in 1943 . Kurgan was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour in 1982 . Administrative and municipal status . Kurgan is the administrative center of the oblast . Within the framework of administrative divisions , it is incorporated as Kurgan City Under Oblast Jurisdiction—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , Kurgan City Under Oblast Jurisdiction is incorporated as Kurgan Urban Okrug . Economy and military . Kurgan stands on the Trans-Siberian Railway line , between Yekaterinburg and Omsk . It is served by two railway stations and the Kurgan Airport , and it was home to the Kurgan West air base during the Cold War . It is also home to Russian Ilizarov Scientific Center for Restorative Traumatology and Orthopaedics , KAvZ autobus plant , and the machine building company Kurganmashzavod which produces the widely known BMP-1 , BMP-2 and BMP-3 infantry fighting vehicles . Climate . Kurgan has a humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfb ) . Influenced by the Siberian High , it is a relatively dry climate . Winters are cold , although not severe by Siberian standards . Summers are variable but relatively moderate , even though heat waves can bring temperatures well above the average July highs . Educational facilities . - Agricultural academy - Kurgan State University - Kurgan International University - Military Academy - Railroad Academy - Various theaters - Academy of Labor and Social Relations Notable people . - Oleg Bogomolov ( born 1950 ) , governor of Kurgan Oblast - Dmitri Bushmanov ( born 1978 ) , association football player - Maxim Fadeev ( born 1968 ) , singer-songwriter , composer and producer - Sergej Marulin ( born 1971 ) , composer and guitar player - Gavriil Ilizarov ( 1921–1992 ) , physician - Vyacheslav Kamoltsev ( born 1971 ) , association football player - Larisa Korobeynikova ( born 1987 ) , fencer - Evgeni Krasilnikov ( 1965–2014 ) , volleyball player - Leonid Krasin ( 1870–1926 ) , politician and diplomat - Ivan Kurpishev ( born 1969 ) , powerlifter - Dmitri Loskov ( born 1974 ) , association football player - Aleksey Markovsky ( born 1957 ) , swimmer - Yana Romanova ( born 1983 ) , biathlete - Sergei Rublevsky ( born 1974 ) , chess grandmaster - Yulia Savicheva ( born 1987 ) , singer - Alexander Solonik ( 1960–1997 ) , hitman - Elena Temnikova ( born 1985 ) , singer - Sergei Teryayev ( born 1994 ) , professional ice hockey defenceman - Alexander Vinogradov ( 1930–2011 ) , journalist and writer - Sergey Vinogradov ( 1958–2010 ) , journalist , translator , and writer - Gavriil Abramovich Ilizarov ( Russian : Гавриил Абрамович Илизаров ; 15 June 1921 – 24 July 1992 ) was a Soviet physician , known for inventing the Ilizarov apparatus for lengthening limb bones and for the method of surgery named after him , the Ilizarov surgery . International relations . Twin towns and sister cities . Kurgan is twinned with : - Appleton , United States - Rufina , Italy External links . - Official website of Kurgan - Kurgan news portal - Cultural heritage of Kurgan
|
[
"Kurgan Urban Okrug"
] |
[
{
"text": " The city of Kurgan ( ) functions as the administrative center of Kurgan Oblast in the south of the Urals Federal District of Russia . Population : . Until 1782 Kurgan bore the name Tsaryovo Gorodishche .",
"title": "Kurgan , Kurgan Oblast"
},
{
"text": " An urban settlement was established here between 1659 and 1662 as Tsaryovo Gorodishche ( ) by Timofey Nevezhin , a farmer from Tyumen . In the ensuing years it was developed as a fortress town . It served as a frontier post and its fortified position enabled it to defend other Russian settlements from nomad attacks . Nevertheless , it was itself not always able to withstand such attacks , and was sometimes plundered and burnt down .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The city was granted city privileges by the Empress Catherine the Great in 1782 , which is when it acquired its present name and became the seat of an uyezd . The present name is taken from a large kurgan ( burial mound ) close to the original settlement .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Its coat of arms was granted on 17 March 1785 , and it became the administrative center of Kurgan Oblast in 1943 . Kurgan was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour in 1982 . Administrative and municipal status . Kurgan is the administrative center of the oblast . Within the framework of administrative divisions , it is incorporated as Kurgan City Under Oblast Jurisdiction—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , Kurgan City Under Oblast Jurisdiction is incorporated as Kurgan Urban Okrug .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Kurgan stands on the Trans-Siberian Railway line , between Yekaterinburg and Omsk . It is served by two railway stations and the Kurgan Airport , and it was home to the Kurgan West air base during the Cold War . It is also home to Russian Ilizarov Scientific Center for Restorative Traumatology and Orthopaedics , KAvZ autobus plant , and the machine building company Kurganmashzavod which produces the widely known BMP-1 , BMP-2 and BMP-3 infantry fighting vehicles .",
"title": "Economy and military"
},
{
"text": " Kurgan has a humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfb ) . Influenced by the Siberian High , it is a relatively dry climate . Winters are cold , although not severe by Siberian standards . Summers are variable but relatively moderate , even though heat waves can bring temperatures well above the average July highs .",
"title": "Climate"
},
{
"text": " - Agricultural academy - Kurgan State University - Kurgan International University - Military Academy - Railroad Academy - Various theaters - Academy of Labor and Social Relations",
"title": "Educational facilities"
},
{
"text": " - Oleg Bogomolov ( born 1950 ) , governor of Kurgan Oblast - Dmitri Bushmanov ( born 1978 ) , association football player - Maxim Fadeev ( born 1968 ) , singer-songwriter , composer and producer - Sergej Marulin ( born 1971 ) , composer and guitar player - Gavriil Ilizarov ( 1921–1992 ) , physician - Vyacheslav Kamoltsev ( born 1971 ) , association football player - Larisa Korobeynikova ( born 1987 ) , fencer - Evgeni Krasilnikov ( 1965–2014 ) , volleyball player - Leonid Krasin ( 1870–1926 ) , politician and diplomat",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Ivan Kurpishev ( born 1969 ) , powerlifter",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Dmitri Loskov ( born 1974 ) , association football player - Aleksey Markovsky ( born 1957 ) , swimmer - Yana Romanova ( born 1983 ) , biathlete - Sergei Rublevsky ( born 1974 ) , chess grandmaster - Yulia Savicheva ( born 1987 ) , singer - Alexander Solonik ( 1960–1997 ) , hitman - Elena Temnikova ( born 1985 ) , singer - Sergei Teryayev ( born 1994 ) , professional ice hockey defenceman - Alexander Vinogradov ( 1930–2011 ) , journalist and writer",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Sergey Vinogradov ( 1958–2010 ) , journalist , translator , and writer",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Gavriil Abramovich Ilizarov ( Russian : Гавриил Абрамович Илизаров ; 15 June 1921 – 24 July 1992 ) was a Soviet physician , known for inventing the Ilizarov apparatus for lengthening limb bones and for the method of surgery named after him , the Ilizarov surgery .",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " Twin towns and sister cities . Kurgan is twinned with : - Appleton , United States - Rufina , Italy",
"title": "International relations"
},
{
"text": " - Official website of Kurgan - Kurgan news portal - Cultural heritage of Kurgan",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Peter_Williams_(musicologist)#P108#0
|
Peter Williams (musicologist) was an employee for whom in early 1980s?
|
Peter Williams ( musicologist ) Peter Williams ( 14 May 1937 - 20 March 2016 ) was an English musicologist , author , harpsichordist , organist , and professor . Williams was considered one of the leading scholars on the organ and the life and works of Johann Sebastian Bach . Life and education . Peter Fredric Williams was born in Wolverhampton , England on 14 May 1937 to a Methodist family . He received a Bachelor of Arts ( 1958 ) , Bachelor of Music ( 1959 ) , Master of Arts ( 1962 ) , and a Ph.D . ( 1963 ) at St . Johns College in Cambridge . Williams became a lecturer at the University of Edinburgh in 1962 , eventually becoming a reader in 1972 , then a Professor ten years later , where he held the first chair in performance practice in the UK . He was made Distinguished Professor of Arts and Sciences at Duke University in Durham , North Carolina in 1985 . Here , he was also chairman of the music department ( 1985-1988 ) , university organist ( 1985-1990 ) , and the director of the graduate center for performance practice studies ( 1990-1997 ) . He was a Professor at Cardiff University from 1996 to 2002 , and served as Chairman , subsequently President , of the British Institute of Organ Studies from 1996 to 2002 . He was also a patron of the Cambridge Academy of Organ Studies , since its inception in 2004 . Williams married in 1982 , and had two sons , as well as a daughter and a son from a previous marriage . Research and Publications . Williams was a prolific writer in the venues of organ and harpsichord building and performance . He published his first major writing , The European Organ , 1450-1850 in 1966 , and Figured Bass Accompaniment in 1970 . He published his defining work , the three-volume The Organ Music of J.S . Bach through Cambridge University Press in the 1980s , then revised and combined these in a one-volume second edition in 2003 . It was here where Williams suggested that the famous Toccata and Fugue in D minor , BWV 565 was probably not written for the organ , and possibly not by Bach . He further reiterated this statement in a 1981 article for the journal , Early Music . He served as a general editor of 80 volumes of the Biblioteca Organologica series since 1966 , and was a founding editor of The Organ Yearbook since 1969 . Bibliography . - The European Organ 1450-1850 ( London , 1966 ; 2nd edition , 1968 ) - Figured Bass Accompaniment ( 2 vols. , Edinburgh , 1970 ; 2nd edition , 1972 ) - Bach Organ Music ( London , 1972 ; 2nd edition , 1974 ) - A New History of the Organ From the Greeks to the Present Day ( London , 1980 ) - The Organ Music of J.S . Bach : - 1st edition in 3 volumes ( Cambridge , 1980s ) : 1 . BWV 525–598 , 802–805 , etc . ( 1980 , ) 2 . BWV 599–771 , etc . ( 1980 , ) 3 . A Background ( 1984 , ) - 2nd edition in one volume ( 2003 , ) - ( As an editor ) : Bach , Handel and Scarlatti ; Tercentenary Essays ( Cambridge , 1985 ) - Playing the Works of Bach ( New York , 1986 ) - The Organ ( London and New York , 1988 ) - ( With L . Todd , editor ) : Mozart : Perspectives in Performance ( Cambridge , 1991 ) - The Organ in Western Culture 750-1250 ( Cambridge , 1993 ) - The King of Instruments or , How Do Churches Come to Have Organs ? ( London , 1993 ) - The Goldberg Variations ( Cambridge University Press , 2001 ) - The Life of Bach ? ( 2004 ) External links . - Obituary from The Guardian
|
[
"University of Edinburgh"
] |
[
{
"text": " Peter Williams ( 14 May 1937 - 20 March 2016 ) was an English musicologist , author , harpsichordist , organist , and professor . Williams was considered one of the leading scholars on the organ and the life and works of Johann Sebastian Bach .",
"title": "Peter Williams ( musicologist )"
},
{
"text": "Peter Fredric Williams was born in Wolverhampton , England on 14 May 1937 to a Methodist family . He received a Bachelor of Arts ( 1958 ) , Bachelor of Music ( 1959 ) , Master of Arts ( 1962 ) , and a Ph.D . ( 1963 ) at St . Johns College in Cambridge . Williams became a lecturer at the University of Edinburgh in 1962 , eventually becoming a reader in 1972 , then a Professor ten years later , where he held the first chair in performance practice in the UK . He was made Distinguished",
"title": "Life and education"
},
{
"text": "Professor of Arts and Sciences at Duke University in Durham , North Carolina in 1985 . Here , he was also chairman of the music department ( 1985-1988 ) , university organist ( 1985-1990 ) , and the director of the graduate center for performance practice studies ( 1990-1997 ) . He was a Professor at Cardiff University from 1996 to 2002 , and served as Chairman , subsequently President , of the British Institute of Organ Studies from 1996 to 2002 . He was also a patron of the Cambridge Academy of Organ Studies , since its inception in",
"title": "Life and education"
},
{
"text": "2004 . Williams married in 1982 , and had two sons , as well as a daughter and a son from a previous marriage .",
"title": "Life and education"
},
{
"text": "Williams was a prolific writer in the venues of organ and harpsichord building and performance . He published his first major writing , The European Organ , 1450-1850 in 1966 , and Figured Bass Accompaniment in 1970 . He published his defining work , the three-volume The Organ Music of J.S . Bach through Cambridge University Press in the 1980s , then revised and combined these in a one-volume second edition in 2003 . It was here where Williams suggested that the famous Toccata and Fugue in D minor , BWV 565 was probably not written for the organ ,",
"title": "Research and Publications"
},
{
"text": "and possibly not by Bach . He further reiterated this statement in a 1981 article for the journal , Early Music . He served as a general editor of 80 volumes of the Biblioteca Organologica series since 1966 , and was a founding editor of The Organ Yearbook since 1969 .",
"title": "Research and Publications"
},
{
"text": " - The European Organ 1450-1850 ( London , 1966 ; 2nd edition , 1968 ) - Figured Bass Accompaniment ( 2 vols. , Edinburgh , 1970 ; 2nd edition , 1972 ) - Bach Organ Music ( London , 1972 ; 2nd edition , 1974 ) - A New History of the Organ From the Greeks to the Present Day ( London , 1980 ) - The Organ Music of J.S . Bach : - 1st edition in 3 volumes ( Cambridge , 1980s ) : 1 . BWV 525–598 , 802–805 , etc . ( 1980 , )",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": "2 . BWV 599–771 , etc . ( 1980 , )",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": " 3 . A Background ( 1984 , ) - 2nd edition in one volume ( 2003 , ) - ( As an editor ) : Bach , Handel and Scarlatti ; Tercentenary Essays ( Cambridge , 1985 ) - Playing the Works of Bach ( New York , 1986 ) - The Organ ( London and New York , 1988 ) - ( With L . Todd , editor ) : Mozart : Perspectives in Performance ( Cambridge , 1991 ) - The Organ in Western Culture 750-1250 ( Cambridge , 1993 )",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": "- The King of Instruments or , How Do Churches Come to Have Organs ? ( London , 1993 )",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - The Goldberg Variations ( Cambridge University Press , 2001 ) - The Life of Bach ? ( 2004 )",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - Obituary from The Guardian",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Peter_Williams_(musicologist)#P108#1
|
Peter Williams (musicologist) was an employee for whom between Feb 1985 and Mar 1988?
|
Peter Williams ( musicologist ) Peter Williams ( 14 May 1937 - 20 March 2016 ) was an English musicologist , author , harpsichordist , organist , and professor . Williams was considered one of the leading scholars on the organ and the life and works of Johann Sebastian Bach . Life and education . Peter Fredric Williams was born in Wolverhampton , England on 14 May 1937 to a Methodist family . He received a Bachelor of Arts ( 1958 ) , Bachelor of Music ( 1959 ) , Master of Arts ( 1962 ) , and a Ph.D . ( 1963 ) at St . Johns College in Cambridge . Williams became a lecturer at the University of Edinburgh in 1962 , eventually becoming a reader in 1972 , then a Professor ten years later , where he held the first chair in performance practice in the UK . He was made Distinguished Professor of Arts and Sciences at Duke University in Durham , North Carolina in 1985 . Here , he was also chairman of the music department ( 1985-1988 ) , university organist ( 1985-1990 ) , and the director of the graduate center for performance practice studies ( 1990-1997 ) . He was a Professor at Cardiff University from 1996 to 2002 , and served as Chairman , subsequently President , of the British Institute of Organ Studies from 1996 to 2002 . He was also a patron of the Cambridge Academy of Organ Studies , since its inception in 2004 . Williams married in 1982 , and had two sons , as well as a daughter and a son from a previous marriage . Research and Publications . Williams was a prolific writer in the venues of organ and harpsichord building and performance . He published his first major writing , The European Organ , 1450-1850 in 1966 , and Figured Bass Accompaniment in 1970 . He published his defining work , the three-volume The Organ Music of J.S . Bach through Cambridge University Press in the 1980s , then revised and combined these in a one-volume second edition in 2003 . It was here where Williams suggested that the famous Toccata and Fugue in D minor , BWV 565 was probably not written for the organ , and possibly not by Bach . He further reiterated this statement in a 1981 article for the journal , Early Music . He served as a general editor of 80 volumes of the Biblioteca Organologica series since 1966 , and was a founding editor of The Organ Yearbook since 1969 . Bibliography . - The European Organ 1450-1850 ( London , 1966 ; 2nd edition , 1968 ) - Figured Bass Accompaniment ( 2 vols. , Edinburgh , 1970 ; 2nd edition , 1972 ) - Bach Organ Music ( London , 1972 ; 2nd edition , 1974 ) - A New History of the Organ From the Greeks to the Present Day ( London , 1980 ) - The Organ Music of J.S . Bach : - 1st edition in 3 volumes ( Cambridge , 1980s ) : 1 . BWV 525–598 , 802–805 , etc . ( 1980 , ) 2 . BWV 599–771 , etc . ( 1980 , ) 3 . A Background ( 1984 , ) - 2nd edition in one volume ( 2003 , ) - ( As an editor ) : Bach , Handel and Scarlatti ; Tercentenary Essays ( Cambridge , 1985 ) - Playing the Works of Bach ( New York , 1986 ) - The Organ ( London and New York , 1988 ) - ( With L . Todd , editor ) : Mozart : Perspectives in Performance ( Cambridge , 1991 ) - The Organ in Western Culture 750-1250 ( Cambridge , 1993 ) - The King of Instruments or , How Do Churches Come to Have Organs ? ( London , 1993 ) - The Goldberg Variations ( Cambridge University Press , 2001 ) - The Life of Bach ? ( 2004 ) External links . - Obituary from The Guardian
|
[
"Duke University"
] |
[
{
"text": " Peter Williams ( 14 May 1937 - 20 March 2016 ) was an English musicologist , author , harpsichordist , organist , and professor . Williams was considered one of the leading scholars on the organ and the life and works of Johann Sebastian Bach .",
"title": "Peter Williams ( musicologist )"
},
{
"text": "Peter Fredric Williams was born in Wolverhampton , England on 14 May 1937 to a Methodist family . He received a Bachelor of Arts ( 1958 ) , Bachelor of Music ( 1959 ) , Master of Arts ( 1962 ) , and a Ph.D . ( 1963 ) at St . Johns College in Cambridge . Williams became a lecturer at the University of Edinburgh in 1962 , eventually becoming a reader in 1972 , then a Professor ten years later , where he held the first chair in performance practice in the UK . He was made Distinguished",
"title": "Life and education"
},
{
"text": "Professor of Arts and Sciences at Duke University in Durham , North Carolina in 1985 . Here , he was also chairman of the music department ( 1985-1988 ) , university organist ( 1985-1990 ) , and the director of the graduate center for performance practice studies ( 1990-1997 ) . He was a Professor at Cardiff University from 1996 to 2002 , and served as Chairman , subsequently President , of the British Institute of Organ Studies from 1996 to 2002 . He was also a patron of the Cambridge Academy of Organ Studies , since its inception in",
"title": "Life and education"
},
{
"text": "2004 . Williams married in 1982 , and had two sons , as well as a daughter and a son from a previous marriage .",
"title": "Life and education"
},
{
"text": "Williams was a prolific writer in the venues of organ and harpsichord building and performance . He published his first major writing , The European Organ , 1450-1850 in 1966 , and Figured Bass Accompaniment in 1970 . He published his defining work , the three-volume The Organ Music of J.S . Bach through Cambridge University Press in the 1980s , then revised and combined these in a one-volume second edition in 2003 . It was here where Williams suggested that the famous Toccata and Fugue in D minor , BWV 565 was probably not written for the organ ,",
"title": "Research and Publications"
},
{
"text": "and possibly not by Bach . He further reiterated this statement in a 1981 article for the journal , Early Music . He served as a general editor of 80 volumes of the Biblioteca Organologica series since 1966 , and was a founding editor of The Organ Yearbook since 1969 .",
"title": "Research and Publications"
},
{
"text": " - The European Organ 1450-1850 ( London , 1966 ; 2nd edition , 1968 ) - Figured Bass Accompaniment ( 2 vols. , Edinburgh , 1970 ; 2nd edition , 1972 ) - Bach Organ Music ( London , 1972 ; 2nd edition , 1974 ) - A New History of the Organ From the Greeks to the Present Day ( London , 1980 ) - The Organ Music of J.S . Bach : - 1st edition in 3 volumes ( Cambridge , 1980s ) : 1 . BWV 525–598 , 802–805 , etc . ( 1980 , )",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": "2 . BWV 599–771 , etc . ( 1980 , )",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": " 3 . A Background ( 1984 , ) - 2nd edition in one volume ( 2003 , ) - ( As an editor ) : Bach , Handel and Scarlatti ; Tercentenary Essays ( Cambridge , 1985 ) - Playing the Works of Bach ( New York , 1986 ) - The Organ ( London and New York , 1988 ) - ( With L . Todd , editor ) : Mozart : Perspectives in Performance ( Cambridge , 1991 ) - The Organ in Western Culture 750-1250 ( Cambridge , 1993 )",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": "- The King of Instruments or , How Do Churches Come to Have Organs ? ( London , 1993 )",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - The Goldberg Variations ( Cambridge University Press , 2001 ) - The Life of Bach ? ( 2004 )",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - Obituary from The Guardian",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Peter_Williams_(musicologist)#P108#2
|
Peter Williams (musicologist) was an employee for whom between Jul 1999 and Sep 1999?
|
Peter Williams ( musicologist ) Peter Williams ( 14 May 1937 - 20 March 2016 ) was an English musicologist , author , harpsichordist , organist , and professor . Williams was considered one of the leading scholars on the organ and the life and works of Johann Sebastian Bach . Life and education . Peter Fredric Williams was born in Wolverhampton , England on 14 May 1937 to a Methodist family . He received a Bachelor of Arts ( 1958 ) , Bachelor of Music ( 1959 ) , Master of Arts ( 1962 ) , and a Ph.D . ( 1963 ) at St . Johns College in Cambridge . Williams became a lecturer at the University of Edinburgh in 1962 , eventually becoming a reader in 1972 , then a Professor ten years later , where he held the first chair in performance practice in the UK . He was made Distinguished Professor of Arts and Sciences at Duke University in Durham , North Carolina in 1985 . Here , he was also chairman of the music department ( 1985-1988 ) , university organist ( 1985-1990 ) , and the director of the graduate center for performance practice studies ( 1990-1997 ) . He was a Professor at Cardiff University from 1996 to 2002 , and served as Chairman , subsequently President , of the British Institute of Organ Studies from 1996 to 2002 . He was also a patron of the Cambridge Academy of Organ Studies , since its inception in 2004 . Williams married in 1982 , and had two sons , as well as a daughter and a son from a previous marriage . Research and Publications . Williams was a prolific writer in the venues of organ and harpsichord building and performance . He published his first major writing , The European Organ , 1450-1850 in 1966 , and Figured Bass Accompaniment in 1970 . He published his defining work , the three-volume The Organ Music of J.S . Bach through Cambridge University Press in the 1980s , then revised and combined these in a one-volume second edition in 2003 . It was here where Williams suggested that the famous Toccata and Fugue in D minor , BWV 565 was probably not written for the organ , and possibly not by Bach . He further reiterated this statement in a 1981 article for the journal , Early Music . He served as a general editor of 80 volumes of the Biblioteca Organologica series since 1966 , and was a founding editor of The Organ Yearbook since 1969 . Bibliography . - The European Organ 1450-1850 ( London , 1966 ; 2nd edition , 1968 ) - Figured Bass Accompaniment ( 2 vols. , Edinburgh , 1970 ; 2nd edition , 1972 ) - Bach Organ Music ( London , 1972 ; 2nd edition , 1974 ) - A New History of the Organ From the Greeks to the Present Day ( London , 1980 ) - The Organ Music of J.S . Bach : - 1st edition in 3 volumes ( Cambridge , 1980s ) : 1 . BWV 525–598 , 802–805 , etc . ( 1980 , ) 2 . BWV 599–771 , etc . ( 1980 , ) 3 . A Background ( 1984 , ) - 2nd edition in one volume ( 2003 , ) - ( As an editor ) : Bach , Handel and Scarlatti ; Tercentenary Essays ( Cambridge , 1985 ) - Playing the Works of Bach ( New York , 1986 ) - The Organ ( London and New York , 1988 ) - ( With L . Todd , editor ) : Mozart : Perspectives in Performance ( Cambridge , 1991 ) - The Organ in Western Culture 750-1250 ( Cambridge , 1993 ) - The King of Instruments or , How Do Churches Come to Have Organs ? ( London , 1993 ) - The Goldberg Variations ( Cambridge University Press , 2001 ) - The Life of Bach ? ( 2004 ) External links . - Obituary from The Guardian
|
[
"Cardiff University"
] |
[
{
"text": " Peter Williams ( 14 May 1937 - 20 March 2016 ) was an English musicologist , author , harpsichordist , organist , and professor . Williams was considered one of the leading scholars on the organ and the life and works of Johann Sebastian Bach .",
"title": "Peter Williams ( musicologist )"
},
{
"text": "Peter Fredric Williams was born in Wolverhampton , England on 14 May 1937 to a Methodist family . He received a Bachelor of Arts ( 1958 ) , Bachelor of Music ( 1959 ) , Master of Arts ( 1962 ) , and a Ph.D . ( 1963 ) at St . Johns College in Cambridge . Williams became a lecturer at the University of Edinburgh in 1962 , eventually becoming a reader in 1972 , then a Professor ten years later , where he held the first chair in performance practice in the UK . He was made Distinguished",
"title": "Life and education"
},
{
"text": "Professor of Arts and Sciences at Duke University in Durham , North Carolina in 1985 . Here , he was also chairman of the music department ( 1985-1988 ) , university organist ( 1985-1990 ) , and the director of the graduate center for performance practice studies ( 1990-1997 ) . He was a Professor at Cardiff University from 1996 to 2002 , and served as Chairman , subsequently President , of the British Institute of Organ Studies from 1996 to 2002 . He was also a patron of the Cambridge Academy of Organ Studies , since its inception in",
"title": "Life and education"
},
{
"text": "2004 . Williams married in 1982 , and had two sons , as well as a daughter and a son from a previous marriage .",
"title": "Life and education"
},
{
"text": "Williams was a prolific writer in the venues of organ and harpsichord building and performance . He published his first major writing , The European Organ , 1450-1850 in 1966 , and Figured Bass Accompaniment in 1970 . He published his defining work , the three-volume The Organ Music of J.S . Bach through Cambridge University Press in the 1980s , then revised and combined these in a one-volume second edition in 2003 . It was here where Williams suggested that the famous Toccata and Fugue in D minor , BWV 565 was probably not written for the organ ,",
"title": "Research and Publications"
},
{
"text": "and possibly not by Bach . He further reiterated this statement in a 1981 article for the journal , Early Music . He served as a general editor of 80 volumes of the Biblioteca Organologica series since 1966 , and was a founding editor of The Organ Yearbook since 1969 .",
"title": "Research and Publications"
},
{
"text": " - The European Organ 1450-1850 ( London , 1966 ; 2nd edition , 1968 ) - Figured Bass Accompaniment ( 2 vols. , Edinburgh , 1970 ; 2nd edition , 1972 ) - Bach Organ Music ( London , 1972 ; 2nd edition , 1974 ) - A New History of the Organ From the Greeks to the Present Day ( London , 1980 ) - The Organ Music of J.S . Bach : - 1st edition in 3 volumes ( Cambridge , 1980s ) : 1 . BWV 525–598 , 802–805 , etc . ( 1980 , )",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": "2 . BWV 599–771 , etc . ( 1980 , )",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": " 3 . A Background ( 1984 , ) - 2nd edition in one volume ( 2003 , ) - ( As an editor ) : Bach , Handel and Scarlatti ; Tercentenary Essays ( Cambridge , 1985 ) - Playing the Works of Bach ( New York , 1986 ) - The Organ ( London and New York , 1988 ) - ( With L . Todd , editor ) : Mozart : Perspectives in Performance ( Cambridge , 1991 ) - The Organ in Western Culture 750-1250 ( Cambridge , 1993 )",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": "- The King of Instruments or , How Do Churches Come to Have Organs ? ( London , 1993 )",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - The Goldberg Variations ( Cambridge University Press , 2001 ) - The Life of Bach ? ( 2004 )",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - Obituary from The Guardian",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Yugoslavia_Davis_Cup_team#P1366#0
|
Yugoslavia Davis Cup team was replaced by what in 1993?
|
Yugoslavia Davis Cup team The Yugoslavia Davis Cup team competed from 1927–2003 and represented the Kingdom of Yugoslavia ( up to 1929 known as the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ) from 1927–1939 , the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( up to 1963 the Federal Peoples Republic of Yugoslavia ) from 1946–1992 , and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1995–2003 . It was organised by the Yugoslav Tennis Association . Following the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s , separate teams were created for the new nations which split apart from Yugoslavia : - Croatia Davis Cup team ( began competing in 1993 ) - Slovenia Davis Cup team ( began competing in 1993 ) - North Macedonia Davis Cup team ( began competing in 1995 as the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia ) - Bosnia and Herzegovina Davis Cup team ( began competing in 1996 ) A team representing the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia returned to competing again from 1995 . From 2003 this country was renamed to Serbia and Montenegro and the Davis Cup team was renamed to reflect the same from 2004 , bringing to an end Yugoslav participation in the Davis Cup . Following further splits in 2006 , several new teams were created for the relevant constituent parts : - Serbia Davis Cup team ( began competing in 2007 ) - Montenegro Davis Cup team ( began competing in 2007 ) - Kosovo Davis Cup team ( began competing in 2016 ) For history and records of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( consisting of only Montenegro and of Serbia ) and the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro , see Serbia and Montenegro Davis Cup team . In 1952 , Dragutin Mitić and Milan Branović , with 29 ties and 4 ties respectively , defected from the Federal Peoples Republic of Yugoslavia . Players . - Josip Palada – 37 ties - Dragutin Mitić – 29 ties - Franjo Punčec – 26 ties - Boro Jovanović – 25 ties - Nikola Pilić – 23 ties - Željko Franulović – 22 ties - Slobodan Živojinović – 21 ties - Franjo Kukuljević – 18 ties - Marko Ostoja – 11 ties - Ilija Panajotovic – 11 ties - Zoltan Ilin – 7 ties - Vladimir Petrović – 7 ties - Franjo Šefer – 7 ties - Krešimir Friedrich – 3 ties Win-loss Record . Results . Kingdom of Yugoslavia - 1927 – Europe zone , 2nd round ( bye , losing to India 0–3 ) - 1928 – Europe zone , 1st round ( losing to Finland 1–4 ) - 1929 – Europe zone , 1st round ( losing to Greece 1–4 ) - 1930 – Europe zone , 2nd round ( beating Sweden 5–0 , losing to Spain 0–5 ) - 1931 – Europe zone , 2nd round ( bye , losing to Japan 0–5 ) - 1932 – Europe zone , 2nd round ( bye , losing to Denmark 1–4 )
|
[
"Slovenia Davis Cup team"
] |
[
{
"text": " The Yugoslavia Davis Cup team competed from 1927–2003 and represented the Kingdom of Yugoslavia ( up to 1929 known as the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ) from 1927–1939 , the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( up to 1963 the Federal Peoples Republic of Yugoslavia ) from 1946–1992 , and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1995–2003 . It was organised by the Yugoslav Tennis Association . Following the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s , separate teams were created for the new nations which split apart from Yugoslavia :",
"title": "Yugoslavia Davis Cup team"
},
{
"text": "- Croatia Davis Cup team ( began competing in 1993 )",
"title": "Yugoslavia Davis Cup team"
},
{
"text": " - Slovenia Davis Cup team ( began competing in 1993 ) - North Macedonia Davis Cup team ( began competing in 1995 as the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia ) - Bosnia and Herzegovina Davis Cup team ( began competing in 1996 )",
"title": "Yugoslavia Davis Cup team"
},
{
"text": "A team representing the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia returned to competing again from 1995 . From 2003 this country was renamed to Serbia and Montenegro and the Davis Cup team was renamed to reflect the same from 2004 , bringing to an end Yugoslav participation in the Davis Cup . Following further splits in 2006 , several new teams were created for the relevant constituent parts :",
"title": "Yugoslavia Davis Cup team"
},
{
"text": " - Serbia Davis Cup team ( began competing in 2007 ) - Montenegro Davis Cup team ( began competing in 2007 ) - Kosovo Davis Cup team ( began competing in 2016 ) For history and records of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( consisting of only Montenegro and of Serbia ) and the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro , see Serbia and Montenegro Davis Cup team . In 1952 , Dragutin Mitić and Milan Branović , with 29 ties and 4 ties respectively , defected from the Federal Peoples Republic of Yugoslavia .",
"title": "Yugoslavia Davis Cup team"
},
{
"text": " - Josip Palada – 37 ties - Dragutin Mitić – 29 ties - Franjo Punčec – 26 ties - Boro Jovanović – 25 ties - Nikola Pilić – 23 ties - Željko Franulović – 22 ties - Slobodan Živojinović – 21 ties - Franjo Kukuljević – 18 ties - Marko Ostoja – 11 ties - Ilija Panajotovic – 11 ties - Zoltan Ilin – 7 ties - Vladimir Petrović – 7 ties - Franjo Šefer – 7 ties - Krešimir Friedrich – 3 ties",
"title": "Players"
},
{
"text": " - 1927 – Europe zone , 2nd round ( bye , losing to India 0–3 ) - 1928 – Europe zone , 1st round ( losing to Finland 1–4 ) - 1929 – Europe zone , 1st round ( losing to Greece 1–4 ) - 1930 – Europe zone , 2nd round ( beating Sweden 5–0 , losing to Spain 0–5 ) - 1931 – Europe zone , 2nd round ( bye , losing to Japan 0–5 ) - 1932 – Europe zone , 2nd round ( bye , losing to Denmark 1–4 )",
"title": "Kingdom of Yugoslavia"
}
] |
/wiki/Yugoslavia_Davis_Cup_team#P1366#1
|
Yugoslavia Davis Cup team was replaced by what in 1993?
|
Yugoslavia Davis Cup team The Yugoslavia Davis Cup team competed from 1927–2003 and represented the Kingdom of Yugoslavia ( up to 1929 known as the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ) from 1927–1939 , the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( up to 1963 the Federal Peoples Republic of Yugoslavia ) from 1946–1992 , and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1995–2003 . It was organised by the Yugoslav Tennis Association . Following the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s , separate teams were created for the new nations which split apart from Yugoslavia : - Croatia Davis Cup team ( began competing in 1993 ) - Slovenia Davis Cup team ( began competing in 1993 ) - North Macedonia Davis Cup team ( began competing in 1995 as the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia ) - Bosnia and Herzegovina Davis Cup team ( began competing in 1996 ) A team representing the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia returned to competing again from 1995 . From 2003 this country was renamed to Serbia and Montenegro and the Davis Cup team was renamed to reflect the same from 2004 , bringing to an end Yugoslav participation in the Davis Cup . Following further splits in 2006 , several new teams were created for the relevant constituent parts : - Serbia Davis Cup team ( began competing in 2007 ) - Montenegro Davis Cup team ( began competing in 2007 ) - Kosovo Davis Cup team ( began competing in 2016 ) For history and records of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( consisting of only Montenegro and of Serbia ) and the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro , see Serbia and Montenegro Davis Cup team . In 1952 , Dragutin Mitić and Milan Branović , with 29 ties and 4 ties respectively , defected from the Federal Peoples Republic of Yugoslavia . Players . - Josip Palada – 37 ties - Dragutin Mitić – 29 ties - Franjo Punčec – 26 ties - Boro Jovanović – 25 ties - Nikola Pilić – 23 ties - Željko Franulović – 22 ties - Slobodan Živojinović – 21 ties - Franjo Kukuljević – 18 ties - Marko Ostoja – 11 ties - Ilija Panajotovic – 11 ties - Zoltan Ilin – 7 ties - Vladimir Petrović – 7 ties - Franjo Šefer – 7 ties - Krešimir Friedrich – 3 ties Win-loss Record . Results . Kingdom of Yugoslavia - 1927 – Europe zone , 2nd round ( bye , losing to India 0–3 ) - 1928 – Europe zone , 1st round ( losing to Finland 1–4 ) - 1929 – Europe zone , 1st round ( losing to Greece 1–4 ) - 1930 – Europe zone , 2nd round ( beating Sweden 5–0 , losing to Spain 0–5 ) - 1931 – Europe zone , 2nd round ( bye , losing to Japan 0–5 ) - 1932 – Europe zone , 2nd round ( bye , losing to Denmark 1–4 )
|
[
"Slovenia Davis Cup team"
] |
[
{
"text": " The Yugoslavia Davis Cup team competed from 1927–2003 and represented the Kingdom of Yugoslavia ( up to 1929 known as the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ) from 1927–1939 , the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( up to 1963 the Federal Peoples Republic of Yugoslavia ) from 1946–1992 , and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1995–2003 . It was organised by the Yugoslav Tennis Association . Following the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s , separate teams were created for the new nations which split apart from Yugoslavia :",
"title": "Yugoslavia Davis Cup team"
},
{
"text": "- Croatia Davis Cup team ( began competing in 1993 )",
"title": "Yugoslavia Davis Cup team"
},
{
"text": " - Slovenia Davis Cup team ( began competing in 1993 ) - North Macedonia Davis Cup team ( began competing in 1995 as the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia ) - Bosnia and Herzegovina Davis Cup team ( began competing in 1996 )",
"title": "Yugoslavia Davis Cup team"
},
{
"text": "A team representing the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia returned to competing again from 1995 . From 2003 this country was renamed to Serbia and Montenegro and the Davis Cup team was renamed to reflect the same from 2004 , bringing to an end Yugoslav participation in the Davis Cup . Following further splits in 2006 , several new teams were created for the relevant constituent parts :",
"title": "Yugoslavia Davis Cup team"
},
{
"text": " - Serbia Davis Cup team ( began competing in 2007 ) - Montenegro Davis Cup team ( began competing in 2007 ) - Kosovo Davis Cup team ( began competing in 2016 ) For history and records of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( consisting of only Montenegro and of Serbia ) and the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro , see Serbia and Montenegro Davis Cup team . In 1952 , Dragutin Mitić and Milan Branović , with 29 ties and 4 ties respectively , defected from the Federal Peoples Republic of Yugoslavia .",
"title": "Yugoslavia Davis Cup team"
},
{
"text": " - Josip Palada – 37 ties - Dragutin Mitić – 29 ties - Franjo Punčec – 26 ties - Boro Jovanović – 25 ties - Nikola Pilić – 23 ties - Željko Franulović – 22 ties - Slobodan Živojinović – 21 ties - Franjo Kukuljević – 18 ties - Marko Ostoja – 11 ties - Ilija Panajotovic – 11 ties - Zoltan Ilin – 7 ties - Vladimir Petrović – 7 ties - Franjo Šefer – 7 ties - Krešimir Friedrich – 3 ties",
"title": "Players"
},
{
"text": " - 1927 – Europe zone , 2nd round ( bye , losing to India 0–3 ) - 1928 – Europe zone , 1st round ( losing to Finland 1–4 ) - 1929 – Europe zone , 1st round ( losing to Greece 1–4 ) - 1930 – Europe zone , 2nd round ( beating Sweden 5–0 , losing to Spain 0–5 ) - 1931 – Europe zone , 2nd round ( bye , losing to Japan 0–5 ) - 1932 – Europe zone , 2nd round ( bye , losing to Denmark 1–4 )",
"title": "Kingdom of Yugoslavia"
}
] |
/wiki/Yugoslavia_Davis_Cup_team#P1366#2
|
Yugoslavia Davis Cup team was replaced by what in 1995?
|
Yugoslavia Davis Cup team The Yugoslavia Davis Cup team competed from 1927–2003 and represented the Kingdom of Yugoslavia ( up to 1929 known as the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ) from 1927–1939 , the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( up to 1963 the Federal Peoples Republic of Yugoslavia ) from 1946–1992 , and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1995–2003 . It was organised by the Yugoslav Tennis Association . Following the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s , separate teams were created for the new nations which split apart from Yugoslavia : - Croatia Davis Cup team ( began competing in 1993 ) - Slovenia Davis Cup team ( began competing in 1993 ) - North Macedonia Davis Cup team ( began competing in 1995 as the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia ) - Bosnia and Herzegovina Davis Cup team ( began competing in 1996 ) A team representing the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia returned to competing again from 1995 . From 2003 this country was renamed to Serbia and Montenegro and the Davis Cup team was renamed to reflect the same from 2004 , bringing to an end Yugoslav participation in the Davis Cup . Following further splits in 2006 , several new teams were created for the relevant constituent parts : - Serbia Davis Cup team ( began competing in 2007 ) - Montenegro Davis Cup team ( began competing in 2007 ) - Kosovo Davis Cup team ( began competing in 2016 ) For history and records of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( consisting of only Montenegro and of Serbia ) and the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro , see Serbia and Montenegro Davis Cup team . In 1952 , Dragutin Mitić and Milan Branović , with 29 ties and 4 ties respectively , defected from the Federal Peoples Republic of Yugoslavia . Players . - Josip Palada – 37 ties - Dragutin Mitić – 29 ties - Franjo Punčec – 26 ties - Boro Jovanović – 25 ties - Nikola Pilić – 23 ties - Željko Franulović – 22 ties - Slobodan Živojinović – 21 ties - Franjo Kukuljević – 18 ties - Marko Ostoja – 11 ties - Ilija Panajotovic – 11 ties - Zoltan Ilin – 7 ties - Vladimir Petrović – 7 ties - Franjo Šefer – 7 ties - Krešimir Friedrich – 3 ties Win-loss Record . Results . Kingdom of Yugoslavia - 1927 – Europe zone , 2nd round ( bye , losing to India 0–3 ) - 1928 – Europe zone , 1st round ( losing to Finland 1–4 ) - 1929 – Europe zone , 1st round ( losing to Greece 1–4 ) - 1930 – Europe zone , 2nd round ( beating Sweden 5–0 , losing to Spain 0–5 ) - 1931 – Europe zone , 2nd round ( bye , losing to Japan 0–5 ) - 1932 – Europe zone , 2nd round ( bye , losing to Denmark 1–4 )
|
[
"North Macedonia Davis Cup team"
] |
[
{
"text": " The Yugoslavia Davis Cup team competed from 1927–2003 and represented the Kingdom of Yugoslavia ( up to 1929 known as the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ) from 1927–1939 , the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( up to 1963 the Federal Peoples Republic of Yugoslavia ) from 1946–1992 , and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1995–2003 . It was organised by the Yugoslav Tennis Association . Following the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s , separate teams were created for the new nations which split apart from Yugoslavia :",
"title": "Yugoslavia Davis Cup team"
},
{
"text": "- Croatia Davis Cup team ( began competing in 1993 )",
"title": "Yugoslavia Davis Cup team"
},
{
"text": " - Slovenia Davis Cup team ( began competing in 1993 ) - North Macedonia Davis Cup team ( began competing in 1995 as the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia ) - Bosnia and Herzegovina Davis Cup team ( began competing in 1996 )",
"title": "Yugoslavia Davis Cup team"
},
{
"text": "A team representing the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia returned to competing again from 1995 . From 2003 this country was renamed to Serbia and Montenegro and the Davis Cup team was renamed to reflect the same from 2004 , bringing to an end Yugoslav participation in the Davis Cup . Following further splits in 2006 , several new teams were created for the relevant constituent parts :",
"title": "Yugoslavia Davis Cup team"
},
{
"text": " - Serbia Davis Cup team ( began competing in 2007 ) - Montenegro Davis Cup team ( began competing in 2007 ) - Kosovo Davis Cup team ( began competing in 2016 ) For history and records of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( consisting of only Montenegro and of Serbia ) and the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro , see Serbia and Montenegro Davis Cup team . In 1952 , Dragutin Mitić and Milan Branović , with 29 ties and 4 ties respectively , defected from the Federal Peoples Republic of Yugoslavia .",
"title": "Yugoslavia Davis Cup team"
},
{
"text": " - Josip Palada – 37 ties - Dragutin Mitić – 29 ties - Franjo Punčec – 26 ties - Boro Jovanović – 25 ties - Nikola Pilić – 23 ties - Željko Franulović – 22 ties - Slobodan Živojinović – 21 ties - Franjo Kukuljević – 18 ties - Marko Ostoja – 11 ties - Ilija Panajotovic – 11 ties - Zoltan Ilin – 7 ties - Vladimir Petrović – 7 ties - Franjo Šefer – 7 ties - Krešimir Friedrich – 3 ties",
"title": "Players"
},
{
"text": " - 1927 – Europe zone , 2nd round ( bye , losing to India 0–3 ) - 1928 – Europe zone , 1st round ( losing to Finland 1–4 ) - 1929 – Europe zone , 1st round ( losing to Greece 1–4 ) - 1930 – Europe zone , 2nd round ( beating Sweden 5–0 , losing to Spain 0–5 ) - 1931 – Europe zone , 2nd round ( bye , losing to Japan 0–5 ) - 1932 – Europe zone , 2nd round ( bye , losing to Denmark 1–4 )",
"title": "Kingdom of Yugoslavia"
}
] |
/wiki/Yugoslavia_Davis_Cup_team#P1366#3
|
Yugoslavia Davis Cup team was replaced by what in 1996?
|
Yugoslavia Davis Cup team The Yugoslavia Davis Cup team competed from 1927–2003 and represented the Kingdom of Yugoslavia ( up to 1929 known as the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ) from 1927–1939 , the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( up to 1963 the Federal Peoples Republic of Yugoslavia ) from 1946–1992 , and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1995–2003 . It was organised by the Yugoslav Tennis Association . Following the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s , separate teams were created for the new nations which split apart from Yugoslavia : - Croatia Davis Cup team ( began competing in 1993 ) - Slovenia Davis Cup team ( began competing in 1993 ) - North Macedonia Davis Cup team ( began competing in 1995 as the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia ) - Bosnia and Herzegovina Davis Cup team ( began competing in 1996 ) A team representing the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia returned to competing again from 1995 . From 2003 this country was renamed to Serbia and Montenegro and the Davis Cup team was renamed to reflect the same from 2004 , bringing to an end Yugoslav participation in the Davis Cup . Following further splits in 2006 , several new teams were created for the relevant constituent parts : - Serbia Davis Cup team ( began competing in 2007 ) - Montenegro Davis Cup team ( began competing in 2007 ) - Kosovo Davis Cup team ( began competing in 2016 ) For history and records of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( consisting of only Montenegro and of Serbia ) and the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro , see Serbia and Montenegro Davis Cup team . In 1952 , Dragutin Mitić and Milan Branović , with 29 ties and 4 ties respectively , defected from the Federal Peoples Republic of Yugoslavia . Players . - Josip Palada – 37 ties - Dragutin Mitić – 29 ties - Franjo Punčec – 26 ties - Boro Jovanović – 25 ties - Nikola Pilić – 23 ties - Željko Franulović – 22 ties - Slobodan Živojinović – 21 ties - Franjo Kukuljević – 18 ties - Marko Ostoja – 11 ties - Ilija Panajotovic – 11 ties - Zoltan Ilin – 7 ties - Vladimir Petrović – 7 ties - Franjo Šefer – 7 ties - Krešimir Friedrich – 3 ties Win-loss Record . Results . Kingdom of Yugoslavia - 1927 – Europe zone , 2nd round ( bye , losing to India 0–3 ) - 1928 – Europe zone , 1st round ( losing to Finland 1–4 ) - 1929 – Europe zone , 1st round ( losing to Greece 1–4 ) - 1930 – Europe zone , 2nd round ( beating Sweden 5–0 , losing to Spain 0–5 ) - 1931 – Europe zone , 2nd round ( bye , losing to Japan 0–5 ) - 1932 – Europe zone , 2nd round ( bye , losing to Denmark 1–4 )
|
[
"Bosnia and Herzegovina Davis Cup team"
] |
[
{
"text": " The Yugoslavia Davis Cup team competed from 1927–2003 and represented the Kingdom of Yugoslavia ( up to 1929 known as the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ) from 1927–1939 , the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( up to 1963 the Federal Peoples Republic of Yugoslavia ) from 1946–1992 , and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1995–2003 . It was organised by the Yugoslav Tennis Association . Following the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s , separate teams were created for the new nations which split apart from Yugoslavia :",
"title": "Yugoslavia Davis Cup team"
},
{
"text": "- Croatia Davis Cup team ( began competing in 1993 )",
"title": "Yugoslavia Davis Cup team"
},
{
"text": " - Slovenia Davis Cup team ( began competing in 1993 ) - North Macedonia Davis Cup team ( began competing in 1995 as the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia ) - Bosnia and Herzegovina Davis Cup team ( began competing in 1996 )",
"title": "Yugoslavia Davis Cup team"
},
{
"text": "A team representing the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia returned to competing again from 1995 . From 2003 this country was renamed to Serbia and Montenegro and the Davis Cup team was renamed to reflect the same from 2004 , bringing to an end Yugoslav participation in the Davis Cup . Following further splits in 2006 , several new teams were created for the relevant constituent parts :",
"title": "Yugoslavia Davis Cup team"
},
{
"text": " - Serbia Davis Cup team ( began competing in 2007 ) - Montenegro Davis Cup team ( began competing in 2007 ) - Kosovo Davis Cup team ( began competing in 2016 ) For history and records of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( consisting of only Montenegro and of Serbia ) and the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro , see Serbia and Montenegro Davis Cup team . In 1952 , Dragutin Mitić and Milan Branović , with 29 ties and 4 ties respectively , defected from the Federal Peoples Republic of Yugoslavia .",
"title": "Yugoslavia Davis Cup team"
},
{
"text": " - Josip Palada – 37 ties - Dragutin Mitić – 29 ties - Franjo Punčec – 26 ties - Boro Jovanović – 25 ties - Nikola Pilić – 23 ties - Željko Franulović – 22 ties - Slobodan Živojinović – 21 ties - Franjo Kukuljević – 18 ties - Marko Ostoja – 11 ties - Ilija Panajotovic – 11 ties - Zoltan Ilin – 7 ties - Vladimir Petrović – 7 ties - Franjo Šefer – 7 ties - Krešimir Friedrich – 3 ties",
"title": "Players"
},
{
"text": " - 1927 – Europe zone , 2nd round ( bye , losing to India 0–3 ) - 1928 – Europe zone , 1st round ( losing to Finland 1–4 ) - 1929 – Europe zone , 1st round ( losing to Greece 1–4 ) - 1930 – Europe zone , 2nd round ( beating Sweden 5–0 , losing to Spain 0–5 ) - 1931 – Europe zone , 2nd round ( bye , losing to Japan 0–5 ) - 1932 – Europe zone , 2nd round ( bye , losing to Denmark 1–4 )",
"title": "Kingdom of Yugoslavia"
}
] |
/wiki/Paul_Huntington#P54#0
|
Paul Huntington played for which team between Jun 2006 and Aug 2006?
|
Paul Huntington Paul David Huntington ( born 17 September 1987 ) is an English professional footballer who is a centre back for Preston North End . Club career . Newcastle United . Huntington joined Newcastle United Academy on 1 July 2004 . He was promoted to the reserve squad in late 2004 to play tougher opposition and gain experience . He made his reserve debut for the club on 7 December in a 3–0 home win over Middlesbrough , and made his official England Under 18 debut against Scotland fifteen days later where he won 1–0 , partnered with David Wheater at centre back . He got his 2nd cap on 10 June 2005 vs . Norway at Vale Park in a 0–0 draw . He signed his first professional contract at the club in July 2005 . His first involvement with the first team at Newcastle was when he appeared on the bench for the clubs Intertoto Cup games against ZTS Dubnica and Deportivo La Coruña in July 2005 . In the summer of 2005 he was awarded the prestigious Jackie Milburn trophy . He was named for the first team squad for the FA Cup third-round tie against Mansfield Town . He made the substitutes bench for the UEFA Cup match against Celta Vigo . On 9 December 2006 he made his first Newcastle appearance as a late substitute against Blackburn Rovers and duly received praise from Newcastle legend Alan Shearer on BBC programme Match Of The Day . On 14 December he started his first game for Newcastle , appearing at right back away at Chelsea in the Premier League . In that game , he received the Man Of The Match accolade . He scored his first ever goal for Newcastle on 14 January 2007 , the first equaliser in Newcastles 3–2 win over Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane . He played in a UEFA Cup last-16 match against AZ Alkmaar , losing on away goals over the two legs . He went on to make 16 appearances for the first team whilst making the bench for most of the 2006–07 season . Leeds United . On 31 August 2007 , he transferred to Leeds United for an undisclosed fee . He made his home debut for the club as a substitute in the 2–0 victory on 8 September at home to Hartlepool United . On 9 October 2007 , he opened his Leeds account by scoring against Darlington in the Football League Trophy Second Round on his full debut to help Leeds move to the next stage . He scored his first league goal against Luton Town on 26 January 2008 . He scored against Leyton Orient on 5 April . There were controversies surrounding whether it was Huntington or Bradley Johnson who scored the goal , but was officially given to Huntington . Huntington was Leeds first-choice centre-back . He was in good form during the run-in to the end of the 2007–08 season . Manager Gary McAllister said Huntington has a bright future ahead of him . Huntington played at Wembley on 25 May 2008 in the League One Play-Off Final against Doncaster , losing 1–0 . He was handed the captains armband during the 2008–09 pre-season tour of Ireland in the game against Shelbourne . He was ruled out during the remainder of the season after undergoing hernia and groin operations . At this time , Gary McAllister was fired and replaced by Simon Grayson . On 10 September 2009 , Huntington joined League One rivals Stockport County on a months loan . He made his Stockport debut in the 2–2 draw against Yeovil Town , and then made the League 1 team of the week after his appearance against Huddersfield . After nine appearances for Stockport , his two-month loan ended . Stockport County wanted to extend the loan for a third and final month but Huntington was told to return by Leeds United . Stockport County . After leaving Leeds , he signed to Stockport County on a short-term contract until the end of the season . Yeovil Town . On 16 July 2010 Huntington signed to Yeovil Town on a two-year contract . He scored his first goal for Yeovil and their 3rd in a 3–1 win over Tranmere Rovers on 11 September and made the League One Team Of The Week . He repeated this achievement on 9 October after a 1–0 win at Rochdale . On 3 January 2011 he scored the only goal in a 1–0 win against Milton Keynes Dons at home and received Man of the Match . He won the League One Player of the Month for January , beating competition from Brightons Elliott Bennett , Craig Dawson from Rochdale , and Bournemouths Liam Feeney to win this award which was presented by his manager Terry Skiverton . During this month he scored three times against Sheffield Wednesday , Milton Keynes Dons , and Brentford and was part of a defence that kept four clean sheets . He was appointed captain of the club as Yeovil finished in 14th place , their second highest finish . He was runner-up in the Green and White Player of the Season Award and the Western Gazette Player of the Season Award . Huntington scored his first goal of the 2011/12 season in the 3–2 home defeat against Charlton Athletic on Boxing Day and followed this up with a goal in the New Years Eve defeat against Bournemouth . On 22 May 2012 , the club announced that he had rejected a new deal citing that he wanted to move to a club closer to his hometown . Preston North End . Following his rejection of a new contract with Yeovil Town , he joined Preston North End . He scored his first goal for Preston against Crawley Town in a 2–1 loss . He then scored in the JPT 2nd round in a 4–2 win at Morecambe , On Tuesday 9 October 2012 . Huntington scored his 3rd goal of the season away at Tranmere Rovers in a 1–1 draw on 27 October 2012 . On 8 December he scored against Crewe Alexandra . On 11 April 2013 Huntington was nominated for Npower League One Player Of The Month for March with three clean sheets . His first goal of the 2013/14 season came on 14 September against Stevenage in a 3–0 win . On 17 December 2013 , Huntington extended his contract with Preston North End , thus keeping him at the club until the summer of 2015 . His second goal of the season came in a 2–2 draw at Crawley Town on 14 December . Huntington scored his first goal of the 2014–15 season on 21 October with a powerful header at Gillingham in a 1–0 win . He scored his second goal in three league games at Leyton Orient on 28 October 2014 in a 2–0 win . His third goal of the season came against ex-club Yeovil Town on 29 November in a 2–0 victory , heading into the top left corner . On 6 December Huntingtons left-footed half volley was the winning goal in a 1–0 2nd round FA Cup tie at home to Shrewsbury Town ; it was his 4th goal in 13 games . His goalscoring run continued on 16 December when he scored the winning goal in a 1–0 victory at Notts County , in the northern section semi-final of the Football League Trophy . He headed his 6th goal of the season away at Crawley Town on 31 January 2015 . He followed it up with his second goal in two games at Sheffield United in the FA Cup 4th round replay at Bramall Lane 3 February in a 3–1 win . Huntingtons 8th goal of the season came away at Oldham Athletic 28 February in a 4–0 win . He won promotion with the Lilywhites in the 2014–15 season , scoring the second goal of a 4–0 victory over Swindon Town in the 2015 League One Play-Off Final at Wembley . Huntington won the Sir Tom Finney Trophy for the 2014/15 season awarded by the supporters . He signed a new two-year contract with Preston North End on 26 May 2015 which ran until the summer of 2017 . On 16 November 2015 Huntington won League One Player Of The Year at the North West Football Awards for the 2014–15 season . Preston North End finished 11th in their first season in the EFL Championship after gaining promotion . Huntington signed a new two-year contract with Preston North End on 22 August 2016 with the option of a third year . His first goal of the 2016-17 season came on 14 January 2017 , scoring a header against Brighton & Hove Albion in a 2–0 win and was subsequently named in the EFL Team of the Week . Huntington extended his contract with Preston North End until the summer of 2019 . A second 11th-placed finish in the Championship was achieved in the 2016/17 season He scored his only goal of the 2017-18 season against Nottingham Forest on 23 December in a 1–1 draw . Preston just missed out on the play-off places on the last day of the season in May 2018 , finishing 7th . On 10 July 2018 Huntington signed a new three-year contract with Preston North End . On 28 December 2020 Huntington signed a contract extension with Preston North End for a 10th year until June 30th 2022 . Honours . Preston North End - Football League One Play-Off Winner 2014–15 Personal - Preston North End Player of the Year 2014–15 - North West Football Awards League One Player Of The Year 2014–15
|
[
"Newcastle United"
] |
[
{
"text": " Paul David Huntington ( born 17 September 1987 ) is an English professional footballer who is a centre back for Preston North End .",
"title": "Paul Huntington"
},
{
"text": "Huntington joined Newcastle United Academy on 1 July 2004 . He was promoted to the reserve squad in late 2004 to play tougher opposition and gain experience . He made his reserve debut for the club on 7 December in a 3–0 home win over Middlesbrough , and made his official England Under 18 debut against Scotland fifteen days later where he won 1–0 , partnered with David Wheater at centre back . He got his 2nd cap on 10 June 2005 vs . Norway at Vale Park in a 0–0 draw . He signed his first professional contract at",
"title": "Newcastle United"
},
{
"text": "the club in July 2005 .",
"title": "Newcastle United"
},
{
"text": " His first involvement with the first team at Newcastle was when he appeared on the bench for the clubs Intertoto Cup games against ZTS Dubnica and Deportivo La Coruña in July 2005 . In the summer of 2005 he was awarded the prestigious Jackie Milburn trophy . He was named for the first team squad for the FA Cup third-round tie against Mansfield Town . He made the substitutes bench for the UEFA Cup match against Celta Vigo .",
"title": "Newcastle United"
},
{
"text": "On 9 December 2006 he made his first Newcastle appearance as a late substitute against Blackburn Rovers and duly received praise from Newcastle legend Alan Shearer on BBC programme Match Of The Day . On 14 December he started his first game for Newcastle , appearing at right back away at Chelsea in the Premier League . In that game , he received the Man Of The Match accolade . He scored his first ever goal for Newcastle on 14 January 2007 , the first equaliser in Newcastles 3–2 win over Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane . He played",
"title": "Newcastle United"
},
{
"text": "in a UEFA Cup last-16 match against AZ Alkmaar , losing on away goals over the two legs . He went on to make 16 appearances for the first team whilst making the bench for most of the 2006–07 season .",
"title": "Newcastle United"
},
{
"text": " On 31 August 2007 , he transferred to Leeds United for an undisclosed fee . He made his home debut for the club as a substitute in the 2–0 victory on 8 September at home to Hartlepool United .",
"title": "Leeds United"
},
{
"text": "On 9 October 2007 , he opened his Leeds account by scoring against Darlington in the Football League Trophy Second Round on his full debut to help Leeds move to the next stage . He scored his first league goal against Luton Town on 26 January 2008 . He scored against Leyton Orient on 5 April . There were controversies surrounding whether it was Huntington or Bradley Johnson who scored the goal , but was officially given to Huntington .",
"title": "Leeds United"
},
{
"text": "Huntington was Leeds first-choice centre-back . He was in good form during the run-in to the end of the 2007–08 season . Manager Gary McAllister said Huntington has a bright future ahead of him . Huntington played at Wembley on 25 May 2008 in the League One Play-Off Final against Doncaster , losing 1–0 . He was handed the captains armband during the 2008–09 pre-season tour of Ireland in the game against Shelbourne . He was ruled out during the remainder of the season after undergoing hernia and groin operations . At this time , Gary McAllister was fired and",
"title": "Leeds United"
},
{
"text": "replaced by Simon Grayson .",
"title": "Leeds United"
},
{
"text": " On 10 September 2009 , Huntington joined League One rivals Stockport County on a months loan . He made his Stockport debut in the 2–2 draw against Yeovil Town , and then made the League 1 team of the week after his appearance against Huddersfield . After nine appearances for Stockport , his two-month loan ended . Stockport County wanted to extend the loan for a third and final month but Huntington was told to return by Leeds United .",
"title": "Leeds United"
},
{
"text": " After leaving Leeds , he signed to Stockport County on a short-term contract until the end of the season .",
"title": "Stockport County"
},
{
"text": "On 16 July 2010 Huntington signed to Yeovil Town on a two-year contract . He scored his first goal for Yeovil and their 3rd in a 3–1 win over Tranmere Rovers on 11 September and made the League One Team Of The Week . He repeated this achievement on 9 October after a 1–0 win at Rochdale . On 3 January 2011 he scored the only goal in a 1–0 win against Milton Keynes Dons at home and received Man of the Match . He won the League One Player of the Month for January , beating competition from Brightons",
"title": "Yeovil Town"
},
{
"text": "Elliott Bennett , Craig Dawson from Rochdale , and Bournemouths Liam Feeney to win this award which was presented by his manager Terry Skiverton . During this month he scored three times against Sheffield Wednesday , Milton Keynes Dons , and Brentford and was part of a defence that kept four clean sheets . He was appointed captain of the club as Yeovil finished in 14th place , their second highest finish . He was runner-up in the Green and White Player of the Season Award and the Western Gazette Player of the Season Award .",
"title": "Yeovil Town"
},
{
"text": " Huntington scored his first goal of the 2011/12 season in the 3–2 home defeat against Charlton Athletic on Boxing Day and followed this up with a goal in the New Years Eve defeat against Bournemouth . On 22 May 2012 , the club announced that he had rejected a new deal citing that he wanted to move to a club closer to his hometown .",
"title": "Yeovil Town"
},
{
"text": "Following his rejection of a new contract with Yeovil Town , he joined Preston North End . He scored his first goal for Preston against Crawley Town in a 2–1 loss . He then scored in the JPT 2nd round in a 4–2 win at Morecambe , On Tuesday 9 October 2012 . Huntington scored his 3rd goal of the season away at Tranmere Rovers in a 1–1 draw on 27 October 2012 . On 8 December he scored against Crewe Alexandra . On 11 April 2013 Huntington was nominated for Npower League One Player Of The Month for March",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": "with three clean sheets .",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": " His first goal of the 2013/14 season came on 14 September against Stevenage in a 3–0 win . On 17 December 2013 , Huntington extended his contract with Preston North End , thus keeping him at the club until the summer of 2015 . His second goal of the season came in a 2–2 draw at Crawley Town on 14 December .",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": "Huntington scored his first goal of the 2014–15 season on 21 October with a powerful header at Gillingham in a 1–0 win . He scored his second goal in three league games at Leyton Orient on 28 October 2014 in a 2–0 win . His third goal of the season came against ex-club Yeovil Town on 29 November in a 2–0 victory , heading into the top left corner . On 6 December Huntingtons left-footed half volley was the winning goal in a 1–0 2nd round FA Cup tie at home to Shrewsbury Town ; it was his 4th goal",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": "in 13 games . His goalscoring run continued on 16 December when he scored the winning goal in a 1–0 victory at Notts County , in the northern section semi-final of the Football League Trophy . He headed his 6th goal of the season away at Crawley Town on 31 January 2015 . He followed it up with his second goal in two games at Sheffield United in the FA Cup 4th round replay at Bramall Lane 3 February in a 3–1 win . Huntingtons 8th goal of the season came away at Oldham Athletic 28 February in a 4–0",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": "win .",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": " He won promotion with the Lilywhites in the 2014–15 season , scoring the second goal of a 4–0 victory over Swindon Town in the 2015 League One Play-Off Final at Wembley . Huntington won the Sir Tom Finney Trophy for the 2014/15 season awarded by the supporters . He signed a new two-year contract with Preston North End on 26 May 2015 which ran until the summer of 2017 . On 16 November 2015 Huntington won League One Player Of The Year at the North West Football Awards for the 2014–15 season .",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": "Preston North End finished 11th in their first season in the EFL Championship after gaining promotion .",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": " Huntington signed a new two-year contract with Preston North End on 22 August 2016 with the option of a third year . His first goal of the 2016-17 season came on 14 January 2017 , scoring a header against Brighton & Hove Albion in a 2–0 win and was subsequently named in the EFL Team of the Week . Huntington extended his contract with Preston North End until the summer of 2019 . A second 11th-placed finish in the Championship was achieved in the 2016/17 season",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": "He scored his only goal of the 2017-18 season against Nottingham Forest on 23 December in a 1–1 draw . Preston just missed out on the play-off places on the last day of the season in May 2018 , finishing 7th .",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": " On 10 July 2018 Huntington signed a new three-year contract with Preston North End . On 28 December 2020 Huntington signed a contract extension with Preston North End for a 10th year until June 30th 2022 .",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": " - Preston North End Player of the Year 2014–15 - North West Football Awards League One Player Of The Year 2014–15",
"title": "Personal"
}
] |
/wiki/Paul_Huntington#P54#1
|
Paul Huntington played for which team in Feb 2008?
|
Paul Huntington Paul David Huntington ( born 17 September 1987 ) is an English professional footballer who is a centre back for Preston North End . Club career . Newcastle United . Huntington joined Newcastle United Academy on 1 July 2004 . He was promoted to the reserve squad in late 2004 to play tougher opposition and gain experience . He made his reserve debut for the club on 7 December in a 3–0 home win over Middlesbrough , and made his official England Under 18 debut against Scotland fifteen days later where he won 1–0 , partnered with David Wheater at centre back . He got his 2nd cap on 10 June 2005 vs . Norway at Vale Park in a 0–0 draw . He signed his first professional contract at the club in July 2005 . His first involvement with the first team at Newcastle was when he appeared on the bench for the clubs Intertoto Cup games against ZTS Dubnica and Deportivo La Coruña in July 2005 . In the summer of 2005 he was awarded the prestigious Jackie Milburn trophy . He was named for the first team squad for the FA Cup third-round tie against Mansfield Town . He made the substitutes bench for the UEFA Cup match against Celta Vigo . On 9 December 2006 he made his first Newcastle appearance as a late substitute against Blackburn Rovers and duly received praise from Newcastle legend Alan Shearer on BBC programme Match Of The Day . On 14 December he started his first game for Newcastle , appearing at right back away at Chelsea in the Premier League . In that game , he received the Man Of The Match accolade . He scored his first ever goal for Newcastle on 14 January 2007 , the first equaliser in Newcastles 3–2 win over Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane . He played in a UEFA Cup last-16 match against AZ Alkmaar , losing on away goals over the two legs . He went on to make 16 appearances for the first team whilst making the bench for most of the 2006–07 season . Leeds United . On 31 August 2007 , he transferred to Leeds United for an undisclosed fee . He made his home debut for the club as a substitute in the 2–0 victory on 8 September at home to Hartlepool United . On 9 October 2007 , he opened his Leeds account by scoring against Darlington in the Football League Trophy Second Round on his full debut to help Leeds move to the next stage . He scored his first league goal against Luton Town on 26 January 2008 . He scored against Leyton Orient on 5 April . There were controversies surrounding whether it was Huntington or Bradley Johnson who scored the goal , but was officially given to Huntington . Huntington was Leeds first-choice centre-back . He was in good form during the run-in to the end of the 2007–08 season . Manager Gary McAllister said Huntington has a bright future ahead of him . Huntington played at Wembley on 25 May 2008 in the League One Play-Off Final against Doncaster , losing 1–0 . He was handed the captains armband during the 2008–09 pre-season tour of Ireland in the game against Shelbourne . He was ruled out during the remainder of the season after undergoing hernia and groin operations . At this time , Gary McAllister was fired and replaced by Simon Grayson . On 10 September 2009 , Huntington joined League One rivals Stockport County on a months loan . He made his Stockport debut in the 2–2 draw against Yeovil Town , and then made the League 1 team of the week after his appearance against Huddersfield . After nine appearances for Stockport , his two-month loan ended . Stockport County wanted to extend the loan for a third and final month but Huntington was told to return by Leeds United . Stockport County . After leaving Leeds , he signed to Stockport County on a short-term contract until the end of the season . Yeovil Town . On 16 July 2010 Huntington signed to Yeovil Town on a two-year contract . He scored his first goal for Yeovil and their 3rd in a 3–1 win over Tranmere Rovers on 11 September and made the League One Team Of The Week . He repeated this achievement on 9 October after a 1–0 win at Rochdale . On 3 January 2011 he scored the only goal in a 1–0 win against Milton Keynes Dons at home and received Man of the Match . He won the League One Player of the Month for January , beating competition from Brightons Elliott Bennett , Craig Dawson from Rochdale , and Bournemouths Liam Feeney to win this award which was presented by his manager Terry Skiverton . During this month he scored three times against Sheffield Wednesday , Milton Keynes Dons , and Brentford and was part of a defence that kept four clean sheets . He was appointed captain of the club as Yeovil finished in 14th place , their second highest finish . He was runner-up in the Green and White Player of the Season Award and the Western Gazette Player of the Season Award . Huntington scored his first goal of the 2011/12 season in the 3–2 home defeat against Charlton Athletic on Boxing Day and followed this up with a goal in the New Years Eve defeat against Bournemouth . On 22 May 2012 , the club announced that he had rejected a new deal citing that he wanted to move to a club closer to his hometown . Preston North End . Following his rejection of a new contract with Yeovil Town , he joined Preston North End . He scored his first goal for Preston against Crawley Town in a 2–1 loss . He then scored in the JPT 2nd round in a 4–2 win at Morecambe , On Tuesday 9 October 2012 . Huntington scored his 3rd goal of the season away at Tranmere Rovers in a 1–1 draw on 27 October 2012 . On 8 December he scored against Crewe Alexandra . On 11 April 2013 Huntington was nominated for Npower League One Player Of The Month for March with three clean sheets . His first goal of the 2013/14 season came on 14 September against Stevenage in a 3–0 win . On 17 December 2013 , Huntington extended his contract with Preston North End , thus keeping him at the club until the summer of 2015 . His second goal of the season came in a 2–2 draw at Crawley Town on 14 December . Huntington scored his first goal of the 2014–15 season on 21 October with a powerful header at Gillingham in a 1–0 win . He scored his second goal in three league games at Leyton Orient on 28 October 2014 in a 2–0 win . His third goal of the season came against ex-club Yeovil Town on 29 November in a 2–0 victory , heading into the top left corner . On 6 December Huntingtons left-footed half volley was the winning goal in a 1–0 2nd round FA Cup tie at home to Shrewsbury Town ; it was his 4th goal in 13 games . His goalscoring run continued on 16 December when he scored the winning goal in a 1–0 victory at Notts County , in the northern section semi-final of the Football League Trophy . He headed his 6th goal of the season away at Crawley Town on 31 January 2015 . He followed it up with his second goal in two games at Sheffield United in the FA Cup 4th round replay at Bramall Lane 3 February in a 3–1 win . Huntingtons 8th goal of the season came away at Oldham Athletic 28 February in a 4–0 win . He won promotion with the Lilywhites in the 2014–15 season , scoring the second goal of a 4–0 victory over Swindon Town in the 2015 League One Play-Off Final at Wembley . Huntington won the Sir Tom Finney Trophy for the 2014/15 season awarded by the supporters . He signed a new two-year contract with Preston North End on 26 May 2015 which ran until the summer of 2017 . On 16 November 2015 Huntington won League One Player Of The Year at the North West Football Awards for the 2014–15 season . Preston North End finished 11th in their first season in the EFL Championship after gaining promotion . Huntington signed a new two-year contract with Preston North End on 22 August 2016 with the option of a third year . His first goal of the 2016-17 season came on 14 January 2017 , scoring a header against Brighton & Hove Albion in a 2–0 win and was subsequently named in the EFL Team of the Week . Huntington extended his contract with Preston North End until the summer of 2019 . A second 11th-placed finish in the Championship was achieved in the 2016/17 season He scored his only goal of the 2017-18 season against Nottingham Forest on 23 December in a 1–1 draw . Preston just missed out on the play-off places on the last day of the season in May 2018 , finishing 7th . On 10 July 2018 Huntington signed a new three-year contract with Preston North End . On 28 December 2020 Huntington signed a contract extension with Preston North End for a 10th year until June 30th 2022 . Honours . Preston North End - Football League One Play-Off Winner 2014–15 Personal - Preston North End Player of the Year 2014–15 - North West Football Awards League One Player Of The Year 2014–15
|
[
"Leeds United"
] |
[
{
"text": " Paul David Huntington ( born 17 September 1987 ) is an English professional footballer who is a centre back for Preston North End .",
"title": "Paul Huntington"
},
{
"text": "Huntington joined Newcastle United Academy on 1 July 2004 . He was promoted to the reserve squad in late 2004 to play tougher opposition and gain experience . He made his reserve debut for the club on 7 December in a 3–0 home win over Middlesbrough , and made his official England Under 18 debut against Scotland fifteen days later where he won 1–0 , partnered with David Wheater at centre back . He got his 2nd cap on 10 June 2005 vs . Norway at Vale Park in a 0–0 draw . He signed his first professional contract at",
"title": "Newcastle United"
},
{
"text": "the club in July 2005 .",
"title": "Newcastle United"
},
{
"text": " His first involvement with the first team at Newcastle was when he appeared on the bench for the clubs Intertoto Cup games against ZTS Dubnica and Deportivo La Coruña in July 2005 . In the summer of 2005 he was awarded the prestigious Jackie Milburn trophy . He was named for the first team squad for the FA Cup third-round tie against Mansfield Town . He made the substitutes bench for the UEFA Cup match against Celta Vigo .",
"title": "Newcastle United"
},
{
"text": "On 9 December 2006 he made his first Newcastle appearance as a late substitute against Blackburn Rovers and duly received praise from Newcastle legend Alan Shearer on BBC programme Match Of The Day . On 14 December he started his first game for Newcastle , appearing at right back away at Chelsea in the Premier League . In that game , he received the Man Of The Match accolade . He scored his first ever goal for Newcastle on 14 January 2007 , the first equaliser in Newcastles 3–2 win over Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane . He played",
"title": "Newcastle United"
},
{
"text": "in a UEFA Cup last-16 match against AZ Alkmaar , losing on away goals over the two legs . He went on to make 16 appearances for the first team whilst making the bench for most of the 2006–07 season .",
"title": "Newcastle United"
},
{
"text": " On 31 August 2007 , he transferred to Leeds United for an undisclosed fee . He made his home debut for the club as a substitute in the 2–0 victory on 8 September at home to Hartlepool United .",
"title": "Leeds United"
},
{
"text": "On 9 October 2007 , he opened his Leeds account by scoring against Darlington in the Football League Trophy Second Round on his full debut to help Leeds move to the next stage . He scored his first league goal against Luton Town on 26 January 2008 . He scored against Leyton Orient on 5 April . There were controversies surrounding whether it was Huntington or Bradley Johnson who scored the goal , but was officially given to Huntington .",
"title": "Leeds United"
},
{
"text": "Huntington was Leeds first-choice centre-back . He was in good form during the run-in to the end of the 2007–08 season . Manager Gary McAllister said Huntington has a bright future ahead of him . Huntington played at Wembley on 25 May 2008 in the League One Play-Off Final against Doncaster , losing 1–0 . He was handed the captains armband during the 2008–09 pre-season tour of Ireland in the game against Shelbourne . He was ruled out during the remainder of the season after undergoing hernia and groin operations . At this time , Gary McAllister was fired and",
"title": "Leeds United"
},
{
"text": "replaced by Simon Grayson .",
"title": "Leeds United"
},
{
"text": " On 10 September 2009 , Huntington joined League One rivals Stockport County on a months loan . He made his Stockport debut in the 2–2 draw against Yeovil Town , and then made the League 1 team of the week after his appearance against Huddersfield . After nine appearances for Stockport , his two-month loan ended . Stockport County wanted to extend the loan for a third and final month but Huntington was told to return by Leeds United .",
"title": "Leeds United"
},
{
"text": " After leaving Leeds , he signed to Stockport County on a short-term contract until the end of the season .",
"title": "Stockport County"
},
{
"text": "On 16 July 2010 Huntington signed to Yeovil Town on a two-year contract . He scored his first goal for Yeovil and their 3rd in a 3–1 win over Tranmere Rovers on 11 September and made the League One Team Of The Week . He repeated this achievement on 9 October after a 1–0 win at Rochdale . On 3 January 2011 he scored the only goal in a 1–0 win against Milton Keynes Dons at home and received Man of the Match . He won the League One Player of the Month for January , beating competition from Brightons",
"title": "Yeovil Town"
},
{
"text": "Elliott Bennett , Craig Dawson from Rochdale , and Bournemouths Liam Feeney to win this award which was presented by his manager Terry Skiverton . During this month he scored three times against Sheffield Wednesday , Milton Keynes Dons , and Brentford and was part of a defence that kept four clean sheets . He was appointed captain of the club as Yeovil finished in 14th place , their second highest finish . He was runner-up in the Green and White Player of the Season Award and the Western Gazette Player of the Season Award .",
"title": "Yeovil Town"
},
{
"text": " Huntington scored his first goal of the 2011/12 season in the 3–2 home defeat against Charlton Athletic on Boxing Day and followed this up with a goal in the New Years Eve defeat against Bournemouth . On 22 May 2012 , the club announced that he had rejected a new deal citing that he wanted to move to a club closer to his hometown .",
"title": "Yeovil Town"
},
{
"text": "Following his rejection of a new contract with Yeovil Town , he joined Preston North End . He scored his first goal for Preston against Crawley Town in a 2–1 loss . He then scored in the JPT 2nd round in a 4–2 win at Morecambe , On Tuesday 9 October 2012 . Huntington scored his 3rd goal of the season away at Tranmere Rovers in a 1–1 draw on 27 October 2012 . On 8 December he scored against Crewe Alexandra . On 11 April 2013 Huntington was nominated for Npower League One Player Of The Month for March",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": "with three clean sheets .",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": " His first goal of the 2013/14 season came on 14 September against Stevenage in a 3–0 win . On 17 December 2013 , Huntington extended his contract with Preston North End , thus keeping him at the club until the summer of 2015 . His second goal of the season came in a 2–2 draw at Crawley Town on 14 December .",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": "Huntington scored his first goal of the 2014–15 season on 21 October with a powerful header at Gillingham in a 1–0 win . He scored his second goal in three league games at Leyton Orient on 28 October 2014 in a 2–0 win . His third goal of the season came against ex-club Yeovil Town on 29 November in a 2–0 victory , heading into the top left corner . On 6 December Huntingtons left-footed half volley was the winning goal in a 1–0 2nd round FA Cup tie at home to Shrewsbury Town ; it was his 4th goal",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": "in 13 games . His goalscoring run continued on 16 December when he scored the winning goal in a 1–0 victory at Notts County , in the northern section semi-final of the Football League Trophy . He headed his 6th goal of the season away at Crawley Town on 31 January 2015 . He followed it up with his second goal in two games at Sheffield United in the FA Cup 4th round replay at Bramall Lane 3 February in a 3–1 win . Huntingtons 8th goal of the season came away at Oldham Athletic 28 February in a 4–0",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": "win .",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": " He won promotion with the Lilywhites in the 2014–15 season , scoring the second goal of a 4–0 victory over Swindon Town in the 2015 League One Play-Off Final at Wembley . Huntington won the Sir Tom Finney Trophy for the 2014/15 season awarded by the supporters . He signed a new two-year contract with Preston North End on 26 May 2015 which ran until the summer of 2017 . On 16 November 2015 Huntington won League One Player Of The Year at the North West Football Awards for the 2014–15 season .",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": "Preston North End finished 11th in their first season in the EFL Championship after gaining promotion .",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": " Huntington signed a new two-year contract with Preston North End on 22 August 2016 with the option of a third year . His first goal of the 2016-17 season came on 14 January 2017 , scoring a header against Brighton & Hove Albion in a 2–0 win and was subsequently named in the EFL Team of the Week . Huntington extended his contract with Preston North End until the summer of 2019 . A second 11th-placed finish in the Championship was achieved in the 2016/17 season",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": "He scored his only goal of the 2017-18 season against Nottingham Forest on 23 December in a 1–1 draw . Preston just missed out on the play-off places on the last day of the season in May 2018 , finishing 7th .",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": " On 10 July 2018 Huntington signed a new three-year contract with Preston North End . On 28 December 2020 Huntington signed a contract extension with Preston North End for a 10th year until June 30th 2022 .",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": " - Preston North End Player of the Year 2014–15 - North West Football Awards League One Player Of The Year 2014–15",
"title": "Personal"
}
] |
/wiki/Paul_Huntington#P54#2
|
Paul Huntington played for which team in Oct 2011?
|
Paul Huntington Paul David Huntington ( born 17 September 1987 ) is an English professional footballer who is a centre back for Preston North End . Club career . Newcastle United . Huntington joined Newcastle United Academy on 1 July 2004 . He was promoted to the reserve squad in late 2004 to play tougher opposition and gain experience . He made his reserve debut for the club on 7 December in a 3–0 home win over Middlesbrough , and made his official England Under 18 debut against Scotland fifteen days later where he won 1–0 , partnered with David Wheater at centre back . He got his 2nd cap on 10 June 2005 vs . Norway at Vale Park in a 0–0 draw . He signed his first professional contract at the club in July 2005 . His first involvement with the first team at Newcastle was when he appeared on the bench for the clubs Intertoto Cup games against ZTS Dubnica and Deportivo La Coruña in July 2005 . In the summer of 2005 he was awarded the prestigious Jackie Milburn trophy . He was named for the first team squad for the FA Cup third-round tie against Mansfield Town . He made the substitutes bench for the UEFA Cup match against Celta Vigo . On 9 December 2006 he made his first Newcastle appearance as a late substitute against Blackburn Rovers and duly received praise from Newcastle legend Alan Shearer on BBC programme Match Of The Day . On 14 December he started his first game for Newcastle , appearing at right back away at Chelsea in the Premier League . In that game , he received the Man Of The Match accolade . He scored his first ever goal for Newcastle on 14 January 2007 , the first equaliser in Newcastles 3–2 win over Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane . He played in a UEFA Cup last-16 match against AZ Alkmaar , losing on away goals over the two legs . He went on to make 16 appearances for the first team whilst making the bench for most of the 2006–07 season . Leeds United . On 31 August 2007 , he transferred to Leeds United for an undisclosed fee . He made his home debut for the club as a substitute in the 2–0 victory on 8 September at home to Hartlepool United . On 9 October 2007 , he opened his Leeds account by scoring against Darlington in the Football League Trophy Second Round on his full debut to help Leeds move to the next stage . He scored his first league goal against Luton Town on 26 January 2008 . He scored against Leyton Orient on 5 April . There were controversies surrounding whether it was Huntington or Bradley Johnson who scored the goal , but was officially given to Huntington . Huntington was Leeds first-choice centre-back . He was in good form during the run-in to the end of the 2007–08 season . Manager Gary McAllister said Huntington has a bright future ahead of him . Huntington played at Wembley on 25 May 2008 in the League One Play-Off Final against Doncaster , losing 1–0 . He was handed the captains armband during the 2008–09 pre-season tour of Ireland in the game against Shelbourne . He was ruled out during the remainder of the season after undergoing hernia and groin operations . At this time , Gary McAllister was fired and replaced by Simon Grayson . On 10 September 2009 , Huntington joined League One rivals Stockport County on a months loan . He made his Stockport debut in the 2–2 draw against Yeovil Town , and then made the League 1 team of the week after his appearance against Huddersfield . After nine appearances for Stockport , his two-month loan ended . Stockport County wanted to extend the loan for a third and final month but Huntington was told to return by Leeds United . Stockport County . After leaving Leeds , he signed to Stockport County on a short-term contract until the end of the season . Yeovil Town . On 16 July 2010 Huntington signed to Yeovil Town on a two-year contract . He scored his first goal for Yeovil and their 3rd in a 3–1 win over Tranmere Rovers on 11 September and made the League One Team Of The Week . He repeated this achievement on 9 October after a 1–0 win at Rochdale . On 3 January 2011 he scored the only goal in a 1–0 win against Milton Keynes Dons at home and received Man of the Match . He won the League One Player of the Month for January , beating competition from Brightons Elliott Bennett , Craig Dawson from Rochdale , and Bournemouths Liam Feeney to win this award which was presented by his manager Terry Skiverton . During this month he scored three times against Sheffield Wednesday , Milton Keynes Dons , and Brentford and was part of a defence that kept four clean sheets . He was appointed captain of the club as Yeovil finished in 14th place , their second highest finish . He was runner-up in the Green and White Player of the Season Award and the Western Gazette Player of the Season Award . Huntington scored his first goal of the 2011/12 season in the 3–2 home defeat against Charlton Athletic on Boxing Day and followed this up with a goal in the New Years Eve defeat against Bournemouth . On 22 May 2012 , the club announced that he had rejected a new deal citing that he wanted to move to a club closer to his hometown . Preston North End . Following his rejection of a new contract with Yeovil Town , he joined Preston North End . He scored his first goal for Preston against Crawley Town in a 2–1 loss . He then scored in the JPT 2nd round in a 4–2 win at Morecambe , On Tuesday 9 October 2012 . Huntington scored his 3rd goal of the season away at Tranmere Rovers in a 1–1 draw on 27 October 2012 . On 8 December he scored against Crewe Alexandra . On 11 April 2013 Huntington was nominated for Npower League One Player Of The Month for March with three clean sheets . His first goal of the 2013/14 season came on 14 September against Stevenage in a 3–0 win . On 17 December 2013 , Huntington extended his contract with Preston North End , thus keeping him at the club until the summer of 2015 . His second goal of the season came in a 2–2 draw at Crawley Town on 14 December . Huntington scored his first goal of the 2014–15 season on 21 October with a powerful header at Gillingham in a 1–0 win . He scored his second goal in three league games at Leyton Orient on 28 October 2014 in a 2–0 win . His third goal of the season came against ex-club Yeovil Town on 29 November in a 2–0 victory , heading into the top left corner . On 6 December Huntingtons left-footed half volley was the winning goal in a 1–0 2nd round FA Cup tie at home to Shrewsbury Town ; it was his 4th goal in 13 games . His goalscoring run continued on 16 December when he scored the winning goal in a 1–0 victory at Notts County , in the northern section semi-final of the Football League Trophy . He headed his 6th goal of the season away at Crawley Town on 31 January 2015 . He followed it up with his second goal in two games at Sheffield United in the FA Cup 4th round replay at Bramall Lane 3 February in a 3–1 win . Huntingtons 8th goal of the season came away at Oldham Athletic 28 February in a 4–0 win . He won promotion with the Lilywhites in the 2014–15 season , scoring the second goal of a 4–0 victory over Swindon Town in the 2015 League One Play-Off Final at Wembley . Huntington won the Sir Tom Finney Trophy for the 2014/15 season awarded by the supporters . He signed a new two-year contract with Preston North End on 26 May 2015 which ran until the summer of 2017 . On 16 November 2015 Huntington won League One Player Of The Year at the North West Football Awards for the 2014–15 season . Preston North End finished 11th in their first season in the EFL Championship after gaining promotion . Huntington signed a new two-year contract with Preston North End on 22 August 2016 with the option of a third year . His first goal of the 2016-17 season came on 14 January 2017 , scoring a header against Brighton & Hove Albion in a 2–0 win and was subsequently named in the EFL Team of the Week . Huntington extended his contract with Preston North End until the summer of 2019 . A second 11th-placed finish in the Championship was achieved in the 2016/17 season He scored his only goal of the 2017-18 season against Nottingham Forest on 23 December in a 1–1 draw . Preston just missed out on the play-off places on the last day of the season in May 2018 , finishing 7th . On 10 July 2018 Huntington signed a new three-year contract with Preston North End . On 28 December 2020 Huntington signed a contract extension with Preston North End for a 10th year until June 30th 2022 . Honours . Preston North End - Football League One Play-Off Winner 2014–15 Personal - Preston North End Player of the Year 2014–15 - North West Football Awards League One Player Of The Year 2014–15
|
[
"Yeovil Town"
] |
[
{
"text": " Paul David Huntington ( born 17 September 1987 ) is an English professional footballer who is a centre back for Preston North End .",
"title": "Paul Huntington"
},
{
"text": "Huntington joined Newcastle United Academy on 1 July 2004 . He was promoted to the reserve squad in late 2004 to play tougher opposition and gain experience . He made his reserve debut for the club on 7 December in a 3–0 home win over Middlesbrough , and made his official England Under 18 debut against Scotland fifteen days later where he won 1–0 , partnered with David Wheater at centre back . He got his 2nd cap on 10 June 2005 vs . Norway at Vale Park in a 0–0 draw . He signed his first professional contract at",
"title": "Newcastle United"
},
{
"text": "the club in July 2005 .",
"title": "Newcastle United"
},
{
"text": " His first involvement with the first team at Newcastle was when he appeared on the bench for the clubs Intertoto Cup games against ZTS Dubnica and Deportivo La Coruña in July 2005 . In the summer of 2005 he was awarded the prestigious Jackie Milburn trophy . He was named for the first team squad for the FA Cup third-round tie against Mansfield Town . He made the substitutes bench for the UEFA Cup match against Celta Vigo .",
"title": "Newcastle United"
},
{
"text": "On 9 December 2006 he made his first Newcastle appearance as a late substitute against Blackburn Rovers and duly received praise from Newcastle legend Alan Shearer on BBC programme Match Of The Day . On 14 December he started his first game for Newcastle , appearing at right back away at Chelsea in the Premier League . In that game , he received the Man Of The Match accolade . He scored his first ever goal for Newcastle on 14 January 2007 , the first equaliser in Newcastles 3–2 win over Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane . He played",
"title": "Newcastle United"
},
{
"text": "in a UEFA Cup last-16 match against AZ Alkmaar , losing on away goals over the two legs . He went on to make 16 appearances for the first team whilst making the bench for most of the 2006–07 season .",
"title": "Newcastle United"
},
{
"text": " On 31 August 2007 , he transferred to Leeds United for an undisclosed fee . He made his home debut for the club as a substitute in the 2–0 victory on 8 September at home to Hartlepool United .",
"title": "Leeds United"
},
{
"text": "On 9 October 2007 , he opened his Leeds account by scoring against Darlington in the Football League Trophy Second Round on his full debut to help Leeds move to the next stage . He scored his first league goal against Luton Town on 26 January 2008 . He scored against Leyton Orient on 5 April . There were controversies surrounding whether it was Huntington or Bradley Johnson who scored the goal , but was officially given to Huntington .",
"title": "Leeds United"
},
{
"text": "Huntington was Leeds first-choice centre-back . He was in good form during the run-in to the end of the 2007–08 season . Manager Gary McAllister said Huntington has a bright future ahead of him . Huntington played at Wembley on 25 May 2008 in the League One Play-Off Final against Doncaster , losing 1–0 . He was handed the captains armband during the 2008–09 pre-season tour of Ireland in the game against Shelbourne . He was ruled out during the remainder of the season after undergoing hernia and groin operations . At this time , Gary McAllister was fired and",
"title": "Leeds United"
},
{
"text": "replaced by Simon Grayson .",
"title": "Leeds United"
},
{
"text": " On 10 September 2009 , Huntington joined League One rivals Stockport County on a months loan . He made his Stockport debut in the 2–2 draw against Yeovil Town , and then made the League 1 team of the week after his appearance against Huddersfield . After nine appearances for Stockport , his two-month loan ended . Stockport County wanted to extend the loan for a third and final month but Huntington was told to return by Leeds United .",
"title": "Leeds United"
},
{
"text": " After leaving Leeds , he signed to Stockport County on a short-term contract until the end of the season .",
"title": "Stockport County"
},
{
"text": "On 16 July 2010 Huntington signed to Yeovil Town on a two-year contract . He scored his first goal for Yeovil and their 3rd in a 3–1 win over Tranmere Rovers on 11 September and made the League One Team Of The Week . He repeated this achievement on 9 October after a 1–0 win at Rochdale . On 3 January 2011 he scored the only goal in a 1–0 win against Milton Keynes Dons at home and received Man of the Match . He won the League One Player of the Month for January , beating competition from Brightons",
"title": "Yeovil Town"
},
{
"text": "Elliott Bennett , Craig Dawson from Rochdale , and Bournemouths Liam Feeney to win this award which was presented by his manager Terry Skiverton . During this month he scored three times against Sheffield Wednesday , Milton Keynes Dons , and Brentford and was part of a defence that kept four clean sheets . He was appointed captain of the club as Yeovil finished in 14th place , their second highest finish . He was runner-up in the Green and White Player of the Season Award and the Western Gazette Player of the Season Award .",
"title": "Yeovil Town"
},
{
"text": " Huntington scored his first goal of the 2011/12 season in the 3–2 home defeat against Charlton Athletic on Boxing Day and followed this up with a goal in the New Years Eve defeat against Bournemouth . On 22 May 2012 , the club announced that he had rejected a new deal citing that he wanted to move to a club closer to his hometown .",
"title": "Yeovil Town"
},
{
"text": "Following his rejection of a new contract with Yeovil Town , he joined Preston North End . He scored his first goal for Preston against Crawley Town in a 2–1 loss . He then scored in the JPT 2nd round in a 4–2 win at Morecambe , On Tuesday 9 October 2012 . Huntington scored his 3rd goal of the season away at Tranmere Rovers in a 1–1 draw on 27 October 2012 . On 8 December he scored against Crewe Alexandra . On 11 April 2013 Huntington was nominated for Npower League One Player Of The Month for March",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": "with three clean sheets .",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": " His first goal of the 2013/14 season came on 14 September against Stevenage in a 3–0 win . On 17 December 2013 , Huntington extended his contract with Preston North End , thus keeping him at the club until the summer of 2015 . His second goal of the season came in a 2–2 draw at Crawley Town on 14 December .",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": "Huntington scored his first goal of the 2014–15 season on 21 October with a powerful header at Gillingham in a 1–0 win . He scored his second goal in three league games at Leyton Orient on 28 October 2014 in a 2–0 win . His third goal of the season came against ex-club Yeovil Town on 29 November in a 2–0 victory , heading into the top left corner . On 6 December Huntingtons left-footed half volley was the winning goal in a 1–0 2nd round FA Cup tie at home to Shrewsbury Town ; it was his 4th goal",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": "in 13 games . His goalscoring run continued on 16 December when he scored the winning goal in a 1–0 victory at Notts County , in the northern section semi-final of the Football League Trophy . He headed his 6th goal of the season away at Crawley Town on 31 January 2015 . He followed it up with his second goal in two games at Sheffield United in the FA Cup 4th round replay at Bramall Lane 3 February in a 3–1 win . Huntingtons 8th goal of the season came away at Oldham Athletic 28 February in a 4–0",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": "win .",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": " He won promotion with the Lilywhites in the 2014–15 season , scoring the second goal of a 4–0 victory over Swindon Town in the 2015 League One Play-Off Final at Wembley . Huntington won the Sir Tom Finney Trophy for the 2014/15 season awarded by the supporters . He signed a new two-year contract with Preston North End on 26 May 2015 which ran until the summer of 2017 . On 16 November 2015 Huntington won League One Player Of The Year at the North West Football Awards for the 2014–15 season .",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": "Preston North End finished 11th in their first season in the EFL Championship after gaining promotion .",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": " Huntington signed a new two-year contract with Preston North End on 22 August 2016 with the option of a third year . His first goal of the 2016-17 season came on 14 January 2017 , scoring a header against Brighton & Hove Albion in a 2–0 win and was subsequently named in the EFL Team of the Week . Huntington extended his contract with Preston North End until the summer of 2019 . A second 11th-placed finish in the Championship was achieved in the 2016/17 season",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": "He scored his only goal of the 2017-18 season against Nottingham Forest on 23 December in a 1–1 draw . Preston just missed out on the play-off places on the last day of the season in May 2018 , finishing 7th .",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": " On 10 July 2018 Huntington signed a new three-year contract with Preston North End . On 28 December 2020 Huntington signed a contract extension with Preston North End for a 10th year until June 30th 2022 .",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": " - Preston North End Player of the Year 2014–15 - North West Football Awards League One Player Of The Year 2014–15",
"title": "Personal"
}
] |
/wiki/Paul_Huntington#P54#3
|
Paul Huntington played for which team between Dec 2012 and 2013?
|
Paul Huntington Paul David Huntington ( born 17 September 1987 ) is an English professional footballer who is a centre back for Preston North End . Club career . Newcastle United . Huntington joined Newcastle United Academy on 1 July 2004 . He was promoted to the reserve squad in late 2004 to play tougher opposition and gain experience . He made his reserve debut for the club on 7 December in a 3–0 home win over Middlesbrough , and made his official England Under 18 debut against Scotland fifteen days later where he won 1–0 , partnered with David Wheater at centre back . He got his 2nd cap on 10 June 2005 vs . Norway at Vale Park in a 0–0 draw . He signed his first professional contract at the club in July 2005 . His first involvement with the first team at Newcastle was when he appeared on the bench for the clubs Intertoto Cup games against ZTS Dubnica and Deportivo La Coruña in July 2005 . In the summer of 2005 he was awarded the prestigious Jackie Milburn trophy . He was named for the first team squad for the FA Cup third-round tie against Mansfield Town . He made the substitutes bench for the UEFA Cup match against Celta Vigo . On 9 December 2006 he made his first Newcastle appearance as a late substitute against Blackburn Rovers and duly received praise from Newcastle legend Alan Shearer on BBC programme Match Of The Day . On 14 December he started his first game for Newcastle , appearing at right back away at Chelsea in the Premier League . In that game , he received the Man Of The Match accolade . He scored his first ever goal for Newcastle on 14 January 2007 , the first equaliser in Newcastles 3–2 win over Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane . He played in a UEFA Cup last-16 match against AZ Alkmaar , losing on away goals over the two legs . He went on to make 16 appearances for the first team whilst making the bench for most of the 2006–07 season . Leeds United . On 31 August 2007 , he transferred to Leeds United for an undisclosed fee . He made his home debut for the club as a substitute in the 2–0 victory on 8 September at home to Hartlepool United . On 9 October 2007 , he opened his Leeds account by scoring against Darlington in the Football League Trophy Second Round on his full debut to help Leeds move to the next stage . He scored his first league goal against Luton Town on 26 January 2008 . He scored against Leyton Orient on 5 April . There were controversies surrounding whether it was Huntington or Bradley Johnson who scored the goal , but was officially given to Huntington . Huntington was Leeds first-choice centre-back . He was in good form during the run-in to the end of the 2007–08 season . Manager Gary McAllister said Huntington has a bright future ahead of him . Huntington played at Wembley on 25 May 2008 in the League One Play-Off Final against Doncaster , losing 1–0 . He was handed the captains armband during the 2008–09 pre-season tour of Ireland in the game against Shelbourne . He was ruled out during the remainder of the season after undergoing hernia and groin operations . At this time , Gary McAllister was fired and replaced by Simon Grayson . On 10 September 2009 , Huntington joined League One rivals Stockport County on a months loan . He made his Stockport debut in the 2–2 draw against Yeovil Town , and then made the League 1 team of the week after his appearance against Huddersfield . After nine appearances for Stockport , his two-month loan ended . Stockport County wanted to extend the loan for a third and final month but Huntington was told to return by Leeds United . Stockport County . After leaving Leeds , he signed to Stockport County on a short-term contract until the end of the season . Yeovil Town . On 16 July 2010 Huntington signed to Yeovil Town on a two-year contract . He scored his first goal for Yeovil and their 3rd in a 3–1 win over Tranmere Rovers on 11 September and made the League One Team Of The Week . He repeated this achievement on 9 October after a 1–0 win at Rochdale . On 3 January 2011 he scored the only goal in a 1–0 win against Milton Keynes Dons at home and received Man of the Match . He won the League One Player of the Month for January , beating competition from Brightons Elliott Bennett , Craig Dawson from Rochdale , and Bournemouths Liam Feeney to win this award which was presented by his manager Terry Skiverton . During this month he scored three times against Sheffield Wednesday , Milton Keynes Dons , and Brentford and was part of a defence that kept four clean sheets . He was appointed captain of the club as Yeovil finished in 14th place , their second highest finish . He was runner-up in the Green and White Player of the Season Award and the Western Gazette Player of the Season Award . Huntington scored his first goal of the 2011/12 season in the 3–2 home defeat against Charlton Athletic on Boxing Day and followed this up with a goal in the New Years Eve defeat against Bournemouth . On 22 May 2012 , the club announced that he had rejected a new deal citing that he wanted to move to a club closer to his hometown . Preston North End . Following his rejection of a new contract with Yeovil Town , he joined Preston North End . He scored his first goal for Preston against Crawley Town in a 2–1 loss . He then scored in the JPT 2nd round in a 4–2 win at Morecambe , On Tuesday 9 October 2012 . Huntington scored his 3rd goal of the season away at Tranmere Rovers in a 1–1 draw on 27 October 2012 . On 8 December he scored against Crewe Alexandra . On 11 April 2013 Huntington was nominated for Npower League One Player Of The Month for March with three clean sheets . His first goal of the 2013/14 season came on 14 September against Stevenage in a 3–0 win . On 17 December 2013 , Huntington extended his contract with Preston North End , thus keeping him at the club until the summer of 2015 . His second goal of the season came in a 2–2 draw at Crawley Town on 14 December . Huntington scored his first goal of the 2014–15 season on 21 October with a powerful header at Gillingham in a 1–0 win . He scored his second goal in three league games at Leyton Orient on 28 October 2014 in a 2–0 win . His third goal of the season came against ex-club Yeovil Town on 29 November in a 2–0 victory , heading into the top left corner . On 6 December Huntingtons left-footed half volley was the winning goal in a 1–0 2nd round FA Cup tie at home to Shrewsbury Town ; it was his 4th goal in 13 games . His goalscoring run continued on 16 December when he scored the winning goal in a 1–0 victory at Notts County , in the northern section semi-final of the Football League Trophy . He headed his 6th goal of the season away at Crawley Town on 31 January 2015 . He followed it up with his second goal in two games at Sheffield United in the FA Cup 4th round replay at Bramall Lane 3 February in a 3–1 win . Huntingtons 8th goal of the season came away at Oldham Athletic 28 February in a 4–0 win . He won promotion with the Lilywhites in the 2014–15 season , scoring the second goal of a 4–0 victory over Swindon Town in the 2015 League One Play-Off Final at Wembley . Huntington won the Sir Tom Finney Trophy for the 2014/15 season awarded by the supporters . He signed a new two-year contract with Preston North End on 26 May 2015 which ran until the summer of 2017 . On 16 November 2015 Huntington won League One Player Of The Year at the North West Football Awards for the 2014–15 season . Preston North End finished 11th in their first season in the EFL Championship after gaining promotion . Huntington signed a new two-year contract with Preston North End on 22 August 2016 with the option of a third year . His first goal of the 2016-17 season came on 14 January 2017 , scoring a header against Brighton & Hove Albion in a 2–0 win and was subsequently named in the EFL Team of the Week . Huntington extended his contract with Preston North End until the summer of 2019 . A second 11th-placed finish in the Championship was achieved in the 2016/17 season He scored his only goal of the 2017-18 season against Nottingham Forest on 23 December in a 1–1 draw . Preston just missed out on the play-off places on the last day of the season in May 2018 , finishing 7th . On 10 July 2018 Huntington signed a new three-year contract with Preston North End . On 28 December 2020 Huntington signed a contract extension with Preston North End for a 10th year until June 30th 2022 . Honours . Preston North End - Football League One Play-Off Winner 2014–15 Personal - Preston North End Player of the Year 2014–15 - North West Football Awards League One Player Of The Year 2014–15
|
[
"Preston North End"
] |
[
{
"text": " Paul David Huntington ( born 17 September 1987 ) is an English professional footballer who is a centre back for Preston North End .",
"title": "Paul Huntington"
},
{
"text": "Huntington joined Newcastle United Academy on 1 July 2004 . He was promoted to the reserve squad in late 2004 to play tougher opposition and gain experience . He made his reserve debut for the club on 7 December in a 3–0 home win over Middlesbrough , and made his official England Under 18 debut against Scotland fifteen days later where he won 1–0 , partnered with David Wheater at centre back . He got his 2nd cap on 10 June 2005 vs . Norway at Vale Park in a 0–0 draw . He signed his first professional contract at",
"title": "Newcastle United"
},
{
"text": "the club in July 2005 .",
"title": "Newcastle United"
},
{
"text": " His first involvement with the first team at Newcastle was when he appeared on the bench for the clubs Intertoto Cup games against ZTS Dubnica and Deportivo La Coruña in July 2005 . In the summer of 2005 he was awarded the prestigious Jackie Milburn trophy . He was named for the first team squad for the FA Cup third-round tie against Mansfield Town . He made the substitutes bench for the UEFA Cup match against Celta Vigo .",
"title": "Newcastle United"
},
{
"text": "On 9 December 2006 he made his first Newcastle appearance as a late substitute against Blackburn Rovers and duly received praise from Newcastle legend Alan Shearer on BBC programme Match Of The Day . On 14 December he started his first game for Newcastle , appearing at right back away at Chelsea in the Premier League . In that game , he received the Man Of The Match accolade . He scored his first ever goal for Newcastle on 14 January 2007 , the first equaliser in Newcastles 3–2 win over Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane . He played",
"title": "Newcastle United"
},
{
"text": "in a UEFA Cup last-16 match against AZ Alkmaar , losing on away goals over the two legs . He went on to make 16 appearances for the first team whilst making the bench for most of the 2006–07 season .",
"title": "Newcastle United"
},
{
"text": " On 31 August 2007 , he transferred to Leeds United for an undisclosed fee . He made his home debut for the club as a substitute in the 2–0 victory on 8 September at home to Hartlepool United .",
"title": "Leeds United"
},
{
"text": "On 9 October 2007 , he opened his Leeds account by scoring against Darlington in the Football League Trophy Second Round on his full debut to help Leeds move to the next stage . He scored his first league goal against Luton Town on 26 January 2008 . He scored against Leyton Orient on 5 April . There were controversies surrounding whether it was Huntington or Bradley Johnson who scored the goal , but was officially given to Huntington .",
"title": "Leeds United"
},
{
"text": "Huntington was Leeds first-choice centre-back . He was in good form during the run-in to the end of the 2007–08 season . Manager Gary McAllister said Huntington has a bright future ahead of him . Huntington played at Wembley on 25 May 2008 in the League One Play-Off Final against Doncaster , losing 1–0 . He was handed the captains armband during the 2008–09 pre-season tour of Ireland in the game against Shelbourne . He was ruled out during the remainder of the season after undergoing hernia and groin operations . At this time , Gary McAllister was fired and",
"title": "Leeds United"
},
{
"text": "replaced by Simon Grayson .",
"title": "Leeds United"
},
{
"text": " On 10 September 2009 , Huntington joined League One rivals Stockport County on a months loan . He made his Stockport debut in the 2–2 draw against Yeovil Town , and then made the League 1 team of the week after his appearance against Huddersfield . After nine appearances for Stockport , his two-month loan ended . Stockport County wanted to extend the loan for a third and final month but Huntington was told to return by Leeds United .",
"title": "Leeds United"
},
{
"text": " After leaving Leeds , he signed to Stockport County on a short-term contract until the end of the season .",
"title": "Stockport County"
},
{
"text": "On 16 July 2010 Huntington signed to Yeovil Town on a two-year contract . He scored his first goal for Yeovil and their 3rd in a 3–1 win over Tranmere Rovers on 11 September and made the League One Team Of The Week . He repeated this achievement on 9 October after a 1–0 win at Rochdale . On 3 January 2011 he scored the only goal in a 1–0 win against Milton Keynes Dons at home and received Man of the Match . He won the League One Player of the Month for January , beating competition from Brightons",
"title": "Yeovil Town"
},
{
"text": "Elliott Bennett , Craig Dawson from Rochdale , and Bournemouths Liam Feeney to win this award which was presented by his manager Terry Skiverton . During this month he scored three times against Sheffield Wednesday , Milton Keynes Dons , and Brentford and was part of a defence that kept four clean sheets . He was appointed captain of the club as Yeovil finished in 14th place , their second highest finish . He was runner-up in the Green and White Player of the Season Award and the Western Gazette Player of the Season Award .",
"title": "Yeovil Town"
},
{
"text": " Huntington scored his first goal of the 2011/12 season in the 3–2 home defeat against Charlton Athletic on Boxing Day and followed this up with a goal in the New Years Eve defeat against Bournemouth . On 22 May 2012 , the club announced that he had rejected a new deal citing that he wanted to move to a club closer to his hometown .",
"title": "Yeovil Town"
},
{
"text": "Following his rejection of a new contract with Yeovil Town , he joined Preston North End . He scored his first goal for Preston against Crawley Town in a 2–1 loss . He then scored in the JPT 2nd round in a 4–2 win at Morecambe , On Tuesday 9 October 2012 . Huntington scored his 3rd goal of the season away at Tranmere Rovers in a 1–1 draw on 27 October 2012 . On 8 December he scored against Crewe Alexandra . On 11 April 2013 Huntington was nominated for Npower League One Player Of The Month for March",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": "with three clean sheets .",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": " His first goal of the 2013/14 season came on 14 September against Stevenage in a 3–0 win . On 17 December 2013 , Huntington extended his contract with Preston North End , thus keeping him at the club until the summer of 2015 . His second goal of the season came in a 2–2 draw at Crawley Town on 14 December .",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": "Huntington scored his first goal of the 2014–15 season on 21 October with a powerful header at Gillingham in a 1–0 win . He scored his second goal in three league games at Leyton Orient on 28 October 2014 in a 2–0 win . His third goal of the season came against ex-club Yeovil Town on 29 November in a 2–0 victory , heading into the top left corner . On 6 December Huntingtons left-footed half volley was the winning goal in a 1–0 2nd round FA Cup tie at home to Shrewsbury Town ; it was his 4th goal",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": "in 13 games . His goalscoring run continued on 16 December when he scored the winning goal in a 1–0 victory at Notts County , in the northern section semi-final of the Football League Trophy . He headed his 6th goal of the season away at Crawley Town on 31 January 2015 . He followed it up with his second goal in two games at Sheffield United in the FA Cup 4th round replay at Bramall Lane 3 February in a 3–1 win . Huntingtons 8th goal of the season came away at Oldham Athletic 28 February in a 4–0",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": "win .",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": " He won promotion with the Lilywhites in the 2014–15 season , scoring the second goal of a 4–0 victory over Swindon Town in the 2015 League One Play-Off Final at Wembley . Huntington won the Sir Tom Finney Trophy for the 2014/15 season awarded by the supporters . He signed a new two-year contract with Preston North End on 26 May 2015 which ran until the summer of 2017 . On 16 November 2015 Huntington won League One Player Of The Year at the North West Football Awards for the 2014–15 season .",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": "Preston North End finished 11th in their first season in the EFL Championship after gaining promotion .",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": " Huntington signed a new two-year contract with Preston North End on 22 August 2016 with the option of a third year . His first goal of the 2016-17 season came on 14 January 2017 , scoring a header against Brighton & Hove Albion in a 2–0 win and was subsequently named in the EFL Team of the Week . Huntington extended his contract with Preston North End until the summer of 2019 . A second 11th-placed finish in the Championship was achieved in the 2016/17 season",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": "He scored his only goal of the 2017-18 season against Nottingham Forest on 23 December in a 1–1 draw . Preston just missed out on the play-off places on the last day of the season in May 2018 , finishing 7th .",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": " On 10 July 2018 Huntington signed a new three-year contract with Preston North End . On 28 December 2020 Huntington signed a contract extension with Preston North End for a 10th year until June 30th 2022 .",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": " - Preston North End Player of the Year 2014–15 - North West Football Awards League One Player Of The Year 2014–15",
"title": "Personal"
}
] |
/wiki/Breitscheidplatz#P138#0
|
Breitscheidplatz was named after what between Dec 1890 and Feb 1891?
|
Breitscheidplatz Breitscheidplatz ( ) is a major public square in the inner city of Berlin , Germany . Together with the Kurfürstendamm boulevard , it marks the centre of former West Berlin and the present-day City West . It is named after Rudolf Breitscheid . Location . Breitscheidplatz lies within the Charlottenburg district near the southwestern tip of the Tiergarten park and the Zoological Garden at the corner of Kurfürstendamm and its eastern continuation , Tauentzienstraße , leading to Schöneberg and the Kaufhaus des Westens on Wittenbergplatz . The Europa-Center mall and highrise closes off the Breitscheidplatz to the east . At its centre is the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church with its damaged spire . History . Breitscheidplatz is at the end of the former Kurfürstendamm bridle path of 1542 which led Elector ( Kurfürst ) Joachim II Hector of Brandenburg to his hunting grounds in the Grunewald forest . In 1889 the square was given the name Gutenbergplatz after Johannes Gutenberg , the designer of the printing press ; in 1892 it was renamed Auguste-Viktoria-Platz in honour of the German Empress Augusta Viktoria of Schleswig-Holstein . Shortly after the square was laid out , Auguste-Viktorias spouse Emperor Wilhelm II determined it as the site for the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church in honour of his grandfather , Emperor Wilhelm I . The church , designed by royal architect Franz Schwechten , was a prime example of Romanesque Revival architecture . Being a native Rhinelander , Schwechtens design of the church was inspired by the Bonn Minster which Wilhelm II knew quite well as he studied in Bonn . It was consecrated in 1895 . Around the square until World War I , further development took place in a similar Neo-Romanesque style , including on the west side the Ausstellungshallen am Zoologischen Garten , an exhibition and event space completed in 1896 , and opposite it the 1899 building on the site of todays Europa-Center which after 1916 housed the Romanisches Café . The square was sometimes called the Romanisches Forum ( Romanesque Forum ) or Romanisches Viertel ( Romanesque Quarter ) as a result . 20th century . After World War I , the square became a meeting place for bohemians and intellectuals in Berlin , particularly at the Romanisches Café , where writers , artists and musicians congregated and exchanged ideas . In addition , cinema and variety theatre development had begun in the area with conversion of part of the exhibition space on the west side . In 1925 the Ufa-Palast am Zoo opened in one of these spaces , then Germanys largest cinema , followed in 1926 by the Gloria-Palast on the western side , where The Blue Angel premièred on 1 April 1930 . By 1928 , when Joseph Goebbels made a speech attacking the commercial establishments surrounding the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church , the square contained a cluster of Berlins premier cinemas—Ufa-Palast am Zoo , Gloria-Palast , Capitol , Marmorhaus and Tauntzien-Palast—in addition to cafés , theatres , and other business establishments , and some businessmen had sought to establish it as Berlins Broadway . In 1943 , the square was heavily bombed and most of the area was destroyed . After World War II the square experienced massive reconstruction when it became the quasi-symbolic centre of West Berlin in compensation for the loss of the historic centre around Alexanderplatz and Unter den Linden in Mitte , then part of East Berlin . In 1947 the square was given the new name Breitscheidplatz after Rudolf Breitscheid , a German Social Democrat who was killed at the Buchenwald concentration camp in 1944 . Post-war . The Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church ( informally known as der Hohle Zahn , the Hollow Tooth , by Berliners ) was in shambles after the war . In the 1950s and 1960s the trend in Berlin was to tear down buildings damaged in the war and to build anew . The renowned West German architect Egon Eiermann originally planned to completely demolish the ruins , causing numerous public protests . He then designed a modern parish church and separate belfry , beside which the ruined spire of the old church would be preserved as a memorial . The new Gedächtniskirche was consecrated in 1961 and soon became the architectural pride of West Berlin and a memorial against war and destruction . The development of the square included the erection of the Zoo Palast cinema replacing the Ufa-Palast in 1956 , the Bikini-Haus on the northern side finished in 1957 ( named after its bare midriff on the second floor ) and the Schimmelpfeng-Haus built in 1960 ( now demolished ) on the site of the old Gloria-Palast . In 1965 , the Europa-Center shopping mall was opened by Mayor Willy Brandt on the site of the former Romanisches Café . It included a large cinema complex and an highrise . The Center with its characteristic Mercedes-Benz star on top became a major business centre and unofficially gave the Breitscheidplatz the reputation of being the commercial hotspot in West Berlin . Today the building still hosts numerous department stores , pavement coffee shops and restaurants and is a popular tourist attraction . It has landmark status . Redevelopment . The Breitscheidplatz , still one of Berlins most visited places , is known by many as one of the quintessential squares of Berlin . It presents an awkward yet typical Berlin combination of the old and the new , the cultural and commercial . Since the turn of the millennium , city plans developed for the Breitscheidplatz include bettering the quality for pedestrians and more public competitions for the future planning of Breitscheidplatz . In 2006 , the automobile tunnel on Budapester Straße in front of the Bikini-Haus was closed and the pedestrian zone extended . From 2010 to 2014 the Bikinihaus was refurbished as a shopping mall and a hotel , including the redevelopment of the adjacent Zoo Palast as a multi-screen cinema complex . The destruction of the Schimmelpfeng-Haus began in 2009 to build the Zoofenster highrise , with offices , restaurants and a Waldorf Astoria hotel , and the neighbouring Upper West tower block , to create an attractive urban area with livable space . Other plans include renovating the bus station on Hardenbergplatz in front of the Bahnhof Zoo and other urban spaces in the vicinity . 2016 Christmas market attack . On 19 December 2016 , at about 20:00 local time , a truck-ramming attack was made on the Christmas market at Breitscheidplatz , killing twelve people and injuring 48 others . In preparation for the Christmas market 2018 , the square and its surrounding were fortified against further terrorist attacks . Public transport . Breitscheidplatz can be reached by S-Bahn via the Zoologischer Garten station ( S 5 , S 7 , S 75 , S 9 ) as well as by U-Bahn via Zoologischer Garten ( U 2 , U 9 ) and Kurfürstendamm stations ( U 1 , U 9 ) . Busses stop at Breitscheidplatz ( lines 100 and 200 ) and Europa-Center ( M29 , M19 ) . The Bahnhof Zoo was constructed in 1882 and functioned as the main railway station of West Berlin . Its importance as a major hub diminished when in preparation for the 2006 FIFA World Cup the new Berlin Hauptbahnhof was completed at the site of the former Lehrter Bahnhof ; this is now the main train station in Berlin , and the German Intercity-Express and InterCity long distance trains no longer stop by default at Zoologischer Garten .
|
[
"Johannes Gutenberg"
] |
[
{
"text": " Breitscheidplatz ( ) is a major public square in the inner city of Berlin , Germany . Together with the Kurfürstendamm boulevard , it marks the centre of former West Berlin and the present-day City West . It is named after Rudolf Breitscheid .",
"title": "Breitscheidplatz"
},
{
"text": " Breitscheidplatz lies within the Charlottenburg district near the southwestern tip of the Tiergarten park and the Zoological Garden at the corner of Kurfürstendamm and its eastern continuation , Tauentzienstraße , leading to Schöneberg and the Kaufhaus des Westens on Wittenbergplatz . The Europa-Center mall and highrise closes off the Breitscheidplatz to the east . At its centre is the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church with its damaged spire .",
"title": "Location"
},
{
"text": " Breitscheidplatz is at the end of the former Kurfürstendamm bridle path of 1542 which led Elector ( Kurfürst ) Joachim II Hector of Brandenburg to his hunting grounds in the Grunewald forest . In 1889 the square was given the name Gutenbergplatz after Johannes Gutenberg , the designer of the printing press ; in 1892 it was renamed Auguste-Viktoria-Platz in honour of the German Empress Augusta Viktoria of Schleswig-Holstein .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Shortly after the square was laid out , Auguste-Viktorias spouse Emperor Wilhelm II determined it as the site for the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church in honour of his grandfather , Emperor Wilhelm I . The church , designed by royal architect Franz Schwechten , was a prime example of Romanesque Revival architecture . Being a native Rhinelander , Schwechtens design of the church was inspired by the Bonn Minster which Wilhelm II knew quite well as he studied in Bonn . It was consecrated in 1895 . Around the square until World War I , further development took place in",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "a similar Neo-Romanesque style , including on the west side the Ausstellungshallen am Zoologischen Garten , an exhibition and event space completed in 1896 , and opposite it the 1899 building on the site of todays Europa-Center which after 1916 housed the Romanisches Café . The square was sometimes called the Romanisches Forum ( Romanesque Forum ) or Romanisches Viertel ( Romanesque Quarter ) as a result .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "After World War I , the square became a meeting place for bohemians and intellectuals in Berlin , particularly at the Romanisches Café , where writers , artists and musicians congregated and exchanged ideas . In addition , cinema and variety theatre development had begun in the area with conversion of part of the exhibition space on the west side . In 1925 the Ufa-Palast am Zoo opened in one of these spaces , then Germanys largest cinema , followed in 1926 by the Gloria-Palast on the western side , where The Blue Angel premièred on 1 April 1930 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "By 1928 , when Joseph Goebbels made a speech attacking the commercial establishments surrounding the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church , the square contained a cluster of Berlins premier cinemas—Ufa-Palast am Zoo , Gloria-Palast , Capitol , Marmorhaus and Tauntzien-Palast—in addition to cafés , theatres , and other business establishments , and some businessmen had sought to establish it as Berlins Broadway .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 1943 , the square was heavily bombed and most of the area was destroyed . After World War II the square experienced massive reconstruction when it became the quasi-symbolic centre of West Berlin in compensation for the loss of the historic centre around Alexanderplatz and Unter den Linden in Mitte , then part of East Berlin . In 1947 the square was given the new name Breitscheidplatz after Rudolf Breitscheid , a German Social Democrat who was killed at the Buchenwald concentration camp in 1944 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church ( informally known as der Hohle Zahn , the Hollow Tooth , by Berliners ) was in shambles after the war . In the 1950s and 1960s the trend in Berlin was to tear down buildings damaged in the war and to build anew . The renowned West German architect Egon Eiermann originally planned to completely demolish the ruins , causing numerous public protests . He then designed a modern parish church and separate belfry , beside which the ruined spire of the old church would be preserved as a memorial . The new Gedächtniskirche",
"title": "Post-war"
},
{
"text": "was consecrated in 1961 and soon became the architectural pride of West Berlin and a memorial against war and destruction .",
"title": "Post-war"
},
{
"text": " The development of the square included the erection of the Zoo Palast cinema replacing the Ufa-Palast in 1956 , the Bikini-Haus on the northern side finished in 1957 ( named after its bare midriff on the second floor ) and the Schimmelpfeng-Haus built in 1960 ( now demolished ) on the site of the old Gloria-Palast .",
"title": "Post-war"
},
{
"text": "In 1965 , the Europa-Center shopping mall was opened by Mayor Willy Brandt on the site of the former Romanisches Café . It included a large cinema complex and an highrise . The Center with its characteristic Mercedes-Benz star on top became a major business centre and unofficially gave the Breitscheidplatz the reputation of being the commercial hotspot in West Berlin . Today the building still hosts numerous department stores , pavement coffee shops and restaurants and is a popular tourist attraction . It has landmark status .",
"title": "Post-war"
},
{
"text": " The Breitscheidplatz , still one of Berlins most visited places , is known by many as one of the quintessential squares of Berlin . It presents an awkward yet typical Berlin combination of the old and the new , the cultural and commercial .",
"title": "Redevelopment"
},
{
"text": "Since the turn of the millennium , city plans developed for the Breitscheidplatz include bettering the quality for pedestrians and more public competitions for the future planning of Breitscheidplatz . In 2006 , the automobile tunnel on Budapester Straße in front of the Bikini-Haus was closed and the pedestrian zone extended . From 2010 to 2014 the Bikinihaus was refurbished as a shopping mall and a hotel , including the redevelopment of the adjacent Zoo Palast as a multi-screen cinema complex . The destruction of the Schimmelpfeng-Haus began in 2009 to build the Zoofenster highrise , with offices , restaurants",
"title": "Redevelopment"
},
{
"text": "and a Waldorf Astoria hotel , and the neighbouring Upper West tower block , to create an attractive urban area with livable space . Other plans include renovating the bus station on Hardenbergplatz in front of the Bahnhof Zoo and other urban spaces in the vicinity .",
"title": "Redevelopment"
},
{
"text": " 2016 Christmas market attack . On 19 December 2016 , at about 20:00 local time , a truck-ramming attack was made on the Christmas market at Breitscheidplatz , killing twelve people and injuring 48 others . In preparation for the Christmas market 2018 , the square and its surrounding were fortified against further terrorist attacks .",
"title": "Redevelopment"
},
{
"text": " Breitscheidplatz can be reached by S-Bahn via the Zoologischer Garten station ( S 5 , S 7 , S 75 , S 9 ) as well as by U-Bahn via Zoologischer Garten ( U 2 , U 9 ) and Kurfürstendamm stations ( U 1 , U 9 ) . Busses stop at Breitscheidplatz ( lines 100 and 200 ) and Europa-Center ( M29 , M19 ) .",
"title": "Public transport"
},
{
"text": "The Bahnhof Zoo was constructed in 1882 and functioned as the main railway station of West Berlin . Its importance as a major hub diminished when in preparation for the 2006 FIFA World Cup the new Berlin Hauptbahnhof was completed at the site of the former Lehrter Bahnhof ; this is now the main train station in Berlin , and the German Intercity-Express and InterCity long distance trains no longer stop by default at Zoologischer Garten .",
"title": "Public transport"
}
] |
/wiki/Breitscheidplatz#P138#1
|
Breitscheidplatz was named after what in early 1940s?
|
Breitscheidplatz Breitscheidplatz ( ) is a major public square in the inner city of Berlin , Germany . Together with the Kurfürstendamm boulevard , it marks the centre of former West Berlin and the present-day City West . It is named after Rudolf Breitscheid . Location . Breitscheidplatz lies within the Charlottenburg district near the southwestern tip of the Tiergarten park and the Zoological Garden at the corner of Kurfürstendamm and its eastern continuation , Tauentzienstraße , leading to Schöneberg and the Kaufhaus des Westens on Wittenbergplatz . The Europa-Center mall and highrise closes off the Breitscheidplatz to the east . At its centre is the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church with its damaged spire . History . Breitscheidplatz is at the end of the former Kurfürstendamm bridle path of 1542 which led Elector ( Kurfürst ) Joachim II Hector of Brandenburg to his hunting grounds in the Grunewald forest . In 1889 the square was given the name Gutenbergplatz after Johannes Gutenberg , the designer of the printing press ; in 1892 it was renamed Auguste-Viktoria-Platz in honour of the German Empress Augusta Viktoria of Schleswig-Holstein . Shortly after the square was laid out , Auguste-Viktorias spouse Emperor Wilhelm II determined it as the site for the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church in honour of his grandfather , Emperor Wilhelm I . The church , designed by royal architect Franz Schwechten , was a prime example of Romanesque Revival architecture . Being a native Rhinelander , Schwechtens design of the church was inspired by the Bonn Minster which Wilhelm II knew quite well as he studied in Bonn . It was consecrated in 1895 . Around the square until World War I , further development took place in a similar Neo-Romanesque style , including on the west side the Ausstellungshallen am Zoologischen Garten , an exhibition and event space completed in 1896 , and opposite it the 1899 building on the site of todays Europa-Center which after 1916 housed the Romanisches Café . The square was sometimes called the Romanisches Forum ( Romanesque Forum ) or Romanisches Viertel ( Romanesque Quarter ) as a result . 20th century . After World War I , the square became a meeting place for bohemians and intellectuals in Berlin , particularly at the Romanisches Café , where writers , artists and musicians congregated and exchanged ideas . In addition , cinema and variety theatre development had begun in the area with conversion of part of the exhibition space on the west side . In 1925 the Ufa-Palast am Zoo opened in one of these spaces , then Germanys largest cinema , followed in 1926 by the Gloria-Palast on the western side , where The Blue Angel premièred on 1 April 1930 . By 1928 , when Joseph Goebbels made a speech attacking the commercial establishments surrounding the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church , the square contained a cluster of Berlins premier cinemas—Ufa-Palast am Zoo , Gloria-Palast , Capitol , Marmorhaus and Tauntzien-Palast—in addition to cafés , theatres , and other business establishments , and some businessmen had sought to establish it as Berlins Broadway . In 1943 , the square was heavily bombed and most of the area was destroyed . After World War II the square experienced massive reconstruction when it became the quasi-symbolic centre of West Berlin in compensation for the loss of the historic centre around Alexanderplatz and Unter den Linden in Mitte , then part of East Berlin . In 1947 the square was given the new name Breitscheidplatz after Rudolf Breitscheid , a German Social Democrat who was killed at the Buchenwald concentration camp in 1944 . Post-war . The Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church ( informally known as der Hohle Zahn , the Hollow Tooth , by Berliners ) was in shambles after the war . In the 1950s and 1960s the trend in Berlin was to tear down buildings damaged in the war and to build anew . The renowned West German architect Egon Eiermann originally planned to completely demolish the ruins , causing numerous public protests . He then designed a modern parish church and separate belfry , beside which the ruined spire of the old church would be preserved as a memorial . The new Gedächtniskirche was consecrated in 1961 and soon became the architectural pride of West Berlin and a memorial against war and destruction . The development of the square included the erection of the Zoo Palast cinema replacing the Ufa-Palast in 1956 , the Bikini-Haus on the northern side finished in 1957 ( named after its bare midriff on the second floor ) and the Schimmelpfeng-Haus built in 1960 ( now demolished ) on the site of the old Gloria-Palast . In 1965 , the Europa-Center shopping mall was opened by Mayor Willy Brandt on the site of the former Romanisches Café . It included a large cinema complex and an highrise . The Center with its characteristic Mercedes-Benz star on top became a major business centre and unofficially gave the Breitscheidplatz the reputation of being the commercial hotspot in West Berlin . Today the building still hosts numerous department stores , pavement coffee shops and restaurants and is a popular tourist attraction . It has landmark status . Redevelopment . The Breitscheidplatz , still one of Berlins most visited places , is known by many as one of the quintessential squares of Berlin . It presents an awkward yet typical Berlin combination of the old and the new , the cultural and commercial . Since the turn of the millennium , city plans developed for the Breitscheidplatz include bettering the quality for pedestrians and more public competitions for the future planning of Breitscheidplatz . In 2006 , the automobile tunnel on Budapester Straße in front of the Bikini-Haus was closed and the pedestrian zone extended . From 2010 to 2014 the Bikinihaus was refurbished as a shopping mall and a hotel , including the redevelopment of the adjacent Zoo Palast as a multi-screen cinema complex . The destruction of the Schimmelpfeng-Haus began in 2009 to build the Zoofenster highrise , with offices , restaurants and a Waldorf Astoria hotel , and the neighbouring Upper West tower block , to create an attractive urban area with livable space . Other plans include renovating the bus station on Hardenbergplatz in front of the Bahnhof Zoo and other urban spaces in the vicinity . 2016 Christmas market attack . On 19 December 2016 , at about 20:00 local time , a truck-ramming attack was made on the Christmas market at Breitscheidplatz , killing twelve people and injuring 48 others . In preparation for the Christmas market 2018 , the square and its surrounding were fortified against further terrorist attacks . Public transport . Breitscheidplatz can be reached by S-Bahn via the Zoologischer Garten station ( S 5 , S 7 , S 75 , S 9 ) as well as by U-Bahn via Zoologischer Garten ( U 2 , U 9 ) and Kurfürstendamm stations ( U 1 , U 9 ) . Busses stop at Breitscheidplatz ( lines 100 and 200 ) and Europa-Center ( M29 , M19 ) . The Bahnhof Zoo was constructed in 1882 and functioned as the main railway station of West Berlin . Its importance as a major hub diminished when in preparation for the 2006 FIFA World Cup the new Berlin Hauptbahnhof was completed at the site of the former Lehrter Bahnhof ; this is now the main train station in Berlin , and the German Intercity-Express and InterCity long distance trains no longer stop by default at Zoologischer Garten .
|
[
"Augusta Viktoria of Schleswig-Holstein"
] |
[
{
"text": " Breitscheidplatz ( ) is a major public square in the inner city of Berlin , Germany . Together with the Kurfürstendamm boulevard , it marks the centre of former West Berlin and the present-day City West . It is named after Rudolf Breitscheid .",
"title": "Breitscheidplatz"
},
{
"text": " Breitscheidplatz lies within the Charlottenburg district near the southwestern tip of the Tiergarten park and the Zoological Garden at the corner of Kurfürstendamm and its eastern continuation , Tauentzienstraße , leading to Schöneberg and the Kaufhaus des Westens on Wittenbergplatz . The Europa-Center mall and highrise closes off the Breitscheidplatz to the east . At its centre is the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church with its damaged spire .",
"title": "Location"
},
{
"text": " Breitscheidplatz is at the end of the former Kurfürstendamm bridle path of 1542 which led Elector ( Kurfürst ) Joachim II Hector of Brandenburg to his hunting grounds in the Grunewald forest . In 1889 the square was given the name Gutenbergplatz after Johannes Gutenberg , the designer of the printing press ; in 1892 it was renamed Auguste-Viktoria-Platz in honour of the German Empress Augusta Viktoria of Schleswig-Holstein .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Shortly after the square was laid out , Auguste-Viktorias spouse Emperor Wilhelm II determined it as the site for the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church in honour of his grandfather , Emperor Wilhelm I . The church , designed by royal architect Franz Schwechten , was a prime example of Romanesque Revival architecture . Being a native Rhinelander , Schwechtens design of the church was inspired by the Bonn Minster which Wilhelm II knew quite well as he studied in Bonn . It was consecrated in 1895 . Around the square until World War I , further development took place in",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "a similar Neo-Romanesque style , including on the west side the Ausstellungshallen am Zoologischen Garten , an exhibition and event space completed in 1896 , and opposite it the 1899 building on the site of todays Europa-Center which after 1916 housed the Romanisches Café . The square was sometimes called the Romanisches Forum ( Romanesque Forum ) or Romanisches Viertel ( Romanesque Quarter ) as a result .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "After World War I , the square became a meeting place for bohemians and intellectuals in Berlin , particularly at the Romanisches Café , where writers , artists and musicians congregated and exchanged ideas . In addition , cinema and variety theatre development had begun in the area with conversion of part of the exhibition space on the west side . In 1925 the Ufa-Palast am Zoo opened in one of these spaces , then Germanys largest cinema , followed in 1926 by the Gloria-Palast on the western side , where The Blue Angel premièred on 1 April 1930 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "By 1928 , when Joseph Goebbels made a speech attacking the commercial establishments surrounding the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church , the square contained a cluster of Berlins premier cinemas—Ufa-Palast am Zoo , Gloria-Palast , Capitol , Marmorhaus and Tauntzien-Palast—in addition to cafés , theatres , and other business establishments , and some businessmen had sought to establish it as Berlins Broadway .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 1943 , the square was heavily bombed and most of the area was destroyed . After World War II the square experienced massive reconstruction when it became the quasi-symbolic centre of West Berlin in compensation for the loss of the historic centre around Alexanderplatz and Unter den Linden in Mitte , then part of East Berlin . In 1947 the square was given the new name Breitscheidplatz after Rudolf Breitscheid , a German Social Democrat who was killed at the Buchenwald concentration camp in 1944 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church ( informally known as der Hohle Zahn , the Hollow Tooth , by Berliners ) was in shambles after the war . In the 1950s and 1960s the trend in Berlin was to tear down buildings damaged in the war and to build anew . The renowned West German architect Egon Eiermann originally planned to completely demolish the ruins , causing numerous public protests . He then designed a modern parish church and separate belfry , beside which the ruined spire of the old church would be preserved as a memorial . The new Gedächtniskirche",
"title": "Post-war"
},
{
"text": "was consecrated in 1961 and soon became the architectural pride of West Berlin and a memorial against war and destruction .",
"title": "Post-war"
},
{
"text": " The development of the square included the erection of the Zoo Palast cinema replacing the Ufa-Palast in 1956 , the Bikini-Haus on the northern side finished in 1957 ( named after its bare midriff on the second floor ) and the Schimmelpfeng-Haus built in 1960 ( now demolished ) on the site of the old Gloria-Palast .",
"title": "Post-war"
},
{
"text": "In 1965 , the Europa-Center shopping mall was opened by Mayor Willy Brandt on the site of the former Romanisches Café . It included a large cinema complex and an highrise . The Center with its characteristic Mercedes-Benz star on top became a major business centre and unofficially gave the Breitscheidplatz the reputation of being the commercial hotspot in West Berlin . Today the building still hosts numerous department stores , pavement coffee shops and restaurants and is a popular tourist attraction . It has landmark status .",
"title": "Post-war"
},
{
"text": " The Breitscheidplatz , still one of Berlins most visited places , is known by many as one of the quintessential squares of Berlin . It presents an awkward yet typical Berlin combination of the old and the new , the cultural and commercial .",
"title": "Redevelopment"
},
{
"text": "Since the turn of the millennium , city plans developed for the Breitscheidplatz include bettering the quality for pedestrians and more public competitions for the future planning of Breitscheidplatz . In 2006 , the automobile tunnel on Budapester Straße in front of the Bikini-Haus was closed and the pedestrian zone extended . From 2010 to 2014 the Bikinihaus was refurbished as a shopping mall and a hotel , including the redevelopment of the adjacent Zoo Palast as a multi-screen cinema complex . The destruction of the Schimmelpfeng-Haus began in 2009 to build the Zoofenster highrise , with offices , restaurants",
"title": "Redevelopment"
},
{
"text": "and a Waldorf Astoria hotel , and the neighbouring Upper West tower block , to create an attractive urban area with livable space . Other plans include renovating the bus station on Hardenbergplatz in front of the Bahnhof Zoo and other urban spaces in the vicinity .",
"title": "Redevelopment"
},
{
"text": " 2016 Christmas market attack . On 19 December 2016 , at about 20:00 local time , a truck-ramming attack was made on the Christmas market at Breitscheidplatz , killing twelve people and injuring 48 others . In preparation for the Christmas market 2018 , the square and its surrounding were fortified against further terrorist attacks .",
"title": "Redevelopment"
},
{
"text": " Breitscheidplatz can be reached by S-Bahn via the Zoologischer Garten station ( S 5 , S 7 , S 75 , S 9 ) as well as by U-Bahn via Zoologischer Garten ( U 2 , U 9 ) and Kurfürstendamm stations ( U 1 , U 9 ) . Busses stop at Breitscheidplatz ( lines 100 and 200 ) and Europa-Center ( M29 , M19 ) .",
"title": "Public transport"
},
{
"text": "The Bahnhof Zoo was constructed in 1882 and functioned as the main railway station of West Berlin . Its importance as a major hub diminished when in preparation for the 2006 FIFA World Cup the new Berlin Hauptbahnhof was completed at the site of the former Lehrter Bahnhof ; this is now the main train station in Berlin , and the German Intercity-Express and InterCity long distance trains no longer stop by default at Zoologischer Garten .",
"title": "Public transport"
}
] |
/wiki/Breitscheidplatz#P138#2
|
Breitscheidplatz was named after what after Oct 1947?
|
Breitscheidplatz Breitscheidplatz ( ) is a major public square in the inner city of Berlin , Germany . Together with the Kurfürstendamm boulevard , it marks the centre of former West Berlin and the present-day City West . It is named after Rudolf Breitscheid . Location . Breitscheidplatz lies within the Charlottenburg district near the southwestern tip of the Tiergarten park and the Zoological Garden at the corner of Kurfürstendamm and its eastern continuation , Tauentzienstraße , leading to Schöneberg and the Kaufhaus des Westens on Wittenbergplatz . The Europa-Center mall and highrise closes off the Breitscheidplatz to the east . At its centre is the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church with its damaged spire . History . Breitscheidplatz is at the end of the former Kurfürstendamm bridle path of 1542 which led Elector ( Kurfürst ) Joachim II Hector of Brandenburg to his hunting grounds in the Grunewald forest . In 1889 the square was given the name Gutenbergplatz after Johannes Gutenberg , the designer of the printing press ; in 1892 it was renamed Auguste-Viktoria-Platz in honour of the German Empress Augusta Viktoria of Schleswig-Holstein . Shortly after the square was laid out , Auguste-Viktorias spouse Emperor Wilhelm II determined it as the site for the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church in honour of his grandfather , Emperor Wilhelm I . The church , designed by royal architect Franz Schwechten , was a prime example of Romanesque Revival architecture . Being a native Rhinelander , Schwechtens design of the church was inspired by the Bonn Minster which Wilhelm II knew quite well as he studied in Bonn . It was consecrated in 1895 . Around the square until World War I , further development took place in a similar Neo-Romanesque style , including on the west side the Ausstellungshallen am Zoologischen Garten , an exhibition and event space completed in 1896 , and opposite it the 1899 building on the site of todays Europa-Center which after 1916 housed the Romanisches Café . The square was sometimes called the Romanisches Forum ( Romanesque Forum ) or Romanisches Viertel ( Romanesque Quarter ) as a result . 20th century . After World War I , the square became a meeting place for bohemians and intellectuals in Berlin , particularly at the Romanisches Café , where writers , artists and musicians congregated and exchanged ideas . In addition , cinema and variety theatre development had begun in the area with conversion of part of the exhibition space on the west side . In 1925 the Ufa-Palast am Zoo opened in one of these spaces , then Germanys largest cinema , followed in 1926 by the Gloria-Palast on the western side , where The Blue Angel premièred on 1 April 1930 . By 1928 , when Joseph Goebbels made a speech attacking the commercial establishments surrounding the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church , the square contained a cluster of Berlins premier cinemas—Ufa-Palast am Zoo , Gloria-Palast , Capitol , Marmorhaus and Tauntzien-Palast—in addition to cafés , theatres , and other business establishments , and some businessmen had sought to establish it as Berlins Broadway . In 1943 , the square was heavily bombed and most of the area was destroyed . After World War II the square experienced massive reconstruction when it became the quasi-symbolic centre of West Berlin in compensation for the loss of the historic centre around Alexanderplatz and Unter den Linden in Mitte , then part of East Berlin . In 1947 the square was given the new name Breitscheidplatz after Rudolf Breitscheid , a German Social Democrat who was killed at the Buchenwald concentration camp in 1944 . Post-war . The Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church ( informally known as der Hohle Zahn , the Hollow Tooth , by Berliners ) was in shambles after the war . In the 1950s and 1960s the trend in Berlin was to tear down buildings damaged in the war and to build anew . The renowned West German architect Egon Eiermann originally planned to completely demolish the ruins , causing numerous public protests . He then designed a modern parish church and separate belfry , beside which the ruined spire of the old church would be preserved as a memorial . The new Gedächtniskirche was consecrated in 1961 and soon became the architectural pride of West Berlin and a memorial against war and destruction . The development of the square included the erection of the Zoo Palast cinema replacing the Ufa-Palast in 1956 , the Bikini-Haus on the northern side finished in 1957 ( named after its bare midriff on the second floor ) and the Schimmelpfeng-Haus built in 1960 ( now demolished ) on the site of the old Gloria-Palast . In 1965 , the Europa-Center shopping mall was opened by Mayor Willy Brandt on the site of the former Romanisches Café . It included a large cinema complex and an highrise . The Center with its characteristic Mercedes-Benz star on top became a major business centre and unofficially gave the Breitscheidplatz the reputation of being the commercial hotspot in West Berlin . Today the building still hosts numerous department stores , pavement coffee shops and restaurants and is a popular tourist attraction . It has landmark status . Redevelopment . The Breitscheidplatz , still one of Berlins most visited places , is known by many as one of the quintessential squares of Berlin . It presents an awkward yet typical Berlin combination of the old and the new , the cultural and commercial . Since the turn of the millennium , city plans developed for the Breitscheidplatz include bettering the quality for pedestrians and more public competitions for the future planning of Breitscheidplatz . In 2006 , the automobile tunnel on Budapester Straße in front of the Bikini-Haus was closed and the pedestrian zone extended . From 2010 to 2014 the Bikinihaus was refurbished as a shopping mall and a hotel , including the redevelopment of the adjacent Zoo Palast as a multi-screen cinema complex . The destruction of the Schimmelpfeng-Haus began in 2009 to build the Zoofenster highrise , with offices , restaurants and a Waldorf Astoria hotel , and the neighbouring Upper West tower block , to create an attractive urban area with livable space . Other plans include renovating the bus station on Hardenbergplatz in front of the Bahnhof Zoo and other urban spaces in the vicinity . 2016 Christmas market attack . On 19 December 2016 , at about 20:00 local time , a truck-ramming attack was made on the Christmas market at Breitscheidplatz , killing twelve people and injuring 48 others . In preparation for the Christmas market 2018 , the square and its surrounding were fortified against further terrorist attacks . Public transport . Breitscheidplatz can be reached by S-Bahn via the Zoologischer Garten station ( S 5 , S 7 , S 75 , S 9 ) as well as by U-Bahn via Zoologischer Garten ( U 2 , U 9 ) and Kurfürstendamm stations ( U 1 , U 9 ) . Busses stop at Breitscheidplatz ( lines 100 and 200 ) and Europa-Center ( M29 , M19 ) . The Bahnhof Zoo was constructed in 1882 and functioned as the main railway station of West Berlin . Its importance as a major hub diminished when in preparation for the 2006 FIFA World Cup the new Berlin Hauptbahnhof was completed at the site of the former Lehrter Bahnhof ; this is now the main train station in Berlin , and the German Intercity-Express and InterCity long distance trains no longer stop by default at Zoologischer Garten .
|
[
"Rudolf Breitscheid"
] |
[
{
"text": " Breitscheidplatz ( ) is a major public square in the inner city of Berlin , Germany . Together with the Kurfürstendamm boulevard , it marks the centre of former West Berlin and the present-day City West . It is named after Rudolf Breitscheid .",
"title": "Breitscheidplatz"
},
{
"text": " Breitscheidplatz lies within the Charlottenburg district near the southwestern tip of the Tiergarten park and the Zoological Garden at the corner of Kurfürstendamm and its eastern continuation , Tauentzienstraße , leading to Schöneberg and the Kaufhaus des Westens on Wittenbergplatz . The Europa-Center mall and highrise closes off the Breitscheidplatz to the east . At its centre is the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church with its damaged spire .",
"title": "Location"
},
{
"text": " Breitscheidplatz is at the end of the former Kurfürstendamm bridle path of 1542 which led Elector ( Kurfürst ) Joachim II Hector of Brandenburg to his hunting grounds in the Grunewald forest . In 1889 the square was given the name Gutenbergplatz after Johannes Gutenberg , the designer of the printing press ; in 1892 it was renamed Auguste-Viktoria-Platz in honour of the German Empress Augusta Viktoria of Schleswig-Holstein .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Shortly after the square was laid out , Auguste-Viktorias spouse Emperor Wilhelm II determined it as the site for the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church in honour of his grandfather , Emperor Wilhelm I . The church , designed by royal architect Franz Schwechten , was a prime example of Romanesque Revival architecture . Being a native Rhinelander , Schwechtens design of the church was inspired by the Bonn Minster which Wilhelm II knew quite well as he studied in Bonn . It was consecrated in 1895 . Around the square until World War I , further development took place in",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "a similar Neo-Romanesque style , including on the west side the Ausstellungshallen am Zoologischen Garten , an exhibition and event space completed in 1896 , and opposite it the 1899 building on the site of todays Europa-Center which after 1916 housed the Romanisches Café . The square was sometimes called the Romanisches Forum ( Romanesque Forum ) or Romanisches Viertel ( Romanesque Quarter ) as a result .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "After World War I , the square became a meeting place for bohemians and intellectuals in Berlin , particularly at the Romanisches Café , where writers , artists and musicians congregated and exchanged ideas . In addition , cinema and variety theatre development had begun in the area with conversion of part of the exhibition space on the west side . In 1925 the Ufa-Palast am Zoo opened in one of these spaces , then Germanys largest cinema , followed in 1926 by the Gloria-Palast on the western side , where The Blue Angel premièred on 1 April 1930 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "By 1928 , when Joseph Goebbels made a speech attacking the commercial establishments surrounding the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church , the square contained a cluster of Berlins premier cinemas—Ufa-Palast am Zoo , Gloria-Palast , Capitol , Marmorhaus and Tauntzien-Palast—in addition to cafés , theatres , and other business establishments , and some businessmen had sought to establish it as Berlins Broadway .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 1943 , the square was heavily bombed and most of the area was destroyed . After World War II the square experienced massive reconstruction when it became the quasi-symbolic centre of West Berlin in compensation for the loss of the historic centre around Alexanderplatz and Unter den Linden in Mitte , then part of East Berlin . In 1947 the square was given the new name Breitscheidplatz after Rudolf Breitscheid , a German Social Democrat who was killed at the Buchenwald concentration camp in 1944 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church ( informally known as der Hohle Zahn , the Hollow Tooth , by Berliners ) was in shambles after the war . In the 1950s and 1960s the trend in Berlin was to tear down buildings damaged in the war and to build anew . The renowned West German architect Egon Eiermann originally planned to completely demolish the ruins , causing numerous public protests . He then designed a modern parish church and separate belfry , beside which the ruined spire of the old church would be preserved as a memorial . The new Gedächtniskirche",
"title": "Post-war"
},
{
"text": "was consecrated in 1961 and soon became the architectural pride of West Berlin and a memorial against war and destruction .",
"title": "Post-war"
},
{
"text": " The development of the square included the erection of the Zoo Palast cinema replacing the Ufa-Palast in 1956 , the Bikini-Haus on the northern side finished in 1957 ( named after its bare midriff on the second floor ) and the Schimmelpfeng-Haus built in 1960 ( now demolished ) on the site of the old Gloria-Palast .",
"title": "Post-war"
},
{
"text": "In 1965 , the Europa-Center shopping mall was opened by Mayor Willy Brandt on the site of the former Romanisches Café . It included a large cinema complex and an highrise . The Center with its characteristic Mercedes-Benz star on top became a major business centre and unofficially gave the Breitscheidplatz the reputation of being the commercial hotspot in West Berlin . Today the building still hosts numerous department stores , pavement coffee shops and restaurants and is a popular tourist attraction . It has landmark status .",
"title": "Post-war"
},
{
"text": " The Breitscheidplatz , still one of Berlins most visited places , is known by many as one of the quintessential squares of Berlin . It presents an awkward yet typical Berlin combination of the old and the new , the cultural and commercial .",
"title": "Redevelopment"
},
{
"text": "Since the turn of the millennium , city plans developed for the Breitscheidplatz include bettering the quality for pedestrians and more public competitions for the future planning of Breitscheidplatz . In 2006 , the automobile tunnel on Budapester Straße in front of the Bikini-Haus was closed and the pedestrian zone extended . From 2010 to 2014 the Bikinihaus was refurbished as a shopping mall and a hotel , including the redevelopment of the adjacent Zoo Palast as a multi-screen cinema complex . The destruction of the Schimmelpfeng-Haus began in 2009 to build the Zoofenster highrise , with offices , restaurants",
"title": "Redevelopment"
},
{
"text": "and a Waldorf Astoria hotel , and the neighbouring Upper West tower block , to create an attractive urban area with livable space . Other plans include renovating the bus station on Hardenbergplatz in front of the Bahnhof Zoo and other urban spaces in the vicinity .",
"title": "Redevelopment"
},
{
"text": " 2016 Christmas market attack . On 19 December 2016 , at about 20:00 local time , a truck-ramming attack was made on the Christmas market at Breitscheidplatz , killing twelve people and injuring 48 others . In preparation for the Christmas market 2018 , the square and its surrounding were fortified against further terrorist attacks .",
"title": "Redevelopment"
},
{
"text": " Breitscheidplatz can be reached by S-Bahn via the Zoologischer Garten station ( S 5 , S 7 , S 75 , S 9 ) as well as by U-Bahn via Zoologischer Garten ( U 2 , U 9 ) and Kurfürstendamm stations ( U 1 , U 9 ) . Busses stop at Breitscheidplatz ( lines 100 and 200 ) and Europa-Center ( M29 , M19 ) .",
"title": "Public transport"
},
{
"text": "The Bahnhof Zoo was constructed in 1882 and functioned as the main railway station of West Berlin . Its importance as a major hub diminished when in preparation for the 2006 FIFA World Cup the new Berlin Hauptbahnhof was completed at the site of the former Lehrter Bahnhof ; this is now the main train station in Berlin , and the German Intercity-Express and InterCity long distance trains no longer stop by default at Zoologischer Garten .",
"title": "Public transport"
}
] |
/wiki/Thomas_Joseph_Byrnes#P39#0
|
What was the position of Thomas Joseph Byrnes in Oct 1895?
|
Thomas Joseph Byrnes Thomas Joseph Byrnes ( 11 November 1860 – 27 September 1898 ) was Premier of Queensland from April 1898 until his death in October of the same year , having previously served in several ministerial positions in his parliamentary career . He was the first Roman Catholic Premier of Queensland and the first to die in office . Early life . Byrnes was born in Spring Hill , Queensland , to Irish immigrants Patrick Byrnes and his wife Anna , née Tighe . Byrnes was educated at Bowen State School , then , winning a scholarship where he topped the state , he studied at Brisbane Grammar School and then studied arts and law at the University of Melbourne , graduating with honours in both . During his time at the University of Melbourne he was Prelector of the Dialectic Society of Trinity College ( University of Melbourne ) , winning the Societys inaugural Wigram Allen Prize in 1883 , only months after it had been established by Sir George Wigram Allen . In 1882-83 Byrnes taught at Xavier College . Career . Byrnes was admitted as a barrister in Victoria on 8 July 1884 and returned for a Queensland admission on 5 August ; he then began a successful career as a barrister . Byrnes talent brought him to the attention of fellow barrister Sir Samuel Griffith , then Premier of Queensland , who had him appointed Solicitor-General with a seat in the Legislative Council . Byrnes stood down from the Legislative Council to successfully stand for Cairns in the Legislative Assembly in 1893 . He represented Cairns until 1896 , after which he represented Warwick in the Legislative Assembly from 1896 to his death in 1898 . Byrnes continued his private law practice and participated in two major Supreme Court of Queensland cases . In the Queensland Investment Co . v . Grimley case , Byrnes successful conduct of the defence was praised widely . In the John Robb arbitration case of 1892 , praise for Byrnes skill was accompanied by public objection to the high fees paid to Samuel Griffith as leading counsel and to Byrnes as one of his assistants . In 1895 and 1897 , Byrnes represented Queensland at meetings of the Federal Council of Australasia . Sir Thomas McIlwraith appointed him as Attorney-General of Queensland in the Continuous Ministry , and when Hugh Nelson stepped down as Premier ; Byrnes , the youngest member of the Ministry by a large margin , became Premier . Late life . Byrnes ability had led many to expect great things of him , but he contracted measles then pneumonia and died on 27 September 1898 . Byrnes was accorded a state funeral which proceeded from St Stephens Cathedral to the Toowong Cemetery . Never married , he was survived by several brothers and sisters . Legacy . Byrnes is commemorated by two statues , one in Centenary Place in Brisbane and the heritage-listed T J Byrnes Monument in Warwick , both funded by public subscriptions . The commissioning of the Brisbane statue encountered a series of setbacks . The sculptor Achille Simonetti was approached by the committee to create the statue . However , Simonetti had never seen Byrnes during his life and produced a plaster cast from photographs for the committees approval before commencing the statue . The committee did not think the cast was sufficiently like Byrnes and there were a number of iterations before they were satisfied . Then there was an argument of whether Byrnes should be depicted in a university gown or in an ordinary frock coat , deciding on a frock coat in order to depict Byrnes as the premier rather than as a lawyer . Then as Simonetti was tendering to provide a 9-foot-tall bronze statue for £1,800 , a local sculptor James Laurence Watts offered to provide the statue for only £1,000 , dividing the committee . However , after Byrnes sisters indicated their strong preference for Simonettis work and Simonetti offered a revised tender of £1400 , the committee went ahead and commissioned the statue from Simonetti . Early in 1900 , the argument about the clothing erupted once more when Simonetti expressed an artistic preference for robes rather than a frock coat , and the committee reversed its decision in favour of robes . During this argument , Simonetti took ill and died . It was then announced in the newspaper that it had been Simonettis wish that his former pupil , James White , should complete his unfinished commissions . The committee negotiated with White , but finally gave the commission to sculptor Bertram Mackennal . The township of Byrnestown in Queensland is named after him , as is its main street Byrnes Parade and its railway station . St Thomass Catholic Church in Camp Hill , Brisbane ( then known as East Coorparoo ) built in 1923 is another memorial to Byrnes . He had owned the land on which the church was built , but it had passed to his sister Matilda Margaret Maloney after his death . In 1916 she agreed to sell the land to the Catholic Church and then , on her death in 1922 , bequeathed £300 towards the cost of erecting a church in memory of her brother . References . - Byrnes , Thomas Joseph — Brisbane City Council Grave Location Search
|
[
"Legislative Assembly"
] |
[
{
"text": " Thomas Joseph Byrnes ( 11 November 1860 – 27 September 1898 ) was Premier of Queensland from April 1898 until his death in October of the same year , having previously served in several ministerial positions in his parliamentary career . He was the first Roman Catholic Premier of Queensland and the first to die in office .",
"title": "Thomas Joseph Byrnes"
},
{
"text": "Byrnes was born in Spring Hill , Queensland , to Irish immigrants Patrick Byrnes and his wife Anna , née Tighe . Byrnes was educated at Bowen State School , then , winning a scholarship where he topped the state , he studied at Brisbane Grammar School and then studied arts and law at the University of Melbourne , graduating with honours in both . During his time at the University of Melbourne he was Prelector of the Dialectic Society of Trinity College ( University of Melbourne ) , winning the Societys inaugural Wigram Allen Prize in 1883 , only",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "months after it had been established by Sir George Wigram Allen . In 1882-83 Byrnes taught at Xavier College .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Byrnes was admitted as a barrister in Victoria on 8 July 1884 and returned for a Queensland admission on 5 August ; he then began a successful career as a barrister . Byrnes talent brought him to the attention of fellow barrister Sir Samuel Griffith , then Premier of Queensland , who had him appointed Solicitor-General with a seat in the Legislative Council . Byrnes stood down from the Legislative Council to successfully stand for Cairns in the Legislative Assembly in 1893 . He represented Cairns until 1896 , after which he represented Warwick in the Legislative Assembly from 1896",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "to his death in 1898 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Byrnes continued his private law practice and participated in two major Supreme Court of Queensland cases . In the Queensland Investment Co . v . Grimley case , Byrnes successful conduct of the defence was praised widely . In the John Robb arbitration case of 1892 , praise for Byrnes skill was accompanied by public objection to the high fees paid to Samuel Griffith as leading counsel and to Byrnes as one of his assistants . In 1895 and 1897 , Byrnes represented Queensland at meetings of the Federal Council of Australasia .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Sir Thomas McIlwraith appointed him as Attorney-General of Queensland in the Continuous Ministry , and when Hugh Nelson stepped down as Premier ; Byrnes , the youngest member of the Ministry by a large margin , became Premier .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Byrnes ability had led many to expect great things of him , but he contracted measles then pneumonia and died on 27 September 1898 . Byrnes was accorded a state funeral which proceeded from St Stephens Cathedral to the Toowong Cemetery . Never married , he was survived by several brothers and sisters .",
"title": "Late life"
},
{
"text": " Byrnes is commemorated by two statues , one in Centenary Place in Brisbane and the heritage-listed T J Byrnes Monument in Warwick , both funded by public subscriptions .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "The commissioning of the Brisbane statue encountered a series of setbacks . The sculptor Achille Simonetti was approached by the committee to create the statue . However , Simonetti had never seen Byrnes during his life and produced a plaster cast from photographs for the committees approval before commencing the statue . The committee did not think the cast was sufficiently like Byrnes and there were a number of iterations before they were satisfied . Then there was an argument of whether Byrnes should be depicted in a university gown or in an ordinary frock coat , deciding on a",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "frock coat in order to depict Byrnes as the premier rather than as a lawyer . Then as Simonetti was tendering to provide a 9-foot-tall bronze statue for £1,800 , a local sculptor James Laurence Watts offered to provide the statue for only £1,000 , dividing the committee . However , after Byrnes sisters indicated their strong preference for Simonettis work and Simonetti offered a revised tender of £1400 , the committee went ahead and commissioned the statue from Simonetti . Early in 1900 , the argument about the clothing erupted once more when Simonetti expressed an artistic preference for",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "robes rather than a frock coat , and the committee reversed its decision in favour of robes . During this argument , Simonetti took ill and died . It was then announced in the newspaper that it had been Simonettis wish that his former pupil , James White , should complete his unfinished commissions . The committee negotiated with White , but finally gave the commission to sculptor Bertram Mackennal .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " The township of Byrnestown in Queensland is named after him , as is its main street Byrnes Parade and its railway station .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "St Thomass Catholic Church in Camp Hill , Brisbane ( then known as East Coorparoo ) built in 1923 is another memorial to Byrnes . He had owned the land on which the church was built , but it had passed to his sister Matilda Margaret Maloney after his death . In 1916 she agreed to sell the land to the Catholic Church and then , on her death in 1922 , bequeathed £300 towards the cost of erecting a church in memory of her brother .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " - Byrnes , Thomas Joseph — Brisbane City Council Grave Location Search",
"title": "References"
}
] |
/wiki/Thomas_Joseph_Byrnes#P39#1
|
What was the position of Thomas Joseph Byrnes between Aug 1898 and Sep 1898?
|
Thomas Joseph Byrnes Thomas Joseph Byrnes ( 11 November 1860 – 27 September 1898 ) was Premier of Queensland from April 1898 until his death in October of the same year , having previously served in several ministerial positions in his parliamentary career . He was the first Roman Catholic Premier of Queensland and the first to die in office . Early life . Byrnes was born in Spring Hill , Queensland , to Irish immigrants Patrick Byrnes and his wife Anna , née Tighe . Byrnes was educated at Bowen State School , then , winning a scholarship where he topped the state , he studied at Brisbane Grammar School and then studied arts and law at the University of Melbourne , graduating with honours in both . During his time at the University of Melbourne he was Prelector of the Dialectic Society of Trinity College ( University of Melbourne ) , winning the Societys inaugural Wigram Allen Prize in 1883 , only months after it had been established by Sir George Wigram Allen . In 1882-83 Byrnes taught at Xavier College . Career . Byrnes was admitted as a barrister in Victoria on 8 July 1884 and returned for a Queensland admission on 5 August ; he then began a successful career as a barrister . Byrnes talent brought him to the attention of fellow barrister Sir Samuel Griffith , then Premier of Queensland , who had him appointed Solicitor-General with a seat in the Legislative Council . Byrnes stood down from the Legislative Council to successfully stand for Cairns in the Legislative Assembly in 1893 . He represented Cairns until 1896 , after which he represented Warwick in the Legislative Assembly from 1896 to his death in 1898 . Byrnes continued his private law practice and participated in two major Supreme Court of Queensland cases . In the Queensland Investment Co . v . Grimley case , Byrnes successful conduct of the defence was praised widely . In the John Robb arbitration case of 1892 , praise for Byrnes skill was accompanied by public objection to the high fees paid to Samuel Griffith as leading counsel and to Byrnes as one of his assistants . In 1895 and 1897 , Byrnes represented Queensland at meetings of the Federal Council of Australasia . Sir Thomas McIlwraith appointed him as Attorney-General of Queensland in the Continuous Ministry , and when Hugh Nelson stepped down as Premier ; Byrnes , the youngest member of the Ministry by a large margin , became Premier . Late life . Byrnes ability had led many to expect great things of him , but he contracted measles then pneumonia and died on 27 September 1898 . Byrnes was accorded a state funeral which proceeded from St Stephens Cathedral to the Toowong Cemetery . Never married , he was survived by several brothers and sisters . Legacy . Byrnes is commemorated by two statues , one in Centenary Place in Brisbane and the heritage-listed T J Byrnes Monument in Warwick , both funded by public subscriptions . The commissioning of the Brisbane statue encountered a series of setbacks . The sculptor Achille Simonetti was approached by the committee to create the statue . However , Simonetti had never seen Byrnes during his life and produced a plaster cast from photographs for the committees approval before commencing the statue . The committee did not think the cast was sufficiently like Byrnes and there were a number of iterations before they were satisfied . Then there was an argument of whether Byrnes should be depicted in a university gown or in an ordinary frock coat , deciding on a frock coat in order to depict Byrnes as the premier rather than as a lawyer . Then as Simonetti was tendering to provide a 9-foot-tall bronze statue for £1,800 , a local sculptor James Laurence Watts offered to provide the statue for only £1,000 , dividing the committee . However , after Byrnes sisters indicated their strong preference for Simonettis work and Simonetti offered a revised tender of £1400 , the committee went ahead and commissioned the statue from Simonetti . Early in 1900 , the argument about the clothing erupted once more when Simonetti expressed an artistic preference for robes rather than a frock coat , and the committee reversed its decision in favour of robes . During this argument , Simonetti took ill and died . It was then announced in the newspaper that it had been Simonettis wish that his former pupil , James White , should complete his unfinished commissions . The committee negotiated with White , but finally gave the commission to sculptor Bertram Mackennal . The township of Byrnestown in Queensland is named after him , as is its main street Byrnes Parade and its railway station . St Thomass Catholic Church in Camp Hill , Brisbane ( then known as East Coorparoo ) built in 1923 is another memorial to Byrnes . He had owned the land on which the church was built , but it had passed to his sister Matilda Margaret Maloney after his death . In 1916 she agreed to sell the land to the Catholic Church and then , on her death in 1922 , bequeathed £300 towards the cost of erecting a church in memory of her brother . References . - Byrnes , Thomas Joseph — Brisbane City Council Grave Location Search
|
[
"Legislative Assembly"
] |
[
{
"text": " Thomas Joseph Byrnes ( 11 November 1860 – 27 September 1898 ) was Premier of Queensland from April 1898 until his death in October of the same year , having previously served in several ministerial positions in his parliamentary career . He was the first Roman Catholic Premier of Queensland and the first to die in office .",
"title": "Thomas Joseph Byrnes"
},
{
"text": "Byrnes was born in Spring Hill , Queensland , to Irish immigrants Patrick Byrnes and his wife Anna , née Tighe . Byrnes was educated at Bowen State School , then , winning a scholarship where he topped the state , he studied at Brisbane Grammar School and then studied arts and law at the University of Melbourne , graduating with honours in both . During his time at the University of Melbourne he was Prelector of the Dialectic Society of Trinity College ( University of Melbourne ) , winning the Societys inaugural Wigram Allen Prize in 1883 , only",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "months after it had been established by Sir George Wigram Allen . In 1882-83 Byrnes taught at Xavier College .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Byrnes was admitted as a barrister in Victoria on 8 July 1884 and returned for a Queensland admission on 5 August ; he then began a successful career as a barrister . Byrnes talent brought him to the attention of fellow barrister Sir Samuel Griffith , then Premier of Queensland , who had him appointed Solicitor-General with a seat in the Legislative Council . Byrnes stood down from the Legislative Council to successfully stand for Cairns in the Legislative Assembly in 1893 . He represented Cairns until 1896 , after which he represented Warwick in the Legislative Assembly from 1896",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "to his death in 1898 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Byrnes continued his private law practice and participated in two major Supreme Court of Queensland cases . In the Queensland Investment Co . v . Grimley case , Byrnes successful conduct of the defence was praised widely . In the John Robb arbitration case of 1892 , praise for Byrnes skill was accompanied by public objection to the high fees paid to Samuel Griffith as leading counsel and to Byrnes as one of his assistants . In 1895 and 1897 , Byrnes represented Queensland at meetings of the Federal Council of Australasia .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Sir Thomas McIlwraith appointed him as Attorney-General of Queensland in the Continuous Ministry , and when Hugh Nelson stepped down as Premier ; Byrnes , the youngest member of the Ministry by a large margin , became Premier .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Byrnes ability had led many to expect great things of him , but he contracted measles then pneumonia and died on 27 September 1898 . Byrnes was accorded a state funeral which proceeded from St Stephens Cathedral to the Toowong Cemetery . Never married , he was survived by several brothers and sisters .",
"title": "Late life"
},
{
"text": " Byrnes is commemorated by two statues , one in Centenary Place in Brisbane and the heritage-listed T J Byrnes Monument in Warwick , both funded by public subscriptions .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "The commissioning of the Brisbane statue encountered a series of setbacks . The sculptor Achille Simonetti was approached by the committee to create the statue . However , Simonetti had never seen Byrnes during his life and produced a plaster cast from photographs for the committees approval before commencing the statue . The committee did not think the cast was sufficiently like Byrnes and there were a number of iterations before they were satisfied . Then there was an argument of whether Byrnes should be depicted in a university gown or in an ordinary frock coat , deciding on a",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "frock coat in order to depict Byrnes as the premier rather than as a lawyer . Then as Simonetti was tendering to provide a 9-foot-tall bronze statue for £1,800 , a local sculptor James Laurence Watts offered to provide the statue for only £1,000 , dividing the committee . However , after Byrnes sisters indicated their strong preference for Simonettis work and Simonetti offered a revised tender of £1400 , the committee went ahead and commissioned the statue from Simonetti . Early in 1900 , the argument about the clothing erupted once more when Simonetti expressed an artistic preference for",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "robes rather than a frock coat , and the committee reversed its decision in favour of robes . During this argument , Simonetti took ill and died . It was then announced in the newspaper that it had been Simonettis wish that his former pupil , James White , should complete his unfinished commissions . The committee negotiated with White , but finally gave the commission to sculptor Bertram Mackennal .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " The township of Byrnestown in Queensland is named after him , as is its main street Byrnes Parade and its railway station .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "St Thomass Catholic Church in Camp Hill , Brisbane ( then known as East Coorparoo ) built in 1923 is another memorial to Byrnes . He had owned the land on which the church was built , but it had passed to his sister Matilda Margaret Maloney after his death . In 1916 she agreed to sell the land to the Catholic Church and then , on her death in 1922 , bequeathed £300 towards the cost of erecting a church in memory of her brother .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " - Byrnes , Thomas Joseph — Brisbane City Council Grave Location Search",
"title": "References"
}
] |
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